# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001709628
**File Stem:** 0001683168-25-008294
**Filing Date:** 2025-11
**Character Count:** 102325
**Document Hash:** 61c94b7c1f00ca5f5729a2e9053d00f5
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001683168-25-008294.hdr.sgml**: 20251113

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001683168-25-008294

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 44

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251113

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251113

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001709628
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, DATA PROCESSING, ETC. [7370]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 870690564
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-42494
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251475725

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 228 HAMILTON AVENUE
- **STREET 2:** 3RD FLOOR
- **CITY:** PALO ALTO
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94301
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 650-644-4160

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 228 HAMILTON AVENUE
- **STREET 2:** 3RD FLOOR
- **CITY:** PALO ALTO
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94301

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Connexed Technologies Inc.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20170619

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC. 10-Q

[**Table of Contents**](#q3_001)

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

Washington, D.C. 20549

**FORM 10-Q**

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

OR

<br> ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-42494

**CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Delaware | 87-0690564 |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
| 228 Hamilton Rd., Palo Alto, CA | 94301 |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |

---

---

| |
|:---|
| (650) 644-4160 |
| (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) |
| (Former name or former address, if changed since last report.) |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |
| Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered |
| Class A Common Stock | CSAI | Nasdaq Capital Market |

---

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

<br> Large Accelerated Filer ☐ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-Accelerated Filer ☒ Smaller Reporting Company ☒ <br> Emerging Growth Company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with a new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Class | Outstanding as of September 30, 2025 |
| Class A Common Stock | 19516540 |
| Class B Common Stock | 63972 |

---

**CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  |  | **Page No.** |
| **PART I.** |  | [**FINANCIAL INFORMATION**](#q3_003) | 5 |
|  | Item 1. | [Financial Statements](#q3_004) | 5 |
|  |  | [Condensed Consolidated Unaudited Balance Sheets at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024](#q3_005) | 5 |
|  |  | [Condensed Consolidated Unaudited Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024](#q3_006) | 6 |
|  |  | [Condensed Consolidated Unaudited Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024](#q3_007) | 7 |
|  |  | [Condensed Consolidated Unaudited Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024](#q3_008) | 9 |
|  |  | [Notes to Interim Condensed Consolidated Unaudited Financial Statements](#q3_009) | 10 |
|  | Item 2. | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#q3_010) | 18 |
|  | Item 3. | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#q3_011) | 27 |
|  | Item 4. | [Controls and Procedures](#q3_012) | 27 |
| **PART II.** |  | [**OTHER INFORMATION**](#q3_013) | 28 |
|  | Item 1. | [Legal Proceedings](#q3_014) | 28 |
|  | Item 1A. | [Risk Factors](#q3_015) | 28 |
|  | Item 2. | [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#q3_016) | 28 |
|  | Item 5. | [Other Information](#q3_017) | 28 |
|  | Item 6. | [Exhibits](#q3_018) | 29 |

---

**CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This report contains forward-looking statements that can involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "anticipate," "believe," "can," "contemplate," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "future", "goal," "intend," "may," "outlook," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "target," "will," or "would" or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements contained in this report may include, but are not limited to, statements about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the implementation of our business model and
our strategic plans for our business, product, services and technology;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· our commercialization
and marketing capabilities and strategy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· our
ability to establish or maintain collaborations or strategic relationships or obtain additional funding;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· our
competitive position;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
scope of protection that we able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our products, services and technology;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· developments
and projections relating to our competitors and our industry;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· our
estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
period over which we estimate our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our future operating expenses and capital
expenditure requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· our
ability to access additional financing to support our operations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
impact of new or existing laws and regulations on our business and strategy.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about our business, the industry in which we operate, and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, but these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or development. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this report, whether as a result of any new information, future events, or otherwise.

There are a number of risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this report, including, among others, those factors set forth in the "Risk Factors" section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as updated by information filed in our Forms 10-Q and Forms 8-K. A non-exhaustive summary of principal risk factors that make investing in our securities risky and may cause actual results to differ materially are set forth below:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Our technology
continues to be developed, and it is unlikely that we will ever develop our technology to a point at which no further development
is required;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· If our security measures
are breached or unauthorized access to individually identifiable biometric or other personally identifiable information is otherwise obtained,
our reputation may be harmed, and we may incur significant liabilities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Our collection, processing,
use and disclosure of individually identifiable biometric or other personally identifiable information is subject to evolving and expanding
privacy and security regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Our success is highly
dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled executive officers and employees;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Privacy and data security
laws and regulations could require us to make changes to our business, impose additional costs on us and reduce the demand for our software
solutions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Issues raised by the
use of artificial intelligence (including machine learning) in our platforms may result in reputational harm or liability or affect our
ability to operate profitably and sustainably;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We operate in a highly
competitive industry that is dominated by multiple very large, well-capitalized market leaders and is constantly evolving;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Successful infringement claims against
us could result in significant monetary liability or prevent us from selling some of our products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We rely
on other companies to provide certain hardware and software solutions for our products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will incur increased
costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Intellectual property
rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We have a limited operating
history, which may make it difficult for you to evaluate our current business and predict our future success and viability;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We have historically
operated at a loss, which has resulted in an accumulated deficit;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We anticipate sustaining
operating losses for the foreseeable future;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will require substantial
additional capital to finance our operations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Raising additional capital
may cause dilution to our existing stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We have a substantial
customer concentration, with a limited number of customers accounting for a substantial portion of our revenue;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· An active trading market
for our Class A common stock may not be sustained, and the market price of shares of our Class A common stock may be volatile;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Reports published by
analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume
of our Class A common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Our internal computer
systems, or those of any of our manufacturers, contractors, consultants, collaborators or potential future collaborators, may fail or
suffer security or data privacy breaches or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of, or destruction of our proprietary or confidential
data, employee data or personal data, which could result in additional costs, loss of revenue, significant liabilities, harm to our brand
and material disruption of our operations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Our operations are vulnerable
to interruption by fire, severe weather conditions, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist activity, pandemics/epidemics and
other events beyond our control, which could harm our business.

**PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

**<u>Item 1. Financial Statements.</u>**

**Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets**

*(in thousands, except share and per share numbers)*

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,<br> 2025** | **December 31,<br> 2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
| **ASSETS** | | |
| **Current assets:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $6403 | $52 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | 1388 | 196 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventory | 322 | 249 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current assets | 295 | 38 |
| **Total current assets** | 8409 | 535 |
| **Non-current assets:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fixed assets, net | 276 | 80 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intangible assets, net | – | – |
| **TOTAL ASSETS** | $**8685** | $**615** |
| **LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT** |  |  |
| **Current liabilities:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $199 | $629 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses | 174 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred dividends payable | 157 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | 1363 | 489 |
| **Total current liabilities** | 1892 | 1118 |
| **TOTAL LIABILITIES** | **1892** | **1118** |
| **Stockholders' equity:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 250,000,000 shares authorized; 19,516,540 and 14,020,543 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 2 | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 63,972 and 571,011 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 150,000 shares authorized; 5,185 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 54275 | 40351 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (47484) | (40856) |
| **TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY** | **6792** | **(503)** |
| **TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY** | $**8685** | $**615** |

---

*See accompanying notes to the financial statements.*

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations**

*(in thousands, except share and per share numbers)*

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
| **Revenues** | $1450 | $390 | $3278 | $924 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of goods sold | 731 | 326 | 1825 | 768 |
| Gross profit (loss) | **720** | **64** | **1454** | **156** |
| **Operating expenses:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 504 | 306 | 1853 | 1030 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 446 | 327 | 1431 | 1046 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sales and marketing | 968 | 495 | 2508 | 1521 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash expenses | 785 | 520 | 2002 | 1508 |
| **Total operating expenses** | **2704** | **1649** | **7794** | **5104** |
| Loss from operations | (1984) | (1585) | (6340) | (4948) |
| **Other income/(expenses), net:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 65 | 13 | 147 | 86 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred Dividends | (145) | (1) | (430) | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State & sales taxes | (0) | (147) | (4) | (426) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Realized Gain/Loss | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Net loss | $**(2065)** | $**(1720)** | $**(6628)** | $**(5290)** |
| Basic and diluted (loss) per share of Class A and Class B common stock | $(0.13) | $(0.12) | $(0.42) | $(0.36) |

---

 

*See accompanying notes to the financial statements.*

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
|  | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class A** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class A** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class B** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class B** | **Preferred Stock** | **Preferred Stock** | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Total <br>Shareholders' Equity**<br>**(Deficit)** |
| **Balance as of June 30, 2025** | 17441920 | $2 | 147305 | $– | 6687 | $– | $53478 | $(45420) | $8060 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuances of Class A, Class B, and Preferred shares, net of issuance costs | 2074620 |  | (83333) |  | (1502) |  | 165 |  | 166 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  | 632 |  | 632 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (2062) | (2065) |
| **Balance as of September 30, 2025** | **19516540** | $**2** | **63972** | $**–** | **5185** | $**–** | $**54275** | $**(47484)** | $**6792** |

---

 

*See accompanying notes to the financial statements.*

 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
|  | **Common Stock,<br> Class A** | **Common Stock,<br> Class A** | **Common Stock,<br> Class B** | **Common Stock,<br> Class B** | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Total<br> Shareholders' Equity**<br>**(Deficit)** |
| **Balance as of June 30, 2024** | 13917085 | $8 | 674469 | $– | $39761 | $(37890) | $1879 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of Class B to Class A shares | 103458 |  | (103458) |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S-1 filing costs |  |  |  |  | (217) |  | (217) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 509 |  | 509 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | – | – | – | – | – | (1720) | (1720) |
| **Balance as of September 30, 2024** | **14020543** | $**8** | **571011** | $– | $**40054** | $**(39610)** | $**452** |

---

 

*See accompanying notes to the financial statements.*

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
|  | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class A** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class A** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class B** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class B** | **Preferred Stock** | **Preferred Stock** | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Total<br> Shareholders' Equity**<br>**(Deficit)** |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2024** | 14020543 | $1 | 571011 | $– |  | $– | $40351 | $(40856) | $(503) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuances of Class A, Class B, and Preferred shares, net of issuance costs | 5495997 | 1 | (507039) |  | 5185 |  | 12110 |  | 12110 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1814 |  | 1814 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | – | – | – | – | – | – |  | (6628) | (6628) |
| **Balance as of September 30, 2025** | **19516540** | $**2** | **63972** | $**–** | **5185** | $**–** | $**54275** | $**(47484)** | $**6792** |

---

 

*See accompanying notes to the financial statements.*

 

 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
|  | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class A** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class A** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class B** | **Common Stock,**<br>**Class B** | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Total <br>Shareholders' <br>Equity**<br>**(Deficit)** |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2023** | 13804788 | $8 | 753857 | $– | $38994 | $(34321) | $4682 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuances of Class A and Class B shares, net of issuance costs | 215755 |  | (182846) |  | (51) |  | (51) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S-1 filing costs |  |  |  |  | (217) |  | (217) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 1328 |  | 1328 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | – | – | – | – | – | (5290) | (5290) |
| **Balance as of September 30, 2024** | **14020543** | $**8** | **571011** | $**–** | $**40054** | $**(39610)** | $**452** |

---

 

*See accompanying notes to the financial statements.*

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow**

*(in thousands)*

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
| **Cash Flows from Operating Activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net Loss | $(6628) | $(5290) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 60 | 55 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 1815 | 1320 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Increase) Decrease in accounts receivable | (1192) | 161 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Increase) Decrease in other current assets | (331) | 169 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Increase (Decrease) in accounts payable | (429) | 75 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Increase (Decrease) in accrued expenses | 174 | (3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Increase (Decrease) in deferred revenue | 874 | 196 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Cash Used in Operating Activities** | (5659) | (3315) |
| **Cash Flows from Investing Activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchase of fixed assets | (256) | (21) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisition of intangible assets | – | – |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Cash Used in Investing Activities** | (256) | (21) |
| **Cash Flows from Financing Activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of Class A Common Stock | 105 | 6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuances of Preferred shares | 13750 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Increase in Preferred dividends payable | 426 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S1 filing costs | (2015) | (267) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities** | 12266 | (261) |
| **Net Change in Cash** | **6351** | **(3598)** |
| Cash at Beginning of Period | 52 | 4042 |
| Cash at End of Period | $6403 | $444 |

---

*See accompanying notes to the financial statements.*

**Notes to the Interim Condensed Financial Statements**

**(Unaudited)**

**Note 1 – Nature of Operations**

Cloudastructure, Inc. ("Cloudastructure," "we," "us," "our" or the "Company") was formed on March 28, 2003, as a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware and is headquartered in Palo Alto, California. We are a technology service provider that focuses on intelligent devices and software for physical security applications. Since inception, we have relied primarily on financing activities, including an offering under Regulation A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and the sale of preferred stock, to fund our operations.

**Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

*Basis of Presentation*

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements included within this report have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations, although we believe that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information not misleading. The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements contain all the adjustments necessary to present fairly our financial condition as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the results of operations for the three-month periods and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The results of operations for the three-month periods and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

*Reverse Stock Split*

On October 24, 2024, we effected a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of all classes of our issued and outstanding capital stock (the "Reverse Stock Split"). All share and per share information is presented after giving effect to the Reverse Stock Split retrospectively for all periods presented. For additional information about the Reverse Stock Split, see *Note 6, Reverse Stock Split*.

*Emerging Growth Company Status*

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the Jump Start Our Business Startups Act of 2012 ("JOBS Act"). Under Section 107 of the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies are permitted to use an extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company, or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B). By electing to extend the transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of companies that comply with public company effective dates.

*Use of Estimates*

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the footnotes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

*Risks and Uncertainties*

We have a limited operating history. Our business and operations are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States. A host of factors beyond our control could cause fluctuations in these conditions. Adverse conditions may include recession, downturn or otherwise, inflation, changes in regulations or restrictions on imports, tariffs, competition or changes in consumer taste. These adverse conditions could affect our financial condition and our results of operations.

*Cash and Cash Equivalents*

We consider short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash consists of funds held in our checking account. We maintain our cash with a major financial institution located in the United States, which we believe to be creditworthy. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures balances up to $250,000, but at times we may maintain balances in excess of the federally insured limits.

*Receivables and Credit Policy*

Trade receivables from customers are uncollateralized customer obligations due under normal trade terms. Trade receivables are stated at the amount billed to the customer. Payments of trade receivables are allocated to the specific invoices identified on the customer's remittance advice or, if unspecified, are applied to the earliest unpaid invoice. We routinely assess our outstanding accounts receivable and recorded a reserve for estimated uncollectible accounts of $33,213 and $5,816 at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

*Sales Taxes*

Various states impose a sales tax on our sales to non-exempt customers. We collect the sales tax from customers and remit the entire amount to each respective state. Our accounting policy is to exclude the tax collected and remitted to the states from revenue and cost of sales.

*Property and Equipment*

Property and equipment are recorded at cost if the expenditure exceeds $2,500. Expenditures for renewals and improvements that significantly add to the productive capacity or extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When equipment is retired or sold, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the balance sheet accounts and the resultant gain or loss is reflected in income.

Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method, based on useful lives of the assets, which range from three to five years depending on the asset type.

We review the carrying value of property and equipment for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. In cases where undiscounted expected future cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to an amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of assets. The factors considered by management in performing this assessment include current operating results, trends and prospects, the manner in which the property is used, and the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors.

*Segment Reporting*

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate and discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker (the "CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. We have one reportable segment focused on cloud-based AI video surveillance and remote guarding security services. Our CODM, who is our Chief Executive Officer, manages operations on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, assessing financial performance, and allocating resources. For additional information on our segment reporting, see *Note 7, Segment Reporting*.

*Fair Value Measurements*

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. When fair value measurements are used, valuation techniques should maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

U.S. GAAP has established a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the valuation inputs into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the related asset or liability. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs related to the asset or liability.

*Income Taxes*

We determine deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

We have incurred taxable losses since inception but are current in our tax filing obligations. We are not presently subject to any income tax audit in any taxing jurisdiction.

*Revenue Recognition*

We recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.

To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers* ("ASC 606"), we perform the following steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are performance obligations and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue from subscription contracts with customers is recognized ratably over the period that commences on the subscription start date and ending on the date the subscription term expires. Revenue from door and video services is generally recognized at the completion of the professional services. Revenue from sales hardware is generally recognized at time of delivery.

*Liquidity*

Our future needs for liquidity will depend on a variety of factors, including, without limitation, our ability to generate cash flows from operations and the timing and availability of net proceeds from any future financing activities that we may conduct. Economic uncertainty, fluctuating interest rates, market volatility, slowdowns in transaction volume, delays in financing from banks and other lenders and other negative trends may, in the future, adversely impact our ability to timely access potential sources of liquidity. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, or on terms that are acceptable to us, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

On November 25, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, as subsequently amended on January 16, 2025, January 29, 2025, and February 14, 2025, and as modified by a Waiver Agreement on April 1, 2025 (as amended and modified, the "Series 1 Equity Financing"), with Streeterville Capital, LLC, a Utah limited liability company ("Streeterville"), pursuant to which we issued and sold 6,300 shares of our Series 1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Series 1 Preferred"), and 720,000 shares of our Class A common stock to Streeterville. The Series 1 Equity Financing closed on January 29, 2025 and resulted in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $6.3 million.

On March 21, 2025, we entered into a second Securities Purchase Agreement, as supplemented by a Supplemental Terms Agreement dated April 11, 2025 and as modified by a Waiver Agreement dated April 11, 2025 (as supplemented and modified, the "Series 2 Equity Financing") with Streeterville, pursuant to which we may issue and sell, subject to the terms and conditions of the Series 2 Securities Financing, up to $40.0 million of our Series 2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Series 2 Preferred" and, together with the Series 1 Preferred, the "Preferred Stock") to Streeterville at a price of $1,000 per share. On March 25, 2025, at the initial closing of the Series 2 Equity Financing, we sold 4,500 shares of Series 2 Preferred to Streeterville, for an aggregate purchase price of $4.5 million. On April 10, 2025, we sold an additional 3,000 shares of Series 2 Preferred Stock to Streeterville for an aggregate purchase price of $3.0 million.

On November 25, 2024, we also entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement, as modified by a Waiver Agreement dated April 11, 2025 (as modified, the "Equity Line") with Atlas Sciences, LLC, a Utah limited liability company ("Atlas"), which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Atlas will purchase up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our Class A common stock over the 24-month term of the Equity Line.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to further implement our business plan. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of the uncertainties described above.

We believe that upon closing the Equity Financing and the Equity Line, together with our cash on hand and anticipated cash flows from operations are sufficient to address any going concern uncertainties and will be sufficient to meet our liquidity and capital resource requirements to ensure that we are able to meet our obligations and continue operations for at least one year from the issuance date of these financial statements.

*Recent Accounting Pronouncements*

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, *Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures* ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and requires single reporting entities to comply with the expanded reportable segment disclosures outlined in the ASU. The expanded reportable segment disclosures are intended to enhance certain disclosures surrounding significant segment expenses.

This standard became effective for the Company for the annual reporting period ended December 31, 2024, using the retrospective method. The adoption of this standard resulted in additional disclosure but did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations. See *Note 7, Segment Reporting*, for our updated segment presentation.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "*Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosure*" ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and establishes new income tax requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under ASU 2023-09, entities must consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and further disaggregate income taxes paid. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new standard on our financial statements.

**Note 3 – Basic and Diluted Loss Per Share**

The number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted loss per share for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Class A common stock | 19516540 | 14020543 |
| Class B common stock | 63972 | 571011 |
| Preferred stock | 5185 | – |
| Total | **19585697** | **14591554** |

---

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, approximately 15.9 million and 14.3 million shares, respectively, issuable upon the exercise or conversion of stock options, convertible notes, and warrants outstanding were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share because such amounts were antidilutive.

**Note 4 – Share Capital**

*Regulation A Equity Financings*

Between 2020 and 2023, the Company sold units consisting of two shares of Class A common stock and one warrant to purchase one share of Class A common stock pursuant to Regulation A under the Securities Act ("Regulation A"). The warrants were immediately exercisable and expired 18 months from the date of issuance. Pursuant to these Regulation A offerings, the Company issued a total of 12.1 million shares of Class A common stock and 5.3 million warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of $38.9 million.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, 0 warrants were exercised and 35,660 warrants expired, leaving 15,262 warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2024. As of the end of the first quarter in 2025, there were no warrants outstanding.

The following table is a summary of the outstanding Class A common stock warrants issued in these Regulation A offerings at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2025:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Warrants at Exercise Price of $4.50** | **Warrants at Exercise Price of $7.20** | **Warrants at Exercise Price of $9.00** | **Total Warrants** |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 15262 | 4317 |
| Issued Jan - Sep 2025 |  |  |  |  |
| Expired during Jan - Sep 2025 |  |  | 15262 | 4317 |
| Exercised during Jan - Sep 2025 |  |  | – | – |
| **Outstanding at September 30, 2025** |  |  | **–** | **–** |

---

*Preferred Stock Financings*

On November 25, 2024, we entered into the Series 1 Equity Financing with Streeterville, pursuant to which we issued and sold 6,300 shares of our Series 1 Preferred, and 720,000 shares of our Class A common stock to Streeterville. The Series 1 Equity Financing closed on January 29, 2025 and resulted in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $6.3 million.

On March 21, 2025, we entered into the Series 2 Equity Financing with Streeterville pursuant to which we may issue and sell, subject to the terms and conditions of the Series 2 Equity Financing, up to $40.0 million of our Series 2 Preferred to Streeterville. On March 25, 2025, at the initial closing of the Series 2 Equity Financing, we issued and sold 4,500 shares of Series 2 Preferred to Streeterville, for an aggregate purchase price of $4.5 million.

Pursuant to the terms of the Series 2 Equity Financing, Streeterville will also have, for a period ending on the later of (i) March 25, 2027, and (ii) the date on which it no longer holds any Preferred Stock, the right, but not the obligation, to reinvest up to an additional $4.0 million into the Company in one or more tranches (of at least $100,000) at its election (the "Reinvestment Right"). The Reinvestment Right supersedes and replaces the reinvestment right granted to Streeterville in connection with the Series 1 Equity Financing. In addition, Streeterville will have the right, for a period ending six months after it no longer holds any Preferred Stock or is not otherwise owed any obligations from us, to participate in up to 30% of the amount sold in any debt or equity financing that we consummate (the "Participation Right"). The Participation Right supersedes and replaces the participation right granted to Streeterville in connection with the Series 1 Equity Financing.

On April 10, 2025, we sold an additional 3,000 shares of Series 2 Preferred to Streeterville for an aggregate purchase price of $3.0 million. Streeterville agreed that its remaining Reinvestment Right was reduced to $3.0 million following this sale of Series 2 Preferred.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Streeterville exercised its right to convert an aggregate of 6,375 shares of Series 1 Preferred into 1,465,608 shares of Class A common stock and an aggregate of 5,485 shares of Series 2 Preferred into 1,827,378 shares of Class A common stock. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we issued Streeterville 75 shares of Series 1 Preferred and 170 shares of Series 2 Preferred as payment in kind of accrued dividends on the shares of Series 1 Preferred and Series 2 Preferred, respectively, held by Streeterville.

*Equity Line Financing*

On November 25, 2024, we also entered into an Equity Line with Atlas, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Atlas will purchase up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our Class A common stock over the 24-month term of the Equity Line. In consideration of Altas's commitment to purchase shares pursuant to the Equity Line, we issued 143,472 shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas on February 6, 2025, and an additional 229,662 shares of our Class A common stock on July 9, 2025, as a result of the decline in the market price of our Class A common stock since signing the Equity Line.

*Stock-Based Compensation*

The following summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of Options** | **Exercise Price Range** | **Weighted-Average Exercise Price** |
| Options outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 15978736 | 0.024 - 2.70 | 1.46 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | 800503 | 1.86 - 6.75 | 6.72 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canceled | 678015 | 0.024 - 2.16 | 0.28 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | 200000 | 0.024 | 0.02 |
| Options outstanding at September 30, 2025 | 15901224 | $0.024 - 6.75 | $1.80 |

---

Our Board of Directors grants options to our employees under the terms of our Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan. Granted options are exercisable into shares of the Company's Class A or Class B common stock, vest over four years, with an initial one-year cliff vesting, and expire ten years from the date of grant.

The fair value of the options was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and relying on the following assumptions: (i) the estimated fair value of the underlying stock on the measurement date; (ii) the expected term in years; (iii) the expected volatility; and (iv) the discount rate.

*Outstanding Warrants*

There were 814,167 Class A Common Stock warrants at an exercise price of $2.16 outstanding as of September 30, 2025.

**Note 5 – Related Party Transactions**

The following transactions occurred between related parties; therefore, there can be no guarantee that the terms, conditions, interest rates, or prices were transacted at an arm's-length rate.

*Aircraft Lease*

On September 1, 2023, the Company and Cloud Transport Operations LLC ("Cloud Transport") entered into a dry lease agreement (the "Dry Lease") for a Cessna T210N Turbo Centurion plane. The Dry Lease allows the Company to lease the plane for $350 per hour plus insurance and maintenance costs. Rick Bentley ("Bentley"), the Company's Founder and its Chief Executive Officer at the time the Dry Lease was signed, has an indirect ownership interest in Cloud Transport. In addition, also effective September 1, 2023, the Company and Hydro Hash, Inc. ("HH") entered into a side agreement related to the Dry Lease, pursuant to which HH agreed, in exchange for use of the plane, to cover 40% of the insurance and maintenance costs for the plane under the Dry Lease. Mr. Bentley is the Chairman and a significant stockholder of HH. On March 25, 2025, the Company exercised its right to cancel the Dry Lease by providing 120 days notification of termination.

*Issuance of Shares for Note Receivable*

On February 20, 2020, we issued 250,000 shares of Class A common stock to Mr. Bentley in exchange for a promissory note in the principal amount of $6,000. The note receivable matures in February 2030 and bears interest at the rate of 1.86% per annum. As of September 30, 2025, this note has accrued interest totaling $627.35.

*Data Center Lease*

On January 1, 2024, we entered into a month-to-month lease agreement (the "Lease") with HH to rent space for an additional data center. Under the terms of the Lease, we were paying $1,800 per month for the rental of space, power and high-speed internet access. We have greatly expanded our use of this facility and are now paying $5,000 a month plus and we reimburse them for the cost of a 3<sup>rd</sup> party bandwidth provider for the bandwidth we use, which is currently $3,000 per month. We estimate this to be less than one-half the rate that we pay for equivalent space in our Santa Clara facility.

**Note 6 – Reverse Stock Split**

Our board of directors and stockholders each approved a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of all classes of the Company's issued and outstanding capital stock. On October 24, 2024, we filed an amended and restated certificate of incorporation with the State of Delaware to immediately effectuate the Reverse Stock Split. All share and per share information are presented after giving effect to the Reverse Stock Split retrospectively for all periods presented.

**Note 7 – Segment Reporting**

We operate as one operating segment focused on cloud-based AI video surveillance and remote guarding security services. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available for evaluation by the CODM in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Our CODM evaluates our financial information and resources and assesses the performance of these resources on a consolidated basis. There is no expense or asset information supplemental to the information disclosed in these financial statements that is regularly provided to the CODM. The allocation of resources and assessment of performance of the operating segment is based on net income as shown in our statement of operations. The CODM considers net income in the annual forecasting process and reviews actual results when making decisions about allocating resources. Since we operate as one operating segment, financial segment information, including profit or loss and asset information, can be found in these financial statements.

**Note 8 – Subsequent Events**

*Equity Financings*

On October 1, 2025, pursuant to the terms of our Series 2 Preferred shares, we issued Streeterville an additional 141 shares of Series 2 Preferred as dividend payments.

*Management's Evaluation*

Management has evaluated subsequent events to determine if events or transactions occurring after the balance sheet date through the date the financial statements were issued require potential adjustment to or disclosure in the financial statements and has concluded that all such events or transactions that would require recognition or disclosure have been recognized or disclosed.

**<u>Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.</u>**

*You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.* 

 

**Overview**

Cloudastructure, Inc. ("Cloudastructure," "we," "us," "our" or the "Company") was formed under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 28, 2003. We have one wholly-owned subsidiary, Cloudastructure India Private Limited, which was formed in July 2025 in Kolkata, India, to run our remote guarding operations. We provide an award-winning cloud-based artificial intelligence ("AI") video surveillance and Remote Guarding (as described below) service built on AI and machine learning platforms.

We operated as a small Silicon Valley startup until early 2021 when we raised over $35 million in funding under Regulation A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). With these funds we quickly built a sales, marketing and support structure and achieved a degree of early success in the property management space. As of the date of this report, we have contracts in place with five of the top 10 property management companies on the National Multifamily Housing Council's ("NMHC's") 2024 NMCH 50 list (Greystar Real Estate Partners, Avenue5 Residential, LLC, Cushman & Wakefield, BH Management Services, LLC and FPI Management, Inc.). Our cloud-based solutions allow our customers to provide real-time safety and security solutions for their properties, as well as easily manage security across all of their locations. As of the date of this report, we are focused on expanding into more of our existing top tier customer locations and acquiring additional customers in the property management ("proptech") space, and we anticipate entering into additional markets in 2025 and 2026.

Our intelligent AI solution works by identifying objects (faces, license plates, animals, guns, etc.) in video footage so that property managers can quickly search for those objects. Additionally, our AI and Remote Guarding services provide a proactive response to crime. Remote Guarding combines video surveillance, AI analytics, monitoring centers, and security agents ("Remote Guarding"). Based on internal data comparing the total number of actual threatening activity alerts received by our Remote Guards, against all potentially suspicious and threatening activity alerts received by our Remote Guards, on average, for 2025 to the date of this report, our Remote Guarding services deterred over 98% of all threatening activity for our customers. We believe AI security delivers multiple benefits for many property owners, including, without limitation:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Deterring crime and improving overall safety

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Improving occupancy rates and rental rates; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Reducing onsite guard costs and lowering insurance
rates

We believe that our solution is more affordable and easier to use than the various solutions that our competitors offer. Our Remote Guarding service bridges the line between AI and human intelligence. AI has the ability to monitor all cameras at the same time and all of the time, a task from which humans would fatigue. When the AI detects an event occurring, the Remote Guards are notified. The Remote Guards can then determine if escalation is required. With real-time human intervention, our Remote Guarding service can turn video surveillance from a forensic tool, used after a crime has been committed, into a real time crime prevention tool. This has the potential to greatly increase value for our customers.

**Components of Results of Operations**

*Net Revenues*

 

Our net revenues primarily consist of revenues generated from subscriptions to our core business services (cloud video surveillance and remote guarding), revenues generated from hardware sales, and revenue generated from installation services.

We bill cloud video surveillance and remote guarding according to the number of camera views. Hardware mainly includes cloud video recorders, surveillance cameras, and horn speakers kept in inventory. Installation services include the labor needed to set in place said hardware and software.

We recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. Typically, our customers pay up front annually for our services and sign subscription and remote guarding agreements governing the terms of service. In those instances, revenue is recognized ratably over the period that commences on the subscription start date and ending on the date the subscription term expires. Some of our customers require monthly billing arrangements, in which case revenue is recognized on a monthly basis. Revenue generated from sales of hardware is generally recognized at time of delivery. Revenue generated from installation services is generally recognized at the completion of the professional services.

*Cost of Goods Sold*

 

Cost of goods sold primarily consists of hosting costs, the costs of equipment sold, installation costs and the costs of the operations department.

*Operating Expenses*

 

Operating expenses consist of general and administrative expenses, which are primarily salaries, professional fees, consulting costs and expenses related to the administrative functions of the Company, research and development expenses, which consist primarily of product development costs and salaries, and sales and marketing expenses, which represent public relations, advertising and direct marketing costs, as well as the associated personnel costs.

**Results of Operations**

***Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2025 to the three months ended September 30, 2024***

 ****

*Net Revenues*

 

The majority of our net revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were comprised of subscription revenue generated from our core business services (cloud video surveillance and remote guarding) and hardware sales.

The following table summarizes our revenue by service line:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Cloud Video Surveillance | $215124 | $88999 |
| Remote Guarding | $209162 | $82497 |
| Hardware | $347139 | $142557 |
| Other (installation, door subscriptions, etc.) | $679046 | $76277 |
|  | $**1450470** | $**390330** |

---

Total revenue increased by $1,060,140 or 272% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. As the Company continues to grow its customer base, there was an 83% increase in the number of properties being serviced for the three months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period in 2024. During the third quarter of 2025, cloud video subscriptions increased by 142%, remote guarding increased by 154%, hardware sales increased by 144%, and installation sales and other sales increased by 790% over the same period in 2024.

*Cost of Goods Sold*

 

The following table summarizes our cost of goods sold:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Hosting and Data Center Bandwidth | $91748 | $63400 |
| Remote Guarding | $78569 | $30203 |
| Hardware | $149137 | $124053 |
| Installation Labor | $411346 | $108655 |
|  | $730799 | $326311 |

---

Our cost of goods sold increased $404,488, or 124% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was the result of increased sales and completion of more installation projects in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Hosting and data center bandwidth costs increased by 45%, remote guarding costs increased by 160%, hardware costs increased by 20%, and installation labor costs increased by 279% over the same period in 2024.

 

*Operating Expenses*

 

Our operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| General and administrative | $504231 | $306370 |
| Research and development | $445697 | $326846 |
| Sales and marketing | $968387 | $495364 |
| Non-cash expenses (stock comp, depreciation, bad debt, etc.) | $785303 | $520185 |
|  | $2703618 | $1648764 |

---

General and administrative expenses increased by 65% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $83,876 in payroll and consulting services, an increase of $80,348 in legal and recruiting services, and $19,925 in office equipment and software expenses.

Research and development ("R&D") expenses increased by 36% during the quarter ended in September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period in 2024. This increase is mainly due to a payroll increase of $75,908 and an increase for consulting services of $27,395 resulting from growth in the engineering workforce.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by 95% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the sales and marketing expenses incurred during the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase in sales and marketing expenses was due to an increase in payroll of $306,207 derived from an expansion of our sales team, an increase of $12,929 in consulting services, a $100,719 increase in marketing expenses and a $45,927 increase in office equipment and software expenses.

Non-cash expenses increased by 51% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period for 2024. This increase is primarily due to an increase of $10,242 in depreciation resulting from colocation equipment purchased, $25,977 of recording of allowance for bad debt and an increase of $128,899 in stock option expenses during the three-month period ended in September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024.

 

*Net Loss*

 

As a result of the foregoing, the Company had a net loss of $2.06 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to net loss of $1.72 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a loss increase of approximately 14% for the current period compared to the prior period. Gross profit increased by approximately 1,070%. Gross profit was $749,277 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and $64,018 for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

***Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 to the nine months ended September 30, 2024***

 ****

*Net Revenues*

 

Total revenue increased by $2,354,699, or 255%, from $923,784 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $3,278,483 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase is due a 67% increase in properties being serviced during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Cloud video subscriptions increased by 121%, remote guarding increased by 155%, hardware sales increased by 296%, and installation labor sales and other sales increased by 398% over the same period in 2024.

The following table summarizes our revenue by service line:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Cloud Video Surveillance | $481843 | $218286 |
| Remote Guarding | $451813 | $177082 |
| Hardware | $1112974 | $280898 |
| Other (installation, door subscriptions, etc.) | $1231853 | $247519 |
|  | $**3278318** | $**923784** |

---

*Cost of Goods Sold*

 

Our cost of goods sold increased $1,056,571, or 138%, from $768,128 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $1,824,700 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was the result of increased sales and completion of more installation projects in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Hosting and data center bandwidth costs increased by 3%, remote guarding costs increased by 118%, hardware costs increased by 196%, and installation labor costs increased by 205% over the same period in 2024.

The following table summarizes our cost of goods sold:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Hosting and Data Center Bandwidth | $220185 | $214100 |
| Remote Guarding | $167707 | $76917 |
| Hardware | $577761 | $195128 |
| Installation Labor | $859046 | $281983 |
|  | $**1824700** | $**768128** |

---

*Operating Expenses*

 

Our operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| General and administrative | $1853076 | $1029790 |
| Research and development | $1430839 | $1045638 |
| Sales and marketing | $2508254 | $1520903 |
| Non-cash expenses (stock comp, depreciation, bad debt, etc.) | $2002044 | $1507551 |
|  | $**7794212** | $**5103882** |

---

General and administrative expenses increased by 80% for the nine months ended September 30, 205 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $402,955 in payroll derived from a one-time bonus paid to employees to compensate for the salary reductions in 2024, $222,833 in executive consulting services, $106,433 in professional services (legal, audit, tax ,and recruiting), $32,440 in office equipment and software expenses, and a $38,599 increase in general insurance for the nine months ending in September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period in 2024.

Research and development ("R&D") expenses increased by 37% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. This increase is due to an increase of $333,402 in payroll derived from a one-time bonus paid to employees to compensate for the salary reductions in 2024, an increase of $26,982 in consulting services, and an increase of $23,001 in equipment purchases during the nine months ending in September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period in 2024.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by 65% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the sales and marketing expenses incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase is due to an increase of $630,985 in payroll derived from a one-time bonus paid to employees to compensate for the salary reductions in 2024 and the expansion of our sales team, a $69,895 increase in consulting services, a $74,499 increase in the purchase of equipment, and an increase of $245,414 in marketing expenses during the nine months ending in September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period in 2024.

Non-cash expenses increased by 33% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. This is due to an increase of $494,458 in stock compensation expense, offset by a decrease of $104,608 in allowance for bad debt expense during the nine months ended in September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended in September 30, 2024.

*Net Loss*

 

As a result of the foregoing, the Company had a net loss of $6.6 million for the nine months ended September 30 2025, compared to a net loss of $5.29 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, a loss increase of approximately 23% for the current period compared to the prior period. Gross profit increased by approximately 853%. Gross profit was $1,483,390 in the nine months ended September 30 2025 and $155,655 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

**Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements**

As of the date of this report, we have no off-balance sheet arrangements that are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

*Overview*

 

From inception, we have funded our operations principally through the net proceeds from sales of our capital stock and to a lesser extent from cash flows generated from operating activities.

*Summary of Cash Flows*

 

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| *(in thousands)* | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net cash (used in) operating activities | (5659) | (3315) |
| Net cash (used in) investing activities | (256) | (21) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 12266 | (261) |
| Net change in cash | 6531 | (3598) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | **6403** | **444** |

---

*Operating Activities*

We continue to experience negative cash flows from operations as we expand our business. Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly affected by our cash investments to support the growth of our business in areas such as product and service development and selling, general and administrative. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support growth and fluctuations in personnel-related expenditures, accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September, 2025 was $6.35 million, which reflects our net loss of $6.6 million and increases in accounts receivable of $1,192,162, inventory of $73,630, prepaid expenses of $257,666, deferred revenue of $874,156, and $173,560 in accrued expenses. Accounts payable decreased by $429,913, and the rest was offset by $1,814,675 of stock compensation expense and $59,973 of depreciation expense.

*Investing Activities*

 

Our investing activities have consisted primarily of business combinations and the purchases of assets and equipment. We have invested in assets and equipment to support our headcount growth.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $255,623, of which $236,373 was attributable to colocation equipment for our Montana data center, $14,908 in computer equipment for new employees, and $4,342 of equipment in India.

*Financing Activities*

 

Our net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $12.1 million compared to $261,000 cash used in financing activities for the same period in 2024. This increase in cash provided by financing activities is principally attributed to $13.7 million from the issuance of preferred shares, and approximately $426,000 declared in preferred dividends, reduced by approximately $2.02 million in issuance costs.

On January 29, 2025, we received gross proceeds of $6.3 million through the sale of shares of our Series 1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Series 1 Preferred) and 720,000 shares of our Class A common stock to Streeterville Capital, LLC, a Utah limited liability company ("Streeterville"), pursuant to the terms of a Securities Purchase Agreement we entered into with Streeterville on November 25, 2024, as subsequently amended (the "Series 1 Purchase Agreement").

On March 25, 2025, we received gross proceeds of $4.5 million through the sale of shares of our Series 2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Series 2 Preferred) to Streeterville, pursuant to the terms of a Securities Purchase Agreement we entered into with Streeterville on March 21, 2025 (the "Series 2 Purchase Agreement").

On April 3, 2025, pursuant to the respective terms of our Series 1 Preferred shares and our Series 2 Preferred shares, we issued Streeterville an additional 75 shares of Series 1 Preferred and an additional 7 shares of Series 2 Preferred as dividend payments.

On April 14, 2025, we received gross proceeds of $3 million through the sale of shares of our Series 2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Series 2 Preferred) to Streeterville pursuant to the terms of a Securities Purchase Agreement we entered into with Streeterville on March 21, 2025 (the "Series 2 Purchase Agreement").

See Note 4 to the condensed unaudited financial statements included within this report for additional information regarding the Series 1 Purchase Agreement and the Series 2 Purchase Agreement.

On July 2, 2025, pursuant to the respective terms of our Series 1 Preferred shares and our Series 2 Preferred shares, we issued Streeterville an additional 163 shares of Series 2 Preferred as dividend payments. On October 1<sup>st</sup>, 2025 the Company issued 141 shares of Series 2 Preferred stock as dividend payments.

*Funding Requirements*

 

We anticipate incurring additional losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never become profitable. We expect our operating expenses to continue to increase as we expand our business, particularly as we continue development of our existing and new products and services. In addition, we expect to continue to incur additional costs and expenses associated with being a public company.

As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $6.4 million of cash on hand and approximately $6.5 million of working capital. We currently expect our current cash will be sufficient to fund operations through at least the third quarter of 2026; however, it is possible we will need additional funding during that period if we are unable to sustain or grow our current revenues or if our expenses increase more than currently anticipated. The Series 2 Purchase Agreement described above gives us the ability to sell additional shares of our Series 2 Preferred to Streeterville, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of several significant conditions set forth in such Series 2 Purchase Agreement. In addition, we have entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement with Atlas Sciences, LLC that gives us the ability to sell shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas Sciences, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of several significant conditions set forth in such Equity Purchase Agreement.

We currently anticipate that the Series 2 Purchase Agreement and/or the Equity Purchase Agreement will provide us the necessary funding to continue our operations for the next 12 months; however, our ability to sell additional shares of our capital stock pursuant to the Series 2 Purchase Agreement and/or the Equity Purchase Agreement is subject to a number of conditions, many of which are out of our control. As a result, there is no assurance that we will be able to sell additional shares of our capital stock pursuant to either the Series 2 Purchase Agreement and/or the Equity Purchase Agreement. In that case, it would be necessary for us to seek alternative debt or equity financing to fund our operations; however, such alternative financing may only be available at a price and on terms and conditions that would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition or may not be available at all.

The condensed unaudited financial statements included within this report have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to further implement our business plan, raise capital, and generate revenues. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. We have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. As of September 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $47.38 million. Management expects to continue to incur operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future.

We have based the foregoing estimates on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we expect. We have a planning and budgeting process in place to monitor our operating cash requirements, including amounts projected for capital expenditures, which are adjusted as our future funding requirements change. These funding requirements include, but are not limited to, our product and service development, our general and administrative requirements, and the costs of operating as a public company, and are offset by our ability to generate revenue from operations and the availability of equity or debt financing.

**Contractual Obligations and Commitments**

In addition to ongoing capital expenditures and working capital needs to fund operations over the next 12 months, our contractual obligations to make future payments primarily relate to our operating lease obligations, capital lease obligations and insurance obligations, all of which are governed by agreements with month-to-month terms, and which are generally terminable after a notice period at any time. We purchase equipment, software and inventory necessary to conduct our operations on an as-needed basis.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we had an outstanding obligation to the SEC pursuant to the terms of a final settlement reached with the SEC on September 27, 2023. See "*Business—Legal Proceedings*" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, for additional details regarding the settlement. This obligation was paid in full on August 9, 2024. We do not have any other long-term debt, capital lease obligations, operating lease obligations or long-term liabilities.

**Emerging Growth Company**

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the Jump Start Our Business Startups Act of 2012 ("JOBS Act"). As an emerging growth company, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting and disclosure requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies, and we have elected to take advantage of those exemptions. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· have an auditor attestation report on our internal
control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act");

· submit certain executive compensation matters
to Member advisory votes pursuant to the "say on frequency" and "say on pay" provisions (requiring a non-binding
Member vote to approve compensation of certain executive officers) and the "say on golden parachute" provisions (requiring
a non-binding Member vote to approve golden parachute arrangements for certain executive officers in connection with mergers and certain
other business combinations) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010; or

· disclose certain executive compensation related
items, such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer's compensation
to median employee compensation.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company may take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies. This means that an emerging growth company can delay adopting certain accounting standards until such standards are otherwise applicable to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period. Since we will not be required to comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of companies that comply with public company effective dates. If we were to subsequently elect to comply with these public company effective dates, such election would be irrevocable pursuant to Section 107 of the JOBS Act.

We will remain an emerging growth company for up to the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our direct listing on Nasdaq, or until the earliest of: (i) the last date of the fiscal year during which we had total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (ii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer" as defined under Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act.

We do not believe that being an emerging growth company will have a significant impact on our business. Also, even once we are no longer an emerging growth company, we still may not be subject to auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act unless we meet the definition of a large accelerated filer or an accelerated filer under Section 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

**Critical Accounting Estimates**

Our accounting and recording policies are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

Our significant accounting policies are described in "Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." Many of these accounting policies require judgment and the use of estimates and assumptions when applying these policies in the preparation of our financial statements. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments based on historical experience as well as other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates are subject to change in the future if underlying assumptions or factors change. Certain accounting policies, while significant, may not require the use of estimates. The recent accounting changes that may potentially impact our business are described under "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in "Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."

**<u>Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.</u>**

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, and as a result are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

**<u>Item 4. Controls and Procedures.</u>**

**Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of September 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

**Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.**

**PART II. OTHER INFORMATION**

**<u>Item 1. Legal Proceedings.</u>**

From time to time, we may be party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. As of September 30, 2025, we are not subject to any material legal proceedings nor, to the best of our knowledge, are any material legal proceedings pending or threatened against us.

**<u>Item 1A. Risk Factors.</u>**

This report should be read in conjunction with Part I - Item 1A "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

**<u>Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.</u>**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Unregistered sales of equity securities: None.

(b) Use of proceeds: Not applicable.

(c) Issuer purchases of equity securities: None.

**<u>Item 5. Other Information.</u>**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Not applicable.

(b) Not applicable.

(c) **Adoption or Termination of Rule 10b5-1 or non-Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements** 

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, no director or officer adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

**<u>Item 6. Exhibits.</u>**

The following exhibits (listed by number corresponding to the Exhibit Table as Item 601 in Regulation S-K) are filed with this report:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.1 | [Cloudastructure, Inc. Amended and Restated 2024 Equity Incentive Plan](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825005286/cloud_def14a.htm) (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Company's definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed July 22, 2025). |
| 31 | Certifications. |
| (a) | [Certificate of the Chief Executive Officer of Cloudastructure, Inc., pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350)](cloudastructure_ex3101.htm). |
| (b) | [Certificate of the Chief Financial Officer of Cloudastructure, Inc., pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350)](cloudastructure_ex3102.htm). |
| 32 | Certifications. |
| (a) | [Certificate of the Chief Executive Officer of Cloudastructure, Inc., pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350)](cloudastructure_ex3201.htm). |
| (b) | [Certificate of the Chief Financial Officer of Cloudastructure, Inc., pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350)](cloudastructure_ex3202.htm). |
| 101 | Interactive Data File formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language). |
| (INS) | iXBRL Instance Document. |
| (SCH) | iXBRL Schema Document. |
| (CAL) | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
| (LAB) | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
| (PRE) | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
| (DEF) | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document). |

---

\* Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangements.

**CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.**

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC. | CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC. |
| Date: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ James McCormick |
|  |  | James McCormick |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |
| Date: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ Greg Smitherman |
|  |  | Greg Smitherman |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer and |
|  |  | Principal Accounting Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, James McCormick, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cloudastructure, Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) [Omitted];

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** |
| Date: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ James McCormick |
|  |  | James McCormick |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board |
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Greg Smitherman, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cloudastructure, Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) [Omitted];

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** |
| Date: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ Greg Smitherman |
|  |  | Greg Smitherman |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO<br> 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO<br> SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cloudastructure, Inc. (the "Company") for the period ended September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** |
| Date: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ James McCormick |
|  |  | James McCormick |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board |
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO<br> 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO<br> SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cloudastructure, Inc. (the "Company") for the period ended September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** | **CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.** |
| Date: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ Greg Smitherman |
|  |  | Greg Smitherman |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---