# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001903145
**File Stem:** 0001437749-26-012385
**Filing Date:** 2026-4
**Character Count:** 676025
**Document Hash:** 82b88cc4ea6f84b6d05df5fe17c9037f
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001437749-26-012385.hdr.sgml**: 20260415

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001437749-26-012385

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 20-F

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 190

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260415

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260415

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Gorilla Technology Group Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001903145
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-PREPACKAGED SOFTWARE [7372]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 981685516
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 20-F
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-41448
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26864265

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION:** YES
- **STREET 1:** GRAND PAVILION, HIBISCUS WAY
- **STREET 2:** 802 WEST BAY ROAD
- **CITY:** GRAND CAYMAN
- **NON US STATE TERRITORY:** GRAND CAYMAN
- **PROVINCE COUNTRY:** E9
- **ZIP:** KY1-1205
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 886-2-2627-7996

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION:** YES
- **STREET 1:** GRAND PAVILION, HIBISCUS WAY
- **STREET 2:** 802 WEST BAY ROAD
- **CITY:** GRAND CAYMAN
- **NON US STATE TERRITORY:** GRAND CAYMAN
- **PROVINCE COUNTRY:** E9
- **ZIP:** KY1-1205

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? grrr20241231_20f.htm

[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

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**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

**FORM 20-F**

☐ **REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**OR**

☒ **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

**OR**

**☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**OR**

**☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

Commission File No. 001-41448

**GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC.**

**(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)**

**Not applicable**

**(Translation of Registrant**'**s name into English)**

**Cayman Islands**

**(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)**

**64 North Row**

**London, United Kingdom W1K 7DA**

**+442039880574**

**(Address of principal executive offices)**

**Jayesh Chandan**

**Chief Executive Officer**

**+442039880574**

**jay@gorilla-technology.com**

**64 North Row**

**London, United Kingdom W1K 7DA**

**(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)**

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| Ordinary Shares | GRRR | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (Capital Market) |
| Warrants | GRRRW | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (Capital Market) |

---

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: Class A Contingent Value Rights, Placement Agent Warrants, Pre-Funded Warrants, Series C Warrants.

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the Annual Report: 26,188,972 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 (not including 167,540 ordinary shares held by the company as treasury shares), 9,582,724 warrants, 4,507,875 Class A Contingent Value Rights, 120,000 Placement Agent Warrants, no Pre-Funded Warrants and 200,000 Series C Warrants (as of December 31, 2025).

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company.

See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Emerging growth company | ☒ |

---

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| U.S. GAAP ☐ | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ | Other ☐ |

---

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow: Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

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**GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC.**

**Form 20-F**

**For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| [**FREQUENTLY USED TERMS**](#frequent) | **[iii](#frequent)** |
| [**PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION**](#presentation) | **[v](#presentation)** |
| [**TRADEMARKS**](#trademarks) | **[v](#trademarks)** |
| [**MARKET INFORMATION**](#marketinfo) | **[v](#marketinfo)** |
| [**SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**](#specialnote) | **[vi](#specialnote)** |
| [**PART I**](#part1) | **[1](#part1)** |
| [**Item 1: IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS**](#item1) | **[1](#item1)** |
| [**Item 2: OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE**](#item2) | **[1](#item2)** |
| [**Item 3: KEY INFORMATION**](#item3) | **[1](#item3)** |
| [3.A. \[RESERVED\]](#item3) | [1](#item3) |
| [3.B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS](#item3b) | [1](#item3b) |
| [3.C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS](#item3c) | [1](#item3c) |
| [3.D. RISK FACTORS](#item3d) | [1](#item3d) |
| [**Item 4: INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY**](#item4) | **[16](#item4)** |
| [4.A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY](#item4) | [16](#item4) |
| [4.B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW](#item4b) | [16](#item4b) |
| [4.C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE](#item4c) | [40](#item4c) |
| [4.D. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT](#item4d) | [40](#item4d) |
| [**Item 4A: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS**](#item4a) | **[40](#item4a)** |
| [**Item 5: OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS**](#item5) | **[41](#item5)** |
| [5.A. OPERATING RESULTS](#item5a) | [41](#item5a) |
| [5.B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES](#item5b) | [51](#item5b) |
| [5.C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES](#item5c) | [53](#item5c) |
| [5.D. TREND INFORMATION](#item5d) | [53](#item5d) |
| [5.E. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES](#item5e) | [53](#item5e) |
| [**Item 6: DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES**](#item6) | **[54](#item6)** |
| [6.A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT](#item6) | [54](#item6) |
| [6.B. COMPENSATION](#item6b) | [57](#item6b) |
| [6.C. BOARD PRACTICES](#item6c) | [60](#item6c) |
| [6.D. EMPLOYEES](#item6d) | [62](#item6d) |
| [6.E. SHARE OWNERSHIP](#item6e) | [62](#item6e) |
| [6.F. DISCLOSURE OF REGISTRANT'S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION](#item6f) | [62](#item6f) |
| [**Item 7: MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS**](#item7) | **[63](#item7)** |
| [7.A. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS](#item7) | [63](#item7) |
| [7.B. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS](#item7b) | [63](#item7b) |
| [7.C. INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL](#item7c) | [63](#item7c) |
| [**Item 8: FINANCIAL INFORMATION**](#item8) | **[64](#item8)** |
| [8.A. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION](#item8) | [64](#item8) |
| [8.B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES](#item8b) | [64](#item8b) |
| [**Item 9: THE OFFER AND LISTING**](#item9) | **[65](#item9)** |
| [9.A. OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS](#item9) | [65](#item9) |
| [9.B. PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#item9b) | [65](#item9b) |
| [9.C. MARKETS](#item9c) | [65](#item9c) |
| [9.D. SELLING SHAREHOLDERS](#item9d) | [65](#item9d) |
| [9.E. DILUTION](#item9e) | [65](#item9e) |
| [9.F. EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE](#item9f) | [65](#item9f) |

---

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| [**Item 10: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION**](#item10) | **[66](#item10)** |
| [10.A. SHARE CAPITAL](#item10) | [66](#item10) |
| [10.B. MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION](#item10b) | [66](#item10b) |
| [10.C. MATERIAL CONTRACTS](#item10c) | [76](#item10c) |
| [10.D. EXCHANGE CONTROLS](#item10d) | [78](#item10d) |
| [10.E. TAXATION](#item10e) | [79](#item10e) |
| [10.F. DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS](#item10f) | [86](#item10f) |
| [10.G. STATEMENT BY EXPERTS](#item10g) | [86](#item10g) |
| [10.H. DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY](#item10h) | [86](#item10h) |
| [10.I. SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION](#item10i) | [87](#item10i) |
| [10.J. ANNUAL REPORT TO SECURITY HOLDERS](#item10j) | [87](#item10j) |
| [**Item 11: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK**](#item11) | **[87](#item11)** |
| [**Item 12: DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES**](#item12) | **[87](#item12)** |
| [12.A. DEBT SECURITIES](#item12) | [87](#item12) |
| [12.B. WARRANTS AND RIGHTS](#item12b) | [87](#item12b) |
| [12.C. OTHER SECURITIES](#item12c) | [87](#item12c) |
| [12.D. AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES](#item12d) | [87](#item12d) |
| [**PART II**](#part2) | **[88](#part2)** |
| [**Item 13: DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES**](#item13) | **[88](#item13)** |
| [**Item 14: MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS**](#item14) | **[88](#item14)** |
| [**Item 15: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES**](#item15) | **[88](#item15)** |
| [**Item 16: \[RESERVED\]**](#item16) | **[90](#item16)** |
| [**Item 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE AND FINANCIAL EXPERT**](#item16) | **[90](#item16)** |
| [**Item 16B. CODE OF ETHICS**](#item16b) | **[90](#item16b)** |
| [**Item 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES**](#item16c) | **[90](#item16c)** |
| [**Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES.**](#item16d) | **[91](#item16d)** |
| [**Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.**](#item16e) | **[91](#item16e)** |
| [**Item 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT**'**S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT**](#item16f) | **[91](#item16f)** |
| [**Item 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE**](#item16g) | **[91](#item16g)** |
| [**Item 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE**](#item16h) | **[92](#item16h)** |
| [**Item 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS**](#item16i) | **[92](#item16i)** |
| [**Item 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES**](#item16j) | **[92](#item16j)** |
| [**Item 16K. CYBERSECURITY**](#item16k) | **[92](#item16k)** |
| [**PART III**](#part3) | **[94](#part3)** |
| [**Item 17: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**](#item17) | **[94](#item17)** |
| [**Item 18: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**](#item18) | **[94](#item18)** |
| [**Item 19: EXHIBITS**](#item19) | **[94](#item19)** |
| [**SIGNATURES**](#sigs) | **[97](#sigs)** |
| [**INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS** – **TABLE OF CONTENTS**](#index) | **[F-1](#index)** |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ii

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**FREQUENTLY USED TERMS**

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "Company," "the registrant," "our company," "the company," "we," "us," "our," "ours," "Gorilla," and "Group" refer to Gorilla Technology Group Inc. and its subsidiaries. In this annual report:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| "Ancillary Documents" | means the Lock-Up Agreement, the Gorilla Voting Agreement, Sponsor Voting Agreement, the Founders Registration Rights Agreement Amendment, the Gorilla Registration Rights Agreement and the Assignment, Assumption and Amendment to Warrant Agreement, the Surviving Company Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Amended Subscription Agreements and the other agreements, certificates and instruments to be executed or delivered by any of the Parties contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement executed or to be executed in connection with the transactions contemplated thereby. |
| "AI" | means artificial intelligence. |
| "Average VWAP Price" | means the average 20 Trading Day VWAP of the Gorilla ordinary shares. |
| "Business Combination Agreement" | means the agreement entered into by and between Global SPAC Partners Co., a special purpose acquisition company incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company ("Global"), Gorilla, Gorilla Merger Sub, Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gorilla ("Merger Sub"), Sponsor, in the capacity as the representative from and after the Effective Time (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) for the shareholders of Global as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and their successors and assignees, and Tomoyuki Nii, in the capacity as the representative from and after the Effective Time for the Gorilla shareholders as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, dated as of December 21, 2021, as amended and restated on May 18, 2022. |
| "Class A Contingent Value Right" or "Class A CVR" | means a contractual contingent value right to be issued for each Class A ordinary share entitling the holder to receive (as a new reissuance by Gorilla of equivalent Gorilla ordinary shares or other securities or property forfeited as part of applicable Earnout Shares) (A) a pro rata portion, among holders of Class A CVRs, of the Earnout Shares that are forfeited by Gorilla shareholders under the Business Combination Agreement for failure to meet any of the price maintenance requirements for Gorilla ordinary shares (as referred to and defined in the Business Combination Agreement as Price Protection Shares, "Price Protection Shares") and (B) a pro rata portion, among holders of all CVRs, of the Earnout Shares that are forfeited by shareholders of Gorilla under the Business Combination Agreement for failure to meet any the financial performance and reporting metric performance requirements (as referred to and defined in the Business Combination Agreement as Revenue Protection Shares, "Revenue Protection Shares"). |
| "Class B Contingent Value Right" or "Class B CVR" | means a contractual contingent value right to be issued for each PIPE Subunit purchased under the Amended Subscription Agreement entitling them to receive (as a new reissuance by Gorilla of equivalent ordinary shares of Gorilla or other securities or property forfeited as part of applicable Earnout Shares) a pro rata portion, among holders of all CVRs, of the Revenue Protection Shares (but not the Price Protection Shares). |
| "CVR" | means each of one whole Class A CVR or Class B CVR. |
| "Contingent Value Rights Agreement" | means the agreement contemplated to be entered into prior to or in connection with the Closing, by and between the SPAC Representative and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as rights agent, which governs the terms of the CVRs. |
| "Companies Act" | means the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands as the same may be amended from time to time. |
| "Closing" | means the consummation of the Merger (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement). |
| "Earnout Shares" | means the fourteen million (14000000), or one million four hundred thousand (1400000) after giving effect to the Reverse Split, Gorilla ordinary shares held in escrow that were issued to the shareholders of Gorilla in the recapitalization (subject to equitable adjustment for share sub-divisions, share capitalizations, combinations, recapitalizations and the like after the Closing, including to account for any equity securities into which such shares are exchanged or converted, and together with any dividends or distributions or other income paid or otherwise accruing to such securities during the time such securities are held in escrow), and make such Earnout Shares contingent and only vest and be earned by the shareholders of Gorilla if certain share price maintenance and financial performance and reporting metrics are achieved by Gorilla after the Closing, with such Earnout Shares forfeited if such metrics are not achieved. |
| "EGP" | means Egyptian pounds. |
| "EU" | means the European Union. |
| "Exchange Act" | means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
| "FVTPL" | means fair value through profit or loss. |
| "FVOCI" | means fair value through other comprehensive income. |
| "GAAP" | means accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| "Global" | means Global SPAC Partners Co., a Cayman Islands exempted company. |
| "Global IPO" | means the initial public offering of Global, which was consummated on April 13, 2021. |
| "GoE" | means the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. |
| "Gorilla warrants" | means the warrants to be received by warrant holders of Global in exchange for Global warrants pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. |
| "IAS" | means International Accounting Standards. |
| "IASB" | means International Accounting Standards Board. |
| "IFRS" | means International Financial Reporting Standards. |
| "I-Bankers" | means I-Bankers Securities, Inc., representative of the several underwriters in Global IPO. |
| "PCAOB" | means the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. |
| "PIPE Investment" | means the purchases of PIPE Subunits pursuant to the Amended Subscription Agreements with the PIPE Investors, such purchases to be consummated immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger. |
| "PIPE Investors" | means certain accredited investors who executed Amended Subscription Agreements pursuant to which they agreed, in the aggregate, to purchase the PIPE Subunits. |
| "PIPE Subunits" | means up to 5 million subunits of Global (or, if the amount of the PIPE Investment is reduced in accordance with the Amended Subscription Agreements, such number of PIPE Subunits purchased under the Amended Subscription Agreements, subject to a minimum of 3 million subunits of Global), each subunit consisting of one Class A ordinary share and one-quarter of redeemable Global warrant, subscribed for and to be purchased by the PIPE Investors pursuant to the Amended Subscription Agreements; provided, however, that if a PIPE Investor acquires ownership of subunits of Global in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions with third parties (along with any related rights to redeem or convert such subunits in connection with any redemption conducted by Global in accordance with Global's organizational documents and the prospectus for Global's IPO in conjunction with the Closing or in conjunction with an amendment to Global's organizational documents to extend Global's deadline to consummate its business combination) at least prior to Global's meeting of shareholders to approve the Transactions and the PIPE Investor does not redeem or convert such PIPE Subunits in connection with any redemption (such subunits, "non-redeemed subunits"), the number of subunits for which the PIPE Investor is obligated to purchase under the Amended Subscription Agreement shall be reduced by the number of non-redeemed subunits. |
| "Redemption Price" | means an amount equal to the price at which each Class A ordinary share is redeemed or converted pursuant to the Redemption. |
| "Redemption" | means each outstanding Global Class A Ordinary Share of as of the effective time of the Transactions that is not redeemed or converted in connection with the extraordinary general meeting of Global shareholders to approve the Transactions. |
| "representative shares" | means the 100,000 Class B ordinary shares of Global issued to I-Bankers upon the closing of Global IPO. |
| "R&D" | means Research and development. |
| "Reverse Split" | means the share consolidation of the Company's ordinary shares at a ratio of 10:1, which became effective on April 15, 2024, as a result, the par value of the Company's ordinary shares increased from $0.0001 to $0.001 and the exercise price and conversion price of the Company's outstanding warrants and Preference Shares, respectively, increased by a factor of 10. |
| "Securities Act" | means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. |
| "SEC" | means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |
| "Sponsor" | means Global SPAC Sponsors LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Members of Global SPAC Sponsors LLC include the anchor investors and SPAC Partners—Global LLC, whose members include certain officers and directors of Global. The sole manager of Global SPAC Sponsors LLC is Global's Chief Executive Officer and director, Bryant B. Edwards. |
| "Transactions" | means the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement and the Ancillary Documents. |
| "U.K." | means the United Kingdom. |
| "U.S." | means the United States of America. |

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**PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION**

This Annual Report includes the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB, and presented in U.S. dollars.

Our fiscal year ends on December 31 of each year. References to fiscal year 2023 and 2023 are references to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, references to fiscal year 2024 and 2024 are references to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and references to fiscal year 2025 and 2025 are references to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

**TRADEMARKS**

We or our licensors have proprietary rights to trademarks, copyrights, trade names or service marks used in this Annual Report that are important to our business, many of which are registered under the applicable intellectual property laws. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this Annual Report may appear without the "®" or "™" symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. This Annual Report also contains trademarks, copyrights, tradenames and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies' trademarks, copyrights, trade names or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Each trademark, copyright, trade name or service mark of any other company appearing in this Annual Report is the property of its respective holder.

**MARKET INFORMATION**

Unless otherwise indicated, information in this Annual Report concerning economic conditions, our industry, our markets and our competitive position is based on a variety of sources, including information from independent industry analysts and publications, as well as our own estimates and research.

Our estimates are derived from publicly available information released by third-party sources, as well as data from our internal research, which we believe to be reasonable.

Certain estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth included in this Annual Report may prove to be inaccurate. The estimates and forecasts in this Annual Report relating to the size of our target market, market demand and adoption, capacity to address this demand and pricing may prove to be inaccurate. The addressable market we estimate may not materialize for many years, if ever, and even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates in this Annual Report, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this Annual Report. See Item 3. "*Key Information* – *3.D. Risk Factors*." and below "*Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements*."

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; v

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**SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This Annual Report contains certain estimates and "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, the provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements include financial projections, statements of plans and objectives for future operations, statements of future economic performance, estimates, and statements of assumptions relating thereto, including, but not limited to statements regarding: market opportunity; forecasts; market growth and growth strategy; demand; dependence on third parties such as advertisers, publishers and third-party data providers; our technology investment decisions; industry conditions; changes in technology and regulation and the impact thereof; plans with respect to our intellectual property rights; our competition; global and local economic and geopolitical forces; our ability to foster productive relationships with foreign governments; seasonality; dependence on our sales and support team; our positioning and strategy; digital advertising trends overall; our solutions and platform; customers; our dividend policy and our buyback program; working capital and the sufficiency thereof; financial metrics such as revenue, costs and expenses, including capital expenditures; legal proceedings and tax. Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report, including without limitation, in Item 3. "*Key Information* – *3.D. Risk Factors*," Item 4. "*Information on the Company*," Item 5. "*Operating and Financial Review and Prospects*." In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as "may," "might," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "intend," "seek," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "continue," "contemplate," "possible" or the negative of these terms or similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results or events may differ materially from those projected or implied in those statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

● We earn a substantial portion of our revenues from a limited number of clients, and the loss of any of such clients could have a material adverse effect on us;

● If Gorilla is unable to successfully enhance its services, integrate new technologies into its offerings, and invest effectively in research and development, its growth, business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected;

● Gorilla may need to raise additional funds in the future in order to execute its business plan, and these funds may not be available to Gorilla when it needs them or on favorable terms. If Gorilla cannot raise additional funds when it needs them, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected;

● We may not succeed in managing or expanding our business across the expansive and diverse markets in which we operate and / or intend to operate;

● Gorilla relies, in part, on partnerships with industry-leading technology companies to grow its business. The partnerships may not produce the financial or operating results that Gorilla anticipates. In addition, if Gorilla is unable to enter into partnerships, or successfully maintain them, its growth may be adversely impacted;

● The market for Gorilla's Smart City AI & Cybersecurity services and products is relatively new, and may decline or experience limited growth, and its business is dependent on its clients' continuing adoption and use of its services and products;

● Gorilla's competitive position depends, in part, on our ability to adapt to rapid technological changes and evolving industry standards, and on our platforms operating effectively along with third-party products and services. Because our platforms are complex and may require lengthy implementation process, any failure to maintain such compatibility or to satisfy our customers' requirements or perform as desired could harm us;

● Exchange controls and other restrictions on the movement of capital out of certain jurisdictions or otherwise affecting our settlement transactions or our subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us may have a material adverse effect on us;

● Currency exchange rate fluctuations in the various currencies in which we do business could have a material adverse effect on us; and

● Gorilla's business depends on expanding its client base and on clients increasing their use of its services, and its inability to expand its client base, or a loss of any of its clients or a decline in their use of its services or an inability to maintain client relationships due to inadequate customer support, could adversely affect us.

These and other risk factors are discussed in more detail in this Annual Report, including under Item 3. "*Key Information* – *3.D. Risk Factors*." The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are only predictions. These statements are inherently uncertain, subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements.

In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information.

You should read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report and have been filed as exhibits to this Annual Report with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

The estimates and forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any estimates or forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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**PART I**

**ITEM 1: IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 2: OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 3: KEY INFORMATION**

**3. A. [RESERVED]**

**3. B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS**

Not applicable.

**3. C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS**

Not applicable.

**3. D. RISK FACTORS**

*An investment in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report, in evaluating us and our securities, before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not known to us or that we consider immaterial as of the date of this Annual Report. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks, and, you may lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks faced by us described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report.*

*Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.*

**Risks Related to Gorilla**'**s Business and Industry**

***We earn a substantial portion of our revenues from a limited number of clients.***

Gorilla derives and expects to continue to derive a significant portion of its revenues from a select group of key clients, including government entities such as the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt ("GoE"), the Criminal Investigation Bureau of Taiwan, Taoyuan Airport and private companies such as Freyr Technology AI Pte. Ltd. ("Freyr").

Reliance on a concentrated client base poses risks of fluctuations in demand, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Moreover, the loss of a major client could also impact our reputation in the market, making it more difficult to attract and retain clients more generally.

Certain large customer engagements may require us to commit significant resources and infrastructure in advance of, or without assurance of, corresponding revenue. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, business from one or more of our key clients could result in excess capacity, reduced utilization of resources, lower margins and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Global macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions affect us, our clients, our partners and the markets they serve. Volatile, negative and uncertain economic and geopolitical conditions could in the future undermine business confidence in the markets in which we operate, which are increasingly interdependent. This may cause our clients to reduce or defer their spending on new initiatives and technologies, and negatively affect our business.

Gorilla seeks to diversify its client portfolio by expanding into new markets to enhance revenue stability but may not succeed in doing so.

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***If Gorilla is unable to enhance its services, integrate new technologies in its offerings, and invest effectively in research and development, its growth, business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.***

Gorilla's ability to maintain and grow demand for its services and solutions requires that it continues to develop and implement offerings that keep pace with changes in the industry, anticipate rapid technological changes, and respond to its clients' needs in areas such as intelligent video surveillance, facial recognition, license plate recognition, edge computing, post-event analytics and advanced cybersecurity technologies. As part of these efforts, Gorilla has invested and expects to continue investing substantially in research and development to develop new technologies, enhance existing services and commercialize new services.

The success of any enhancements or new services depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, actual performance quality, market accepted pricing levels and overall market acceptance. Enhancements, such as additional technology features, and new services, such as software licenses and data services, that Gorilla develops may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors or defects, may have interoperability difficulties with its platform or other services or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue.

If Gorilla is unable to successfully enhance its existing services to meet evolving consumer requirements, develop new technologies and services or if there are delays in the availability or adoption of its new technologies and services, then Gorilla may not be able to grow its business as quickly as anticipated, if at all.

In addition, Gorilla's ability to increase usage of its services depends, in part, on the development of new uses for its services, which may be outside its control, and may require increasingly sophisticated and more costly sales efforts and result in a longer sales cycle. Although Gorilla anticipates continued growth in video intelligence, Internet of Things ("IoT") technologies and cybersecurity markets, such growth may occur more slowly or not at all, and Gorilla may not benefit from its investments.

Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

***We may experience fluctuations in our results of operations, cash flows and position due to various factors, including seasonality and the timing of material capital spending in long-term contracts.***

Historically, the first quarter of Gorilla's fiscal year generally has relatively lower sales, and sales generally increase in each subsequent quarter with substantial increases during the fourth quarter. Gorilla believes that this seasonality results from a number of factors, including:

● The fiscal year end procurement cycle of Gorilla's government customers;

● The fiscal year budgeting process for Gorilla's government customers;

● Seasonal reductions in business activity during the first quarter of each fiscal year in Asia and certain other regions; and

● Timing of projects and Gorilla's customers' evaluation of progress of its work.

This seasonality has historically caused and may continue to cause variability in the timing of recognition of revenue and its collections.

Given the historical seasonal pattern of sales, Gorilla believes that its customers' required timing for certain new government or commercial programs requiring new services may not follow seasonal purchasing and evaluation decisions by its customers, which may outweigh the nature or magnitude of seasonality that has prevailed in our business to date. Additionally, increased government spending on technology aimed at surveillance or cybersecurity and new sizable business wins may drive customer demand at different times throughout Gorilla's fiscal year, the timing of which Gorilla may not be able to anticipate, however it may dilute the seasonality in its results of operations and cash flows, for instance, the material size of multi-year project in Egypt started in 2023 outweighed the seasonality trends.

However, in the short-term, we expect that seasonality will continue to materially impact Gorilla's business if our expectations on prospective customer contracts with uniform revenues are not realized. The seasonality of Gorilla's business may cause continued or increased fluctuations in its results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, certain elements of Gorilla's cost structure do not fluctuate proportionately with revenue, such as employee compensation expenses, research and development costs, sales and marketing expenses, and other administrative costs, which are relatively fixed in the short term and may not decline during periods of lower revenue. Such costs, together with fluctuations in the mix of services and products sold in a given period, including shifts between higher-margin and lower-margin offerings, and potential delays in customers' purchasing cycles or deferments of purchases, may adversely impact Gorilla's operating margins and cash flows during historically weaker quarters and cause fluctuations in its quarterly results.

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***Gorilla may need to raise additional funds in the future in order to execute its business plan, and these funds may not be available to Gorilla when it needs them or on favorable terms. If Gorilla cannot raise additional funds when it needs them, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.***

Gorilla may require additional capital in the future in order to fund its growth strategy or to respond to technological advancements, competitive dynamics or technologies, data consumer demands, business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions or unforeseen circumstances. While Gorilla plans to fund growth opportunities with cash from operations or from future financings, there can be no assurance that sufficient amounts will be available when needed.

Our growth initiatives and certain customer deployments may require significant capital expenditures, including investments in infrastructure, technology and long-term operational commitments. These investments may not generate expected returns, particularly if customer demand or usage does not materialize as anticipated and could increase our reliance on external financing.

Gorilla may not be able to timely secure debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all. Gorilla's decision to issue debt or equity in the future may depend on market conditions and factors beyond its control. Accordingly, Gorilla cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of its future capital raising efforts. If Gorilla raises additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt or other equity-linked securities, its existing shareholders could experience significant dilution. In addition, any debt financing obtained by Gorilla in the future, whether in the form of a credit facility or otherwise, could involve restrictive covenants relating to its capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for Gorilla to obtain additional capital. If Gorilla is unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to Gorilla when required, Gorilla's ability to continue to grow or support its business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.

***Gorilla relies, in part, on partnerships with industry-leading technology companies to grow its business. The partnerships may not produce the financial or operating results that Gorilla anticipates. In addition, if Gorilla is unable to enter into partnerships, or successfully maintain them, its growth may be adversely impacted.***

Gorilla believes that its continued growth depends, in part, on developing and expanding strategic relationships and working as partners with technology companies, including cloud infrastructure providers, telecoms, chipset vendors, artificial intelligence companies, data centers and storage manufacturers. Such partnerships enable increasing Gorilla's customer base without the need to address the customers directly. We believe it is important that our Edge AI integrate seamlessly with a potential client's existing IT infrastructure, which often utilizes hardware manufactured or software developed by other technology companies.

Partnerships that Gorilla enters into may not lead to expected benefits and intended growth as planned. Gorilla may also have difficulty assimilating new partnerships and their services, technologies, IT systems and personnel into its operations. IT and data security profiles of partners may not meet its technological standards and may take longer to integrate and remediate than expected, resulting in higher costs or causing Gorilla to forego certain partnerships altogether. If Gorilla fails to develop or expand strategic relationships and partnerships with other technology, AI and data center companies, or if it is unable to effectively integrate and manage new partnerships, it may be unable to grow its business or meet customer needs, which could disrupt its operations, increase expenses and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

***We may not succeed in managing or expanding our business across the expansive and diverse markets in which we operate and / or intend to operate.***

Our business has become increasingly complex given the scale of our operations, product offerings, technological advancements and the diverse markets in which we operate and / or intend to operate. It is costly to establish, develop and maintain international operations, adapt our business model to new and / or diverse regulatory environments and to promote our brand internationally. Consequently, such operations may not become or remain profitable on a sustainable basis. As our operations expand, our technology infrastructure systems and corporate, legal and compliance functions will need to be scaled to support our operations, and if they fail to do so, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively affected.

As our business has grown, we have experienced increases in data usage and customer demands on our platform and infrastructure. This has placed and may continue to place additional demands on Gorilla's operational infrastructure and management. Managing our growth also requires us to preserve key aspects of our corporate culture and maintain our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, and failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to execute our business strategy.

In managing large-scale projects, Gorilla prioritizes meeting performance obligations, securing necessary financing, and ensuring timely delivery of goods and services that meet or exceed required standards. Effective management of these commitments supports continued client confidence and reinforces Gorilla's position as a reliable partner.

Gorilla's involvement in government contracts, such as the Firm-Fixed Price Contract for building a secure governmental air-gapped network (the "Egypt Contract") with the GoE, requires adherence to strict regulatory and compliance standards. If Gorilla fails to maintain robust governance frameworks to ensure compliance with procurement integrity, labor laws, supply chain security, and other public sector requirements, such failure could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. External factors such as political shifts, policy changes, or payment delays can introduce operational challenges.

Gorilla continues to strengthen its compliance programs, including those related to data protection, privacy, cybersecurity and anti-corruption, and may not be able to implement improvements in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing controls, programs, systems and procedures, any of which could have an adverse effect on its business, reputation, results of operations or financial condition.

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The markets where we operate or expand to are diverse and unique, with varying levels of economic and infrastructure development and distinct legal and regulatory systems, and do not operate seamlessly across borders as a single or common market. From time to time, we may evaluate prospective businesses in new markets where we believe there may be an opportunity to use our experience in highly diverse environments to reach underserved buyers and sellers. We may also exit from certain markets or cease certain operations in certain markets due to a variety of factors.

Our operations and expansions in new markets may become subject to risks associated with:

● lack of experience in operating in new markets, including failures to roll-out products and services which meet the needs or preferences of the new markets;

● our ability to integrate our product offering in markets with limited technological infrastructure;

● challenges in adapting our approach and strategies in existing markets to new markets;

● recruiting and retaining talented and capable management and employees in new markets;

● our ability to appropriately deploy resources and management's attention that otherwise would be focused on the development of our existing markets and businesses;

● our inability to understand different user behaviors, tastes and preferences and / or culture in new markets and challenges caused by distance, language, local and regional competitive landscapes;

● implementing our business practices in a manner that complies with local laws and practices of new markets, which may differ significantly from our existing markets, including laws regarding data protection, privacy, network security, cybersecurity, encryption, among others;

● maintaining adequate and effective controls across the new markets;

● protectionist laws and customary business practices of the new markets that could, among other things, hinder our ability to execute our business strategies and put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to domestic companies, including restrictions on foreign ownership or foreign currency exchange;

● actions by governments or others to restrict access to our products and services, whether these actions are taken for political, security or other reasons, or that may cause us to discontinue our operations in a particular market; and

● differing, complex and potentially adverse customs, import/export laws, tax rules and regulations or other trade barriers or restrictions which may be applicable to cross-border transactions, related compliance obligations and consequences of non-compliance, and any new developments in these areas;

Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The security convergence and Video IoT businesses may be relatively new in certain markets, the relevant regulations might be evolving. We may be regularly subject to formal and informal reviews, inquiries and investigations by governments and regulatory authorities. Unfavorable regulations, laws, decisions or enforcement actions could cause us to incur substantial costs, expose us to unanticipated civil and criminal liability or penalties, diminish the demand for, or availability of, our products and services, increase our cost of doing business, require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business, damage our reputation, impede our growth or monetization strategy, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our operations.

***Existing or future investments or acquisitions may not be successful.***

We have in the past and may in the future invest in and / or acquire businesses, services, rights in intangible assets, capabilities or technologies from time to time. We may fail to identify appropriate investments and / or acquisition targets, or we may not be able to negotiate optimal arrangements, including arrangements to finance such investments or acquisitions. Investments and acquisitions entail uncertainties and risks, such as:

● our investments or acquisitions may be viewed negatively by customers, financial markets or investors;

● the costs of identifying and consummating these transactions may be significant;

● acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new technologies, businesses, personnel and operations could require significant management attention, divert resources from our existing businesses or even fail;

● we may assume pre-existing contractual relationships of an acquired company that we would not have otherwise entered into, the termination or modification of which may be costly or disruptive to our business;

● an acquisition may result in a delay in the execution and performance of customer contracts for Gorilla and the acquired company due to customer uncertainty about continuity and effectiveness of service from either company;

● we may assume unknown material liabilities of acquired companies, or may be exposed to claims and disputes by shareholders and third parties, including intellectual property claims and disputes; and

● we may be unsuccessful in accurately projecting revenue, cost or other metrics of the invested or acquired entity in the due diligence process;

There may be failure or delay in obtaining any required approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities. We may become subject to new governmental regulations in connection with our investments and acquisitions, which could result in increased costs and new strategic risks. Any of these risks may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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***Gorilla***'***s business depends on expanding its client base and on clients increasing their use of its services, and its inability to expand its client base, a loss of its significant clients, a decline in use of its services or an inability to maintain client relationships due to inadequate customer support, could adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.***

Gorilla's ability to grow and generate revenue depends, in part, on its ability to expand its client base, maintain and grow relationships with existing clients leading to an increase in the use of its services. Failing which Gorilla's revenue growth may decline, and its financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Many of Gorilla's clients do not have long-term contractual commitments and may reduce or cease the use of its services at any time without penalty or termination charges. Any inability to attract new clients, retain existing clients or reductions in their usage levels may adversely impact Gorilla's business, financial condition and results of operations. Gorilla cannot accurately predict its clients' usage patterns, and if a significant number of clients reduce or cease their usage of our services, then Gorilla may be required to increase its sales and marketing expenditure to maintain or grow its revenue, which could adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

In certain cases, Gorilla may commit to infrastructure, compute capacity or other resources in advance to support anticipated customer demand. If actual usage levels are lower than expected, or if demand declines, Gorilla may experience underutilization of such resources, which could adversely affect its margins and results of operations.

Gorilla's ability to retain clients and expand their usage of its services also depends on providing high quality customer support to assist them with implementing its services effectively, resolving post-implementation issues quickly and providing ongoing technological support. If Gorilla does not devote sufficient resources to customer support or is otherwise unsuccessful in assisting clients effectively, its ability to retain existing clients, maintain its reputation or win new clients may be adversely affected. Gorilla may also be unable to respond quickly to increases in support demand or adapt its support model to remain competitive, which could increase costs without corresponding revenue.

***Our expansion into the production of AI ready data centers in conjunction with our existing partners is relatively new, and could lead to an adverse effect in our business if the market fails to maintain its current momentum or if we are unable to provide our services on commercially competitive terms, including are prospects with prospective partners.***

Gorilla has been entering into partnerships to develop a network of AI-powered data centers across Southeast Asia. Operating AI-ready data centers requires vast amounts of electricity and water for power and cooling. As demand for AI computing accelerates, our facilities may experience growing strain on available energy infrastructure. We rely and expect to rely on third parties (including utilities, landlords and infrastructure providers) for the provision and continuity of power. We therefore have limited control over power availability, outage remediation, infrastructure upgrades or the timing and cost of obtaining additional capacity. While we employ, and expect to continue to enhance, backup and redundancy measures in connection with our infrastructure and data center plans, these safeguards may not prevent service interruptions, particularly during large-scale or prolonged outages. In addition, any increase in electricity or water costs, supply shortages, planned or unplanned power outages, or governmental restrictions on energy use or emissions could materially increase our operating expenses or limit our ability to expand. If we are unable to secure sustainable or affordable energy sources, our margins, competitiveness, and ability to scale may be adversely affected.

Our ability to operate and expand AI data centers depends on timely access to advanced computing hardware, including GPUs and other accelerators. Supply chain constraints, limited vendor availability, or export controls could restrict access to these critical components. Furthermore, the pace of innovation in AI hardware is rapid, and infrastructure investments we make today may become obsolete more quickly than expected. If we cannot procure next-generation hardware on favorable terms, or if competitors deploy superior technologies, our services may become less competitive, and our growth prospects could be materially affected.

The construction and operation of AI-optimized data centers require substantial upfront capital investments. Our ability to generate returns from these investments depends on sustained demand for AI computing services. If demand for AI workloads slows, or if key customers reduce their reliance on our services, seek alternative providers, or renegotiate contracts on unfavorable terms, our revenue and margins could be adversely affected. In addition, competition for AI data center services is intense, and new entrants or existing hyperscale providers with greater resources may erode our market position. As a result, there is no assurance that our significant anticipated capital expenditures will yield the expected benefits, and we may not achieve the anticipated financial returns.

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***The market for Gorilla***'***s Smart City AI & Cybersecurity services and products is relatively new, and may decline or experience limited growth, and its business is dependent on its clients***' ***continuing adoption and use its services and products.***

The market for smart city services and products is emerging and may face decline or limited growth, with our business hinging on our clients' ongoing adoption and utilization of these offerings. We have developed a video management system, IVAR® (Intelligent Video Analytics Recorder), which supports smart city functionalities. Through IVAR®, we provide our smart city services to a diverse client base that includes managed service providers, distributors, system integrators, and hardware manufacturers across various sectors such as healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, and retail. Our future success is closely linked to the expansion of the smart city market and the adoption of our services and products, including the real-time analytics capabilities of IVAR®.

The utilization of smart city technologies is still in its infancy, and there may be a lack of consumer awareness regarding the advantages of our offerings. If potential users do not recognize the benefits, they might turn to alternative solutions to meet their business needs. The competitive edge of our platforms also partly relies on compatibility with third-party products. To scale our business and strengthen our market position, we are building awareness for our potential customers on the utility of our offerings, broaden our service range, and introduce new technologies to enhance market acceptance and utilization of our platform. The expansion of our market reach depends on various factors such as cost, performance, and perceived value of our offerings. Public sector engagements occasionally attract scrutiny or public commentary, including from activists or media sources. While we seek to uphold a commitment to ethical business practices and responsible innovation, ensuring that our operations align with regulatory and societal expectations, the public may have a negative view on our products specifically or the smart city market generally. If the smart city market does not grow substantially or if there is a fall in demand for our services or products due to lack of acceptability, technological hurdles, competing solutions, reduced budgets by current and prospective clients, economic downturns, or other factors, our business, financial condition, and operational results could be adversely affected.

***Gorilla***'***s competitive position depends, in part, on our ability to adapt to rapid technological changes and evolving industry standards, and on our platforms operating effectively along with third-party products and services. Because our platforms are complex and may require lengthy implementation process, any failure to maintain such compatibility or to satisfy our customers***' ***requirements or perform as desired could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.***

The markets in which we operate, including video intelligence, IoT technologies and cybersecurity, are subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards and shifting customer needs, requiring us to continually update and enhance our platforms and services to remain competitive. The success of Gorilla's business will depend, in part, on its ability to adapt and respond effectively to these changes on a timely basis.

Our platforms depend, in part, on their ability to operate with products and services of third parties, software services and infrastructure, including but not limited to, in connection with our sales relationships, platform partnerships, strategic alliances, and other similar arrangements, where applicable. We must continuously modify and enhance our platforms to adapt to changes in, or to be integrated or otherwise compatible with, evolving hardware, software, networking, mobile applications, browser and database technologies. If new technologies emerge or industry standards shift in ways that require more significant updates than we can deliver on a timely basis, or we are unable to develop enhancements that keep pace with rapid industry changes or offer services at competitive prices with improved efficiency, convenience or security, then our services may become less competitive or obsolete. Third parties may elect not to support their hardware, software or infrastructure in a manner compatible with our platforms and may develop competing technologies without maintaining interoperability with us. If we are not successful in maintaining and expanding such compatibility, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Our platforms and services are complex due to the nature of the needs of our customers, and rapid technological changes in the industry where we operate. Implementing our platforms can be a complex and lengthy process since we often configure our existing platforms for a customer's unique environment. An inability to meet the unique needs of our customers may result in customer dissatisfaction and/or damage to our reputation, which could materially harm our business. Further, the proper use of our platforms often requires trainings for our customers and the initial or ongoing services of our technical personnel as well as operations and maintenance services over the contract term. If training and/or ongoing services require more of our expenditures than we originally estimated, our margins will be lower than projected.

In addition, if our customers do not use our platforms as prescribed or as intended, then it may lead to subpar performance or outcomes. It is possible that our platforms may also be intentionally misused or abused by customers or their employees or third parties who obtain access and use of our platforms. Similarly, our platforms may sometimes be used by customers with smaller or less sophisticated IT departments and / or customer personnel who are not well trained in the use of our platforms. This may result in sub-optimal performance at a level lower than anticipated by the customer, customers deferring the deployment of our platforms and services, deployment in a more limited manner than originally anticipated, or customers not deploying it at all. Additionally, our platforms may go unused or be adopted less broadly, and our ability to make additional sales may be substantially limited, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and growth prospects. Our customers rely on our platforms and services to address important business goals and challenges. Accordingly any improper use or configuration of our platforms and maintenance services, failure to properly train customers on how to efficiently and effectively use our platforms, or failure to properly provide implementation, analytical or maintenance services to our customers may result in contract terminations or non-renewals, reduced revenues, negative publicity and / or legal claims against us. Additionally, as we continue to expand our customer base, any failure by us to properly provide these services may result in lost opportunities for follow-on expansion sales of our platforms and services.

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***We face intense competition in our markets, and we may lack sufficient financial or other resources to maintain or improve our competitive position.***

The markets for our platforms are very competitive, and we expect such competition to continue or increase in the future. A significant number of companies are developing products that currently, or in the future may, compete with some or all aspects of our proprietary platforms. We may not be successful in convincing the management teams of our potential customers to deploy our platforms in lieu of existing software solutions or in-house software development projects often favored by internal IT departments or other competitive products and services. In addition, our competitors include large enterprise software companies, government contractors and system integrators, and we may face competition from emerging companies as well as established companies who have not previously entered this market. Additionally, we may be required to make substantial additional investments in our research, development, services, marketing and sales functions in order to respond to competition, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the future.

Many of our existing competitors have, and some of our potential competitors could have, substantial competitive advantages such as:

● Greater repute, longer operating histories, and larger customer bases;

● Larger sales and marketing budgets, resources and the capacity to leverage their sales efforts across a broader portfolio of products;

● Broader, deeper, or otherwise more established relationships with technology, channel and distribution partners, and customers;

● Wider geographic presence or greater access to larger potential customer bases;

● Greater focus in specific geographies;

● Lower labor and research and development costs;

● Larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios; and

● Substantially greater financial, technical and other resources to provide services, to make acquisitions and to develop and introduce new products and capabilities.

In addition, some of our larger competitors have substantially broader and more diverse product and service offerings and may be able to leverage their relationships with distribution partners and customers based on other products to gain business in a manner that discourages customers from purchasing our platforms. They may do so by selling at zero or negative margins, product bundling or offering closed technology platforms. Potential customers may also prefer to purchase from their existing provider rather than a new provider regardless of platform performance or features. As a result, even if the features of our platforms offer advantages that others do not, customers may not purchase our platforms. These larger competitors often have broader product lines and market focus or greater resources and may therefore not be as susceptible to economic downturns or other significant reductions in capital spending by customers. If we are unable to sufficiently differentiate our platforms from the integrated or bundled products of our competitors, such as by offering enhanced functionality, performance, or value, we may see a decrease in demand for those platforms, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, new, innovative start-up companies and larger companies that are making significant investments in research and development may introduce products that have greater performance or functionality, are easier to implement or use, incorporate technological advances that we have not yet developed, or implemented or may invent similar or superior platforms and technologies that compete with our platforms. Our current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources.

Some of our competitors have made or could make acquisitions of businesses that allow them to offer more competitive and comprehensive solutions. As a result of such acquisitions, our current or potential competitors may be able to accelerate the adoption of new technologies that better address customer needs, devote greater resources to bring these products and services to market, initiate or withstand substantial price competition, or develop and expand their product and service offerings more quickly than we do. These competitive pressures in our market, or our failure to compete effectively, may result in fewer orders, reduced revenue and margins, and loss of market share. In addition, it is possible that industry consolidation may impact customers' perceptions of the viability of smaller or even mid-size software firms and consequently customers' willingness to purchase from such firms.

We may not compete successfully against our current or potential competitors. If we are unable to compete successfully, or if competing successfully requires us to take costly actions in response to the actions of our competitors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, companies competing with us may have an entirely different pricing or distribution model. Increased competition could result in fewer customer orders, price reductions, reduced margins, and loss of market share, any of which could harm our business and the results of operations.

***We do not work with the Chinese Communist Party and have chosen not to host our platforms in China, which may limit our growth prospects.***

We generally do not enter into business with customers or governments whose positions or actions we consider inconsistent with our mission and values to support Western liberal democracy and its strategic allies. Our leadership believes that working with the Chinese Communist Party is inconsistent with our culture and mission. Accordingly, we do not pursue any sales opportunities with the Chinese Communist Party, do not host our platforms in China, and impose limitations on access to our platforms in China in order to protect our intellectual property, to promote respect for and defend privacy and civil liberties protections and to promote data security. Our decision to avoid this large potential market, and more broadly to not enter into relationships with customers or governments, which can otherwise lead to divergence from our culture and mission, may limit our growth prospects and could adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition, and we may not compete successfully against our current or potential competitors who choose to operate in China or engage with such customers or governments.

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***We may fail to attract and retain sufficiently trained highly skilled employees, including members of our senior management team and professionals with sufficient leadership capabilities, to support our operations, which could harm our business and impair our ability to successfully implement our business strategy.***

To execute our growth plan, Gorilla must attract, hire, motivate, develop, and retain a sufficient number of highly skilled personnel, across various functions, including engineering, finance, marketing, sales, and technology and support. Competition is intense, especially for engineers skilled in software design and development, as well as experienced sales professionals. Gorilla has experienced, and may continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with the necessary qualifications. Many of our competitors have greater resources and may attempt to recruit our skilled employees. In addition, certain domestic immigration laws, including those in Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Egypt or the United States, restrict or limit our ability to recruit internationally. Additionally, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment, and a decline in the perceived value of Gorilla's equity awards may harm our recruitment and retention efforts.

If we are unable to invest in reskilling and upskilling our employees in the areas and skills that strategically important to our business, our ability to effectively lead our current projects and develop new business could be jeopardized, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our future success also depends substantially on the continued services of our senior management team and other key employees in leadership positions who possess technical and business capabilities, including industry expertise, and are difficult to replace. The loss of any one or more members of our senior management team, for any reason, including resignation or retirement, could impair our ability to execute our business strategy and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Our financial condition could be negatively affected if governments in the countries we operate in introduce new unfavorable tax legislation.***

We are subject to taxes in the countries we operate in. Our future tax liabilities could be adversely affected by any new unfavorable tax legislative changes in the countries we operate in. We continuously monitor such changes to assess and quantify the potential impacts on our consolidated financial statements.

Also, failure to comply with transfer pricing regulations in the countries we operate in could result in additional tax, interest and penalties levied on us by tax authorities, thereby impacting our profitability and cash flows.

***We may not be fully insured for all losses we may incur.***

We maintain cybersecurity insurance and other types of insurance, subject to applicable deductibles and policy limits, but our insurance may not be sufficient to cover all costs associated with a potential data security or other incident. We also cannot be sure that our existing general liability insurance coverage and coverage for cyber liability or errors or omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could harm our financial condition.

**Risks Related to Gorilla**'**s Intellectual Property, Information Technology, Data Privacy and Security**

***Gorilla may not be able to adequately protect or enforce its intellectual property rights or prevent unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering its solutions. Gorilla***'***s efforts to protect and enforce its intellectual property rights, prevent third parties from violating its rights, and address infringement claims may be costly.***

The success of Gorilla's services and its business depends, in part, on its ability to obtain patents and other intellectual property rights and maintain adequate legal protection for its products in the United States, Taiwan, Egypt, and other international jurisdictions. Gorilla has filed for patents in the United States and in certain international jurisdictions, but such protections may not be available or applied for in all countries where it operates or seeks to enforce its intellectual property rights. Additionally, enforcement of these rights may be difficult in practice, particularly in jurisdictions with weak enforcement mechanisms or high rates of counterfeiting. Gorilla relies on a combination of patent, copyright, service mark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual obligations, to establish and protect its proprietary rights. These measures, while important, only provide limited protection, and the risk of breaches, misappropriation, reverse engineering, or infringement remains significant, especially in the context of the evolving cyber threat landscape, where Gorilla's technologies may be vulnerable to cyberattacks and unauthorized access.

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Gorilla's intellectual property consists of proprietary methods and technologies developed under a combination of patents, pending patent applications, methodologies, know-how, trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, and other intellectual property rights. Gorilla seeks to protect these assets through confidentiality agreements that contain non-disclosure and non-use provisions with its employees, consultants, contractors, and third parties, along with robust security measures and employee policies. Many business processes and implementation methodologies are considered trade secrets or proprietary know-how. Clients and business partners typically agree in writing to the confidential treatment of Gorilla's information. Additionally, employees and independent contractors are required to sign work-for-hire and confidentiality covenants as conditions of employment or engagement. Gorilla also has policies requiring employees, consultants, contractors, and third parties to respect the intellectual property rights of others, including obtaining appropriate licenses when using, selling, or distributing third-party materials.

Gorilla's reliance on third-party vendors, manufacturing partners, and suppliers introduces additional vulnerabilities, as these external parties may mishandle or misuse its trade secrets. Furthermore, Gorilla may not succeed in obtaining or maintaining patents, trademarks, or other protections for which it has applied or may apply in the future. Failure to protect intellectual property effectively may allow competitors to duplicate Gorilla's technology and products, adversely impacting its competitive position. Additionally, unauthorized use or misappropriation of intellectual property by others, including former employees, may occur, and Gorilla may not always detect or successfully address these violations. Competitors may also independently develop similar technologies or leverage their own IP portfolios to challenge Gorilla's operations. The risk of reverse engineering, where competitors gain unauthorized access to and replicate Gorilla's technology, further complicates this issue.

Gorilla also faces significant risks related to intellectual property litigation, which is common in the technology industry. Competitors, former employees, or other entities may allege that Gorilla's systems, processes, marketing, data usage, or technologies infringe on their intellectual property rights. Non-practicing entities may bring baseless but costly infringement claims. Gorilla could be required to indemnify clients for intellectual property infringement claims related to materials provided in its services and solutions, which could involve substantial expenses, including damages, attorneys' fees, and indemnification obligations. Even if such claims are without merit, they may lead to reputational damage and harm customer relationships, deter future sales, and materially impact Gorilla's business operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

The evolving and competitive technological environment adds complexity to these risks. Intellectual property-related disputes or claims, even if unfounded, could force Gorilla to alter business practices, incur significant license, royalty, or technology development expenses, or pay substantial damages or legal fees. These risks are compounded by the uncertainties of global IP systems and differing enforcement mechanisms

***If any of the systems of any third parties upon which we rely, our customers***' ***cloud or on-premises environments, or our internal systems, are breached or if unauthorized access to customer or third-party data is otherwise obtained, public perception of our platforms and operations and maintenance services may be harmed, and we may lose business and incur losses or liabilities.***

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to provide effective data security protection in connection with our platforms and services, and we rely on information technology networks and systems to securely store, transmit, index, and otherwise process electronic information. Because our platforms and services are used by our customers to store, transmit, index or otherwise process and analyze large data sets that often contain proprietary, confidential and/or sensitive information (including in some instances personal or identifying information), our software is perceived as an attractive target for attacks by computer hackers or others seeking unauthorized access, and our software faces threats of unintended exposure, exfiltration, alteration, deletion or loss of data. Additionally, because many of our customers use our platforms to store, transmit, and otherwise process proprietary, confidential, or sensitive information, and complete mission critical tasks, they have a lower risk tolerance for security vulnerabilities in our platforms and services than for vulnerabilities in other, less critical, software products and services.

We, and the third-party vendors upon which we rely, have experienced, and may in the future experience, cybersecurity threats, including threats or attempts to disrupt our information technology infrastructure and unauthorized attempts to gain access to sensitive or confidential information. Our and our third-party vendors' technology systems may be damaged or compromised by malicious events, such as cyberattacks (including computer viruses, malicious and destructive code, phishing attacks and denial of service attacks), physical or electronic security breaches, natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, personnel misconduct and human error. Such attacks or security breaches may be perpetrated by internal bad actors, such as employees or contractors, or by third parties (including traditional computer hackers, persons involved with organized crime or foreign state or foreign state-supported actors). Cybersecurity threats can employ a wide variety of techniques, which may include the use of social engineering techniques, are constantly evolving, and have become increasingly complex and sophisticated; all of which increase the difficulty of detecting and successfully defending against them. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until after they are launched against a target, we and our third-party vendors may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. Although prior cyberattacks directed at us have not had a material impact on our financial results, and we are continuing to bolster our threat detection and mitigation processes and procedures, we cannot guarantee that future cyberattacks, if successful, will not have a material impact on our business or financial results. While we have security measures in place to protect our information and our customers' information and to prevent data loss and other security breaches, we have not always been able to do so and there can be no assurance that in the future we will be able to anticipate or prevent security breaches or unauthorized access of our information technology systems or the information technology systems of the third-party vendors upon which we rely. Despite our implementation of network security measures and internal information security policies, data stored on personnel computer systems is also vulnerable to similar security breaches, unauthorized tampering or human error.

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Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of data security incidents involving certain types of data, including personal data. In addition, most of our customers, including U.S. government customers, contractually require us to notify them of data security breaches. Compliance with such legal and contractual obligations may increase our costs and expose us to additional liability in the event of a breach.

Further, unauthorized access to our or our third-party vendors' information technology systems or data or other security breaches could result in the loss of information; significant remediation costs; litigation, disputes, regulatory action or investigations that could result in damages, material fines and penalties; indemnity obligations; interruptions in the operation of our business, including our ability to provide new product features, new platforms or services to our customers; damage to our operation technology networks and information technology systems; and other liabilities. Moreover, our remediation efforts may not be successful. Any or all of these issues, or the perception that any of them have occurred, could negatively affect our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to terminate or not renew their agreements, hinder our ability to obtain and maintain required or desirable cybersecurity certifications, and result in reputational damage, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects. There can be no assurance that any limitations of liability provisions in our license arrangements with customers or in our agreements with vendors, partners, or others would be enforceable, applicable, or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim.

***Issues in the use of artificial intelligence (including machine learning) in our platforms, along with the evolving regulatory framework for these technologies, may result in reputational harm or liability, and adversely affect our business, and results of operations.***

AI is enabled by or integrated into many of our platforms and is a significant and potentially growing element of our business. However, as with many developing technologies, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its further development, adoption, and use, and therefore our business. AI algorithms may be flawed, datasets may be insufficient or contain biased, and inappropriate data practices by data scientists, engineers, and end-users of our systems could impair the acceptance of AI solutions. If AI-generated recommendations, forecasts, or analyzes are deficient or inaccurate, we could be subjected to competitive harm, potential legal liability or reputational harm. Additionally, the regulatory framework for AI and machine learning is evolving and remains uncertain. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted globally, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that would affect the operation of our platform and the way in which we use these technologies. Further, the cost to comply with such laws or regulations could be significant and may increase our operating expenses, which could adversely affect us. Ethical concerns, such as those related to human rights, privacy, employment, or other social issues, could also lead to brand or reputational harm for us.

***We depend on computing infrastructure operated by Amazon Web Services (***"***AWS***"***), and other third parties to support some of our customers and any errors, disruption, performance problems, or failure in their or our operational infrastructure could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.***

We rely on the technology, infrastructure, and software applications, including software-as-a-service offerings, of certain third parties, such as AWS, in order to host or operate some or all of certain key platform features or functions of our business, including our cloud-based services (including IVAR®), customer relationship management activities, billing and order management, and financial accounting services. Additionally, we rely on computer hardware purchased in order to deliver our platforms and services. We do not have control over the operations of the facilities of the third parties that we use. If any of these third-party services experience errors, disruptions, security issues or other performance deficiencies; if they are updated such that our platforms become incompatible; if these services, software or hardware fail or become unavailable due to extended outages, interruptions, defects, or otherwise; or if they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms or prices (or at all), these issues could result in errors or defects in our platforms, cause our platforms to fail, our revenue and margins could decline, or our reputation and brand to be damaged, we could be exposed to legal or contractual liability, our expenses could increase, our ability to manage our operations could be interrupted and our processes for managing our sales and servicing our customers could be impaired until equivalent services or technology, if available, are identified, procured and implemented, all of which may take significant time and resources, increase our costs, and could adversely affect our business. Many of these third-party providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, disruptions, defects, performance deficiencies, or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our customers or third-party providers.

Our business depends, and will increasingly depend, on the availability of critical components used to support our AI, video intelligence and cybersecurity platforms. We do not manufacture these components and instead rely on third-party suppliers. Any disruption in the availability of these components, including due to supply chain constraints, manufacturing limitations, allocation decisions by suppliers, increased demand, geopolitical events or regulatory developments, could delay our ability to deploy, expand or maintain our platforms. If we are unable to obtain sufficient quantities of these components on a timely basis and on acceptable terms, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, failures, data loss, outages, and other performance problems with our infrastructure and cloud-based offerings due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, employee misconduct, capacity constraints, denial of service attacks, phishing attacks, computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, or other security-related incidents, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all situations. If we experience disruptions, failures, data loss, outages, or other performance problems, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Because our platforms are complex, undetected errors, defects or bugs may occur, particularly in connection with new releases or updates. Such defects could delay product launches, require redesign efforts, result in warranty or service level credit obligations, damage our reputation, or adversely affect market acceptance of our platforms.

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Our systems and the third-party systems upon which we and our customers rely are also vulnerable to damage or interruption from catastrophic occurrences such as earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, cybersecurity threats, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, public health crises, geopolitical and similar events, or acts of misconduct. In addition, our ability to conduct normal business operations could be severely affected.

Furthermore, our platforms are in many cases important or essential to our customers' operations, including in some cases, their cybersecurity or oversight and compliance programs, and subject to service level agreements ("SLAs"). Any interruption in our service, whether as a result of an internal or third-party issue, could damage our brand and reputation, cause our customers to terminate or not renew their contracts with us or decrease use of our platforms and services, require us to indemnify our customers against certain losses, result in our issuing credit or paying penalties or fines, subject us to other losses or liabilities, cause our platforms to be perceived as unreliable or unsecure, and prevent us from gaining new or additional business from current or future customers, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Moreover, to the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed, and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. The provisioning of additional cloud hosting capacity requires lead time. AWS and other third parties have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If AWS or other third parties increase pricing terms, terminate or seek to terminate our contractual relationship, establish more favorable relationships with our competitors, or change or interpret their terms of service or policies in a manner that is unfavorable with respect to us, we may be required to transfer to other cloud providers or invest in a private cloud. If we are required to transfer to other cloud providers or invest in a private cloud, we could incur significant costs and experience possible service interruption in connection with doing so, or risk loss of customer contracts if they are unwilling to accept such a change.

**Legal and Regulatory Risks Related to Gorilla**'**s Business**

***Gorilla***'***s operations are subject to a variety of United States and international laws and regulations, including those regarding privacy, data protection and information security, and its data consumers may be subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of sensitive and confidential information. Non-compliance with these applicable laws and regulations could damage our reputation, lead to costly litigation, and harm our business.***

Privacy is at the core of Gorilla's technology. Gorilla and its data providers and data consumers may be subject to privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations that impose obligations in connection with the collection, processing, and use of personal data. We process and, in some cases, collect and/or store sensitive data in connection with our services. This data may include our clients' information, such as names, addresses, payment details, and account history. In addition, we collect and store data regarding our employees. In the United States, several states have enacted or are considering enacting privacy regulations, including the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended; and there are several privacy regulations in other jurisdictions, such as the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union, the International Data Transfer Agreement in the United Kingdom, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 in India, the Protection of Personal Data Law (Law No. 151 of 2020) in Egypt, and the Personal Data Protection Act, B.E. 2562 (2019) in Thailand. These privacy regulations impose privacy and data security compliance obligations and significant penalties for noncompliance. Other countries have enacted or are considering enacting data localization laws that require certain data to stay within their borders. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies or our clients pursuant to our contractual obligations relating to our compliance with these regulations. Complying with changing regulatory requirements requires us to incur substantial costs, exposes us to potential regulatory action or litigation, and may require changes to our business practices in certain jurisdictions. As a result, we are subject to various data protection and privacy laws in the countries where we operate, and the failure to comply with such laws could result in significant fines and penalties. In addition, we may not be able to limit our liability to our clients with respect to breaches of our obligation to keep the information we receive from them confidential.

Government entities may seek our assistance with obtaining information about our customers or could request that we modify our platforms in a manner to permit access or monitoring. To the extent that we do not provide assistance to or comply with requests from government entities, or if we challenge those requests publicly or in court, we may experience adverse political, regulatory, legal, business, and reputational consequences, including among certain customers or portions of the public. Conversely, to the extent that we do provide such assistance, or do not challenge those requests publicly or in court, we may experience adverse political, business, and reputational consequences from other customers or portions of the public arising from concerns over privacy or the government's activities.

Gorilla continues to invest significant time and resources, including ongoing reviews of its technology and systems, to ensure compliance with applicable data privacy laws. Despite these efforts, any network infrastructure remains vulnerable to evolving cyberattacks, employee errors, or intentional malfeasance. Customers and government entities are increasingly focused on the security of Gorilla's products, and we have implemented robust policies, including background screening of personnel, non-disclosure agreements, access controls, encryption, and other security measures. However, these efforts cannot safeguard against all risks at all times. Outside parties may attempt to deceive employees, users, or clients into disclosing sensitive information, potentially gaining unauthorized access to Gorilla's, its clients', or users' data. An actual or perceived breach of security, whether within Gorilla's systems or a client's system attributed to Gorilla, could expose us to a risk of loss of sensitive information, lawsuits from our employees, clients, or their customers for breaching contractual confidentiality provisions or privacy laws, investigations or penalties from regulators, reputational harm, and significant financial losses.

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***Gorilla is subject to complex, evolving regulatory requirements that may be difficult and expensive to comply with and that could negatively impact its business.***

Gorilla's business and operations are subject to a variety of complex and evolving regulatory requirements globally, including, among other things, with respect to labor, tax, import and export, anti-corruption, data privacy and protection and communications monitoring and interception. Compliance with these regulatory requirements may be onerous and expensive, especially where these requirements are inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, or where the jurisdictional reach of certain requirements is not clearly defined or seeks to extend across national borders. Regulatory requirements in one jurisdiction may make it difficult or impossible to do business in another jurisdiction and may also influence market demand for many of Gorilla's products and/or customer requirements for specific functionality and performance or technical standards. Gorilla may also be unsuccessful in obtaining permits, licenses or other authorizations required to operate its business, such as for the import or export of its products. While we have implemented policies and procedures designed to achieve compliance with the applicable laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that we or our personnel will fully comply with them at all times. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements, including those related to anticorruption, export controls, data privacy, employment, procurement, and cybersecurity, could subject us to investigations, administrative proceedings, sanctions, enforcement actions, fines, damages, litigation, civil and other penalties, as well as harm our reputation, financial condition, and operations.

**Risks Related to Gorilla**'**s Incorporation in the Cayman Islands**

***Because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, you may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and compliance with economic substance legislation of Cayman Islands may adversely impact us. Additionally, if we re-domicile to another jurisdiction, its laws will govern our agreements, potentially limiting our ability to enforce legal rights.***

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law differ significantly from those in the United States, as the Cayman Islands has a distinct body of corporate and securities law with comparatively limited judicial precedent as compared to the United States. For instance, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholders derivative action in a Federal court of the United States, and the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely to recognize or enforce U.S. judgments based on civil liability provisions of federal securities laws.

While Cayman Islands courts may recognize and enforce foreign money judgments from competent foreign courts without retrial on the merits, this recognition is subject to certain conditions. Judgments must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands Court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. As a result, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the Board of Directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a United States company.

In addition, the Cayman Islands has enacted the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (as Revised) ("Substance Act"), effective January 1, 2019, introducing certain economic substance requirements for in-scope Cayman Islands entities which are engaged in certain "relevant activities," which in the case of exempted companies incorporated before January 1, 2019, will apply in respect of financial years commencing July 1, 2019 onwards. As a Cayman Islands company, we are required to file annual notifications, which need to state whether we are carrying out any relevant activities and if so, whether we have satisfied economic substance tests where applicable. It is anticipated that the Substance Act will evolve and be subject to further clarification and amendments. Non-compliance may result in penalties, and the evolving nature of the Substance Act may require us to allocate additional resources and adjust operations to meet ongoing compliance obligations.

Furthermore, we may consider relocating our home jurisdiction or re-domiciling out of the Cayman Islands to another jurisdiction. Such a relocation could subject us to foreign regulatory requirements and cause our material agreements to be governed by the laws of the new jurisdiction. The legal system and enforcement mechanisms of such jurisdictions may differ from those of the United States, potentially limiting our ability to enforce agreements or obtain remedies, which could result in a loss of business, business opportunities or capital.

Above factors collectively pose risks to our operations, governance, and shareholder rights, potentially impacting our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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**Risks Related to Gorilla**'**s Substantial Presence in Taiwan, Thailand and Egypt**

***Gorilla***'***s global operations are subject to the risks of doing business internationally, including periodic foreign economic downturns and political instability, any of which may adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.***

Gorilla's headquarters are located in the United Kingdom, while its offices and employees, including certain management members, are primarily in Taiwan, a region where political, economic, and military conditions, including any escalation of tensions between China and Taiwan, may directly affect its business and operations. Gorilla has historically conducted much of its business in Taiwan and has now expanded into emerging markets, such as Egypt and Thailand, which are central to its growth strategy. However, many of these regions where we operate or plan to operate have experienced, and may continue to experience, political instability, civil unrest, hostilities, terrorist activities, export controls and economic volatility, amplified by global conflicts including the Russia-Ukraine and the Hamas-Israel conflicts. Additionally, other facts relating to the operation of Gorilla's business outside of the United States may have an adverse effect on Gorilla's business, financial condition and results of operations, including:

● international economic and political changes;

● the imposition of governmental controls or changes in government regulations, including tax laws, regulations and treaties;

● macroeconomic weakness and uncertainty, including inflation, slower growth or recession, new or increased tariffs and other barriers to trade, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, higher interest rates, high unemployment and currency fluctuations;

● lack of familiarity and burdens of ongoing compliance with local laws, legal standards, regulatory requirements, tariffs, customs formalities and other barriers, including restrictions on advertising practices, regulations governing online services, restrictions on importation or shipping of specified or proscribed items, importation quotas, shopper protection laws, enforcement of intellectual property rights, laws dealing with shopper and data protection, privacy, encryption, denied parties and sanctions, and restrictions on pricing or discounts;

● heightened exposure to fraud;

● legal uncertainty in foreign countries with less developed legal systems (including Egypt);

● unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties or customs formalities, embargoes, exchange controls, government controls or other trade restrictions;

● compliance with U.S. and international laws involving international operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the "U.K. Bribery Act") which correlates with the scope of our sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions and operations in certain industries, such that an increase in such operations would increase risk of non-compliance with the aforementioned laws, and export control laws;

● potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign tax laws (including with respect to value added taxes) and restrictions on the repatriation of earnings;

● difficulties in achieving headcount reductions due to unionized labor and works councils; and

● restrictions on transfers of funds and assets between jurisdictions.

As Gorilla continues to operate its business, its success will depend in part, on its ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks. The impact of any one or more of these factors could adversely affect Gorilla's business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Currency exchange rate fluctuations in the various currencies in which we do business could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.***

We report our operating results in U.S. dollars, but a substantial portion of our revenues and expenses are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, we must translate such revenues and expenses, as well as corresponding assets and liabilities, into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect during or at the end of each reporting period, as applicable. As a result, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates can adversely affect our results of operations. The exchange rates among the Egyptian Pounds, New Taiwan Dollar, and other currencies in which we incur costs or earn revenues and the U.S. dollar have changed substantially in recent years and may fluctuate substantially in the future.

Given our anticipated international operations, Gorilla expects the number of transactions in various foreign currencies to continue to grow in the future. As a result, Gorilla may need to convert the currencies received through its operations into other currencies in order to fund its continued operations. Such conversions may create transaction costs to Gorilla. In addition, although Gorilla tries to limit its exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, the use of hedging instruments may not be available for all currencies or may not always offset losses resulting from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments can itself result in losses if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.

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***Exchange controls and other restrictions on the movement of capital out of certain jurisdictions or otherwise affecting our settlement transactions or our subsidiaries***' ***ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.***

We are subject in certain jurisdictions where we have operations, such as certain countries in Asia and Egypt, to the risk that regulatory authorities in or outside such jurisdictions may impose exchange controls or restrictions on the movement of capital, including on transactions involving transfers of funds from such jurisdictions, as well as restrictions on repatriation of funds or repatriation of profits on subsidiaries from such jurisdictions, which may restrict the amount of funds that can be transferred or dividends that can be paid upstream to us from such jurisdictions. If we are unable to transfer such amounts from such jurisdictions when and as needed, we will remain subject to foreign exchange risk relating to such retained funds denominated in local currencies (including merchant funds held by us), to the extent we cannot convert such funds into other currencies (whether as a result of foreign exchange restrictions in such jurisdictions, or any restrictions on transferring funds out of such jurisdictions), which may adversely impact our ability to settle such transactions and subject us to significant foreign exchange risk, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

In addition, repatriations of cash from our subsidiaries may be subject to local tax laws, rules and regulations in the relevant jurisdictions, which are subject to change from time to time.

***It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against Gorilla, its officers and directors in Taiwan or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Taiwan or serve process on Gorilla***'***s officers and directors and these experts.***

Many of Gorilla's directors or officers are not residents of the United States and most of their and Gorilla's assets are located outside the United States. Service of process upon Gorilla or its non-U.S. resident directors and officers and enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States against Gorilla or its non-U.S. directors and executive officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Gorilla have been informed by its legal counsel in Taiwan that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Taiwan or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Taiwanese courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against Gorilla or its non-U.S. officers and directors because Taiwan may not be the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if a Taiwanese court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Taiwanese law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Taiwanese law. Taiwanese courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Taiwan, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against Gorilla or its non-U.S. officers and directors.

Moreover, among other reasons, including but not limited to, fraud or absence of due process, or the existence of a judgment which is at variance with another judgment that was given in the same matter if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Taiwan, a Taiwanese court will not enforce a non-Taiwanese judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Taiwanese courts (subject to exceptional cases) or if its enforcement is likely to prejudice its sovereignty or security.

**Risks Related to the Gorilla Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

***As an emerging growth company, we benefit from exemptions, including the exemption from the auditor attestation of internal controls report, which may make our securities less attractive to investors. Failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls or remediate identified weaknesses could impair our ability to accurately report financial results, meet reporting obligations, and prevent fraud, adversely affecting investor confidence and the market price of our shares.***

Gorilla is eligible to be treated as an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. Gorilla could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause it to lose that status earlier, including if its total annual gross revenue exceeds $1.235 billion, if it issues more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during any three-year period, or if, before that time, it becomes a "large accelerated filer" under U.S. securities laws. As long as we qualify as an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that apply to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As a result, its shareholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. Gorilla cannot predict whether investors will find its securities less attractive because it relies on these exemptions. If some investors find its securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for its securities and the price of Gorilla's securities may be more volatile.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable and accurate financial information and to effectively prevent fraud. We devote significant financial and managerial resources and time to comply with the internal control over financial reporting requirements and continue to enhance our controls. Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations, including human error, sample-based testing, the possibility that controls could be circumvented or become inadequate because of changed conditions, unidentified controls, and fraud, which might not prevent or detect all misstatements or fraud, and could result in adverse consequences to us, including, but not limited to, a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial results, increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets, regulatory investigations, and civil or criminal sanctions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our shares may be materially and adversely affected.

**Risks Related to Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares**

***The trading price of our ordinary shares is likely to continue to be volatile.***

The trading price of our ordinary shares has been highly volatile and could continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Our ordinary shares have experienced significant intra-day price fluctuations over the past 52 weeks. The stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In particular, a large proportion of our ordinary shares has been historically and may in the future be traded by short sellers which may put pressure on the supply and demand for our ordinary shares, further influencing volatility in its market price. Public perception of our company or management and other factors outside of our control may additionally impact the share price of companies like us that garner a disproportionate degree of public attention, regardless of actual operating performance.

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***We qualify as a foreign private issuer, exempting us from certain U.S. reporting and governance requirements, but losing this status could increase our compliance costs significantly.***

As a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, Gorilla is exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including rules on proxy solicitation related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, the requirement for officers, directors, and principal shareholders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, including the "short-swing profit" recovery provisions, the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial information, and Regulation FD, which is intended to prevent issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. Unlike U.S. domestic issuers, which must file annual reports on Form 10-K within 60 to 75 days after the fiscal year-end (depending on their filing status), foreign private issuers have up to 120 days to file their annual report on Form 20-F. These exemptions may reduce the level of transparency and limit shareholder protections compared to U.S. domestic companies.

If Gorilla loses its foreign private issuer status, it will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer, comply with U.S. GAAP, federal proxy requirements, and Section 16 short-swing profit provisions, and lose its ability to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of Nasdaq, which could significantly increase its compliance costs.

***A market for our securities may not be sustained, which could adversely affect the liquidity, price and trading volume of our securities.***

The stock markets, including Nasdaq on which Gorilla lists the ordinary shares and warrants under the symbols "GRRR," and "GRRRW," respectively, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even with an active market, the market price and trading volume of the ordinary shares and warrants may be volatile and could decline significantly. Gorilla cannot assure you that the market price of the ordinary shares and warrants will not fluctuate widely or decline, in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

● the realization of any of the risk factors presented in this Annual Report;

● actual or anticipated differences in Gorilla's estimates, or in the estimates of analysts, for Gorilla's revenues, results of operations, level of indebtedness, liquidity or financial condition;

● additions and departures of key personnel;

● failure to meet Nasdaq's continued listing requirements, such as corporate governance or minimum bid price rules, may result in delisting, negatively impacting the securities' price and liquidity;

● failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other laws or regulations;

● future issuances, sales, resales or repurchases or anticipated issuances, sales, resales or repurchases, of Gorilla's securities including due to the expiration of contractual lock-up agreements;

● publication of future research reports about Gorilla;

● the performance and market valuations of other similar companies;

● the trading market for Gorilla's securities is and could be influenced by industry or financial analysts' research and reports, over whom Gorilla has no control;

● new laws, regulations, subsidies, or credits or new interpretations of existing laws applicable to Gorilla;

● commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving Gorilla;

● broad disruptions in the financial markets, including sudden disruptions in the credit markets;

● speculation in the press or investment community;

● actual, potential or perceived control, accounting or reporting problems;

● changes in accounting principles, policies and guidelines; and

● other events or factors, including those resulting from infectious diseases, health epidemics and pandemics, natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

If Gorilla failed to meet Nasdaq's continued listing requirements and was delisted, it could impair investors' ability to sell securities unless a market can be established or sustained. If securities are moved to the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, liquidity and price may further decline. While the Company believes it is currently in compliance with the Nasdaq's listing rules, there can be no guarantee that it will maintain compliance in the future.

As a public company, Gorilla may initially attract limited or inexperienced analyst coverage, leading to inaccurate forecasts and increasing the likelihood of failing to meet estimates. Unfavorable opinions, changes in financial estimates or Gorilla's failure to meet these estimates, or analysts' failure to initiate or maintain coverage could negatively impact Gorilla's market performance and investor expectations.

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert Gorilla's management's attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

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**ITEM 4: INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY**

**4. A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY**

**General Corporate Information**

Gorilla was incorporated in 2001 as a Cayman Islands exempted company, and our principal executive office is located at 64 North Row, London, United Kingdom W1K 7DA. Our legal and commercial name is Gorilla Technology Group Inc. Our company incorporation number is 110283. Our registered office address in the Cayman Islands is located at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Gorilla's ordinary shares were listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market on July 14, 2022. Our website address is *https://www.gorilla-technology.com*, and our telephone number is +442039880574. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely for informational purposes. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as we, that file electronically, with the SEC at *www.sec.gov*. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates, 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware 19715.

**4. B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW**

**Introduction: The Foundation of Intelligent Digital Transformation**

Headquartered in London United Kingdom, Gorilla is a global solution provider specializing in Security Intelligence, Network Intelligence, Business Intelligence, and Internet of Things ("IoT"). With a strong presence in Asia Pacific, the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Latin America, we deliver AI-driven solutions that power Smart Cities, Enterprises, Government, Manufacturing, Telecommunications, Retail, Transportation, Logistics, Healthcare, and Education.

Our expertise lies in revolutionizing urban operations, enhancing security, and optimizing digital transformation. We deliver pioneering products that integrate AI, deep learning, and edge computing to advance intelligent video surveillance, facial recognition, license plate recognition, post-event analytics, cybersecurity, and network intelligence. By leveraging these innovations, we empower governments and enterprises to increase efficiency, security, and resilience, ultimately improving the quality of life for people worldwide.

**History: Our Evolution**

Founded in 2001 in the Cayman Islands, Gorilla initially focused on video content solutions for broadcasting firms in Taiwan, where our AI-driven video analysis capabilities were first developed.

In 2010, Gorilla pivoted towards computer vision, machine learning, and cybersecurity, investing in optical character recognition, object detection, facial recognition, and AI-powered analytics. Over the past decade, we have expanded into Big Data Analytics, IoT, Edge AI computing, and infrastructure solutions, transforming how governments and enterprises collect, process, and analyze data to drive real-world impact.

Today, our AI-powered solutions are deployed in government institutions, corporate offices, highways, airports, seaports, train stations, hospitals, retail spaces, universities, and law enforcement agencies. Gorilla continues to be a trusted technology partner, helping organizations secure, optimize, and future-proof their operations.

Our Edge AI-driven solutions process data directly at the network's edge, reducing reliance on cloud-based computation and ensuring faster, more efficient, and cost-effective AI operations. The four key advantages of

Edge AI include:

● *Cost-effectiveness* – Reduces data processing on larger devices and minimizes cloud transfer costs.

● *Faster processing speeds* – Minimizes latency and enables real-time AI-powered decision-making.

● *Enhanced security and resilience* – Keep sensitive data on local devices, mitigating risks from network failures.

● *Uninterrupted workflows* – Leverages Edge AI to create a highly dependable mesh network architecture.

**Industries with Gorilla Deployments**

● **Smart Cities** – Public safety, lighting, energy and water consumption analytics, and environmental monitoring.

● **Transportation & Logistics** – Traffic management, parking optimization, vehicle tracking, and passenger analytics.

● **Business & Enterprise** – Security and automation solutions for workforce and asset protection.

● **Retail & Hospitality** – AI-driven marketing, customer insights, loss prevention, and operations optimization.

● **Education** – Campus security, information protection, and AI-powered education infrastructure.

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Gorilla continues to redefine how organizations harness AI, cybersecurity, and intelligent analytics to create smarter, safer, and more efficient digital ecosystems worldwide.

The Four Pillars of Gorilla's Intelligent Ecosystem:

1. Infrastructure: The Core of Digital Transformation *(Anchor Pillar)*

● **Bridging Hardware & Software for Future-Ready Solutions**

Gorilla recognizes that robust, intelligent infrastructure is the foundation of digital transformation. Our infrastructure portfolio spans routers, switches, servers, storage systems, Customer Premises Equipment ("CPEs"), edge IoT devices, and AI-optimized computing platforms that support secure, high-performance deployments across enterprise, government, and smart city environments.

Historically, this pillar focused on enabling AI workloads at the network edge, reducing latency, improving resilience, and minimizing reliance on centralized cloud infrastructure. As AI workloads have evolved in scale and computational intensity, Gorilla has expanded this pillar to encompass **datacenter-grade, GPU-accelerated infrastructure**, designed to support large-scale AI training, inference, and analytics.

This evolution reflects the growing need for dedicated, controllable, and high-performance AI compute environments that extend beyond edge-only deployments.

● **Datacenter-to-Edge Convergence**

With hybrid infrastructure capabilities, Gorilla enables real-time data processing, AI-powered computing, and network security at the edge and across enterprise environments. By moving computation closer to where data is generated, we reduce latency, optimize bandwidth, and ensure AI-driven insights are accessible when and where they matter most.

● **AI Datacenter Infrastructure & GPU-as-a-Service (GPUaaS)**

As part of its Infrastructure pillar, Gorilla has established a **standalone Datacenter and GPU-as-a-Service (**"**GPUaaS**"**) product line**, delivering high-performance AI compute capacity as a consumable service to enterprise, government, and infrastructure customers.

Gorilla's GPUaaS platform provides access to GPU-accelerated compute resources optimized for AI model training, large-scale inference, simulation, and advanced analytics. These resources are delivered through enterprise-grade datacenter architectures incorporating high-bandwidth networking, scalable storage, and secure operational frameworks.

GPUaaS is offered as an **independent commercial product line**, allowing customers to consume AI compute capacity without adopting Gorilla's application-layer solutions. This enables organizations to deploy AI workloads while avoiding the capital intensity, operational complexity, and supply chain constraints associated with building and operating AI-ready datacenters internally.

The global AI industry is undergoing a structural shift driven by accelerating demand for GPU compute, constrained hardware supply, and increasing regulatory and data sovereignty requirements. While hyperscale public cloud providers offer generalized compute services, many organizations face limitations related to cost predictability, workload contention, compliance obligations, latency sensitivity, and control over AI infrastructure.

Gorilla's GPUaaS platform is designed to address these challenges by offering **purpose-built AI infrastructure** aligned with mission-critical, regulated, and performance-sensitive environments. By delivering dedicated or logically isolated GPU resources and supporting deployment models aligned with local regulatory and security requirements, Gorilla differentiates its infrastructure offerings from generalized cloud-based alternatives.

This positioning enables Gorilla to serve customers seeking scalable AI compute capacity while maintaining control, predictability, and compliance across their AI workloads.

● **The Future of Hybrid Infrastructure**

Gorilla's infrastructure solutions empower organizations to scale efficiently across edge, core, and datacenter environments. Whether supporting smart city automation, enterprise security, AI model development, or large-scale analytics, Gorilla's AI-optimized infrastructure enables secure, resilient, and high-performance deployments.

By integrating edge intelligence with datacenter-grade GPU acceleration, Gorilla delivers a unified infrastructure foundation capable of supporting the next generation of AI-driven applications.

2. IoT & Big Data Analytics: Transforming Data into Intelligence

● **Connected Devices & Smart Edge Processing**

The rise of IoT has led to an explosion of real-time data. Gorilla's AI-powered edge computing helps organizations capture, analyze, and act on this data, enhancing predictive analytics, automation, and security in urban infrastructure, transportation, healthcare, and industrial applications.

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● **AI-powered Automation for Industries**

From smart traffic systems and energy-efficient grids to industrial automation and predictive maintenance, Gorilla's IoT solutions enable businesses to make data-driven decisions in real-time, driving operational efficiency and reducing costs.

● **Big Data Meets Predictive Intelligence**

By leveraging machine learning and AI analytics, Gorilla transforms raw data into actionable insights, allowing businesses to predict trends, optimize workflows, and secure critical digital ecosystems. Our advanced analytics power smart city initiatives, industrial automation, and security frameworks, ensuring a smarter and more connected world.

3. Video Analytics: AI-Driven Vision for Real-Time Intelligence

● **Real-time Situational Awareness**

Gorilla's Intelligent Video Analytics ("IVAs") provide organizations with instantaneous detection, tracking, and analysis of people, objects, and behaviors, enhancing security, efficiency, and automation.

● **Integrated AI Video Management**

Our Smart Surveillance Solutions integrate high-performance AI computing and edge-based analytics to enable proactive security, operational intelligence, and forensic investigations. From facial recognition and vehicle tracking to anomaly detection and post-event analysis, Gorilla's video intelligence solutions enhance law enforcement, enterprise security, and urban planning.

4. Cybersecurity: Protecting Digital & Physical Worlds

● **The Convergence of IT & OT Security**

Today's evolving threat landscape demands a holistic approach to cybersecurity. Gorilla's AI-powered security solutions safeguard networks, endpoints, and critical infrastructure, ensuring a secure, adaptive, and intelligent digital environment.

**Unique Selling Points**

At Gorilla, we aim to redefine the standards of **innovation, agility, and security**, delivering transformative solutions that empower businesses and governments to operate with intelligence, efficiency, and resilience.

● **Revolutionizing Urban Infrastructure with Smart City Solutions**

Our AI-driven Smart City solutions enable governments to build intelligent, responsive, and sustainable urban environments. By enhancing infrastructure, optimizing mobility, and fortifying public safety, we provide cities with tools to thrive in a digitally connected world.

● **Security Convergence: a Unified Approach to Digital and Physical Protection**

Gorilla seamlessly integrates physical and digital security through AI-powered analytics, IoT integration, and centralized security orchestration. This proactive approach strengthens threat detection, incident response, and operational continuity, ensuring that enterprises and governments can safeguard critical assets with confidence.

● **Next-Generation Connectivity with Intelligent SD-WAN**

Our SD-WAN solution redefines network agility by merging seamless hybrid connectivity, real-time network intelligence, and uncompromising security. Designed for the modern enterprise, it optimizes performance while ensuring uninterrupted, secure, and scalable operations in an increasingly interconnected landscape.

● **AI-Driven Video Analytics: Redefining Intelligence in Surveillance**

Gorilla's advanced video analytics empower businesses and governments with real-time facial recognition, license plate detection, and predictive post-event analytics. By transforming video data into actionable insights, our solutions enable organizations to anticipate challenges, mitigate risks, and drive informed decision-making.

● **Beyond Solutions: A Vision for the Future**

What sets Gorilla apart is more than just our technology, it is our commitment to shaping the future. We do not simply offer solutions; we architect digital transformation, delivering bespoke, AI-powered ecosystems that drive efficiency, security, and innovation. Our relentless pursuit of excellence ensures that our partners are always ahead of the curve—ready to lead, innovate, and inspire in an ever-evolving world.

**SOLUTIONS OVERVIEW**

Gorilla provides cutting-edge solutions to a range of government, infrastructure and enterprise clients. Through a consultative selling approach, we engage with potential customers to establish their needs and their goals.

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***Sales and Marketing***

We identify business opportunities through a variety of methods. Some are inbound leads, whereby potential clients get in touch directly with our team. Another channel is through our existing business relationships, such as our vendors, our client base, governments, and joint venture or distributor partners. The remainder come through outbound outreach. We have a variety of means for reaching potential clients, including, but not limited to: submitting proposals through RFPs; cold calling and outreach to potential clients; and meeting at conferences and events. Some key partner relationships include Intel Corporation, Dell Technologies Inc., Red Hat, Inc., and AECOM.

We follow a consultative approach to client relationships. We strive to offer our clients comprehensive solutions, offering our software and a combination of services and/or hardware. Our dialogue with customers focuses on understanding what they are trying to accomplish and proposing them the right full-fledged solution to meet their objectives, based on our core strengths. We advance opportunities only when the client has the budget for the project and the ability to implement it.

Gorilla prioritizes opportunities for multi-year contracts, as these can lead to predictable, long-term revenue. These engagements often involve complex implementations that are difficult for competitors to imitate or replicate.

Some of our clients are government agencies involved in national security, for whom confidentiality is important. Consequently, Gorilla may be restricted in the information it can disclose to the market about these clients and the nature of solutions being delivered.

***Typical Project Timeline***

The initial phase of most large-scale projects is the execution of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) or strategic agreement. This establishes the relationship between the parties and outlines the project priorities and groundwork for the project. Following this, Gorilla's team begins a deep dive into the client's existing infrastructure and solutions and works to identify issues and limitations in the related hardware, data and systems. This clarifies the solutions needed and allows for the creation of a roadmap for the implementation of Gorilla's solution. It also leads to defining the scope of work to be carried out as part of the project. Next, Gorilla typically launches a Proof of Concept (PoC) pilot project to validate the technical and operational fit of the proposed solution. The Proof of Concept is a small test of the solution to prove its effectiveness before it is implemented at scale. During this period, the customer's key performance indicators are tracked and compliance with matters such as procurement and data sovereignty is confirmed.

Once both sides are satisfied with the PoC outcomes, they turn to commercial structuring and project governance. This includes setting delivery timelines, project milestones and addressing other regulatory and logistical matters. The final step is the execution of a binding contract, after which Gorilla begins deploying its solution.

***Financial Considerations***

Gorilla typically incurs costs and capital outlays during the early stages of the customer engagement, including during the PoC and the initial implementation stages following the execution of a binding agreement. This can come in the following forms:

- labor costs;

- working capital requirements for prepayments and initial outlays of other expenses;

- performance guarantees, bid bonds and other restricted cash items; and

- investment into projects that require investment or upfront funding.

Billing milestones are established in advance as part of the customer agreement. Revenue is typically recognized as performance obligations are satisfied over time. Once the relevant billing milestone is achieved, an invoice is issued to the customer, resulting in recognition of accounts receivable and a corresponding reduction in contract assets.

***Government Clients***

A significant portion of our customers are government agencies. To meet the accounting, invoicing and budgeting procedures applicable to those customers, our income generated by governmental agency customers will be recognized upon the customers' acceptance of our invoice. For example, if a project with a government agency was won by the end of previous fiscal year or at the beginning of the current fiscal year, the customer would accept our billing upon the completion of such project, which could be by the end of the current fiscal year or potentially, the next fiscal year, at which point the revenue would be recognized. See the sections of this Annual Report titled "*Risk Factors* — *We may experience fluctuations in our results of operations, cash flows and position due to various factors, including seasonality and the timing of material capital spending in long-term contracts*" and Item 5.A*.* "*Operating Results* — *Quarterly Revenue Trends*" for more information.

***Partnerships***

We have forged business partnerships with companies that can introduce business to us, or with whom we can work on new business opportunities. These partnerships capitalize on areas where our core solutions work with other vendors to offer the customer a better experience. Partners can come from the technology world or from other sectors entirely. We typically enter new geographies by partnering with existing players before we build up a team on the ground.

***Hardware and Software Suppliers***

We work with outside vendors of hardware and software. Clients and Gorilla can utilize a wide variety of hardware vendors to achieve their desired goals. Our software can work on a wide variety of hardware platforms and works best when pre-installed. Gorilla offers white-label hardware, whereby it preinstalls its software on a device in an appliance, optimizing the functionality of both the hardware and software components. We offer white-label hardware solutions such as GPUs, networking equipment and servers, manufactured by our manufacturing partners. The customer benefits from better interoperability of the hardware and software and from a more competitive price on the overall package.

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Depending on the solution needed by the client, we can also make use of external software vendors. This will usually be for a niche product that can enhance the core product offering of Gorilla.

***Key Strengths***

At Gorilla, we believe that our competitive advantage lies in our visionary leadership, AI-driven innovation, diverse product portfolio, and global reach. Over two decades, we have built a reputation for delivering high-performance AI solutions that power video analytics, cybersecurity, and edge computing. Our commitment to continuous innovation, deep market expertise, and strong partnerships enables us to drive digital transformation for governments, enterprises, and critical infrastructure operators worldwide.

***Visionary Leadership with Deep Expertise in AI & Video Analytics***

Gorilla's foundation is built on over 20 years of experience in video analytics, AI development, and digital transformation. Our leadership team has played a pioneering role in the evolution of AI-driven video intelligence, initially focusing on digitization, storage, and retrieval of large-scale video assets for broadcasting industry clients. This deep technical expertise evolved into the development of real-time AI-powered analytics, enabling smarter security, more efficient operations, and data-driven decision-making across multiple industries.

Through strategic investments in machine learning, AI model training, and edge computing, Gorilla has consistently pushed the boundaries of high-performance AI solutions. Our expertise has allowed us to optimize AI models for facial recognition, anomaly detection, and real-time video intelligence. Combined with a dedicated research and development team, we continue to be at the forefront of AI-driven security and automation.

***A Versatile and Seamless AI-Driven Product Portfolio***

Gorilla's suite of AI-powered solutions spans across industries, including government, law enforcement, smart cities, transportation, retail, and critical infrastructure. Our products are designed to be scalable, adaptable, and seamlessly integrated into existing system architectures, ensuring that clients can leverage AI without overhauling their infrastructure.

By developing Gorilla-labeled AI appliances and edge gateways that are compatible with leading CPU and GPU architectures, we ensure high-performance AI computing at the edge. These intelligent systems process data in real time, providing security, automation, and operational efficiency for both public and private sector applications.

Additionally, our strong relationships with key technology leaders allow us to expand our AI capabilities into IoT, security, and enterprise applications, making Gorilla's technology a critical component of global digital ecosystems. For example, Softbank's AI analytics platform for retail applications integrates Gorilla's AI models, demonstrating our ability to provide cutting-edge solutions for high-growth industries.

***Broad and Diverse Customer Base Across Public and Private Sectors***

Gorilla serves a wide range of customers, from national governments to Fortune 500 enterprises. In the public sector, our AI solutions are deployed in law enforcement, state and municipal governments, transportation authorities, and smart city infrastructures. These clients rely on our security intelligence, facial recognition, and AI-powered surveillance solutions to maintain public safety and optimize urban environments.

In the private sector, Gorilla works with retailers, manufacturers, healthcare providers, and financial institutions to enhance operational security, customer experience, and data intelligence. Our ability to deliver AI-powered insights at scale makes us a trusted technology provider for businesses looking to modernize their operations with AI automation and real-time analytics.

By engaging with both public and private sector customers, Gorilla ensures that our technology remains relevant, widely adopted, and adaptable to diverse market needs. This broad customer base also provides a resilient and diversified revenue model, positioning us for sustainable long-term growth.

***Global Expansion and Scalable Market Entry Strategy***

Gorilla operates with a global-first approach, ensuring that our AI-driven solutions scale seamlessly across international markets. Unlike competitors focused on regional deployments, we offer truly global coverage, backed by a growing network of partners, resellers, and distributors.

Our three-tiered sales strategy enables us to enter new markets efficiently and cost-effectively. In regions where we do not have an established subsidiary, we work through:

● Sales Representatives, who promote and sell Gorilla solutions directly within their assigned territories.

● Resellers, who purchase Gorilla products and provide local maintenance, ensuring seamless customer support.

● Distributors, who integrate Gorilla's AI solutions into their regional portfolios, allowing for broader market penetration.

This flexible approach allows us to rapidly scale into new regions without the overhead of full-scale operations, ensuring that our AI technology is readily available to governments and enterprises worldwide.

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***Commitment to Research & Development and AI Innovation***

Our dedicated R&D team consists of 67 highly skilled engineers. The team focuses on developing next-generation AI capabilities, including:

● Advanced facial recognition and video analytics models for security and automation.

● AI-driven cybersecurity solutions that detect and neutralize threats in real time.

● Optimized edge computing frameworks for faster, more efficient AI processing.

By consistently investing in machine learning research and AI infrastructure, Gorilla aims to remain ahead of market demands, ensuring that our technology is not only cutting-edge today but future-ready.

***Protecting Innovation Through Intellectual Property***

Gorilla's success is built on proprietary AI models and patented security technologies. We currently hold 29 patents covering:

● AI model development and deep learning algorithms.

● Edge AI appliances are optimized for security and video analytics.

● AI-powered security and surveillance automation frameworks.

Our patents are registered across key markets, including China, Canada, Europe, and Hong Kong, ensuring strong intellectual property protection. In addition, we maintain 29 registered trademarks in Taiwan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Europe, reinforcing our global brand presence.

***Strategic Sales and Marketing Execution for Continued Growth***

Gorilla aims to be a globally recognized leader in AI-driven edge computing, IoT, and cybersecurity. Our ability to deploy cutting-edge solutions on a scale has made us a trusted partner for governments, enterprises, and technology leaders worldwide.

We maintain dedicated teams for sales, pre-sales, customer success, and marketing, ensuring:

● Proactive market research and customer engagement.

● Seamless onboarding and post-sales support.

● Localized sales execution in high-growth regions.

Our primary global sales operations are based in Taiwan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and Egypt, with aggressive expansion strategies targeting EMEA and Latin America. The U.S. sales team is being expanded to strengthen cross-ecosystem partnerships and drive growth in emerging AI markets.

***The Gorilla Advantage: A Leader in AI-Powered Digital Transformation***

Gorilla's success is built on decades of expertise, proprietary AI technology, and a scalable global footprint. Our ability to develop and operate AI-driven security, surveillance, and automation solutions at scale makes us an industry leader.

● A strong foundation in AI-driven video analytics and cybersecurity.

● Proprietary AI models and patented security solutions.

● Seamless integration with enterprise infrastructure.

● Global sales presence and scalable market expansion strategies.

At Gorilla, we are not just developing AI—we aim to shape the future of security, intelligence, and automation.

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**Product Overview**

**1.** **VIDEO ANALYTICS**

IVAs are AI models that can scan video for patterns and distinguish specific items using AI algorithms with both real-time and post-event data. The video data can then be queried and searched for various and specific outcomes after it has been processed. Gorilla has developed over 140 distinct functions across 40 distinct categories of IVAs.

*Key Benefits*

● *Real-time Detection & Recognition* — Identify and respond to events as they happen with AI-powered real-time video analysis, enabling immediate action for security, monitoring, or operational needs.

● *Machine Learning for Any Event* — Train AI models to recognize and adapt to specific scenarios, ensuring tailored solutions for diverse use cases across industries.

● *Scalable and Easy Integrations* — Seamlessly integrate with existing systems and infrastructure, offering scalable deployment options to meet growing business requirements.

● *Rapid Data Extraction* — Quickly process large volumes of video data to extract meaningful insights, significantly reducing the time from data collection to decision-making.

● *Comprehensive Dashboard with Visuals* — Access a user-friendly dashboard with detailed visualizations, enabling intuitive monitoring and analysis of video data.

● *Enhanced Security and Investigations* — Strengthen safety protocols with advanced AI tools for video surveillance, investigation, and threat detection, providing reliable security solutions.

● *Innovative Predictive Business Intelligence* — Leverage predictive analytics to identify trends and anticipate outcomes, driving strategic decisions and proactive planning.

● *Actionable Insights for Greater Impacts* — Transform video data into clear, actionable recommendations to optimize performance, enhance efficiency, and achieve measurable business outcomes.

*Types of IVAs*

● *Behavioral Analytics IVAs*

Algorithms are used in these analytics to look for specific behavior. A behavior might be characterized as action over time. As a result, each behavior analytics algorithm requires more than one frame from the video to identify whether an event or behavior has occurred. Behavior analytics algorithms search for changes from frame to frame over time in frames to detect a very particular and predefined event or activity.

The following behavior analytics algorithms are used in our solutions:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The People Counting* detects and counts people for a specified amount of time as they enter a zone and/or cross a line that users define in the software. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | *The Line Crossing* detects when people cross a line (or lines) of user-defined length and position. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | The Intrusion Detection monitors user-created zones to detect any activity or entries by moving objects (like people). |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Direction Detection* monitors a user-created zone for people moving within the zone and in the marked direction. Movements in the opposite direction do not trigger an alert. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Direction Violation Detection* operates the same as the Direction Detection IVA but also detects and alerts to movements in the opposite direction. Security checks at airports and other transportation hubs benefit from this type of IVA. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Loitering Detection* monitors figures or people entering and then remaining in a user-created zone for a specified period. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Intelligent Behavior Analysis* monitors and identifies unusual or predefined behaviors, such as loitering or breaches of restricted areas, to enhance situational awareness. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | *The Crossing Detection* detects and logs objects or individuals crossing a predefined virtual line or boundary in real-time. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Fall Detection* identifies detects incidents of falls through motion analysis and promptly generates alerts, contributing to enhanced safety and rapid incident response. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | *The Occupancy Time Estimation* calculates the duration individuals or groups remain within a specified zone, providing detailed analytics on stay duration and engagement levels. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | *The Crowd Detection* analyzes group density and movement within monitored areas to identify potential overcrowding or safety risks in real time. |

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● *People and Face Recognition IVAs*

This IVA can detect and recognize people and faces in real-time and supports up to 100,000 biometric profiles with thermal detection, 30 requests per second, blocklists and VIP lists, and the IVA can strengthen employee attendance management and more.

We categorize this IVA into three core groups:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Human Detection* detects human figures within the video. It helps detect clothing color, faces, and Head & Shoulders. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Face Recognition*, which is subject to the privacy regulation applied to each region, recognizes and identifies faces and is used in conjunction with our Business Automation Platform ("BAP") software and its facial recognition database. While there is a myriad of uses for this, Face Recognition IVAs are often used for watch lists, VIP identification, attendance systems and blacklists. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The Face Detection* detects Gender, Age, Eyewear, and Masks. |

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● *Vehicle Analysis*

Vehicle analysis IVAs have been widely deployed by transportation authorities to keep traffic flowing smoothly, reduce traffic violations and assist with criminal investigations. These IVAs generate real-time events and statistical data that can be used to make quick decisions and deploy fewer workers and officers.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Vehicle Type Detection* classifies vehicles into predefined categories (e.g., cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles) to analyze traffic composition and trends in real time. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Vehicle Counting* monitors and counts the number of vehicles passing through specific zones or intersections to provide insights for traffic management and planning. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Vehicle Zone Intrusion* detects and alerts authorities to unauthorized vehicles entering restricted areas, helping enforce zoning regulations and enhance security. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | *Tire Condition and Wear Detection* analyzes visual data from standard RGB cameras with depth sensing capabilities assess the condition of vehicle tires at rest. Using AI-Driven pattern recognition and computer vision models, this IVA identifies indicators of worn, damaged, or degraded tires, including deformation and structural anomalies. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Vehicle & License Plate Recognition* identifies vehicles and recognize license plates with high precision, supporting law enforcement, parking management, and toll collection systems. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | *Vehicle Path Analysis* tracks the movement patterns of vehicles to optimize traffic flow, improve road safety, and analyze driver behavior over specific routes. |

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|:---|:---|
| o | *Vehicle Direction Violation* detects vehicles traveling in the wrong direction and generate real-time alerts to prevent accidents and ensure compliance with traffic rules. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *The License Plate Detection and Recognition* recognizes license plates on static or moving vehicles under the privacy regulation applied to each region. |

---

● *Object Recognition*

Object Recognition IVAs detect and recognize specific objects. Once trained and deployed for specific clients, the IVAs generate real-time recognition and identification of objects within the parameters set by the end-user for several uses — most notably, the identification of weapons and abandoned baggage for immediate security response.

● *Battery Charging Abnormality and Thermal Anomaly Detection*

Gorilla's Battery Charging Abnormality Detection IVA leverages infrared and thermal camera imagery to monitor battery systems during charging operations. By analyzing temperature distribution, heat signatures, and abnormal thermal patterns, this IVA detects early indicators of overheating, thermal runaway risk, or irregular charging behavior. This IVA is designed for deployment in environments such as electric vehicle charging stations, battery storage facilities, industrial charging areas, and transportation depots. By identifying abnormal heat patterns in real time, the system enables early intervention, reducing fire risk, equipment damage, and operational downtime.

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● *Business Intelligence*

Gorilla's Smart Retail Solution offers a comprehensive, real-time analytical tool for single and multi-store managers. Using camera data, our IVAs and AI deliver insights for enhanced advertising strategies, staffing management, and driving business outcomes. Business intelligence dashboards are valuable in almost every retail or commercial scenario.

Gorilla IVAs enables retailers to better target product marketing strategies, especially with Point of Sale ("POS") data, conversion rates, and consumer preferences with visual overviews of top-performing traffic, people count, gender, and ages for single and multi-store environments. Gorilla's IVAs and insights assist clients to optimize store layout, product promotion, and marketing strategies, comparing data over time and across sources.

Core Video Analytics products include the following:

● **Intelligent Video Analytics Recorder (**"**IVAR**®"**)**

IVAR® is an all-in-one video management system for AI-powered video analytics. Its state-of-the-art AI utilizes existing Closed-Circuit Television ("CCTV") video data to effectively find people, vehicles, and objects, detect suspicious events and gives actionable analytics that saves lives, boosts economies, and creates the environment needed for cities and countries to thrive, all on one single dashboard.

*Key Benefits*

● *Enhanced Safety and Security* — Utilizes advanced video analytics to identify potential risks such as unauthorized access, falls, or unusual behavior, ensuring a safer environment in real-time.

● *Faster Responses at the Edge* — Processes and analyzes data directly on devices at the edge, enabling immediate detection and alerts without reliance on centralized systems.

● *Optimized for Cost and Performance* — Balances high-performance analytics with cost efficiency by leveraging scalable solutions and intelligent data management.

● *Improved Accuracy with AI* — Employs cutting-edge AI algorithms to deliver precise detections, reducing false positives and enhancing decision-making.

● *Enhanced Resource Optimization* — Automates monitoring tasks, allowing human resources to focus on higher-value activities and improving overall operational efficiency.

● *Proactive Monitoring 24/7* — Ensures continuous surveillance and alerts, even during off-hours, preventing incidents before they escalate.

● *Greater Customer Experiences* — Provides actionable insights into customer behavior and preferences, enabling personalized and efficient service delivery.

● *Impressive Boost to ROI* — Delivers measurable returns through reduced manual monitoring costs, streamlined operations, and improved asset protection.

● *Improved Crime Prevention and Investigations* — Enhances the ability to deter, detect, and investigate criminal activities through detailed video analytics and archival capabilities.

● *Optimized Traffic and Congestion Management* — Monitors and analyzes vehicle and pedestrian flows to reduce congestion, improve safety, and optimize traffic patterns.

*Key Features*

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All-in-One Video Management System | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Open Architecture and API Interface |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real-time Intelligent Video Analytics | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Effortless Integration into Existing Systems |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Powered with Edge AI for Superior Processing | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AI-Powered Predictive Analytics |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Scalable and Flexible for Any Client | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Data-driven Actionable Insights |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real-time Alerts for Specific Events | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Intuitive Central Dashboard |

---

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● **Event & Video Management System Appliances (**"**EVMS**"**)**

Gorilla EVMS is a VMS with AI-based event search and management system to store event/object attributes in temporal-spatial big-data database from Gorilla, which delivers comprehensive operational management and business insights.

*Key Benefits*

● *Cost Efficiency* — AI-based video analytics are embedded to replace manual video monitoring, save human resource costs and increase efficiency.

● *Event Alert* — Real-time abnormal event alerts provide management efficiency and perform effective and near instant event handling and event searches.

● *Highly Interoperable* — Interoperability to work with standard camera and NVR in one VMS platform, manage video and events from any number of Gorilla or third party VMS/NVR and IVA systems.

● *At-a-Glance Awareness* — The visualized and customizable event dashboard gives at-a-glance situational and system awareness

● *Centralized Operations* — Combines video management, analytics, and reporting into a single, unified platform, simplifying workflows and enhancing oversight.

● *Scalable for All Organizations* — Designed to adapt to organizations of any size, from small businesses to large enterprises, ensuring flexibility.

● *Faster Response Times* — Enables real-time alerts and actionable insights at the edge, allowing immediate responses to incidents without delays.

● *Optimized Operations and Equipment* — Enhances the efficiency of existing systems by integrating advanced analytics, reducing manual interventions, and extending equipment lifespan.

● *Actionable Analytics and Reports* — Provides detailed analytics and customizable reports that empower organizations to make informed decisions and improve strategies.

● *Fully Customizable* — Allows users to tailor configurations, alerts, and reports to meet specific organizational needs and objectives.

*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real-time Streams on Video Walls | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fast Video Searching with Filters |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Comprehensive Data Management | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Analytical Insights with Reports Graphics |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Customizable Dashboard with Widgets | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real-time Alerts and Pop-ups |

| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Advanced Big Data Indexing and Storage Database | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Superior Hardware Maintenance |

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● **Post Event**

Post Event is an AI Investigator that is designed to solve complex crimes in a fraction of the time with an AI-powered end-to-end video investigation solution. Post Event requires minimal operators to solve crime faster and have been adopted by law enforcement and security organizations in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Thailand, and Australia. Compared to traditional investigations that do not use video analytics, Post Event solves crime faster by cutting down the time required to manually review video footage, leveraging AI to sequence and reference criteria provided to it.

*Key Benefits*

● *Solve CCTV Investigations Faster* — AI-driven analytics significantly accelerate the process of reviewing and analyzing video footage, enabling cases to be resolved in less time compared to traditional methods.

● *Requires Minimal Staff to Operate and Solve Cases* — The intuitive AI-powered system reduces the need for large investigation teams, allowing organizations to allocate resources more efficiently while achieving quicker outcomes.

● *Analyze Footage Across Hundreds of Cameras* — Seamlessly processes video data from multiple cameras simultaneously, ensuring comprehensive coverage and analysis across extensive surveillance networks.

● *Find People Across Various Locations* — Advanced AI capabilities allow for precise identification and tracking of individuals across diverse areas and multiple camera feeds, enhancing the ability to connect critical events.

● *Reduce Manual Reviewing and Errors with AI* — Automation minimizes the risk of human error and eliminates the time-consuming process of manually reviewing hours of footage, leading to more accurate and reliable results.

● *Process any CCTV Video Format* — Designed to support a wide variety of video formats, ensuring compatibility and flexibility regardless of the type of CCTV system used, making it a versatile tool for diverse environments.

*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Easily Import, Convert, and Analyze Any Video Format | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crack Previously Unsolved Cold Cases |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quickly Find People of Interest, Objects, Vehicles, Specific Events and More | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Stand-alone Supercomputers Provide Added Security and Processing Speed |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Permission-based Access for Investigative Teams | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Automated Reports that Save Time |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AI-powered Investigator that Solves Cases Quicker | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A Fully Audited System that Retains Full Evidential Integrity |

---

● **iCCTV**

iCCTV is an innovative AI solution that Gorilla specifically designed to enhance policing. It offers AI video analytics that improves surveillance operations in detecting and preventing crime and enables police forces to access, search, and gain actionable crime prevention insights from CCTV networks across metropolitan areas.

*Key Benefits* 

● *Data-driven Policing with AI* — Leverages AI-powered insights to enhance decision-making and optimize crime prevention strategies.

● *Analyze Emergencies to Prevent Them* — Identifies patterns and anomalies to help preempt emergencies and improve situational awareness.

● *Enhanced Community Safeguarding* — Strengthens public safety through precise monitoring and faster response times.

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● *Provides Real-time Information to Frontline Dispatchers* — Delivers actionable insights to dispatchers for efficient deployment of resources.

● *Improved Emergency Preparedness with Faster Responses* — Accelerates reaction times during emergencies, minimizing risks and potential damage.

● *AI Reduces Manual Reviewing and Errors* — Automates footage analysis to eliminate human error and reduce the time needed for manual reviews.

● *Optimized Coordination and Responses Across Agencies* — Enhances collaboration between law enforcement and other agencies for seamless operations.

● *Requires Minimal Staff to Operate and Solve Cases* — Simplifies operations with an intuitive system that requires fewer personnel to manage.

● *Analyze Footage Faster and in Real-time* — Processes video feeds instantly to identify key events and individuals, saving critical time.

● *Find People Across Various Locations* — Employs advanced tracking and recognition technology to locate individuals across multiple areas efficiently.

*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All-in-one Smart Policing Platform | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Abandoned Baggage, Suspicious Behavior, and Weapon Alerts |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Search for Missing Persons of Interest and Vehicles | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Scalable with a Plug-and-Play Metadata Engine |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receive Alerts for Traffic Violations | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Unlimited Camera Coverage, Users, Watch Lists, and Databases Sizes |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receive Alerts for Pre-defined Crimes | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Compatible with Existing Camera Infrastructures |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Empowered In-field Operations | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Compatible with Real-time CCTV & Archived Video Data |

---

**2.** **Cybersecurity**

Gorilla's Security Convergence solutions deliver AI-powered, end-to-end protection for enterprises and smart cities, safeguarding critical assets across both digital and physical landscapes. Designed to counter evolving cyber threats and operational vulnerabilities, our approach integrates advanced information technology ("IT") and operational technology ("OT") security to promote uninterrupted business continuity and resilience.

*Key Benefits*

● *AI-Driven Threat Detection* – Leverages cutting-edge AI to identify, analyze, and neutralize sophisticated threats across networks, endpoints, and physical environments.

● *Proactive Defense Against Emerging Threats* – Detects anomalies and mitigates risks before they escalate, ensuring an intelligent, self-learning security framework.

● *Automated Incident Response* – Streamlines security operations through AI-powered automation, reducing response times and minimizing human intervention.

● *Adaptive Security with Behavioral Analytics* – Learns from attack patterns and dynamically adjusts security protocols in real time.

● *Optimized Protection with Reduced Operational Overhead* – Enhances security while minimizing resource consumption and operational costs.

● *Safeguards Brand, Revenue, and Intellectual Property* – Ensures business integrity by protecting critical assets from cyber threats and data breaches.

● *Minimizes Business Disruptions* – Enables rapid threat mitigation and ensures uninterrupted operations even in the face of sophisticated attacks.

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*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AI-powered Intrusion Detection and Protection | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Advanced Threat Detection |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Traps and Traces Sophisticated Threats | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Biometric Authentication and OTP |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Endpoint Protection | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Centralized Management System |

---

**Cybersecurity Portfolio**

● Security Convergence Platform ("SCP")

Our SCP is a centralized security intelligence hub, integrating advanced threat analytics, AI-powered detection, and real-time response mechanisms. Designed to protect IT and OT environments, SCP automates security enforcement and strengthens cyber resilience across distributed infrastructures.

**Key Capabilities**

● *Unified Threat Management* – Aggregates security intelligence across multiple domains, enabling a holistic defense strategy.

● *Advanced AI-Powered Anomaly Detection* – Identifies hidden attack patterns and prevents breaches before they occur.

● *Seamless Integration with Existing Security Ecosystems* – Deploys effortlessly within enterprise networks, industrial environments, and smart city infrastructures.

● *Predictive Threat Intelligence* – Leverages AI-driven analytics to preemptively identify vulnerabilities and strengthen cyber defenses.

● *Scalable Architecture for Enterprises of All Sizes* – Supports flexible deployments tailored to industry-specific security challenges.

● *Automated Security Orchestration* – Reduces manual effort and enhances security efficiency with automated responses.

*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Threat Detection and Notifications | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Data Collection and Management |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Centralized Incident Management | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Event Correlation and Analytics |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Threat Intelligence | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Incident Management |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Security Alerting | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Risk Assessments |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real-time Notifications | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dashboard and Reporting |

---

● **NetProbe: AI-Driven Intrusion Detection & Response**

NetProbe is an intelligent threat detection engine, leveraging machine learning and behavioral analysis to proactively detect and block cyberattacks before they infiltrate enterprise systems.

*Key Benefits*

● *Tailor-made Network Security with Behavior Analysis* — Provides customized network protection by analyzing traffic patterns and identifying abnormal behaviors specific to your environment.

● *Reduce Manual Processes and Focus on Key Security Actions* — Automates threat detection and mitigation, freeing up security teams to prioritize critical actions and strategic initiatives.

● *Instant Intervention with AI-based Threat Pattern Learning* — Utilizes AI to learn and recognize emerging threat patterns, enabling real-time blocking of malicious activities without human intervention.

● *Effectively Protects Intellectual Property and Customer Information* — Safeguards sensitive business data and customer details by preventing unauthorized access and data breaches.

● *Shorten Response Times when Attacks Occur* — Detects and addresses threats immediately, minimizing the time between attack detection and resolution.

● *Quickly Uncover the Root Cause of Security Problems* — Provides detailed insights and analytics to trace back and understand the origins of security incidents for better prevention.

● *Restore Business Operations without Interruption* — Ensures swift recovery from attacks while maintaining operational continuity, reducing downtime and associated costs.

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*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|

| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Constantly Updated Online Threat Intelligence | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Customized Alert Notifications |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Visualized Interface for Reporting |  |

---

● **NetTrap: Intelligent Deception for Proactive Cyber Defense**

NetTrap is a frontline cyber deception solution, designed to isolate, analyze, and neutralize threats before they reach critical systems.

*Key Benefits*

● *Powerful AI Protection for Internal Networks* — Leverages advanced AI algorithms to safeguard internal networks by identifying and neutralizing threats before they infiltrate critical systems.

● *Effectively Mimics Devices and Traps Threats* — Uses simulated device modules to mimic real network elements, luring and trapping malicious activity for proactive threat mitigation.

● *Provides Real-time Alerts to Teams* — Sends instant notifications to security teams, enabling swift response to detected threats and minimizing potential damage.

● *Automatic Domain Name System (*"*DNS*"*) Protection* — Blocks malicious DNS queries and connections to suspicious domains, acting as a frontline defense against domain-based attacks.

● *Up-to-the-minute Threat Updates* — Continuously updates its threat intelligence database to stay ahead of emerging attack vectors and evolving cyber threats.

● *Advanced Data Collection* — Gathers detailed insights into attempted attacks, providing actionable intelligence to improve security measures and strengthen defenses.

*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lures & Detects Malicious Host Behavior | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Detects Suspicious Lateral Movements on Internal Networks |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DNS Security Protection | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Provides Alert Notifications for Malicious Activities |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Supports Simple Network Management Protocol | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Integrates Syslog to Security Information and Event Management ("SIEM") Data |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Visualizes Threat Data and Attack Trends | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Virtual Machine Support |

---

● **Host-Based Malware Detection (**"**HMD**"**): AI-Powered Endpoint Security**

HMD is an AI-powered malware detection and response platform, protecting enterprise endpoints against sophisticated cyber threats.

*Key Benefits*

● *Real-time Threat Detection* — Identifies and mitigates threats as they occur to ensure immediate protection.

● *Enhanced Anomaly Detection* — Utilizes AI to recognize and respond to unusual activity across endpoints.

● *Improved Software Vulnerability Identification* — Quickly identifies vulnerabilities in software to reduce risk.

● *Rapid Response to Malware Threats* — Enables swift action to neutralize malware and minimize damage.

● *Reduced False Positives* — Improves accuracy in threat detection, reducing unnecessary alerts.

● *Continuous Monitoring of Endpoint Health* — Provides ongoing oversight to maintain secure and healthy endpoints.

● *Automatic Updates for Evolving Threats* — Keeps the system up to date to counter emerging malware and attack methods.

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● *Minimized Manual Intervention* — Automates key processes, freeing up resources for critical tasks.

● *Enhanced Protection Against Advanced Persistent Threats* — Defends against sophisticated and targeted long-term attacks.

● *Comprehensive Endpoint Security Solution* — Combines multiple layers of protection into one robust endpoint defense system.

*Key Features*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Advanced Anomaly Detection | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Endpoint Protection Enhanced with AI |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Multi-faceted Threat Detection | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Patternless AI-based Malware Detection Engine |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Automatically Detects Malicious Programs and Files | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Removes Malware Threats from Systems |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Automatic Incident Responses that Isolate or Shutdown Compromised Hosts | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AI Algorithms and Digital Forensics |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alerts and Notifications for Endpoint Risks |  |

---

● **Facial Recognition** – **Mobile One Time Password (**"**FR-MOTP**"**)**

FR-MOTP is a multi-layered authentication system that integrates facial recognition, one-time passwords ("OTP"), and a secure server infrastructure to enhance identity protection and access security.

*Key Benefits*

● *Enhanced Security with Multi-layered Approach* – Combines multiple security layers to protect against identity theft and brute force attacks.

● *User-friendly Facial Recognition Mobile App* – Provides a simple and intuitive mobile app for facial recognition-based authentication.

● *Seamless Authentication and Enrolment Process* – Ensures a smooth process for user registration and ongoing authentication.

● *Guard Against Phishing with OTPs and Facial Recognition* – Uses one-time passwords and facial recognition to prevent phishing attacks.

● *Versatile Deployment with Integration Across Existing Systems* – Easily integrates with current infrastructure for broad applicability.

● *Easily Manage and Track Compliance with Any Industry Regulations* – Simplifies compliance management with robust tracking capabilities.

*Key Features*

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Facial Recognition Authentication | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mobile App Authentication |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Server-Side Authentication | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; FR-MOTP Server Storage |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Scalability for any Deployment |  |

---

● **Security Operations Center (**"**SOC**"**): 24/7 Threat Intelligence & Incident Response**

Gorilla's SOC safeguards critical infrastructure and communities against ever-evolving cyber threats. Building and maintaining an in-house SOC is resource-intensive and requires specialized expertise, advanced technologies, and 24/7 monitoring capabilities. Gorilla's guardian network acts as a trusted partner, offering scalable, AI-powered security operations.

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*Key Benefits*

● *Advanced Threat Detection, Rapid Incident Response, and Proactive Threat Hunting* – Combines superior technologies and expertise to identify, respond to, and prevent cyber threats efficiently.

● *Cuts Upfront Investments and Reduces Costs* – Eliminates the need for large initial investments in in-house SOC infrastructure.

● *Safeguards Critical Infrastructure and Personal Data* – Provides comprehensive protection for vital systems and sensitive information.

● *Maintains Security Without an In-house SOC Team* – Enables robust security management without the need to maintain an in-house team.

● *Round-the-clock Monitoring of Networks, Systems, and Endpoints* – Ensures 24/7 oversight to prevent breaches and ensure system integrity.

● *Continuous Threat Detection 24/7, 365 Days a Year* – Delivers nonstop security coverage to keep threats at bay.

● *Easily Scales to Accommodate the Evolving Needs and Growth of Smart Cities* – Adapts seamlessly to the expanding requirements of modern infrastructures.

● *Does Not Require Additional Infrastructure or Resources* – Offers a scalable solution without the need for further investments in resources.

*Core Capabilities*

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Capability | Description |
| Unrivaled Expertise | Our expert team of certified cybersecurity professionals stays up to date with the latest cybersecurity trends and technologies, ensuring superior threat detection and incident response capabilities. |
| Innovative Technology | We leverage advanced security technologies, including industry-leading SIEM systems, machine learning algorithms, and real-time threat intelligence feeds to detect, monitor, and mitigate security threats. |
| Customized Solutions | Tailored SOC solutions designed to meet specific industry needs, risk profiles, and compliance requirements. Our experts work closely with organizations to develop a cybersecurity strategy that aligns with business objectives. |
| Compliance and Privacy | Our services are designed to adhere to major industry regulations and standards, including GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS, and other compliance frameworks, ensuring full regulatory compliance and data protection. |

---

● **Gorilla Intelligent Network Director**

The Gorilla Intelligent Network Director is designed to empower businesses to thrive. Whether they are an agile startup or a sprawling enterprise, our platform simplifies network management, enhances security, and accelerates your growth.

*Key Benefits*

● *Seamless Hybrid Networking* — Facilitates smooth integration of on-premises and cloud networks for a unified experience.

● *Effortlessly Integrate Data Centers with Cloud Environments* — Simplifies the connection and operation of data centers in hybrid architectures.

● *Robust Security with Secure, Encrypted Connections* — Ensures data protection with advanced encryption and secure communications.

● *Easy Deployments with Plug-and-play Technology* — Minimizes setup complexity, allowing rapid deployment and use.

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● *Hardware and Software Crafted and Manufactured by Gorilla for Seamless Integration* — Provides a cohesive solution with components designed to work together seamlessly.

● *Customized Gorilla Appliances to Meet Client Specifications* — Delivers tailored hardware solutions to address unique business needs.

Key Features

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Centralized Command Center that Monitors and manages Entire Networks | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real-Time Insights that Swiftly Identify and Resolve Issues |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Customized Gorilla Appliances Tailored for Specific Throughput and Performance | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Seamless Integration that Creates Holistic Hybrid Networks  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Flexible Deployments Capable of Running Virtual CPEs in cloud environments | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Simplified Management that Automates Tasks and Streamlines Network Administration |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Quantum safe cryptography capabilities for key management making the solution Post Quantum ready. |  |

---

**3. Big Data Analytics: Transforming Insights into Action**

Big Data Analytics is at the core of Gorilla's AI-driven cybersecurity and video intelligence ecosystem, providing the foundation for advanced metadata processing, large-scale data aggregation, and real-time reporting. Designed to handle vast amounts of structured and unstructured data, our analytics engine scales both horizontally and vertically to meet the dynamic needs of our customers, promoting seamless performance under any workload.

*Key Benefits*

● *Comprehensive Data Collection & Aggregation* – Enables the ingestion of massive datasets from video analytics, network security systems, and IoT devices, consolidating insights into a unified repository.

● *High-Performance Metadata Repository* – Captures and organizes metadata for real-time processing, historical analysis, and predictive intelligence.

● *Advanced Reporting & Visualization* – Provides actionable intelligence through customized dashboards, automated reporting, and deep analytical insights.

● *Seamless Integration Across Security & Surveillance* – Supports multi-source data fusion, enhancing facial recognition, threat detection, and anomaly analysis.

● *AI-Driven Insights for Proactive Decision-Making* – Leverages machine learning algorithms to detect patterns, predict trends, and optimize system responses before incidents escalate.

● *Elastic Scalability for Growing Demands* – Ensures efficient horizontal and vertical scaling, allowing businesses to expand their analytics capabilities without compromising performance.

● *Automated Data Enrichment & Correlation* – Enhances decision-making by cross-referencing data sources to provide a deeper understanding of potential threats or behavioral patterns.

*Key Features*

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Feature** | **Description** |
| Metadata Repository | Centralized, high-performance database for structured and unstructured data processing. |
| Scalable Architecture | Supports both horizontal and vertical expansion to meet increasing data demands. |
| AI-Powered Anomaly Detection | Detects unusual activity across cybersecurity networks and video surveillance systems. |
| Real-Time Data Ingestion | Processes vast amounts of live and archived data with minimal latency. |
| Automated Threat Correlation | Links disparate data points to identify security threats and operational inefficiencies. |
| Customizable Reporting & Dashboards | Provides intuitive, visual analytics for real-time decision-making. |
| Multi-Source Data Fusion | Integrates inputs from video, IoT, network logs, and cybersecurity platforms to deliver holistic intelligence. |

---

Gorilla's Big Data Analytics Platform bridges the gap between raw data and actionable insights, transforming enterprise cybersecurity defenses and video analytics capabilities. By ensuring scalable, AI-powered intelligence across industries, we enable businesses to optimize security operations, predict risks, and drive innovation through real-time, data-informed decisions.

**4. Gorilla**'**s AI-Driven Infrastructure**

At Gorilla, we build high-performance, AI-optimized infrastructure that powers cybersecurity, video analytics, and enterprise networking. Our white-label appliances are purpose-built to deliver scalable, secure, and high-efficiency deployments across enterprises, smart cities, and mission-critical environments.

Through precision manufacturing collaborations (Lanner Electronics, Edgecore Networks, etc.), Gorilla ensures that every component—from edge computing devices to AI data center servers and networking solutions—is optimized for next-generation AI workloads, cybersecurity resilience, and seamless enterprise integration. Our collaborators (Lanner Electronics and Edgecore Networks) specialize in creating hardware and have been doing so through their structured manufacturing lines for decades. By establishing an engagement relationship with them Gorilla strives to further optimize and or design bespoke appliances that are optimized for our specific needs as required. This allows us to provide secure, scalable solutions by combining hardware and software that meet the needs of our customers.

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*Gorilla Intelligent Edge & Network Appliances*

Gorilla's CPEs and network appliances are designed for:

● *AI-Driven Cybersecurity* – Optimized for deep packet inspection, threat detection, and firewall capabilities.

● *Edge AI Processing* – Enables real-time analytics at the network edge, reducing latency for security monitoring, smart surveillance, and industrial IoT.

● *High-Performance & Energy Efficiency* – Optimized compute power ensures 24/7 mission-critical reliability while keeping power consumption low.

● *Custom-Built for Enterprises* – Modular, scalable, and tailored for zero-trust security, industrial AI, and next-gen IoT deployments.

Our AI-driven network appliances provide secure, high-speed connectivity while supporting advanced cybersecurity enforcement, intelligent routing, and cloud integrations.

*Gorilla AI Data Center Solutions*

For AI-intensive workloads, Gorilla delivers enterprise-grade AI data center solutions, including:

● *High-Performance Compute* – AI-accelerated servers leveraging Intel Gaudi GPUs for deep learning, inferencing, and real-time security analytics.

● *Intelligent Networking* – AI-optimized, high-speed switches ensuring low-latency, high-bandwidth data flow for compute-heavy applications.

● *Enterprise Storage for AI* – Scalable storage architectures built to support high-throughput AI model training, threat intelligence, and video analytics storage.

● *Multi-Cloud & On-Prem Flexibility* – Designed to integrate with private cloud, hybrid environments, and edge computing frameworks.

By combining AI-driven compute, networking, and storage, Gorilla delivers next-generation AI infrastructure, capable of handling real-time security monitoring, intelligent automation, and large-scale AI deployments.

*Gorilla*'*s Infrastructure Advantage: AI-Powered, Secure, and Scalable*

Gorilla's hardware and software synergy provides enterprises with:

● *AI-Enhanced Security* – Built-in intelligence for cyber threat prevention, network anomaly detection, and video analytics-driven access control.

● *Enterprise-Grade Performance* – Gorilla appliances are optimized for demanding AI workloads, ensuring high availability and ultra-low latency.

● *Future-Proof Scalability* – Modular, AI-driven architectures allow enterprises to scale effortlessly from edge to cloud.

● *Sustainability & Cost Efficiency* – Power-optimized designs reduce energy consumption while maintaining high-performance compute capabilities.

*Powering the Future of AI-Driven Enterprises*

At Gorilla, we don't just build infrastructure—we engineer AI-powered ecosystems that enable smarter, more secure, and highly efficient enterprises.

Through white-label, AI-optimized appliances, we are setting the standard for the future of intelligent security, networking, and compute infrastructure, ensuring that enterprises remain resilient, scalable, and ahead of the curve.

**Gorilla Solutions**

At Gorilla, we don't just develop solutions—we use our own technology to create intelligent, secure, and scalable ecosystems. Our AI-driven infrastructure powers critical industries, smart cities, and enterprises, enabling optimized operations, enhanced security, and data-driven decision-making.

By integrating Gorilla's proprietary AI software with our Gorilla hardware, we deliver seamless, end-to-end solutions that we trust and deploy ourselves. Our comprehensive approach is built on three key pillars:

● *Intelligent Data Analysis* – Harnessing AI-powered analytics to unlock real-time insights and predictive intelligence.

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● *Seamless System Integration* – Connecting diverse systems and data sources to create cohesive, adaptive environments.

● *Scalable, Sustainable Value* – Future-proofing businesses with AI-driven automation, security, and efficiency.

From smart infrastructure to public safety, mobility, and retail optimization, our AI-powered solutions enable businesses, cities, and governments to adapt, innovate, and lead—backed by the same technology we deploy internally.

● **Building & Office Solutions:** Intelligent Security & Automation

Gorilla seeks to transform buildings into intelligent, secure environments using our own AI-driven access control and automation technologies.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Seamless, secure access through facial recognition and biometric authentication. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | AI-powered energy management and smart office automation for operational efficiency. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Integrated security with real-time threat detection, intrusion alerts, and centralized surveillance. |

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● **Policing Solutions:** AI-Powered Public Safety & Law Enforcement

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Criminal Intelligence Big Data Platform for large-scale data aggregation and threat detection. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Criminal Intelligence Analysis Platform for AI-driven case management and crime mapping. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Smart Patrol System integrating CCTV, IoT sensors, and predictive AI analytics for proactive law enforcement. |

---

● **Railways Solutions:** Smart, Secure, and Efficient Transit

We apply our own AI cybersecurity and real-time monitoring technologies to railway operations.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | AI-based passenger flow optimization for improved boarding, ticketing, and crowd management. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Integrated railway cybersecurity to protect network infrastructure and physical security. |

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---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Predictive maintenance models to reduce operational downtime. |

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● **Road Solutions:** AI-Powered Traffic Intelligence & Enforcement

Gorilla's traffic management solutions leverage our own AI analytics and camera-based security to transform city roadways.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Real-time traffic analysis to optimize urban flow and reduce congestion. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Automated violation detection, including speeding and red-light running, using AI-based edge computing. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Driver behavior monitoring with AI-powered risk assessment. |

---

● **Port Solutions:** AI-Driven Logistics & Security Command Centers

Our own AI-powered security and logistics platforms power port operations, integrating:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Business Monitoring Centers for real-time port traffic and cargo movement tracking. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Traffic Prediction Command Centers to optimize congestion management. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Automated access control with AI-based container and personnel tracking. |

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● **Airport Solutions:** Intelligent & Secure Aviation Hubs

We deploy our own AI security and automation tools at airports to enhance operational efficiency.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Smart traveler flow management for check-in, boarding, and security screening. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | AI-driven security intelligence for baggage scanning and restricted zone monitoring. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Automated vehicle & personnel access control for airside operations. |

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● **Healthcare Infrastructure Security:** AI-Powered Cyber & Physical Protection

We use our own AI-powered cybersecurity and network security solutions to protect healthcare institutions.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Real-time threat detection across medical networks, devices, and IT infrastructure. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Automated compliance enforcement for healthcare security regulations. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | AI-based physical security management to protect patients, staff, and facilities. |

---

● **Safe Schools & Universities:** AI-Driven Smart & Secure Campuses

We apply our own AI-driven surveillance and access control to protect educational institutions.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Automated entry & exit management with biometric and facial recognition access control. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | AI-powered threat detection for campus security. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Smart learning environments with automation and resource optimization. |

---

● **Retail Solutions:** AI-Driven Consumer Insights & Security

Gorilla's AI retail technology is deployed within our own operations, enhancing:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Behavioral analytics for customer insights and purchasing patterns. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Loss prevention & fraud detection using AI-powered surveillance. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Automated store management for shelf tracking and cashier-free checkouts. |

---

● **Parking Solutions:** AI-Powered Smart Parking Management

We use our own AI-powered vehicle monitoring to optimize parking operations.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Automated access control with license plate recognition. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | AI-driven occupancy tracking for dynamic pricing models. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Real-time security monitoring to prevent parking fraud and enhance site safety. |

---

**Gorilla Managed Services**

At Gorilla, we understand that while many governments and enterprises seek cutting-edge cybersecurity, network operations, and AI-powered video analytics solutions, they may lack the in-house expertise to operate and manage these complex systems effectively.

While we offer the standard build-deploy-transfer model, we recognize that in many cases, a build-deploy-operate model is necessary to ensure the long-term success of these critical infrastructures. Our Managed Services offering is designed to fill this operational gap, providing governments and enterprises with ongoing expert support, training, and localized operational capabilities to ensure that mission-critical systems remain secure, efficient, and fully optimized.

**Datacenter Practice & GPU-as-a-Service (GPUaaS)**

Gorilla's Datacenter Practice and GPU-as-a-Service ("GPUaaS") is a standalone infrastructure offering that delivers AI-optimized, GPU-accelerated compute capacity as a service. Designed to support large-scale AI training, inference, simulation, and analytics workloads, GPUaaS enables enterprises and government organizations to access high-performance AI compute without the need to build, operate, or maintain complex AI-ready datacenter environments.

This offering is independent of Gorilla's application-layer products and may be consumed by customers to support their own AI models, platforms, and workloads.

*Key Benefits*

● *Access to High-Performance AI Compute* — Provides GPU-accelerated compute resources optimized for AI-intensive workloads, including training, fine-tuning, and large-scale inference.

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● *Reduced Capital and Operational Complexity* — Eliminates the need for upfront investment in datacenter construction, GPU procurement, and specialized operational expertise.

● *Predictable Performance for AI Workloads* — Delivers dedicated or logically isolated GPU environments to ensure consistent performance without contention from generalized compute platforms.

● *Support for Regulated and Sovereign Environments* — Designed to align with data residency, security, and compliance requirements applicable to government and regulated industries.

● *Scalable AI Infrastructure* — Enables customers to scale AI compute capacity in line with workload demand without long infrastructure lead times.

● *Flexible Consumption Model* — Allows organizations to consume GPU compute as a service rather than managing physical infrastructure assets.

*Key Features*

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GPU-Accelerated Compute Clusters Optimized for AI Training and Inference | Dedicated or Logically Isolated GPU Environments |
| High-Bandwidth, Low-Latency Networking Fabric for Data-Intensive Workloads | Integration with Edge and Hybrid AI Deployments |
| Scalable Storage Architectures for AI, Video, and Analytics Data | Designed for Mission-Critical and Performance-Sensitive Use Cases |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Secure, Enterprise-Grade Operational and Orchestration Frameworks |  |

---

**Commercial status and revenue maturity**

● Gorilla's GPUaaS offering is in the early commercial deployment phase, with infrastructure capacity being brought online in line with contracted customer engagements, pilot deployments and a qualified sales pipeline.

● Revenue is generated through usage-based capacity commitments, fixed term infrastructure access agreements and managed compute services depending on customer requirements.

● While GPUaaS is not yet the primary revenue driver of our infrastructure pillar, we expect it to grow as a proportion of infrastructure related revenues as utilization rates increase and additional capacity is deployed.

**Capital intensity and phased deployment model**

● Gorilla can fund the initial capital expenditure burden and deliver the solution to the client, enabling customers to avoid substantial upfront investments and to have predictable operating costs over a fixed period of time.

● Deployment of datacenter and GPU accelerated infrastructure requires significant upfront capital investment, including land or site acquisition, power connectivity, datacenter construction, GPU hardware networking equipment and ongoing operations.

● GPUaaS infrastructure is deployed through a phased rollout model, aligned to customer demand contracted capacity and capital availability rather than speculative build out.

● Capital deployment may be funded through a combination of internal cash resources, customer pre-commitments, financing arrangements and strategic partnerships depending on project structure and geography.

**Supply chain and operational dependencies**

● GPUaaS deployments are subject to hardware availability constraints, including limited supply of high-performance GPUs networking components and related infrastructure equipment.

● Deployment timelines may be affected by power availability, site readiness, construction schedules, vendor delivery timelines and integration complexity.

● Ongoing operations depend on reliable power cooling connectivity, cybersecurity controls and skilled operational personnel, any of which may impact service availability if disrupted.

**Regulatory and data sovereignty considerations**

● GPUaaS offerings are designed to support jurisdiction specific regulatory requirements, including data residency, cybersecurity, national infrastructure and sector specific compliance obligations applicable to government and regulated enterprise customers.

● Regulatory requirements vary by geography and may impact where infrastructure is located, how data is processed and who may access compute resources.

● Changes in laws regulations or government policies related to data protection export controls, AI governance or critical infrastructure, may increase compliance costs, restrict deployments or limit customer adoption.

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**Beyond Deployment: A Long-Term Operational Partnership**

Through our Managed Services, we do more than just deploy solutions—we take on the responsibility of operational excellence by:

● Deploying Gorilla's own experts to oversee and manage mission-critical infrastructures.

● Augmenting with local in-market resources, who are trained and integrated into the operations.

● Ensuring continuous knowledge transfer to build long-term operational capabilities.

● Providing ongoing monitoring, threat mitigation, and performance optimization to keep systems running at peak efficiency.

By embedding our expertise within an organization's Security Operations Center ("SOC"), Network Operations Center ("NOC"), and Video Analytics solutions, we enable governments and enterprises to maximize the value of their technology investments while maintaining full operational readiness.

***Core Focus Areas of Gorilla***'***s Managed Services***

● **Security Operations Center (**"**SOC**"**) as a Service**

Gorilla delivers end-to-end cybersecurity operations, ensuring 24/7 protection against cyber threats, breaches, and attacks. Our SOC-as-a-Service model includes:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Continuous Threat Monitoring & Response* – AI-powered detection of cyber threats, malware, and anomalies in real time. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Incident Investigation & Mitigation* – Expert-led threat containment and forensic analysis. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Vulnerability Management & Compliance* – Ensuring cybersecurity infrastructure remains resilient and compliant with local and international regulations. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Threat Intelligence & Proactive Defense* – Leveraging Gorilla's AI-based security analytics to anticipate and prevent cyber risks before they materialize. |

---

By embedding Gorilla's own cybersecurity specialists alongside trained local personnel, we ensure that SOC operations are fully functional and optimized for national security environments, critical infrastructure, and enterprise networks.

● **Network Operations Center (**"**NOC**"**) as a Service**

A well-managed network is the backbone of any digital government or enterprise ecosystem. Through our NOC-as-a-Service offering, Gorilla provides:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *24/7 Network Monitoring & Performance Management* – Ensuring uninterrupted connectivity, uptime, and operational efficiency. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Predictive Maintenance & AI-Driven Fault Detection* – Identifying and resolving potential network issues before they cause downtime. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Incident Management & Rapid Resolution* – Addressing outages, network failures, and security threats in real time. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Scalable Infrastructure Management* – Supporting the growth and expansion of digital services across national and enterprise networks. |

---

By deploying Gorilla's network engineers and AI-driven analytics, we help governments and enterprises maintain a highly secure, resilient, and scalable digital infrastructure.

● **AI-Powered Video Analytics as a Service**

Gorilla's video analytics solutions are deployed across law enforcement, smart cities, critical infrastructure, and enterprise security. However, operating and managing AI-driven video surveillance requires specialized skills. Our Video Analytics as a Service ("VAaaS") provides:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Real-Time AI-Powered Video Monitoring* – Automated detection of security threats, anomalies, and incidents across monitored areas. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Customizable Analytics for Law Enforcement & Public Safety* – Facial recognition, behavioral analytics, and incident detection tailored to national security needs. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Operational Support & Incident Response* – On-the-ground personnel trained to monitor, analyze, and act on AI-generated alerts. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | *Secure & Compliant Data Management* – Ensuring video surveillance data is handled in accordance with privacy laws and national security regulations. |

---

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By embedding our AI and operational expertise within customer environments, we ensure that video analytics systems deliver continuous value, security, and intelligence-driven decision-making.

**A Scalable, Sustainable Model for Governments & Enterprises**

The build-deploy-operate model ensures that governments and enterprises can seamlessly integrate, scale, and sustain critical technology infrastructure without the burden of developing deep technical expertise from day one.

Through Gorilla Managed Services, we:

● *Accelerate Operational Readiness* – By embedding our expertise, we enable organizations to immediately benefit from AI-driven security and network intelligence.

● *Enhance Local Workforce Development* – We train and certify local personnel, ensuring knowledge transfer and sustainable operations.

● *Ensure Continuous Optimization* – Through ongoing AI-driven insights, predictive maintenance, and performance enhancements, we keep systems at peak efficiency.

● *Mitigate Risk & Strengthen Security* – Our proactive cybersecurity and network monitoring services ensure resilience against evolving threats.

**Gorilla: The Right Partner for AI-Driven Managed Services and Sustainable Growth**

Unlike traditional service providers, Gorilla deploys and operates its own AI-driven solutions, bringing deep domain expertise to every engagement.

● *We use our own AI technology* – The same AI-powered cybersecurity, network intelligence, and video analytics solutions we deploy globally are embedded in our managed services.

● *We combine global expertise with local operations* – Our hybrid model ensures the best of Gorilla's global knowledge is implemented through locally trained teams.

● *We provide future-proof operational strategies* – Our AI-powered analytics ensure that organizations stay ahead of emerging threats and operational challenges.

At Gorilla, we go beyond implementation—we ensure success through long-term operational excellence, expert-driven management, and seamless technology integration.

**Regulation: Compliance, Data Privacy, and Legal Considerations**

As a global leader in AI-driven security, video analytics, and network intelligence, Gorilla operates in a regulatory landscape that is constantly evolving. Our commitment to compliance, data privacy, and ethical AI practices ensures that we adhere to all applicable international, national, and industry-specific regulations. From data protection laws to supply chain restrictions and government procurement policies, we take a proactive approach to regulatory adherence while ensuring that our customers and partners remain compliant in their respective markets.

***Data Privacy and Compliance with Global Frameworks***

Gorilla processes and analyzes vast amounts of data, including video footage, vehicle information, and in certain cases, personally identifiable information. This requires us to operate within the regulatory frameworks of various jurisdictions, each with their own privacy, security, and ethical data processing standards.

In markets such as the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Gorilla strives to adhere to stringent data privacy laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"), the EU Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications, and the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"). Our AI-powered edge computing technology ensures that data is processed locally, rather than transmitted to external servers, helping to mitigate privacy concerns and maintain compliance with data localization requirements.

For example, in the United Kingdom and the United States, Gorilla's edge AI solutions do not capture or process facial recognition data. Instead, they analyze anonymized behavioral patterns, such as counting the number of pedestrians in a given area to optimize street lighting and energy efficiency. Should customers in these markets require AI applications that involve facial recognition or personal data processing, Gorilla ensures that all deployments comply with local privacy laws and data protection regulations.

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In contrast, Taiwan represents a major market where Gorilla's facial recognition technology is extensively used. Our customers in this region employ AI-powered surveillance and biometric identification systems, which require strict adherence to Taiwan's Personal Data Protection Act. Gorilla ensures that both our customers and our own operations comply with the relevant privacy and security mandates, implementing robust encryption, access controls, and audit mechanisms to protect sensitive information.

In markets where Gorilla supplies hardware devices to third-party system integrators, our compliance responsibility extends only to ensuring that the devices adhere to European Telecommunications Standards Institute standards and other applicable hardware regulations. The local system integrators bear the responsibility of ensuring compliance with data privacy laws if they choose to activate AI-driven features that process personal data. Gorilla strongly advocates explicit consent mechanisms and legal authorizations for any data collection performed by our technology.

***Criminal Investigations and Security Surveillance Compliance***

Gorilla's solutions are deployed by government agencies, law enforcement, and critical infrastructure operators to support criminal investigations and public safety initiatives. This includes smart city surveillance, border security, airport and seaport monitoring, and AI-driven forensic analysis.

Our criminal investigation and security surveillance technologies are only provided to customers who have the legal authority to conduct such operations, ensuring full compliance with human rights protections and privacy laws. Gorilla does not provide AI-powered security monitoring or facial recognition solutions to unauthorized entities, and all deployments are conducted within the legal frameworks of the respective jurisdictions.

For instance, Gorilla has established agreements with Taiwan's Criminal Investigation Bureau, providing AI-driven big data analytics, image processing for suspect vehicle tracking, internet-based crime analysis, and mobile surveillance solutions. Each agreement adheres strictly to Taiwanese legal requirements, ensuring that all criminal intelligence analysis systems are authorized by court orders and government regulations.

Our commitment to lawful AI usage ensures that Gorilla remains a trusted provider for law enforcement and security agencies worldwide, while maintaining transparency and compliance with human rights and data protection mandates.

***Government Procurement Laws and Compliance***

A significant portion of Gorilla's business involves contracts with government agencies and state-owned enterprises, particularly in Taiwan and other key markets. Government procurement is governed by strict regulatory frameworks designed to ensure transparency, fair competition, and national security compliance.

In Taiwan, the Government Procurement Act outlines the rules and procedures for awarding government contracts. One critical regulation specifies that if a company has 30% or more ownership by individuals or entities from the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), it may be disqualified from bidding on government tenders or have its contracts terminated. Gorilla strictly adheres to these legal requirements, ensuring compliance with national security policies and maintaining full transparency in our corporate structure.

Additionally, Gorilla's compliance with government procurement laws extends to fulfilling public tender requirements, ensuring fair competition and transparency in government contracting. Our long-standing reputation as a trusted government technology provider reinforces our ability to secure high-value contracts while maintaining full regulatory compliance.

***Radio Frequency Regulations and Certifications***

Gorilla imports, exports, installs, and operates various AI-powered network appliances, IoT devices, and wireless communication systems that are subject to radio frequency regulations. Compliance with radio frequency emissions, spectrum allocation, and licensing requirements is a crucial part of our regulatory strategy.

We ensure that all radio frequency devices meet the approval standards set forth by regulatory authorities, including the Federal Communications Commission of the United States, the European Commission of European Union and National Communications Commission of Taiwan.

***Supply Chain Restrictions and National Security Compliance***

As governments place increasing scrutiny on supply chain security, Gorilla ensures that the required hardware and software solutions comply with applicable national security regulations. Gorilla complies with these restrictions by sourcing AI-driven hardware, networking devices, and security appliances from trusted, non-restricted suppliers.

By maintaining a secure, government-compliant supply chain, we protect our customers from potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities while ensuring full regulatory compliance.

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***Commitment to Ethical AI and Regulatory Leadership***

Gorilla remains committed to ensuring the ethical and lawful deployment of AI technologies, taking a proactive approach to compliance by:

● Engaging with regulators and policymakers to shape the future of AI governance.

● Ensuring transparency in AI-powered data processing and decision-making.

● Conduct rigorous internal audits to assess compliance risks and uphold best practices.

● Implementing security-by-design principles to protect user privacy and data integrity.

As AI regulations evolve, Gorilla will continue to adapt, innovate, and lead the way in responsible AI development while ensuring full compliance with global legal frameworks.

**4. C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE**

The following diagram shows the organizational structure of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. and all of its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2025.

![orgstructure_31dec2025226.jpg](orgstructure_31dec2025226.jpg)

**4. D. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT**

**Facilities**

Our headquarters are located in London, United Kingdom. Our headquarters houses our Chief Executive Officer's office and operations. We also have material business units in Taiwan, which include Video IoT & Security Convergence, R&D, general administration, human resources and finance & accounting. Additionally, we have business units in India (R&D, Customer Success, Business Operations) and Egypt (Sales, Procurement).

We also have additional offices around the world, including in India, the United States, Thailand and Egypt.

Our corporate headquarters, business units and office spaces are leased with varying expiration dates, except for an office in Taipei, Taiwan, with an area of approximately 1,910.4 square meters, which we own and is partly leased out.

We intend to procure additional space as we add employees and expand geographically. We believe our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current needs and that, if necessary, additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate any expansion of our business.

**Item 4A: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS**

None

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**ITEM 5: OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS**

*The following discussion and analysis of Gorilla*'*s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to Gorilla*'*s planned investments in its research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative functions, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the sections titled* "*Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements*" *and Item 3.* "*Key Information* – *3.D. Risk Factors for a discussion of forward-looking statements and important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.* 

*For an understanding of our operating results and liquidity discussions and analysis, including a year-to-year comparison between fiscal year 2024 and 2023, refer to Item 5.* "*Operating and Financial Review and Prospects*" *in our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025.*

**5. A. OPERATING RESULTS**

**Overview**

Headquartered in London, United Kingdom, Gorilla is a global leader in Security Intelligence, Network Intelligence, Business Intelligence and IoT technology. With a presence across Asia Pacific, the United States, Europe, the Middle East and Latin America, Gorilla provides cutting-edge solutions to address the evolving needs of governments, enterprises and public service sectors.

Operating since 2001, Gorilla has been at the forefront of innovation in video analytics, pioneering the transition from analogue to digital video formats. Building on this foundation, we have developed transformative technologies that leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI), Deep Learning and Edge AI computing to deliver smarter, safer and more connected solutions.

**Core Competencies and Offerings**

Gorilla's expertise lies in delivering solutions that drive efficiency, security and resilience across multiple verticals, including:

● Government & Public Services

● Manufacturing

● Telecommunications

● Retail

● Transportation & Logistics

● Healthcare

● Education

***Smart City Solutions***

We seek to revolutionize urban operations by integrating intelligent video surveillance, facial recognition, license plate recognition and post-event analytics. These technologies empower municipalities to enhance efficiency, bolster security and improve the quality of life for residents.

***Advanced Network and IoT Solutions***

Our network intelligence and IoT solutions enable seamless connectivity and secure data transfer across devices. By harnessing AI-driven automation, we provide actionable insights for industries ranging from logistics to healthcare**.**

***Security Convergence***

Gorilla is a pioneer in integrating cybersecurity technologies with operational intelligence. Our solutions are designed to safeguard critical infrastructure and ensure compliance with stringent security standards.

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***Technology Backbone***

Gorilla's technologies are underpinned by proprietary machine learning and deep learning algorithms. These capabilities power our suite of solutions, enabling clients to:

● Securely store, move and analyze data.

● Leverage biometric authentication, account management and advanced device management.

● Deploy business intelligence for operational excellence.

Our innovation extends to partnerships with industry-leading providers in cloud infrastructure, telecommunications, chipset manufacturing and storage solutions, ensuring comprehensive and scalable end-to-end offerings.

**Revenue Streams**

Gorilla generates revenue through a combination of hardware, software and service sales:

1. Direct Sales: Tailored contracts with customers.

2. Reseller and Distributor Agreements: Expanding reach through strategic partnerships.

Our business segments, Video IoT and Security Convergence, address the unique demands of diverse sectors. For more information, refer to the "Sales and Marketing" section below.

**Impact and Vision**

Gorilla's commitment to innovation ensures that cities, businesses and communities are equipped to thrive in an increasingly complex world. By integrating AI, Edge Computing and IoT, we empower our clients to build smarter and more secure futures.

**Trends and Key Factors Affecting Gorilla**'**s Performance**

The performance of our business depends on a number of factors, such as the following.

*Adoption of Gorilla*'*s product and service offering*

Gorilla's future success depends on a large part on the market adoption of our product and services and the level to which they can be integrated into their pre-existing information technology and operational technology infrastructure. While Gorilla sees growing demand for our platform, particularly from government entities, seeking access to our product and service offerings, it is difficult to predict customer adoption rates and future demand. We believe that the benefits of our platform put it in a strong position to capture the significant market opportunity ahead.

*Recurring revenue from existing customers*

Gorilla's diverse base of customers represents a significant opportunity for further adoption of our broad product and service offerings. While we have seen an increase in the number of our large-scale customers, we believe that there is a substantial opportunity to expand the sale of our products and services among our existing customers. We plan to continue investing in our direct sales force to encourage increased sales among our existing customers.

Once utilized, Gorilla's customers often expand their use more broadly within the enterprise as they identify new cases and realize the benefits of our products and services. In any given period, there is a risk that customer consumption of our products and services will be lower than we expect, which may cause fluctuations in Gorilla's revenue and results of operations. Gorilla's ability to increase usage of our products and services by existing customers, and, in particular, by large enterprise customers, will depend on a number of factors, including customers' satisfaction, competition, pricing, overall changes in our customers' spending levels and the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts.

In addition, changes in spending policies, budget priorities and funding levels, including current and future stimulus packages, are key factors influencing the purchasing levels of government customers.

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*Egypt Contract*

On June 26, 2023, Gorilla entered into a Firm-Fixed Price Contract for building a secure governmental air-gapped network (the "Egypt Contract") with the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt ("GoE"). The Egypt Contract, which is denominated in Egyptian pounds ("EGP"), entitles Gorilla to receive approximately EGP 8.4 billion (the "Contract Price"), over a four-year term for delivery of certain goods and services to the GoE.

Pursuant to the Egypt Contract, Gorilla shall provide certain enumerated goods and services (collectively, the "Products") to the GoE. The Products are subject to inspection by the GoE at Gorilla's expense in accordance with procedures outlined in the Egypt Contract. Many of the Products consist of hardware and software developed by approved third-party vendors procured by Gorilla (which Gorilla is obligated to deliver), while other Products rely on Gorilla's proprietary technologies. Gorilla is generally responsible for integrating and installing all technologies into an operational system. Goods delivered under the Egypt Contract are subject to a warranty that expires 12 months after delivery by default, with certain Products subject to separate warranties.

Gorilla's performances under the Egypt Contract are secured by a bank guarantee of approximately 4% of the Contract Price, currently totaling approximately EGP 309 million. This amount may increase in case of certain performance delays and will be returned upon contract completion and a 12-month warranty period.

The GoE may terminate the Egypt Contract with written notice upon breach by Gorilla (which would generally include any delay in the delivery of Products longer than two months, or the failure to deliver replacements for Product(s) that were rejected upon inspection), subject to a 30-day cure period. In the event of such termination, Gorilla would be required to reimburse the GoE for excess costs incurred by the GoE in connection with obtaining substitute products. The GoE is responsible for payment of all Products delivered and accepted prior to termination. Any dispute under the Egypt Contract is subject to arbitration, with one arbitrator to be selected by Gorilla, one by the GoE, and another to be selected jointly. The Egypt Contract is governed by Egyptian law.

*Freyr Agreement*

In September 2025, Gorilla and Freyr, a Singapore-based infrastructure platform company signed a three-year, $1.4 billion agreement to develop a network of AI-powered data centers across Southeast Asia.

The multi-year agreement positions Gorilla as the lead provider of AI infrastructure, service-level operations and end-to-end data center intelligence across three regional markets: Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. While Gorilla will serve as principal operator and infrastructure lead, Freyr will be its regional expansion partner.

Gorilla will utilize local co-location facilities and deploy its proprietary AI stack, including GPU-as-a-Service infrastructure, orchestration software and real-time monitoring systems, while managing performance and uptime SLAs over an initial three-year term, with optional two-year extensions.

The agreement provides parameters for cooperation on multiple projects, each of which to be governed by a separate project plan, detailing scope and commitments including payment schedule, payment term and delivery schedule. Gorilla will generally be responsible for procurement and delivery of GPU servers and related hardware and software, as well as deployment, configuration and provisioning of GPU-as-a-Service, while Freyr is responsible for selection of networking and service partners, coordination with hosting facilities, customer payment management, and power and connectivity.

The agreement includes termination rights for both parties for material breaches and regulatory events, along with an exclusivity arrangement under which Freyr is required to work exclusively with Gorilla on similar data center projects during the term, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, and is governed by Singapore law. No revenue was recognized under this agreement in fiscal year 2025.

**Expansion of Gorilla**'**s Geographic Coverage and Customer Base / Acquiring New Customers**

Gorilla seeks to capitalize on its position as a leader in AI-driven Video Analytics, AI-driven IoT, Infrastructure and cybersecurity solutions to further expand its geographic reach and customer base. With a robust strategy targeting the United States, Latin America, the MENA region and Asia, Gorilla aims to penetrate untapped markets and enhance its presence in established regions. This expansion aligns with our vision of empowering businesses and governments through transformative technologies.

We believe there is a substantial opportunity to grow our customer base by continuing to make significant investments in sales, marketing and brand awareness. Our ability to attract new customers will hinge on the following key factors:

● **Scaling Sales and Marketing Teams**: Recruiting and retaining high-performing sales and marketing professionals with expertise in targeted regions.

● **Strategic Market Entry**: Identifying and prioritizing high-potential geographies and customer segments for tailored solutions.

● **Competitive Agility**: Adapting to local market dynamics and ensuring Gorilla's offerings remain superior in both value and innovation.

To achieve this, we are committed to expanding our direct sales force with a focus on engaging large enterprises, governments and key verticals across our target regions. While this ambitious plan carries risks, such as challenges in integrating new sales personnel or achieving optimal productivity within the desired time frame, we are confident that our structured approach to scaling will mitigate these challenges and drive significant growth.

**Investing in Growth and Scaling Our Business**

At Gorilla, we are unwavering in our focus on long-term growth and revenue potential. We see immense market opportunities in AI, IoT, Infrastructure and cybersecurity, and are determined to leverage our expertise to establish a stronger foothold in both domestic and international markets.

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To this end, we are committed to substantial investments across organizational functions to scale our operations effectively. This includes:

1. **Research and Development (R&D)**:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Expanding capabilities in edge AI, IoT and advanced analytics to meet the evolving demands of global markets. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Innovating new features and capabilities to maintain our position as a technology leader. |

---

2. **Sales and Marketing**:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Amplifying brand awareness through targeted campaigns and strategic partnerships. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Establishing dedicated sales teams to drive customer engagement and revenue generation in key geographies. |

---

3. **Organizational Growth**:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Strengthening operational capabilities to support large-scale deployments. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| o | Building partnerships with regional leaders to facilitate efficient market entry. |

---

Our growth strategy prioritizes market share expansion over short-term profitability. By focusing on scaling and innovation, we aim to seize the opportunities presented by an expansive and rapidly growing market. While these investments may impact immediate cash flow optimization, we are confident in their ability to deliver long-term shareholder value.

This relentless focus on scaling and innovation positions Gorilla to redefine the landscape of AI and cybersecurity, setting the stage for sustainable and impactful growth.

**Stock-based Compensation**

Our compensation programs, practices and policies are reviewed and re-evaluated regularly and are subject to change from time to time in line with market best practices, including alignment of pay with performance. Our executive compensation philosophy is aligned with our core values, focused on pay-for-performance and designed to reflect appropriate governance practices aligned with the needs of our business.

We design our long-term equity incentives to encourage our executives to maintain a long-term view of stockholder value creation and to encourage retention. Our equity awards are granted on the basis of a combination of some or all of the following factors depending upon the roles and responsibilities of executives, for instance, the executive's prior year's performance, a fixed percentage of compensation and / or achievement of certain performance benchmarks, and are subject to time and / or performance based vesting conditions.

In the first quarter of 2026, our Board of Directors granted stock-based awards covering an aggregate of 2,514,498 restricted stock units ("RSUs") pursuant to the 2023 Plan to our senior management and directors, and, as applicable to our non-employee directors, pursuant to our non-employee director compensation policy, of which 1,655,533 RSUs were granted with respect to services performed in whole or in part prior to the start of the 2025 fiscal year. For many of the RSU awards, the number of RSUs granted was determined based on closing trading price of our common stock for the period that the services were performed rather than at the time the RSUs were granted. As a result of the significant changes in our stock price between 2023 and 2026, the fair value provided to our senior management and non-employee directors based on the service period may be different than the stock-based compensation expense required to be recognized in the consolidated statements of income, which is based on the trading price on the actual date of grant. We are currently evaluating the impact of the RSUs granted in the first quarter of 2026, which may lead to an approximate expense in the range of $20 million to $23 million (excluding performance-based RSUs with market conditions based vesting conditions) in fiscal year 2026.

**Key Business Metrics**

Gorilla monitors a number of key business metrics and measures on a regular basis in order to help it evaluate its business and growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of its sales and marketing efforts, and assess operational efficiencies. We believe that the most important of these measures include gross margin, operating margin, net income (loss) discussed below which may differ from other similarly titled metrics used by other companies, securities analysts or investors.

**Overview**

The results of certain key business metrics are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Items** | **(dollars in thousands)** | **(dollars in thousands)** |
| Revenues, net | $101361 | $74674 |
| Cost of revenues | (67485) | (37366) |
| Gross margin | 33876 | 37308 |
| Operating expense | (47545) | (104250) |
| Operating loss (IFRS) | (13669) | (66942) |
| Adjusted EBITDA (Non-IFRS) | 19105 | 19961 |
| Net loss (IFRS) | (11277) | (64795) |
| Adjusted net income (Non-IFRS) | $19890 | $21249 |
| Basic loss per share (IFRS) | $(0.51) | $(6.13) |
| Adjusted basic earnings per share (Non-IFRS) | $0.89 | $2.01 |

---

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**<u>Reconciliation of</u> <u>non-IFRS</u> <u>Financial Measures to</u> <u>IFRS Measures</u>**

In addition to its reported results in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) followed by the Company, it has included certain financial measures that are considered non-IFRS financial measures, including the following:

(i) Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA);

(ii) Adjusted EBITDA; and

(iii) Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share.

**<u>R</u><u>econciliation of</u> <u>O</u><u>perating</u> <u>I</u><u>ncome (</u><u>L</u><u>oss)</u> <u>to</u> <u>EBITDA</u> <u>and</u> <u>A</u><u>djusted</u> <u>EBITDA</u>**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Items** | **(dollars in thousands)** | **(dollars in thousands)** |
| **Operating loss (IFRS)** | $**(13669)** | $**(66942)** |
| Add: Depreciation expenses | 753 | 574 |
| Add: Amortization expenses | 560 | 821 |
| **EBITDA (non-IFRS)** | $**(12356)** | $**(65547)** |
| Add: Restructuring costs <sup>(1)</sup> |  | 433 |
| Add: Exchange loss from currency devaluation <sup>(2)</sup> | 25653 | 25333 |
| Add: Fair value measurement of financial instruments, net <sup>(3)</sup> | 1039 | 59540 |
| Add: Stock-based compensation expenses <sup>(4)</sup> | 4769 | 202 |
| **Adjusted EBITDA (non-IFRS)** | $**19105** | $**19961** |

---

**<u>R</u><u>econciliation of</u> <u>N</u><u>et</u> <u>L</u><u>oss</u> <u>and</u> <u>L</u><u>oss</u> <u>per</u> <u>S</u><u>hare to</u> <u>A</u><u>djusted</u> <u>N</u><u>et</u> <u>I</u><u>ncome and</u> <u>A</u><u>djusted</u> <u>E</u><u>arnings per</u> <u>S</u><u>hare</u>**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **(dollars in thousands)** | **(dollars in thousands)** | **(dollars in thousands)** | **(dollars in thousands)** |
| **Items** | **Amount** | **EPS Impact per share** | **Amount** | **EPS Impact per share** |
| **Net loss (IFRS)** | $**(11277)** | $**(0.51)** | $**(64795)** | $**(6.13)** |
| Add: Restructuring costs <sup>(1)</sup> |  |  | 433 | 0.04 |
| Add: Exchange loss from currency devaluation <sup>(2)</sup> | 25653 | 1.15 | 25333 | 2.40 |
| Add: Fair value measurement of financial instruments, net <sup>(3)</sup> | 1039 | 0.05 | 59540 | 5.64 |
| Add: Stock-based compensation expenses <sup>(4)</sup> | 4769 | 0.21 | 202 | 0.02 |
| Less: Tax effects of stock-based compensation expenses | (636) | (0.03) |  |  |
| Add: Amortization of acquired intangible assets <sup>(5)</sup> | 342 | 0.02 | 536 | 0.05 |
| **Adjusted net income (non-IFRS)** | $**19890** | $**0.89** | $**21249** | $**2.01** |
| **Adjusted diluted earnings per share (non-IFRS)** |  | $**0.88** |  | $**2.01** |

---

Notes:

1. *Restructuring costs* – includes expenses related to organizational restructuring, including severance payments.

2. *Exchange loss from currency devaluation* – is the devaluation of monetary assets denominated in the Egyptian pound primarily due to depreciation of the Egyptian pound against the U.S. dollar.

3. *Fair value measurement of financial instruments* – includes notional non-cash impact of fair value remeasurement of convertible preference shares and warrants.

4. *Stock-based compensation expenses* – includes non-cash expenses recognized in connection with restricted stock unit awards granted to employees and directors, which vest based on service conditions.

5. *Amortization of acquired intangible assets* – includes non-cash amortization expense related to intangible assets recognized from asset acquisitions.

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**Components of Results of Operations**

***Revenue***

Our primary sources of revenue are derived from the sale of hardware, software and services to customers directly under sales contracts, through resellers and distributors under reseller agreements and distribution and software license agreements, and through partnerships with system integrators under sales agreements.

*Distributors*

Under our typical distribution and software license agreement, distributors purchase our products and are permitted to distribute, sell, bundle, promote and advertise our products directly to end customers. Distributors receive a discount on the purchase price and earn an agreed margin on the resale price. These contracts are automatically renewed for a year unless prior notice otherwise is given.

*System integrators*

Under our typical sales agreement, system integrators purchase our products and data services and are permitted to integrate our products and services with theirs to sell directly to their customers in their respective regions of operations.

As part of our sales contracts, system integrators receive a discount on the purchase price of our products and services which are then on-sold by the system integrators to their customers. These contracts are automatically renewed for a year unless prior 60-day notice is given by either party to terminate the agreement.

*Reseller*

Under our typical reseller agreement, resellers purchase Gorilla products and set their own prices for the end customer's license of our product line. Resellers earn the difference on the purchase price from Gorilla and the price they set to provide the products and services to end customers. Warranty coverage is maintained by Gorilla. However, the reseller provides maintenance services to customers.

These contracts are automatically renewed for an additional year unless prior notice otherwise is given.

***Cost of Revenue***

Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with salaries, labor, health insurance fees, benefits for personnel, outsourcing costs, warranties and hardware such as servers and storage devices needed for total solutions. We expect that cost of revenue will increase in absolute dollars as our revenue grows and will vary from year-to-year as a percentage of revenue.

***Operating Expenses***

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, share-based compensation, and sales commissions.

*Research and Development*

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with Gorilla's research and development and product development teams, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and share-based compensation. Research and development expenses also include contractor or professional services fees, third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in developing Gorilla's platform, and computer equipment, software, and subscription services dedicated for use by its research and development and organization. Gorilla expects that our research and development expenses, in the long run, will increase as a percentage of our annual sales as our business grows and related labor cost increases due to the inflation and competitive employment market demands for talented people and will continue to maintain a relatively large expenditure to maintain our innovative approach to the market.

*Sales and Marketing*

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with Gorilla's sales and marketing staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, share-based compensation and travel. Marketing expenses also include third-party software tools required for marketing automation and consultation and advertising costs. Gorilla expects these costs, in the long run, to increase over time as our expansion into different markets continues and additional tools and personnel are implemented.

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In addition to the costs paid to our directly employed sales and marketing staff, we contract with sales representatives to support marketing activities for Gorilla in specific regions and territories. We license these representatives to use our software to market, promote and solicit orders of our product line on a non-transferable and non-sub-licensable and limited basis. The contracts are not automatically renewed. We pay these sales representatives commission on their sales, which are included in our sales and marketing expenses.

Gorilla expects increases in sales and marketing expenses with:

● the establishment of sales support operations for AI manufacturer ecosystems in Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the United States, Europe and Egypt; and

● enhancement of technical support for AI models to device manufacture, AI Appliances to distributors and system integrators, and AI SaaS to telecommunication and managing service providers in the United States, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Latin America, India and expand the local support in Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Egypt and Japan. Gorilla expects that our sales and marketing expenses will grow in absolute dollars as well as a percentage of its revenue over time as Gorilla grows its business.

*General and Administrative*

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for Gorilla's finance, legal, human resources, facilities and administrative personnel, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and share-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include external legal, accounting, bookkeeping and other professional services fees, software and subscription services dedicated for use by Gorilla's general and administrative functions, and other corporate expenses. General and administrative expenses also include allocated overhead costs.

Gorilla also incurred additional expenses as a result of becoming a public company, including costs to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange, costs related to compliance and reporting obligations, and increased expenses for insurance, investor relations, and professional services. We expect that our general and administrative expenses, in the long run, will increase in absolute dollars as our business grows.

***Financial Income (Expense), Net***

Financial income (expense), net consists primarily of interest expenses relating to Gorilla's short-term and long-term borrowings and bank facilities, as well as interest income relating to bank deposits.

***Income Tax Benefit (Expense)***

Income tax benefit (expense) consists primarily of income taxes in certain foreign and state jurisdictions in which Gorilla conducts business. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.

**Sales Pipeline**

Gorilla defines its pipeline of potential contracts or other project engagements as comprising highly qualified leads and realistic contract opportunities—potential customers who have shown interest in our offerings, including projects where we have submitted bids or are in active negotiations. These opportunities are assessed based on factors such as customer budget availability, project timeline, and the stage of discussions.

Our pipeline reflects potential business opportunities; however, it is subject to risks such as changes in customer needs, budgets, competition, and project timelines, and may not necessarily result in future revenue.

Gorilla defines backlog as the revenues it expects to recognize under signed contracts, based on currently scheduled delivery timelines or specified contractual milestones. Backlog represents management's estimates and is subject to change due to adjustments in project scope, timing of delivery, or other contractual modifications, as applicable.

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**Results of Operations** 

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The following table sets forth Gorilla's consolidated results of operations data for the years presented:

**Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024**

The following table summarizes our historical results of operations for the years indicated:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |  |  |
|  | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Net Revenue** | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Net Revenue** | **Change $** | **Change %** |
| Revenues, net | $101361 | 100.0% | $74674 | 100.0% | $26687 | 35.7% |
| Cost of revenues | (67485) | -66.6% | (37366) | -50.0% | (30119) | 80.6% |
| Gross profit | 33876 | 33.4% | 37308 | 50.0% | (3432) | -9.2% |
| Operating expense | (47545) | -46.9% | (104250) | -139.6% | 56705 | -54.4% |
| **Operating loss** | (13669) | -13.5% | (66942) | -89.6% | 53273 | -79.6% |
| Financial income, net | 2733 | 2.7% | 837 | 1.1% | 1896 | 226.5% |
| **Net loss** | $(11277) | -11.1% | $(64795) | -86.8% | $53518 | -82.6% |

---

**Revenues, net**

Revenues, net by reportable segments are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |  |  |
|  | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Revenue, net** | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Revenue, net** | **Change $** | **Change %** |
| Security Convergence | $97841 | 96.5% | $71896 | 96.3% | $25945 | 36.1% |
| Video IoT | 3520 | 3.5% | 2778 | 3.7% | 742 | 26.7% |
| Total | $101361 | 100.0% | $74674 | 100.0% | $26687 | 35.7% |

---

Our revenue for fiscal year 2025 increased by $26.69 million, or 35.7% compared to fiscal year 2024. Revenue growth in Security Convergence of $25.95 million, or 36.1% in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024, was primarily driven by increased revenue from the Egypt Contract initiated in 2023 and expansion of business from certain new clients. Revenue growth in Video IoT of $0.74 million, or 26.7% in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024, was primarily driven by expansion of business from certain new clients.

**Cost of Revenues**

Cost of revenues by reportable segments are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |  |  |
|  | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Revenue, net** | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Revenue, net** | **Change $** | **Change %** |
| Security Convergence | $65273 | 66.7% | $35583 | 49.5% | $29690 | 83.4% |
| Video IoT | 2212 | 62.8% | 1783 | 64.2% | 429 | 24.1% |
| Total | $67485 | 66.6% | $37366 | 50.0% | $30119 | 80.6% |

---

Our cost of revenue for fiscal year 2025 increased by $30.12 million, or 80.6% compared to fiscal year 2024. Increase in cost of revenue in Security Convergence of $29.69 million, or 83.4%, was primarily due to higher costs associated with the Egypt contract in line with increased revenue and higher costs associated with revenue generated from certain new clients. Increase in cost of revenue in Video IoT of $0.43 million, or 24.1%, was primarily due to higher costs associated with revenue generated from certain new clients.

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**Gross Margin**

Gross margins by reportable segments are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |  |  |
|  | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Revenue, net** | **Dollars in Thousands** | **Percentage of Revenue, net** | **Change $** | **Change %** |
| Security Convergence | $32568 | 33.3% | $36313 | 50.5% | $(3745) | -10.3% |
| Video IoT | 1308 | 37.2% | 995 | 35.8% | 313 | 31.5% |
| Total | $33876 | 33.4% | $37308 | 50.0% | $(3432) | -9.2% |

---

Our gross margin for fiscal year 2025 decreased by $3.43 million, or 9.2% compared to fiscal year 2024. As a percentage of net revenue, gross margin decreased by 16.6% to 33.4% for fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024. As a percentage of net revenue, gross margin in Security Convergence decreased by 17.2% to 33.3% for fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to lower margins associated with Egypt contract, partially offset by higher margins from certain new clients. As a percentage of net revenue, gross margin in Video IoT increased by 1.4% to 37.2% for fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to higher revenues from certain new clients and operational efficiencies.

**Operating Expenses**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Change** |
|  | **dollars in thousands** | **dollars in thousands** | **%** |
| Research and development | $3071 | $2110 | 45.5% |
| Sales and marketing | 1614 | 1093 | 47.7% |
| General and administrative | 19836 | 12410 | 59.8% |
| Expected credit losses | 863 | 897) | -3.8% |
| Foreign currency exchange losses, net | 21018 | 27799) | -24.4% |
| Fair value measurement of financial instruments, net | 1039 | 59540) | -98.3% |
| Other (gains) losses, net | 104 | (32) | -425.0% |
| Restructuring costs |  | 433) | -100.0% |
| Total Operating expense | $47545 | $104250) | -54.4% |

---

*Research and Development*

Research and development expenses for fiscal year 2025 increased by $0.96 million, or 45.5%, to $3.07 million compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to higher employee-related costs on account of higher headcount and wage inflation and higher travelling expenses, partially offset by decrease in intangibles amortization expense primarily due to end of useful lives for certain intangible assets.

*Sales and Marketing*

Sales and marketing expenses for fiscal year 2025 increased by $0.52 million, or 47.7%, to $1.61 million compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to higher employee-related costs on account of higher headcount and wage inflation and higher other operating costs.

*General and Administrative*

General and administrative expenses for fiscal year 2025 increased by $7.43 million, or 59.8%, to $19.84 million compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to higher employee-related costs on account of higher headcount and wage inflation and higher traveling and other operating costs.

*Expected Credit Loss*

Expected credit loss for fiscal year 2025 marginally decreased by $0.03 million, or 3.8%, to $0.86 million compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to a higher proportion of accounts receivable classified as not past due or up to 90 days past due, reflecting improved management of accounts receivable collections.

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*Foreign Currency Exchange Losses, Net*

Foreign currency exchange losses, net primarily relate to devaluation losses recognized on the remeasurement of monetary assets denominated in the Egyptian pound due to depreciation of the Egyptian pound against the U.S. dollar. The average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the Egyptian pound increased from 44.18 during fiscal year 2024 to 49.28 during fiscal year 2025, representing a depreciation of 11.5% against the U.S dollar.

*Fair Value Measurement of Financial Instruments, Net*

Losses on fair valuation adjustment of financial liabilities measured at FVTPL for fiscal year 2025 decreased by $58.50 million to $1.04 million compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to the conversion of all outstanding convertible preference shares into ordinary shares and the exercise and conversion of majority of the outstanding private warrants in fiscal year 2024, partially offset by gains on fair valuation adjustment of public warrants on account of lower closing price per warrant as of December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024.

*Other Gains (Losses), Net*

We recorded other loss, net of $0.10 million for fiscal year 2025, compared to other gain, net of $0.03 million for fiscal year 2024, primarily due to a loss on sale of financial assets in fiscal year 2025 related to short-term trading in shares, partially offset by higher rental income in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024.

***Financial Income, Net***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Change** | **Change** |
|  | **dollars in thousands** | **dollars in thousands** | $**%** | **%** |
| Financial income, net | $2733 | $837 |  | 226.5% |

---

Financial income, net for fiscal year 2025 increased by $1.90 million to $2.73 million compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to interest income earned from bank deposits, partially offset by lower interest income on financial assets measured at amortized costs.

***Income Tax (Expense) Benefit***

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Change** |
|  | **dollars in thousands** | **dollars in thousands** | **%** |
| Income tax (expense) benefit | $(341) | $1311) | -126.0% |

---

We recognized an income tax expense of $0.34 million for fiscal year 2025, compared to income tax benefit of $1.31 million for fiscal year 2024. Tax expense increased primarily due to higher tax effects of non-deductible expenses in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024.

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***Quarterly Revenue Trends***

Gorilla's revenue generally increased sequentially in each of the quarterly periods presented due to the fiscal year and procurement cycle of our customers. We generally experience seasonality in the timing of the execution of our contracts as we typically execute many of our contracts in the fourth quarter due to the fiscal year ends and procurement cycles of our customers. In certain instances, we have experienced a decline in revenue in the six months ended December 31 followed by sequential increases in revenue throughout the year as a result of the timing of when contracts are executed and the period of performance begins. Because we recognize the majority of our revenue based on project phase completion over the contractual term with respect to the multi-year contracts, a substantial portion of revenue recognized each period is from agreements that we entered into during previous periods. As such, increases or decreases in such multi-year contracts with new or existing customers may not immediately be reflected as revenue for that period.

**Recent Accounting Pronouncements**

For information on recently issued accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

**5. B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES**

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

Our capital requirements have primarily been for the short-term working capital required for the Egypt Contract, capital expenditures related to research and development, debt service, and operating expenses. The Egyptian Pound ("EGP") devaluation against USD has impacted and may continue to negatively impact our cash flow from operations in the next few years since the Egypt Contract is fixed price EGP while we incur project costs primarily in USD. Historically, we have generated negative cash flows from operations and have financed our operations through the borrowings under our credit facilities, equity contributions and payments received from our customers. We anticipate funding our future capital requirements and debt service payments with cash generated from our operations, funds received through capital markets (including through the Sales Agreement, as defined below) and future borrowings. To the extent we choose to seek additional financing in the future (whether for the Egypt Contract, development, acquisition opportunities as they arise or the refinancing of the financing facilities when due at more favorable terms), we expect to fund such activities through cash generated from operations and through securing further debt or equity financing from banks and the capital markets.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $99.53 million and $21.70 million, respectively, and restricted cash and time deposits with maturities exceeding three months but less than one year of $5.30 million and $15.77 million, respectively. Contract assets related to the Egypt Contract as of December 31, 2025 were $57.85 million, which are expected to be converted to accounts receivable upon anticipated progress payments from the GoE in the subsequent year. Our net working capital as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, was $163.77 million and $51.36 million and the increase in working capital was primarily due to higher cash and cash equivalents, higher accounts receivables and contract assets. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $3.27 million and $10.67 million, respectively, available for borrowings under our revolving credit facilities. As of December 31, 2025, our short-term borrowings were $9.43 million, while our long-term bank borrowings, including the current portion, amounted to $4.37 million. In July 2025, the Company completed a registered direct offering, raising gross proceeds of $105 million, pursuant to a prospectus supplement filed under its existing shelf registration statement on Form F-3.

Our management minimizes liquidity risk through credit facilities and ongoing future cash flow management and planning. Our treasury monitors rolling forecasts of our liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom on its undrawn committed borrowing facilities at all times so that the Company does not breach borrowing limits or covenants on any of its borrowing facilities. The forecasting takes into consideration the Company's debt financing plans, covenant compliance and compliance with internal balance sheet ratio targets.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, time deposits recognized as restricted cash, and available capacity under our short-term revolving credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 were authorized for issuance.

Our future cash requirements will depend on a number of factors, including our rate of revenue growth, investments in strategic initiatives, applications and technologies, expansion of operational centers, potential acquisitions of complementary businesses, and any continued share repurchases under our board-authorized share repurchase program, which may require the use of significant cash resources.

Our available sources of liquidity and the amount of cash generated from operations may be affected by a number of factors, including the timing of customer payments including under the Egypt Contract, execution of our business plan, general economic conditions, foreign currency fluctuations, and working capital management. To the extent additional liquidity is required, the Company may seek to raise capital through a combination of operating cash flows, debt financing, or equity financing.

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The following table shows a summary of Gorilla's cash flows for the years presented (dollars in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **dollars in thousands** | **dollars in thousands** |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(28659) | $(29650) |
| Net cash provided by investing activities | 5459 | 16637 |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 101191 | 27976 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes | (158) | 1429 |
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $77833 | $16392 |

---

***Capital Expenditures***

Gorilla incurred capital expenditures of $0.67 million and $1.46 million for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively. Capital expenditures in 2025 primarily related to leasehold improvements and investments to support the research and development of new technologies and services. The Company expects to continue to invest in the expansion of existing facilities and, from time to time, the development of new facilities to meet its growth requirements, which may increase the Company's fixed costs. If Gorilla is unable to grow its business and revenues proportionately, its profitability could be adversely impacted.

***Operating Activities***

Gorilla's primary uses of cash from operating activities are personnel-related expenses, sales and marketing expenses, and overhead costs. Gorilla has generated negative operating cash flows and has supplemented working capital through proceeds from a registered direct offering completed in July 2025 and the exercise of private warrants during fiscal year 2025.

During the fiscal years 2025 and 2024, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $28.66 and $29.65 million, respectively. The primary factors affecting operating cash flows between these years were an increase in contract assets, accounts receivable collection efforts and timing of payments to vendors.

***Investing Activities***

Cash provided by investing activities for fiscal year 2025 was $5.46 million. The primary factors contributing to cash flows from investing activities were net proceeds from restricted cash balances related to performance guarantees under the Egypt contract and the release of deposits pledged against short-term and long-term borrowings following the full repayment of certain loans and the renegotiation of existing short-term revolving credit facilities. These inflows were partially offset by investment in Simple Agreement for Future Equity, disbursement of convertible loan and purchases of property and equipment.

Cash provided by investing activities for fiscal year 2024 was $16.64 million. The primary factors contributing to cash flows from investing activities were proceeds from restricted cash balances related to Egypt contract performance guarantee and receipt of dividend from investment in financial assets. These inflows were partially offset by purchases of intangible assets, property and equipment, further investment in financial assets at FVTPL, and an increase in guarantee deposits.

***Financing Activities***

Cash provided by financing activities for fiscal year 2025 was $101.19 million. The primary factors contributing to cash flows from financing activities were net proceeds from a registered direct offering completed in July 2025, pursuant to which the Company issued ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants. The ordinary shares issued in the offering included shares reissued from treasury as well as newly issued shares, and all pre-funded warrants were fully exercised during the year. Cash inflows were also generated from the exercise of Series A, B and C private warrants. These inflows were partially offset by net repayments of short-term and long-term borrowings and the repurchase of treasury shares.

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Cash provided by financing activities for fiscal year 2024 was $27.98 million. The primary factors contributing to cash flows from financing activities were proceeds from the issuance of ordinary shares, funds raised through Series B Preference Shares, and the exercise of Series A, B and C private warrants. These inflows were partially offset by net repayments of short-term and long-term borrowings and the repurchase of treasury shares.

***Credit Facilities***

As of December 31, 2025, we had total unsecured and secured indebtedness of $13.80 million and unused credit facilities of $3.25 million. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants under our credit agreements and indentures.

See Note 16 - Borrowings and Note 38 - Capital management to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.

**5. C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES**

We have made significant investments in research and development, continuously refining our AI models, video analytics platforms, and security intelligence solutions. Our success in R&D is driven by our team of 67 highly skilled professionals as of December 31, 2025, of whom approximately:

● 54% hold advanced degrees (master's or PhD) in fields such as ICT, Physics, or Mathematics, ensuring strong academic foundations.

● 60% have over 10 years of professional experience, bringing deep industry knowledge and expertise in specialized fields like AI, machine learning, video analytics, and cybersecurity.

Research and development expenses were $3.07 million in fiscal year 2025 and $2.11 million in fiscal year 2024 and accounted for 3.0% and 2.8% of our net revenue, respectively.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect the proprietary methods and technologies that we develop or otherwise acquire. We rely on copyright, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary methods and technologies and own more than 20 patents.

We generally enter into confidentiality and/or license agreements with our employees, consultants, vendors and advertisers, and we generally limit access to, and distribution of, our proprietary information. We intend to pursue additional intellectual property protection to the extent we believe it would be beneficial and cost effective.

**5. D. TREND INFORMATION**

Refer to Item 5. "*Operating and Financial Review and Prospects* – *5.A. Operating Results and 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources,*" for a discussion of the most recent trends in our revenues and expenses by the end of fiscal year 2025, including a discussion of known trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that we believe are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our revenues, income from operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information to be not necessarily indicative of our future operating results or financial condition.

**5. E. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES**

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make critical judgements in applying the Group's accounting policies and make critical assumptions and estimates concerning future events. Assumptions and estimates may differ from the actual results and are continually evaluated and adjusted based on historical experience and other factors. Such assumptions and estimates have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year. For more information on critical accounting estimates, see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

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**ITEM 6: DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES**

**6. A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT**

**Board of Directors and Senior Management**

The Company is led by executive officers Jay Chandan and Dr. Raj Natarajan. The following table sets forth information regarding our senior management and directors, including their ages, as of the date of this Annual Report:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Age** | **Position** |
| Jayesh "Jay" Chandan | 51 | Chief Executive Officer/ Chairman |
| Dr. Rajesh "Raj" Natarajan | 52 | Chief Technology Officer |
| Bruce Bower | 44 | Chief Financial Officer |
| Thomas Sennhauser | 57 | Director / Chief Technology Officer – Infrastructure |
| Jackie Wang | 44 | General Manager – Asia |
| Rt. Hon. Ruth Kelly | 57 | Director |
| Keith Levy | 53 | Director |
| Dr. Evan Medeiros | 54 | Director |
| Gregg Walker | 54 | Director |

---

**Jayesh** "**Jay**" **Chandan** was the Executive Chairman of the Board as of the date of the Closing, and he became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company in September 2022, following the concurrent retirement of Dr. Sih-Ping "Spincer" Koh, the founder of Gorilla. Mr. Chandan was the Chairman of Global SPAC Partners Co., a NASDAQ-listed special purpose acquisition company that completed its IPO in 2021 and entered into a business combination agreement with Gorilla in 2021. From 2019 to 2022, Mr. Chandan founded and led KASS Capital as Founder & Managing Partner, an investment advisory firm that provided global technology investments and alternative liquidity solutions. From 2017 to 2022, Mr. Chandan was a Partner & Co-Founder of Shackleton Ventures (Shackleton-Victoria), which led investments including participation in FinLeap, a financial technology accelerator and incubator. Since 2014, Mr. Chandan has served as Investor & Director of Mathern Limited. From 2010 to 2012, Mr. Chandan was a Co-Founder and Partner at Cortis Capital LLP, a transformation and project management firm focused on global mergers & acquisitions, where he worked on the Minna Airport City, an urban regeneration project in Nigeria. From 2007 to 2008, Mr. Chandan served as CEO of Invensis (UK) Ltd. Mr. Chandan was Director of Business Development (UK & Europe) at EXLservice (UK) Ltd from 2005 to 2007, and Director of Sales & Strategic Accounts at Exevo (UK) Ltd from 2004 to 2005; Exevo was later acquired by Copal Partners and is now part of Moody's Corporation. Earlier in his career, Mr. Chandan co-founded NPL, an IT services business in Southeast Asia and served as Co-Founder & Executive Director from 1995 until exiting in 2003. Mr. Chandan has also held a range of advisory and board roles, including serving as an Advisory Board Member of ConsolFreight LLC from 2020 to 2022 and as Managing Director of MA4C LTD from 2010 to 2022. Mr. Chandan has served on the global advisory board of One Amazon and as a Member of the Board of Directors of the British and Colombian Chamber of Commerce since 2025. Mr. Chandan graduated from Madras University, India, with an Engineering Degree, majoring in Computer Sciences. We believe Mr. Chandan is well qualified to serve as a director of our company given his extensive investment and operational experience in emerging markets.

**Dr. Rajesh** "**Raj**" **Natarajan** has served as Chief Innovation Officer of Gorilla since March 2022. Since 2005, Dr. Natarajan has been leading multiple efforts inside of Microsoft in various roles ranging from Engineering to Product Management. Prior to joining Gorilla, Dr. Natarajan served as a Senior Director of Product Management at Microsoft, when he was developing a new product portfolio within Dynamics focused on helping contact centers realize their Digital Transformation goals. Prior to that, he has built and managed various products like Data Analytics for Windows Phone, Microsoft Push Notification Service, Windows Media enablement for Streaming and mobile Digital Rights Management, Zune to name a few. Prior to joining Microsoft in 2005, Dr. Natarajan ran the professional services division at Loudeye Corporation where he oversaw the commercialization of Loudeye's B2B music and video infrastructure, launching notable music stores like O2 Germany, MSN Music, Wurlitzer Jukebox etc. Much of his work there translated into the foundation for Nokia's own music service infrastructure. From 2004 to 2005, Dr. Natarajan served as the VP of Mobile solutions at Vidiator Technologies, a fully owned subsidiary of Hutchison. Dr. Natarajan helped create industry leading solutions for Video streaming based on H.264 with dynamic bandwidth adaptation, which powered the network operators 3's core multimedia delivery system across Europe. He also launched services in Hong Kong and the UK based on real-time 3D rendering for mobile delivering news snippets and horoscopes on 3's platform. From 2001 to 2004, Dr. Natarajan was instrumental in establishing and running engineering for LockStream Corporation who specialized in Digital Rights Management for mobile multimedia devices. He helped create a Content Management system that was central to rights protecting content and delivering the requisite content and licenses to mobile devices on the fly. This was accompanied by SDK's and applications that were developed and embedded into Motorola devices and Ti Chipsets. Commercialization of this technology was witnessed by Emma.FM and widely deployed across the network operator 3's European subsidiaries. Dr. Natarajan is an alumnus of Seattle University where in he completed his Management of Business Administration (2010) and his Doctoral dissertation in Education and Leadership (2018). Dr. Natarajan serves as an Adjunct Faculty at Seattle University's Albers School of Management since 2016, teaching Information Systems, Advanced Python Programming for Data Analytics and courses on Teams Creativity and Decision Making. He has a Bachelor of Engineering (1995) from the University of Madras in Computer Science.

**Bruce Bower** served as the Interim Chief Financial Officer of the Company since his appointment in August 2024 and was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Company effective June 1, 2025. Since 2015, Bruce has invested in and worked primarily with startups and technology companies. He has helped companies with finance, strategy, and fundraising. His experience includes serving as CFO of SupportRoom, an AI-powered wellness software platform; acting as a director of Medefer, an A.I. platform that connects patients to specialist care across the United Kingdom; Chairman of Life & Soul Pictures, a film production company; and Advisor to Glassbox Media, Echobox and ConsolFreight. He has helped numerous companies with their finance and strategic plans, leading them to raise a cumulative £100 million in funding. Since 2019, Bruce has been an advisor to Impress, a tech-powered orthodontic chain in Europe. From 2021 to 2024, he was the Country Manager for the United Kingdom and Director of Operations, responsible for finances, operations and regulations in the United Kingdom. From 2019 to 2022, Bruce worked with Kass Capital and was an advisor to Global SPAC before its de-SPAC transaction. From 2009 to 2014, Bruce co-founded Verno Capital, an alternative investment firm focused on the markets of Russia and the former Soviet Union. There, he was a Portfolio Manager focused on the public equity markets and oversaw key client relationships in Europe. The funds where he was portfolio manager were ranked consistently in the top decile. From 2005 to 2009, he was an equity portfolio manager at Kazimir Partners, an emerging markets fund manager with offices in Moscow and London. The funds where he was portfolio manager were ranked consistently in the top decile. From 2003 to 2005, Bruce worked at Citigroup in London in the Fixed Income & F.X. division. Bruce graduated with honours from the University of Chicago with an A.B. in Economics and History. He also received an MSc from the London School of Economics.

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**Thomas Sennhauser** was appointed as a Director of the Company in December 2024 and the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) - Infrastructure of the Company in November 2025. Mr. Sennhauser has nearly three decades of experience in technology strategy, large-scale infrastructure design, and digital transformation. Mr. Sennhauser was with Intel from 2018 until 2025. Mr. Sennhauser served as CTO and Business Lead for Networking and Communication at Intel Asia Pacific and Japan (APJ), based in Singapore. From January 2020 to 2025, Mr. Sennhauser guided technology architecture and digital transformation strategies across the region, advancing innovation in 5G and next-generation communications. From June 2018 to December 2019, Mr. Sennhauser was Regional Technical Director for Networking and Communication at Intel, overseeing operations across APJ and China. Prior to Intel, Mr. Sennhauser spent 18 years at Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) in leadership roles that shaped the company's communications and infrastructure portfolio. As CTO and General Manager of the Enterprise Group APJ (2014–2017), Mr. Sennhauser led strategic sales, portfolio development, and innovation initiatives for the Communications, Media, and Entertainment (CME) sector. Mr. Sennhauser also spearheaded the establishment of HPE's Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) businesses in APJ, directed Internet of Things (IoT) operations, and founded the NFV Lab in Korea. Earlier in his career, Mr. Sennhauser held roles as Sales Specialist OSS APJ (2012-2014) and Worldwide Principal Business Consultant (2004-2012) at HPE. He began his career at Swisscom as a Program and Project Manager (1996–2000). Mr. Sennhauser holds an Executive MBA in Business Engineering from the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland and a Master's Degree in Software Engineering from Juventus Zurich.

**Jackie Wang** was appointed as the General Manager - Asia of the Company in July 2025. Mr. Wang has over 20 years of experience in international business leadership, sales management, and edge AI market development. Mr. Wang's extensive track record spans global markets including Europe, EMEA, and APAC, where he has built high-performing teams and established long-standing partnerships to drive strategic growth. Mr. Wang is highly skilled in Edge AI business modeling, AIoT solution development, channel sales, strategic negotiations, and managing cross-regional teams with a multicultural perspective. From 2013 to 2025, Mr. Wang served as the Head of the Edge AI Business Unit at Lanner Electronics, where he led the go-to-market strategy, ecosystem partnerships, and product-market alignment across the APAC and EMEA regions. Mr. Wang's team played a crucial role in driving the adoption of Edge AI solutions in sectors such as smart manufacturing, security surveillance, and intelligent transportation. As Regional Sales Director of Europe, Mr. Wang also successfully established Lanner Europe B.V. in the Netherlands, setting up operational, channel, and product strategy from the ground up. Mr. Wang's leadership contributed to achieving double-digit annual revenue growth and expanding the brand's footprint in the EU region. Mr. Wang began his career with Nokia Corporation from 2005 to 2011, where he managed national sales and distributor networks, particularly in the telecom and enterprise mobility sectors, contributing significantly to Nokia's retail success in the USA. Mr. Wang holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from the University of California, Riverside, bringing a solid academic foundation to their commercial and technical insights.

**Rt. Hon. Ruth Kelly** has been a director since the closing of the Merger on July 13, 2022. Since March 2023, Ms. Kelly has been non-executive Chair of Water UK, a trade body representing water companies in England, Wales and Scotland. Since November 2021, Ms. Kelly has been non-executive Chair of Thames Freeport, a private-sector led, UK government sponsored regeneration initiative, north of the Thames Estuary. Since September 2020, Ms. Kelly has been a member of the Vatican's Council for the Economy, which oversees the Holy See's finances. Since April 2019, Ms. Kelly has also been a non-executive Director of Heathrow Airport and a member of the airport's Audit and Finance committees and of its Safety and Operation Risk Committee. From April 2016 to March 2019, Ms. Kelly served as a non-executive director of the Financial Conduct Authority, the regulator of the conduct of financial services in the United Kingdom; throughout that time, she also served as Chair of the regulator's Audit Committee and member of its Risk Committee. Between October 2011 and July 2017, Ms. Kelly was a non-executive director of National Grid, one of the world's largest publicly listed utilities focused on transmission and distribution of electricity and gas across the United Kingdom and United States, serving on its finance, audit and nomination committees. From September 2015 to August 2019, Ms. Kelly served as Pro Vice Chancellor of St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, overseeing the development, enterprise and research agendas. From May 2010-August 2015, Ms. Kelly worked as a Managing Director at HSBC Bank, during which time she became Global Head of Client Strategy in HSBC Global Asset Management, overseeing global marketing and managing global relationships across the banking group. From May 1997 to April 2010, Ms. Kelly was a UK politician, serving in various ministerial capacities including as Economic Secretary to the Treasury, Financial Secretary to the Treasury, Minister of State in the Cabinet Office, Secretary of State for Education, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government and Secretary of State for Transport. From September 1994 to April 1997, Ms. Kelly worked as an economist at the Bank of England. From August 1990 to September 1994, Ms. Kelly was an economics journalist on The Guardian newspaper. In 1992, Ms. Kelly received a Master of Science from the London School of Economics. Ms. Kelly graduated from The Queen's College, Oxford, in 1989 in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.

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**Keith Levy** was appointed as a Director of the Company in July 2024. Mr. Levy is a venture capitalist and seasoned banker. His banking career spans over two decades. Mr. Levy has a wealth of experience in business building, risk management, innovation, thought leadership and regulatory matters. He has led trading and IT teams in building out novel trading and risk management enterprises across London, Switzerland, and the Americas. Most recently he was the head of Corporate Derivatives trading EMEA (Europe Middle East and Africa) for Bank of America. Mr. Levy joined Bank of America in 2019. In July of 2022, Mr. Levy joined the board of directors of JN Financial Group. JN Financial Group is a global banking and insurance enterprise with entities across the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean. As a member of such board, Mr. Levy's focus is on risk management, capital allocation and innovation. Mr. Levy sits on the Risk Committee— and acts as a special advisor to the CEO for strategic acquisitions/ divestments. In April of 2022, Mr. Levy and a group of like-minded investors founded Visionario Venture Capital ("VVC") with the mission to provide greater access to capital for both female and ethnic minority entrepreneurs. The fund focuses on fintech, healthcare technology and consumer products. VVC is a member of the Senior Advisory Board of Bank of America's Global Breakthrough Labs Accelerator. In this capacity, Mr. Levy advises a global cohort of 35 fintech startups on growth strategies, capital raising, and platform development. He is a member of the Executive Leadership Council (ELC), an organization of the highest-ranked Black executives in leading global enterprises. In 2020 he was recognized by the ELC as the International Executive of the year. Mr. Levy started his banking career at Credit Suisse (CS) in 2000 and, in his last role at CS, was head of Structured Finance for EMEA. With a focus on trading, risk management, balance sheet/capital optimization and trading technology for his group, Mr. Levy managed 45 billion USD of the firm's balance sheet. During his time at CS, Mr. Levy was twice awarded the Thought Leader and Culture Carrier award by the UK Executive Board. The award recognizes senior managing directors of the firm who exemplify values and leadership qualities of excellence. Mr. Levy holds a bachelor's degree in physics from Harvard University, and dual master's degrees in physics and in financial engineering from the University of Michigan.

**Dr. Evan Medeiros** is a renowned expert in international politics and business. A former White House senior advisor to President Obama, he has been the Penner Family Chair in Asia Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service since 2018. His research and teaching focuses on the international politics of East Asia, U.S.-China relations and China's foreign and national security policies. Since 2020, he has served on the board of Blackberry Government Solutions, a wholly owned subsidiary of Blackberry Corporation. From 2015 to 2018, Dr. Medeiros was Managing Director and Asia Practice Head of Eurasia Group. Dr. Medeiros has also served for six years on the staff of the National Security Council as Director for China, Taiwan and Mongolia before serving as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Asia. He was President Obama's top advisor on Asia-Pacific and was responsible for coordinating U.S. policy toward the region across diplomacy, defense, economics and intelligence, including all aspects of U.S.-China relations. Prior to joining the White House, he served as a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation and also served in the US Treasury Department as a policy advisor to Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson. He holds master's degrees from the University of Cambridge (International Relations) and SOAS London (China Studies) and a Ph.D. in International Relations from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

**Gregg Walker** has been a director since the closing of the Merger on July 13, 2022. Mr. Walker joined Muller & Monroe Asset Management as a Partner and Managing Director in July 2021 and leads the co-investment efforts of the firm as well as the firm's New York City office. Mr. Walker founded G.A. Walker, LLC in July 2016 when he left his position as the Senior Vice President for Corporate Development at Sony Corporation of America (Sony), a position he had held since March 2009, and he has been the Managing Member of G.A. Walker, LLC since its inception. Mr. Walker is currently a member of the Board of Vewd Software A/S and of Blue Whale Acquisition Corp I (a SPAC sponsored by Mubadala Capital). While serving as the Managing Member of G.A. Walker, LLC, Mr. Walker also served as the President and COO of Remarkable, LLC, a live entertainment company based in New York City, from 2017 until January 2021. When Remarkable, LLC invested in the Big Apple Circus in 2017, Mr. Walker added the role of CEO of the Big Apple Circus to his list of responsibilities and served as the CEO of the Big Apple Circus until January 2021. During Mr. Walker's tenure as CEO, the Big Apple Circus achieved record levels of revenues. At Sony, Mr. Walker worked across all of Sony's business units including PlayStation, Sony Pictures, Sony Music, and Sony Electronics, and Mr. Walker had helped lead many major transactions and strategic efforts, including Sony's purchase of the 50% of Sony/ATV Music Publishing previously owned by the Michael Jackson Estate. Mr. Walker served on the Board of Directors of movie studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as well as on the Boards of EMI Music Publishing and Sony/ATV Music Publishing. In 2010, he was chosen by Crain's New York Business as one of New York City's 40 Under 40 Rising Stars. Prior to joining Sony, Mr. Walker was Vice President of Mergers and Acquisitions at Viacom for three years. Before, Viacom, Mr. Walker was a Vice President at Goldman Sachs in the investment banking division. Mr. Walker was at Goldman Sachs for nearly a decade. Mr. Walker earned an undergraduate degree from Washington University in St. Louis and a law degree from Yale Law School. In 2012, Mr. Walker was honored by Washington University as one of six alumni to receive a Distinguished Alumni Award, and Washington University honored him again in 2016 with the Alumnus of the Year Award for the New York City metro area. Mr. Walker is the former President of the Levitt Foundation, the former Chairman of the Harlem YMCA (where his leadership resulted in the Harlem YMCA achieving the Transformational Leadership Award from the YMCA of New York City — an award that had only ever been awarded once before), and a member of the Board of Harlem RBI (now called "Dream").

**Arrangements Concerning Election of Directors; Family Relationships**

We are not a party to, and are not aware of, any arrangements pursuant to which any of our senior management members or directors was selected as such. In addition, there are no family relationships among our senior management members or directors.

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**6. B. COMPENSATION**

**Compensation of Senior Management**

Our compensation programs and practices are designed to help recruit, retain, and motivate key employees so that they may deliver the successful operating, financial and stockholder value performance expected by our investors. Our compensation committee believes that our compensation program and practices are consistent with industry standards and the competitive market in which we operate and is generally aimed at supporting achievement of our operating success and performance for stockholders.

Under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to disclose compensation paid to our senior management on an individual basis, and we have not otherwise publicly disclosed this information elsewhere.

***Cash Compensation***

For fiscal year 2025, we paid cash compensation, including salary, bonuses and severance amounts, in an aggregate amount of approximately $2.52 million to our senior management employees (this amount includes salary and severance payments paid to Mohan Raj Kumar, who departed from the position of Chief Delivery Officer in October 2025, and salary paid to Thomas Sennhauser, who was appointed to service as our Chief Technology Officer – Infrastructure of the Company as of November 1, 2025, for his service as an employee, but does not include amounts paid to Mr. Sennhauser for his service as non-employee director prior to becoming an employee). This amount does not include business travel, relocation, professional and business association dues, and expenses paid on behalf of or reimbursed to our senior management, and other benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Taiwan or the United Kingdom.

***Benefit Plans***

We provide health insurance benefits to our eligible employees, including our senior management.

We do not currently have any pension, defined benefit or similar plans for the benefit of our senior management or directors. We have not accrued or set aside any amount to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits or expenses to our senior management or directors. Under applicable local laws, certain of our subsidiaries are statutorily required to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee's salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.

***Equity Incentive Plan***

On March 6, 2023, our Board of Directors approved and adopted, subject to shareholder approval, the Gorilla Technology Group Inc. 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan"). The 2023 Plan became effective on March 6, 2023. The 2023 Plan was approved by our shareholders on July 12, 2023. Effective as of March 5, 2026, our Board of Directors amended the 2023 Plan to increase the aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2023 Plan by 200,000 shares, such that the aggregate number of ordinary shares which may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2023 Plan is 3,794,649 shares.

The 2023 Plan contains the following general features and terms:

*Share Awards.* The 2023 Plan provides for incentive stock options, or ISOs, non-qualified stock options, or NSOs, share awards (commonly referred to as "restricted share units" or "RSUs,") share unit awards, share appreciation rights, other share-based awards, performance-based share awards, (collectively, "share awards") and cash-based awards (share awards and cash-based awards are collectively referred to as "awards"). ISOs may be granted only to our employees, including officers, and the employees of our parent or subsidiaries. All other awards may be granted to our employees, officers, our non-employee directors, and consultants and the employees and consultants of our subsidiaries and affiliates.

*Share Reserve.* Pursuant to the terms of the 2023 Plan, the aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to share awards under the 2023 Plan will not exceed the sum of (i) 1,000,000 ordinary shares (as adjusted for the Reverse Split), plus (ii) an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year, for a period of not more than ten years, beginning on January 1, 2024 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2033, in an amount equal to the lesser of (x) 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year or (y) such lesser amount (including zero) that the compensation committee (as defined below) determines for purposes of the annual increase for that fiscal year. Effective as of March 5, 2026, our Board of Directors amended the 2023 Plan to increase the aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to share awards under the 2023 Plan by 200,000 shares, such that the aggregate number of ordinary shares which may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2023 Plan is 3,794,649 shares (which number of shares includes the automatic increases under (ii) above for 2024, 2025 and 2026).

If restricted shares or ordinary shares issued upon the exercise of options are forfeited, then such shares will again become available for awards under the 2023 Plan. If share units, options, or share appreciation rights are forfeited or terminate for any reason before being exercised or settled, or an award is settled in cash without the delivery of shares to the holder, then the corresponding shares will again become available for awards under the 2023 Plan. Any shares withheld to satisfy the exercise price or tax withholding obligation pursuant to any award of options or share appreciation rights will again become available for awards under the 2023 Plan. If share units or share appreciation rights are settled, then only the number of shares (if any) actually issued in settlement of such share units or share appreciation rights will reduce the number of shares available under the 2023 Plan, and the balance (including any shares withheld to cover taxes) will again become available for awards under the 2023 Plan.

Shares issued under the 2023 Plan will be authorized but unissued shares, treasury shares, or previously issued shares. As of the date hereof, no awards have been granted and no ordinary shares have been issued under the 2023 Plan.

*Incentive Stock Option Limit.* The maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs under the 2023 Plan is equal to five (5) times the number of shares specified under clause (i) of the 2023 Plan's share reserve formula as described above under the heading "—*Share Reserve*", plus, to the extent allowable under Section 422 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (the "Code"), any ordinary shares that become available for issuance under the 2023 Plan on account of (i) an award being forfeited before all underlying shares have been issued or settled, or (ii) a portion of the shares underlying an award being withheld to satisfy the exercise price or tax withholding of such award.

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*Grants to Outside Directors.* Pursuant to the terms of the 2023 Plan, the maximum number of ordinary shares subject to awards granted under the 2023 Plan during any calendar to any non-employee director as compensation for services as an outside director will not exceed seven hundred fifty thousand dollars ($750,000) in total value, or, in the calendar year in which the outside director is first appointed or elect to our Board of Directors, one million dollars ($1,000,000) in total value (calculating the value of any such awards based on the grant date fair value of such Awards for financial reporting purposes).

*Administration.* The 2023 Plan is administered by the compensation committee appointed by our Board of Directors, or by the Board of Directors acting as the compensation committee. Subject to the limitations set forth in the 2023 Plan, the compensation committee has the authority to determine, among other things, to whom awards will be granted, the number of shares subject to awards, the term during which an option or share appreciation right may be exercised and the rate at which the awards may vest or be earned, including any performance criteria to which they may be subject. The compensation committee also has the authority to determine the consideration and methodology of payment for awards. Subject to applicable law, the Board of Directors or compensation committee may also authorize one or more of our officers to designate employees, other than officers under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, to receive awards and/or to determine the number of such awards to be received by such persons subject to a maximum total number of awards, to the extent applicable.

*Repricing; Cancellation and Re-Grant of Share Awards.* The compensation committee may modify outstanding awards under the 2023 Plan. Subject to the terms of the 2023 Plan, the compensation committee has the authority to cancel any outstanding share award in exchange for new share awards, including awards having the same or a different exercise price cash, or other consideration, without shareholder approval but with the consent of any adversely affected participant.

*Share Options.* A share option is the right to purchase a certain number of ordinary shares, at a certain exercise price, in the future. Under the 2023 Plan, ISOs and NSOs are granted pursuant to share option agreements adopted by the compensation committee. The compensation committee determines the exercise price for a share option, within the terms and conditions of the 2023 Plan, provided that the exercise price of a share option generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2023 Plan vest at the rate specified by the compensation committee. No share options are outstanding or have been issued under the 2023 Plan.

*Restricted Share Awards.* The terms of any awards of restricted shares under the 2023 Plan will be set forth in a restricted share agreement to be entered into between us and the recipient. The compensation committee will determine the terms and conditions of such restricted share agreements, which need not be identical. A restricted share award may be subject to vesting requirements or transfer restrictions or both. Restricted shares may be issued for such consideration as the compensation committee may determine, including cash, cash equivalents, full recourse promissory notes, past services and future services. Award recipients who are granted restricted shares generally have all of the rights of a shareholder with respect to those shares, provided that dividends and other distributions will not be paid in respect of unvested shares unless otherwise determined by the compensation committee and, in such case, only once such unvested shares vest.

*Restricted Share Unit Awards.* Each share unit provides the recipient the right to acquire one ordinary share (or an equivalent cash amount) upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, including any vesting arrangement, established by the compensation committee and as set forth in a restricted share unit award agreement. A share unit award may be settled by cash, delivery of shares, a combination of cash and shares as deemed appropriate by the compensation committee. Recipients of share unit awards generally will have no voting or dividend rights prior to the time the vesting conditions are satisfied and the award is settled. At the compensation committee's discretion and as set forth in the share unit award agreement, share units may provide for the right to dividend equivalents. Dividend equivalents may not be distributed prior to settlement of the share unit to which the dividend equivalents pertain and the value of any dividend equivalents payable or distributable with respect to any unvested share units that do not vest will be forfeited.

*Share Appreciation Rights.* Share appreciation rights generally provide for payments to the recipient based upon increases in the price of our ordinary shares over the exercise price of the share appreciation right. The compensation committee determines the exercise price for a share appreciation right, which generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the date of grant. A share appreciation right granted under the 2023 Plan vests at the rate specified in the share appreciation right agreement as determined by the compensation committee. The compensation committee determines the term of share appreciation rights granted under the 2023 Plan, up to a maximum of ten years. Upon the exercise of a share appreciation right, we will pay the participant an amount in shares, cash, or a combination of shares and cash as determined by the compensation committee, equal to the product of (1) the excess of the per share fair market value of our ordinary shares on the date of exercise over the exercise price, multiplied by (2) the number of ordinary shares with respect to which the share appreciation right is exercised.

*Other Shares Awards.* The compensation committee may grant other awards based in whole or in part by reference to our ordinary shares. The compensation committee will set the number of shares under the shares award and all other terms and conditions of such awards.

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*Cash-Based Awards.* A cash-based award is denominated in cash. The compensation committee may grant cash-based awards in such number and upon such terms as it will determine. Payment, if any, will be made in accordance with the terms of the award, and may be made in cash or in ordinary shares, as determined by the compensation committee.

*Performance-Based Awards.* The number of shares or other benefits granted, issued, retainable and/or vested under a share or share unit award may be made subject to the attainment of performance goals. The compensation committee may utilize any performance criteria selected by it in its sole discretion to establish performance goals.

*Changes to Capital Structure.* In the event of a recapitalization, share split, or similar capital transaction, the compensation committee will make appropriate and equitable adjustments to the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2023 Plan, the number of shares that can be issued as incentive stock options, the number of shares subject to outstanding awards and the exercise price under each outstanding option or share appreciation right.

*Transactions.* If we are involved in a merger or other reorganization, outstanding awards will be subject to the agreement or merger or reorganization. Subject to compliance with applicable tax laws, such agreement may provide, without limitation, for (1) the continuation of the outstanding awards by us, if we are a surviving corporation, (2) the assumption or substitution of the outstanding awards by the surviving corporation or its parent or subsidiary, (3) the immediate vesting, exercisability, and settlement of the outstanding awards followed by their cancellation, (4) cancellation of the award, to the extent not vested or not exercised prior to the effective time of the merger or reorganization, in exchange for such cash or equity consideration (including no consideration) as the compensation committee, in its sole discretion, may consider appropriate, or (5) the settlement of the intrinsic value of the outstanding awards (whether or not vested or exercisable) in cash, cash equivalents, or equity (including cash or equity subject to deferred vesting and delivery consistent with the vesting restrictions applicable to such award or the underlying shares) followed by cancellation of such awards, provided that any such amount may be delayed to the same extent that payment of consideration to the holders of shares in connection with the merger or reorganization is delayed as a result of escrows, earnouts, holdbacks or other contingencies.

*Change of Control.* The compensation committee may provide, in an individual award agreement or in any other written agreement between a participant and us, that the share award will be subject to acceleration of vesting and exercisability in the event of a change of control.

*Transferability.* Unless the compensation committee provides otherwise, no award granted under the 2023 Plan may be transferred in any manner (prior to the vesting and lapse of any and all restrictions applicable to shares issued under such award), except by will, the laws of descent and distribution, or pursuant to a domestic relations order, provided that all ISOs may only be transferred or assigned only to the extent consistent with Section 422 of the Code.

*Amendment and Termination.* Our Board of Directors will have the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate the 2023 Plan, provided that such action does not materially impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant's written consent.

*Share Awards Granted in 2025*. During 2025, our Board of Directors granted an aggregate of 173,381 RSUs to our senior management and directors pursuant to the 2023 Plan and, as applicable to our non-employee directors, pursuant to our non-employee director compensation policy. In the first quarter of 2026, our Board of Directors granted an aggregate of 2,514,498 RSUs pursuant to the 2023 Plan to our senior management and directors, and, as applicable to our non-employee directors, pursuant to our non-employee director compensation policy, of which 1,655,533 RSUs were granted with respect to services performed in whole or in part prior to the start of the 2025 fiscal year.

***Recoupment Policy***

Effective as of November 24, 2023, we adopted incentive-based compensation recoupment policy that provides for the recoupment of excess incentive compensation paid to executive officers in the event of an accounting restatement due to material noncompliance with financial reporting requirements in accordance with NASDAQ listing standards and Exchange Act Rule 10D-1. The policy applies to compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based in whole or in part upon the attainment of a financial reporting measure and provides for the reimbursement or forfeiture by the executive officer of the excess portion of the compensation received by the executive officers during the three preceding fiscal years.

**Compensation of Non-Employee Directors**

Employee directors do not receive any additional compensation with respect to service on our Board of Directors. We reimburse all of our non-employee directors for their reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses in connection with their attendance at Board and committee meetings. During fiscal year 2025, each of our non-employee directors received compensation for their service on our Board of Directors in accordance with the terms of our non-employee director compensation policy.

In September 2024, we amended our non-employee director compensation policy effective as of July 13, 2024. Pursuant to our amended non-employee director compensation policy, each non-employee director is entitled to receive an annual cash retainer of $75,000 (or $90,000 for the lead director), plus the following additional annual retainers for committee service:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Committee** | **Chair** | **Member** |
| Compensation Committee | $20000 | $10000 |
| Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee | 10000 | 7500 |
| Audit Committee | 20000 | 12500 |

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For fiscal year 2025, we paid cash compensation in an aggregate amount of approximately $0.53 million to our non-employee directors (which includes the pro-rated annual cash retainer and committee fees paid to Mr. Sennhauser for his service as a non-employee director through October 31, 2025. Mr. Sennhauser was appointed as our Chief Technology Officer – Infrastructure of the Company as of November 1, 2025. Compensation paid to Mr. Sennhauser for his services as an employee is reflected in the figure set forth above under "*Director, Senior Management and Employees* – *Compensation* – *Senior Management* – *Cash Compensation*").

The non-employee director compensation policy also provides for the annual grant of RSUs (each, an "Annual Award") under the 2023 Plan following July 13 of each year (which corresponds to the closing date of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement) (the "Annual Grant Date"), with respect to a number of ordinary shares with a fair value equal to (i) $300,000 in the case of the lead director and (ii) $230,000 in the case of the other non-employee directors. The number of shares underlying each Annual Award will be equal to the fair value of the Annual Award divided by average per share closing price for the twenty (20)-day period ending on the trading day prior to the Annual Grant for the applicable year, rounded down to the nearest whole share. Non-employee directors who are elected to our Board of Directors after the Annual Grant date for the applicable year will receive a prorated Annual Award. Except as otherwise approved by our Board of Directors, each Annual Award will become fully vested, subject to continued service as a director, on the earlier of the 12-month anniversary of the Annual Grant date, and the consummation of a change in control (as defined in the 2023 Plan). Our Board of Directors may also approve other equity grants to our non-employee directors under the 2023 Plan in addition to or in lieu of the grants described above.

For information regarding the equity awards granted to our non-employee directors, see Item 6.B. "*Director, Senior Management and Employees* – *Compensation* – *Senior Management* – *Equity Incentive Plan – Share Awards Granted in 2025*."

**6. C. BOARD PRACTICES**

**Independence of Directors**

As a result of Gorilla's ordinary shares being listed on Nasdaq, Gorilla adheres to the rules of Nasdaq in determining whether a director is independent. The board of directors of Gorilla has consulted, and will consult, with its counsel to ensure that the board's determinations are consistent with those rules and all relevant securities and other laws and regulations regarding the independence of directors. The Nasdaq listing standards define an "independent director" as a person, other than an executive officer of a company or any other individual having a relationship which, in the opinion of the issuer's board of directors, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.

**Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight**

Mr. Jayesh "Jay" Chandan is our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. The Board does not anticipate implementing a policy requiring the positions of the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer to be separate or held by the same individual. Any further determination to create such a policy is expected to be based on circumstances existing from time to time, based on criteria that are in Gorilla's best interests and the best interests of its shareholders, including the composition, skills and experience of the Board and its members, specific challenges faced by Gorilla or the industry in which it operates, and governance efficiency. Combining the roles of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer will help provide strong and consistent leadership for the management team and Board. However, the Board may decide in the future to separate the roles of Chairman and Chief Executive Officers if it determines that such structure provides better and more effective oversight and management of Gorilla. If the Board convenes for a meeting, it is expected that the non-management directors will meet in one or more executive sessions, if the circumstances warrant it. The Board has appointed Ruth Kelly, an independent director, as Lead Director. Jay Chandan has signed an employment contract providing that he shall be paid £225,000 as severance pay if he is terminated without cause, provided certain conditions are met. No other director has a contract with Gorilla which provides for benefits upon termination of employment.

Gorilla also believes in the importance of independent oversight. Gorilla will look to ensure that this oversight is truly independent and effective through a variety of means.

The Board has two classes of directors: Class I and Class II. Pursuant to Gorilla's amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Class I Directors stand appointed for a term expiring at the Company's second annual general meeting, and the Class II directors stand appointed for a term expiring at the Company's third annual general meeting. Jayesh Chandan, Keith Levy, and Thomas Sennhauser are Class I directors. Evan Medeiros, Gregg Walker and Ruth Kelly are Class II directors.

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**Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors**

Gorilla has established a separately standing audit committee, compensation committee, and nominating and corporate governance committee (the "nominating committee").

**Audit Committee Information**

Gorilla has established an audit committee comprised of independent directors. The audit committee consists of Ruth Kelly, Gregg Walker, Evan Medeiros and Keith Levy. Each of the members of the audit committee is independent under the applicable Nasdaq listing standards. The audit committee has a written charter. The purpose of the audit committee is, among other things, to appoint, retain, set compensation of, and supervise Gorilla's independent accountants, review the results and scope of the audit and other accounting related services and review Gorilla's accounting practices and systems of internal accounting and disclosure controls.

***Financial Experts on Audit Committee***

The audit committee is, will at all times be, composed exclusively of "independent directors," as defined for audit committee members under the Nasdaq listing standards and the rules and regulations of the SEC, who are "financially literate," as defined under Nasdaq's listing standards. Nasdaq's listing standards define "financially literate" as being able to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including a company's balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. In addition, Gorilla has, and will continue to have, at least one member who has past employment experience in finance or accounting, requisite professional certification in accounting, or other comparable experience or background that results in the individual's financial sophistication.

Gregg Walker serves as a financial expert on the audit committee.

**Compensation Committee Information**

The board of directors of Gorilla has established a compensation committee. The compensation committee consists of Ruth Kelly, Gregg Walker, and Evan Medeiros. The compensation committee has a written charter. The purpose of the compensation committee is to review and approve compensation paid to Gorilla's senior management and directors and to administer Gorilla's incentive compensation plans, if any, including authority to make and modify awards under such plans.

The compensation committee assists the Board in determining its responsibilities in relation to remuneration, including, amongst other matters, making recommendations to the Board on the Company's policy on executive compensation, determining the individual remuneration and benefits package of each of the executive directors and recommending and monitoring the remuneration of senior management below Board level.

**Nominating Committee**

Gorilla's nominating committee consists of Ruth Kelly, Gregg Walker, and Keith Levy, and it is responsible, among other things, for:

● select the director slate (or recommend the slate to the full board of directors);

● oversee board governance;

● develop board meeting procedures; and

● evaluate the effectiveness of board.

**Corporate Governance Practices**

As a foreign private issuer, Gorilla may generally follow home country practice with respect to certain matters of corporate governance in lieu of the comparable governance provisions of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, except for certain matters including the composition and responsibilities of the audit committee and the independence of its members within the meaning of the rules and regulations of the SEC.

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Gorilla intends to follow home country practice in lieu of Nasdaq corporate governance requirements with respect to the following Nasdaq requirements:

● *Executive Sessions.* We will not be required to and, in reliance on home country practice, we may not, comply with certain Nasdaq rules requiring Gorilla's independent directors to meet in regularly scheduled executive sessions at which only independent directors are present. Gorilla will follow Cayman Islands practice which does not require independent directors to meet regularly in executive sessions separate from the full board of directors.

● *Proxy Statements.* We will not be required to and, in reliance on home country practice, we may not, comply with certain Nasdaq rules regarding the provision of proxy statements for general meetings of shareholders. Gorilla will follow Cayman Islands practice which does not impose a regulatory regime for the solicitation of proxies.

● *Shareholder Approval.* Gorilla will not be required to and, in reliance on home country practice, it does not intend to, comply with certain Nasdaq rules regarding shareholder approval for certain issuances of securities under Nasdaq Rule 5635. In accordance with the provisions of Gorilla's Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, Gorilla's board of directors is authorized to issue securities, including ordinary shares, preference shares, warrants and convertible notes.

**6. D. EMPLOYEES**

As of December 31, 2025, we had 200 employees, including 7 part-time employees, of whom 181 were based in Asia, 11 were based in Africa, 6 were based in Europe, and 2 were based in the Americas. Gorilla fosters a collaborative and inclusive work environment, ensuring strong employee engagement across its global operations. None of Gorilla's employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. Gorilla maintains positive employee relations, which have contributed to uninterrupted operations and a stable workforce.

**6. E. SHARE OWNERSHIP**

For information regarding the share ownership of directors and senior management, see Item 7. "*Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions* – *7.A. Major Shareholders.*" For information as to our equity incentive plans, see Item 6.B. "*Director, Senior Management and Employees* – *Compensation* – *Senior Management* – *Equity Incentive Plan*" and Item 6.B. "*Compensation* – *Non-Employee Directors*."

***6.F.* DISCLOSURE OF REGISTRANT**'**S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION**

None.

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**ITEM 7: MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS**

**7. A. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS**

The following table shows the beneficial ownership of ordinary shares as of March 20, 2026 by:

● each person known by Gorilla to beneficially own more than 5% of the outstanding ordinary shares;

● each member of Gorilla's senior management and its board of directors; and

● all of Gorilla's senior management and directors as a group.

Unless otherwise indicated, Gorilla believes that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned by them. Such shareholders do not have voting rights which differ from the voting rights held by other holders of ordinary shares. Except as otherwise noted herein, the number and percentage of ordinary shares beneficially owned is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under such rule, beneficial ownership includes any ordinary shares as to which the holder has sole or shared voting power or investment power and also any ordinary shares which the holder has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 20, 2026 through the exercise of any option, conversion or any other right. However, this means that the following table does not reflect RSUs issued to our senior management and directors that will not vest within 60 days of March 20, 2026 or are subject to vesting conditions that cannot necessarily be satisfied within 60 days, such as the achievement of market capitalization targets, which RSUs would otherwise represent approximately 3.5% of the ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of that date.

As of March 20, 2026, there were 27,653,859 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, not including 407,989 treasury shares held by the company.

Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each beneficial owner is c/o Gorilla Technology Group Inc., 64 North Row, London, United Kingdom W1K 7DA.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name and Address of Beneficial Owner** | **Number of Shares Beneficially Owned** | **Percentage Outstanding** |
| ***Senior Management and Directors:*** |  |  |
| Jayesh "Jay" Chandan, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board | 1095471 | 4.0% |
| Dr. Rajesh "Raj" Natarajan, Chief Innovation Officer | 679853 | 2.5% |
| Bruce Bower, Chief Financial Officer <sup>(1)</sup> | 55784 | \* |
| Thomas Sennhauser / Chief Technology Officer – Infrastructure | 52537 | \* |
| Jackie Wang, General Manager – Asia |  | \* |
| Ruth Kelly | 121627 | \* |
| Keith Levy | 41111 | \* |
| Evan Medeiros | 38726 | \* |
| Gregg Walker | 44608 | \* |
| All senior management and directors as a group (9 individuals) | 2129717 | 7.7% |
| ***Five Percent or More Holders:*** |  |  |
| N/A |  |  |

---

\* Less than 1%.

<sup>(1)</sup> Includes 1,600 shares beneficially owned by Canarias Holding Ltd, an entity controlled by Mr. Bower's spouse.

**7. B. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS**

**Exculpation, Indemnification and Insurance.**

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Association permit Gorilla to exculpate, indemnify and insure certain of its officers to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Act. Gorilla has entered into agreements with certain office holders, exculpating them from a breach of their duty of care to Gorilla to the fullest extent permitted by law and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law.

**7. C. INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL**

Not applicable.

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**ITEM 8: FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

**8. A. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

**Consolidated Financial Statements**

We have appended our audited consolidated financial statements under Item 18. "*Financial Statements*" of this Annual Report.

**Legal Proceedings**

Gorilla may become involved in actions, claims, litigation, and other legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of its business from time to time, including assertions by third parties relating to intellectual property infringement, contract or warranty breaches, or employment-related matters.

The SPAC Representative (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) is suing Gorilla for 2022 Earnout Shares and legal expenses. The Company has cooperated with all claims for 2022 Earnout Shares submitted by CVR holders other than the PIPE Investors. The Company has separately sued the PIPE Investors, accusing them of share price manipulation that breaches the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and seeking excuse from further performance under the Business Combination Agreement. A potential for damages exists regarding the release of shares and expense coverage. The Company believes that fraudulent conduct by the PIPE Investors and wasteful expenses provide a basis for a strong defense against the action.

Except as otherwise disclosed above, Gorilla is not currently a party to any actions, claims, suits, or other legal procedures whose conclusion, if not determined in its favor, would have a major adverse effect on Gorilla's business, financial condition or results of operations, either individually or in the aggregate.

**Policy on Dividend Distributions**

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our ordinary shares would be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and would depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, we may enter into financing arrangements with third-parties which may contain covenants restricting Gorilla's ability to pay dividends in the future.

**8. B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES**

No significant changes have occurred since December 31, 2025, except as otherwise disclosed in this Annual Report.

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**ITEM 9: THE OFFER AND LISTING**

**9. A. OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS**

Our ordinary shares and warrants began trading on Nasdaq under the symbols "GRRR" and "GRRRW," respectively, on July 14, 2022. Global's units, subunits and warrants were previously listed on the Nasdaq under the symbols "GLSPU," "GLSPT," and "GLSPW," respectively. Global's securities each commenced separate public trading on April 13, 2021. Global's subunits and units automatically separated into the component securities upon consummation of the Merger and, as a result, no longer trade as a separate security. Upon the closing of the Merger, Global's ordinary shares were converted into our ordinary shares, and Global's warrants were converted into our warrants. On April 14, 2026, the closing prices for our ordinary shares and warrants on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC were $11.81 per ordinary share and $0.28 per warrant.

**9. B. PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION**

Not applicable.

**9. C. MARKETS**

See Item 9.A. "*Offer and Listing Details*."

**9. D. SELLING SHAREHOLDERS**

Not applicable.

**9. E. DILUTION**

Not applicable.

**9. F. EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE**

Not applicable.

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**ITEM 10: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION**

**10. A. SHARE CAPITAL**

Not applicable.

**10. B. MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION**

Our authorized share capital consists of 73,500,000 ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.001 each and 15,000,000 preference shares of a par value of US$0.0001.

The following is a description of our share capital and provisions of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, which became effective upon the closing of the Merger, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report. The figures in this section give effect to the Reverse Split.

**Ordinary Shares**

*Dividends.* Subject to any rights and restrictions of any other class or series of shares, our board of directors may, from time to time, declare dividends on the shares issued and authorize payment of the dividends out of our lawfully available funds. No dividends shall be declared by our board except the following:

● profits; or

● "share premium account," which represents the excess of the price paid to us on the issue of our shares over the par or "nominal" value of those shares, which is similar to the U.S. concept of additional paid in capital.

However, no dividend shall bear interest against us.

*Voting Rights.* The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by shareholders.

There is no cumulative voting with respect to the election of our directors, with the result that the holders of more than 50% of the shares voted for the election of directors can elect all of the directors.

Holders of our ordinary shares do not have any conversion, preemptive or other subscription rights and there will be no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to our ordinary shares.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, (i) an ordinary resolution requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shareholders who attend and vote at a general meeting of the Company; and (ii) a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of a majority of at least two-thirds of the shareholders who attend and vote at a general meeting of the Company.

Under Cayman Islands law, some matters, such as amending the memorandum and articles of association, changing the name or resolving to be registered by way of continuation in a jurisdiction outside the Cayman Islands, require the approval of shareholders by a special resolution.

There are no limitations on non-residents or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our ordinary shares imposed by foreign law or by the charter or other of our constituent documents. However, no person will be entitled to vote at any general meeting or at any separate meeting of the holders of our ordinary shares unless the person is registered as of the record date for such meeting and unless all calls or other sums presently payable by the person in respect of our ordinary shares have been paid.

*Winding Up; Liquidation.* Upon our winding up, after the full amount that holders of any issued shares ranking senior to our ordinary shares as to distribution on liquidation or winding up are entitled to receive has been paid or set aside for payment, the holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to receive any of our remaining assets available for distribution as determined by the liquidator. The assets received by the holders of our ordinary shares in a liquidation may consist in whole or in part of a property, which is not required to be of the same kind for all shareholders.

*Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares.* Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 days prior to the specified time and place of payment. Any ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

*Redemption of Ordinary Shares.* We may issue shares that are, or at our option or at the option of the holders are, subject to redemption on such terms and in such manner as it may, before the issue of the shares, determine. Under the Companies Act, shares of a Cayman Islands company may be redeemed or repurchased out of profits of the company, out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for that purpose or out of capital, provided our memorandum and articles of association authorize this and we have the ability to pay our debts as they come due in the ordinary course of business.

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*No Preemptive Rights.* Holders of our ordinary shares will have no preemptive or preferential right to purchase any of our securities.

*Variation of Rights Attaching to Shares.* If at any time the share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attaching to any class (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may, subject to our memorandum and articles of association, be varied or abrogated with the consent in writing of the holders of two-thirds of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. We may by ordinary resolution increase our authorized share capital.

*Anti-Takeover Provisions.* Some provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that authorize our board of directors to issue preference shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preference shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders.

*Special Considerations for Exempted Companies.* We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below:

● an exempted company does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

● an exempted company's register of members is not open to inspection;

● an exempted company does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

● an exempted company may issue shares with no par value;

● an exempted company may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 20 years in the first instance);

● an exempted company may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

● an exempted company may register as a limited duration company; and

● an exempted company may register as a segregated portfolio company.

**Preference Shares**

Gorilla is authorized to issue up to 15,000,000 blank check preference shares with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by Gorilla's board of directors. Accordingly, Gorilla's board of directors are empowered, without shareholder approval, to issue preference shares with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of ordinary shares. In addition, the preference shares could be utilized as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of Gorilla.

**Description of Series C Ordinary Share Purchase Warrants**

*Form.* The Series C Warrants are governed by the provisions contained in the Series C Warrant.

*Term.* The Series C Warrants will expire on June 10, 2029.

*Exercisability.* The Series C Warrants are exercisable at any time after their issuance, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and by payment in full of the exercise price in immediately available funds for the number of ordinary shares purchased upon such exercise. In the event there is no registration statement registering the ordinary shares underlying the Series C Warrants, then as an alternative to payment of the exercise price in immediately available funds, the holder may elect to exercise the Series C Warrant through a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of ordinary shares determined according to the formula set forth in the Series C Warrant. No fractional ordinary shares will be issued in connection with the exercise of a Series C Warrant.

*Exercise Limitations.* We may not effect the exercise of any Series C Warrants, and a holder will not be entitled or able to exercise any portion of any Series B Warrant, which, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause (i) the aggregate number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election by a holder, 9.99%) of the number of ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, or (ii) the combined voting power of our securities beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election by a holder, 9.99%) of the combined voting power of all of our securities then outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Series C Warrants.

*Exercise Price.* The exercise price per whole share of our ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of the Series C Warrants is $5.90 per ordinary share. The exercise price of the Series C Warrants and the number of ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Series C Warrants are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain share dividends and distributions, share splits, share combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our ordinary shares and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, shares or other property to our shareholders.

*Transferability.* Subject to applicable laws, the Series C Warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent. The Series C Warrants will be held in definitive form by the purchasers. The ownership of the Series C Warrants and any transfers of the Series C Warrants will be registered in a warrant register maintained by us or our transfer agent.

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*Exchange Listing.* We do not plan on applying to list the Series C Warrants on Nasdaq, any other national securities exchange or any other nationally recognized trading system.

*Fundamental Transactions.* In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Series C Warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our ordinary shares, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding ordinary shares, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding ordinary shares, upon consummation of such a fundamental transaction, the holders of the Series C Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Series C Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Series C Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction without regard to any limitations on exercise contained in the Series C Warrants, and any additional consideration receivable as a result of such fundamental transaction, or, in certain cases, at such holder's election, cash equal to the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the Series C Warrant.

*No Rights as a Shareholder.* Except by virtue of such holder's ownership of ordinary shares, the holder of a Series C Warrant does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our ordinary shares, including any voting rights or the rights to receive dividends, until the holder exercises the Series C Warrant.

**Description of Placement Agent Ordinary Share Purchase Warrants**

*Form.* The Placement Agent Warrants are governed by the provisions contained in the Placement Agent Warrant.

*Term.* The Placement Agent Warrants will expire on July 2, 2030.

*Exercisability.* The Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable at any time after their issuance, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and by payment in full of the exercise price in immediately available funds for the number of ordinary shares purchased upon such exercise. In the event there is no registration statement registering the ordinary shares underlying the Placement Agent Warrants, then as an alternative to payment of the exercise price in immediately available funds, the holder may elect to exercise the Placement Agent Warrant through a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of ordinary shares determined according to the formula set forth in the Placement Agent Warrant. No fractional ordinary shares will be issued in connection with the exercise of a Placement Agent Warrant.

*Exercise Limitations.* We may not effect the exercise of any Placement Agent Warrants, and a holder will not be entitled or able to exercise any portion of any Placement Agent Warrant, which, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause (i) the aggregate number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election by a holder, 9.99%) of the number of ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, or (ii) the combined voting power of our securities beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election by a holder, 9.99%) of the combined voting power of all of our securities then outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Placement Agent Warrants.

*Exercise Price.* The exercise price per whole share of our ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants is $21.00 per ordinary share. The exercise price of the Placement Agent Warrants and the number of ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain share dividends and distributions, share splits, share combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our ordinary shares and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, shares or other property to our shareholders.

*Transferability.* Subject to applicable laws, the Placement Agent Warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent. The ownership of the Placement Agent Warrants and any transfers of the Placement Agent Warrants will be registered in a warrant register maintained by us or our transfer agent.

*Exchange Listing.* We do not plan on applying to list the Placement Agent Warrants on Nasdaq, any other national securities exchange or any other nationally recognized trading system.

*Fundamental Transactions.* In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Placement Agent Warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our ordinary shares, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding ordinary shares, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding ordinary shares, upon consummation of such a fundamental transaction, the holders of the Placement Agent Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Placement Agent Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction without regard to any limitations on exercise contained in the Placement Agent Warrants, and any additional consideration receivable as a result of such fundamental transaction, or, in certain cases, at such holder's election, cash equal to the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the Placement Agent Warrant.

*No Rights as a Shareholder.* Except by virtue of such holder's ownership of ordinary shares, the holder of a Placement Agent Warrant does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our ordinary shares, including any voting rights or the rights to receive dividends, until the holder exercises the Placement Agent Warrant.

**Contingent Value Rights**

This section reflects events and figures prior to the Reverse Split. To the extent there are ordinary shares currently underlying CVRs, the number of such shares was reduced by a factor of ten as a result of the Reverse Split.

In connection with the Transactions, Gorilla issued one Class A CVR to the holders of the outstanding Global ordinary shares that were not redeemed or converted in the Redemption, including PIPE Subunits purchased under the Amended Subscription Agreement (but not Class B ordinary shares of Global or Global securities purchased in the IPO Private Placement). Following the Redemption, pursuant to which almost 91% of Global public shareholders redeemed their Global ordinary shares, and the issuance of Gorilla ordinary shares, there were 368,035 Gorilla ordinary shares held by public holders and 4,139,840 Gorilla ordinary shares held by PIPE Investors. Therefore, the total number of Class A CVRs issued is 4,507,875, which were issued to a concentrated number of public holders and the two PIPE Investors. Each Class A CVR entitles the holder to receive (as a new reissuance by Gorilla of equivalent Gorilla ordinary shares or other securities or property forfeited as part of applicable Earnout Shares) (A) a pro rata portion, among holders of Class A CVRs, of the Price Protection Shares, and (B) a pro rata portion, among holders of all CVRs, of the Revenue Protection Shares.

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Additionally, under the Contingent Value Rights Agreement entered into around the time of the Closing, each of the PIPE Investors received, for each PIPE Subunit purchased under the Amended Subscription Agreement, one-half (½) of one Class B CVR, entitling them to receive (as a new reissuance by Gorilla of equivalent Gorilla ordinary shares or other securities or property forfeited as part of applicable Earnout Shares) a pro rata portion, among holders of all CVRs, of the Revenue Protection Shares. The Class B CVRs shall only be entitled to receive Revenue Protection Shares, and shall not have any rights with respect to any Price Protection Shares. Global public holders were not be entitled to any Class B CVRs or the Revenue Protection Shares subject thereto. The effect of the separate classification of Class A CVRs and Class B CVRs is to entitle the PIPE Investors to a proportionally larger amount of Revenue Protection Shares than the Global public holders.

The holders of Class A CVRs and Class B CVRs were provided with a significant valuation protection through the opportunity to obtain additional contingent consideration in the form of additional shares of Gorilla. Two types of valuation protection are offered: revenue protection, based on certain financial performance and reporting milestones for Gorilla; and price protection, based on Gorilla's stock performance following the Closing.

*2022 Price Protection*

The Earnout Shares, as Price Protection Shares, would be forfeited by the Gorilla shareholders and Gorilla ordinary shares will be issued to the holders of Class A CVRs if the 20-day volume weighted average price ("VWAP") of Gorilla's ordinary shares is less than the Redemption Price, such price to be determined as of (i) the end of the third quarter of 2022, (ii) the end of the fourth quarter of 2022, (iii) upon Gorilla's filing of its Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 with the SEC and (iv) if the share price of the Gorilla ordinary shares is below $5.00 for five consecutive trading days.

The share price of the Gorilla ordinary shares fell below $5.00 for five consecutive trading days as of market close on December 21, 2022, which triggered a Price Protection Share forfeiture as described above. Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, the SPAC Representative (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) furnished the following calculation supporting the forfeiture of 1,137,577 Price Protection Shares:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **<u>Variables</u>** |  |
| *A<sub>x</sub>* | Number of Class A CVRs outstanding |
| *A<sub>y</sub>* | Redemption Price |
| *A<sub>z</sub>* | Average daily VWAP during the 20 trading days up to and including the test date |
| *B* | Number of Class A CVRs outstanding |
| *C* | Amount of Earnout Shares previously forfeited |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **<u>Values as of December</u> <u>21, 2022</u>** |  |
| A<sub>x</sub> | 4507875 |
| *A<sub>y</sub>* | $10.190 |
| *A<sub>z</sub>* | $8.137 |
| *B* | 4507875 |
| *C* | 0 |
| **<u>Calculations</u>** |  |
| ![calc.jpg](calc.jpg) | Number of forfeited Price Protection Shares |
| ![calc.jpg](calc.jpg) |  |
| ![calc.jpg](calc.jpg) |  |
| 5645452 - 4507875 – 0 | 1137577 |

---

The Company Representative (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) did not object to this calculation. As a result, 1,137,577 Price Protection Shares were forfeited and each Class A CVR holder became entitled to approximately 0.252 Gorilla ordinary shares per Class A CVR (calculated by dividing 1,137,577 by 4,507,875).

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Additionally, the SPAC Representative determined that 20-day VWAP of Gorilla's ordinary shares was less than the Redemption Price at the end of the fourth quarter of 2022. The SPAC Representative furnished the following calculation supporting the forfeiture of an additional 1,384,951 Price Protection Shares:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **<u>Values as of December</u> <u>30, 2022</u>** |  |
| *A<sub>x</sub>* | 4507875 |
| *A<sub>y</sub>* | $10.190 |
| A<sub>z</sub> | $6.534 |
| *B* | 4507875 |
| *C* | 1137577 |
| **<u>Calculations</u>** |  |
| ![calc02.jpg](calc02.jpg) | Number of forfeited Price Protection Shares |
| ![calc02.jpg](calc02.jpg) |  |
| ![calc02.jpg](calc02.jpg) |  |
| 7030403 - 4507875 - 1137577 | 1384951 |

---

The Company Representative did not object to this calculation. As a result, an additional 1,384,951 Price Protection Shares were cancelled and each Class A CVR holder became entitled to approximately 0.307 Gorilla ordinary shares per Class A CVR (calculated by dividing 1,384,951 by 4,507,875).

*2022 Annual Report Test*

8.4 million (60%) of the total Earnout Shares (the "2022 Earnout Shares") are eligible to be earned by the Gorilla shareholders, which amount will be reduced by the forfeiture of any Price Protection Shares in 2022. As a result of the forfeitures described above, 5,877,472 of the 2022 Earnout Shares remained eligible to be earned. Gorilla shareholders would forfeit such remaining 2022 Earnout Shares because the 2022 Annual Report was not filed with the SEC on or before March 31, 2023. The Company delivered a Revenue Earnout Statement (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) within the timeframes outlined by the Business Combination Agreement supporting the forfeiture of the remaining 2022 Earnout Shares. The remaining 2022 Earnout Shares were forfeited on or about November 18, 2025. As of the date hereof, 369,920 of the remaining 2022 Earnout Shares (36,992 after accounting for the Reverse Split) have been reissued to CVR holders.

*2022 Price Protection Earnout Dispute*

There is an ongoing dispute between the SPAC Representative and the Company Representative regarding the forfeiture Earnout Shares for the appropriate VWAP at the time of filing of Gorilla's Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022. An Independent Expert (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) was appointed to resolve such dispute. After the Independent Expert submitted its report, the SPAC Representative submitted an additional Price Protection Statement (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement). The Company Representative objected to the Price Protection Statement. While not disputing the finality of the Independent Expert's report with respect to the matters ruled upon, the Company Representative asserted that the Independent Expert had not ruled with respect to the issue that the Company Representative was now raising (despite the fact that the Company Representative had asked the Independent Expert to rule on such issue). The Company Representative asked that, if the SPAC Representative disagrees with the Company Representative, that a new Independent Expert should be appointed. The SPAC Representative asserted that it disagrees with the Company Representative. The dispute remains ongoing. The Company anticipates that a resolution in favor of the SPAC Representative would cause the forfeiture of a little over one million 2023 Earnout Shares (as defined below) as Price Protection Shares. The Company anticipates that a resolution in favor of the Company Representative would not cause the forfeiture of any 2022 Earnout Shares which have not yet been forfeited. An independent expert has been engaged and the SPAC Representative and Company Representative.

*2023 Price Protection*

If the 20-day volume weighted average price of Gorilla's ordinary shares is less than the Redemption Price upon the filing of this Form 20-F, some or all remaining Earnout Shares, after giving effect to any 2022 forfeitures or earnings described above (such remaining Earnout Shares, the "2023 Earnout Shares") may be forfeited by Gorilla shareholders and Gorilla ordinary shares will be issued to the holders of Class A CVRs.

*2023 Consolidated Margin and 2023 Annual Report Test*

After giving effect to any forfeiture of Price Protection Shares in 2023, if Gorilla failed to maintain its gross margin compared to the gross margin from the prior year (the "Gross Margin Test"), the Gorilla shareholders would potentially forfeit any remaining 2023 Earnout Shares. Gorilla's gross margin for the fiscal year 2023 was greater than its gross margin for the fiscal year 2022. Additionally, Gorilla failed to file a Form 20-F for fiscal year 2023 prior to March 31, 2024 (the "Annual Report Test").

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In April 2024, the SPAC Representative requested that the 2023 Earnout Shares be forfeited because the Annual Report Test was not satisfied. The Company Representative objected to the SPAC Representative's request because the Company Representative contended that all of the tests relating to 2023 Earnout Shares needed to fail for forfeiture to be triggered, and the outcome of the Gross Margin Test was unknown. The SPAC Representative asserted it disagreed with the Company Representative's interpretation of the Business Combination Agreement.

*2023 Revenue Protection*

Any remaining 2023 Earnout Shares, after giving effect to any of the forfeitures described above, will be earned by Gorilla shareholders if the 2023 revenue is at least $90 million. Because 2023 revenue was less than $90 million, it is possible that all 2023 Earnout Shares will be forfeited and new Gorilla ordinary shares will be issued to the Class A CVR holders and Class B CVR holders.

*2023 Forfeitures*

Gorilla passed the Gross Margin Test for 2023 Earnout Shares and failed all other tests that are used to evaluate whether the 2023 Earnout Shares will be forfeited to holders. Such failures may cause the 2023 Earnout Shares to be forfeited to holders of CVRs. Gorilla does not decide the amount of Earnout Shares, if any, to be distributed to CVR holders or Gorilla shareholders. Such power lies in the hands of the Company Representative and the SPAC Representative. Gorilla cannot predict with certainty the outcome of the process between such parties with respect to the distribution of Earnout Shares.

In May 2024, Gorilla's CFO delivered a Revenue Earnout Statement supporting the forfeiture of no 2023 Earnout Shares. The Revenue Earnout Statement noted Gorilla passed the Gross Margin Test and asserted that the proviso "in the event that all of the tests set forth in Section 1.2(b)(vi) are not satisfied" preceded every provision which Gorilla had been able to identify which gave rise to forfeiture of 2023 Earnout Shares. Because the Gross Margin Test had been satisfied, Gorilla acknowledged that the condition that "all" of the tests "are not satisfied" had not been met. The SPAC Representative delivered a timely objection to this Revenue Earnout Statement. The SPAC Representative did not dispute that the Gross Margin Test had passed. An independent expert has been engaged and the SPAC Representative and Company Representative each submitted briefs to the independent expert in February 2026.

Under our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, a general notice that a director is a shareholder, director, officer or employee of any specified firm or company and is to be regarded as interested in any transaction with such firm or company shall be sufficient disclosure for the purposes of voting on a resolution in respect of a contract or transaction in which he has an interest, and after such general notice it shall not be necessary to give special notice relating to any particular transaction.

**Comparison of Cayman Islands Corporate Law and U.S. Corporate Law**

Cayman Islands companies are governed by the Companies Act. The Companies Act is modeled on English Law but does not follow recent English Law statutory enactments, and differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the material differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.

*Mergers and Similar Arrangements*

In certain circumstances the Cayman Islands Companies Act allows for mergers or consolidations between two Cayman Islands companies, or between a Cayman Islands company and a company incorporated in another jurisdiction (provided that is facilitated by the laws of that other jurisdiction).

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Where the merger or consolidation is between two Cayman Islands companies, the directors of each company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation containing certain prescribed information. That plan or merger or consolidation must then be authorized by either (a) a special resolution (usually a majority of 66 2/3 % in value) of the shareholders of each company; or (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company's articles of association.

A shareholder has the right to vote on a merger or consolidation regardless of whether the shares that he holds otherwise give him voting rights. No shareholder resolution is required for a merger between a parent company (i.e., a company that owns at least 90% of the issued shares of each class in a subsidiary company) and its subsidiary company.

The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest of a constituent company must be obtained, unless the court waives such requirement. If the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies is satisfied that the requirements of the Companies Act (which includes certain other formalities) have been complied with, the Registrar of Companies will register the plan of merger or consolidation.

Where the merger or consolidation involves a foreign company, the procedure is similar, save that with respect to the foreign company, the director of the Cayman Islands company is required to make a declaration to the effect that, having made due enquiry, he is of the opinion that the requirements set out below have been met: (i) that the merger or consolidation is permitted or not prohibited by the constitutional documents of the foreign company and by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the foreign company is incorporated, and that those laws and any requirements of those constitutional documents have been or will be complied with; (ii) that no petition or other similar proceeding has been filed and remains outstanding or order made or resolution adopted to wind up or liquidate the foreign company in any jurisdictions; (iii) that no receiver, trustee, administrator or other similar person has been appointed in any jurisdiction and is acting in respect of the foreign company, its affairs or its property or any part thereof; (iv) that no scheme, order, compromise or other similar arrangement has been entered into or made in any jurisdiction whereby the rights of creditors of the foreign company are and continue to be suspended or restricted.

Where the surviving company is the Cayman Islands company, the director of the Cayman Islands company is further required to make a declaration to the effect that, having made due enquiry, he is of the opinion that the requirements set out below have been met: (i) that the foreign company is able to pay its debts as they fall due and that the merger or consolidated is bona fide and not intended to defraud unsecured creditors of the foreign company; (ii) that in respect of the transfer of any security interest granted by the foreign company to the surviving or consolidated company (a) consent or approval to the transfer has been obtained, released or waived; (b) the transfer is permitted by and has been approved in accordance with the constitutional documents of the foreign company; and (c) the laws of the jurisdiction of the foreign company with respect to the transfer have been or will be complied with; (iii) that the foreign company will, upon the merger or consolidation becoming effective, cease to be incorporated, registered or exist under the laws of the relevant foreign jurisdiction; and (iv) that there is no other reason why it would be against the public interest to permit the merger or consolidation.

Where the above procedures are adopted, the Companies Act provides for a right of dissenting shareholders to be paid a payment of the fair value of his shares upon their dissenting to the merger or consolidation if they follow a prescribed procedure. In essence, that procedure is as follows (a) the shareholder must give his written objection to the merger or consolidation to the constituent company before the vote on the merger or consolidation, including a statement that the shareholder proposes to demand payment for his shares if the merger or consolidation is authorized by the vote; (b) within 20 days following the date on which the merger or consolidation is approved by the shareholders, the constituent company must give written notice to each shareholder who made a written objection; (c) a shareholder must within 20 days following receipt of such notice from the constituent company, give the constituent company a written notice of his intention to dissent including, among other details, a demand for payment of the fair value of his shares; (d) within seven days following the date of the expiration of the period set out in paragraph (b) above or seven days following the date on which the plan of merger or consolidation is filed, whichever is later, the constituent company, the surviving company or the consolidated company must make a written offer to each dissenting shareholder to purchase his shares at a price that the company determines is the fair value and if the company and the shareholder agree on the price within 30 days following the date on which the offer was made, the company must pay the shareholder such amount; (e) if the company and the shareholder fail to agree on a price within such 30 day period, within 20 days following the date on which such 30 day period expires, the company (and any dissenting shareholder) must file a petition with the Cayman Islands Grand Court to determine the fair value and such petition must be accompanied by a list of the names and addresses of the dissenting shareholders with whom agreements as to the fair value of their shares have not been reached by the company. At the hearing of that petition, the court has the power to determine the fair value of the shares together with a fair rate of interest, if any, to be paid by the company upon the amount determined to be the fair value. Any dissenting shareholder whose name appears on the list filed by the company may participate fully in all proceedings until the determination of fair value is reached. These rights of a dissenting shareholder are not be available in certain circumstances, for example, to dissenters holding shares of any class in respect of which an open market exists on a recognized stock exchange or recognized interdealer quotation system at the relevant date or where the consideration for such shares to be contributed are shares of any company listed on a national securities exchange or shares of the surviving or consolidated company.

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Moreover, Cayman Islands law also has separate statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction or amalgamation of companies in certain circumstances, schemes of arrangement will generally be more suited for complex mergers or other transactions involving widely held companies, commonly referred to in the Cayman Islands as a "scheme of arrangement" which may be tantamount to a merger. In the event that a merger was sought pursuant to a scheme of arrangement (the procedure of which are more rigorous and take longer to complete than the procedures typically required to consummate a merger in the United States), the arrangement in question must be approved by (a) 75% in value of the shareholders or class of shareholders, or (b) a majority in number representing 75% in value of the creditors or class of creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meeting summoned for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the terms of the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder would have the right to express to the court the view that the transaction should not be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it satisfies itself that:

● we are not proposing to act illegally or beyond the scope of our corporate authority and the statutory provisions as to majority vote have been complied with;

● the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question;

● the arrangement is such that a business person would reasonably approve; and

● the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act or that would amount to a "fraud on the minority"

If a scheme of arrangement is approved and sanctioned, or if a tender offer (as described below) is made and accepted, any dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

*Squeeze-out Provisions*

The Companies Act also contains a statutory power of compulsory acquisition, which may facilitate the "squeeze out" of dissentient minority shareholders upon a tender offer. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares to whom the offer is made, the offeror may, at any time within two months after the approval by the said holders, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith, collusion or inequitable treatment of the shareholders.

*Appointment of a Restructuring Officer*

The Companies Act also contains statutory provisions which provide that a company may present a petition to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for the appointment of a restructuring officer on the grounds that the company (a) is or is likely to become unable to pay its debts within the meaning of Section 93 of the Companies Act; and (b) intends to present a compromise or arrangement to its creditors (or classes thereof) either, pursuant to the Companies Act, the law of a foreign country or by way of a consensual restructuring. The petition may be presented by a company acting by its directors, without a resolution of its members or an express power in its articles of association. On hearing such a petition, the Cayman Islands court may, among other things, make an order appointing a restructuring officer or make any other order as the court thinks fit. During such time as a petition is presented or an order appointing a restructuring officer remains on foot, Section 91G of the Companies Act prescribes an automatic worldwide moratorium on any suits, action or other proceedings, other than criminal proceedings against the Company.

Further, transactions similar to a merger, reconstruction and/or an amalgamation may in some circumstances be achieved through other means to these statutory provisions, such as a share capital exchange, asset acquisition or control, through contractual arrangements, of an operating business.

*Shareholders*' *Suits*

Travers Thorp Alberga, our Cayman Islands legal counsel, is not aware of any reported class action having been brought in a Cayman Islands court. Derivative actions have been brought in the Cayman Islands courts, and the Cayman Islands courts have confirmed the availability for such actions. In most cases, we will be the proper plaintiff in any claim based on a breach of duty owed to us, and a claim against (for example) our officers or directors usually may not be brought by a shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority and be applied by a court in the Cayman Islands, exceptions to the foregoing principle apply in circumstances in which:

● a company is acting, or proposing to act, illegally or beyond the scope of its authority;

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● the act complained of, although not beyond the scope of the authority, could be affected if duly authorized by more than the number of votes which have actually been obtained; or

● those who control the company are perpetrating a "fraud on the minority."

A shareholder may have a direct right of action against us where the individual rights of that shareholder have been infringed or are about to be infringed.

*Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability*

Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company's memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association permit indemnification of officers and directors for losses, damages, costs and expenses incurred in their capacities as such unless such losses or damages arise from dishonesty or fraud of such directors or officers.

This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. In addition, our offer letters to our independent directors and our employment agreements with our executive officers provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

*Directors*' *Fiduciary Duties*

Under Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director acts in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he or she owes the following duties to the company: a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him or her to do so), and a duty not to put himself or herself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.

*Shareholder Action by Written Consent*

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent in its certificate of incorporation. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that shareholders may not approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.

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*Shareholder Proposals*

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual general meeting, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. An extraordinary general meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

Cayman Islands law does not provide shareholders any right to put proposals before a general meeting or requisition a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in articles of association. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call annual general meetings. However, should the board call choose to hold an annual general meeting, our amended and restated articles of association allow our shareholders to bring business before the meeting provided that the shareholder meets certain timing requirements provided for in our amended and restated articles of association. Our current articles of association do not provide our shareholders other rights to put a proposal before a meeting.

*Cumulative Voting*

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation's certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder's voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands but our amended and restated articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any fewer protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.

*Removal of Directors*

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our amended and restated articles of association, directors may be removed with or without cause, by an ordinary resolution as a matter of Cayman Islands law (which requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shareholders who attend and vote at a general meeting of the company).

*Transactions with Interested Shareholders*

The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute in its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an "interested shareholder" for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target's outstanding voting share within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target's board of directors.

Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that a general notice that a director is a shareholder, director, officer or employee of any specified firm or company and is to be regarded as interested in any transaction with such firm or company shall be sufficient disclosure for the purposes of voting on a resolution in respect of a contract or transaction in which he has an interest, and after such general notice it shall not be necessary to give special notice relating to any particular transaction.

*Dissolution; Winding up*

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation's outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.

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Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so. Under the Companies Act and our amended and restated articles of association, our company may be wound up, liquidated or dissolved by a special resolution of our shareholders.

*Variation of Rights of Shares*

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our articles, if at any time our share capital is divided into different classes (and as otherwise determined by our board of directors) the rights attached to any such class may, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any class only be materially adversely varied or abrogated with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the issued shares of the relevant class, or with the sanction of a resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of such class by a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast at such a meeting. The board of directors may vary the rights attaching to any class without the consent or approval of shareholders provided that the rights will not, in the determination of the board of directors, be materially adversely varied or abrogated by such action.

*Amendment of Governing Documents*

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation's governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. As permitted by Cayman Islands law, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may only be amended with a special resolution of our shareholders.

A copy of our amended and restated articles of association is attached as Exhibit 1.1 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Additional information called for by this item is set forth in Exhibit 2.1 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F and is incorporated herein by reference.

**10. C. MATERIAL CONTRACTS**

Summaries of the following material contracts and amendments to these contracts are included in this Annual Report in the places indicated.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Material Contract** | **Location in This Annual Report** |
| 2023 Equity Incentive Plan | *Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees* – *Compensation* – *Senior Management* – *Equity Incentive Plan.* |
| Form of Indemnification Agreement | *Item 7.B. Related Party Transactions* – *Exculpation, Indemnification and Insurance.* |
| Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy | *Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees* – *Compensation* – *Non-Employee Directors.* |

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In addition, summaries of additional material contracts not described elsewhere in this Annual Report are provided below:

***Securities Purchase Agreements and Lock-up Agreements***

On June 6, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain investors relating to the issuance and sale of 2,142,858 ordinary shares and Series C Warrants to purchase 2,142,858, ordinary shares of the Company to certain of such investors. Such investors may also participate in an amount of up to 50% of any equity financing by the Company within 24 months of closing. The agreement contains customary representations and warranties, conditions to closing, termination provisions and indemnification obligations, including for liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Series C Warrants issued in connection with the securities purchase agreement are exercisable at any time after the date of issuance at an exercise price of $5.90 per ordinary share. A holder of a Series C Warrant may not exercise such warrant if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, 9.99%) of the number of the Company's ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. As of the date hereof, 200,000 Series C Warrants remain outstanding.

On June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain investors relating to the issuance and sale of 2,529,946 ordinary shares and Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase 3,470,054 ordinary shares of the Company to certain of such investors. The agreement contains customary representations and warranties, conditions to closing, termination provisions and indemnification obligations, including for liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Pre-Funded Warrants issued in connection with the securities purchase agreement are exercisable at any time after the date of issuance at an exercise price of $0.0001 per ordinary share. A holder of a Pre-Funded Warrant may not exercise such warrant if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, 9.99%) of the number of the Company's ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. As of the date hereof, no Pre-Funded Warrants remain outstanding.

On June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a Placement Agency Agreement with Titan Partners Group LLC, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC ("Placement Agent") to act as the exclusive placement agent in connection with a registered direct offering completed in July 2025, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the placement agent, as compensation, Placement Agent Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 120,000 ordinary shares of the Company. The agreement contains customary representations and warranties, conditions to closing, termination provisions and indemnification obligations, including for liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Placement Agent Warrants issued in connection with this agreement are exercisable at any time after the date of issuance at an exercise price of $21.00 per ordinary share. A holder of a Placement Agent Warrant may not exercise such warrant if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, 9.99%) of the number of the Company's ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. As of the date hereof, 120,000 Placement Agent Warrants remain outstanding.

In addition, in connection with each securities purchase agreement described above, the Company's directors and Jayesh Chandan, Rajesh Natarajan, Bruce Bower and Mohan Raj Kumar of the Company entered into lock-up agreements, which each provided for a 60-day lockup period, subject to customary exceptions.

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***Employment Agreements with Our Senior Management***

Below is a description of the material terms of our employment agreements with certain members of our senior management. The employment agreements provide for at-will employment and sets forth each individual's base salary and eligibility for employee benefits.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company makes no representation that the terms of the employment agreements described below reflect or can be used to infer the compensation that such employee has received in the past or will reflect the compensation such employee will receive in the future. Adjustments to such employee's compensation may have been approved by the Board (or a subcommittee thereof) in the past and additional changes may be approved in the future. For further information regarding Gorilla's compensation of its Board and senior management, we refer you to see Item 6.B. "*Director, Senior Management and Employees* – *Compensation*" of this Annual Report.

*Employment Agreement with Jayesh* "*Jay*" *Chandan*

On April 22, 2023, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Chandan to memorialize the terms of his continued employment with us which commenced on July 14, 2022 (the "Effective Date"). During 2025, our compensation committee conducted a review of Mr. Chandan's compensation, and on August 14, 2025, the Board amended Mr. Chandan's employment agreement with respect to certain compensation terms. Terms of his employment agreement, as amended, are described herein. The employment agreement has no fixed term and is terminable by either party following a minimum notice period as required by applicable law.

The employment agreement provides for an annual base salary of £450,000. Mr. Chandan is eligible to earn an annual cash incentive bonus of £150,000, subject to the achievement of Company performance goals, as determined by the Board, and subject to Mr. Chandan's continued employment through the date that any bonus amount is actually paid.

Pursuant to the employment agreement, Mr. Chandan previously received a one-time sign-on award of restricted share units with a fair value of $3,000,000 based upon a price of $10.19 per share (or $101.90 per share, after giving effect to the Reverse Split) (rounded down to the nearest whole share). Mr. Chandan is also entitled to receive an annual award of restricted share units with a fair value of $2,500,000. The number of shares underlying each annual award will be equal to the fair value of the annual award divided by the average per share closing price for the twenty (20)-day period ending on the trading day prior to July 13 of the prior year (rounded down to the nearest whole share). To receive each annual award, Mr. Chandan must be continuously employed through the date of grant and must not have given us notice of intention to resign or received notice from us of termination. Pursuant to the amended terms of Mr. Chandan's employment, in March 2026, the Board granted Mr. Chandan an award of 550,000 restricted share units that will vest subject to the Company's attainment of certain significant market capitalization thresholds within five years of the grant date, subject (with limited exception) to Mr. Chandan's continued service through the date that the applicable market capitalization thresholds are achieved.

Under the employment agreement, upon termination of his employment by us without "cause" or Mr. Chandan's resignation for "good reason" (as such terms are defined in the employment agreement), and provided he signs and does not revoke our standard release of claims agreement, and complies with all applicable restrictive covenants and contractual obligations contained in the employment agreement, Mr. Chandan will be eligible to receive a lump sum payment equal to six months' base salary.

The employment agreement also contains customary restrictions on competition, solicitation and disclosure of confidential information as well as provisions regarding the assignment of intellectual property.

*Employment Agreement with Dr. Rajesh* "*Raj*" *Natarajan*

On April 20, 2023, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Natarajan to memorialize the terms of his continued employment with us which commenced on July 14, 2022 (the "Effective Date"). The employment agreement has no fixed term and is terminable by either party at any time for any reason.

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The employment agreement provides for an annual base salary of $350,000 and a one-time sign-on bonus of $200,000 payable in two installments, subject to applicable tax withholding. Dr. Natarajan was paid the first installment of his sign-on bonus in the amount of $100,000 on August 16, 2022 (the "<u>First Sign-on Bonus</u>"), and he will be paid the second installment in the amount of $100,000 on the first regularly scheduled payroll date following July 14, 2023. Dr. Natarajan will not be entitled to the second installment of the sign-on bonus if his employment is terminated prior to the payment of the second installment by the Company for "cause", or he resigns without "good reason" (as such terms are defined in the employment agreement). Additionally, if the Company terminates his employment for "cause" or he resigns without "good reason", in each case, at any time during the 12-month period following the applicable payment date of the sign-on bonus installment, Dr. Natarajan will be required to repay a prorated amount of the applicable sign-on bonus installment equal to (i) the amount of the applicable sign-on bonus installment multiplied by (ii) a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of days from the applicable payment date through the date of his termination of employment and the denominator of which is 365, less any applicable payroll deductions and tax withholding paid by him.

Commencing with the first anniversary of the Effective Date in the 2023 calendar year, Dr. Natarajan is also entitled to receive an annual award of restricted share units with a fair value of $1,650,000 based upon a price of $10.19 per share (or $101.90 per share, after giving effect to the Reverse Split) (rounded down to the nearest whole share). To receive each annual restricted shares unit award, Dr. Natarajan must be continuously employed through the date of grant and must not have given us notice of intention to resign or received notice from us of termination. If granted, the annual restricted share unit awards will be fully vested on the date of grant.

Under the employment agreement, upon termination of Dr. Natarajan's employment by us without "cause" or Dr. Natarajan's resignation for "good reason", and provided he signs and does not revoke our standard release of claims agreement, and complies with all applicable restrictive covenants and contractual obligations contained in the employment agreement, Dr. Natarajan will be eligible to receive a lump sum payment equal to six months' base salary and health insurance premium reimbursement for six months.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The employment agreement also contains customary restrictions on competition, solicitation and disclosure of confidential information as well as provisions regarding the assignment of intellectual property.

*Employment Agreement with Bruce Bower*

On September 3, 2024, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Bower to memorialize the terms of his employment with us which commenced on September 1, 2024 (the "Effective Date"). The employment agreement has no fixed term and is terminable by either party following a minimum notice period as required by applicable law.

The employment agreement provides for an annual base salary of £240,000. Employment agreement also entitles him, subject to approval by the Board or the Compensation Committee and relevant policies, to receive an annual award of restricted share units with a fair value of $400,000 based upon a price of $2.87 per share (rounded down to the nearest whole share). To receive each annual restricted shares unit award, Mr. Bower must be continuously employed through the date of grant and each vesting date thereafter. If granted, one-forth of the annual restricted share unit awards will vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and each of the next three anniversaries of the grant date.

Under the employment agreement, upon termination of his employment by us without "cause" or Mr. Bower's resignation for "good reason" (as such terms are defined in the employment agreement), and provided he signs and does not revoke our standard release of claims agreement, and complies with all applicable restrictive covenants and contractual obligations contained in the employment agreement, Mr. Bower will be eligible to receive a severance pay in the form of lump sum payment equal to six months' base salary and final Compensation as defined in the employment agreement.

The employment agreement also contains customary restrictions on competition, solicitation and disclosure of confidential information as well as provisions regarding the assignment of intellectual property.

On July 3, 2025, we entered into an amendment to above-mentioned employment agreement, effective as of June 1, 2025, it provides for an annual base salary of $450,000 (paid in GBP equivalent of £330,000) and also entitles him, subject to approval by the Board or the Compensation Committee and relevant policies, to receive an annual award of restricted share units with a value upon grant of $648,000 based upon a price of $2.86875 per share (rounded down to the nearest whole share). To receive each annual restricted shares unit award, Mr. Bower must be continuously employed through the date of grant and each vesting date thereafter. If granted, one-forth of the annual restricted share unit awards will vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and each of the next three anniversaries of the grant date.

**10. D. EXCHANGE CONTROLS**

The Cayman Islands currently has no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions.

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**10. E. TAXATION**

The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Gorilla ordinary shares and Gorilla warrants and should not be construed as legal or professional tax advice. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign or other taxing jurisdiction.

Prospective investors should consult their advisors on the possible tax consequences of investing in our securities under the laws of their country of citizenship, residence or domicile.

**Cayman Islands Tax Considerations**

The following is a discussion on certain Cayman Islands income tax consequences of an investment in the securities of Gorilla. The discussion is a general summary of present law, which is subject to prospective and retroactive change. It is not intended as tax advice, does not consider any investor's particular circumstances, and does not consider tax consequences other than those arising under Cayman Islands law.

**Under Existing Cayman Islands Laws**

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our securities will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the securities nor will gains derived from the disposal of the securities be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporate tax. The Cayman Islands currently has no income, corporate or capital gains tax and no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax.

No stamp duty is payable in respect of the issue of the warrants. An instrument of transfer in respect of a warrant is stampable if executed in or brought into the Cayman Islands.

No stamp duty is payable in respect of the issue of Gorilla ordinary shares or on an instrument of transfer in respect of such shares.

The Company has been incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and, as such, has applied for and received an undertaking from the Financial Secretary of the Cayman Islands in the following form:

The Tax Concessions Act

(As Revised)

Undertaking as to Tax Concessions

In accordance with the provision of Section 6 of The Tax Concessions Act (As Revised), the Financial Secretary undertakes with Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (the "Company"):

1. That no law which is hereafter enacted in the Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations shall apply to the Company or its operations; and

2. In addition, that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2.1 | On or in respect of the shares, debentures or other obligations of the Company; or |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2.2 | by way of the withholding in whole or part, of any relevant payment as defined in Section 6(3) of the Tax Concessions Act (As Revised). |

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These concessions shall be for a period of 20 years from the date hereof.

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**Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations**

The following discussion is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations to U.S. Holders and Non-U.S. Holders (each as defined below) of the ownership and disposition of ordinary shares and warrants. This discussion applies only to ordinary shares and warrants, as the case may be, that are held as "capital assets" within the meaning of Section 1221 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") (generally, property held for investment).

The following does not purport to be a complete analysis of all potential tax considerations arising in connection with the ownership and disposal of ordinary shares and warrants. The effects and considerations of other U.S. federal tax laws, such as estate and gift tax laws, alternative minimum or Medicare contribution tax consequences and any applicable state, local or non-U.S. tax laws are not discussed. This discussion is based on the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, judicial decisions, and published rulings and administrative pronouncements of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS"), in each case in effect as of the date hereof. These authorities may change or be subject to differing interpretations. Any such change or differing interpretation may be applied retroactively in a manner that could adversely affect the tax consequences discussed below. Gorilla has not sought and will not seek any rulings from the IRS regarding the matters discussed below. There can be no assurance the IRS will not take or a court will not sustain a contrary position to that discussed below regarding the tax consequences discussed below.

This discussion does not address all U.S. federal income tax consequences relevant to a holder's particular circumstances. In addition, it does not address consequences relevant to holders subject to special rules, including, without limitation:

● regulated investment companies and real estate investment trusts;

● brokers, dealers or traders in securities;

● traders in securities that elect to mark to market interested party transactions that require shareholder approval;

● tax-exempt organizations or governmental organizations;

● U.S. expatriates and former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;

● persons holding ordinary shares and/or warrants, as the case may be, as part of a hedge, straddle, constructive sale, or other risk reduction strategy or as part of a conversion transaction or other integrated investment;

● persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to ordinary shares and/or warrants, as the case may be, being taken into account in an applicable financial statement;

● persons that actually or constructively own 5% or more (by vote or value) of the ordinary shares;

● "controlled foreign corporations," "passive foreign investment companies," and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;

● S corporations, partnerships or other entities or arrangements treated as partnerships or other flow-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes (and investors therein);

● U.S. Holders having a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar;

● persons who hold or received ordinary shares and/or warrants, as the case may be, pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; and

● tax-qualified retirement plans.

For purposes of this discussion, a "U.S. Holder" is any beneficial owner of ordinary shares and/or warrants, as the case may be, that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

● an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

● a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation) created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;

● an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or;

● a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and the control of one or more "United States persons" (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code), or (2) has a valid election in effect to be treated as a "United States person" (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

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If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds ordinary shares and/or warrants, the tax treatment of an owner of such entity will depend on the status of the owners, the activities of the entity or arrangement and certain determinations made at the owner level. Accordingly, entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and the partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them.

**THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES APPLICABLE TO HOLDERS OF ORDINARY SHARES AND WARRANTS WILL DEPEND ON EACH HOLDER**'**S PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU, IN LIGHT OF YOUR PARTICULAR INVESTMENT OR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES, OF ACQUIRING, HOLDING, AND DISPOSING OF ORDINARY SHARES AND WARRANTS.**

**U.S. Holders**

***Distributions on ordinary shares***

If Gorilla makes distributions of cash or property on the ordinary shares, the gross amount of such distributions (including any amount of foreign taxes withheld) will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes first as a dividend to the extent of Gorilla's current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes), and then as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder's tax basis, with any excess treated as capital gain from the sale or exchange of the shares. If Gorilla does not provide calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, a U.S. Holder should expect all cash distributions to be reported as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Any dividend will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from U.S. corporations.

Subject to the discussion below under "— *Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules*," dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) may be "qualified dividend income," which is taxed at the lower applicable capital gains rate, provided that:

● either (a) the shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or (b) Gorilla is eligible for the benefits of a qualifying income tax treaty with the United States that includes an exchange of information program;

● Gorilla is neither a PFIC (as discussed below under below under "— *Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules*") nor treated as such with respect to the U.S. Holder in any taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year;

● the U.S. Holder satisfies certain holding period requirements; and

● the U.S. Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.

It is not expected that Gorilla will be eligible for benefits of an applicable comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States. In addition, there also can be no assurance that ordinary shares will be considered "readily tradable" on an established securities market in the United States in accordance with applicable legal authorities. Furthermore, Gorilla will not constitute a "qualified foreign corporation" for purposes of these rules if it is a PFIC for the taxable year in which it pays a dividend or for the preceding taxable year. See "— *Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules*." U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to ordinary shares. Subject to certain exceptions, dividends on ordinary shares will constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If such dividends are qualified dividend income (as discussed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation will be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the reduced rate applicable to qualified dividend income and the denominator of which is the highest rate of tax normally applicable to dividends. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends distributed by Gorilla with respect to the ordinary shares generally will constitute "passive category income" but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute "general category income."

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***Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of ordinary shares and warrants.***

Subject to the discussion below under "— *Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules*," a U.S. Holder generally will recognize gain or loss on any sale, exchange, redemption or other taxable disposition of ordinary shares or warrants in an amount equal to the difference between (i) the amount realized on the disposition and (ii) such U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in such ordinary shares and/or warrants. Any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on a taxable disposition of ordinary shares or warrants generally will be capital gain or loss. A non-corporate U.S. Holder, including an individual, who has held the ordinary shares and/or warrants for more than one year generally will be eligible for reduced tax rates for such long-term capital gains. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

***Exercise or Lapse of a Warrant***

Except as discussed below with respect to the cashless exercise of a warrant, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize gain or loss upon the acquisition of an ordinary share on the exercise of a warrant for cash. A U.S. Holder's tax basis in ordinary shares received upon exercise of the warrant generally should be an amount equal to the sum of the U.S. Holder's tax basis in the warrant received therefore and the exercise price. The U.S. Holder's holding period for an ordinary share received upon exercise of the warrant will begin on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the warrant and will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the warrant. If a warrant is allowed to lapse unexercised, a U.S. Holder that has otherwise received no proceeds with respect to such warrant generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such U.S. Holder's tax basis in the warrant.

The tax consequences of a cashless exercise of a warrant are not clear under current U.S. federal income tax law. A cashless exercise may be tax-deferred, either because the exercise is not a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In either situation, a U.S. Holder's basis in the ordinary shares received would equal the U.S. Holder's basis in the warrants exercised therefore. If the cashless exercise is not treated as a realization event, a U.S. Holder's holding period in the ordinary shares would be treated as commencing on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the warrants. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the ordinary shares would include the holding period of the warrants exercised therefor.

It is also possible that a cashless exercise of a warrant could be treated in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized in the manner set forth above under "— *Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of ordinary shares and warrants*." In such event, a U.S. Holder could be deemed to have surrendered warrants equal to the number of ordinary shares having an aggregate fair market value equal to the exercise price for the total number of warrants to be exercised. The U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount generally equal to the difference between (i) the fair market value of the warrants deemed surrendered and (ii) the U.S. Holder's tax basis in such warrants deemed surrendered. In this case, a U.S. Holder's tax basis in the ordinary shares received would equal the sum of (i) U.S. Holder's tax basis in the warrants deemed exercised and (ii) the exercise price of such warrants. A U.S. Holder's holding period for the ordinary shares received in such case generally would commence on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the warrants.

Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise of warrants, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise of warrants.

***Possible Constructive Distributions***

The terms of each warrant provide for an adjustment to the number of ordinary shares for which the warrant may be exercised or to the exercise price of the warrant in certain events, as discussed in Exhibit 2.1 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F. An adjustment which has the effect of preventing dilution generally is not taxable. A U.S. Holder of a warrant would, however, be treated as receiving a constructive distribution from Gorilla if, for example, the adjustment increases the holder's proportionate interest in Gorilla's assets or earnings and profits (for instance, through an increase in the number of ordinary shares that would be obtained upon exercise of such warrant) as a result of a distribution of cash or other property such as other securities to the holders of the ordinary shares which is taxable to the holders of such shares as described under "— *Distributions on ordinary shares*" above. Such constructive distribution would be subject to tax as described under that section in the same manner as if the U.S. Holder of such warrant received a cash distribution from Gorilla equal to the fair market value of such increased interest.

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***Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules***

The treatment of U.S. Holders of the ordinary shares could be materially different from that described above, if Gorilla is treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A non-U.S. entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either:

● at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income; or

● at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income.

For this purpose, Gorilla will be treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets and earning its proportionate share of the income of any other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes in which Gorilla owns, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

Based on the current and anticipated composition of the income, assets and operations of Gorilla and its subsidiaries, there is no risk Gorilla may be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year. However, there can be no assurances in this regard, nor can there be any assurances that Gorilla will not be treated as a PFIC in any future taxable year. Moreover, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and Gorilla can make no assurances that the IRS will not take a contrary position or that a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.

Whether Gorilla or any of its subsidiaries is treated as a PFIC is determined on an annual basis. The determination of whether Gorilla or any of its subsidiaries is a PFIC is a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of Gorilla's income and assets, and the market value of its and its subsidiaries' shares and assets. Changes in the composition of Gorilla's or any of its subsidiaries' income or composition of Gorilla's or any of its subsidiaries' assets may cause it to be or become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. Under the PFIC rules, if Gorilla were considered a PFIC at any time that a U.S. Holder owns ordinary shares or warrants, Gorilla would continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such investment unless (i) it ceased to be a PFIC and (ii) the U.S. Holder made a "deemed sale" election under the PFIC rules. If such election is made, a U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold its ordinary shares or warrants at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year in which Gorilla is classified as a PFIC, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the consequences described below. After the deemed sale election, the ordinary shares or warrants with respect to which the deemed sale election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC unless Gorilla subsequently becomes a PFIC.

For each taxable year that Gorilla is treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder's ordinary shares or warrants, the U.S. Holder will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any "excess distribution" (as defined below) received and any gain realized from a sale or disposition (including a pledge) of its ordinary shares (collectively the "Excess Distribution Rules"), unless the U.S. Holder makes a valid QEF election or mark-to-market election as discussed below. Distributions received by a U.S. Holder in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or the U.S. Holder's holding period for the ordinary shares will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:

● the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder's holding period for the ordinary shares;

● the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder's holding period prior to the first taxable year in which Gorilla is a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

● the amount allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, for each such year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

Under the Excess Distribution Rules, the tax liability for amounts allocated to taxable years prior to the year of disposition or excess distribution cannot be offset by any net operating losses, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the ordinary shares or warrants cannot be treated as capital gains, even though the U.S. Holder holds the ordinary shares or warrants as capital assets.

Certain of the PFIC rules may impact U.S. Holders with respect to equity interests in subsidiaries and other entities which Gorilla may hold, directly or indirectly, that are PFICs (collectively, "Lower-Tier PFICs"). There can be no assurance, however, that Gorilla does not own, or will not in the future acquire, an interest in a subsidiary or other entity that is or would be treated as a Lower-Tier PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of Gorilla's subsidiaries.

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If Gorilla is a PFIC, a U.S. Holder of ordinary shares (but not warrants) may avoid taxation under the Excess Distribution Rules described above by making a "qualified electing fund" ("QEF") election. However, a U.S. Holder may make a QEF election with respect to its ordinary shares only if Gorilla provides U.S. Holders on an annual basis with certain financial information specified under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. Gorilla will endeavor to provide U.S. Holders with the required information on an annual basis to allow U.S. Holders to make a QEF election with respect to the ordinary shares in the event Gorilla is treated as a PFIC for any taxable year. There can be no assurance, however, that Gorilla will timely provide such information for the current year or subsequent years. The failure to provide such information on an annual basis could prevent a U.S. Holder from making a QEF election or result in the invalidation or termination of a U.S. Holder's prior QEF election. In addition, U.S. Holders of warrants will not be able to make a QEF election with respect to their warrants.

In the event Gorilla is a PFIC, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF election with respect to its ordinary shares would generally be required to include in income for each year that Gorilla is treated as a PFIC the U.S. Holder's pro rata share of Gorilla's ordinary earnings for the year (which would be subject to tax as ordinary income) and net capital gains for the year (which would be subject to tax at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains), without regard to the amount of any distributions made in respect of the ordinary shares. Any net deficits or net capital losses of Gorilla for a taxable year would not be passed through and included on the tax return of the U.S. Holder, however. A U.S. Holder's basis in the ordinary shares would be increased by the amount of income inclusions under the qualified electing fund rules. Dividends actually paid on the ordinary shares generally would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of prior income inclusions and would reduce the U.S. Holder's basis in the ordinary shares by a corresponding amount.

If Gorilla owns any interests in a Lower-Tier PFIC, a U.S. Holder generally must make a separate QEF election for each Lower-Tier PFIC, subject to Gorilla's providing the relevant tax information for each Lower-Tier PFIC on an annual basis.

If a U.S. Holder does not make a QEF election (or a mark-to-market election, as discussed below) effective from the first taxable year of a U.S. Holder's holding period for the ordinary shares in which Gorilla is a PFIC, then the ordinary shares will generally continue to be treated as an interest in a PFIC, and the U.S. Holder generally will remain subject to the Excess Distribution Rules. A U.S. Holder that first makes a QEF election in a later year may avoid the continued application of the Excess Distribution Rules to its ordinary shares by making a "deemed sale" election. In that case, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold the ordinary shares at their fair market value on the first day of the taxable year in which the QEF election becomes effective, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the Excess Distribution Rules described above. A U.S. Holder that is eligible to make a QEF election with respect to its ordinary shares generally may do so by providing the appropriate information to the IRS in the U.S. Holder's timely filed tax return for the year in which the election becomes effective.

U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a QEF election.

Alternatively, a U.S. Holder of "marketable stock" (as defined below) may make a mark-to-market election for its ordinary shares to elect out of the Excess Distribution Rules discussed above if Gorilla is treated as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election with respect to its ordinary shares, such U.S. Holder will include in income for each year that Gorilla is treated as a PFIC with respect to such ordinary shares an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ordinary shares as of the close of the U.S. Holder's taxable year over the adjusted basis in the ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder will be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the ordinary shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions will be allowed only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the ordinary shares included in the U.S. Holder's income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares, will be treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment will also apply to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the ordinary shares, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the ordinary shares, to the extent the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains for such ordinary shares previously included in income. A U.S. Holder's basis in the ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any mark-to-market income or loss. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any distributions Gorilla makes would generally be subject to the rules discussed above under "— *Distributions on ordinary shares*," except the lower rates applicable to qualified dividend income would not apply. U.S. Holders of warrants will not be able to make a mark-to-market election with respect to their warrants.

The mark-to-market election is available only for "marketable stock," which is stock that is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. The ordinary shares, which are listed on Nasdaq, are expected to qualify as marketable stock for purposes of the PFIC rules, but there can be no assurance that ordinary shares will be "regularly traded" for purposes of these rules. Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any Lower-Tier PFICs, a U.S. Holder that does not make the applicable QEF elections generally will continue to be subject to the Excess Distribution Rules with respect to its indirect interest in any Lower-Tier PFICs as described above, even if a mark-to-market election is made for Gorilla.

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If a U.S. Holder does not make a mark-to-market election (or a QEF election, as discussed above) effective from the first taxable year of a U.S. Holder's holding period for the ordinary shares in which Gorilla is a PFIC, then the U.S. Holder generally will remain subject to the Excess Distribution Rules. A U.S. Holder that first makes a mark-to-market election with respect to the ordinary shares in a later year will continue to be subject to the Excess Distribution Rules during the taxable year for which the mark-to-market election becomes effective, including with respect to any mark-to-market gain recognized at the end of that year. In subsequent years for which a valid mark-to-mark election remains in effect, the Excess Distribution Rules generally will not apply. A U.S. Holder that is eligible to make a mark-to-market with respect to its ordinary shares may do so by providing the appropriate information on IRS Form 8621 and timely filing that form with the U.S. Holder's tax return for the year in which the election becomes effective. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a mark-to-market election, as well as the impact of such election on interests in any Lower-Tier PFICs.

A U.S. Holder of a PFIC may be required to file an IRS Form 8621 on an annual basis. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding any reporting requirements that may apply to them if Gorilla is a PFIC.

U.S. Holders are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their particular circumstances.

**Non-U.S. Holders**

This section applies to Non-U.S. Holders of ordinary shares and warrants. For purposes of this discussion, a Non-U.S. Holder means a beneficial owner (other than a partnership or an entity or arrangement so characterized for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of ordinary shares or warrants that is not a U.S. Holder, including:

● a nonresident alien individual, other than certain former citizens and residents of the United States;

● a foreign corporation; or

● a foreign estate or trust.

***U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of ordinary shares and warrants to Non-U.S. Holders***

Any (i) distributions of cash or property paid to a Non-U.S. Holders in respect of ordinary shares or (ii) gain realized upon the sale or other taxable disposition of ordinary shares and/or warrants generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless:

● the gain or distribution is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder's conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, the Non-U.S. Holder maintains a permanent establishment in the United States to which such gain is attributable); or

● in the case of any gain, the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien individual present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of the disposition and certain other requirements are met.

Gain or distributions described in the first bullet point above generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at the regular rates. A Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation also may be subject to a branch profits tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on such effectively connected gain, as adjusted for certain items.

Gain described in the second bullet point above will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty), which may be offset by U.S. source capital losses of the Non-U.S. Holder (even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States), provided the Non-U.S. Holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a Non-U.S. Holder's exercise of a warrant, or the lapse of a warrant held by a Non-U.S. Holder, generally will correspond to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the exercise or lapse of a warrant by a U.S. Holder, as described under "— *U.S. Holders-Exercise or Lapse of a warrant*," above, although to the extent a cashless exercise or lapse results in a taxable exchange, the consequences would be similar to those described in the preceding paragraphs above for a Non-U.S. Holder's gain on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares and warrants.

Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding potentially applicable income tax treaties that may provide for different rules.

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**Information Reporting and Backup Withholding**

Information reporting requirements may apply to distributions received by U.S. Holders of ordinary shares, and the proceeds received on sale or other taxable disposition of ordinary shares or warrants effected within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States), in each case other than U.S. Holders that are exempt recipients (such as corporations). Backup withholding (currently at a rate of 24%) may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Holder fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number (generally on an IRS Form W-9 provided to the paying agent of the U.S. Holder's broker) or is otherwise subject to backup withholding. Any distributions with respect to ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange, redemption or other disposition of ordinary shares or warrants may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible U.S. backup withholding. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Information returns may be filed with the IRS in connection with, and Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to backup withholding on amounts received in respect of, a Non-U.S. Holder's ordinary shares or warrants, unless the Non-U.S. Holder furnishes to the applicable withholding agent the required certification as to its non-U.S. status, such as by providing a valid IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E or IRS Form W-8ECI, as applicable, or the Non-U.S. Holder otherwise establishes an exemption. Distributions paid with respect to ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale of other disposition of ordinary shares or warrants received in the United States by a Non-U.S. Holder through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding unless such Non-U.S. Holder provides proof an applicable exemption or complies with certain certification procedures described above, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding generally may be credited against the taxpayer's U.S. federal income tax liability, and a taxpayer may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by timely filing the appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information.

**10. F. DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS**

Not applicable.

**10. G. STATEMENT BY EXPERTS**

Not applicable.

**10. H. DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY**

Any statement in this Annual Report about any of our contracts or other documents is not necessarily complete. If the contract or document is filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report, the contract or document is deemed to modify the description contained in this Annual Report. You must review the exhibits themselves for a complete description of the contract or document.

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and periodic reports on Form 6-K. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov. In addition, copies of all information and documents pertaining to press releases, media conferences, investor updates and presentations at analyst and investor presentation conferences can be downloaded from our website www.gorilla-technology.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this Form 20-F.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we furnish or make available to our shareholders certain reports including Annual Reports on Form 20-F, periodic reports on Form 6-K and other information, with the SEC pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC that apply to foreign private issuers.

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**10. I. SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION**

Not applicable.

**10. J. ANNUAL REPORT TO SECURITY HOLDERS**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 11: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK**

We are exposed to a variety of risks in the ordinary course of our business, including, but not limited to, market risk (including foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. We regularly assess each of these risks to minimize any adverse effects on our business as a result of those factors. For discussion and sensitivity analyzes of our exposure to these risks, see note 39 - Financial instruments to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

**ITEM 12: DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES**

**12. A. DEBT SECURITIES**

Not applicable.

**12. B. WARRANTS AND RIGHTS**

Not applicable.

**12. C. OTHER SECURITIES**

Not applicable.

**12. D. AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES**

Not applicable.

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**PART II**

**ITEM 13: DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES**

None.

**ITEM 14: MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS**

***Use of proceeds***

As of the date of this report, we may receive up to an aggregate of $110.2 million from the exercise of all of our outstanding public warrants and up to $3.7 million from the exercise of all of our outstanding Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants, in each case assuming they are exercised in full for cash. To the extent any of these warrants are exercised on a cashless basis, we will not receive any proceeds.

We have used, and we expect to continue to use, the net proceeds from the exercise of the warrants, if any, for general corporate purposes. Our management will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the exercise of the warrants.

There is no assurance that the holders of the warrants will elect to exercise any or all of them. The exercise price of our public warrants, Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants is $115.00, $5.90 and $21.00 per share, respectively, in each case subject to adjustment. We believe that the likelihood of warrant holders exercising their warrants, as well as the corresponding cash proceeds we would receive, depends on the market price of our ordinary shares. If the market price for our ordinary shares is less than the exercise price of the warrants (on a per share basis), we believe that warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise any of their warrants, and accordingly, we will not receive any proceeds. There is no assurance that the warrants will be "in the money" prior to their expiration or that the warrant holders will exercise their warrants. As of April 14, 2026, the closing price of our ordinary shares was $11.81 per share.

**ITEM 15: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES**

**Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company's reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over the Company. Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025. Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

**Management**'**s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

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Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in the *Internal Control* – *Integrated Framework* (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. Based on the results of this assessment and those criteria, management concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025.

**Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm**

This Annual Report also does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for emerging growth companies. Our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to opine on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until we are no longer an emerging growth company.

**Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during fiscal year 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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**ITEM 16: [RESERVED]**

**Item 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE AND FINANCIAL EXPERT**

Our board of directors has determined that Gregg Walker qualifies as an audit committee financial expert, as defined by the rules of the SEC and has the requisite financial experience defined by the Nasdaq rules. In addition, Mr. Walker is independent as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act and under the listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Market. See Item 6. "*Directors, Senior Management and Employees*" – *6.C.* "*Board Practices*" of this Annual Report.

**Item 16B. CODE OF ETHICS**

We have adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers that applies to our principal executive, principal financial and principal accounting officers. Our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers addresses, among other things, financial matters and external reporting, company funds and assets, and corporate opportunity requirements and the process for reporting violations of the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers. A copy of the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers is attached as Exhibit 11.1 to this Annual Report. Our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers is intended to meet the definition of "code of ethics" under Item 16.B. of Form 20-F.

**Item 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES**

***Fees***

Marcum Asia CPAs, LLP served as our independent auditor for the fiscal year 2025 and 2024. The following table sets forth fees for professional audit services rendered to us by our principal accountant:

***Fees - Marcum Asia CPAs, LLP***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |
| **Items** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(dollars in thousands)** | **(dollars in thousands)** |
| Audit Fees <sup>(1)</sup> | $898 | $714 |
| Audit Related Fees |  | 18 |
| Tax Fees <sup>(2)</sup> |  |  |
| All Other Fees |  |  |
| Total | $898 | $732 |

---

(1) "Audit Fee" represents the aggregate fees billed for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal external accountants for the audit of our annual financial statements and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC and other statutory and regulatory filings.

(2) "Tax Fees" represents the aggregate fees billed in the fiscal period listed for professional services rendered by our principal external accountants for tax compliance and transfer pricing services.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all auditing and non-audit services provided by our principal external accountants, including audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services as described above.

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***Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures***

The advance approval of our audit committee or members thereof, to whom approval authority has been delegated, is required for all audit and non-audit services provided by our auditors.

**Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES.**

Not applicable.

**Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.**

Table below sets forth the details of shares repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2025:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Period** | **Total Number of Ordinary Shares Purchased** | **Average Price Paid per Ordinary Share** | **Total Number of Ordinary Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs** | **Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Ordinary Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs <sup>(1)</sup>** |
| January 1 – January 31 |  | $— |  | $6373511.26 |
| February 1 – February 28 |  |  |  | $6373511.26 |
| March 1 – March 31 |  |  |  | $6373511.26 |
| April 1 – April 30 | 89578 | 17.846 | 89578 | $4774885.11 |
| May 1 – May 31 | 11293 | 17.730 | 11293 | $4574662.48 |
| June 1 – June 30 |  |  |  | $4574662.48 |
| July 1 – July 31 |  |  |  | $4574662.48 |
| August 1 – August 31 |  |  |  | $4574662.48 |
| September 1 – September 30 |  |  |  | $4574662.48 |
| October 1 – October 31 | 6200 | 16.148 | 6200 | $14474542.02 |
| November 1 – November 30 | 55834 | 13.762 | 55834 | $13706142.03 |
| December 1 – December 31 | 105506 | 11.724 | 105506 | $12469166.73 |
| **Total** | 268411 | $14.546 | 268411 |  |

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(1) On September 12, 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $6 million worth of ordinary shares under a share buyback program. The amount authorized under the program was subsequently increased to up to $10 million in January 2025. On October 20, 2025, the board further increased the amount authorized under the program to up to $20 million. Under this program, shares may be purchased by us from time to time from the open market and through private transactions, or otherwise, as determined by our management as market conditions warrant. We have structured open-market purchases under this program to comply with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. Repurchases may be discontinued at any time by management. Repurchased shares are recorded as treasury shares and are held until our board of directors designates that these shares be retired or used for other purposes.

**Item 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT**'**S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT**

None.

**Item 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE**

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to comply with Cayman Islands corporate governance practices instead of the Nasdaq Stock Market requirements, *provided* that we disclose those Nasdaq Stock Market requirements with which we do not comply and the equivalent Cayman Islands requirement that we follow instead (if applicable).

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Gorilla intends to follow home country practice in lieu of Nasdaq corporate governance requirements with respect to the following Nasdaq requirements:

● *Executive Sessions.* We are not required to and, in reliance on home country practice, we may not, comply with certain Nasdaq rules requiring Gorilla's independent directors to meet in regularly scheduled executive sessions at which only independent directors are present. Gorilla will follow Cayman Islands practice which does not require independent directors to meet regularly in executive sessions separate from the full board of directors.

● *Proxy Statements.* We are not required to and, in reliance on home country practice, we may not, comply with certain Nasdaq rules regarding the provision of proxy statements for general meetings of shareholders. Gorilla will follow Cayman Islands practice which does not impose a regulatory regime for the solicitation of proxies.

● *Shareholder Approval.* Gorilla is not required to and, in reliance on home country practice, it does not intend to, comply with certain Nasdaq rules regarding shareholder approval for certain issuances of securities under Nasdaq Rule 5635. In accordance with the provisions of Gorilla's Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, Gorilla's board of directors is authorized to issue securities, including ordinary shares, preference shares, warrants and convertible notes.

See Item 6.C. "*Board Practices* – *Corporate Governance Requirements.*"

**Item 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE**

Not applicable.

**Item 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS**

Not applicable.

**Item *16J.* INSIDER TRADING POLICIES**

We have adopted an insider trading and communications policy governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of our securities by directors, senior management, and employees. We believe our insider trading and communications policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to Gorilla. A copy of the insider trading and communications policy is filed as Exhibit *11.2* to this Annual Report.

**Item *16K.* CYBERSECURITY**

We maintain a comprehensive information and cybersecurity and data privacy program to safeguard the security, confidentiality, integrity, availability and protection of the Company's and our clients' information. We aim to continually strengthen our cybersecurity posture and protocols. We have invested in people, processes and technology intended to protect information throughout the business life cycle and to manage cybersecurity risk. As information technology and hacking capabilities evolve rapidly, protecting the Company's and our clients' data has become increasingly challenging. We provide no assurance that the policies and procedures outlined below will be properly followed in every instance or that they will be effective in safeguarding against every possible cybersecurity threat.

We describe how cybersecurity threats are likely to materially affect our business, results of operations, and financial conditions in Item *3.* "*Key Information* – *3.D.* Risk Factors* – *If any of the systems of any third parties upon which we rely, our customers*' *cloud or on-premises environments, or our internal systems, are breached or if unauthorized access to customer or third-party data is otherwise obtained, public perception of our platforms and operations and maintenance services *may* be harmed, and we *may* lose business and incur losses or liabilities*" is hereby incorporated by reference. In addition, members of our board and management assist in the oversight of cybersecurity matters, drawing from including certain experience described in Item *6.A.* "*Directors and Senior Management*".

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**Cybersecurity Strategy and Risk Management**

Our cybersecurity strategy is founded on policies, processes and practices that are integrated into our overall risk management system. These policies, processes and practices are aimed at building a cyber-resilient organization by implementing and operationalizing cybersecurity capabilities to identify, protect, detect, respond and recover from cybersecurity threats and incidents and are guided by relevant regulatory and governance bodies, including but not limited to the Cyber Security Framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. We have undertaken measures to comply with privacy laws and regulations relevant to our services. These security capabilities are designed to mitigate material vulnerabilities and the impact of cyber incidents. We regularly conduct cybersecurity and other risk assessments and compliance audits both internally and through third party auditors that we independently engage or that we engage in connection with our certification to certain international standards, such as the ISO 27001:2022 standard for information security management systems, ISO 27701:2019 standard for privacy information management, among others. We also regularly assess and deploy technical safeguards and conduct vulnerability assessment and penetration testing of our technology environment independently and through third parties. We use the outcome of these assessments to align our cybersecurity program and technical safeguards with the evolving cybersecurity threat landscape and adjust and augment our security controls environment as required. We have implemented a program to manage the information risks associated with the ICT products and services supply chain, particularly those emerging from our supplier and partner ecosystem. There are processes in place to restrict and provide need-based access to sensitive or confidential data for third parties. We conduct periodic evaluations of key suppliers and partners for ongoing monitoring of the risk environment.

**Incident Response and Recovery Planning** 

While processes are in place to minimize the occurrence of a successful cyberattack, we have institutionalized detailed incident response procedures to address a cyber threat that may occur despite these safeguards. The response procedures are designed to identify, analyze, isolate and contain, remediate, and, if applicable, report any such material cyber incidents that occur. We are not only committed to reducing the probability of successful cyberattacks but also to minimizing the potential impact of cyber incidents. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

**Training and Awareness**

We maintain a comprehensive information and cybersecurity awareness and training program for all employees and contracted resources. This includes mandatory annual information security and privacy information protection training, periodic simulations such as social engineering drill, regular communications on relevant topics and policies related to data privacy, phishing, email security best practices, among others. We provide specialized security training for certain roles with access to sensitive data, including human resources or employees who regularly handle personal or sensitive information.

**Governance (Management Oversight and Engagement with the Board of Directors)**

We are actively working to establish a robust, revised and comprehensive reporting framework to ensure the board receives regular updates on our cybersecurity program, including risk assessments, policy implementation, incident response preparedness, mitigation plans, reporting and decision-making hierarchy, and strategic initiatives. While periodic reporting is not yet in place, with the goal to ensure compliance with cybersecurity reporting requirements in applicable jurisdictions, we are committed to implementing effective and resilient measures and process for cybersecurity reporting during 2026.

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**PART III**

**ITEM 17: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

See Item 18. "*Financial Statements*" for our consolidated financial statements, which are appended to this Annual Report.

**ITEM 18: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

Refer to our consolidated financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report beginning on page F-1.

**ITEM 19: EXHIBITS**

See exhibit index incorporated herein by reference.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit No.** | **Description** |
| 1.1 | [<u>Memorandum and Articles of Association of Gorilla (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form F-1 (File No. 333-267838) filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390023013661/ff12023a1ex3-1_gorillatech.htm) |
| 1.2 | [<u>Notice of resolutions dated April 10, 2024 effecting a share consolidation of Gorilla's ordinary shares</u> (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 of Gorilla's Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025)<u>.</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025037703/ea023960901ex1-2_gorilla.htm) |
| 1.3 | [<u>Notice of resolutions dated April 22, 2024 effecting an increase in the authorized capital of Gorilla</u> (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.3 of Gorilla's Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025)<u>.</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025037703/ea023960901ex1-3_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.1 | [<u>Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934</u> (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Gorilla's Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025)<u>.</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390024043724/ea020523501ex2-1_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.2 | [<u>Warrant Agreement, dated as of April 8, 2021, between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and Global (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Global'</u><u>s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 14, 2021).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1821169/000121390021021574/ea139466ex4-1_globalspac.htm) |
| 2.3 | [<u>Specimen Ordinary Share Certificate of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-262069) filed with the SEC on June 28, 2022).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390022008472/ff42022a1ex4-6_gorillatech.htm) |
| 2.4 | [<u>Specimen Warrant Certificate of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-262069) filed with the SEC on June 28, 2022).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390022008472/ff42022a1ex4-7_gorillatech.htm) |
| 2.5 | [<u>Form of Contingent Value Rights Agreement, by and among Gorilla, Global, Global SPAC Sponsors LLC, in the capacity as Gorilla Representative, Tomoyuki Nii in the capacity as Gorilla Representative, and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as rights agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on July 19, 2022).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390022034975/ff42022a5ex4-8_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.6 | [<u>Form of Assignment, Assumption and Amendment to Warrant Agreement among Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, Gorilla and Global (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on July 19, 2022)).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1821169/000121390021067757/ea153075ex10-6_global.htm) |
| 2.7 | [<u>Form of Amended and Restated Subscription Agreement, dated as of May 18, 2022, by and among Global, Gorilla and the investors named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on July 19, 2022).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1821169/000121390022027836/ea160217ex10-1_globalspac.htm) |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2.8 | [<u>Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 30, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of Gorilla</u>'s <u>Form 6-K filed with the SEC on July 2, 2025).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025061069/ea024807501ex99-1_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.9 | [<u>Form of Pre-Funded Warrant incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of Gorilla</u>'s <u>Form 6-K filed with the SEC on July 2, 2025.</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025061069/ea024807501ex99-3_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.10 | [<u>Placement Agency Agreement, dated June 30, 2025, between the Company and Titan Partners Group LLC, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 of Gorilla's Form 6-K filed with the SEC on July 2, 2025).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025061069/ea024807501ex99-2_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.11 | [<u>Form of Indenture relating to debt securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Registration Statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-274053) filed with the SEC on August 17, 2023).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390023068600/ea183665ex4-10_gorillatech.htm) |
| 2.12 | [<u>Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 6, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on June 7, 2024).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390024050530/ea020749501ex99-1_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.13 | [<u>Form of Series C Warrant (included in Exhibit 2.12).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390024050530/ea020749501ex99-1_gorilla.htm) |
| 2.14 | [<u>Form of Placement Agent Warrant (included in Exhibit 2.10).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025061069/ea024807501ex99-2_gorilla.htm) |
| 4.1\* | [<u>Amended and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated as of May 18, 2022, by and among Global, Gorilla, Global SPAC Sponsors LLC, as SPAC Representative, Tomoyuki Nii as Company Representative and Merger Sub (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-262069) filed with the SEC on June 28, 2022).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1821169/000121390022027836/ea160217ex2-1_globalspac.htm) |
| 4.2 | [<u>Gorilla Technology Group Inc. 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390023033461/f20f2022ex4-2_gorillatech.htm) |
| 4.3 | [<u>Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy</u> (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Gorilla's Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025)<u>.</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025037703/ea023960901ex4-3_gorilla.htm) |
| 4.4 | [<u>Employment Agreement, effective as of April 22, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Jayesh Chandan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390023033461/f20f2022ex4-7_gorillatech.htm) |
| 4.5 | [<u>Employment Agreement, effective as of April 20, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Rajesh Natarajan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390023033461/f20f2022ex4-8_gorillatech.htm) |
| 4.6 | [<u>Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390023033461/f20f2022ex4-10_gorillatech.htm) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 95

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---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 4.7 | [<u>Form of Lock-Up Agreement (included in Exhibit 2.8).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390025061069/ea024807501ex99-1_gorilla.htm) |
| 4.8 | [<u>Form of Lock-Up Agreement (included in Exhibit 2.12).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390024050530/ea020749501ex99-1_gorilla.htm) |
| 8.1 | [<u>List of subsidiaries of Gorilla.</u>](ex_897944.htm) |
| 11.1 | [<u>Code of Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.1 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390023033461/f20f2022ex11-1_gorillatech.htm) |
| 11.2 | [<u>Insider Trading and Communications Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.2 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390024043724/ea020523501ex11-2_gorilla.htm) |
| 12.1 | [Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ex_897945.htm) |
| 12.2 | [Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ex_897946.htm) |
| 13.1 | [Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, furnished herewith.](ex_897947.htm) |
| 13.2 | [Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, furnished herewith.](ex_897948.htm) |
| 15.1 | [<u>Consent of Marcum Asia CPAs LLP dated April 15, 2026.</u>](ex_932484.htm) |
| 97.1 | [<u>Recoupment Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 of Gorilla'</u><u>s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024).</u>](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1903145/000121390024043724/ea020523501ex97-1_gorilla.htm) |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |

---

\* The schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted pursuant to Instructions as to Exhibits to Form 20-F. A copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit will be furnished to the SEC upon request.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 96

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**SIGNATURES**

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC.** | **GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC.** |
| By: | /s/ Jayesh Chandan |
|  | Jayesh Chandan |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |
| By: | /s/ Bruce Bower |
|  | Bruce Bower |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |

---

Date: April 15, 2026

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 97

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**GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES**

**INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, PCAOB ID: 5395)](#auditmarcum) | [F-2](#auditmarcum) |
| [Consolidated Balance Sheets](#bs) | [F-3](#bs) |
| [Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)](#compinc) | [F-5](#compinc) |
| [Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity](#equity) | [F-6](#equity) |
| [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#cf) | [F-9](#cf) |
| [Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#notes) | [F-11](#notes) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-1

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![go1.jpg](go1.jpg)

**REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Gorilla Technology Group Inc.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.

New York, New York

April 15, 2026

NEW YORK OFFICE ● 7 Penn Plaza ● Suite 830 ● New York, New York ● 10001

Phone 646.442.4845 ● Fax 646.349.5200 ● www.marcumasia.com

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-2

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Items | *Notes* | *December 31, 2025* | *December 31, 2024* |
| **Assets** |  |  |  |
| **Current assets** |  |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | *5* | $99532115 | $21699202 |
| Financial assets at FVTPL | *6* | 501000 | 1000 |
| Restricted deposits | *7 and 35* | 5298442 | 15773099 |
| Accounts receivable, net | *8* | 54141591 | 25670157 |
| Other receivables, net | *11* | 390619 | 432696 |
| Contract assets | *24* | 57853030 | 34306195 |
| Inventories | *9* |  | 5199 |
| Prepayments | *10* | 15781284 | 28632212 |
| Other current assets | *15* | 549085 | 151816 |
| **Total current assets** |  | 234047166 | 126671576 |
| **Non-current assets** |  |  |  |
| Property and equipment | *12 and 35* | 15749411 | 14939143 |
| Right-of-use assets | *13* | 1091526 | 505345 |
| Intangible assets | *14* | 2432278 | 2931661 |
| Deferred tax assets, net | *30* | 11938173 | 6938213 |
| Prepayments | *10* | 204020 | 315304 |
| Financial assets at FVTPL | *6* | 4000000 |  |
| Other non-current assets | *15* | 2420960 | 1494740 |
| **Total non-current assets** |  | 37836368 | 27124406 |
| **Total assets** |  | $271883534 | $153795982 |

---

(Continued)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-3

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Items | *Notes* | *December 31, 2025* | *December 31, 2024* |
| **Liabilities and Equity** |  |  |  |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |  |
| **Current liabilities** |  |  |  |
| Short-term borrowings | *16* | $9427501 | $15073458 |
| Long-term borrowings, current portion | *16* | 963878 | 1972371 |
| Accounts and other payables | *17* | 46042759 | 28490211 |
| Lease liabilities | *39c)* | 451368 | 210448 |
| Stock warrant liabilities | *21* | 241006 | 20082272 |
| Contract liabilities | *24* | 1305644 | 273227 |
| Provisions | *20* | 124441 | 37673 |
| Income tax liabilities |  | 11588564 | 9028829 |
| Other current liabilities |  | 134279 | 142796 |
| **Total current liabilities** |  | 70279440 | 75311285 |
| **Non-current liabilities** |  |  |  |
| Long-term borrowings | *16* | 3404363 | 4372188 |
| Lease liabilities | *39c)* | 873114 | 579699 |
| Guarantee deposits liabilities |  | 504990 | 364047 |
| Provisions | *20* | 89006 | 22013 |
| Deferred tax liabilities | *30* | 652782 | 42897 |
| **Total non-current liabilities** |  | 5524255 | 5380844 |
| **Total liabilities** |  | 75803695 | 80692129 |
| **Equity** |  |  |  |
| Share capital | *23* | 26356 | 19443 |
| Capital surplus |  | 359074487 | 254585267 |
| Accumulated deficit |  | (159515327) | (148238729) |
| Foreign currency translation reserve |  | (1400403) | (55500) |
| Treasury shares at cost | *23* | (2105274) | (33206628) |
| **Equity attributable to owners of the parent** |  | 196079839 | 73103853 |
| **Total equity** |  | 196079839 | 73103853 |
| Commitments and contingencies | *36* |  |  |
| **Total liabilities and equity** |  | $271883534 | $153795982 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-4

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
| Items | *Notes* | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Revenues, net | *24* | $101360657 | $74674030 | $64694991 |
| Cost of revenues | *9, 28 and 29* | (67484636) | (37365807) | (19976149) |
| **Gross profit** |  | 33876021 | 37308223 | 44718842 |
| Operating expenses: | *28 and 29* |  |  |  |
| Selling and marketing expenses |  | (1613853) | (1092977) | (1562837) |
| General and administrative expenses |  | (19835553) | (12410485) | (16558226) |
| Research and development expenses |  | (3070698) | (2110195) | (3701796) |
| Expected credit losses |  | (862634) | (897170) | (12153098) |
| Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net |  | (21018528) | (27799084) | 78178 |
| Fair value measurement of financial instruments, net | *21 and 22* | (1039329) | (59540069) | 6050777 |
| Other gains (losses), net | *25* | (103913) | 32356 | 187419 |
| Restructuring costs |  |  | (432774) |  |
| Total operating expenses |  | (47544508) | (104250398) | (27659583) |
| **Operating income (loss)** |  | (13668487) | (66942175) | 17059259 |
| Non-operating income and expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| Interest income | *26* | 3277048 | 1569253 | 770410 |
| Finance costs | *27 and 34* | (543808) | (732508) | (818065) |
| Total non-operating income (expenses) |  | 2733240 | 836745 | (47655) |
| **Profit (loss) before income tax** |  | (10935247) | (66105430) | 17011604 |
| Income tax (expense) benefit | *30* | (341351) | 1310814 | (3515990) |
| **Profit (loss)** |  | (11276598) | (64794616) | 13495614 |
| **Other comprehensive (loss) income** |  |  |  |  |
| **Components of other comprehensive (loss) income that may not be reclassified to profit or loss** |  |  |  |  |
| Remeasurement of defined benefit plans |  |  | (44804) | 89457 |
| **Components of other comprehensive (loss) income that may be reclassified to profit or loss** |  |  |  |  |
| Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations |  | (1344903) | (1010518) | 584840 |
| **Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax** |  | (1344903) | (1055322) | 674297 |
| **Total comprehensive income (loss)** |  | $(12621501) | $(65849938) | $14169911 |
| Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
| Basic | *31* | $(0.51) | $(6.13) | $1.92 |
| Diluted | *31* | $(0.51) | $(6.13) | $1.64 |
| Weighted average number of shares used in computing earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
| Basic |  | 22250495 | 10565835 | 7038173 |
| Diluted |  | 22250495 | 10565835 | 7558479 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-5

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* |
|  |  |  | *Capital Surplus* | *Capital Surplus* | *Capital Surplus* |  |  |  |  |
|  | *Notes* | *Ordinary Share Capital* | *Additional Paid-in Capital* | *Employee Share Options* | *Restricted Share Units ("RSU")* | *Accumulated Deficit* | *Foreign Currency Translation Reserve* | *Treasury Shares (at cost)* | *Total* |
| <u>Year 2025</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at January 1, 2025 |  | $19443 | $253786028 | $764333 | $34906 | $(148238729) | $(55500) | $(33206628) | $73103853 |
| Loss |  |  |  |  |  | (11276598) |  |  | (11276598) |
| Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1344903) |  | (1344903) |
| Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | (11276598) | (1344903) |  | (12621501) |
| <u>Share issued against:</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cash | *23* | 1044 | 9267534 |  |  |  |  | 35005477 | 44274055 |
| Share-based payment for services | *19(a)* | 15 | 271035 |  |  |  |  |  | 271050 |
| Exercise of employee stock options | *19(d)* | 6 | 646889 | (574612) |  |  |  |  | 72283 |
| Restricted share units | *19 and 23* | 380 | 1289213 |  | (1289593) |  |  |  |  |
| Exercise of stock warrants | *21 and 23* | 6019 | 96640253 |  |  |  |  |  | 96646272 |
| Share issuance costs | *23* |  | (6530746) |  |  |  |  |  | (6530746) |
| Share-based compensation expenses | *19* |  |  |  | 4768696 |  |  |  | 4768696 |
| Acquisition of treasury stock | *23* |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3904123) | (3904123) |
| Cancellation of shares held in escrow, net of reissuance | *23* | (551) | 551 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at December 31, 2025 |  | $26356 | $355370757 | $189721 | $3514009 | $(159515327) | $(1400403) | $(2105274) | $196079839 |

---

(Continued)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-6

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* |
|  |  |  | *Capital Surplus* | *Capital Surplus* | *Capital Surplus* |  |  |  |  |
|  | *Notes* | *Ordinary Share Capital* | *Additional Paid-in Capital* | *Employee Share Options* | *RSU* | *Accumulated Deficit* | *Foreign Currency Translation Reserve* | *Treasury Shares (at cost)* | *Total* |
| <u>Year 2024</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at January 1, 2024 |  | $7846 | $165228386 | $764333 | $175599 | $(83399309) | $955018 | $(29580140) | $54151733 |
| Loss |  |  |  |  |  | (64794616) |  |  | (64794616) |
| Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | (44804) | (1010518) |  | (1055322) |
| Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | (64839420) | (1010518) |  | (65849938) |
| Acquisition of treasury stock | *23* |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3626488) | (3626488) |
| Share-based payment for professional services & acquisition of intangible asset | *19* | 134 | 749438 |  |  |  |  |  | 749572 |
| Shares issued against exercise of convertible preference shares | *22* | 7031 | 39458058 |  |  |  |  |  | 39465089 |
| Shares issued against restricted share units | *19 and 23* | 70 | 342531 |  | (140693) |  |  |  | 201908 |
| Issuance of ordinary shares | *23* | 2143 | 11287862 |  |  |  |  |  | 11290005 |
| Shares issued against exercise of stock warrants | *21 and 23* | 2219 | 36719753 |  |  |  |  |  | 36721972 |
| Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $19443 | $253786028 | $764333 | $34906 | $(148238729) | $(55500) | $(33206628) | $73103853 |

---

(Continued)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-7

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* | *Equity attributable to owners of the parent* |
|  |  |  | *Capital Surplus* | *Capital Surplus* | *Capital Surplus* |  |  |  |  |
|  | *Notes* | *Ordinary Share Capital* | *Additional Paid-in Capital* | *Employee Share Options* | *RSU* | *Accumulated Deficit* | *Foreign Currency Translation Reserve* | *Treasury Shares (at cost)* | *Total* |
| <u>Year 2023</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $7136 | $153288043 | $1442346 | $- | $(96984380) | $370178 | $(29580140) | $28543183 |
| Profit |  |  |  |  |  | 13495614 |  |  | 13495614 |
| Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | 89457 | 584840 |  | 674297 |
| Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | 13585071 | 584840 |  | 14169911 |
| Expiration of employee stock options |  |  | 881689 | (881689) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Shares issued against exercise of employee stock options | *19* |  |  | 203676 |  |  |  |  | 203676 |
| Share-based payment for professional services | *19* | 13 | 695662 |  |  |  |  |  | 695675 |
| Shares issued against exercise of convertible preference shares | *22* | 560 | 5214402 |  |  |  |  |  | 5214962 |
| Shares issued against restricted share units | *19 and 23* | 99 | 697802 |  | 175599 |  |  |  | 873500 |
| Shares issued against exercise of stock warrants | *21 and 23* | 38 | 4450788 |  |  |  |  |  | 4450826 |
| Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $7846 | $165228386 | $764333 | $175599 | $(83399309) | $955018 | $(29580140) | $54151733 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-8

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *Notes* | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| <u>CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES</u> |  |  |  |  |
| Profit (loss) before tax |  | $(10935247) | $(66105430) | $17011604 |
| Adjustments to reconcile profit (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
| Expected credit losses | *28* | 862634 | 897170 | 12153098 |
| Depreciation expenses | *12, 13 and 28* | 753406 | 574121 | 522963 |
| Amortization expenses | *14 and 28* | 560273 | 821201 | 726031 |
| (Gain) loss on disposal of property and equipment |  |  | (656) | 94 |
| Share-based payment expenses | *19* | 271050 | 749572 | 695675 |
| Share-based compensation expenses | *19* | 4768696 | 201908 | 203676 |
| Interest expense | *27* | 543808 | 732508 | 818065 |
| Interest income | *26* | (3277048) | (1569253) | (770410) |
| Unrealized foreign currency exchange losses, net |  | 20206577 | 22397898 |  |
| Write-back of accounts and other payables | *25* | (11976) |  | (263237) |
| Fair value measurement of financial instruments, net | *21 and 22* | 1039329 | 59540069 | (6050777) |
| Expenses on investment in rent-a-captive company | *6 and 25* |  | 46146 | 78128 |
| Loss on sale of equity shares held-for-trading | *25* | 265108 |  |  |
| Changes in working capital |  |  |  |  |
| Changes in working capital assets |  |  |  |  |
| Contract assets |  | (106858689) | (68321552) | (33487938) |
| Accounts receivable, net |  | 30863543 | 25548022 | 962163 |
| Inventories |  | 5362 | 17917 | 45513 |
| Prepayments |  | 14528978 | (21002839) | (6017351) |
| Other receivables |  | (4250) | (200520) | 91993 |
| Other assets |  | (995144) | 438962 | (162517) |
| Changes in working capital liabilities |  |  |  |  |
| Contract liabilities |  | 1015192 | 165624 | 49128 |
| Notes payable |  |  | (564) |  |
| Accounts and other payables |  | 17029808 | 14649204 | 3984171 |
| Provisions |  | 147038 | (72771) | (17069) |
| Other liabilities |  | (52975) | 417229 | (62759) |
| Guarantee deposits liabilities |  | 123718 |  |  |
| Cash flows used in operations |  | (29150809) | (30076034) | (9489756) |
| Interest received |  | 3326767 | 1450168 | 751998 |
| Interest paid |  | (577343) | (958123) | (668540) |
| Income tax paid |  | (2257592) | (65993) | (22621) |
| Net cash used in operating activities |  | (28658977) | (29649982) | (9428919) |
| <u>CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES</u> |  |  |  |  |
| Investment in financial assets at FVTPL | *6* | (4000000) | (588600) |  |
| Disbursement of convertible loan | *6* | (500000) |  |  |
| Dividend distribution from financial assets at FVTPL | *6* |  | 1536555 |  |
| Acquisition of property and equipment | *32* | (615498) | (542559) | (297357) |
| Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment |  |  | 1650 | 6122 |
| Acquisition of intangible assets | *32* | (54987) | (913313) | (3517971) |
| Proceeds from sale of shares held-for-trading |  | 3944695 |  |  |
| Acquisition of shares held-for-trading |  | (4209803) |  |  |
| Proceeds from restricted deposits |  | 20432716 | 18068962 |  |
| Investment in restricted deposits |  | (9537906) |  | (34599728) |
| (Increase) decrease in guarantee deposits |  |  | (925861) | (285314) |
| Net cash flows from (used in) investing activities |  | 5459217 | 16636834 | (38694248) |

---

(Continued)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-9

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<u>GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES</u>

<u>CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS</u>

(Expressed in United States dollars)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES</u> |  |  |  |  |
| Proceeds from short-term borrowings | *33* | 14726255 | 10259577 | 28050769 |
| Repayments of short-term borrowings | *33* | (21066547) | (7737059) | (25205710) |
| Proceeds from long-term borrowings | *33* |  |  | 1561723 |
| Repayments of long-term borrowings | *33* | (2289408) | (1775257) | (3193619) |
| Principal payment of lease liabilities | *33* | (263079) | (175653) | (16344) |
| Repayments of loan from shareholders | *16 and 33* |  | (3000000) |  |
| Acquisition of treasury stock | *23* | (3503403) | (3626488) |  |
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | *19(d)* | 72283 |  |  |
| Proceeds from exercise of public stock warrants |  |  |  | 4372875 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Proceeds from exercise of stock warrants | *21 and 23* | 75765677 | 13090625 |  |
| Proceeds from issuance of preferred shares | *22* |  | 9650000 | 23290000 |
| Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares | *23* | 44274055 | 11290005 |  |
| Payment of share issuance costs | *23(c)* | (6524746) |  |  |
| Exercise of restricted share units |  |  |  | 873500 |
| Net cash flows from financing activities |  | 101191087 | 27975750 | 29733194 |
| Effect of foreign exchange rate changes |  | (158414) | 1429743 | 700453 |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | 77832913 | 16392345 | (17689520) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | *5* | 21699202 | 5306857 | 22996377 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | *5* | $99532115 | $21699202 | $5306857 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-10

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GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023

Expressed in US dollars, except as otherwise indicated

*1.* **Corporate and group information**

Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (the "Company") was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in *May 2001.* The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively referred herein as the "Group") is a global solution provider in Security Intelligence, Network Intelligence, Business Intelligence and IoT technology.

On *July 14, 2022,* the Company's shares and warrants commenced trading on The Nasdaq Capital Markets under the ticker symbols "GRRR" and "GRRRW", respectively.

*2.* **The authorization of the consolidated financial statements**

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Audit Committee on *April 15, 2026.*

*3.* **Application of new and revised International Financial Reporting Standards (**"**IFRS**"**), International Accounting Standards (**"**IAS**"**), International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (**"**IFRIC**"**) Interpretations and Standing Interpretations Committee (**"**SIC**"**) Interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (**"**IASB**"**), (collectively,** "**IFRS**"**)**

**a)** **Amendments to IFRS and the new interpretation that are mandatorily effective for the current year**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments | Effective date issued by IASB |
| Amendments to IAS *21,* 'Lack of exchangeability' | *January 1, 2025* |

---

The Group adopted the above amendment as of its effective date, and, based on its assessment, the above has *no* significant impact on its financial condition or financial performance.

**b)** **New standards, interpretations and amendments in issue but *not* yet effective**

New standards, interpretations and amendments in issue but *not* yet effective are as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments | Effective date issued by IASB |
| Amendments to IFRS *10* and IAS *28,* 'Sale or contribution of assets between an investor and its associate or joint venture' | To be determined by IASB |
| Amendments to IFRS *9* and IFRS *7,* 'Contracts referencing nature–dependent electricity' and 'Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments' | *January 1, 2026* |
| Annual improvements to IFRS Accounting Standards–Volume *11* | *January 1, 2026* |
| IFRS *19,* 'Subsidiaries without public accountability: disclosures' | *January 1, 2027* |
| IFRS *18,* 'Presentation and disclosure in financial statements' | *January 1, 2027* |

---

Based on the Group's assessment, the above standards and interpretations will *not* have any significant impact to the Group's financial condition and financial performance.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *11*

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*4.* **Summary of material accounting policy information**

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the periods presented, unless otherwise stated.

**a)** **Statement of compliance**

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with IFRS that was effective as issued by the IASB.

**b)** **Basis of preparation**

(a) Except for the following items, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention:

i) Defined benefit assets are recognized based on the net amount of pension fund assets less present value of defined benefit obligation.

ii) Financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL.

iii) Financial assets and liabilities at FVOCI.

(b) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Group's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note *4* dd).

**c)** **Basis of consolidation**

(a) Basis for preparation of consolidated financial statements:

i) All subsidiaries are included in the Group's consolidated financial statements. Subsidiaries are all entities controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Consolidation of subsidiaries begins from the date the Group obtains control of the subsidiaries and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiaries.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *12*

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ii) Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses on transactions between companies within the Group are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

iii) When the Group loses control of a subsidiary, the Group remeasures any investment retained in the former subsidiary at its fair value. That fair value is regarded as the fair value on initial recognition of a financial asset or the cost on initial recognition of the associate or joint venture. Any difference between fair value and carrying amount is recognized in profit or loss. All amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to the subsidiary are reclassified to profit or loss on the same basis as would be required if the related assets or liabilities were disposed of. That is, when the Group loses control of a subsidiary, all gains or losses previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to the subsidiary should be reclassified from equity to profit or loss, as if such gains or losses would be reclassified to profit or loss when the related assets or liabilities are disposed of.

(b) Subsidiaries included in the consolidated financial statements:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  |  | *Ownership (%)* | *Ownership (%)* |  |
| Name of investor | *Name of Subsidiary* | *Main business Activities* | *December 31, 2025* | *December 31, 2024* | *Note* |
| The Company | *Gorilla Science & Technology Holding, Inc. (Gorilla BVI)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% |  |
| The Company | *ISSCore Technology, Inc.* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% |  |
| The Company | *Telmedia Technology Limited (Telmedia)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% | *1* |
| The Company | *Gorilla SPAC Partners Co. (Global)* | *Dormant corporation* | 100% | 100% |  |
| The Company | *Gorilla Technology UK Limited (Gorilla UK)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% |  |
| The Company | *Gorilla Technology Egypt LLC (Gorilla Egypt)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% |  |
| Gorilla UK and Gorilla Egypt | *Gorilla Distribution Egypt* | *Software and hardware distribution services* | 100% | 100% | *1* |
| Gorilla UK | *Gorilla Technology Inc. (Gorilla Taiwan)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% |  |
| Gorilla UK | *NSGUARD Technology Inc. (NSGUARD)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% |  |
| Gorilla UK | *Gorilla Technology (India) Private Limited (Gorilla India)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% | 100% |  |
| Gorilla UK | *Gorilla Distribution Partners Limited (Gorilla Distribution)* | *Software and hardware distribution services* | 55% | 55% |  |
| The Company | *Gorilla Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (Gorilla Thailand)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% |  | *2* |
| The Company | *Gorilla Technology Pte. Ltd. (Gorilla Singapore)* | *Information software and data processing services* | 100% |  | *3* |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *13*

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(*1*) Telemedia and Gorilla Distribution Egypt are in the process of liquidation as of *December 31, 2025*.

(*2*) Gorilla Thailand was incorporated in *January 2025.*

(*3*) Gorilla Singapore was incorporated in *December 2025.*

(c) Subsidiaries *not* included in consolidated financial statements: *None.*

(d) Adjustments for subsidiaries with different balance sheet dates: *None.*

(e) Significant restrictions: *None.*

(f) Subsidiaries that have non-controlling interests that are material to the Group: *None.*

**d)** **Foreign currency translation**

Items included in the consolidated financial statements of each of the Group's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars, which is the Company's functional and the Group's presentation currency.

(a) Foreign currency transactions and balances

i) Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are remeasured. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

ii) Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the period end are retranslated at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising upon re-translation at the balance sheet date are recognized in profit or loss.

iii) Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are *not* measures at fair value are translated using the historical exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. All foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) within 'other gains (losses), net'.

(b) Translation of foreign operations

i) The operating results and financial position of all the group entities that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

● Assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing exchange rate at the date of that balance sheet;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *14*

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● Income and expenses for each statement of comprehensive income (loss) are translated at average exchange rates of that period;

● Equity for each statement of changes in equity presented is initially measured and recorded in the functional currency using the exchange rate at issuance and is *not* subsequently adjusted for changes in exchange rates during period it is outstanding; and

● All resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

ii) When the foreign operation partially disposed of or sold is a subsidiary, cumulative exchange differences that were recorded in other comprehensive income are proportionately transferred to the non-controlling interest in this foreign operation. In addition, even when the Group retains partial interest in the former foreign subsidiary after losing control of the former foreign subsidiary, such transactions should be accounted for as disposal of all interest in the foreign operation.

**e)** **Classification of current and non-current items**

(a) Assets that meet *one* of the following criteria are classified as current assets; otherwise they are classified as non-current assets:

i) Assets arising from operating activities that are expected to be realized, or are intended to be sold or consumed within the normal operating cycle;

ii) Assets held mainly for trading purposes;

iii) Assets that are expected to be realized within *twelve* months from the balance sheet date; and

iv) Cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents.

(b) Liabilities that meet *one* of the following criteria are classified as current liabilities; otherwise they are classified as non-current liabilities:

i) Liabilities that are expected to be paid off within the normal operating cycle;

ii) Liabilities arising mainly from trading activities;

iii) Liabilities that are to be paid off within *twelve* months from the balance sheet date; and

iv) Liabilities for which the repayment date cannot be extended unconditionally to more than *twelve* months after the balance sheet date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *15*

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**f)** **Cash equivalents**

Cash equivalents refer to short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Time deposits that meet the definition above and are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments in operations are classified as cash equivalents.

**g)** **Financial assets at FVTPL**

(a) Financial assets at FVTPL are *not* measured at amortized cost or FVOCI.

(b) On a regular way purchase or sale basis, financial assets at FVTPL are recognized and derecognized using trade date accounting.

(c) At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial assets at fair value and recognizes the transaction costs in profit or loss. The Group subsequently measures the financial assets at fair value, and recognizes the gain or loss in profit or loss.

**h)** **Financial assets at amortized cost**

(a) The Group classifies its financial assets at amortized cost only if both of the following criteria are met:

i) the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows, and

ii) the contractual terms give rise to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest.

(b) These financial assets are measured at amortized cost and are recognized and derecognized on a trade date basis for regular way purchases and sales.

(c) At initial recognition, the Group measures these financial assets at fair value plus transaction costs. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest method. A gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired.

(d) The Group's time deposit which do *not* fall under cash equivalents are measured at initial investment amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

**i)** **(a) Accounts receivable, net**

Accounts receivable represent the Group's contractual right to receive consideration in exchange for transferred goods or rendered services.

**(b)** **Unbilled receivables and contract assets**

The Group recognizes contract assets when performance obligation has been satisfied and revenue is recognized, however, right to seek unconditional payment is still contingent on the Group's future performance. Once the Group fulfills such future performance obligation, which also coincides with invoicing milestones, such contract assets are derecognized and the Group recognizes unbilled receivables till the time it does *not* issue the invoice. Once an invoice is issued to the customer, the Group recognizes a trade receivable and derecognizes unbilled receivables. Invoices to customers are issued in accordance with the contractual terms upon achieving invoicing milestones and such milestones are established as part of the customer contract.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *16*

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**j)** **Impairment of financial assets**

For debt instruments measured at financial assets at amortized cost, at each reporting date, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for *12* months expected credit losses if there has *not* been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or recognizes the impairment provision for the lifetime expected credit losses (ECLs) if such credit risk has increased since initial recognition after taking into consideration all reasonable and verifiable information that includes forecasts. On the other hand, for accounts receivable or unbilled receivables (contract assets) that do *not* contain a significant financing component, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for lifetime ECLs.

**k)** **Derecognition of financial assets**

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset to another entity.

**l)** **Operating leases (lessor)**

Lease income from an operating lease (net of any incentives given to the lessee) is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

**m)** **Inventories**

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted-average method. The item by item approach is used in applying the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

**n)** **Property and equipment**

(a) Property and equipment are initially recorded at cost.

(b) Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred.

(c) Land is *not* depreciated. Property and equipment apply cost model and are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Each part of an item of property and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item must be depreciated separately.

(d) The assets' residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each financial year-end. If expectations for the assets' residual values and useful lives differ from previous estimates or the patterns of consumption of the assets' future economic benefits embodied in the assets have changed significantly, any change is accounted for as a change in estimate under IAS *8,* 'Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors', from the date of the change. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | (in years) |
| Buildings and structures | 50 |
| Transportation equipment | 5 |
| Office equipment | 3 - 5 |
| Leasehold improvements | 3 - 6 |
| Other equipment <sup>(1)</sup> | 5 |

---

(*1*) Other equipment primarily includes big data platform for image analytics, data storage equipment and server equipment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *17*

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**o)** **Leasing arrangements (lessee)**－**right-of-use assets/ lease liabilities**

(a) Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability at the commencement date at which the leased asset is available for use by the Group. For short-term leases or leases of low-value assets, lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(b) Lease liabilities include the net present value of the remaining lease payments at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If such rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate is employed. Lease payments are comprised of fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable.

The Group subsequently measures lease liabilities at amortized cost using the interest method and recognizes interest expense over the lease term. The lease liability is remeasured and the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset when there are changes in the lease term or lease payments and such changes do *not* arise from contract modifications.

(c) At the commencement date, the right-of-use asset is stated at cost comprising the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability less any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentive received; and include any initial direct costs incurred by the Group and an estimate of cost to be incurred by the Group in dismantling and removing the underlying asset and restoration. The right-of-use asset is measured subsequently using the cost model and is depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the asset's useful life or the end of the lease term. When the lease liability is remeasured, the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

(d) For lease modifications that decrease the scope of the lease, the lessee shall decrease the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset and remeasure the lease liability to reflect the partial or full termination of the lease, and recognize the difference in profit or loss.

**p)** **Intangible assets**

(a) **Computer software** is stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of 1 to 5 years.

(b) **Intellectual property rights** are stated at historical cost and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 10 years.

**q)** **Impairment of non-financial assets**

The Group assesses at each balance sheet date the recoverable amounts of those assets where there is an indication that they are impaired. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell or value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at arm's length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow ('DCF') model. The cash flows are derived from the budget for the next *five* years and do *not* include restructuring activities that the Group is *not* yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the asset's performance of the cash generating unit being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for the extrapolation purposes. When the circumstances or reasons for recognizing impairment loss for an asset in prior years *no* longer exist or diminish, the impairment loss is reversed. The increased carrying amount due to reversal should *not* be more than what the depreciated or amortized historical cost would have been if the impairment had *not* been recognized. There was no impairment of non-financial assets for the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023*.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *18*

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**r)** **Borrowings**

Loans comprise long-term and short-term bank borrowings and other short-term loans. Loans are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Loans are subsequently stated at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

**s)** **Notes and accounts payable**

(a) Accounts payable are liabilities for purchases of goods or services and notes payable are those resulting from operating and non-operating activities.

(b) Non-interest bearing short-term notes and accounts payable are measured at the original invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

**t)** **Convertible preference share liabilities**

Convertible preference share liabilities issued by the Group contain conversion options (that is, the preference share holders have the right to convert the preference shares into the Group's ordinary shares, upon request, but *not* by exchanging a fixed amount of cash for a fixed number of ordinary shares), call options. The Group classifies the preference share liabilities upon issuance as financial liability in accordance with the contract terms. They are accounted for as follows:

(a) The embedded call options are *not* recognized or remeasured separately from the host contracts.

(b) The host contracts of preference share liabilities are initially recognized at fair value. Any difference between the initial recognition and the fair value at each reporting date is recognized in profit or loss.

(c) When shareholders exercise conversion options, the liability component of the preference share liabilities shall be remeasured on the conversion date. The issuance cost of converted common shares is the total book value of the above mentioned liability component and 'capital surplus'.

**u)** **Warrant liabilities**

Share purchase warrants issued by the Group are accounted for as derivative liabilities. The warrants are initially recognized at fair value, and in subsequent periods measured at FVTPL until the warrants are exercised, redeemed, or expired.

**v)** **Derecognition of financial liabilities**

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired.

**w)** **Provisions**

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that the Company will be required to settle that obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the obligation amount. The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. Where a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows when the effect of the time value of money is material. When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a *third* party, a receivable is recognized as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *19*

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(a) Warranties

Assurance-type warranties are recognized when the Group has a present legal obligation as a result of past events, and it is probable that an outflow of economic resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount of the obligation can be reliably estimated. Warranties are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation on the balance sheet date. The only post-sale obligation to customers is in respect of warranties that provide assurance that products will operate in accordance with agreed-upon specifications and function as intended. These warranty provisions are only invoked when a customer makes requests relating to flawed, malfunctional or defective products. Since customers do *not* have the option to purchase the warranty separately and the warranty does *not* offer any technical support or the right to receive unspecified updates, upgrades or enhancements, the warranty is *not* considered a separate performance obligation pursuant to IFRS *15. B28* through *B33* and, accordingly, is accounted for as a liability in accordance with IAS *37.*

***x*)** **Employee benefits**

(a) Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are recognized when the employee has rendered the service and are measured at undiscounted amount of benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

(b) Pensions

i) Defined contribution plans

Under defined contribution plans, contributions are recognized as pension expenses when they are due on an accrual basis. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent of a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments.

ii) Defined benefit plans

● Net obligation under a defined benefit plan is defined as the present value of an amount of pension benefits that employees will receive on retirement for their services with the Group in current period or prior periods. The liability recognized in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date less the fair value of plan assets. The net defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The rate used to discount is determined by using interest rates of government bonds (at the balance sheet date) of a currency and term consistent with the currency and term of the employment benefit obligations.

● Remeasurements arising on defined benefit plans are recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise and are recorded as retained earnings.

● Pension cost for the interim period is calculated on a year-to-date basis by using the pension cost rate derived from the actuarial valuation at the end of the prior financial year, adjusted for significant market fluctuations since that time and for significant curtailments, settlements, or other significant *one*-off events. Also, the related information is disclosed accordingly.

(c) Employees' compensation and directors' remuneration

Employees' compensation and directors' remuneration are recognized as expenses and liabilities, provided that such recognition is required under legal or constructive obligation and those amounts can be reliably estimated. Any difference between the resolved amounts and the subsequently actual distributed amounts is accounted for as changes in estimates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *20*

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**y)** **Share-based payment**

Under the equity-settled share-based payment arrangements, the employee and non-employee services received are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments granted at the grant date and are recognized as compensation cost or operating expenses over the vesting period, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. The fair value of the equity instruments granted shall reflect the impact of market vesting conditions and non-vesting conditions. Share-based payment is subject to adjustment based on the service conditions that are expected to be satisfied and the estimates of the number of equity instruments that are expected to vest under the non-market vesting conditions at each balance sheet date. Ultimately, the amount of compensation cost recognized is based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest.

Having recognized the services received and a corresponding increase in equity, the Company shall make *no* subsequent adjustment to total equity after vesting date. However, this requirement does *not* preclude the Company from recognizing a transfer within equity.

**z)** **Income tax**

(a) The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in profit or loss.

(b) The current income tax expense is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company and its subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in accordance with applicable tax regulations. It establishes provisions where appropriate based on the amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

(c) Deferred tax is recognized, using the balance sheet liability method, on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet. Deferred tax is provided on temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Group and it is probable that the temporary difference will *not* be reversed in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the tax rates and laws that are expected to apply when the assets and liabilities will be realized or settled.

(d) Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. At each balance sheet date, unrecognized and recognized deferred tax assets are reassessed.

(e) Current income tax assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset on the balance sheet when the entity has the legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and they are levied by the same taxation authority on either the same entity or different entities that intend to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

(f) When the Company has a history of recent losses, the Company recognizes a deferred tax asset arising from unused tax losses only to the extent that the Company has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses can be utilized by the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *21*

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---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **aa)** | **Share capital** |

---

(a) Ordinary shares are classified as equity. The classification of preference shares is determined according to the special rights attached to preference shares based on the substance of the contract and the definition of financial liabilities and equity instruments. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or share options are shown in equity as a deduction from the proceeds.

(b) Where the Company repurchases the Company's equity share capital that has been issued, the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs (net of income taxes) is deducted from equity attributable to the Company's equity holders. Where such shares are subsequently reissued, the difference between their book value and any consideration received, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and the related income tax effects, is included in equity attributable to the Company's equity holders.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **bb)** | **Revenue recognition** |

---

The Group generates revenue from offering hardware and software products as well as professional services to its customers. Sales of hardware consists of single performance obligation. Sales of software consists of both single or multiple performance obligations and transaction price of which is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. Major types of sales of services offered are system integration service and maintenance service. The Group only offers *one* contract in relation to system integration service when a customer purchases more than *one* offering at or near the same time. For system integration service, services and goods promised in the contract are highly inter-dependent on and interrelated with each other and is *not* separately identifiable from each other in the contract. Therefore, all goods and services in the contract are exclusively accounted for as a single performance obligation. For maintenance service performance obligation, the inputs of labor hours and resources are expended evenly throughout the performance period. Therefore, the Group recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis.

(a) Sales of goods-hardware

i) The Group's sales of goods-hardware are primarily selling of externally purchased server, solid state drive, hard drives, and computer peripheral to the customer. Sales are recognized at a point in time when control of the products has transferred, being when the products are delivered to the customer, the customer has full discretion over the channel and price to sell the products, and there is *no* unfulfilled obligation that could affect the customer's acceptance of the products. Delivery occurs when the products have been shipped to the specific location, the risks of obsolescence and loss have been transferred to the customer, and either the customer has accepted the products in accordance with the sales contract, or the Group has objective evidence that all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.

ii) Revenue is recognized based on the price specified in the contract, net of estimated business tax, sales return and discounts. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the discounts, using the expected value method, and revenue is only recognized to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will *not* occur. The estimation is subject to an assessment at each reporting date.

iii) A receivable is recognized when the goods are delivered and invoiced as the right to consideration is unconditional because only a passage of time is required before the payment of that consideration is due.

(b) Sales of goods-software

i) The Group develops and sells video intelligence and security convergence products. Sales are from sell of software products such as system software, database and platform by providing a right of use to customers which can be accounted for as a single or multiple performance obligations, depending on whether or *not* the customer can benefit from the good on its own and the Group's promise to transfer the goods to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. The Group *may* offer several software products within the same contract and each software product is distinct and independent from *one* another. Under such circumstance, a contract contains multiple performance obligations and revenue is recognized upon fulfilment of each performance obligation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *22*

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ii) Transaction prices are determined at contract inception based on the price specified in the contract, net of estimated business tax, sales return and discounts. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the discounts, using the expected value method, and revenue is only recognized to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will *not* occur. The estimation is subject to an assessment at each reporting date. The Group allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. The Group sells each of its software products separately so that the relative stand-alone selling price can be determined accordingly. Revenue is recognized as the control of each performance obligations is transferred at a point in time, being when the software installed to the customer. The customer can direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the software at the point in time at which the software is installed, and there is *no* unfulfilled obligation that could affect the customer's acceptance of the products.

iii) A receivable is recognized when the goods are delivered and invoiced as the right to consideration is unconditional because only a passage of time is required before the payment of that consideration is due.

(c) Sales of services

i) The Group provides system integration service and maintenance service. Main types of services offered are system integration service contract and maintenance service contract. System integration service includes information and communication systems, installation of software and hardware equipment as well as implementation and integration of various systems whereas maintenance service is to provide maintenance work for hardware and software at the performance location during the contractual period. The consideration promised in the most of service contracts with customer of the Group are generally at fixed amount, and the amounts of variable consideration in certain service contracts which also include fixed amount of consideration are insignificant.

ii) For system integration service projects, the arrangements typically include sales of hardware, software, and services within the same contract. However, since the goods and services promised in the contract are significantly affected by *one* or more of the other goods or services in the contract to function as intended, they are highly inter-dependent on and interrelated with each other and is *not* separately identifiable from each other in the contract. Therefore, all of the arrangements in the contract are deemed a single performance obligation and allocation of transaction price is *not* required. Revenue is recognized over time with reference to the progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation using input method. This is determined based on the proportion of hardware, software and labor costs that have been incurred as of the financial reporting date to the total costs expected to be incurred. Costs that do *not* depict progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation are included in contract costs but *may not* result in revenue being recognized, for example when such costs are attributable to significant unanticipated inefficiencies that were *not* included in the price of the contract or significant re-work. At times costs *may* be incurred that are *not* reflective of the Company's progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation which *may* result in revenue being recognized only to the extent of such costs without any profit, for example uninstalled materials that are (*1*) *not* distinct, (*2*) control is transferred to the customer significantly before integration of the goods into the project, (*3*) cost of the transferred goods are significant relative to the total estimated costs of satisfying the performance obligation, and (*4*) the Company is *not* significantly involved in designing or manufacturing the goods. For projects with revenue recognized under adjusted cost-to-cost method, the cost is adjusted periodically based on actual cost incurred.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *23*

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iii) For maintenance service project, the Group regularly assigns employees to perform inspection and maintenance work at each performing location and the inputs of labor hours and resources are expended evenly throughout the performance period. The Group recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis.

iv) The customer pays at the time specified in the payment schedule. If the performance obligations satisfied exceed the payment, a contract asset is recognized if there exist any performance obligations yet to be satisfied, which *may* prevent the Group to invoice the customer for the performance obligations already satisfied. If the customer collections exceed the services rendered, a contract liability is recognized. Contract asset is reclassified to unbilled receivables or accounts receivable, as appropriate, when related invoices are issued.

v) Estimates of revenues, costs or extent of progress toward completion are revised if circumstances change. Any resulting increases or decreases in estimated revenues or costs are reflected in profit or loss in the period in which the circumstances that give rise to the revision become known by management.

(d) Sales arrangement with system integrators

i) The Group has relied, in part, on a variety of partnerships with system integrators ("partners") to allow the Group to provide data services as part of services provided by the partners, and they integrate the Group's products and services with theirs' and sell directly to their customers in their region of operation.

ii) In such arrangement, the Group enters into sales agreement with the partners directly and is only responsible for delivering goods and services to the partners. Revenue is recognized when the Group fulfils its performance obligations as stated in the executed contracts with the partners in accordance with Group's revenue recognition policy as stated in the preceding paragraphs.

(e) Sales arrangement with sales representatives, resellers and distributors

i) In geographic regions where the Group does *not* have an operating subsidiary, the Group provides its products and services solutions through a suite of non-exclusive agreements that appoint sales representatives, resellers and distributors to engage with end customers. Revenue recognition for each type of these arrangements is as follows:

ii) Sales representatives are granted rights to use the Group's products and services to market, promote and solicit orders of products on a non-transferable, non-sub-licensable and limited basis in designated regions. Sales representatives earn sales commission and contracts are *not* automatically renewed. In such arrangement, the Group enters into sales agreements with the customers directly. Goods and services are provided directly by the Group to the customers in accordance with the executed contracts. Revenue is recognized when the Group fulfils its performance obligations as stated in the executed contracts with customers in accordance with the Group's revenue recognition policy as stated in the preceding paragraphs.

iii) Resellers purchase the Group's products and services for resale to end customers and provide maintenance services in their areas of operation. They are permitted to use the Group's software for demonstration, training, and maintenance services. The contracts are automatically renewed unless prior notice is otherwise provided. In such arrangement, the Group enters into sales agreements with resellers directly and is only responsible for delivering its goods and services to resellers. Revenue is recognized when the Group fulfils its performance obligations as stated in the executed contracts with resellers in accordance with Group's revenue recognition policy as stated in the preceding paragraphs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *24*

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iv) Distributors purchase the Group's products at a discount and are permitted to market, distribute, sell, bundle, promote and advertise the products directly to end customers in their region of operation. The contracts are automatically renewed unless prior notice otherwise is provided. In such arrangement, the Group enters into sales agreements with distributors directly and is only responsible for delivering its goods and services to distributors. Revenue is recognized when the Group fulfils its performance obligations as stated in the executed contracts with distributors in accordance with Group's revenue recognition policy as stated in the preceding paragraphs.

(f) Other factors

i) Payment terms

Payment terms are generally determined by the Group during the initial agreement phase, based on discussions with customers, and *may* vary depending on the nature and size of the projects.

ii) Principal versus agent considerations

Revenues from arrangements involving subcontracting, either in part or whole of the assigned work, are recognized after the Group's assessment of "Principal versus agent considerations" in accordance with IFRS *15.* The Group evaluates whether it is in control of the services before the same are transferred to the customer to assess whether it is principal or agent in the arrangement. Revenues are recognized on a gross basis if the Group is in the capacity of principal.

iii) Practical expedient

The Group applies the practical expedients in IFRS *15.94–95* and accordingly, does *not* disclose remaining performance obligations for contracts with an expected duration of *one* year or less or where revenue is recognized based on invoiced amounts.

iv) Returns, refunds, and other similar obligations

The Group recognizes liabilities for returns, refunds, and other similar obligations when a present obligation exists, and the amount can be reliably estimated. The Group records a provision for returns when a customer initiates a claim or return request and defects in deliverable is reasonably established and agreed by both parties. The provision is recognized at the time the claim is received, and defect is reasonably established and is adjusted as necessary to reflect actual returns or refunds. The amount of the provision is updated based on actual returns or refunds. These obligations arise primarily from customer contracts for goods and services and are accounted for in accordance with IFRS *15,* "Revenue from Contracts with Customers."

**cc)** **Operating segments**

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company's Chief Executive Officer is the CODM. The Company's CODM reviews financial information provided based on product lines and presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance. As such, the Company currently has determined that it operates in three operating segments and has three reportable segments which are Video IoT, Security Convergence and other segment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *25*

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**dd)** **Critical accounting judgments, estimates and key sources of assumption uncertainty**

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make critical judgements in applying the Group's accounting policies and make critical assumptions and estimates concerning future events. Assumptions and estimates *may* differ from the actual results and are continually evaluated and adjusted based on historical experience and other factors. Such assumptions and estimates have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year; and the related information is addressed below:

(a) Critical judgements in applying the Group's accounting policies

*None.*

(b) Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

**Revenue recognition-sales of system integration services**

The Group recognizes revenue from providing system integration services based on the actual service provided to the end of the reporting period as a proportion of the total services to be provided, because the performance obligation meets the *one* or more criteria to be recognized over a period of time. This is determined based on the proportion of hardware, software and labor costs that have been incurred as of the financial reporting date to the total costs expected to be incurred. For projects with revenue recognized under adjusted cost-to-cost method, the cost is adjusted periodically based on actual cost incurred. Recognition of revenue and profit is dependent upon a number of factors, including the accuracy of a variety of estimates made at the balance sheet date, such as engineering progress, material quantities, the achievement of milestones, labor productivity and cost estimates. Any significant variances in estimations of the total costs will impact the measurement of progress which drives the revenue recognition of contract works in an accounting period. Management continuously monitors factors that *may* affect the quality of its estimates and conducts periodic review of the relevance of factors by reviewing the actual amounts incurred and comparing with previous estimated amounts in order to mitigate the exposure to significant variances. Refer to Note *24* for further details.

**Convertible Preference Shares and Private Warrants**

Fair value of convertible Preference Shares and Private Warrants without an active market or quoted prices are determined using valuation techniques such as market approach and income approach. The measurement of fair value *may* adopt observable information or models of similar financial instruments or use assumptions in an appropriate manner if the observable parameters are unavailable in the market. Observable information is the primary source of reference. When valuation models are used for measurements, calibration are performed to ensure its accountability in reflecting real information and market price. In the fair value measurement, the Company used the Option pricing model and Black-Scholes Model to estimate the fair value of convertible Preference Shares and Private Warrants, applying several assumptions and inputs the Company deemed reasonable. Any changes in these judgements and estimates will impact the fair value measurement of these financial instruments. Refer to Note *40* for the financial instruments fair value information.

*5.* **Cash and cash equivalents**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Cash on hand | $5555 | $6795 |
| Checking accounts |  | 61475 |
| Demand deposits | 100274335 | 21130931 |
| Cash in brokerage accounts | 4498033 |  |
| Time deposits | 52634 | 16273100 |
|  | 104830557 | 37472301 |
| Restricted deposits (Refer to Note 7 and 35) | (5298442) | (15773099) |
|  | $99532115 | $21699202 |

---

a) The Group transacts with a variety of financial institutions all with high credit quality to disperse credit risk, so it expects that the probability of counterparty default is remote.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *26*

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b) As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, range of interest rate of time deposits was *1.38%~1.64%* and *0.00%~18.00%,* respectively. Some of time and demand deposits provided as guarantees and with maturity over *three* months were reclassified as "restricted deposits – current." Refer to Note *7* for further details.

*6.* **Financial assets at FVTPL**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Current items: |  |  |
| Investment in a rent-a-captive company <sup>(1)</sup> | $1000 | $1000 |
| Convertible loan <sup>(2)</sup> | 500000 |  |
|  | $501000 | $1000 |
| Non-current items: |  |  |
| Investment in SAFE <sup>(3)</sup> | $4000000 | $- |

---

(*1*) In *2022,* the Group entered into a rent-a-captive arrangement with an insurance company by making an initial investment of $1,105,540 and a further investment of $588,600 in *2024.* In a rent-a-captive structure, an insurance company provides insurance services through a captive company to its participants. The Group participates in the captive insurance agreement by investing certain capital and insures itself against future losses, wherein such investment covers the premium for future claims payments. The insurance company agrees to cause dividends of the rent-a-captive company to be declared and paid to the Group, if approved. During the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023,* the Group recognized expenses amounting to $Nil, $46,146, and $78,128, respectively. During the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023,* a dividend of $Nil, $1,536,555 and $Nil, respectively was declared by the insurance company and received by the Group.

(*2*) In *December 2025,* the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary Gorilla UK, entered into a convertible loan agreement (the "Astrikos Loan Agreement") with Astrikos Pte. Ltd. ("Astrikos AI") and Hegde Chinmaya (Controlling Shareholder of Astrikos AI), for setting-up a loan facility of $500,000 (the "Astrikos Loan Facility") for Astrikos AI. The Company disbursed the loan of $500,000 in *December 2025.* The Astrikos Loan Agreement provides for a 0% interest rate for the *first twelve* months from the date of drawdown and 20% per annum thereafter. The interest shall be rolled and added to the principal amount of loan and shall be payable as and when the principal amount outstanding under the agreement is redeemed or repaid in full. The loan is repayable *12* months from the date of the agreement, unless repaid earlier or converted. On the repayment date, the Borrower *may* elect to repay the outstanding amount in cash or, failing such repayment, the outstanding principal and accrued interest will convert into preference shares representing 3.9375% of the fully diluted share capital of Astrikos AI. Given the proximity of the loan disbursement date to the period-end date, the fair value of the financial asset at period-end is considered to approximate its fair value at initial recognition.

(*3*) On *March 11, 2025,* the Company entered into a partnership agreement with One Amazon USA Inc., in connection with an investment through a Simple Agreement for Future Equity ("SAFE") for a total investment commitment of up to $5,000,000. The agreement designates the Company as the primary technology provider for One Amazon's Internet of Forests initiative. The SAFE represents a future right to equity that automatically converts into preferred stock upon a qualifying equity financing at a 15% discount to the lowest price paid by new investors, while providing for a payout equal to the greater of the purchase price or the fair market value conversion amount upon an IPO, direct listing, or change of control. Although the Company holds *no* voting rights prior to conversion, the SAFE entitles the Company to receive dividends on par with common stock and maintains liquidation priority junior to indebtedness but pari passu with other SAFE and preferred stockholders. The Company classifies this investment as a FVTPL and remeasures the instrument at each reporting date.

*7.* **Restricted deposits**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Restricted deposits: |  |  |
| - Time deposits | $52634 | $15773099 |
| - Demand deposits | 5245808 |  |
|  | $5298442 | $15773099 |

---

a) As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, without taking into account any collateral held or other credit enhancements, the maximum exposure to credit risk in respect of the amount that best represents these financial assets held by the Group was $5,298,442 and $15,773,099, respectively.

b) The Group transacts with a variety of financial institutions all with high credit quality to disperse credit risk, so it expects that the probability of counterparty default is remote.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *27*

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*8.* **Accounts receivable, net**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Accounts receivable | $55085782 | $33135718 |
| Less: Allowance for ECLs | (944191) | (7465561) |
|  | $54141591 | $25670157 |

---

a) Accounts receivable are non-interest bearing and are measured at the original invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

b) The aging analysis of accounts receivable is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of December 31, | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Not past due | $26538008 | $514854 |
| Up to 90 days | 20100156 | 25147001 |
| 91 to 180 days |  | 105571 |
| 181 to 365 days | 8447618 | 4290 |
| Over 365 days |  | 7364002 |
|  | $55085782 | $33135718 |

---

The above aging analysis was based on days overdue.

c) As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, without taking into account any collateral held or other credit enhancements, the maximum exposure to credit risk in respect of the amount that best represents the Group's accounts receivable were $55,085,782 and $33,135,718, respectively. Also refer to Note *39* for further details.

d) The movement in "Allowance for ECLs" was as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| At January 1 | $7465561 | $13114951 |
| Provision for ECLs | 862634 | 897170 |
| Write-off | (7353344) | (6084336) |
| Currency translation adjustments | (30660) | (462224) |
| At December 31 | $944191 | $7465561 |

---

*9.* **Inventories**

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of December 31, | As of December 31, | As of December 31, | As of December 31, | As of December 31, | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2025 | 2025 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
|  | Cost | Allowance for valuation loss | Book value | Cost | Allowance for valuation loss | Book value |
| Finished goods | $- | $- | $- | $5199 | $- | $5199 |

---

The cost of inventories and services recognized as expense for the year:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 |
| Cost of goods sold | $51046423 | $25979708 | $8766733 |
| Cost of services | 16438213 | 11386099 | 11209416 |
|  | $67484636 | $37365807 | $19976149 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *28*

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*10.* **Prepayments**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
| Items | *2025* | *2024* |
| Current items: |  |  |
| Prepayment for purchases | $14803350 | $27342454 |
| Prepayment for insurance expenses | 581266 | 847820 |
| Others | 396668 | 441938 |
|  | $15781284 | $28632212 |
| Non-current items: |  |  |
| Prepayment for insurance expenses | $204020 | $315304 |

---

*11.* **Other receivables, net**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Other receivables <sup>(1)</sup> | $912471 | $954548 |
| Less: Allowance for ECLs / uncollectable accounts | (521852) | (521852) |
|  | $390619 | $432696 |

---

(*1*) Other receivables primarily includes recoverable from Koh Sih-Ping (former Director and CEO of the Company) and interest receivable on demand and time deposits.

(*2*) During the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024,* there were *no* movements in allowance for ECLs.

*12.* **Property and equipment**

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Land <sup>(1)</sup> | Buildings and structures <sup>(1)</sup> | Leasehold improvements | Transportation equipment | Office equipment | Other equipment <sup>(2)</sup> | Total |
| <u>At January 1, 2025</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cost | $11901824 | $3061195 | $- | $19431 | $1872113 | $2263591 | $19118154 |
| Accumulated depreciation |  | (896601) |  | (19431) | (1199925) | (2063054) | (4179011) |
|  | $11901824 | $2164594 | $- | $- | $672188 | $200537 | $14939143 |
| <u>2025</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| January 1 | $11901824 | $2164594 | $- | $- | $672188 | $200537 | $14939143 |
| Additions |  | 4598 | 183311 |  | 180475 | 247114 | 615498 |
| Disposals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Depreciation expenses |  | (78748) | (4871) |  | (362383) | (75331) | (521333) |
| Currency translation adjustments | 551592 | 100825 | 7962 |  | 40052 | 15672 | 716103 |
| December 31 | $12453416 | $2191269 | $186402 | $- | $530332 | $387992 | $15749411 |
| <u>At December 31, 2025</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cost | $12453416 | $3207327 | $191111 | $20331 | $2113678 | $2632264 | $20618127 |
| Accumulated depreciation |  | (1016058) | (4709) | (20331) | (1583346) | (2244272) | (4868716) |
|  | $12453416 | $2191269 | $186402 | $- | $530332 | $387992 | $15749411 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *29*

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---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Land <sup>(1)</sup> | Buildings and structures <sup>(1)</sup> | *Transportation equipment* | *Office equipment* | Other equipment <sup>(2)</sup> | *Total* |
| <u>At January 1, 2024</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cost | $12737302 | $3261934 | $21773 | $1700073 | $11744573 | $29465655 |
| Accumulated depreciation |  | (924133) | (21773) | (1018793) | (11621991) | (13586690) |
|  | $12737302 | $2337801 | $- | $681280 | $122582 | $15878965 |
| <u>2024</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| January 1 | $12737302 | $2337801 | $- | $681280 | $122582 | $15878965 |
| Additions |  | 46568 |  | 356809 | 119458 | 522835 |
| Disposals |  |  |  | (995) |  | (995) |
| Depreciation expenses |  | (66681) |  | (302079) | (38855) | (407615) |
| Currency translation adjustments | (835478) | (153094) |  | (62827) | (2648) | (1054047) |
| December 31 | $11901824 | $2164594 | $- | $672188 | $200537 | $14939143 |
| <u>At December 31, 2024</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cost | $11901824 | $3061195 | $19431 | $1872113 | $2263591 | $19118154 |
| Accumulated depreciation |  | (896601) | (19431) | (1199925) | (2063054) | (4179011) |
|  | $11901824 | $2164594 | $- | $672188 | $200537 | $14939143 |

---

(*1*) Information relating to property and equipment that were pledged to others as collaterals is provided in Note *35.*

(*2*) Other equipment primarily includes big data platform for image analytics, data storage equipment and server equipment.

*13.* **Leasing arrangements** – **lessee**

a) The Group leases various assets including office facilities and business vehicles. Lease contracts are typically made for periods of *1* to *5* years. Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a wide range of different terms and conditions. The lease agreements do *not* impose covenants, but leased assets *may not* be used as security for borrowing purposes.

b) Short-term leases with a lease term of *12* months or less comprise rental of office. Low-value assets comprise rental of office equipment. Lease payments for these leases are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

c) The carrying amount of right-of-use ("ROU") assets and the depreciation expenses are as follows: 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Carrying amount of ROU assets* | *Carrying amount of ROU assets* |
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Office facilities | $1091526 | $505345 |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Depreciation expenses* | *Depreciation expenses* | *Depreciation expenses* |
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Office facilities | $232073 | $161794 | $9314 |
| Transportation equipment (Business vehicles) |  | 4712 | 6623 |
|  | $232073 | $166506 | $15937 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *30*

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d) For the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, the additions to right-of-use assets were $788,763 and $618,815, respectively.

e) Supplemental information relating to lease contracts is as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| <u>Items affecting profit or loss</u> |  |  |  |
| Interest expense on lease liabilities | $30760 | $19501 | $346 |
| Expense on short-term lease contracts | $227695 | $270579 | $171999 |
| Expense on leases of low-value assets | $4955 | $5324 | $6661 |

---

f) For each of the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023*, the Group's total cash outflow for leases, including short-term and low-value leases, were $526,489, $471,058 and $195,350, respectively.

*14.* **Intangible assets**

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *Computer software* | *Intellectual property rights* | *Total* | *Computer software* | Intellectual property rights <sup>(1)</sup> | *Total* |
| <u>January 1</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cost | $582461 | $3850000 | $4432461 | $555562 | $6000000 | $6555562 |
| Accumulated amortization | (415300) | (1085500) | (1500800) | (136050) | (550000) | (686050) |
|  | $167161 | $2764500 | $2931661 | $419512 | $5450000 | $5869512 |
| At January 1 | $167161 | $2764500 | $2931661 | $419512 | $5450000 | $5869512 |
| Additions | 54987 |  | 54987 | 42838 |  | 42838 |
| Adjustment <sup>(1)</sup> |  |  |  |  | (2150000) | (2150000) |
| Amortization expenses | (218273) | (342000) | (560273) | (285701) | (535500) | (821201) |
| Currency translation adjustments | 5903 |  | 5903 | (9488) |  | (9488) |
| At December 31 | $9778 | $2422500 | $2432278 | $167161 | $2764500 | $2931661 |
| <u>December 31</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cost | $567424 | $3850000 | $4417424 | $582461 | $3850000 | $4432461 |
| Accumulated amortization | (557646) | (1427500) | (1985146) | (415300) | (1085500) | (1500800) |
|  | $9778 | $2422500 | $2432278 | $167161 | $2764500 | $2931661 |

---

(*1*) On *January 10, 2023 (*the "Agreement Date"), the Company entered into an intellectual property purchase agreement effective on *January 16, 2023 (*the "Effective Time") with SeeQuestor Limited ("SeeQuestor"), a company providing video analytics technology incorporated and registered in England and Wales. The Company acquired all and/or any intellectual property rights, including but *not* limited to patents and trademarks, owned, used or held for use by and/or on behalf of SeeQuestor, including without limitations, such rights as relate to SeeQuestor's products. The purchase consideration consisted of fixed consideration of $6,000,000, payable in cash and contingent consideration $3,000,000 payable through the issuance of the Company's shares, conditional upon the achievement of specified financial performance criteria related to these intellectual property rights for the period from the Agreement Date through *December 31, 2023.* As the performance conditions were *not* met, *no* contingent consideration was paid. The Company made payments of $600,000 and $2,400,000 on Agreement Date and Effective Time, respectively. In *October 2024,* the Company entered into an agreement with SeeQuestor to settle the remaining consideration in a full and final settlement amount of $850,000, which was paid in *October 2024.* The settlement led to derecognition of cost of intellectual property rights in an amount of $2,150,000.

Details of amortization of intangible assets was as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 |
| Selling and marketing expenses | $1865 | $356 | $5131 |
| General and administrative expenses | 179634 | 264111 | 152925 |
| Research and development expenses | 378774 | 556734 | 567975 |
|  | $560273 | $821201 | $726031 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *31*

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*15.* **Other assets**

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *Current* | *Non-current* | *Total* | *Current* | *Non-current* | *Total* |
| Guarantee deposits assets | $317959 | $2070230 | $2388189 | $- | $1432177 | $1432177 |
| Lease and other deposits | 46478 | 285269 | 331747 |  |  |  |
| Receivables from statutory authorities | 184075 |  | 184075 | 88396 |  | 88396 |
| Advances to employees | 573 |  | 573 | 60366 |  | 60366 |
| Others |  | 65461 | 65461 | 3054 | 62563 | 65617 |
|  | $549085 | $2420960 | $2970045 | $151816 | $1494740 | $1646556 |

---

*16.* **Borrowings**

Refer to table below for details of borrowings, presented separately for short-term loans ("STL"), long-term loans ("LTL") and letter of guarantee ("LG"). Lender A refers to Shanghai Commercial & Savings Bank, Ltd.; Lender B refers to Taishin International Bank; Lender C refers to Hua Nan Commercial Bank; Lender D refers to Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, and Taiwan SMEG stands for Small and Medium Enterprise Credit Guarantee Fund of Taiwan.

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2025*** |
|  | *Facility* | *Credit* |  | *Outstanding* | *Outstanding* | *Undrawn* | *Interest* | *Guarantor* |  |
| Lender | *Period* | *Facility* | *Type* | *Amount (Cash)* | *Amount (Non-cash)* | *Amount* | *Rate* |  | *Collateral* |
| **Short-term borrowings** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Lender A | *12.2025*-*11.2026* | $6440812 | *STL* | $2817059 |  |  | 2.805% |  | *Land, Buildings and Structures* |
|  |  |  | *LG* |  | 954244 | 2669509 | *-*% |  | *Same as above* |
| Lender C | *08.2025*-*08.2026* | 6058190 | *STL* | 4719011 |  |  | 2.85% |  | *Same as above* |
|  |  |  | *LG* |  | 1014584 | 324595 | *-*% |  | *Same as above* |
| Lender C | *09.2025*-*03.2026* | 2231965 | *STL* | 1891431 |  |  | 2.80% |  | *Blank promissory notes held by the bank* |
|  |  |  | *LG* |  | 81862 | 258672 | *-*% |  | *Same as above* |
|  |  |  |  | **9427501** |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Long-term borrowings** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Lender A | *03.2016*-*03.2031* | $3029095 | *LTL* | $2321836 |  |  | 3.045% |  | *Land, Buildings and Structures* |
| Lender A | *03.2016*-*03.2031* | 1594261 | *LTL* | 1222019 |  |  | 3.045% |  | *Same as above* |
| Lender A | *03.2016*-*03.2026* | 318852 | *LTL* | 20030 |  |  | 3.045% |  |  |
| Lender C | *06.2023*-*08.2028* | 1727541 | *LTL* | 804356 |  |  | 2.52% |  | *Land, Buildings and Structures* |
|  |  |  |  | **4368241** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | *Current* | 963878 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | *Non-current* | 3404363 |  |  |  |  |  |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *32*

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[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** |
|  | *Facility* | *Credit* |  | *Outstanding* | *Outstanding* | *Undrawn* | *Interest* | *Guarantor* |  |
| Lender | *Period* | *Facility* | *Type* | *Amount (Cash)* | *Amount (Non-cash)* | *Amount* | *Rate* |  | *Collateral* |
| **Short-term borrowings** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Lender A | *12.2024*-*11.2025* | $7572525 | *LC loan* | $591146 |  |  | 2.805% |  | *Time deposit $1,500,000, Land, Buildings and Structures* |
|  |  |  | *STL* | 2692284 |  |  | 2.805% |  | *Same as above* |
|  |  |  | *LG* |  | 1131157 | 3157938 | -% |  | *Same as above* |
| Lender B | *04.2024*-*04.2025* | 3656753 | *STL* | 1889322 |  | 1767431 | 2.78% |  | *Time deposit $2,300,000* |
| Lender C | *05.2024*-*05.2025* | 5789859 | *STL* | 5759386 |  | 30473 | 2.82% |  | *Time deposit $500,000, Land, Buildings and Structures* |
| Lender C | *05.2024*-*07.2025* | 2133106 | *STL* | 1807655 |  |  | 2.88% |  | *Time deposit $1,000,000* |
| Lender C |  |  | *LG* |  | 78236 | 247215 | -% |  | *Same as above* |
| Lender D | *06.2024*-*06.2025* | 8000000 | *STL* | 2333665 |  |  | 6.63% |  | *Time deposit $2,550,000* |
| Lender D |  |  | *LG* |  | 200000 | 5466335 | -% |  | *Same as above* |
|  |  |  |  | **15073458** |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Long-term borrowings** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Lender A | *09.2020*-*09.2025* | 914188 | *LTL* | 190456 |  |  | 2.970% | Koh Sih-Ping <sup>(1)</sup> | *80% guaranteed by Taiwan SMEG* |
| Lender A | *03.2016*-*03.2031* | 2894929 | *LTL* | 2609618 |  |  | 3.045% |  | *Land, Buildings and Structures* |
| Lender A | *03.2016*-*03.2031* | 1523647 | *LTL* | 1373483 |  |  | 3.045% |  | *Same as above* |
| Lender A | *03.2016*-*03.2026* | 304729 | *LTL* | 131972 |  |  | 3.045% |  |  |
| Lender C | *05.2019*-*03.2026* | 5485129 | *LTL* | 982027 |  |  | 2.51% |  | *Time deposit $500,000, Land, Buildings and Structures* |
| Lender C | *06.2023*-*08.2028* | 1651024 | *LTL* | 1057003 |  |  | 2.52% |  | *Same as above* |
|  |  |  |  | **6344559** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | *Current* | 1972371 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | *Non-current* | 4372188 |  |  |  |  |  |

---

(*1*) Koh Sih-Ping retired as the Director and CEO of the Company on *September 9, 2022,* however, continued to be the guarantor for *one* of the long-term loan, which was repaid in *April 2025.*

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *33*

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*17.* **Accounts and other payables**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Accounts payable | $43853976 | $26039076 |
| Accrued expenses | 1009469 | 1724306 |
| Employee payable | 771701 | 642471 |
| Other payable <sup>(1)</sup> | 407613 | 84358 |
|  | $46042759 | $28490211 |

---

(*1*) Other payable primarily includes liabilities related to acquisition of treasury stock and accrued interest payable on borrowings.

*18.* **Employee benefit plans**

a) The Group's contributions to various defined contribution plans for each of the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023* were $354,342, $314,843 and $358,957, respectively.

*19.* **Share-based payment**

a) In *2025,* the Company issued 15,000 ordinary shares at a price of $18.07 per share to RedChip Companies, Inc. as performance-based compensation, upon achievement of specified stock price performance targets, in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Type of arrangement | Grant Period | Quantity Granted (Ordinary shares) | Quantity Granted (Ordinary shares) | Contract Period | Vesting Conditions |
| Obtain professional service through share-based payment | *July 2025* |  | 15000 | *Upon completion of services* | *Upon completion of services* |

---

b) In *2022,* the Company offered share-based payment to Innvotec Limited ("Innvotec"), an acquisition advisor, for its services related to acquisition of intellectual property rights of SeeQuestor. The fee was set at $1,000,000, with 50% in cash and 50% in exchange for ordinary shares of the Company, issued at $92.77 per share (after effect of Share Consolidation), with piggy-back registration rights. The related shares were issued to Innvotec in *January 2024.*

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Type of arrangement | *Grant Period* | *Grant Period* | *Quantity Granted (Ordinary shares)* | *Quantity Granted (Ordinary shares)* | *Contract Period* | *Vesting Conditions* |
| Obtain professional service through share-based payment |  | *December 2022* |  | 5390 | *Upon completion of services* | *Upon completion of services* |

---

c) In *October 2024,* the Company offered share-based payment to Outside The Box Capital LLC ("OTB") as settlement and full and final payment owed to OTB under the Marketing Service Agreement. Pursuant to the settlement agreement 6,371 ordinary shares of the Company were issued at $4.30 per share. The related shares were issued to OTB in *November 2024.*

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Type of arrangement | *Grant Period* | *Grant Period* | *Quantity Granted (Ordinary shares)* | *Quantity Granted (Ordinary shares)* | *Contract Period* | *Vesting Conditions* |
| Obtain professional service through share-based payment |  | *October 2024* |  | 6371 | *Upon completion of services* | *Upon completion of services* |

---

d) Share option activity under the Group's stock-based compensation plans for employees is shown below:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *No. of options* | *Weighted average exercise price* | *No. of Options* | *Weighted average exercise Price* |
| Outstanding as of January 1 | 50421 | $11.66 | 51879 | $11.66 |
| Granted |  |  |  |  |
| Exercised | (6178) | 11.66 |  |  |
| Cancelled / forfeited |  |  | (1458) | 11.66 |
| Outstanding as of December 31 | 44243 | $11.66 | 50421 | $11.66 |
| Exercisable as of December 31 | 44243 | $11.66 | 50421 | $11.66 |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Note: | As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, the weighted-average remaining contractual period was 0.22 years and 0.50 years, respectively. |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *34*

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e) Restricted stock units activity under the Group's stock-based compensation plans for employees is shown below:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *No. of Units* | Weighted average fair Value <sup>(3)</sup> | *No. of Units* | Weighted average fair Value <sup>(3)</sup> |
| Outstanding as of January 1 | 256 | $7.02 | 38833 | $3.03 |
| Granted | 822934 | 10.66 | 38484 | 7.69 |
| Vested <sup>(1)</sup> | (476543) | 6.35 | (76719) | 5.34 |
| Forfeited |  |  | (342) | 7.02 |
| Outstanding as of December 31 | 346647 | $16.59 | 256 | $7.02 |

---

(*1*) As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, restricted stock units vested for which the underlying ordinary shares is yet to be issued are 108,370 and 11,545, respectively. For the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, restricted stock units for which the underlying ordinary shares were issued were 379,718 and 68,992, respectively.

(*2*) As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be expensed over a weighted average period of 1.38 years and 1.90 years, respectively.

(*3*) The fair value of restricted stock units is the market price of the Company's ordinary shares on the date of grant.

f) Share-based payment for services and share-based compensation for employee stock awards (RSUs and stock options), recognized in consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) are presented below:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 |
| Share-based payment expenses | $271050 | $749572 | $695675 |
| Share-based compensation expenses | 4768696 | 201908 | 1077176 |
|  | $5039746 | $951480 | $1772851 |

---

*20.* **Provisions**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
|  | *Warranties* | *Warranties* |
| At January 1 | $59686 | $132457 |
| Additions | 297424 | 196930 |
| Utilizations | (8060) | (66087) |
| Reversals | (128880) | (195587) |
| Currency translation adjustments | (6723) | (8027) |
| At December 31 | $213447 | $59686 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *35*

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Analysis of total provisions:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of December 31, | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Current | $124441 | $37673 |
| Non-current | $89006 | $22013 |

---

The Group's warranty provisions were associated with the sales of hardware, software and services, and were estimated in accordance with the historical warranty data of products.

*21.* **Stock warrant liabilities**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
| Public Warrants | *No. of units* | *Amount* | *No. of units* | *Amount* |
| At January 1 | 958272 | $910263 | 958272 | $287482 |
| Change in fair value |  | (669257) |  | 622781 |
| At December 31 | 958272 | $241006 | 958272 | $910263 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
| Private Warrants | *No. of units* | *Amount* | *No. of units* | *Amount* |
| At January 1 | 1206250 | $19172009 | 2000000 | $5934000 |
| Granted |  |  | 825000 | 4105372 |
| Exercised | (1206250) | (20880595) | (1618750) | (23631428) |
| Change in fair value |  | 1708586 |  | 32764065 |
| At December 31 |  | $- | 1206250 | $19172009 |

---

a) The public warrants will expire five years from the consummation of the Business Combination on *July 13, 2023 (*the "Closing Date") or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. Once the warrants become exercisable, the Company *may* redeem the outstanding warrants for redemption at a price of $0.01 per warrant upon satisfaction of certain conditions. Each warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of ordinary share at a price of $115.00 per share, which is adjustable in certain circumstances.

b) The private warrants were granted along with convertible preference shares associated with a securities purchase agreement entered on *September 19, 2023* and *February 20, 2024,* respectively. Refer to Note *22* for the details. The private warrants have an exercise price of $5.90 per ordinary share and are exercisable at any time after its issuance and will expire on the *fifth* anniversary of the date on which the private warrants become exercisable.

*22.* **Convertible preference share liabilities**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *No. of units* | *Amount* |
| At January 1 | 18000 | $7767238 |
| Issued | 10000 | 5544628 |
| Exercised | (28000) | (39465089) |
| Change in fair value |  | 26153223 |
| At December 31 |  | $- |

---

a) The terms of the Convertible Preference Shares issued by the Company are as follows: In *September 2023* and *February 2024,* the Company issued 25,000 Series A and 10,000 Series B convertible preference shares (the "Preference Shares"), respectively, and 20,000,000 Series A and 8,250,000 Series B Ordinary Share Purchase Warrants (the "Private Warrants"), respectively, associated with the securities purchase agreement entered on *September 19, 2023* and *February 20, 2024,* respectively, in exchange for $25,000,000 and $10,000,000, respectively. Each Preference Share and accompanying Private Warrants were sold together at a price of $1,000 pursuant to the securities purchase agreement. The securities purchase agreement offered the holders to convert Preference Shares into the Company's ordinary shares at any time without maturity date and be able to exercise Private Warrants to purchase the Company's ordinary shares before the expiration date in a ratio of *10*-to-*1.*

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *36*

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b) In *2024* and *2023,* 28,000 shares and 7,000 shares of the Preference Shares were converted into 7,032,012 shares and 560,000 shares, respectively of the Company's ordinary shares.

*23.* **Share capital**

a) On *April 9, 2024,* the Company announced a share consolidation of the Company's ordinary shares at a ratio of *10*-to-*1* (the "Share Consolidation"). The Share Consolidation was approved by the Company's board of directors and was previously approved by the Company's shareholders as described in the Company's Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form *6*-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on *March 27, 2024.* The Share Consolidation was effective on *April 15, 2024.* Following the Share Consolidation, the exercise price of the Company's warrants, conversion price of the Company's preference shares, and exercise or conversion prices of the Company's other equity instruments will be adjusted proportionally in accordance with the Share Consolidation, and the par value of the Company's ordinary shares increased from $0.0001 to $0.001.

b) The Company issued 2,142,858 Series C Ordinary Share (the "Ordinary Shares") Purchase Warrants (the "Series C Private Warrants") associated with the securities purchase agreement entered on *June 10, 2024.* Each warrant sold at a price of $5.90 per ordinary share to the securities purchase agreement. The Series C Private Warrants will expire on the *fifth* anniversary of the date on which they become exercisable. The Series C Private Warrants are classified as equity instruments under IFRS based on their fixed-for-fixed nature, as each warrant entitles the holder to acquire a fixed number of ordinary shares at a fixed exercise price. The warrants do *not* contain any features that would require or permit cash settlement, nor do they impose any contractual obligation on the Company to deliver cash or another financial asset. Accordingly, the fair value of the Series C Private Warrants was recognized within equity at the date of issuance, with *no* subsequent measurement. Movements in the number of Series C Private Warrants outstanding were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| At January 1 | 1542858 |  |
| Granted |  | 2142858 |
| Exercised | (1342858) | (600000) |
| At December 31 | 200000 | 1542858 |

---

c) On *July 2, 2025,* the Company closed a registered direct offering pursuant to a prospectus supplement filed under its existing shelf registration statement on Form F-*3.* In the offering, the Company issued to a limited number of institutional investors, 2,529,946 ordinary shares at an offering price of $17.50 per ordinary share and pre-funded warrants ("PFW") to purchase 3,470,054 ordinary shares at $17.4999 per PFW. Each PFW was immediately exercisable upon issuance at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share. Of the 2,529,946 ordinary shares issued in the offering, 1,485,978 ordinary shares were reissued from treasury shares held by the Company as of the issuance date. The PFWs were exercised in full during the year ended *December 31, 2025.* 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *37*

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In connection with the offering, the Company also issued 120,000 warrants to the placement agent to purchase up to 120,000 ordinary shares of the Company (the "Placement Agent Warrants"). The Placement Agent Warrants have an exercise price of $21.00 per ordinary share, are immediately exercisable and expire five years following the date of issuance. As of *December 31, 2025,* 120,000 Placement Agent Warrants remain outstanding. <br>All these warrants are classified as equity instruments under IFRS based on their fixed-for-fixed nature, as each warrant entitles the holder to acquire a fixed number of ordinary shares at a fixed exercise price. The warrants do *not* contain any features that would require or permit cash settlement, nor do they impose any contractual obligation on the Company to deliver cash or another financial asset.<br>Gross proceeds from the offering aggregated to $105,000,000, less cash offering transaction costs of $6,530,746, primarily attributable to placement agent fees of $6,150,000, with the remainder consisting of legal and other professional fees, substantially all of which were paid during the year ended *December 31, 2025,* with $6,000 remaining payable as of *December 31, 2025,* and non-cash transaction costs, which represent the issue-date fair value of the Placement Agent Warrants, of $2,187,206.<br>The net proceeds from the offering are intended to be used for working capital needs, including performance guarantees or bid bonds, fulfillment of statutory capital reserve requirements for project bids, growth initiatives related to previously announced acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes.<br>

d) The following table sets forth the Company's authorized share capital and its issued and outstanding share capital:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *No. of Shares* | *Par value per share* | *Amount* | *No. of Shares* | *Par value per share* | *Amount* |
| <u>Authorized share capital</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ordinary share capital | 73500000 | $0.001 | $73500 | 73500000 | $0.001 | $73500 |
| Preference share capital | 15000000 | $0.0001 | 1500 | 15000000 | $0.0001 | 1500 |
|  |  |  | $75000 |  |  | $75000 |
| Issued and outstanding share capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ordinary share capital | 26356512 | $0.001 | $26356 | 19443242 | $0.001 | $19443 |
| Preference share capital |  | $0.0001 |  |  | $0.0001 |  |
|  |  |  | $26356 |  |  | $19443 |

---

e) Movements in the number of the Company's ordinary shares outstanding were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| At January 1 | 18058135 | 7565099 |
| Shares issued against: |  |  |
| Cash (Refer to Note 23) | 2529946 | 2265240 |
| Share-based payment for services (Refer to Note 19(a), (b) and (c)) | 15000 | 11761 |
| Exercise of stock options (Refer to Note 19(d)) | 6178 |  |
| Restricted share units (Refer to Note 19(e)) | 379718 | 68992 |
| Exercise of stock warrants (Refer to Note 21, Note 23(b) and (c)) | 6019162 | 2218750 |
| Exercise of convertible preference shares (Refer to Note 22) |  | 7032012 |
| Cancellation of shares held in escrow, net of reissuance | (550756) |  |
| Acquisition of treasury stock (Refer to Note 23(f)) | (268411) | (1103618) |
| Effects of Share consolidation (Refer to Note 23(a)) |  | (101) |
| At December 31 | 26188972 | 18058135 |

---

f) Movements in the number of the Company's treasury shares are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| At January 1 | 1385107 | 281489 |
| Acquisition of treasury stock <sup>(1)</sup> | 268411 | 1103618 |
| Reissuance of treasury stock (Refer to Note 23 (c)) | (1485978) |  |
| At December 31 | 167540 | 1385107 |

---

(*1*) In *2025* and *2024,* 268,411 and 1,103,618 shares were repurchased at a weighted average purchase price of $14.55 and $3.29 per share, for a total consideration of $3,904,123 and $3,626,488, respectively. Repurchased shares were recorded as treasury shares and are held until the Company's board of directors designates them for retirement or used for other purposes. As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024,* liabilities related to the acquisition of treasury shares amounted to $400,720 and $nil, respectively, and are presented within Note *17.*

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *38*

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*24.* **Revenues, net**

a) Disaggregated revenue information

Set out below is the disaggregation of the Group's revenue from contracts with customers:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Type of goods or service |  |  |  |
| Hardware sales |  |  |  |
| -Video IoT | $- | $- | $- |
| -Security Convergence |  |  | 62363 |
| Software sales |  |  |  |
| -Video IoT |  | 15361 | 87306 |
| -Security Convergence |  |  |  |
| Service revenue |  |  |  |
| -Video IoT | 3520453 | 2763050 | 2818014 |
| -Security Convergence | 97840204 | 71895619 | 61727308 |
| Revenue from contracts with customers | $101360657 | $74674030 | $64694991 |

---

The Group derives revenue from the transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time in the following major products lines and all revenue took place mainly in Asia and MENA regions:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Year ended December 31, 2025 | *Hardware* | *Software* | *Service* | *Total* |
| Total revenue streams | $60059116 | $- | $106022252 | $166081368 |
| Inter-revenue streams | (60059116) |  | (4661595) | (64720711) |
| Revenue from contracts with customers | $- | $- | $101360657 | $101360657 |
| Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |
| At a point in time | $- | $- | $- | $- |
| Over time |  |  | 101360657 | 101360657 |
| Revenue from contracts with customers | $- | $- | $101360657 | $101360657 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Year ended December 31, 2024 | *Hardware* | *Software* | *Service* | *Total* |
| Total revenue streams | $1926 | $15361 | $104465754 | $104483041 |
| Inter-revenue streams | (1926) |  | (29807085) | (29809011) |
| Revenue from contracts with customers | $- | $15361 | $74658669 | $74674030 |
| Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |
| At a point in time | $- | $15361 | $- | $15361 |
| Over time |  |  | 74658669 | 74658669 |
|  | $- | $15361 | $74658669 | $74674030 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Year ended December 31, 2023 | *Hardware* | *Software* | *Service* | *Total* |
| Total revenue streams | $101702 | $173123 | $76157234 | $76432059 |
| Inter-revenue streams | (39339) | (85817) | (11611912) | (11737068) |
| Revenue from contracts with customers | $62363 | $87306 | $64545322 | $64694991 |
| Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |
| At a point in time | $62363 | $87306 | $- | $149669 |
| Over time |  |  | 64545322 | 64545322 |
|  | $62363 | $87306 | $64545322 | $64694991 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *39*

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b) Contract assets and contract liabilities

The Group has recognized the following revenue-related contract assets and liabilities:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Contract assets relating to service contracts | $57853030 | $34306195 |
| Contract liabilities relating to service contracts | $1305644 | $273227 |

---

Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the year:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Service revenue | $249041 | $53769 |

---

c) Significant changes in contract assets

As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, contract assets increased primarily due to higher revenues in *2025* compared to *2024* leading to an increase in satisfaction of performance obligations under the customer contracts prior to the achievement of billing milestones. Contract assets were partially derecognized by invoicing the customers upon the achievement of billing milestones, at which point the related amounts were reclassified to accounts receivable, and by currency exchange losses primarily due to depreciation of the Egyptian pound against the U.S. dollar.

d) Unfulfilled long-term contracts

Aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to long-term service contracts that are partially or fully unsatisfied as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, amounting to $101,314,663 and $170,913,623, respectively based on the currency conversion rate as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively. During the year ended *December 31, 2023,* the Company entered into a significant firm-fixed price contract for building a secure governmental air-gapped network for the Government of Egypt ("GoE") ("Egypt Contract"), denominated in EGP, which includes revenues of approximately EGP 8.4 billion.

Management expects that the transaction price allocated to the unsatisfied contracts as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, will be recognized as revenue from *2026* to *2027* and from year *2025* to *2027,* respectively. Except for the above mentioned contracts, all other service contracts are for periods of *one* year or less or are billed based on the amount of time incurred.

*25.* **Other gains (losses), net**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Rental income | $176879 | $105271 | $16892 |
| Expenses on investment in rent-a-captive company (Refer to Note 6) |  | (46146) | (78128) |
| Loss on sale of equity shares held-for-trading | (265108) |  |  |
| Write-back of accounts and other payables | 11976 |  | 263237 |
| Other losses, net | (27660) | (26769) | (14582) |
|  | $(103913) | $32356 | $187419 |

---

*26.* **Interest income**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Interest income from demand deposits | $3109858 | $1222599 | $433848 |
| Interest income from time deposits | 167182 | 343916 | 336472 |
| Others | 8 | 2738 | 90 |
|  | $3277048 | $1569253 | $770410 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *40*

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*27.* **Finance costs**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Interest expense: |  |  |  |
| Bank borrowings | $513048 | $599377 | $564250 |
| Loan from shareholders (Refer to Note 34) |  | 113549 | 253469 |
| Lease liabilities | 30760 | 19582 | 346 |
|  | $543808 | $732508 | $818065 |

---

*28.* **Expenses by nature**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Employee benefit expense | $16917773 | $9692846 | $14136901 |
| Outsourcing charges | 29505679 | 14196270 | 9693009 |
| Professional services expenses | 5460683 | 5019415 | 7352785 |
| Change in inventory of finished goods | 33700445 | 18579888 | 5337118 |
| Expected credit loss | 862634 | 897170 | 12153098 |
| Insurance expenses | 1235935 | 1153243 | 1548512 |
| Traveling expenses | 1149439 | 712445 | 652995 |
| Amortization expenses on intangible assets | 560273 | 821201 | 726031 |
| Depreciation expenses on property and equipment | 521333 | 407615 | 507026 |
| Depreciation expenses on ROU assets | 232073 | 166506 | 15937 |
| Others | 2721107 | 2230035 | 1828694 |
|  | $92867374 | $53876634 | $53952106 |

---

*29.* **Employee benefit expense**

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* | *2023* | *2023* | *2023* |
|  | *Cost of revenue* | *Operating expenses* | *Total* | *Cost of revenue* | *Operating expenses* | *Total* | *Cost of revenue* | *Operating expenses* | *Total* |
| Wages and salaries | $3003663 | $7757383 | $10761046 | $3216156 | $5117621 | $8333777 | $4106694 | $7441259 | $11547953 |
| Labor and health insurance fees | 203615 | 592052 | 795667 | 244552 | 466853 | 711405 | 84518 | 848795 | 933313 |
| Pension | 116090 | 238252 | 354342 | 114287 | 172493 | 286780 | 54565 | 315998 | 370563 |
| Share-based compensation expenses |  | 4768696 | 4768696 |  | 201908 | 201908 |  | 1077176 | 1077176 |
| Other personnel expenses | 28467 | 209555 | 238022 | 4505 | 154471 | 158976 | 3243 | 204653 | 207896 |
|  | $3351835 | $13565938 | $16917773 | $3579500 | $6113346 | $9692846 | $4249020 | $9887881 | $14136901 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *41*

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*30.* **Income tax**

a) Taiwan taxation

Taiwan profits tax has been provided for at the rate of 20% on the estimated assessable profits.

b) Hong Kong taxation

Hong Kong profits tax has been provided for at the rate of 16.5% on the estimated assessable profits. This subsidiary is in the process of liquidation as of *December 31, 2025*.

c) Japan taxation

There was no assessable profit for the year ended *December 31, 2024,* as the subsidiary was liquidated in *2024.* For the year ended *December 31, 2023,* a tax rate of 30.62% was applied on the estimated assessable profits.

d) United States taxation

Tax rate is 27.98% on the estimated assessable profits. There were no assessable profits for the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023*.

e) United Kingdom taxation

Tax rate is 25% on the estimated assessable profits. There were no assessable profits for the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023*.

f) India taxation

India profits tax has been provided for at the rate of 25.17% on the estimated assessable profits for the year ended *December 31, 2025* (*2024:* 25%). There was no assessable profit for the year ending *December 31, 2023,* as the subsidiary was established in *2023.*

g) Egypt taxation

Egypt profits tax has been provided for at the rate of 22.5% on the estimated assessable profits. There was no assessable profit for the year ending *December 31, 2023,* as the subsidiary was established in *2023.*

h) Income tax expense (benefit)

Components of income tax expense (benefit):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| <u>Current income tax expense:</u> |  |  |  |
| On profits for the year | $4615088 | $4845682 | $4529365 |
| On prior year adjustments | (20967) |  |  |
| Total current income tax expense | 4594121 | 4845682 | 4529365 |
| <u>Deferred income tax benefit:</u> |  |  |  |
| On temporary differences | (4252770) | (6156496) | (1013375) |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | $341351 | $(1310814) | $3515990 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *42*

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i) Reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) at statutory income tax rate to income tax expense (benefit) is as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Income tax (benefit) expense calculated at weighted-average statutory tax rate <sup>(1)</sup> | $(1272789) | $1487031 | $4286824 |
| Non-taxable income |  | (1193607) |  |
| Non-deductible expenses not related to revenue | 1001166 |  |  |
| Expected credit losses | 964557 | 74848 | 913745 |
| Prior year income tax adjustments | (20967) |  |  |
| Utilization of tax losses | (330616) | (1679086) | (2992590) |
| Temporary differences not recognized |  |  | 1308011 |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | $341351 | $(1310814) | $3515990 |

---

(*1*) The applicable tax rate is the weighted-average of statutory tax rates in the countries where the Group entities operate, weighted by each entity's profit/(loss) before tax.

j) Deferred tax assets or liabilities as a result of temporary differences and loss carryforwards are as follows:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* |
|  | *January 1* | *Recognized in profit or loss* | *Translation differences* | *December 31* |
| Temporary differences: |  |  |  |  |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |
| Unrealized exchange loss | $5451285 | $5135964 | $(480350) | $10106899 |
| Tax losses carryforward | 571710 | 1163325 | (25729) | 1709306 |
| Lease liabilities | 16414 | (46592) | 30500 | 322 |
| Provisions | 898804 | (856886) | 79728 | 121646 |
|  | 6938213 | 5395811 | (395851) | 11938173 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| ROU asset and property and equipment | (16806) | 5103 | 793 | (10910) |
| Unrealized exchange gain | (26091) | (1148144) | 532363 | (641872) |
|  | (42897) | (1143041) | 533156 | (652782) |
| Deferred tax assets, net | $6895316 | $4252770 | $137305 | $11285391 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *January 1* | *Recognized in profit or loss* | *Translation differences* | *December 31* |
| Temporary differences: |  |  |  |  |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |
| Unrealized exchange loss | $50568 | $5503989 | $(103272) | $5451285 |
| Tax losses carryforward |  | 582335 | (10625) | 571710 |
| Lease liabilities |  | 16801 | (387) | 16414 |
| Provisions | 919633 | 40227 | (61056) | 898804 |
|  | 970201 | 6143352 | (175340) | 6938213 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| Prepayment of pension | (59807) | 56923 | 2884 |  |
| ROU asset and property and equipment |  | (17203) | 397 | (16806) |
| Unrealized exchange gain |  | (26576) | 485 | (26091) |
|  | (59807) | 13144 | 3766 | (42897) |
| Deferred tax assets, net | $910394 | $6156496 | $(171574) | $6895316 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *43*

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k) Deferred tax assets on unused tax losses are recognized as the Group expects sufficient future taxable profits will be available for tax losses utilization, based on approved business plans and forecasts.

l) One of the Group's subsidiaries has aggregate unrecognized tax losses of $5,044,950 as of each of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, which have *no* expiry date and can be carried forward and used to offset against future taxable income subject to meeting certain statutory requirements.

*31.* **Earnings (loss) per share**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* |
|  | *Loss after tax* | *Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding* | *Loss per share* |
| <u>Basic and diluted loss per share</u> |  |  |  |
| Loss attributable to the parent <sup>(1)</sup> | $(11276598) | 22250495 | $(0.51) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *44*

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---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* |
|  | *Loss after tax* | *Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding* | *Loss per share* |
| <u>Basic and diluted loss per share</u> |  |  |  |
| Loss attributable to the parent <sup>(1)</sup> | $(64794616) | 10565835 | $(6.13) |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* |
|  | *Profit after tax* | *Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding* | *Earnings per share* |
| <u>Basic earnings per share</u> |  |  |  |
| Profit attributable to the parent | $13495614 | 7038173 | $1.92 |
| <u>Diluted earnings per share</u> |  |  |  |
| Assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares |  |  |  |
| Employee stock options |  | 93664 |  |
| Convertible preference shares | (1085512) | 412685 |  |
| Restricted share units |  | 13957 |  |
| Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the parent plus assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares | $12410102 | 7558479 | $1.64 |

---

(*1*) Warrants, employee stock options and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024,* as they were anti-dilutive. Weighted average potentially dilutive shares considered anti-dilutive and *not* included in computing diluted loss per share calculation for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024* were 254,114 and 11,647, respectively.

*32.* **Supplemental cash flow information**

Investing activities with partial cash payments:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Purchase of equipment | $615498 | $522835 | $237564 |
| Add: Opening balance of payables for equipment |  | 19724 | 79517 |
| Less: Ending balance of payables for equipment |  |  | (19724) |
| Cash paid | $615498 | $542559 | $297357 |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Acquisition / Purchase of intangible assets | $54987 | $42838 | $6538446 |
| Add: Opening balance of payables for intangible assets |  | 3020475 |  |
| Less: Reversal of payables for intangible assets |  | (2150000) |  |
| Less: Ending balance of payables for intangible assets |  |  | (3020475) |
| Cash paid | $54987 | $913313 | $3517971 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *45*

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*33.* **Changes in liabilities from financing activities**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Short-term borrowings* | *Long-term borrowings* | *Lease liabilities* | *Total* |
| At January 1, 2025 | $15073458 | $6344559 | $790147 | $22208164 |
| Changes in cash flow from financing activities | (6340292) | (2289408) | (263079) | (8892779) |
| Changes in other non-cash items |  |  | 788763 | 788763 |
| Currency translation adjustments | 694335 | 313090 | 8651 | 1016076 |
| At December 31, 2025 | $9427501 | $4368241 | $1324482 | $15120224 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Short-term borrowings* | *Long-term borrowings* | *Lease liabilities* | *Total* |
| At January 1, 2024 | $16449110 | $8640311 | $53338 | $25142759 |
| Changes in cash flow from financing activities | (477482) | (1775257) | (175653) | (2428392) |
| Changes in other non-cash items |  |  | 618815 | 618815 |
| Currency translation adjustments | (898170) | (520495) | 293647 | (1125018) |
| At December 31, 2024 | $15073458 | $6344559 | $790147 | $22208164 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Short-term borrowings* | *Long-term borrowings* | *Lease liabilities* | *Total* |
| At January 1, 2023 | $13492935 | $10360684 | $16981 | $23870600 |
| Changes in cash flow from financing activities | 2845059 | (1631896) | (16344) | 1196819 |
| Changes in other non-cash items | 78073 | (78073) | 52701 | 52701 |
| Currency translation adjustments | 33043 | (10404) |  | 22639 |
| At December 31, 2023 | $16449110 | $8640311 | $53338 | $25142759 |

---

*34.* **Related party transactions**

a) Names of related parties and relationship

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Names | Relationship with the Company |
| Asteria Corporation | Shareholder of the Company |

---

b) In *March 2023,* the Group entered into a shareholder loan agreement in an amount of $3,000,000 with Asteria Corporation. The Company issued promissory note with an interest rate of 10.375% per annum and maturity date of *March 10, 2024,* to Asteria Corporation. The maturity date of the shareholder loan was extended, and the loan was repaid in full on *April 29, 2024.* The Company's interest expense related to this loan is presented below.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 |
| Interest expense | $- | $113549 | $253469 |

---

c) Key management compensation

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* | *Year ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* | *2023* |
| Salaries and other short-term employee benefits | $3049330 | $2088394 | $2282050 |
| Post-employment benefits | 56855 | 40875 | 3283 |
| Share-based compensation expenses | 2772904 | 201908 | 762014 |
|  | $5879089 | $2331177 | $3047347 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *46*

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*35.* **Pledged assets**

The Group's assets pledged as collateral were as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Book value* | *Book value* |  |
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |  |
| Pledged assets | *2025* | *2024* | *Purpose* |
| Restricted deposits (Refer to Note 7) | $5298442 | $15773099 | *Performance guarantee deposit, and short-term borrowings.* |
| Land (Refer to Note 12) | 12453416 | 11901824 | *Long-term and short-term borrowings* |
| Buildings and structures (Refer to Note 12) | 2191269 | 2164594 | *Long-term and short-term borrowings* |
|  | $19943127 | $29839517 |  |

---

*36.* **Commitments and contingencies**

a) Significant events incurred after the reporting period are provided in Note *37.*

b) Significant unrecognized contract commitments are listed below:

i) As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, the guaranteed notes secured for service project or warranty of NSGUARD amounted to $57,393 and $54,851, respectively.

ii) As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, the letter of guarantee issued by the banks on behalf of certain subsidiaries of the request amounted to $6,538,670 and $10,688,154, respectively.

*37.* **Significant events after the reporting period**

The Group has evaluated subsequent events till the date the consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance. Except for the matter described below, *no* events or transactions have occurred subsequent to *December 31, 2025*, that would require adjustment to, or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.<br>On *March 17, 2026,* the Group entered into an agreement with Astrikos AI Private Limited (Astrikos India), an affiliate of Astrikos AI, to subscribe to unsecured and compulsorily convertible debentures ("CCDs") of Astrikos India in an amount of $491,896. These CCDs shall mandatorily and automatically convert into compulsory convertible preference shares of Astrikos India at the earlier of (a) anytime at the option of the Group; or (b) completion of an equity financing round; or (c) expiry of *18* months from the date of issuance.<br>

*38.* **Capital management**

The Group's objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group's ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group *may* adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders, issue new shares or sell assets to reduce debt. The Group monitors capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total capital. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings (including short-term and long-term borrowings' as shown in the consolidated balance sheets) less cash and cash equivalents. Total capital is calculated as 'equity' as shown in the consolidated balance sheets.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *47*

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The gearing ratios were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Total borrowings | $13795742 | $21418017 |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | (99532115) | (21699202) |
| Net cash | (85736373) | (281185) |
| Total equity | 196079839 | 73103853 |
| Total capital | $196079839 | $73103853 |
| Gearing ratio | 0% | 0% |

---

*39.* **Financial instruments**

a) Financial instruments by category

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Financial assets |  |  |
| Financial assets at FVTPL | $4501000 | $1000 |
| Financial assets at amortized cost <sup>(1)</sup> | 162083276 | 65067697 |
|  | $166584276 | $65068697 |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Financial liabilities |  |  |
| Financial liabilities at amortized cost <sup>(1)</sup> | $61667973 | $51062422 |
| Stock warrant liabilities at FVTPL | 241006 | 20082272 |
|  | $61908979 | $71144694 |

---

(*1*) Financial assets at amortized cost include cash and cash equivalents, restricted deposits, accounts receivable, net, other receivables, net, guarantee deposits assets, lease and other deposits and advances to employees. Financial liabilities at amortized cost include short-term and long-term borrowings, lease liabilities, accounts and other payables and guarantee deposits liabilities.

b) Financial risk management policies

i) The Group's activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group's overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Group's financial condition and financial performance.

ii) Risk management is performed by the Group's treasury department in accordance with policies approved by the board of directors. Group treasury identifies and evaluates financial risks in coordination with the Group's operating units. The Board provides principles for overall risk management, as well as policies covering specific areas and matters, such as foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, use of non-derivative financial instruments, and investment of excess liquidity.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *48*

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c) Significant financial risks and degrees of financial risks

i) Market risk

<u>Foreign exchange risk</u>

*1.* The Group reports its operating results in U.S. dollars; however, a portion of its revenues and expenses are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, as certain subsidiaries have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar, including New Taiwan Dollars ("NTD"), Egyptian pounds ("EGP"), British pounds sterling ("GBP"), Indian Rupees ("INR") and Thai Baht ("THB"). A significant portion of the Group's revenues is derived from the Egypt Contract, denominated in EGP. Fluctuations in the EGP to U.S. dollar exchange rate affects the Group's cash inflows upon conversion to U.S. dollars and could have a material adverse effect on the Group's revenues and financial condition.

*2.* Information on financial assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies whose values are materially affected by the exchange rate fluctuations is as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *Foreign currency amount (in thousands)* | *Exchange rate* | *Book value (USD)* | *Foreign currency amount (in thousands)* | *Exchange rate* | *Book value (USD)* |
| (Foreign currency: functional currency) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| NTD:USD | 63157 | 0.032 | $2013774 | 516275 | 0.030 | $15732406 |
| EGP:USD | 2820455 | 0.021 | 58947510 | 2594496 | 0.020 | 50852122 |
| GBP:USD | 19513 | 1.340 | 26147529 | 21733 | 1.260 | 27383676 |
| THB:USD | 11505 | 0.032 | 366839 |  |  |  |
| <u>Financial liabilities</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| <u>Monetary items</u> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| NTD:USD | 1314982 | 0.032 | 41928480 | 496173 | 0.030 | 15119853 |
| EGP:USD | 80041 | 0.021 | 1672856 | 89942 | 0.020 | 1762866 |
| GBP:USD | 77262 | 1.340 | 103531080 | 60172 | 1.260 | 75816160 |

---

*3.* Foreign currency exchange (gains) losses, net arising from monetary items are presented separately in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

*4.* Analysis of foreign currency market risk arising from significant foreign exchange variation:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *49*

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---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *Sensitivity analysis* | *Sensitivity analysis* | *Sensitivity analysis* | *Sensitivity analysis* |
|  | *Degree of variation* | *Effect on profit or loss (USD)* | *Degree of variation* | *Effect on profit or loss (USD)* |
| (Foreign currency: functional currency) |  |  |  |  |
| <u>Financial assets</u> |  |  |  |  |
| <u>Monetary items</u> |  |  |  |  |
| NTD:USD | 1% | $20138 | 1% | $157324 |
| EGP:USD | 1% | 589475 | 1% | 508521 |
| GBP:USD | 1% | 261475 | 1% | 273837 |
| THB:USD | 1% | 3668 | 1% |  |
| <u>Financial liabilities</u> |  |  |  |  |
| <u>Monetary items</u> |  |  |  |  |
| NTD:USD | 1% | 419285 | 1% | 151199 |
| EGP:USD | 1% | 16729 | 1% | 17629 |
| GBP:USD | 1% | 1035311 | 1% | 758162 |

---

<u>Price risk</u>

As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, the Group is *not* exposed to material price risk of equity instrument.

<u>Interest rate risk</u>

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk on its short-term borrowings with variable interest rates. A 1% increase in the market interest rate would increase the Group's cash outflow by $94,275, $150,735 and $134,491 for the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023*, respectively.

ii) Credit risk

*1.* Credit risk refers to the risk of financial loss to the Group arising from default by the clients or counterparties of financial instruments on the contract obligations. The main factor is that counterparties could *not* repay in full the accounts receivable based on the agreed terms.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *50*

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*2.* The Group manages its credit risk on a centralized basis. According to the Group's credit policy, each local entity in the Group is responsible for managing and analyzing the credit risk for each of their new clients before standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. Internal risk control assesses the credit quality of the customers, taking into account their financial position, past experience and other factors. Individual risk limits are set based on internal or external ratings in accordance with limits set by the board of directors. The utilization of credit limits is regularly monitored.

*3.* The Group adopts the following assumption under IFRS *9* to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk on that instrument since initial recognition: If the domestic and foreign contract payments were past due over *180* days based on the terms, there has been a significant increase in credit risk on that instrument since initial recognition.

*4.* The Group adopts the assumption under IFRS *9,* that is, the default occurs when the contract payments are past due over *one* year. Longer payment terms are given to customers and default barely occurred even though the contract payments are past due within *one* year in the past because of the industry characteristics of the Group and positive long-term relationship with customers. Therefore, a more lagging default criterion is appropriate to determine the risk of default occurring.

*5.* The Group classifies customer's accounts receivable and contract assets in accordance with customer types. The Group applies the modified approach using the provision matrix and loss rate methodology to estimate expected credit loss.

*6.* The Group used its historical experience and used assumptions to forecast information to assess the default possibility of accounts receivable. The provision matrix applied are as follows:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Not past due* | *Up to 180 days past due* | *Up to 365 days past due* | *Over 365 days past due* | *Total* |
| <u>At December 31, 2025</u> |  |  |  |  |  |
| Expected loss rate | 0.04% | 0.09% - 94.58% | 87.79% - 100% | 100% |  |
| Total book value | $26538008 | $20100156 | $8447618 | $- | $55085782 |
| Loss allowance | $10350 | $18291 | $915550 | $- | $944191 |

---

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Not past due* | *Up to 180 days past due* | *Up to 365 days past due* | *Over 365 days past due* | *Total* |
| <u>At December 31, 2024</u> |  |  |  |  |  |
| Expected loss rate | 0.03% | 0.08% - 91.71% | 72.68% - 100% | 100% |  |
| Total book value | $514854 | $25252572 | $4290 | $7364002 | $33135718 |
| Loss allowance | $170 | $97099 | $4290 | $7364002 | $7465561 |

---

*7.* The Group's credit risk exposure in relation to contract assets as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024* was $57,853,030 and $34,306,195, respectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *51*

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*8.* The Group held cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits of $104,830,557 and $37,472,301 with banks as at *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively, which are considered to have low credit risk, as those banks are the large and highly rated financial institutions. The balances are measured on *12*-months expected credit losses and subject to immaterial credit loss.

*9.* Other receivables, guarantee deposits assets and lease and other deposits of $3,632,407 and $2,386,725 as at *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively, are considered to have low credit risk. These assets are measured on *12*-months expected credit losses and subject to material credit loss. As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024,* the majority amount of other receivables were *not* received and provided for.

iii) Liquidity risk

*1.* Cash flow forecasting is performed in the operating entities of the Group and aggregated by Group treasury. Group treasury monitors rolling forecasts of the Group's liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom on its undrawn committed borrowing facilities at all times so that the Group does *not* breach borrowing limits or covenants on any of its borrowing facilities. Such forecasting takes into consideration the Group's debt financing plans, covenant compliance, compliance with internal balance sheet ratio targets.

*2.* Refer to Note *16* for undrawn borrowing facilities as at *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

*3.* The table below analyzes the Group's non-derivative financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet date to the contractual maturity date for non-derivative financial liabilities. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

<u>Non-derivative financial liabilities:</u>

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *Less than 1 year* | *Over 1 year* | *Less than 1 year* | *Over 1 year* |
| Lease liabilities | $451368 | $873114 | $210448 | $579699 |
| Long-term borrowings (including current portion) | $963878 | $3404363 | $1972371 | $4372188 |

---

Except for the above, the Group's non-derivative financial liabilities are due less than *1* year.

*4.* The Group does *not* expect the timing of occurrence of the cash flows estimated through the maturity date analysis will be significantly earlier, nor expect the actual cash flow amount will be significantly different.

*40.* **Fair value information**

A. The different levels that the inputs to valuation techniques are used to measure fair value have been defined as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Level *1:* | Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date. A market is regarded as active where a market in which transactions for the asset or liability take place with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Level *2:* | Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level *1* that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Level *3:* | Inputs for the assets or liabilities that are *not* based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). |

---

B. The Group's financial assets and liabilities *not* carried at fair value and for which the carrying amounts approximate their fair values are disclosed in Note *39.*

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *52*

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C. Information of assets and liabilities measured at fair value by level, based on their nature, characteristics and risks, is presented as follows:

(a) The related information of nature of the assets and liabilities is as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* | *As of December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *Level 1* | *Level 2* | *Level 3* | *Total* | *Level 1* | *Level 2* | *Level 3* | *Total* |
| **Assets** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Financial assets at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Investment in a rent-a-captive company | $- | $- | $1000 | $1000 | $- | $- | $1000 | $1000 |
| Investment in SAFE |  |  | 4000000 | 4000000 |  |  |  |  |
| Convertible loan |  |  | 500000 | 500000 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $- | $- | $4501000 | $4501000 | $- | $- | $1000 | $1000 |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Financial liabilities at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stock warrant liabilities | $241006 | $- | $- | $241006 | $910263 | $- | $19172009 | $20082272 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *53*

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(b) The methods and assumptions the Group used to measure fair value of warrant liabilities categorized within Level *1* are based on market quoted closing price.

(c) The methods and assumptions the Group used to measure fair value of investment in a rent-a-captive company categorized within Level *3* are based on net asset value.

(d) The output of valuation model is an estimated value and the valuation technique *may not* be able to capture all relevant factors of the Group's financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. Therefore, the estimated value derived using valuation model is adjusted accordingly with additional inputs, for example, model risk or liquidity risk, etc. In accordance with the Group's management policies and relevant control procedures relating to the valuation models used for fair value measurement, management believes adjustment to valuation is necessary in order to reasonably represent the fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities, as applicable in the consolidated balance sheets. The inputs and pricing information used during valuation are carefully assessed and adjusted based on current market conditions.

(e) The Group takes into account adjustments for credit risks to measure the fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities to reflect credit risk of the counterparty and the Group's credit quality.

(f) For the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, there was no transfers between Level *1* and Level *2,* and no transfers into or out of level *3.*

(g) Convertible loan to Astrikos AI is recognized as a financial asset. Given the proximity of the loan disbursement date to the period-end date, the fair value of the financial asset at period-end is considered to approximate its fair value at initial recognition.

D. For details of changes in Level *3* instruments for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024* refer to Note *6, 21* and *22.*

The Group is in charge of valuation procedures for fair value measurements being categorized within Level *3,* which is to verify independent fair value of financial instruments. Such assessment is to ensure the valuation results are reasonable by applying independent information to make results close to current market conditions, confirming the resource of information is independent, reliable and in line with other resources and represented as the exercisable price, and frequently calibrating valuation model, performing back-testing, updating inputs used to the valuation model and making any other necessary adjustments to the fair value. In certain cases, the Group also engages *third*-party valuation specialists to support the valuation of level *3* financial instruments requiring significant judgment or use of unobservable inputs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *54*

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[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

E. The following is the qualitative information of significant unobservable inputs and sensitivity analysis of changes in significant unobservable inputs to valuation model used in Level *3* fair value measurement:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Fair value at December 31, 2025* | *Valuation technique* | *Significant unobservable input* | *Range (weighted average)* | *Relationship of inputs to fair value* |
| Investment in a rent-a-captive company | $1000 | *Net asset value* | *Not applicable* | *Not applicable* | *Not applicable* |
| Convertible loan | $500000 | *Market approach* | *Not applicable* | *Not applicable* | *Not applicable* |
| Investment in SAFE | $4000000 | *Probability-weighted expected return method* | *Risk free rate* | 3.50% | *The higher the risk free rate, the lower the fair value* |
|  |  |  | *Credit yield* | 6.60% | *The higher the credit yield rate, the lower the fair value* |

---

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Fair value at December 31, 2024* | *Valuation technique* | *Significant unobservable input* | *Range (weighted average)* | *Relationship of inputs to fair value* |
| Investment in a rent-a-captive company | $1000 | *Net asset value* | *Not applicable* | *Not applicable* | *Not applicable* |
| Stock warrant liabilities | $19172009 | *Black-Scholes Model* | *Risk free rate - series A* | 4.37% | *The higher the risk free rate, the higher the fair value* |
|  |  |  | *Risk free rate - series B* | 4.40% | *The higher the risk free rate, the higher the fair value* |
|  |  |  | *Price volatility - series A* | 119.07% | *No certain positive and negative relationship between stock price volatility and fair value* |
|  |  |  | *Price volatility - series B* | 119.07% | *No certain positive and negative relationship between stock price volatility and fair value* |
|  |  |  | *Dividend yield* | 0.00% | *The higher the dividend rate, the lower the fair value* |

---

The Group has carefully assessed the valuation models and assumptions used to measure fair value, and the expected changes in fair value are insignificant even if there are reasonably possible changes in inputs.

*41.* **Segment Information**

a) General information

The Group uses the product line as basis for providing information to the chief operating decision-maker. The Group currently divides the sales order district into three major product lines: video IoT, security convergence and other. The chief operating decision-maker makes decision concerning financial management as well as evaluation of the business performance based on these *three* product lines; therefore, the reportable segments are video IoT, security convergence and other.

b) Measurement of segment information

The Group evaluates the performance of the operating segments based on a measure of revenue and income before tax, in a manner consistent with that in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *55*

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[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

c) Reconciliation of segment income, assets and liabilities

The segment information provided to the chief operating decision-maker for the reportable segments is as follows:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* |
|  | *Security Convergence* | *Video IoT* | Other segment <sup>(1)</sup> | Adjustment and write off <sup>(2)</sup> | *Consolidation* |
| Revenue from external customers | $97840204 | $3520453 | $- | $*-* | $101360657 |
| Inter-segment revenue | 64720711 |  |  | (64720711) | *-* |
| Total segment revenue | $162560915 | $3520453 | $- | $(64720711) | $101360657 |
| Segment gain (loss) before tax | $(2653982) | $1037265 | $(9853803) | $535273 | $(10935247) |
| Segment including: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Depreciation | $539026 | $213919 | $461 | $- | $753406 |
| Amortization | $96916 | $29807 | $433550 | $- | $560273 |
| Interest income | $(1905376) | $(85651) | $(1286021) | $- | $(3277048) |
| Interest expense | $471150 | $58672 | $13986 | $- | $543808 |
| Income tax expense | $134402 | $206149 | $800 | $- | $341351 |
| Segment assets | $223322074 | $186826764 | $199966521 | $(338231825) | $271883534 |
| Segment liabilities | $192337550 | $178982574 | $8242273 | $(303758702) | $75803695 |

---

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* |
|  | *Security Convergence* | *Video IoT* | Other segment <sup>(1)</sup> | Adjustment and write off <sup>(2)</sup> | *Consolidation* |
| Revenue from external customers | $71895619 | $2778411 | $- | $*-* | $74674030 |
| Inter-segment revenue | 29807085 | 1926 |  | (29809011) | *-* |
| Total segment revenue | $101702704 | $2780337 | $- | $(29809011) | $74674030 |
| Segment gain (loss) before tax | $(291133) | $10114799 | $(51015192) | $(24913904) | $(66105430) |
| Segment including: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Depreciation | $508757 | $63401 | $537 | $1426 | $574121 |
| Amortization | $141937 | $5883 | $672827 | $554 | $821201 |
| Interest income | $(1247990) | $(15578) | $(304155) | $(1530) | $(1569253) |
| Interest expense | $564278 | $52688 | $113549 | $1993 | $732508 |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | $(715170) | $(613612) | $800 | $17168 | $(1310814) |
| Segment assets | $148312072 | $106857376 | $96733693 | $(198107159) | $153795982 |
| Segment liabilities | $114950253 | $106566450 | $30753177 | $(171577751) | $80692129 |

---

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* |
|  | *Security Convergence* | *Video IoT* | Other segment <sup>(1)</sup> | Adjustment and write off <sup>(2)</sup> | *Consolidation* |
| Revenue from external customers | $61789671 | $2905320 | $- | $*-* | $64694991 |
| Inter-segment revenue | 11697729 | 39339 |  | (11737068) | *-* |
| Total segment revenue | $73487400 | $2944659 | $- | $(11737068) | $64694991 |
| Segment gain (loss) before tax | $28283481 | $(3547581) | $(7948575) | $224279 | $17011604 |
| Segment including: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Depreciation | $476605 | $26637 | $19721 | $- | $522963 |
| Amortization | $102736 | $4633 | $618662 | $- | $726031 |
| Interest income | $(309605) | $(16394) | $(444411) | $- | $(770410) |
| Interest expense | $529750 | $34553 | $253762 | $- | $818065 |
| Income tax expense | $3370891 | $142928 | $2171 | $- | $3515990 |
| Segment assets | $85338926 | $9137251 | $113310681 | $(92349110) | $115437748 |
| Segment liabilities | $50490134 | $16486654 | $83970880 | $(89611653) | $61336015 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F- *56*

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(*1*) Other segment is composed of holding companies and overseas subsidiaries which are excluded from reportable segments of Security Convergence or Video IoT.

(*2*) Adjustment and write-off represents elimination for intercompany transactions for consolidation purpose.

d) Reconciliation for segment income (loss)

i) Sales between segments are carried out at arm's length. The revenue from external customers reported to the chief operating decision-maker is measured in a manner consistent with that in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

ii) Refer to clause c) above for information on total consolidated profit or loss after reconciliation and reconciliation for profit or loss after tax of reportable segments during the current period.

e) Information on product and service

The main businesses of the Group are providing information, software and data processing services. Refer to Note *24* for the disclosure information by products and services.

f) Geographical information by location is as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* |
|  | *Revenue* | Non-current assets <sup>(1)</sup> | *Revenue* | Non-current assets <sup>(1)</sup> | *Revenue* | Non-current assets <sup>(1)</sup> |
| Asia |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| -Taiwan | $101241273 | $15115606 | $74632115 | $14889959 | $64615921 | $15821531 |
| -Hong Kong |  |  |  |  | 63615 | 3695405 |
| -India |  | 81856 |  | 82874 |  |  |
| -Thailand |  | 1019267 |  |  |  |  |
| -Others |  |  |  |  |  | 47964 |
| Americas |  | 1748 |  | 358 |  | 895 |
| Egypt |  | 328066 |  | 410787 |  |  |
| United Kingdom | 119384 | 369633 | 41915 | 198681 |  |  |
| Cayman Islands |  | 2422500 |  | 2856051 |  | 65578 |
| Other regions |  | 204020 |  | 315304 | 15455 | 5874406 |
|  | $101360657 | $19542696 | $74674030 | $18754014 | $64694991 | $25505779 |

---

(*1*) Non-current assets excludes financial instruments and deferred tax assets.

Revenues by geography are determined based on the region of the Group's contracting entity, which *may* be different than the region of the customer. Revenue from Taiwan accounted for approximately *99* percent of total revenue for each of the years ended *December 31, 2025, 2024* and *2023*, respectively. Non-current assets by geography are based on physical location.

g) Major customer information

Information on customers accounting for more than *10%* of Group's revenues is as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2025* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2024* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* | *Year ended December 31, 2023* |
|  | *Location* | *Revenue* | *Segment* | *Revenue* | *Segment* | *Revenue* | *Segment* |
| Customer C | *Taiwan* | $- | *Security Convergence* | $11025893 | *Security Convergence* | $8129968 | *Security Convergence* |
| Customer D | *Egypt* | $77527614 | *Security Convergence* | $59095524 | *Security Convergence* | $52271731 | *Security Convergence* |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Note: | As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, *one* customer accounted for more than *10%* of total accounts receivable, net. |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F-57

## Exhibit 8.1

**Exhibit 8.1**

**SUBSIDIARIES OF GORILLA TECHNOLOGY GROUP INC.**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Name of Subsidiary** | **Jurisdiction of Organization** |
| Gorilla Science & Technology Holding, Inc. <sup>(1)</sup> | British Virgin Islands |
| Telmedia Technology Limited <sup>(1)</sup> | Hong Kong |
| ISSCore Technology, Inc. <sup>(1)</sup> | California (USA) |
| Gorilla Technology Inc. <sup>(2)</sup> | Taiwan |
| NSGUARD Technology Inc. <sup>(2)</sup> | Taiwan |
| Gorilla Technology (India) Private Limited <sup>(2)</sup> | India |
| Global SPAC Partners Co. <sup>(1)</sup> | Cayman Islands |
| Gorilla Technology UK Limited <sup>(1)</sup> | United Kingdom |
| Gorilla Technology Egypt LLC <sup>(3)</sup> | Egypt |
| Gorilla Distribution Partners Limited <sup>(4)</sup> | United Kingdom |
| Gorilla Distribution Egypt <sup>(5)</sup> | Egypt |
| Gorilla Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd. <sup>(1)</sup> | Thailand |
| Gorilla Technology Pte. Ltd. <sup>(1)</sup> | Singapore |

---

(1) A wholly owned subsidiary of Gorilla Technology Group Inc.

(2) A wholly owned subsidiary of Gorilla Technology UK Limited.

(3) A subsidiary of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (99.9%) and Gorilla Technology UK Limited (0.1%).

(4) A majority owned subsidiary of Gorilla Technology UK Limited (55%).

(5) A subsidiary of Gorilla Technology UK Limited (99.9%) and Gorilla Technology Egypt LLC. (0.1%).

## Exhibit 12.1

**Exhibit 12.1**

**PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER**'**S CERTIFICATION**<br> **PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE**

**SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Jayesh Chandan, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of Gorilla Technology Group Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 15, 2026

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Jayesh Chandan |
|  | Jayesh Chandan |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |
|  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 12.2

**Exhibit 12.2**

**PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER**'**S CERTIFICATION**<br> **PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE**<br> **SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Bruce Bower, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of Gorilla Technology Group Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 15, 2026

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Bruce Bower |
|  | Bruce Bower |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 13.1

**Exhibit 13.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**<br> **SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

The certification set forth below is being submitted in connection with the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Report") for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.

I, Jayesh Chandan, Chief Executive Officer, certify that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: April 15, 2026 | By: | /s/ Jayesh Chandan |
|  |  | Jayesh Chandan |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 13.2

**Exhibit 13.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**<br> **18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**<br> **SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

The certification set forth below is being submitted in connection with the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Report") for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.

I, Bruce Bower, Interim Chief Financial Officer, certify that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: April 15, 2026 | By: | /s/ Bruce Bower |
|  |  | Bruce Bower |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 15.1

**Exhibit 15.1**

**INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**'**S CONSENT**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Forms F-3 (File Nos. 333-274053, 333-267838 and 333-276708) and Forms S-8 (File Nos. 333-275749 and 333-294405) of our report dated April 15, 2026 relating to the consolidated financial statements appearing in the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Gorilla Technology Group Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2025.

/s/ Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

New York, NY

April 15, 2026

NEW YORK OFFICE • 7 Penn Plaza • Suite 830 • New York, New York • 10001

Phone 646.442.4845 • Fax 646.349.5200 • www.marcumasia.com