# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001463101
**File Stem:** 0001463101-26-000052
**Filing Date:** 2026-5
**Character Count:** 28856
**Document Hash:** da2383c6622335154fa12933f740ee53
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001463101-26-000052.hdr.sgml**: 20260529

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001463101-26-000052

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: SD

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 3

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260529

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260529

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Enphase Energy, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001463101
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SEMICONDUCTORS & RELATED DEVICES [3674]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 04 Manufacturing
- **EIN:** 204645388
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** SD
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-35480
- **FILM NUMBER:** 261044358

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 47281 BAYSIDE PARKWAY
- **CITY:** FREMONT
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94538
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (707) 763-4784

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 47281 BAYSIDE PARKWAY
- **CITY:** FREMONT
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94538

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

Washington, D.C. 20549

**________________________________________________**

**FORM SD**

**Specialized Disclosure Report**

**________________________________________________**

![enpha13a.jpg](enpha13a.jpg)

**ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

**________________________________________________**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **001-35480** | **20-4645388** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(Commission file number) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(IRS Employer Identification No.) |

---

**47281 Bayside Parkway**

**Fremont, CA 94538**

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

**Lisan Hung**

**Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary**

**(707) 774-7000**

(Name and telephone number, including area code, of the person to contact in connection with this report)

Check the appropriate box to indicate the rule pursuant to which this form is being filed:

⌧ Rule 13p-1 under the Securities Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13p-1) for the reporting period from January 1 to December 31, 2025.

☐ Rule 13q-1 under the Securities Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13q-1) for the fiscal year ended ___________.

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**Section 1 - Conflict Minerals Disclosure**

**Item 1.01 Conflict Minerals Disclosure and Report**

Enphase Energy, Inc. (the "Company") has evaluated its current products and has determined that certain products it contracts to manufacture contain conflict minerals originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or adjoining countries. As a result, the Company has prepared and is filing with this Form SD, a Conflict Minerals Report. A copy of the Company's Conflict Minerals Report for the reporting period January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025 is provided as Exhibit 1.01 to the Specialized Disclosure Report and is publicly available on the Company's corporate website at *https://investor.enphase.com/sec-filings*.

**Item 1.02 Exhibit** 

The Conflict Minerals Report required by Item 1.01 is filed as Exhibit 1.01 to this Form SD.

**Section 2 - Resource Extraction Issuer Disclosure**

**Item 2.01 Resource Extraction Issuer Disclosure and Report**

Not applicable.

**Section 3 - Exhibits**

**Item 3.01 Exhibits**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit<br>Number** | **Description** |
| [1.01](a2025conflictmineralsrepor.htm) | [Conflict Minerals Report for the reporting period January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025.](a2025conflictmineralsrepor.htm) |

---

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**Signatures**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: May 29, 2026 | ENPHASE ENERGY, INC. | ENPHASE ENERGY, INC. |
|  | By: | /s/ Lisan Hung |
|  |  | Lisan Hung |
|  |  | Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary |

---

## Exhibit 1.01

**Exhibit 1.01**

Enphase Energy, Inc.

Conflict Minerals Report

For the Year January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025

1. Introduction

This Conflict Minerals Report ("CMR") for the year January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025 (the "Reporting Period") is filed in accordance with Rule 13p-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Rule"). The Rule was adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") to implement reporting and disclosure requirements related to conflict minerals as directed by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ("Dodd-Frank Act"). The Rule imposes certain reporting obligations on SEC registrants whose manufactured products contain conflict minerals that are necessary to the functionality or production of their products. Conflict minerals are defined by the SEC as columbite-tantalite (coltan), cassiterite, gold, wolframite, and their derivatives, which are currently limited to tantalum, tin, and tungsten ("3TG" or "Conflict Minerals"). These requirements apply to registrants whatever the geographic origin of the Conflict Minerals and whether they fund armed conflict.

If a registrant can establish that the Conflict Minerals originated from sources other than the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the "DRC") or an adjoining country, which include the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia and Angola (collectively with the DRC, the "Covered Countries"), or from recycled and scrap sources, it must submit a completed Form SD that describes the Reasonable Country of Origin Inquiry (the "RCOI").

If a registrant has reason to believe that any of the Conflict Minerals in its supply chain may have originated in the Covered Countries, or if it is unable to determine the country of origin of those Conflict Minerals, then the registrant must perform due diligence on the Conflict Minerals' source and chain of custody. The registrant must annually submit a CMR with its Form SD to the SEC that includes a description of those due diligence measures.

2. Company Overview

This CMR has been prepared by the management of Enphase Energy, Inc. (herein referred to as "we," "us" or "our"). The information includes the activities of all majority-owned subsidiaries.

We are a global energy technology company. We deliver smart, easy-to-use solutions that manage solar generation, energy storage and communication on one platform.

3. Products Overview

The Enphase<sup>®</sup> Energy System brings a high technology, networked approach to solar generation plus energy storage, by leveraging our design expertise across power electronics, semiconductors and cloud-based software technologies. Our integrated approach to energy solutions maximizes a home's energy potential while providing advanced monitoring and remote maintenance capabilities. The Enphase Energy System uses a single technology platform for seamless management of the whole solution, of IQ<sup>®</sup> Microinverters, IQ<sup>®</sup> Batteries, IQ<sup>®</sup> Load Controllers, and IQ<sup>®</sup> EV Charger, allowing rapid commissioning with the Enphase® Installer App, consumption monitoring with our IQ<sup>®</sup> Combiner™ device with our Enphase IQ<sup>®</sup> Gateway™ device, and our Enphase® App, a cloud-based energy management platform. System owners can use the Enphase App to monitor their home's solar generation, energy storage and consumption from any web-enabled device. Unlike some of our competitors, who utilize a traditional inverter, or offer separate components of solutions, we have built-in system redundancy in both photovoltaic generation and energy storage, eliminating the risk that comes with a single point of failure. Further, the nature of our cloud-based, monitored system allows for remote firmware and software updates, enabling cost-effective remote maintenance and ongoing utility compliance.

We have transitioned from solar only systems to complete energy management solutions, which consist of solar, batteries, load control, electric vehicle ("EV") charging, compatibility with third-party generators, and virtual power plant services. This transition follows the rising global interest in the full electrification of homes and businesses through renewable sources of energy.

Based on our internal assessment, certain of our products contain Conflict Minerals, which are necessary to the functionality or production of those products. For purposes of this assessment, we have included consideration of

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our microinverters, batteries, EV chargers, related accessories (including cables), the balance-of-system components (including IQ Load Controller, IQ Gateway/Envoy, IQ Combiner, IQ System Controller, IQ Energy Router and IQ Relay), and the IQ<sup>®</sup> PowerPack 1500 (collectively, the "Covered Products").

4. Reasonable Country of Origin Inquiry

We rely upon our suppliers to provide information on the origin of 3TG contained in components and materials supplied to us, including sources of 3TG that are supplied to them from sub-tier suppliers. Our suppliers are expected to provide the 3TG sourcing information to us per our Conflict Minerals Policy and Supplier Code of Conduct.

We performed a comprehensive analysis of our product components and the role that suppliers play throughout our manufacturing and product delivery processes. We defined the scope of our RCOI by identifying and reaching out to suppliers that provided components or engaged in manufacturing activities that are likely to contain 3TG during the Reporting Period. During the process of our review, we identified 194 suppliers who were within the scope of RCOI.

We, through our outside agent Flextronics International Ltd. ("Flex") who assisted us in our RCOI and due diligence efforts, conducted a survey of our active suppliers and sub-suppliers using the template known as the Conflict Minerals Reporting Template (the "CMRT"), a standardized reporting template developed by the Responsible Minerals Initiative ("RMI"). The CMRT was developed to facilitate disclosure and communication of information regarding smelters that provide material to a company's supply chain. The CMRT is widely adopted by many companies in their due diligence processes related to Conflict Minerals.

We started our survey for the Reporting Period in September 2025 and continued to seek supply chain responses through April 2026 in preparation of this CMR and were able to determine the country of origin of most of the Conflict Minerals in our supply chain. We received CMRTs from all the suppliers we surveyed that we believe to be in scope. The responses were reviewed against criteria developed to determine which suppliers required further engagement.

Due to the breadth, complexity and constant evolution of our products and supply chain, it will take time for all suppliers to verify the origin of all of the Conflict Minerals. In addition, the information provided by some of our suppliers may be inaccurate, incomplete or subject to other irregularities. Moreover, because of our relative location within the supply chain in relation to the actual extraction and transport of Conflict Minerals, our ability to verify the accuracy of information reported by suppliers is limited. By using our supply chain due diligence processes, driving accountability within the supply chain by leveraging the Responsible Minerals Assurance Process ("RMAP"), and continuing our outreach efforts, we hope to further develop transparency into our supply chain.

5. Due Diligence Process

5.1 Due Diligence Process Design

Our due diligence processes have been designed in conformity with, in all material respects, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas and the related supplements for gold, tin, tantalum and tungsten ("OECD Guidance"), consistent with our position as a downstream company. The OECD Guidance provides a detailed due diligence framework to support responsible global supply chain management of 3TGs and other mineral resources and is currently the leading international framework for raw material due diligence. We, as a purchaser of components and materials, are many steps removed from the mining of conflict minerals, do not purchase raw ore or unrefined conflict minerals, do not purchase minerals directly from smelters or refiners, and do not conduct purchasing activities directly in any of the Covered Countries.

5.2 Establish Strong Company Management Systems

aConflict Minerals Policy

There has been increased awareness regarding the human rights violations in the mining of certain minerals from the Covered Countries. Through the Dodd-Frank Act, publicly traded companies have been chartered to practice reasonable due diligence with their supply chain to determine if Conflict Minerals used in their products are being sourced from mines controlled by non-government or unlawful military groups within the Covered Countries. We are committed to taking all steps to comply with the legislation and are committed to sourcing components and materials from companies that share our values around human rights, ethics and environmental responsibility.

We continue to develop and implement a strategy to support the objectives to the U.S. regulations on

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the supply of Conflict Minerals, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Developing and implementing policies and processes toward preventing the use of Conflict Minerals or derivative metals necessary to the functionality or production of our product(s) that finance or benefit armed groups in the Covered Countries.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Not knowingly procuring specified minerals that originate from facilities in the Covered Countries that are not certified as conflict free.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Expecting our suppliers to: (i) provide us with Conflict Minerals content and country of origin information on the products it supplies to us; (ii) cooperate with us (or an independent third party auditor) in any review of its supply chain and procurement process, Conflict Minerals audits, and due diligence on its suppliers as required for our annual SEC disclosure in compliance with the Dodd-Frank Act; and (iii) collaborate with us in developing a chain of custody for these Conflict Minerals in the supply chain and identifying and sourcing conflict-free sources for the minerals used in our products.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Expecting suppliers whose products contain Conflict Minerals to establish policies, due diligence frameworks and management systems consistent with the OECD Guidance that are designed to accomplish this goal and requiring their suppliers to do the same.

We believe in establishing and maintaining long-term relationships with suppliers whenever possible. We have adopted a policy on Conflict Minerals, which is available at <u>https://enphase.com/en-us/conflict-minerals-policy</u>.

aInternal Team

We have established a management system for complying with the applicable rules. Our management system is led by our Senior Vice President of Operations. He is supported by a team from relevant functions such as legal, purchasing, quality assurance, manufacturing and environmental health and safety. The Senior Vice President of Operations is responsible for implementing our Conflict Minerals compliance strategy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Control Systems

We use the CMRT to gather information on the chain of custody of the 3TG included in our products.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Supplier Engagement

We have engaged Flex to reach out to our suppliers and sub-suppliers who have yet to participate in RMI's audit program or have been audited, but are not yet completely certified conflict free. We encourage these suppliers to participate in RMI's audit program and move toward a conflict free designation as soon as possible. We will endeavor to continually improve our supply chain due diligence by seeking from our material suppliers an acknowledgment of our Supplier Code of Conduct, and, to the extent practicable, incorporating Conflict Minerals language in supplier agreements, as they arise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Grievance Mechanism

We have established a Conflict Minerals Policy and a Supplier Code of Conduct in addition to multiple longstanding mechanisms whereby employees and suppliers can report violations of our policies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Records Maintenance

We have established our due diligence compliance process and set forth a documentation and record maintenance mechanism to ensure the retention of relevant documentation in a secured electronic database for appropriate periods.

5.3 Identify and Assess Risks in the Supply Chain

Because of the complexity of our products, and the depth, breadth and constant evolution of our supply chain, it is difficult to identify sources upstream from our direct suppliers. We engaged Flex to manage the process of requesting in-scope suppliers to complete and submit the CMRT to gather information on our supply chain. The CMRT includes questions on: (i) whether any of the minerals which could potentially be classified as 3TG are intentionally added to the products manufactured by the supplier; (ii) whether any of the minerals that could potentially be classified as 3TG are necessary to the functionality or production of the products manufactured by the supplier; (iii) whether any of the smelters in the supplier's supply chain sourced those minerals from a Covered

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Country; (iv) whether 100% of those minerals came from a recycler or scrap supplier; (v) whether any smelter in the supplier's supply chain, from which the source of the minerals is unknown, is located in a Covered Country; (vi) whether the supplier had received conflict mineral information from all relevant suppliers of 3TG; and (vii) the identity of the smelters and refiners of those minerals.

5.4 Design and Implement a Strategy to Respond to Identified Risks

As we continue to advance our due diligence program, we intend to further enhance supplier communication, training and escalation processes to improve due diligence data accuracy and completion and continue to influence additional smelters to be designated as "conflict-free" through an independent third-party audit program such as the RMAP through our supply chain, where possible. To the extent we are able to determine in the future whether we are sourcing from non-conflict free smelters, we plan to move toward using conflict free smelters within a reasonable time frame.

In addition, we have developed procedures for obtaining CMRTs from our suppliers, reviewing their responses, consolidating the information in a central database and following up with suppliers to address any red flags or inconsistent responses. Some of these activities we handle internally, and most are handled by our third-party conflict minerals due diligence service provider, Flex.

5.5 Independent Third-Party Audit of Supply Chain Due Diligence at Identified Points in the Supply Chain

We do not have a direct relationship with 3TG smelters and refiners, nor do we perform direct audits of these entities that provide 3TG to our supply chain. However, we do rely upon the industry initiatives, as well as industry efforts to influence smelters and refiners to be certified through independent third-party audit programs, such as the RMAP.

5.6 Report on Supply Chain Due Diligence

This CMR and our Form SD will be filed with the SEC, and this CMR is publicly available on our website at <u>www.enphaseenergy.com</u>.

6. Due Diligence Results

6.1 Survey Response

We received 193 completed CMRTs from the 194 suppliers surveyed that were in scope of RCOI. This represents continued improvement from 92.4% in 2021, reflecting the maturation of our supplier engagement program. Of the 193 suppliers that provided complete responses to our survey, 176 provided smelter lists that included only conformant or active smelters. These 17 suppliers completed a CMRT, but either included in their response: (a) smelters who are not enrolled or current with RMAP; (b) that further outreach was required; (c) unknown smelters; (d) missing responses from their direct suppliers; or (e) incomplete information with which to determine the location of a mine or smelter. Most of these suppliers responded to our CMRT request on a company-wide basis rather than a product-specific basis, which means they were unable to represent that the 3TG from the smelters or refiners identified had actually been included in the components supplied to us or our direct suppliers. Overall, of the 193 responsive suppliers, approximately 113 provided company-wide responses rather than product-specific responses.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Supplier Response** | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Supplier CMRT Completion Rate | 99.5%<br>(193 of 194) | 97.9%<br>(188 of 192) | 100%<br>(170 of 170) |

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6.2 Efforts to Determine Country of Origin of Mine or 3TG

Tracing materials back to the mine of origin is a complex aspect of responsible sourcing in our supply chain. We require our suppliers to follow responsible sourcing standards that meet the OECD Guidance and report to us using the CMRT. Based on this process, we have determined that seeking information about 3TG smelters and refiners in our supply chain is the most reasonable method for identifying the mines or location of origin of 3TG in our supply chain. The responses by our suppliers to such inquiries represent the most reliable known mine of origin data currently available and we have made reasonable efforts to make a reasonable determination of the mines or locations of origin of the 3TG in our supply chain.

6.3 Smelters or Refiners Identified

We were unable to ascertain the specific country of origin and/or chain of custody of all necessary Conflict Minerals processed by the facilities that contributed to our Covered Products. For this Reporting Period, a few of our

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suppliers received CMRT from less than half of their supply chain and thus provided incomplete smelter lists, provided invalid information, or indicated that they are still in the process of completing due diligence or that the origin of one or more of their smelters and refiners is unknown.

In total, 324 smelters and refiners were identified as potentially in our supply chain, of which 236 are currently listed as RMAP Conformant or Active or In Communication (approximately 72.8% of identified facilities, compared to approximately 69.8% in the prior reporting period). The other 88 smelters and refiners were listed on the smelter look-up tab of the CMRT but are not Conformant nor Active nor actively in communication with RMI. We found no reasonable basis for concluding that any of these smelters or refiners sourced Conflict Minerals that finance or benefit armed groups. Set forth in Annex 1 is the list of the countries of origin from known smelters and refiners identified as potentially being in our supply chain.

7. Conflict Minerals Status Analysis and Conflict Status Conclusion

Based on our due diligence process described above, we have determined that a portion of the Conflict Minerals contained in the Covered Products originated from or through the Covered Countries, including the DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda, as noted in Annex 1. We have been unable to determine the country of origin of all Conflict Minerals in our Covered Products, as some suppliers provided company-wide rather than product-specific responses and a subset of smelters in our identified supply chain have not yet achieved RMAP conformance. We continue to work toward greater supply chain transparency and will engage suppliers and smelters to improve the completeness and specificity of our data in future reporting periods. Because we have not described any of our products as "DRC conflict free," an independent private sector audit is not required to be conducted under Rule 13p-1, based on guidance from the SEC's staff, and therefore has not been conducted.

8. Steps to be taken to mitigate risk

We will continue to communicate our expectations and information requirements to our direct suppliers and continue to work toward a conflict-free supply chain. In addition, we will continue to make inquiries of our direct suppliers and undertake additional risk assessments when we identify potentially relevant changes in facts or circumstances. If we become aware of a supplier whose due diligence process or reporting needs improvement, we expect to continue the trade relationship while that supplier improves its compliance program. We expect our direct suppliers to take similar measures with their suppliers to ensure alignment throughout the supply chain.

In addition to the plans described above, we will continue to undertake the following steps during the next reporting period:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Continue to engage with suppliers who provided smelter lists that were incomplete or contained smelters that are non-conformant , with escalation to corrective action plans where engagement does not produce improvement within a reasonable timeframe, and supplier qualification review for persistently non-responsive or non-compliant suppliers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Continue to support supply chain transparency efforts;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Continue to include obligations in our new supplier contracts consistent with our policy on conflict minerals;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Work toward further reducing the number of non-conformant smelters identified in our supply chain; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Prioritize obtaining product-specific CMRT responses from suppliers representing the largest portion of our 3TG spend.

Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements

This CMR contains links to external websites for informational purposes only. References to such websites and information available through such websites are not incorporated into this CMR. Additionally, this CMR includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Investors are cautioned that statements in this CMR that are not strictly historical statements, including without limitation, our intentions and expectations regarding further supplier engagement and risk mitigation efforts and strategy, constitute forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ include, without limitation, risks and uncertainties associated with the progress of industry and other supply chain transparency and smelter or refiner validation programs for Conflict Minerals (including the possibility of inaccurate information, fraud and other irregularities), inadequate supplier education and knowledge, limitations on the ability or willingness of suppliers to provide more accurate, complete and detailed information and limitations on our ability to verify the accuracy or completeness of any supply chain information provided by suppliers or others.

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**Annex 1**

Based on information provided by suppliers and the RMI, the below sets forth the country of origin information of 3TG identified in our supply chain as of December 31, 2025:

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo\*, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Rwanda\*, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda\*, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zimbabwe

\* The DRC or an adjoining country.

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