# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001645666
**File Stem:** 0001628280-26-021737
**Filing Date:** 2026-3
**Character Count:** 543225
**Document Hash:** 568147765604cb2633db6d0a456583b7
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001628280-26-021737.hdr.sgml**: 20260327

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001628280-26-021737

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 98

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260327

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260327

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001645666
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 473366145
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-38542
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26807522

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 4000 SHORELINE COURT, SUITE 300
- **CITY:** SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94080
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 650-822-5600

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 4000 SHORELINE COURT, SUITE 300
- **CITY:** SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94080

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? kzr-20251231

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**________________________________________________________**

**FORM 10-K**

**________________________________________________________**

**(Mark One)** 

⌧ **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025**

**OR**

**☐** **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TO**

**Commission File Number 001-38542**

**________________________________________________________**

**Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.**

**(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)**

**________________________________________________________**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **47-3366145** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction of<br>incorporation or organization)** | **(I.R.S. Employer<br>Identification No.)** |
| **4000 Shoreline Court, Suite 300**<br>**South San Francisco, CA** | **94080** |
| **(Address of principal executive offices)** | **(Zip Code)** |

---

**Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (650) 822-5600**

**________________________________________________________**

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading symbol** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| Common Stock, $0.001 par value | KZR | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |
| Preferred Share Purchase Rights | N/A | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |

---

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: **None** 

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes □ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes □ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | □ | Accelerated filer | □ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ⌧ | Smaller reporting company | ⌧ |
| Emerging growth company | □ | | |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. □

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. □

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). □

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes □ No ⌧

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2025, was approximately $33 million.

The number of shares of Registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of March 23, 2026 was 7,371,527.

**DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE** 

Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the registrant, or the Proxy Statement, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Proxy Statement or an Annual Report on Form 10-K/A will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

------

**Table of Contents**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Page** |
| **[PART I](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_13)** | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_16) | <u>[Business](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_16)</u> | [4](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_16) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 1A. | <u>Risk Factors</u> | [19](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_526) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1B.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_22) | <u>[Unresolved Staff Comments](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_22)</u> | [62](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_22) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1C.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_25) | <u>[Cybersecurity](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_25)</u> | [62](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_25) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 2.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_28) | <u>[Properties](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_28)</u> | [64](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_28) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 3.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_31) | <u>[Legal Proceedings](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_31)</u> | [64](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_31) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 4.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_34) | <u>[Mine Safety Disclosures](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_34)</u> | [64](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_34) |
| **[PART II](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_37)** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 5.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_40) | <u>[Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_40)</u> | [65](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_40) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 6.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_43) | <u>[\[Reserved\]](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_43)</u> | [65](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_43) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 7.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_46) | <u>[Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_46)</u> | [66](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_46) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 7A.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_64) | <u>[Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_64)</u> | [72](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_64) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 8.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_67) | <u>[Financial Statements and Supplementary Data](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_67)</u> | [72](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_67) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_70) | <u>[Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_70)</u> | [72](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_70) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9A.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_73) | <u>[Controls and Procedures](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_73)</u> | [72](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_73) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9B.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_76) | <u>[Other Information](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_76)</u> | [73](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_76) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9C.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_79) | <u>[Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_79)</u> | [73](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_79) |
| **[PART III](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_82)** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 10.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_85) | <u>[Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_85)</u> | [74](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_85) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 11.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_88) | <u>[Executive Compensation](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_88)</u> | [74](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_88) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 12.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_91) | <u>[Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_91)</u> | [74](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_91) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 13.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_94) | <u>[Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_94)</u> | [74](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_94) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 14.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_97) | <u>[Principal Accountant Fees and Services](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_97)</u> | [75](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_97) |
| **[PART IV](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_100)** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 15.](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_103) | <u>[Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_103)</u> | [76](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_103) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 16](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_106) | <u>[Form 10-K Summary](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_106)</u> | [78](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_106) |

---

In this report, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise indicates, references to "Kezar Life Sciences," "Kezar," "the Company," "we," "us," "our" and similar references refer to Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. and our former wholly owned Australian subsidiary, Kezar Life Sciences Australia Pty Ltd. Kezar Life Sciences Australia Pty Ltd., which was legally dissolved as of September 29, 2025, was a private limited company, registered in Australia. This report also contains registered marks, trademarks and trade names of other companies. All other trademarks, registered marks and trade names appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders.

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS** 

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "could," "should," "would," "potential," "project," "plan," "expect," "seek," "target" or similar expressions, or the negative or plural of these words or expressions. These forward-looking statements include statements concerning the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our exploration of strategic alternatives to maximize stockholder value, in a timely manner or at all, and whether we will be able to obtain sufficient funding to complete this process and whether any such transactions would generate value for stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our plans to develop and commercialize our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the initiation, timing, progress and expected results of our current and future clinical trials and our research and development programs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to maintain and establish collaborations or strategic relationships or obtain additional funding;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing and likelihood of obtaining regulatory approval of our current and future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the potential milestone and royalty payments under certain of our license agreements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding the potential market size and the rate and degree of market acceptance of such product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to fund our working capital requirements and expectations regarding the sufficiency of our capital resources;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights and the duration of our patent rights covering our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the scalability and commercial viability of our manufacturing methods and processes;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding government and third-party payor coverage and reimbursement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to compete in the markets for our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• general economic, political, and market conditions and overall fluctuations in the financial markets in the United States and abroad, including as a result of bank failures, public health crises or geopolitical tensions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the impact of government laws and regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• developments relating to our competitors and our industry; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other factors that may impact our financial results.

These statements are only current predictions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our or our industry's actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those anticipated by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks in greater detail under the heading "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this report. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. The forward-looking statements in this report reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. While we believe that information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements. Except as required by law, we are under no duty to update or revise any of the forward-looking statements in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date of this report.

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**PART I**

**Item 1. Business.** 

**Overview**

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel small molecule therapeutics to treat unmet needs in immune-mediated diseases. In October 2025, we announced plans to explore strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value after being unable to align with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib, a novel, selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome in patients with relapsed and refractory autoimmune hepatitis, or AIH. Following this announcement, we have been implementing a restructuring plan and wind-down of our business operations to focus on strategic alternatives for zetomipzomib development.

In January 2026, we announced that the FDA Division of Hepatology and Nutrition granted us a new Type C meeting to discuss the development of zetomipzomib in patients with AIH. This Type C meeting would involve a review of a potential global, randomized Phase 2b clinical study of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH. As part of the briefing package submitted to the FDA, Kezar submitted pharmacokinetic and hepatic safety data analyses from previously conducted clinical trials to support a proposal for parallel AIH and hepatic impairment studies. Kezar also submitted additional safety data and an updated risk-mitigation plan aimed to modify the previous requirement issued from the FDA to require 48-hour in-unit patient monitoring in future AIH studies.

In March 2026, we completed a successful Type C with the FDA during which the FDA provided constructive feedback and critical guidance on the regulatory pathway for development of zetomipzomib in AIH, including agreement with us on treatment duration, endpoints and enrollment criteria. In addition, the FDA provided additional guidance around safety monitoring that we believe will enable a technically feasible clinical trial of zetomipzomib in AIH. Zetomipzomib is currently the only investigative agent to have demonstrated steroid sparing clinical activity in AIH patients who are refractory or intolerant to standard of care therapies.

Our product candidate, zetomipzomib, is a first-in-class selective immunoproteasome inhibitor in development for the treatment of severe autoimmune diseases of high unmet medical need. We believe that the immunoproteasome is a validated target for the treatment of a wide variety of immune-mediated diseases given its ability to regulate multiple drivers of the inflammatory disease process. Many inflammatory disorders are currently treated one cytokine or cell type at a time, but the immunoproteasome affects a broad spectrum of immune regulators. Based on clinical data generated to date, we believe that zetomipzomib has the potential to address multiple chronic immune-mediated diseases.

We previously studied an oncology product candidate, KZR-261, in an open-label Phase 1 clinical trial designed to evaluate safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well to explore preliminary anti-tumor activity. KZR-261 was discovered as part of our Sec61-based research program. In August 2024, we announced that we had stopped enrollment in the KZR-261 Phase 1 clinical trial and ceased our Sec-61 research program, and we reallocated clinical resources toward development of zetomipzomib. On March 6, 2026, we entered into an asset purchase agreement with Enodia Therapeutics SAS, or Enodia, pursuant to which Enodia (i) acquired all of our rights, title and interest in our Sec61-based discovery and development program assets, including KZR-261; and (ii) assumed liabilities from us related to certain transferred contracts and from the ownership, use, operation or maintenance of such assets under the asset purchase agreement.

**Clinical Development of Zetomipzomib**

Zetomipzomib is a clinical development candidate for AIH, a rare, chronic disease in which the immune system attacks the liver and causes inflammation and tissue damage, severely impacting patients' health and quality of life. Lifelong maintenance therapy is required to avoid relapse and burdensome adverse effects. If left untreated, AIH can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Standard of care treatment for AIH involves daily corticosteroid use and/or chronic treatment with broad-based immunosuppressants, which together are associated with significant toxicities and often result in inadequate response or relapse after treatment withdrawal. There is a significant need for treatment regimens that reduce or remove patients' dependency on daily corticosteroids and broad-based immunosuppressants.

Zetomipzomib has completed testing in healthy volunteers in multiple Phase 1a clinical studies and in the MISSION Phase 1b/2 clinical trial in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, or SLE, with or without lupus nephritis, or LN. We have observed encouraging clinical activity and biomarker data in the SLE and LN patients who received zetomipzomib in our MISSION Phase 1b/2 clinical trial. The safety and tolerability profile of zetomipzomib observed in the MISSION Phase 1b/2 clinical trial was favorable and consistent with the needs for a long-term therapy.

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**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

Following the completion of the MISSION trial, we initiated the PALIZADE trial, which compared the safety and efficacy of two dose levels of zetomipzomib to placebo in patients with active, proliferative LN who were receiving standard of care therapy, namely high dose prednisone and mycophenylate mofetil (CellCept™). PALIZADE was a global trial that enrolled 84 patients prior to termination in 2024. In October 2024, the study was placed on clinical hold by the FDA Division of Rheumatology and Transplant Medicine following the recommendation from the independent safety monitoring committee, based on review of 15 serious adverse events, or SAEs, including four fatalities: one in the placebo arm, two in the 30 mg zetomipzomib arm, and one in the 60 mg zetomipzomib arm. Results from this early terminated trial provide evidence that the four fatalities occurred in patients with significant disease manifestations (pulmonary hypertension and anti-phospholipid syndrome), co-morbidities due to disease treatment (adrenal insufficiency) and/or the presence of systemic infections or septic shock. The safety profile of zetomipzomib in PALIZADE was similar across both dose levels.

**PORTOLA Phase 2a Trial**

PORTOLA was a placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase 2a clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with AIH that were insufficiently responding to standard of care or have relapsed. Enrollment was 24 patients, randomly assigned (2:1) to receive either 60 mg of zetomipzomib or placebo in addition to background therapy for 24 weeks, with a protocol-suggested steroid taper to 5 mg/day or less.

The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, or AASLD, has established treatment guidelines for AIH that recommend an initial prednisone (or equivalent) dose of 20-40 mg/day to achieve a normalization of biochemical laboratory values, including alanine aminotransferase, or ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, or AST, and Immunoglobulin G, or IgG (if elevated), values, also known as a complete biochemical remission, or CR. The AASLD also recommends a taper of corticosteroid therapy to 5-10 mg/day and withdrawal if appropriate in patients achieving a CR.

In March 2025, we reported topline data from the PORTOLA trial. In the 24-patient intention-to-treat, or ITT, population, and without regard to steroid taper, 50.0% (8 of 16) of patients on the zetomipzomib arm achieved a CR by week 25, compared to 37.5% (3 of 8) of patients on the placebo arm. Consistent with the AASLD treatment goals, zetomipzomib treatment resulted in higher rates of complete biochemical response combined with a steroid taper, compared to the placebo arm. Of the PORTOLA patients who tapered their steroid dosage to 5 mg/day or less, 31.3% (5 of 16) of patients achieved a CR on the zetomipzomib arm, compared to 12.5% (1 of 8) on the placebo arm. As for steroid-free remission, 18.8% (3 of 16) of patients on the zetomipzomib arm achieved a CR and complete steroid withdrawal, compared to 0% (0 of 8) on the placebo arm.

To account for steroid sensitivity of patients entering the trial, PORTOLA included a pre-specified subgroup analysis of patients that were on steroid-based therapy at the time of screening. Per protocol and prior to treatment initiation in the study, all patients were required to receive a starting daily steroid dose of 20-40 mg/day of prednisone (or budesonide equivalent). The median steroid usage at screening in the placebo arm was 10 mg per day, and one patient was not receiving steroids at screening. In the zetomipzomib arm, the median steroid usage at screening was 20 mg/day, indicating a more refractory population than the placebo arm, and two patients were not receiving steroids at screening. The prespecified subgroup for analysis included 21 patients who entered screening on a steroid-based therapy. In this subgroup analysis, 35.7% (5 of 14) of zetomipzomib patients achieved a CR and steroid taper to 5 mg/day or less, of which 21.4% (3 of 14) achieved a CR and complete steroid withdrawal, compared to 0% (0 of 7) of placebo patients.

Treatment-emergent adverse events, or TEAEs, were seen in all patients, with injection site reactions, or ISRs, being the most common reported TEAE in both arms. Systemic injection reactions, or SIRs, with onset occurring 8 to 24 hours post-dose and usually resolving in 48 hours, were all Grade 1 and Grade 2. SIRs are a protocol-defined set of specific adverse events, or AEs, consisting of one or more of the following signs/symptoms: hypotension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, pyrexia, rigors, and/or chills. Three patients experienced treatment-emergent serious adverse events, or SAEs: one in the placebo arm, a Grade 3 variceal bleeding with hematemesis and atrial fibrillation; and two in the zetomipzomib arm, a Grade 3 fever occurring after the Week 24 liver biopsy, and a Grade 3 influenza infection that fully resolved during study. All SAEs were considered unrelated to study treatment, and all three patients completed the double-blind treatment period. Infectious AEs were reported in 56.3% (9 of 16) of patients in the zetomipzomib arm, and 85.7% (6 of 7) of patients in the placebo arm. One patient discontinued from the placebo arm for a UTI requiring antibiotic treatment prior to receiving a dose on study, and three patients discontinued on the zetomipzomib arm for a Grade 1 fatigue (related), Grade 2 hives (related) and a Grade 2 AIH disease flare (unrelated and considered a treatment failure per protocol).

**PALIZADE Phase 2b Trial**

In October 2024, we announced the termination of our PALIZADE Phase 2b clinical trial evaluating zetomipzomib in patients with LN. PALIZADE was a Phase 2b global, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial evaluating the efficacy

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and safety of two dose-levels of zetomipzomib in patients with active LN. Target enrollment was 279 patients, randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive 30 mg of zetomipzomib, 60 mg of zetomipzomib or placebo subcutaneously once weekly for 52 weeks, in addition to standard background therapy. The decision to terminate PALIZADE was made after the trial was placed on clinical hold by FDA.

**Zetomipzomib: Selective Immunoproteasome Inhibitor**

We believe that zetomipzomib is the only selective immunoproteasome inhibitor that has been studied in clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. If successfully developed and approved, zetomipzomib may have the ability to become the standard of care across a range of immune-mediated diseases based on the following key attributes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• broad and potent immunomodulatory activity that may provide meaningful therapeutic benefit without immunosuppression across a range of treatable and currently untreatable immune-mediated diseases;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• subcutaneous, once weekly dosing schedule which is amenable to patient self-administration with the potential of less frequent dosing for chronic use;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rapid drug clearance from the plasma with a half-life of less than five hours;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• minimal predicted clinically relevant risk for drug-drug interactions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• no teratogenicity or reproductive toxicity observed in nonclinical studies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• full recovery of immunoproteasome activity occurs within three to seven days following dose administration; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• unique chemical structure leads to highly specific inhibition of the immunoproteasome without known off-target effects.

**Immune-Mediated Diseases and Selective Inhibition of the Immunoproteasome**

We have focused our development efforts on immune-mediated diseases of high unmet need. Immune-mediated diseases are conditions which result from abnormal activity of the body's immune system. They are characterized by immune dysregulation, and the inappropriate activation of inflammatory cytokines is an underlying manifestation. These abnormal immune responses can lead to activation of inflammatory and cytotoxic T cells, which can cause further inflammation, activation of other inflammatory cells such as macrophages and results in tissue and organ damage.

Autoimmune disease is a subset of immune-mediated diseases whereby an immune response is directed against the body's own healthy cells and tissues. Approximately 50 million people in the United States suffer from more than 100 diagnosed autoimmune diseases according to the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc.

These inflammatory disorders are currently treated one cytokine or cell type at a time with biologic agents or with powerful synthetic immunosuppressive agents. Across all immune-mediated diseases, both large and small, there remain significant unmet medical needs and indications with no approved drugs beyond broadly prescribed corticosteroids and similar immunosuppressive agents. These therapies can increase the risks of infection and malignancy and cause a wide variety of side effects. In many autoimmune diseases, immunosuppressive regimens do not always induce high rates of clinically meaningful responses. Even if these agents are initially effective, over time patients often experience loss of response.

Proteasomes are found in all cells of the body and regulate intracellular protein degradation and are essential for many cellular processes such as cell division, cell differentiation and cytokine production. There are two main forms of the proteasome: the constitutive proteasome and the immunoproteasome. In most tissues of the body, the constitutive proteasome is the predominant form. In cells of the immune system, the immunoproteasome is the predominant form. While both forms of the proteasome mediate protein degradation, the two forms of the proteasome accomplish this utilizing different active sites. These active sites are responsible for cleaving and degrading proteins. Zetomipzomib is derived from medicinal chemistry efforts focused on potent and selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome-specific subunits LMP7 and LMP2.

In preclinical models of inflammation, selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome were shown to block cytokine production and result in profound immunomodulatory therapeutic activity equivalent to or better than approved dual proteasome inhibitors without causing cytotoxicity. In over 15 peer-reviewed publications, our selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome and related compounds have demonstrated strong therapeutic potential by blocking disease progressions in animal models multiple immune-mediated diseases. Additionally, this immunomodulatory response was broadly seen across many cell types of the immune system, including both T-cells and B-cells, and was demonstrated in a

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non-immunosuppressive manner. This is distinct from other agents currently used to treat autoimmunity, which typically target a single cytokine or immune cell type or are broadly immunosuppressive.

**License and Collaboration Agreements**

***License Agreement with Onyx***

In June 2015, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Onyx Therapeutics, Inc., or Onyx, a wholly owned subsidiary of Amgen, or the Onyx License Agreement, pursuant to which Onyx granted us an exclusive license under certain patent rights, and a non-exclusive license to certain know-how, in each case controlled by Onyx, to develop, manufacture and commercialize pharmaceutical products containing certain types of compounds, including zetomipzomib, that are selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome for any and all uses other than those related to the diagnosis and/or treatment in humans of cancerous or pre-cancerous diseases and/or conditions, including those related to hematological diseases and/or conditions that are not inflammatory diseases or disorders. Patent coverage for zetomipzomib extends to at least 2034.

We have paid $5.0 million in milestone payments to date under the Onyx License Agreement, and we are obligated to pay Onyx additional milestone payments of up to $167.5 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales milestones. Commencing upon the first commercial sale of a licensed product, we must make royalty payments to Onyx on net sales of such licensed products based on tiered annual net sales thresholds at varying royalty rates ranging in the mid to high single digits, subject to certain customary reductions. We must pay such royalties on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until the latest to occur of the expiration of all licensed patents that claim such product in such country, the loss of regulatory exclusivity for such product in such country and the tenth anniversary of the first commercial sale of such product in such country. The licensed product patent portfolio includes issued patents in the United States, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Japan, Mexico, Singapore and South Korea with expiration dates ranging from 2027-2034, absent any patent extensions available. For more information on our intellectual property, see "Business — Intellectual Property." Upon the expiration of such royalty term in such country, our license to such product will become fully paid-up, irrevocable, and non-exclusive. Under the Onyx License Agreement, Onyx has a right of first negotiation to obtain a license, or a similar transfer of rights, to develop and/or commercialize any licensed product.

The Onyx License Agreement will remain in effect until the expiration of last-to-expire royalty term for any licensed product in the territory. The Onyx License Agreement may be terminated by us with prior notice, by either party in the event of a material breach by the other party that remains uncured for a certain number of days, such number depending on the type of breach, by either party for insolvency of the other party, or immediately by Onyx if we challenge any of the licensed patents.

***Collaboration and License Agreement with Everest Medicines***

In September 2023, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement, or the Everest License Agreement, with Everest Medicines II (HK) Limited, or Everest, pursuant to which, among other things, we granted an exclusive license to Everest to develop and commercialize one or more products containing zetomipzomib in the licensed field in the Greater China region (Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau), South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. The licensed field includes all uses other than the diagnosis or treatment in humans of cancerous or pre-cancerous diseases or conditions.

Under the terms of the Everest License Agreement, we received an initial upfront payment of $7.0 million in October 2023, and we are entitled to receive milestone payments upon achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestone events, for total potential milestone payments of up to $125.5 million. In addition, Everest will pay us tiered royalties on net sales of zetomipzomib in the licensed territory during the term of the Everest License Agreement, ranging from the single digit to the low-teens, subject to certain reductions for patent expiration, generic competition and payments for licenses to third-party patents.

The term of the Everest License Agreement will continue on a market-by-market basis until expiration of the relevant royalty term of the products, unless terminated earlier. Everest has the right to terminate the Everest License Agreement for convenience at any time following the October 2024 termination of the PALIZADE clinical trial. We may terminate the Everest License Agreement if Everest challenges our patents or fails to perform any development or commercialization activities for a continuous period of more than twelve months, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, either party may terminate the Everest License Agreement for the other party's uncured breach or insolvency, and the Everest License Agreement will automatically terminate in the event of termination of the Onyx License Agreement.

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**Manufacturing** 

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities compliant with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and we do not have plans to develop our own cGMP manufacturing operations in the foreseeable future. We rely on third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to manufacture all of our raw materials, intermediaries, active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API, and finished drug product for our clinical trials. We require that our CMOs produce API and finished drug product used in our clinical trials in accordance with cGMP and all other applicable laws and regulations. We also contract with additional third parties for the filling, labeling, packaging, storage and distribution of our investigational drug products. We maintain manufacturing agreements with our CMOs that include confidentiality and intellectual property provisions to protect our proprietary rights related to zetomipzomib.

Development and commercial quantities of any products we develop will need to be manufactured in facilities, and by processes, that comply with the requirements of the FDA and the regulatory agencies of other jurisdictions in which we are seeking approval. If zetomipzomib is approved by any regulatory agency, we intend to enter into agreements with one or more CMOs for its commercial production.

We are currently administering zetomipzomib as a lyophilized product candidate, meaning it is freeze-dried and must be reconstituted with water prior to delivery to a patient. In our clinical trials, zetomipzomib is reconstituted in the hospital pharmacy prior to patient administration or reconstituted and self-administered by the patient at home. We intend that if approved and commercialized, zetomipzomib will be self-administered by patients using the sterile vial-adaptor device.

**Competition** 

Drug development is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological advancements. Our ability to compete will significantly depend upon our ability to complete necessary clinical trials and regulatory approval processes, and effectively market any drug that we may successfully develop. Our current and potential future competitors include pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and government agencies. The primary competitive factors that will affect the commercial success of any product candidate for which we may receive marketing approval include efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosing convenience, price, coverage and reimbursement. Many of our existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience in the development of product candidates, as well as in obtaining regulatory approvals of those product candidates in the United States and in foreign countries.

Our current and potential future competitors may also have significantly more experience commercializing drugs that have been approved for marketing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could result in even more resources being concentrated among a small number of our competitors.

Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than us in obtaining regulatory approval for therapies and in achieving widespread market acceptance of their drugs. It is also possible that the development of a cure or more effective treatment method for the disorders we are targeting by a competitor could render our current or future product candidates non-competitive or obsolete or reduce the demand for our product candidates before we can recover our development and commercialization expenses.

Treatment of AIH is limited to the use of corticosteroids, prednisone and budesonide, and non-specific immunosuppressants such as azathioprine and mycophenylate mofetil (CellCept™). To our knowledge, there are no industry sponsored studies for interventional treatment of AIH currently enrolling patients in the United States.

**Intellectual Property** 

Our intellectual property is critical to our business and we strive to protect it, including by obtaining and maintaining patent protection in the United States and internationally for our technology platform, product candidates, novel biological discoveries, new therapeutic approaches and potential indications, and other inventions that are important to our business. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary and intellectual property position by, among other methods, filing U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We also rely on the skills, knowledge and experience of our scientific and technical personnel, as well as that of our advisors, consultants and other contractors. To help protect our proprietary know-how that is not patentable, we rely on confidentiality agreements to protect our interests. We require our employees, consultants and advisors to enter into confidentiality agreements prohibiting the disclosure of confidential information and requiring disclosure and assignment to us of intellectual property related to our business.

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For our product candidates, generally we initially pursue patent protection covering compositions of matter and methods of use. Throughout the development of our product candidates, we seek to identify additional means of obtaining patent protection that would potentially enhance commercial success, including through additional methods of use, process of making, formulations, and salt and polymorph related claims.

In total, our patent portfolio, including patents licensed from Onyx, comprises more than four different patent families, filed in various jurisdictions worldwide, including families directed to composition of matter for selective immunoproteasome inhibitors and protein secretion inhibitors. Our patent portfolio includes issued patents in, among other jurisdictions, the United States, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Japan, Mexico, Singapore and South Korea with expiration dates ranging from 2034 to 2039, absent any patent term extensions available.

***Zetomipzomib***

Our patent portfolio relating to zetomipzomib is outlined below:

KP-00-002—Composition of matter patent covering selective immunoproteasome inhibitors, including selective LMP7 inhibitors and dual LMP7/LMP2 inhibitors. We have issued patents in numerous jurisdictions, including the United States, Europe, Eurasia, Australia, China, Columbia, Indonesia, Jordan, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Taiwan. This patent covers zetomipzomib and its closely related analogs. The 20-year term of this family is March 2034, absent any patent term extensions available.

KP-00-004—Patent application pending in numerous jurisdictions directed to process for preparing zetomipzomib. We have issued patents in numerous jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, Chile, Eurasia, Japan, Mexico, and Taiwan. The 20-year term for this family is June 2037, absent any patent term extensions available.

KP-00-005—Patent application pending in numerous jurisdictions directed to various salts and polymorphs of zetomipzomib, including the clinical salt form. We have issued patents in numerous jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, Chile, Eurasia, Japan, Mexico, and Taiwan. The 20-year term for this family is June 2037, absent any patent term extensions available.

KP-00-008—Patent application directed to formulations of zetomipzomib is pending, with an issued patent in Taiwan. The 20-year term of this family is October 2039, absent any patent term extensions available.

We expect to continue to file applications for new methods of treatment, clinical protocols, and other uses in view of results from ongoing development efforts.

***Patent Term and Term Extensions***

Individual patents have terms for varying periods depending on the date of filing of the patent application or the date of patent issuance and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, utility patents issued for applications filed in the United States are granted a term of 20 years from the earliest effective filing date of a non-provisional patent application. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, delay in issuing the patent as well as a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period. However, as to the FDA component, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the restoration period cannot extend the patent term beyond 14 years from FDA approval. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law but typically is also 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. All taxes or annuities for a patent, as required by the USPTO and various foreign jurisdictions, must be timely paid in order for the patent to remain in force during this period of time.

The actual protection afforded by a patent may vary on a product by product basis, from country to country, and can depend upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory-related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.

Our patents and patent applications are subject to procedural or legal challenges by others. We may be unable to obtain, maintain and protect the intellectual property rights necessary to conduct our business, and we may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, which could materially harm our business. For more information, see our risk factors under Part I. Item 1A titled "Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property."

***Trademarks and Know-How***

In connection with the ongoing development and advancement of our products and services in the United States and various international jurisdictions, we seek to create protection for our marks and enhance their value by pursuing

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trademarks and service marks where available and when appropriate. In addition to patent and trademark protection, we rely upon know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants, and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees, and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

**Government Regulation and Product Approval** 

Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local levels, and in other countries, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, import and export of pharmaceutical products, such as those we are developing. The processes for obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States and in foreign countries, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

***United States Government Regulation***

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and its implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the drug development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA's refusal to approve pending new drug applications, or NDAs, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning or untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties.

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA's good laboratory practice regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at each clinical site before each trial may be initiated;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• performance of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials, in accordance with good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for each indication;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• submission to the FDA of a New Drug Application, or NDA;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product is produced to assess compliance with cGMP requirements, and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug's identity, strength, quality and purity;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of selected clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP and the integrity of the clinical data;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• payment of user fees; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• FDA review and approval of the NDA.

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*Preclinical Studies* 

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the nonclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND application. Some nonclinical testing may continue even after the IND application is submitted. An IND application automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND application may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

*Clinical Trials* 

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, an IRB at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution, and the IRB must continue to oversee the clinical trial while it is being conducted. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within a specific timeframe to the National Institutes of Health for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined. In Phase 1, the drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients with the target disease or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an initial indication of its effectiveness. In Phase 2, the drug typically is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage. In Phase 3, the drug is administered to an expanded patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the safety and efficacy of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted, at least annually, to the FDA, and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB's requirements, or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

*Marketing Approval* 

Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical and clinical studies, together with detailed information relating to the product's chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. In most cases, the submission of an NDA is subject to a substantial application user fee. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, guidelines that are currently in effect, the FDA has a goal of ten months from the date of "filing" of a standard NDA for a new molecular entity to review and act on the submission. This review typically takes twelve months from the date the NDA is submitted to the FDA because the FDA has approximately two months to make a "filing" decision.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, certain NDAs or supplements to an NDA must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements. Unless otherwise required by regulation, the pediatric data requirements do not apply to products with orphan designation.

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The FDA also may require submission of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, plan to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh its risks. The REMS plan could include medication guides, physician communication plans, assessment plans, and/or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries or other risk minimization tools.

The FDA conducts a preliminary review of all NDAs within the first 60 days after submission, before accepting them for filing, to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether the drug is safe and effective and whether the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packaged or held meets standards designed to assure the product's continued safety, quality and purity.

The FDA may refer an application for a novel drug to an advisory committee. An advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCP requirements.

The testing and approval process for an NDA requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and takes several years to complete. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. The FDA may not grant approval of an NDA on a timely basis, or at all.

After evaluating the NDA and all related information, including the advisory committee recommendation, if any, and inspection reports regarding the manufacturing facilities and clinical trial sites, the FDA may issue an approval letter, or, in some cases, a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally contains a statement of specific conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA and may require additional clinical or preclinical testing in order for FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If and when those conditions have been met to the FDA's satisfaction, the FDA will typically issue an approval letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications.

Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug's safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution and use restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes, and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.

*Orphan Drug Designation* 

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant ODD to a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or if it affects more than 200,000, there is no reasonable expectation that sales of the drug in the United States will be sufficient to offset the costs of developing and making the drug available in the United States. ODD must be requested before submitting an NDA. ODD does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If the FDA approves a sponsor's marketing application for a designated orphan drug for use in the rare disease or condition for which it was designated, the sponsor is eligible for a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity, during which the FDA may not approve another sponsor's marketing application for a drug with the same active moiety and intended for the same use or indication as the approved orphan drug, except in limited circumstances, such as if a subsequent sponsor

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demonstrates its product is clinically superior. During a sponsor's orphan drug exclusivity period, competitors, however, may receive approval for drugs with different active moieties for the same indication as the approved orphan drug, or for drugs with the same active moiety as the approved orphan drug, but for different indications. Orphan drug exclusivity could block the approval of one of our products for seven years if a competitor obtains approval for a drug with the same active moiety intended for the same indication before we do, unless we are able to demonstrate that grounds for withdrawal of the orphan drug exclusivity exist, or that our product is clinically superior. Further, if a designated orphan drug receives marketing approval for an indication broader than the rare disease or condition for which it received ODD, it may not be entitled to exclusivity.

*Special FDA Expedited Review and Approval Programs* 

The FDA has various programs, including fast track designation, accelerated approval, priority review, and breakthrough therapy designation, which are intended to expedite or simplify the process for the development and FDA review of drugs that are intended for the treatment of serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs. The purpose of these programs is to provide important new drugs to patients earlier than under standard FDA review procedures.

To be eligible for a fast track designation, the FDA must determine, based on the request of a sponsor, that a product is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrates the potential to address an unmet medical need. The FDA will determine that a product will fill an unmet medical need if it will provide a therapy where none exists or provide a therapy that may be potentially superior to existing therapy based on efficacy or safety factors. The FDA may review sections of the NDA for a fast track product on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted. If the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the NDA, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the NDA and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the NDA.

The FDA may give a priority review designation to drugs that are designed to treat serious conditions, and if approved, would provide a significant improvement in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. A priority review means that the goal for the FDA to review an application is six months, rather than the standard review of ten months under current PDUFA guidelines. Under the current PDUFA agreement, these six- and ten-month review periods are measured from the "filing" date rather than the receipt date for NDAs for new molecular entities, which typically adds approximately two months to the timeline for review and decision from the date of submission. Most products that are eligible for fast track designation are also likely to be considered appropriate to receive a priority review.

In addition, products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may be eligible for accelerated approval and may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the drug product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require a sponsor of a drug receiving accelerated approval to perform post-marketing studies to verify and describe the predicted effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical endpoint, and the drug may be subject to accelerated withdrawal procedures.

Moreover, under the provisions of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, a sponsor can request designation of a product candidate as a "breakthrough therapy." A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The FDA must take certain actions, such as holding timely meetings and providing advice, intended to expedite the development and review of an application for approval of a breakthrough therapy.

Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened. We may explore some of these opportunities for our product candidates as appropriate.

*Post-Approval Requirements* 

Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and

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distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes or other labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing annual user fee requirements for any marketed products and the establishments at which such products are manufactured, as well as application fees for supplemental applications with clinical data.

Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, including a boxed warning, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug's safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs.

In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market.

Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in mandatory revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials; refusal of the FDA to approve pending NDAs or supplements to approved NDAs, or suspension or revocation of product approvals;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label, although physicians, in the practice of medicine, may prescribe approved drugs for unapproved indications. However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with a product's FDA approved labeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability.

In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Drug Supply Chain Security Act to ensure accountability in distribution.

*Federal and State Fraud and Abuse, Data Privacy and Security, and Transparency Laws and Regulations* 

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, federal and state healthcare laws and regulations restrict business practices in the biopharmaceutical industry. These laws may impact, among other things, our current and future business operations, including our clinical research activities, and proposed sales, marketing and education programs and constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships with healthcare providers and other parties through which we market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. These laws include anti-kickback and false claims laws and regulations, data privacy and security, and transparency laws and regulations, including, without limitation, those laws described below.

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The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term "remuneration" has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers, formulary managers and others, on the other hand. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Several courts have interpreted the statute's intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the statute has been violated.

A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act or the civil monetary penalties statute, which imposes penalties against any person who is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

Federal false claims laws, including the federal civil False Claims Act, and the civil monetary penalties prohibit any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government. A claim includes "any request or demand" for money or property presented to the U.S. government. Several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the companies' marketing of products for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, created additional federal civil and criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.

In addition, we may be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, imposes specified requirements on certain types of individuals and entities, including covered entities, business associates and their covered subcontractors, relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA's security standards directly applicable to "business associates," defined as independent contractors or agents of covered entities, which include certain healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, that create, receive, maintain or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates, covered subcontractors and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney's fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which are not pre-empted by HIPAA, differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), other healthcare professionals (such as physicians assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

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state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers, marketing expenditures or drug pricing. Additional state and local laws also require certain regulatory licenses to manufacture or distribute products commercially or the registration of pharmaceutical sales and medical representatives.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including administrative, criminal and civil monetary penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, data privacy and security laws, anti-fraud and abuse laws and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals.

*Privacy and Data Security*

In the ordinary course of our business, we may process personal or sensitive data. Accordingly, we are, or may become, subject to numerous data privacy and security obligations, including federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, and other obligations related to data privacy, security, and protection. Such obligations include, without limitation, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679, or EU GDPR, the EU GDPR as it forms part of United Kingdom, or UK, law by virtue of section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, or UK GDPR. In addition, various other states within the United States have enacted or proposed data privacy laws.

Outside the United States, an increasing number of laws, regulations, and industry standards govern data privacy and security. For example, the EU GDPR applies to any company established in the European Economic Area, or EEA and to companies established outside the EEA that process personal data in connection with the offering of goods or services to data subjects in the EEA or the monitoring of the behavior of data subjects in the EEA. These obligations may include limiting personal data processing to only what is necessary for specified, explicit, and legitimate purposes; requiring a legal basis for personal data processing; complying with specific requirements to process health-rated data; requiring the appointment of a data protection officer in certain circumstances; increasing transparency obligations to data subjects; requiring data protection impact assessments in certain circumstances; limiting the collection and retention of personal data; increasing rights for data subjects; formalizing a heightened and codified standard of data subject consents; requiring the implementation and maintenance of technical and organizational safeguards for personal data; mandating notice of certain personal data breaches to the relevant supervisory authorities and affected individuals; and mandating the appointment of representatives in the UK and/or the EEA in certain circumstances.

See the section titled "Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Employee Matters" for additional information about the laws and regulations to which we are or may become subject to and about the risks to our business associated with such laws and regulations.

*Coverage and Reimbursement* 

The future commercial success of our product candidates or any of our collaborators' ability to commercialize any approved product candidates successfully will depend in part on the extent to which governmental payor programs at the federal and state levels, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors provide coverage for and establish adequate reimbursement levels for our product candidates. Government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations generally decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for healthcare. In particular, in the United States, private health insurers and other third-party payors often provide reimbursement for products and services based on the level at which the government, through the Medicare or Medicaid programs, provides reimbursement for such treatments. In the United States, the European Union, or EU, and other potentially significant markets for our product candidates, government authorities and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which often has resulted in average selling prices lower than they would otherwise be. Further, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States and on country and regional pricing and reimbursement controls in the EU will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement and usage, which may adversely affect

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our future product sales and results of operations. These pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, pharmaceutical coverage and reimbursement policies and pricing in general.

Third-party payors are increasingly imposing additional requirements and restrictions on coverage and limiting reimbursement levels for medical products. For example, federal and state governments reimburse covered prescription drugs at varying rates generally below average wholesale price. These restrictions and limitations influence the purchase of healthcare services and products. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved drug products for a particular indication. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our products, in addition to the costs required to obtain the FDA approvals. Our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. A third-party payor's decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one third-party payor's determination to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug product. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. Adequate third-party payor reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in drug development. Legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce costs under government insurance programs may result in lower reimbursement for our products and product candidates or exclusion of our product candidates from coverage. Further, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, imposes rebates on many Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D products to penalize price increases that outpace inflation on an annual basis. HHS has also been empowered to negotiate the price of certain single-source drugs that have been on the market for at least seven (7) years and biologics that have been on the market for at least eleven (11) years covered under Medicare as part of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Each year up to twenty (20) products will be selected by HHS for the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Products subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program are expected to experience a significant reduction in reimbursement from the Medicare program on a per unit basis. The cost containment measures that third-party payors and healthcare providers are instituting and any healthcare reform could significantly reduce our revenues from the sale of any approved product candidates. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to obtain and maintain third-party payor coverage or adequate reimbursement for our product candidates in whole or in part.

*Impact of Healthcare Reform on our Business* 

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering enacting or have enacted a number of additional legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our product candidates profitably, if approved. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts, which include major legislative initiatives to reduce the cost of care through changes in the healthcare system, including limits on the pricing, coverage, and reimbursement of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products, especially under government-funded healthcare programs, and increased governmental control of drug pricing.

There have been several U.S. government initiatives over the past few years to fund and incentivize certain comparative effectiveness research, including creation of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the PPACA. It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits in a competitor's product could adversely affect the sales of our product candidates. If third-party payors do not consider our product candidates to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our product candidates, once approved, as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our product on a profitable basis.

The PPACA became law in March 2010 and substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the PPACA. For example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, or the OBBBA, was signed into law, which narrowed access to PPACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declined to extend the PPACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits that expired at the end of 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of Americans with health insurance. The OBBBA also is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding, and

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limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. Congress is considering proposed legislation intended to further reduce healthcare costs with alternatives to replace the expired PPACA subsidies.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which began in 2013 and will remain in effect until 2032 unless additional Congressional action is taken.

The current administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government agencies including at HHS, the FDA, CMS and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. For example, the current administration has announced agreements with several pharmaceutical companies that require the drug manufacturers to offer, through a direct to consumer platform, or TrumpRx, U.S. patients and Medicaid programs prescription drug Most-Favored Nation pricing equal to or lower than those paid in other developed nations, with additional mandates for direct-to-patient discounts and repatriation of foreign revenues. Other recent actions, for example, include (1) directing agencies to reduce agency workforce and cut programs; (2) directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs through a variety of initiatives; (3) imposing tariffs on imported pharmaceutical products; and (4) as part of the Make America Healthy Again, or MAHA, Commission's Strategy Report released in September 2025, working across government agencies to increase enforcement on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Additionally, the current administration recently called on Congress to enact "The Great Healthcare Plan," to codify and expand Most-Favored Nation pricing, lower government subsidies to private insurance companies, increase healthcare price transparency, expand pharmaceutical drugs available for over-the-counter purchase, and enact restrictions on pharmacy benefit manager, or PBM, payment methodologies, among other things. These actions and policies may significantly reduce U.S. drug prices, potentially impacting manufacturers' global pricing strategies and profitability, while increasing their operational costs and compliance risks. In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court's Loper Bright decision greatly reduced judicial deference to regulatory agencies, which could increase successful legal challenges to federal regulations affecting our operations. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program.

***Foreign Regulation***

In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates. For example, in the EU, we must obtain authorization of a clinical trial application in each member state in which we intend to conduct a clinical trial. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a drug, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the drug in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

**Employees and Human Capital Resources**

As of March 23, 2026, we had 9 full-time employees. None of our employees is represented by a labor union and we consider our employee relations to be good. Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and additional employees. The principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to attract, retain and motivate selected employees, consultants and directors through the granting of equity-based compensation awards and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.

**Corporate Information** 

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on February 19, 2015. Our principal executive offices are located at 4000 Shoreline Court, Suite 300, South San Francisco, California 94080, and our telephone number is (650) 822-5600. In January 2016, we incorporated our former wholly owned Australian subsidiary, Kezar Life Sciences Australia Pty Ltd, which was legally dissolved as of September 29, 2025.

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**Available Information** 

Our website address is www.kezarlifesciences.com. We make available on our website, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at www.sec.gov. The information found on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors.**

*An investment in shares of our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our financial statements and related notes hereto, before deciding to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects or cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements we have made in this report and those we may make from time to time. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed below will not occur.*

**Summary of Selected Risks Associated with our Business**

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those discussed at length in the section titled "Risk Factors." These risks include, among others, the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our activities to evaluate and pursue potential strategic alternatives may not result in any transaction or enhance stockholder value.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our recently implemented corporate restructuring intended to optimize our resource allocation and contain costs may not have the benefits we expect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have a limited operating history and have never generated revenue from product sales, which may make it difficult to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we pursue further development of our product candidates, we will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, reduce or terminate any future product development program or other operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our future success is substantially dependent on the successful clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We may explore strategic collaborations, which would require us to relinquish important rights to and control over the development and commercialization of our product candidates to any future collaborators.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Success in preclinical studies or earlier clinical trials may not be indicative of future clinical trial results, and we cannot assure you that any clinical trials will lead to results sufficient for the necessary regulatory approvals.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Clinical trials are very expensive, time consuming and difficult to design and implement.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Enrollment and retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be delayed, made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We may encounter substantial delays or difficulties in enrolling and retaining patients in our clinical trials.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The manufacture of our product candidates is complex and uncertain, and until we develop a validated manufacturing process, we may encounter difficulties in supplying future clinical trials. If we encounter such difficulties, or fail to meet quality standards, our ability to meet clinical timelines and expand our development strategy could be impacted.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences following any potential marketing approval.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug designations or exclusivity for our product candidates, which could limit the potential profitability of our product candidates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to achieve market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors or others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We face substantial competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing drugs before or more successfully than us.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We are dependent upon our collaboration with Everest for the further development and commercialization of zetomipzomib in the greater China region, South Korea and certain Southeast Asian countries.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our relationships with customers, physicians, and third-party payors may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, transparency laws, false claims laws, health information privacy and security laws, and other healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We rely on third parties to manufacture clinical supplies of our product candidates and to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials and preclinical studies. If those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Licensing of intellectual property is of critical importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. If we breach our exclusive license agreement with Onyx Therapeutics, Inc., we could lose the ability to develop or commercialize zetomipzomib.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our product candidates, if the scope of patent protection is not sufficiently broad, or if our patents are insufficient to protect our product candidates for an adequate amount of time, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We are highly dependent on the services of our executive officers, and if we are not able to retain these members of our management team, our business will be harmed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports, or publish unfavorable research or reports, about our business or our market, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.

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**Risks Related to Our Evaluation of Strategic Alternatives**

***Our activities to evaluate and pursue potential strategic alternatives may not result in any transaction or enhance stockholder value.***

We have begun evaluating and exploring a variety of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value, including, but not limited to, mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures, licensing arrangements or other strategic transactions. Our ability to successfully execute on any strategic alternative is dependent on a number of factors and we may not be able to execute upon a transaction or other strategic alternative upon favorable terms within an advantageous timeframe and recognize significant value for our assets, if at all. Additionally, the negotiation and consummation of a transaction or other strategic alternative may be costly and time-consuming. Any executed strategic alternative may not maximize or even enhance stockholder value, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected, could make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and may disrupt our operations, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The market price of our common stock may reflect a market assumption that a strategic alternative will occur, and a failure to complete a strategic alternative could result in negative investor perceptions and could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock, which could adversely affect our ability to access the equity and financial markets, as well as our ability to explore and enter into different strategic alternatives. There can be no certainty that any strategic alternative will be completed, be on attractive terms, enhance stockholder value or deliver the anticipated benefits, and successful integration or execution of the strategic alternatives will be subject to additional risks. In addition, potential strategic alternatives that require stockholder approval may not be approved by our stockholders. If we do not successfully consummate a strategic alternative, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such liquidation, the amount of cash that will need to be reserved for commitments and contingent liabilities. Depending on these factors, the amount available for distribution to our common stockholders could be as low as zero and result in a total loss of investment to our stockholders.

***Our recently implemented corporate restructuring intended to optimize our resource allocation and contain costs may not have the benefits we expect.***

In October 2025, we implemented a corporate restructuring plan designed to optimize our resource allocation and contain costs. In connection with the restructuring plan, we initially reduced our workforce by approximately 70%. This reduction in workforce may yield unintended consequences and costs, such as the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, attrition beyond our intended workforce reduction, a decrease in morale among our remaining employees, and the risk that we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the restructuring, all of which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Our ability to retain key employees is also critical to our ability to effectively manage our resources to consummate a potential strategic transaction. In addition, while positions have been eliminated, certain functions necessary to our reduced operations will remain, and we may be unsuccessful in distributing the duties and obligations of departed employees among our remaining employees. Our failure to successfully accomplish any of the above activities and goals may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

**Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Needs**

***We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.***

Since inception in February 2015, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net loss was $56.0 million, $83.7 million and $101.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $490.5 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. Since inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates, as well as to expanding our management team and

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infrastructure. It could be several years, if ever, before we have a commercialized drug. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year.

Even if we consummate a strategic transaction with another clinical-stage biotechnology company or pursue further development of our product candidates, we do not know when those candidates will generate revenue, if at all, and we would anticipate our expenses would increase substantially if, and as, we:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• develop our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• seek to develop additional product candidates, including preclinical studies and clinical trials for such product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• maintain, protect and expand our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• seek marketing approvals for product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• establish a sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidate for which we may obtain marketing approval;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• continue to build a portfolio of product candidates through the acquisition or in-license of drugs, product candidates or technologies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• implement operational, financial, management and compliance systems; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• attract, hire and retain additional administrative, clinical, regulatory and scientific personnel.

In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses and when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Our expenses could increase, and profitability could be further delayed if we decide to or are required by regulatory authorities to perform studies or trials in addition to those currently expected or if there are any delays in the initiation, enrollment or completion of any planned or future preclinical studies or clinical trials of our current and future product candidates. Even if we complete the development and regulatory processes necessary to obtain marketing approval, we would anticipate incurring significant costs associated with launching and commercializing our product candidates.

Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of the Company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations.

***We have a limited operating history and have never generated revenue from product sales, which may make it difficult to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.***

We are a clinical-stage company and our operations to date have been largely focused on raising capital and conducting preclinical and clinical development of zetomipzomib. As an organization, we have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization of our product candidates. Consequently, any predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.

Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with any future collaborative partners, to successfully complete the development of and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize zetomipzomib and any future product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenue from product sales for the next several years, if ever. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales depends heavily on our, or any future collaborators', success in:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• timely and successfully completing preclinical and clinical development of any future product candidates;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• obtaining regulatory approvals for any future product candidates for which we successfully complete clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• launching and commercializing any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval by establishing a sales force, marketing and distribution infrastructure or, alternatively, collaborating with a commercialization partner;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• qualifying for and obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement by government and third-party payors for any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval, both in the United States and internationally;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide adequate amount and quality of starting materials, drug substance, drug product and drug delivery devices and services to support clinical development, as well as the market demand for any future product candidates, if approved;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• obtaining market acceptance, if and when approved, of any future product candidate as a viable treatment option by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• effectively addressing any competing technological and market developments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• implementing additional internal systems and infrastructure, as needed;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing, spin-off or other arrangements into which we may enter and performing our obligations pursuant to such arrangements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• securing appropriate pricing in the United States and internationally.

We expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. We may need to eventually transition from a company with a development focus to a company capable of undertaking commercial activities. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and may not be successful in such a transition.

***If we pursue further development of our product candidates, we will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, reduce or terminate our product development program or other operations.***

In October 2025, we announced that we were unable to align with the FDA on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH. We are currently exploring a full range of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value and have retained a financial advisor to support us in the strategic review process.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since our inception. We would expect our expenses to increase if we pursue further development of, and potentially commercialize, any of our product candidates, in addition to costs associated with the acquisition or in-licensing of any additional product candidates we may pursue. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities require us to perform clinical and other studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, we expect to incur significant expenses related to sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution.

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $71.9 million. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025 will fund our current operating plans through at least the next 12 months from the date the financial statements were issued. However, our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, including as a result of the macroeconomic uncertainties and geopolitical tensions, and we will need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings, third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements, as well as other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, or any combination of these approaches. If the adverse global economic conditions, including higher inflation rates and changes in

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interest rates, persist or worsen, we could experience an inability to access additional capital or engage in strategic transactions on terms reasonable to us, or at all.

We do not currently have any commitments for future funding other than reimbursement, milestone and royalty payments we may receive under our Everest License Agreement, and we may not receive any further funds under that agreement. In any event, if we were to pursue further clinical development of any of our product candidates, we would require substantial additional capital to conduct additional clinical trials, seek regulatory approval and commence commercialization. Even if we believe we have sufficient capital for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations. Any additional capital raising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize any future product candidates.

If we do not raise additional capital in sufficient amounts, or on terms acceptable to us, we may be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will harm our business, operating results and prospects.

***Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.***

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity or debt financings, third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements, as well as other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, or any combination of these approaches. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. In addition, we may issue equity or debt securities as consideration for obtaining rights to additional compounds.

Debt and equity financings, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as redeeming our shares, making investments, incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, declaring dividends or placing limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could negatively impact our ability to conduct our business.

In addition, if we raise additional capital through future collaborations, strategic alliances or third-party licensing arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our intellectual property, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. For example, in September 2023, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Everest granting it an exclusive license to develop and commercialize zetomipzomib in the greater China region, South Korea and certain Southeast Asian countries in exchange for an upfront payment and potential milestone and royalty payments.

If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our drug development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise develop and market ourselves.

***If we pursue further development of zetomipzomib, we will be required and expect to make significant payments in connection with our license agreement with Onyx.***

We acquired rights to zetomipzomib pursuant to the Onyx License Agreement. Under the Onyx License Agreement, we are subject to significant obligations, including payment obligations triggered upon achievement of specified milestones and royalties on licensed product sales. We have paid $5.0 million in milestone payments to date under the Onyx License Agreement, and we are obligated to pay Onyx additional milestone payments of up to $167.5 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales milestones. In addition, we are obligated to pay Onyx tiered royalties based on net sales of zetomipzomib. If these payments become due, we may not have sufficient funds available to meet our obligations and our development efforts may be harmed.

***Our ability to use net operating losses and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income may be subject to limitation.***

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Our net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities because of their limited duration or because of restrictions under U.S. tax law. Our NOLs generated in tax years beginning on or prior to December 31, 2017 are permitted to be carried forward for only 20 years under applicable U.S. tax law. Our federal NOLs generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal NOLs is limited to 80% of current year taxable income. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to federal law with respect to the limitations on the use of NOLs.

In addition, under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change," its ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. A Section 382 "ownership change" generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points (by value) over their lowest ownership percentage over a rolling three-year period. We may have experienced ownership changes in the past and may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of shifts in our stock ownership (some of which are outside our control). As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change NOLs to offset such taxable income may be subject to limitations. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

Consequently, even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOL carryforwards and certain other tax attributes, which could have a material adverse effect on cash flow and results of operations.

***Changes in tax laws or regulations could materially adversely affect our company.***

The tax regimes to which we are subject or under which we operate are unsettled and may be subject to significant change. The issuance of additional guidance related to existing or future tax laws, or changes to tax laws or regulations proposed or implemented by the current or a future U.S. presidential administration, Congress, or taxing authorities in other jurisdictions, including jurisdictions outside of the United States, could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. Most recently, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, or the OBBBA, was signed into law in the United States which contains a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting business. We are evaluating the full effects of the legislation and currently do not expect the OBBBA to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. However, to the extent that such this or other legislative changes have a negative impact on us, our suppliers, manufacturers, or our customers, including as a result of related uncertainty, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be adversely affected.

The amount of taxes we pay in different jurisdictions depends on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions, including the United States, to our international business activities, tax rates, new or revised tax laws, or interpretations of tax laws and policies, and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions pursuant to our intercompany arrangements or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations. Our financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency. Similarly, a taxing authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a "permanent establishment" under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.

**Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates** 

***If we pursue further development of our product candidates, our future success is substantially dependent on the successful clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates. If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be adversely affected.***

The time required to obtain approval or other marketing authorizations by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon

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numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations and the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate's clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate, and it is possible that neither our current product candidates, nor any product candidates we may seek to develop in the future, will ever obtain regulatory approval. Neither we nor any future collaborator is permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United States or abroad until we receive regulatory approval from the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory authority.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize our product candidates in the United States or abroad, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, that such product candidates are safe and effective for their intended uses. Results from clinical trials and preclinical studies can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the clinical data for our product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The FDA may also require us to conduct additional clinical trials or nonclinical studies for our product candidates either prior to or post-approval, or it may object to the design of our clinical trials and other elements of our clinical development programs. In addition, the FDA typically refers applications for novel drugs to an advisory committee comprising outside experts. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of the advisory committee, but it considers such recommendation when making its decision.

Of the large number of product candidates in development, only a small percentage are successfully approved by the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority and are commercialized. The lengthy approval or marketing authorization process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval or marketing authorization to market our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We have invested a significant portion of our time and limited financial and management resources in the development of our product candidates. Our business is dependent on our ability to successfully complete development of, obtain regulatory approval for, and, if approved, successfully commercialize our product candidates in a timely manner. For example, in October 2025, we announced that we were unable to align with the FDA on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH and are exploring a full range of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value. This and other resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on profitable market opportunities for our product candidates.

Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval of a new drug application, or NDA, or foreign marketing application for any future product candidates, the FDA or the comparable foreign regulatory authorities may grant approval or other marketing authorization contingent on the performance of costly additional clinical trials, including post-market clinical trials. The FDA or the comparable foreign regulatory authorities also may approve or authorize for marketing a product candidate for a more limited indication or patient population than we originally request, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not approve or authorize the labeling that we believe is necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of a product candidate. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approval or other marketing authorization would delay or prevent commercialization of that product candidate and would materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

In addition, the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may change their policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations or take other actions, which may prevent or delay approval of our future products under development on a timely basis. Such policy or regulatory changes could impose additional requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain approvals, increase the costs of compliance or restrict our ability to maintain any marketing authorizations we may have obtained. In addition, we could also experience delays in the timing of our interactions with regulatory authorities due to absenteeism by governmental employees, inability to conduct planned physical inspections related to regulatory approval, which could delay anticipated approval decisions and otherwise delay or limit our ability to make planned regulatory submissions or obtain new product approvals.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates, we cannot assure you that any such product candidate will be successfully commercialized, widely accepted in the marketplace or more effective than other commercially available alternatives. Furthermore, even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we will still need to develop a commercial organization, establish a commercially viable pricing structure and obtain approval for adequate reimbursement from third-party and government payors. If we are unable to successfully commercialize any future product candidates, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to continue our business.

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***Clinical trials are very expensive, time consuming and difficult to design and implement.***

If we pursue further development of our product candidates, such product candidates will require clinical testing before we are prepared to submit an NDA for regulatory approval. The clinical trial process is expensive, time consuming, difficult to design and implement, and subject to uncertainty. We estimate that the successful completion of clinical trials of our product candidates would take several years to complete. We cannot predict with any certainty if or when we might submit an NDA for regulatory approval for any of our product candidates or whether any such NDA would be approved by the FDA. Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. For example, as announced in October 2025, we were unable to align with the FDA on our proposed study design for the next clinical trial of zetomipzomib in AIH . We may design the inclusion and exclusion criteria for trial participation too narrowly, which would make it difficult to find and enroll patients for our clinical trials. In addition, we may not succeed in developing and validating disease-relevant clinical endpoints based on insights regarding biological pathways for the disorders we are studying.

Delays in or failure to complete any preclinical studies or clinical trials of our product candidates would increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and delay or potentially jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate product revenue. For example, in October 2024, we terminated our global PALIZADE Phase 2b clinical trial evaluating zetomipzomib in patients with LN after the trial was placed on clinical hold by the FDA. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. Failure can occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to suspend, abandon or repeat clinical trials.

Any delays to preclinical studies or clinical trials that occur as a result could shorten any period during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates and our competitors may be able to bring products to market before we do, and the commercial viability of our product candidates could be significantly reduced. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

***If the market opportunities for any product candidates are smaller than we believe they are, our business may suffer.***

We have focused our drug development of zetomipzomib on treatments of immune-mediated diseases, including AIH. Our eligible patient population and pricing estimates may differ significantly from the actual market addressable by our product candidates. Our projections of both the number of people who have these disorders, as well as the subset of people with these disorders who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, patient foundations or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these disorders. The number of eligible patients for any product candidate may turn out to be lower than expected. Likewise, the potentially addressable patient population for a product candidate may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates. If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we estimate, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

***Due to the significant resources required for clinical development, we are required to make strategic decisions for the development of our product candidates. We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on other opportunities that may be more profitable or for which there may be a greater likelihood of success.***

The development of a product candidate requires significant capital investment. Due to the significant resources required for clinical development, if we were to pursue further development of our product candidates, we would have to focus our research and development efforts on specific indications and decide which development opportunities to pursue and advance for each program. For example, in October 2024, we terminated our global PALIZADE Phase 2b trial evaluating zetomipzomib in patients with LN, after the trial was placed on clinical hold by the FDA, and focused our clinical development efforts of zetomipzomib in AIH. In October 2025, we announced that we were unable to align with the FDA on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH and are exploring a full range of strategic alternatives. Our decisions concerning the allocation of development, management and financial resources may not lead to the development of viable commercial products and may divert resources away from better opportunities. If we do not accurately evaluate the viability, development costs and commercial potential of our product candidates, we may fail to capitalize on profitable market opportunities, forego or delay opportunities to pursue other product candidates or other indications that may later prove to have greater commercial potential than those we choose to

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pursue, or relinquish valuable rights to product candidates through strategic transactions, including collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements, asset sales, and spin-offs, in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain ownership and sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidates.

***We may explore strategic collaborations, which would require us to relinquish important rights to and control over the development and commercialization of our product candidates to any future collaborators.***

Over time, our business strategy may include entering into product development collaborations, including strategic collaborations with major biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. For example, in September 2023, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Everest granting it exclusive license to develop and commercialize zetomipzomib in the greater China region, South Korea and certain Southeast Asian countries in exchange for an upfront payment and potential milestone and royalty payments. We cannot predict what form any other strategic collaborations might take. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic collaborators, and the negotiation process can be complicated and time consuming. Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish new development collaborations, the terms of such collaborations may not be favorable to us. Entering into future collaborations could subject us to a number of risks, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may be required to relinquish important rights to and control over the development and commercialization of our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may be required to undertake the expenditure of substantial operational, financial and management resources;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may be required to issue equity securities that would dilute our stockholders' percentage ownership of our company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may be required to assume substantial actual or contingent liabilities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may not be able to control the amount and timing of resources that our strategic collaborators devote to the development or commercialization of our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators may select indications or design clinical trials in a way that may be less successful or slower than if we were doing so;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding, terminate a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new version of a product candidate for clinical testing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators may not pursue further development and commercialization of products resulting from the strategic collaboration arrangement or may elect to discontinue research and development programs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators may not commit adequate resources to the marketing and distribution of our product candidates, limiting our potential revenues from these products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• disputes may arise between us and our strategic collaborators that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management's attention and consumes resources;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators may experience financial difficulties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in a manner that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• business combinations or significant changes in a strategic collaborator's business strategy may adversely affect a strategic collaborator's willingness or ability to complete its obligations under any arrangement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators could decide to move forward with a competing product candidate developed either independently or in collaboration with others, including our competitors; and

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strategic collaborators could terminate the arrangement or allow it to expire, which would delay the development and may increase the cost of developing our product candidates.

***Success in preclinical studies or earlier clinical trials may not be indicative of future clinical trial results, and we cannot assure you that any clinical trials will lead to results sufficient for the necessary regulatory approvals.***

Success in preclinical testing and earlier clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate the same results or otherwise provide adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a product candidate. Preclinical tests and early clinical trials are primarily designed to test safety, to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and to understand the side effects of product candidates at various doses and schedules. Success in preclinical studies and earlier clinical trials does not ensure that later trials designed to test efficacy will be successful, nor does it predict final results. Our product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy in clinical development despite positive results in preclinical studies or having successfully advanced through earlier clinical trials. For example, although results from the PORTOLA Phase 2a clinical trial evaluating zetomipzomib in AIH demonstrated positive complete results, in October 2025, we announced we were unable to align with the FDA on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH and would explore a full range of strategic alternatives.

In addition, the design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product, and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. As an organization, we have limited experience designing clinical trials and may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support regulatory approval. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in preclinical testing and earlier clinical trials. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject to varying interpretations, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, we may experience regulatory delays or rejections as a result of many factors, including changes in regulatory policy during the period of our product candidate development. Any such delays could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Enrollment and retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be delayed, made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our control.***

If we pursue further development of our product candidates, identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials would be critical to our success. For example, we have been developing zetomipzomib to address several autoimmune diseases with high degrees of unmet medical need, including autoimmune hepatitis. If the actual number of patients with the disorders we are seeking to address is smaller than we anticipate, or if these patients are unwilling to participate in a clinical trial, we may encounter difficulties in enrolling patients in our clinical trials, thereby delaying or preventing development and approval of our product candidates. Even once enrolled, we may be unable to retain a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our trials. Patient enrollment and retention in clinical trials depends on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, the existing body of safety and efficacy data, the number and nature of competing treatments and ongoing clinical trials of competing therapies for the same indication, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, and the eligibility criteria for the trial. Because our focus includes rare disorders, there are limited patient pools from which to draw in order to complete our clinical trials in a timely and cost-effective manner. Furthermore, our efforts to build relationships with patient communities may not succeed, which could result in delays in patient enrollment in our clinical trials. In addition, any negative results we may report in clinical trials of our product candidate may make it difficult or impossible to recruit and retain patients in other clinical trials of that same product candidate. Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our product candidates or could render further development impossible. For example, political instability or disruption in a geographic region where we are conducting trials, regardless of cause, including public health crises, war, terrorism, social unrest and political changes, could delay or prevent patients from enrolling or from receiving treatment in accordance with the protocol and the required timelines, which could delay our clinical trials, or prevent us from completing our clinical trials at all. Any inability to timely and successfully complete clinical development will increase our costs, slow our development plans and impair our ability to generate revenue from our product candidates. In addition, we may be reliant on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and, while we intend to enter into agreements governing their services, we will be limited in our ability to compel their actual performance.

***If we pursue further development of our product candidates, we may encounter substantial delays or difficulties in our clinical trials.***

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We may not commercialize, market, promote or sell any product candidate without obtaining marketing approval from the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority, and we may never receive such approvals. It is impossible to predict when or if any of our product candidates will prove effective or safe in humans and will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. For example, in October 2024, we terminated our global PALIZADE Phase 2b clinical trial evaluating zetomipzomib in patients with LN after the trial was placed on clinical hold by the FDA. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products.

If we pursue further development of our product candidates, we cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. Moreover, circumstances may arise that could result in suspending or terminating our ongoing clinical trials. The closure of sites, the inability to screen and enroll new patients or any premature discontinuation of treatment by patients already enrolled in our trial could result in the need to enroll additional patients, which would be costly and could delay our anticipated timeline for the completion of the trial. Any inability to timely and successfully complete clinical development will increase our costs, slow our development plans and impair our ability to generate revenue from our product candidates.

We have experienced and may in the future experience numerous unforeseen events that may prevent the timely and successful completion of our clinical trials, or result in the termination of such clinical trials prior to their completion, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• delays in reaching a consensus with the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities on the design of our clinical trials, such as our failure to reach alignment with the FDA on a registrational study design of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• failure to recruit suitable patients to participate in a clinical trial, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate, and participants may drop out during the course of these trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• delays in manufacturing, testing, releasing, validating and shipping stable quantities of our product candidates and placebo for our clinical trial sites;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the number of patients required for clinical trials to produce statistically meaningful data may be larger than we anticipate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the costs of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate, which may be more likely as a result of increased price inflation worldwide;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• occurrence of serious adverse events associated with the product candidate that are viewed to outweigh its potential benefits;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• imposition of a clinical hold by regulatory authorities as a result of a serious adverse event, such as the clinical hold imposed by the FDA on our PALIZADE Phase 2b clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with LN following four patient deaths in the Philippines and Argentina;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• concerns with a class of product candidates or after an inspection of our clinical trial operations, trial sites or manufacturing facilities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• regulators or institutional review boards, or IRBs, may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site, or may otherwise suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears we are or our collaborators are failing to conduct a trial in accordance with regulatory requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• delays in identifying and recruiting suitable clinical investigators or reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, such as the topline data from our PRESIDIO Phase 2 clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis, in which zetomipzomib did not demonstrate significant differentiation from placebo;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• failure to perform our clinical trials in accordance with current Good Clinical Practice, or cGCP, or regulations required by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in regulatory requirements and guidance or other unforeseen regulatory developments that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, war, terrorism, natural disasters or public health crises.

Clinical trial delays could also shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, or allow our competitors to bring competing drugs to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may need to conduct additional testing to bridge our modified product candidate to earlier versions.

Additionally, if the results of our clinical trials are inconclusive or if there are safety concerns or serious adverse events associated with our product candidates, we may:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• be delayed in obtaining marketing approval, if at all;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• be required to perform additional clinical trials to support approval or be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• have regulatory authorities withdraw, or suspend, their approval of the drug or impose restrictions on its distribution in the form of a modified risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• be subject to the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• be sued or held liable for harm causes to patients; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• experience damage to our reputation.

For example, in October 2025, we announced that we were unable to align with the FDA on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH after the FDA requested that we conduct a stand-alone study to define the pharmacokinetics of zetomipzomib in subjects with significant hepatic impairment prior to the initiation of another clinical trial in AIH.

Further, we, the FDA, comparable foreign regulatory authorities, or an IRB may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we or our collaborators are failing to conduct a trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, including cGCP, that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks, or if the FDA finds deficiencies in our INDs, or the conduct of these trials. Therefore, we cannot predict with any certainty the schedule for commencement and completion of clinical trials. If we experience delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials, or if we terminate a clinical trial prior to completion, the commercial prospects of our product candidates could be negatively impacted, and our ability to generate revenues from our product candidates may be delayed.

***The manufacture of our product candidates is complex and uncertain, and until we develop a validated manufacturing process, we may encounter difficulties in supplying any future clinical trials if we pursue further development. If we***

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***encounter such difficulties, or fail to meet quality standards, our ability to meet clinical timelines and expand our development strategy could be impacted.***

The processes involved in manufacturing the active drug substance and finished drug product of our product candidates are complex, expensive, highly regulated and subject to multiple risks and uncertainties. As product candidates are developed through early to late-stage clinical trials and then to approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods, are modified along the way to optimize the scale, process and results. Any changes to the manufacturing processes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives, or that the product candidates may not meet the rigorous quality standards necessary for use in our clinical trials.

We are continuing to manufacture zetomipzomib and placebo in support of potential future clinical trials. However, if manufacturing of zetomipzomib fails to meet the quality standards for use in clinical trials, or the active drug substance does not meet our quality specifications, it could impact our timelines and limit our development strategy.

In addition, our contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, may be unable to successfully increase the manufacturing scale for our product candidates in a timely or cost-effective manner and may experience delays due to limited manufacturing capacity. In addition, quality issues may arise during manufacturing activities. If our CMOs are unable to successfully manufacture our product candidates in sufficient quantity in a timely manner, our clinical trials may be delayed or modified and we may also be unable to fulfill our obligations under the Everest License Agreement, allowing Everest to terminate its collaboration or other potential adverse consequences as provided in the Everest License Agreement.

***Our product candidates have been involved, and may be involved in the future, in investigator-initiated clinical trials, and we have limited or no control over the conduct of such trials.***

Zetomipzomib has been involved in an investigator-initiated clinical trial, and our product candidates may be involved in investigator-initiated clinical trials in the future. Investigator-initiated clinical trials pose similar risks as those set forth elsewhere in this "Risk Factor" section relating to our own internal clinical trials. However, while investigator-initiated clinical trials may provide us with clinical data that can inform our development strategy, we are not the sponsors of such trials, and therefore, we do not control the protocols, administration, quality or conduct of these trials, including follow-up with patients and ongoing data collection. Despite this lack of control, negative results in investigator-initiated clinical trials could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects and the perception of our product candidates.

***Interim topline and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.***

From time to time, we may publish interim topline or preliminary data from our clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available, particularly from our open-label studies. Preliminary or topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. Preliminary or topline data may include, for example, data regarding a small percentage of the patients enrolled in a clinical trial, and such preliminary data should not be viewed as an indication, belief or guarantee that other patients enrolled in such clinical trial will achieve similar results or that the preliminary results from such patients will be maintained. As a result, interim and preliminary data may not be statistically significant and should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Differences between preliminary or interim data and final data may cause the trading price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly and could significantly harm our business prospects.

***Zetomipzomib has been developed as a lyophilized formulation, which could adversely affect market acceptance if patients are required to reconstitute zetomipzomib themselves prior to injection.***

We have been developing zetomipzomib as a lyophilized product candidate, meaning that it will be freeze-dried and must be reconstituted with water prior to patient administration. While lyophilized products are common in the drug industry, this method for administering zetomipzomib could adversely affect market acceptance and make it more difficult to conduct clinical trials of zetomipzomib in the future.

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***Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences following any potential marketing approval.***

During the conduct of clinical trials, patients report changes in their health, including illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events, to their doctor. Often, it is not possible to determine whether or not the product candidate being studied caused these conditions. Regulatory authorities may draw different conclusions or require additional testing to confirm these determinations, if they occur. In addition, it is possible that as we test our product candidates in larger, longer and more extensive clinical trials, or as use of these product candidates becomes more widespread if they receive regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events that were observed in earlier trials, as well as conditions that did not occur or went undetected in previous trials, will be reported by subjects or patients. Many times, side effects are only detectable after investigational drugs are tested in large-scale pivotal trials or, in some cases, after they are made available to patients on a commercial scale after approval. If additional clinical experience indicates that zetomipzomib or any future product candidates has side effects or causes serious or life-threatening side effects, the development of the product candidate may fail or be delayed, or, if the product candidate has received regulatory approval, such approval may be revoked, which would harm our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Moreover, if we elect, or are required, to delay, suspend or terminate any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate revenue through their sale may be delayed or eliminated. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. For example, in October 2025, we announced we were unable to align with the FDA on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH.

Additionally, if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval, the FDA could require us to include a black box warning in our label or adopt a REMS to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks, which may include, among other things, a Medication Guide outlining the risks of the drug for distribution to patients and a communication plan to healthcare practitioners. Furthermore, if we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates during development or after obtaining U.S. regulatory approval, several potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• regulatory authorities may not permit us to initiate our studies or could put them on hold;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• regulatory authorities may not approve, or may withdraw, their approval of the product;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• regulatory authorities may require us to recall the product;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• regulatory authorities may add new limitations for distribution and marketing of the product;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• regulatory authorities may require the addition of warnings in the product label or narrowing of the indication in the product label;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may be required to create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may be required to change the way the product is administered or modify the product in some other way;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may be required to implement a REMS program;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the FDA may require us to conduct additional clinical trials or costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our reputation may suffer.

Any of the above events resulting from undesirable side effects or other previously unknown problems could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate, if approved. In addition, these events

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could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates and could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

***If we pursue further development of our product candidates, we may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug designations or exclusivity for our product candidates, which could limit the potential profitability of our product candidates.***

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, the FDA may designate a drug as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or if it affects more than 200,000, there is no reasonable expectation that sales of the drug in the United States will be sufficient to offset the costs of developing and making the drug available in the United States. If a drug with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for use in the rare disease or condition for which it was designated, then the sponsor is eligible for a seven-year period of marketing during which the FDA may not approve another sponsor's marketing application for a drug with the same active moiety and intended for the same use or indication as the approved orphan drug, except in limited circumstances, such as if a subsequent sponsor demonstrates its product is clinically superior. During a sponsor's orphan drug exclusivity period, however, competitors may receive approval for drugs with different active moieties for the same indication as the approved orphan drug, or for drugs with the same active moiety as the approved orphan drug, but for different indications. Further, if a designated orphan drug receives marketing approval for an indication broader than the rare disease or condition for which it received orphan drug designation, it may not be entitled to exclusivity.

We intended to pursue orphan drug designation for zetomipzomib in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis and other rare immune-mediated disease indications we pursued for development. The exclusivity for orphan drug designations, and for any other designations that we may seek to obtain in the future, may not effectively protect our product candidates from the competition of different drugs for the same condition, which could have already been approved or could be approved before or during the exclusivity period. Additionally, after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA could subsequently approve another application for the same drug for the same indication if the FDA concludes that the later drug is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug exclusive marketing rights in the United States also may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. The failure to obtain an orphan drug designation for any product candidates we may develop, the inability to maintain that designation for the duration of the applicable period, or the inability to obtain or maintain orphan drug exclusivity could reduce our ability to make sufficient sales of the applicable product candidate to balance our expenses incurred to develop it, which would have a negative impact on our operational results and financial condition.

***Even if we obtain and maintain approval for our product candidates from the FDA, we may never obtain approval for our product candidates outside of the United States, which would limit our market opportunities and could harm our business.***

Approval of a product candidate in the United States by the FDA does not ensure approval of such product candidate by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. Sales of our product candidates outside of the United States will be subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing clinical trials and marketing approval. Even if the FDA grants marketing approval for a product candidate, comparable foreign regulatory authorities also must approve the manufacturing and marketing of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and more onerous than, those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. In many countries outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for any product candidates, if approved, is also subject to approval. Obtaining approval for our product candidates in the European Union from the European Commission following the opinion of the European Medicines Agency, if we choose to submit a marketing authorization application there, would be a lengthy and expensive process. Even if a product candidate is approved, the FDA or the European Commission, as the case may be, may limit the indications for which the drug may be marketed, require extensive warnings on the drug labeling or require expensive and time-consuming additional clinical trials or reporting as conditions of approval. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of any future product candidates in certain countries.

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Further, clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. Also, regulatory approval for our product candidates may be withdrawn. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed.

***Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, they will remain subject to ongoing regulatory oversight.***

Even if we obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates, such approvals will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information. For example, the FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about drug products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product's approved labeling. Additionally, any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may also be subject to a REMS, limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the drug may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 trials, and surveillance to monitor the quality, safety and efficacy of the drug. Such regulatory requirements may differ from country to country depending on where we have received regulatory approval.

In addition, drug manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP requirements and adherence to commitments made in the NDA or foreign marketing application. If we, or a regulatory authority, discover previously unknown problems with a drug, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the drug is manufactured or if a regulatory authority disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of that drug, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions relative to that drug, the manufacturing facility or us, including requesting a recall or requiring withdrawal of the drug from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our product candidates, a regulatory authority may:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• issue an untitled letter or warning letter asserting that we are in violation of the law;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• seek an injunction or impose administrative, civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• suspend any ongoing clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• refuse to approve a pending NDA or comparable foreign marketing application or any supplements thereto submitted by us or our partners;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• restrict the marketing or manufacturing of the drug;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• seize or detain the drug or otherwise require the withdrawal of the drug from the market;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• refuse to permit the import or export of product candidates; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The FDA's and comparable foreign regulatory authorities' policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, we cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad.

***Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to achieve market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors or others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.***

Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to gain market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community. If they do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue and may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of any future product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments and therapies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the strength of our relationships with patient communities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments and therapies, including any similar generic treatments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to offer such drug for sale at competitive prices;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments and therapies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the strength of marketing and distribution support;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the availability of third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the prevalence and severity of any side effects; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any restrictions on the use of the drug together with other medications.

Our efforts to educate physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful. Such efforts may require more resources than are typically required due to the complexity and uniqueness of our product candidates. Because we expect sales of our product candidates, if approved, to generate substantially all of our revenues for the foreseeable future, the failure of our product candidates to find market acceptance would harm our business. In addition, if we enter into a strategic collaboration regarding any of our product candidates, our rights to receive milestone payments and royalties related to such product candidates will depend on our collaborators' abilities to achieve market acceptance of those product candidates.

***We are dependent upon our collaboration with Everest to further develop and commercialize zetomipzomib in the Greater China region, South Korea and select Southeast Asian countries. If we or Everest fail to perform as expected, the potential for us to generate future revenues under the collaboration could be significantly reduced, the development and commercialization of zetomipzomib may be substantially delayed, and our business could be adversely affected.***

In September 2023, we entered into the Everest License Agreement granting Everest an exclusive license to develop and commercialize zetomipzomib in the greater China region, South Korea, and select Southeast Asian countries. Under the terms of the Everest License Agreement, we received an initial upfront payment of $7.0 million and are entitled to receive milestone payments upon achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestone events, for total potential milestone payments of up to $125.5 million. In addition, Everest will pay to the Company tiered royalties on the net sales of zetomipzomib in the territory during the term of the Everest License Agreement ranging from the single digit to the low-teens, subject to certain reductions.

Everest is responsible for, at its own cost, and is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to, develop and commercialize zetomipzomib in the licensed territory. In addition, we agreed to collaborate with Everest on the

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PALIZADE trial, where Everest would have primary responsibility for clinical development and regulatory activities in the licensed territory and would reimburse the Company for clinical trial costs incurred in the licensed territory. Everest will also have the opportunity to participate in the Company's future global clinical trials involving zetomipzomib. The Company has agreed to supply zetomipzomib to Everest during the term of the Everest License Agreement, subject to Everest's option to manufacture zetomipzomib for its own use in the licensed territory following completion of the PALIZADE trial.

There can be no assurance that the parties will achieve any of the regulatory, development or sales milestones, or that we will receive any future milestone or royalty payments under the Everest License Agreement. Everest's activities may be influenced by, among other things, the efforts and allocation of resources by Everest, which we cannot control. If Everest does not perform in the manner we expect or fulfill its responsibilities in a timely manner, or at all, the clinical development, manufacturing, regulatory approval, and commercialization efforts related to zetomipzomib could be substantially delayed.

In addition, our collaboration with Everest may be unsuccessful due to other factors, including, without limitation, the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Everest may terminate the agreement for convenience at any time following the October 2024 termination of the PALIZADE trial;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Everest may change the focus of its development and commercialization efforts or prioritize other programs more highly and, accordingly, reduce the efforts and resources allocated to zetomipzomib;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Everest may, within its commercially reasonable discretion, choose not to develop and commercialize zetomipzomib in any part of the licensed territory or for one or more indications, if at all; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if Everest is acquired during the term of our collaboration, the acquirer may have competing programs or different strategic priorities that could cause it to reduce its commitment to our collaboration or to terminate the collaboration.

***The actions of Everest and any other current or future licensees could adversely affect our business.***

We currently exclusively license zetomipzomib to Everest to develop and commercialize zetomipzomib in the greater China region, South Korea and select Southeast Asian countries. It is possible that any clinical trials conducted by Everest or any other current or future licensees in its respective licensed territories could have negative results, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the development and commercialization of zetomipzomib in the United States and the rest of the world. In addition, we will depend on Everest or any other current or future licensee to comply with all applicable laws relative to the development and commercialization of zetomipzomib in its respective licensed territories. If Everest were to violate, or was alleged to have violated, any laws or regulations during the performance of its obligations to us, it is possible we could suffer financial and reputational harm or other negative outcomes, including possible legal consequences. In addition, in the event of any termination, breach or expiration of the Everest License Agreement, we may be required to devote additional efforts and to incur additional costs associated with pursuing the development and commercialization of zetomipzomib in the greater China region, South Korea and select Southeast Asian countries.

***We face substantial competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing drugs before or more successfully than us.***

The development and commercialization of new drugs is highly competitive. We face competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell drugs or are pursuing the development of product candidates for the treatment of the indications that we are pursuing. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization.

More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater size, resources and institutional experience. In particular, these companies have greater experience and expertise in securing reimbursement, government

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contracts and relationships with key opinion leaders, conducting testing and clinical trials, obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals and distribution relationships to market products and marketing approved drugs. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do. If we are not able to compete effectively against existing and potential competitors, our business and financial condition may be harmed.

As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their drugs before we are able to, which may limit our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates. Our competitors may also develop therapies that are safer, more effective, more widely accepted or less expensive than ours, or may be more successful than we are in manufacturing and marketing their drugs.

These advantages could render our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the costs of such product candidates' development and commercialization.

Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, medical, management and commercial personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and subject registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

***If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing such product candidates, if and when they are approved.***

To successfully commercialize any product candidate that may result from our development programs, we will need to build out our sales and marketing capabilities, either on our own or with others. The establishment and development of our own commercial team or the establishment of a contract sales force to market any product candidate we may develop will be expensive and time-consuming and could delay any drug launch. Moreover, we cannot be certain that we will be able to successfully develop this capability. We may seek to enter into collaborations with other entities to utilize their established marketing and distribution capabilities, but we may be unable to enter into such agreements on favorable terms, if at all. If any current or future collaborators do not commit sufficient resources to commercialize our product candidates, or we are unable to develop the necessary capabilities on our own, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our business. We compete with many companies that currently have extensive, experienced and well-funded marketing and sales operations to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel. We will likely also face competition if we seek third parties to assist us with the sales and marketing efforts of our product candidates. Without an internal team or the support of a third party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

***If we seek to commercialize our product candidates outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could harm our business.***

If we seek to commercialize our product candidates outside of the United States, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• different regulatory requirements for approval of therapies in foreign countries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• foreign reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, war, terrorism, natural disasters and public health epidemics.

We have no prior experience in these areas. In addition, there are complex regulatory, tax, labor and other legal requirements imposed by many of the individual countries in and outside of Europe with which we will need to comply. Many biopharmaceutical companies have found the process of marketing their own products in foreign countries to be very challenging.

***Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for any future product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell profitably, if approved.***

Market acceptance and sales of any product candidates that we commercialize, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for these drugs and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government health administration authorities, managed care organizations and other private health insurers. Third-party payors decide which therapies they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage and reimbursement policies. However, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any product candidates that we develop will be made on a payor-by-payor basis. One third-party payor's determination to provide coverage for a drug does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage, and adequate reimbursement, for the drug. Additionally, a third-party payor's decision to provide coverage for a therapy does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Coverage policies and third-party payor reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. Each third-party payor determines whether or not it will provide coverage for a therapy, what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the therapy, and on what tier of its formulary it will be placed. The position on a third-party payor's list of covered drugs, or formulary, generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the therapy and can strongly influence the adoption of such therapy by patients and physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products.

Third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Moreover, increasing efforts by governments and other third-party payors to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such payors to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new products approved and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product candidates. For example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, imposes rebates on many Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D products to penalize price increases that outpace inflation on an annual basis. HHS has also been empowered to negotiate the price of certain single-source drugs that have been on the market for at least seven years and biologics that have been on the market for at least eleven years covered under Medicare as part of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Each year up to twenty products will be selected by HHS for the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Products subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program are expected to experience a significant reduction in reimbursement from the Medicare program on a per unit basis. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any drug that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Inadequate coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any drug for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any future product candidates that we develop. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

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***Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit commercialization of any product candidate that we may develop.***

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in clinical trials, both within and outside of the United States, and may face an even greater risk if we commercialize any product candidate that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that any such product candidates caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• decreased demand for any product candidate that we may develop;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• loss of revenue;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• significant time and costs to defend the related litigation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increased insurance costs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the inability to commercialize any product candidate that we may develop; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention.

Although we maintain product liability insurance coverage, such insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We anticipate that we will need to increase our insurance coverage as we advance through clinical development and if we are able to successfully commercialize any product candidate. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

**Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance** 

***Our relationships with customers, physicians, and third-party payors may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, transparency laws, false claims laws, health information privacy and security laws, and other healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.***

Healthcare providers, including physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors may subject us to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws and other healthcare laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal civil and criminal false claims laws and the law commonly referred to as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act and regulations. These laws will impact, among other things, our clinical research, proposed sales, marketing and educational programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy laws by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct or may conduct our business. The laws that will affect our operations include, but are not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in return for the purchase, recommendation, leasing or furnishing of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand, and prescribers, purchasers, formulary managers and others, on the other hand. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including, without limitation, the federal civil False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalty laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid or other government payors that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. Federal Anti-Kickback Statute violations and certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, implicate the federal civil False Claims Act;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created additional federal civil and criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, a person from knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme or artifice to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or making false or fraudulent statements to defraud any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and their implementing regulations, which impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on health plans, health care clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, known as covered entities, and their respective business associates and their subcontractors that perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• federal transparency laws, including the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, that require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to CMS, information related to: (i) payments or other "transfers of value" made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), other healthcare professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals; and (ii) ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, state laws that require manufacturers to report information related to payments and other "transfers of value" to physicians and other healthcare providers, marketing expenditures, or drug pricing, state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and state and local laws that require certain regulatory licenses to manufacture or distribute products commercially or the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives, or that otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; as well as state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws.

It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participating in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. The shifting compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with multiple jurisdictions with different compliance and/or reporting requirements increases the possibility that a healthcare company may run afoul of one or more of the requirements.

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***Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.***

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.

Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goal of containing healthcare costs. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the PPACA, became law in March 2010 and substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the PPACA. For example, For example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, or the OBBBA, was signed into law, which narrowed access to PPACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declined to extend the PPACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits that expired at the end of 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of Americans with health insurance. The OBBBA also is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding, and limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. Congress is considering proposed legislation intended to further reduce healthcare costs with alternatives to replace the expired PPACA subsidies.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which began in 2013 and will remain in effect until 2032 unless additional Congressional action is taken. The current administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government agencies including at HHS, the FDA, CMS and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. For example, the current administration has announced agreements with several pharmaceutical companies that require the drug manufacturers to offer, through a direct to consumer platform, or TrumpRx, U.S. patients and Medicaid programs prescription drug Most-Favored Nation pricing equal to or lower than those paid in other developed nations, with additional mandates for direct-to-patient discounts and repatriation of foreign revenues. Other recent actions, for example, include (1) directing agencies to reduce agency workforce and cut programs; (2) directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs through a variety of initiatives; (3) imposing tariffs on imported pharmaceutical products; and (4) as part of the Make America Healthy Again, or MAHA, Commission's Strategy Report released in September 2025, working across government agencies to increase enforcement on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Additionally, the current administration recently called on Congress to enact "The Great Healthcare Plan," to codify and expand Most-Favored Nation pricing, lower government subsidies to private insurance companies, increase healthcare price transparency, expand pharmaceutical drugs available for over-the-counter purchase, and enact restrictions on pharmacy benefit manager, or PBM, payment methodologies, among other things. These actions and policies may significantly reduce U.S. drug prices, potentially impacting manufacturers' global pricing strategies and profitability, while increasing their operational costs and compliance risks. In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court's Loper Bright decision greatly reduced judicial deference to regulatory agencies, which could increase successful legal challenges to federal regulations affecting our operations. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our products.

**Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties**

***We will rely on third parties to manufacture clinical and commercial supplies of zetomipzomib and any future product candidates.***

We do not own or operate facilities for drug manufacturing, testing, storage or distribution. We are dependent on third parties to manufacture the clinical supplies of our product candidates. Moreover, under the Everest License Agreement, we have committed to providing Everest with supply of zetomipzomib for the development and commercialization of zetomipzomib in the greater China region, South Korea and certain Southeast Asian countries, which we will have to source from third-party manufacturers. Any significant delay in the supply of a product candidate or raw material components for an ongoing clinical trial due to the need to replace a third-party CMO could considerably delay the completion of our clinical trials or cause us to breach our obligations under the Everest License Agreement. We are

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completely dependent on our CMOs for compliance with cGMP for manufacture of both active drug substances and finished drug products. If our CMOs cannot successfully manufacture active drug substances and finished drug product that conform to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we will not be able to secure or maintain regulatory approval for our product candidates. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our CMOs to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our timelines and ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

For any activities conducted in China, we are exposed to the increased possibility of supply disruptions and higher costs in the event of changes in the policies of the U.S. or Chinese governments, political unrest or unstable economic conditions including sanctions on China or any of our China-based suppliers or as a result of the escalation of tariffs or other trade restrictions. Our manufacturing costs could also increase as a result of future appreciation of the local currency in China or increased labor costs if the demand for skilled laborers increases and/or the availability of skilled labor declines in China. In addition, certain Chinese biotechnology companies may become subject to trade restrictions, sanctions, other regulatory requirements, or proposed legislation by the U.S. government, which could restrict or even prohibit our ability to work with such entities, thereby potentially disrupting the supply of material to us. For example, the recently proposed BIOSECURE Act introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, and a substantially similar bill in the U.S. Senate, target U.S. government contracts, grants, and loans for entities that use equipment and services from certain named Chinese biotechnology companies and authorizes the U.S. government to include additional Chinese biotechnology companies of concern. If these bills become law, or similar laws are passed, they would have the potential to severely restrict the ability of companies to work with certain Chinese biotechnology companies of concern without losing the ability to contract with, or otherwise receive funding from, the U.S. government. Such disruption could have adverse effects on the development of our product candidate and our business operations.

Certain of our clinical supplies are manufactured outside of the U.S. The current administration has recently imposed significant "reciprocal" tariffs in imports from other countries, including Canada, China and Mexico, which have prompted retaliatory measures from several countries and which may further escalate. The imposition of tariffs by the U.S. and any retaliatory trade measures taken in response by other countries could impose additional costs on our clinical supplies, which could adversely effect the development of our product candidate and our business operations.

The facilities used by our CMOs to manufacture our product candidates must be approved by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after we submit an NDA for any of our product candidates. We also expect to rely on third-party manufacturers to supply us with sufficient quantities of our product candidates to be used, if approved, for commercialization.

Our reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates ourselves, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• inability to meet our product specifications and quality requirements consistently;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• delay or inability to procure or expand sufficient manufacturing capacity;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• issues related to scale-up of manufacturing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• costs and validation of new equipment and facilities required for scale-up;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our third-party manufacturers may not be able to execute our manufacturing procedures and other logistical support requirements appropriately;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our third-party manufacturers may fail to comply with cGMP and other inspections by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our inability to negotiate manufacturing agreements with third parties under commercially reasonable terms, if at all;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• breach, termination or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a manner or at a time that is costly or damaging to us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reliance on single sources for drug components;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• lack of qualified backup suppliers for those components that are currently purchased from a sole or single source supplier;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our third-party manufacturers may not devote sufficient resources to our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to any improvements made by our third-party manufacturers in the manufacturing process for our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• carrier disruptions or increased costs that are beyond our control.

Any of these events could lead to clinical trial delays, failure to obtain regulatory approval or impact our ability to successfully commercialize our current or any future product candidates once approved. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA action, including injunction, request for recall, seizure, or total or partial suspension of production.

***We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials and preclinical studies, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.***

We do not currently have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials. We intend to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials, and we expect to have limited influence over their actual performance. We rely upon CROs to monitor and manage data for our clinical programs. We expect to control only certain aspects of our CROs' activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. For example, we engaged a single CRO to manage the PALIZADE trial, and although we oversaw their performance and maintained certain regulatory responsibilities, we were dependent in large part on the CRO's performance.

We and our CROs are required to comply with the good laboratory practices and good clinical practices, or GCP, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in the form of International Council for Harmonisation guidelines for any of our product candidates that are in preclinical and clinical development, respectively. The regulatory authorities enforce GCP through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. Although we rely on CROs to conduct GCP-compliant clinical trials, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and applicable laws and regulations, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. If we or our CROs fail to comply with GCP, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations, we may be required to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Our reliance on third parties to conduct clinical trials results in less direct control over the management of data developed through clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with CROs and other third parties can be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. In addition, such parties may:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• have staffing difficulties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• fail to comply with contractual obligations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• not devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• experience regulatory compliance issues; or

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• undergo changes in priorities or become financially distressed.

These factors may materially adversely affect the timelines of our clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, fail to comply with regulatory requirements, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, the product candidate being developed. As a result, our financial results and commercial prospects would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenue from the product candidate could be delayed. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other drug development activities which could compete with recruitment of our clinical trials.

If our relationship with any of these CROs terminates, we may be delayed in entering into new arrangements with alternative CROs or unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Changing CROs during an ongoing clinical trial involves substantial cost, requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can negatively impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we intend to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

**Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property**

***Licensing of intellectual property is of critical importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. If we breach the Onyx License Agreement, we could lose the ability to develop and commercialize zetomipzomib.***

The licensing of intellectual property is of critical importance to our business and to our current and future product candidates, and we expect to enter into additional such agreements in the future. In particular, our immunoproteasome program, including zetomipzomib, is dependent on the Onyx License Agreement. Pursuant to the Onyx License Agreement, Onyx granted us an exclusive license under certain patent rights, and a non-exclusive license to certain know-how, in each case controlled by Onyx, to develop, manufacture and commercialize certain types of compounds, including zetomipzomib, that are selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome for any and all uses, other than those related to the diagnosis or treatment in humans of cancerous or pre-cancerous diseases or conditions, including those related to hematological diseases or conditions.

The licensed compounds, including zetomipzomib, are selective for the immunoproteasome and therefore are not known or believed, based on scientific literature and the Company's own research and development activities, to have any application in cancer or pre-cancerous conditions. However, notwithstanding these known characteristics of the licensed compounds, Onyx retains all rights under the licensed intellectual property rights that are not granted to the Company, and therefore Onyx retains rights under such intellectual property rights to develop and commercialize the licensed compounds in connection with the diagnosis or treatment in humans of cancerous or pre-cancerous diseases or conditions, including those related to hematological diseases or conditions, and also has the rights to transfer these rights to a third-party. If Onyx or its licensee develops and commercializes any of the licensed compounds in cancer or pre-cancerous indications that are commercially interchangeable with our product candidates, including zetomipzomib, sales by Onyx or its licensee of such compounds for cancer and pre-cancerous indications could result in the threat of off-label use in our licensed field, potentially diminishing our sales of the applicable licensed compounds in our licensed field.

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The Onyx License Agreement may limit or delay our ability to consummate certain transactions, may impact the value of those transactions, or may limit our ability to pursue certain activities. Specifically, under the Onyx License Agreement, Onyx has a right of first negotiation under certain circumstances to obtain a license or a similar transfer of rights, if we are seeking to out-license rights to develop and/or commercialize certain licensed products.

Disputes may arise between us and any of these counterparties regarding intellectual property rights that are subject to such agreements, including, but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the scope of rights granted under the agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the agreement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our right to sublicense patent and other rights to third parties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of our product candidates, and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our right to transfer or assign our license; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the effects of termination.

These or other disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed, or will license or acquire in the future, may prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current arrangements on acceptable terms or may impair the value of the arrangement to us. Any such dispute could have an adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to meet our obligations under these agreements in any material respect, the counterparty may have the right to terminate the respective agreement. Any uncured, material breach under a license could result in our loss of exclusive rights and may lead to a complete termination of our product development and any commercialization efforts for each of our product candidates. While we would expect to exercise all rights and remedies available to us, including seeking to cure any breach by us, and otherwise seek to preserve our rights under the technology licensed to or acquired by us, we may not be able to do so in a timely manner, at an acceptable cost or at all.

Furthermore, certain provisions in our intellectual property agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or affect financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for zetomipzomib or any future product candidates, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, or if our patents are insufficient to protect our product candidates for an adequate amount of time, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.***

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our development programs and product candidates. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to zetomipzomib and any future product candidates. We seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our current and future research programs and product candidates. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

We file patent applications directed to our product candidates in an effort to establish intellectual property positions directed to their compositions of matter as well as uses of these product candidates in the treatment of diseases. Our intellectual property includes patents and patent applications that we own as well as patents and patent applications that we in-license. For example, we have a field-specific exclusive license under the Onyx License Agreement to certain patents and patent applications relating to zetomipzomib.

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We or our licensors have not pursued or maintained, and may not pursue or maintain in the future, patent protection for our product candidates in every country or territory in which we may sell our products, if approved. In addition, we cannot be sure that any of our pending patent applications will issue or that, if issued, they have or will issue in a form that will be advantageous to us. The United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, international patent offices or judicial bodies may deny or significantly narrow claims made under our patent applications and our issued patents may be successfully challenged, may be designed around, or may otherwise be of insufficient scope to provide us with protection for our commercial products.

It is possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, patent prosecution is a lengthy process, during which the scope of the claims initially submitted for examination by the USPTO may be significantly narrowed by the time they issue, if issued at all. The claims of our issued patents or patent applications when issued may not cover our current or future product candidates, or even if such patents provide coverage, the coverage obtained may not provide any competitive advantage. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our current or any future product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue and even if such patents cover our current or any future product candidates, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates or companion diagnostic that we may develop. Further, if we encounter delays in clinical trials or regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market our product candidates under patent protection would be reduced.

If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed with respect to our development programs and product candidates fail to issue, if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful exclusivity for zetomipzomib or any future product candidates, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop and commercialize product candidates and future drugs and threaten our ability to commercialize, future drugs. Any such outcome could have a negative effect on our business.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Furthermore, other parties may have developed or may develop technologies that may be related or competitive to our own, and such parties may have filed or may file patent applications, or may have received or may receive patents, claiming inventions that may overlap or conflict with those claimed in our patent applications or issued patents. Publications of discoveries in scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after the initial filing. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions until such publication dates have passed. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or drugs, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and drugs. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to the United States patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may affect the scope, strength and enforceability of our patent rights or the nature of proceedings that may be brought by or against us related to our patent rights. The Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could harm our business and financial condition.

Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our

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patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or drugs and compete directly with us without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize drugs without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize zetomipzomib or any future product candidates.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. For example, we may be subject to a third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO challenging the priority of an invention claimed within one of our patents, which submissions may also be made prior to a patent's issuance, precluding the granting of any of our pending patent applications. An adverse determination in any such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and drugs, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and drugs. Moreover, patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from the earliest filing date of a non-provisional patent application. Various extensions may be available; however, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Upon the expiration of patent protection for zetomipzomib or any future product candidates, we may be open to competition from generic versions of such drugs. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting our product candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing drugs similar or identical to ours.

Even if they are unchallenged, our patents may not provide us with any meaningful protection or prevent competitors from designing around our patent claims to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. For example, a third-party may develop a competitive drug that is structurally similar to one or more of our product candidates but that has a different composition that falls outside the scope of our patent protection. If the patent protection provided by our patents is not sufficiently broad to impede such competition, or if the breadth, strength or term (including any extensions or adjustments) of protection provided by our patents is successfully challenged, our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates could be negatively affected, which would harm our business.

***Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.***

Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates such as zetomipzomib, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. We expect to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other countries where we are prosecuting patents. In the United States, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the normal expiration of the patent, which is limited to the approved indication, or any additional indications approved during the period of extension. However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. If this occurs, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch their drug earlier than might otherwise be the case.

***Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.***

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In addition, periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other government fees on patents and applications will have to be paid to the USPTO and various government patent agencies outside of the United States over the lifetime of our owned and licensed patents and applications and any patent rights we may own or license in the future. We rely on our outside counsel or our licensing partners to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. government

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patent agencies require compliance with several procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and we are also dependent on our licensors to take the necessary action to comply with these requirements with respect to our licensed intellectual property. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our products or technologies, we may not be able to stop a competitor from marketing products that are the same as or similar to our product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. There are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, potential competitors might be able to enter the market and this circumstance could harm our business.

In addition, if we fail to apply for applicable patent term extensions or adjustments, we will have a more limited time during which we can enforce our granted patents. In addition, if we are responsible for patent prosecution and maintenance of patent rights in-licensed to us, any of the foregoing could expose us to liability to the applicable patent owner.

***Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a negative impact on the success of our business.***

Our commercial success depends, in part, upon our ability and the ability of our future collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell zetomipzomib and any future product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights and intellectual property of third parties. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive and complex litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. We may in the future become party to, or be threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to zetomipzomib and any future product candidates and technology, including interference proceedings, post grant review and inter partes review before the USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, regardless of their merit. There is a risk that third parties may choose to engage in litigation with us to enforce or to otherwise assert their patent rights against us. Even if we believe such claims are without merit, a court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, which could have a negative impact on our ability to commercialize zetomipzomib or any future product candidates. In order to successfully challenge the validity of any such U.S. patent in federal court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent. Moreover, given the vast number of patents in our field of technology, we cannot be certain that we do not infringe existing patents or that we will not infringe patents that may be granted in the future. Many companies and research institutions have filed, and continue to file, patent applications related to selective immunoproteasome inhibitors and protein secretion inhibitors. Some of these patent applications have already been allowed or issued, and others may issue in the future. While we may decide to initiate proceedings to challenge the validity of these or other patents in the future, we may be unsuccessful, and courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad could uphold the validity of any such patent. Furthermore, because patent applications can take many years to issue and may be confidential for 18 months or more after filing, and because pending patent claims can be revised before issuance, there may be applications now pending which may later result in issued patents that may be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of our product candidates. Regardless of when filed, we may fail to identify relevant third-party patents or patent applications, or we may incorrectly conclude that a third-party patent is invalid or not infringed by our product candidates or activities. If a patent holder believes our product candidate infringes its patent, the patent holder may sue us even if we have received patent protection for our technology. Moreover, we may face patent infringement claims from non-practicing entities that have no relevant drug revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may thus have no deterrent effect. If a patent infringement suit were threatened or brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay research, development, manufacturing or sales of the drug or product candidate that is the subject of the actual or threatened suit.

If we are found to infringe a third party's valid and enforceable intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing, manufacturing and marketing our product candidate(s) and technology. Under any such license, we would most likely be required to pay various types of fees, milestones, royalties or other amounts. Moreover, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and more established companies may also pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider

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attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment or at all. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of the relevant program or product candidate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Furthermore, even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing and commercializing the infringing technology or product candidate. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys' fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. We may be required to indemnify collaborators or contractors against such claims. A finding of infringement could prevent us from manufacturing and commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some or all of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation can be expensive and time consuming and would divert management's attention from our core business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, the patents of our licensors or our other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.***

Competitors may infringe or otherwise violate our patents, the patents of our licensors or our other intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file legal claims, which can be expensive and time consuming and is likely to divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. The initiation of a claim against a third party may also cause the third party to bring counter claims against us such as claims asserting that our patents are invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, non-enablement or lack of statutory subject matter. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant material information from the USPTO, or made a materially misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar validity claims before the USPTO in post-grant proceedings such as ex parte reexaminations, inter partes review, or post-grant review, or oppositions or similar proceedings outside the United States, in parallel with litigation or even outside the context of litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. We cannot be certain that there is or will be no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. For the patents and patent applications that we have licensed, we may have limited or no right to participate in the defense of any licensed patents against challenge by a third party. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of any future patent protection on our current or future product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could harm our business.

We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States. Our business could be harmed if in litigation the prevailing party does not offer us a license, and such a license may not be on commercially reasonable terms. Any litigation or other proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights may fail, and even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

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We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating or from successfully challenging our intellectual property rights. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

***Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.***

The United States has recently enacted and implemented wide ranging patent reform legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we might obtain in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions, changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we may obtain in the future.

***If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.***

In addition to seeking patent protection for our product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures of our intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property will be effective. In addition, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets.

Moreover, our competitors may independently develop knowledge, methods and know-how equivalent to our trade secrets. Competitors could purchase our products and replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts for technologies on which we do not have patent protection. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and other confidential information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and detecting the disclosure or misappropriation of confidential information and enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated confidential information is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Further, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our confidential information may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors, in which case we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us.

***Reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.***

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Since we rely on third parties to develop and manufacture our product candidates, and if we collaborate with third parties for the development of our research programs or product candidates, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We may also conduct collaborative research and development programs that may require us to share trade secrets and proprietary know how. We seek to protect our proprietary information by entering into agreements containing confidentiality obligations and ownership provisions relating to intellectual property prior to disclosing proprietary information or beginning research projects with third-party collaborators. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, sharing trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, the unauthorized disclosure or use of our confidential information could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our collaborators, advisors, employees, investigators, contractors and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, we may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical know-how or other trade secrets by the parties to these agreements. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our confidential information or proprietary technology and processes. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies will be effective. If any of the collaborators, advisors, employees, investigators, contractors and consultants who are parties to these agreements breaches or violates the terms of any of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets as a result. Moreover, if confidential information that is licensed or disclosed to us by our partners, collaborators, or others is inadvertently disclosed or subject to a breach or violation, we may be exposed to liability to the owner of that confidential information. Enforcing a claim that a third-party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets, like patent litigation, is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets.

***We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could negatively impact our business.***

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents covering zetomipzomib and any future product candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we may obtain patent protection but where patent enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued or licensed patents and any future patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing.

***Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our business.***

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business. The following examples are illustrative:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• others may be able to make compounds or formulations that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of any patents, should they issue, that we own or control;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we or any strategic partners might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own or control;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• issued patents that we own or control may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the United States and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patent infringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive drugs for sale in our major commercial markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the patents of others may prevent us from fully exploiting our product candidates or technologies.

**Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Employee Matters**

***We are highly dependent on the services of our executive officers, and if we are not able to retain these members of our management team or recruit and retain additional management, clinical and scientific personnel, our business will be harmed.***

Recruiting and retaining senior executives, qualified scientific and clinical personnel and, if we progress the development of any of our product candidates, commercialization, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel, will be critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Additionally, we do not currently maintain "key person" life insurance on the lives of our executives or any of our employees. Replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize our product candidates. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited.

***If we pursue further development of our product candidates, we will need to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.***

If we pursue further development of our product candidates, we would expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of research, drug development, medical affairs, regulatory affairs and, if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, sales, marketing and distribution. To manage any anticipated future growth, we would have to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

***We and the third parties with whom we work are subject to stringent and changing U.S. and foreign laws, regulations, rules, and contractual and other obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure, or that of the third parties with whom we work, to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; and other adverse business consequences.***

In the ordinary course of business, we collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit and share personal data and other sensitive information, including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, intellectual property, data we collect about trial participants in connection with clinical trials, and sensitive third-party data. As a result of our data processing activities, we are subject to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as various laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal

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privacy and security policies, contracts, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security and may become subject to additional such obligations in the future.

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws, consumer protection laws, and other similar laws. For example, HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information. In addition, data privacy and security laws have been proposed at the federal, state, and local levels in recent years, which could further complicate compliance efforts and increase compliance costs. If we become subject to new data privacy or security laws, the risk of enforcement action against us could increase because we may become subject to additional obligations, and the number of individuals or entities that can initiate actions against us may increase (including individuals, via a private right of action, and state actors). In the past few years, numerous U.S. states have enacted comprehensive privacy laws that impose certain obligations on covered businesses, including providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording residents with certain rights concerning their personal data. The exercise of these rights may impact our business and ability to provide our products and services. Certain states also impose stricter requirements for processing certain personal data, including sensitive information, such as conducting data privacy impact assessments. Similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels, and we expect more states to pass similar laws in the future. These developments may further complicate compliance efforts, and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties with whom we work.

Outside the United States, an increasing number of laws, regulations, and industry standards apply to data privacy and security. For example, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, or EU GDPR and the United Kingdom's GDPR, or UK GDPR impose strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals located, respectively within the European Economic Area, or EEA and the United Kingdom. Under the EU and UK GDPR, government regulators may impose temporary or definitive bans on data processing, as well as fines of up to 20 million euros under the EU GDPR or 17.5 million pounds sterling under the UK GDPR, or, in each case, 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater. Further, companies may face private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests. In Canada, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and various related provincial laws, as well as Canada's Anti-Spam Legislation, may apply to our operations.

In the ordinary course of business, we may transfer personal data from Europe and other jurisdictions to the United States or other countries. Europe and other jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring data to be localized or limiting the transfer of personal data to other countries. In particular, the EEA and the UK have significantly restricted the transfer of personal data to the United States and other countries whose privacy laws it believes are inadequate. Although there are currently various mechanisms that may be used to transfer personal data from the EEA and UK to the United States in compliance with law, such as the EEA standard contractual clauses, the UK's International Data Transfer Agreement / Addendum, and the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework and the UK extension thereto (which allows for transfers to relevant U.S.-based organizations who self-certify compliance and participate in the Framework), these mechanisms are subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we can satisfy or rely on these measures to lawfully transfer personal data to the United States. If there is no lawful manner for us to transfer personal data from the EEA, the UK or other jurisdictions to the United States, or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face significant adverse consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions at significant expense, increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and penalties, the inability to transfer data and work with partners, vendors and other third parties, and injunctions against our processing or transferring of personal data necessary to operate our business. Additionally, companies that transfer personal data out of the EEA and UK to other jurisdictions, particularly to the United States, are subject to increased scrutiny from regulators, individual litigants, and activist groups. Some European regulators have ordered certain companies to suspend or permanently cease certain transfers out of Europe for allegedly violating the EU GDPR's cross-border data transfer limitations. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a rule entitled the "Preventing Access to U.S. Sensitive Personal Data and Government Related Data by Countries of Concern or Covered Persons," which places additional restrictions on certain data transactions involving countries of concern (e.g., China, Russia, and Iran) and covered individuals (i.e., individuals and entities located in or controlled by individuals or entities located in those jurisdictions) that may impact certain business activities such as vendor engagements, employment of certain individuals, and investor agreements. Violations of the rule could lead to significant civil and criminal fines and penalties. The rule applies regardless of whether data is anonymized, key-coded, pseudonymized, de-identified or encrypted, which presents particular challenges for companies like ours and may impact our ability to transfer data in connection with certain transactions or agreements.

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Other jurisdictions may adopt or have already adopted similarly stringent data localization and cross-border data transfer laws. For example, regulators in the United States including the Department of Justice are increasingly scrutinizing certain personal data transfers and taking steps to enact certain data localization requirements, such as the Department of Justice's recently finalized rule implementing the Biden Administration's executive order "Preventing Access to Americans' Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern."

We are also bound by contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful. For example, certain privacy laws, such as GDPR and the CCPA, require our customers to impose specific contractual restrictions on their service providers. We publish privacy policies, marketing materials and other statements, such as statements about compliance with certain certifications or self-regulatory principles, concerning data privacy and security. Regulators in the United States are increasingly scrutinizing these statements, and if these policies, materials or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, misleading or misrepresentative of our practices, we may be subject to investigation, enforcement actions by regulators or other adverse consequences.

Our employees and personnel may use generative artificial intelligence, or AI, technologies to perform their work, and the disclosure and use of personal data in generative AI technologies is subject to various privacy laws and other privacy obligations. Governments have passed and are likely to pass additional laws regulating generative AI. The use of this technology by our employees or personnel could result in additional compliance costs, regulatory investigations and actions, and lawsuits. If our employees and personnel are unable to use generative AI, it could make our business less efficient and result in competitive disadvantages.

Obligations related to data privacy and security are quickly changing, becoming increasingly stringent, and creating uncertainty. These obligations may be subject to differing applications and interpretations, which may be inconsistent or in conflict among jurisdictions. Preparing for and complying with these obligations requires us to devote significant resources, including, without limitation, financial and time-related resources. These obligations may necessitate changes to our information technologies, systems, and practices and to those of any third parties that process personal data on our behalf. Although we endeavor to comply with all applicable data privacy and security obligations, we may at times fail, or be perceived to have failed, to do so, which could negatively impact our business operations. If we or the third parties with whom we work fail, or are perceived to have failed, to address or comply with applicable data privacy and security obligations, we could face significant consequences, including but not limited to government enforcement actions (e.g., investigations, fines, penalties, audits, inspections, and similar); litigation, including class-related claims and mass arbitration demands; additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; bans on processing personal data; orders to destroy or not use personal data; and imprisonment of company officials. In particular, plaintiffs have become increasingly more active in bringing privacy-related claims against companies, including class claims and mass arbitration demands. Some of these claims allow for the recovery of statutory damages on a per violation basis, and, if viable, carry the potential for monumental statutory damages, depending on the volume of data and the number of violations. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, or financial condition, including but not limited to: loss of customers; interruptions or stoppages in our business operations, including clinical trials; inability to process personal data or to operate in certain jurisdictions; limited ability to develop or commercialize our products; expenditure of time and resources to defend any claim or inquiry; adverse publicity; or revision or restructuring of our operations.

***If our information technology systems, or those third parties with whom we work, or other data are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to regulatory investigations or actions; fines and penalties; disruptions or our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; and other adverse consequences.***

In the ordinary course of our business, we and the third parties with whom we work process proprietary, confidential, and sensitive data, including personal data (such as health-related data), intellectual property, and trade secrets. Cyberattacks, malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud, and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our sensitive information and information technology systems, and those of the third parties with whom we work. Such threats are prevalent and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to detect, and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer "hackers," threat actors, "hacktivists," organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through theft or misuse), sophisticated nation states, and nation-state-supported actors. Some actors now engage and are expected to continue to engage in cyber-attacks, including without limitation nation-state actors for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties with whom we work may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, including cyber-attacks

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that could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our goods and services.

We and the third parties upon which we rely may be subject to a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to social-engineering attacks (including through phishing attacks), malicious code (such as viruses and worms), malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks (such as credential stuffing), personnel misconduct or error, ransomware attacks, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications failures, earthquakes, fires, floods, and other similar threats. In particular, severe ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, ability to provide our products or services, loss of sensitive data and income, reputational harm, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments.

It may be difficult and/or costly to detect, investigate, mitigate, contain, and remediate a security incident. Our efforts to do so may not be successful. Actions taken by us or the third parties with whom we work to detect, investigate, mitigate, contain, and remediate a security incident could result in outages, data losses, and disruptions of our business. Threat actors may also gain access to other networks and systems after a compromise of our networks and systems. For example, threat actors may use an initial compromise of one part of our environment to gain access to other parts of our environment, or leverage a compromise of our networks or systems to gain access to the networks or systems of third parties with whom we work, such as through phishing or supply chain attacks.

Remote work has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as our employees utilize network connections, computers and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations. Additionally, future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities' systems and technologies. Furthermore, we may discover security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program.

In addition, our reliance on third-party service providers could introduce new cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, including supply-chain attacks, and other threats to our business operations. We rely on third-party service providers and technologies to operate critical business systems to process sensitive information in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, data center facilities, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers, and other functions. We also rely on third-party service providers to provide other products, services, parts, or otherwise to operate our business. Our ability to monitor these third parties' information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If our third-party service providers experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. In addition, supply-chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties' infrastructure in our supply chain or our third-party partners' supply chains have not been compromised.

While we have implemented security measures designed to protect against security incidents, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective. We take steps designed to detect, mitigate, and remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems (such as our hardware and/or software, including that of third parties with whom we work). We have not in the past detected and remediated all such vulnerabilities, including on a timely basis, and may not do so in the future. Further, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, delays in developing and deploying remedial measures and patches designed to address identified vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities could be exploited and result in a security incident.

Certain of the previously identified or similar threats have in the past and may in the future cause a security incident that could result in unauthorized, unlawful, or accidental acquisition, modification, destruction, loss, alteration, encryption, disclosure of, or access to our sensitive data or our information technology systems, or those of the third parties with whom we work. For example, we have been the target of unsuccessful phishing attempts in the past and expect such attempts will continue in the future. A security incident could disrupt our ability (and that of third parties with whom we work) to conduct our business. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.

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We may expend significant resources or modify our business activities (including our clinical trial activities) in an effort to protect against security incidents. Additionally, certain data privacy and security obligations have required us to implement and maintain specific security measures, industry-standard or reasonable security measures to protect our information technology systems and data. Applicable data privacy and security obligations may also require us to notify relevant stakeholders of security incidents. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosures or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences. If we (or a third party with whom we work) experience a security incident or are perceived to have experienced a security incident, we may experience adverse consequences. These consequences may include government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits, and inspections); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing data (including personal data); litigation (including class claims); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; reputational harm; monetary fund diversions; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss; and other similar harms. Security incidents and attendant consequences may negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business.

Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our data privacy and security obligations. Additionally, we cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities arising out of our privacy and security practices, that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that such coverage will pay future claims. In addition to experiencing a security incident, third parties may gather, collect, or infer sensitive information about us from public sources, data brokers, or other means that reveals competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to undermine our competitive advantage or market position.

***Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.***

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or the regulations applicable in other jurisdictions, provide accurate information to the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct also could involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials or interactions with the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from government investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participating in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

**Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Other General Matters**

***The market price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, and you could lose all or part of your investment.***

The market price of our common stock has at times experienced price volatility and may continue to be volatile. For example, during 2025, the closing price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market ranged from $6.86 per share to $3.59 per share, as adjusted for our October 2024 one-for-ten reverse stock split, or Reverse Stock Split. The stock market in general and the market for biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies, which has resulted in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the lack of a

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fundamental change in their underlying business models or prospects. Broad market and industry factors, including potentially worsening economic conditions, including higher inflation rates and changes in interest rates, and other adverse effects or developments, may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. As a result of this volatility, you may not be able to sell your common stock at or above the price paid for the shares. In addition to the factors discussed in this "Risk Factors" section, the market price for our common stock may be influenced by the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the outcome of our evaluation of strategic alternatives, including our ability to identify and consummate any potential strategic transaction;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• inability to obtain additional funding and deterioration of financing conditions in our industry;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our internal restructuring and workforce reduction;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the commencement, enrollment or results of clinical trials of any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the clinical or commercial success of competitive drugs, therapies or technologies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technologies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• negative or inconclusive results from our clinical trials, such as the May 2022 topline data from the PRESIDIO Phase 2 clinical trial;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• failure or discontinuation of any of our clinical development or research programs, such as the termination of our clinical development of zetomipzomib in patients with AIH following our failure to align with the FDA on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory AIH;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the level of expenses related to our product candidates and clinical development or research programs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to discover, develop and broaden our pipeline beyond our current product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• commencement or termination of collaborations for our research and development programs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results or development timelines;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, that cover our stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our inability to obtain or delays in manufacturing adequate supply for our clinical trials or the inability to do so at acceptable costs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation or products liability claims;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• announcement, expectation or completion of additional financing efforts;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• general economic, political, and market conditions and overall fluctuations in the financial markets in the United States and abroad, including as a result of bank failures, public health crises or geopolitical tensions; and

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• investors' general perception of us and our business.

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our common stock to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from selling their shares at or above the price paid for the shares and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock.

Some companies that have experienced volatility in the trading price of their shares have been the subject of securities class action litigation. Any lawsuit to which we are a party, with or without merit, may result in an unfavorable judgment. We also may decide to settle lawsuits on unfavorable terms. Any such negative outcome could result in payments of substantial damages or fines, damage to our reputation or adverse changes to our business practices. Defending against litigation is costly and time-consuming, and could divert our management's attention and our resources. Furthermore, during the course of litigation, there could be negative public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, which could have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock.

***Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.***

The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, increases in inflation rates, changes in interest rates and uncertainty about economic stability. The Russia-Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas wars and related regional tensions added to the volatility in the global capital markets and is expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. In addition, fluctuations in inflation, the imposition of tariffs in the U.S. and abroad, and other macroeconomic pressures in the U.S. and globally could exacerbate extreme volatility in the global capital markets and heighten unstable market conditions. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive.

Trade disputes, trade restrictions, tariffs and other political tensions between the U.S. and other countries may also exacerbate unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, including inflationary pressures, foreign exchange volatility, financial market instability, and economic recessions or downturns, which may also negatively impact customer demand for our services, delay renewals or limit expansion opportunities with existing customers, limit our access to capital, or otherwise negatively impact our business and operations. In addition, retaliatory trade policies or anti-U.S. sentiment in certain regions, whether driven by trade tensions, political disagreements, or regulatory concerns may make customers and governments more hesitant to adopt solutions offered by U.S.-based providers. This may lead to increased preference for local competitors, changes to government procurement policies, heightened regulatory scrutiny, decreased intellectual property protections, delays in regulatory approvals or other retaliatory regulatory non-tariff policies, the introduction of trade barriers applicable to digital services, which may result in heightened international legal and operational risks and difficulties in attracting and retaining non-U.S. customers, suppliers, employees, partners and investors. Ongoing tariff and macroeconomic uncertainty may also contribute to volatility in the price of our common stock.

A severe or prolonged global economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business. For example, inflation rates, particularly in the United States, increased from 2021 to 2023 to levels not seen in years, and increased inflation may result in increases in our operating costs (including our labor costs), reduced liquidity and limits on our ability to access credit or otherwise raise capital on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers and manufacturers, possibly resulting in supply and clinical trial disruption. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

***Our common stock is thinly traded and our stockholders may be unable to sell their shares quickly or at market price.***

Although we have had periods of high-volume daily trading in our common stock, generally our stock is thinly traded. As a consequence of this lack of liquidity, the trading of relatively small quantities of shares by our stockholders may disproportionately influence the price of those shares in either direction. Our common stock price could, for example, decline significantly as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our common stock on the market without

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commensurate demand, as compared to a seasoned issuer that could better absorb those sales without adverse impact on its share price, or from the perception that these sales could occur.

***Concentration of ownership of our common stock among our existing executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.***

Based upon our shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2025, our executive officers, directors and stockholders who owned more than 5% of our outstanding common stock do, in the aggregate, beneficially own shares representing approximately 39% of our outstanding common stock. If our executive officers, directors and stockholders who owned more than 5% of our outstanding common stock acted together, they may be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. The concentration of voting power and transfer restrictions could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire or result in the management of our company in ways with which other stockholders disagree.

***We are a "smaller reporting company," and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to such companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.***

We are a smaller reporting company as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as (i) our voting and non-voting common stock held by nonaffiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

As a smaller reporting company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. If investors consider our common stock less attractive as a result of our election to use the scaled-back disclosure permitted for smaller reporting companies, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our stock price may be more volatile.

***We will continue to incur costs as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.***

As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We also have incurred and will continue to incur costs associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules implemented by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with these laws and regulations. These requirements have increased and will continue to increase our legal, accounting, external audit and financial compliance costs and have made and will continue to make some activities more time consuming and costly.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we assess and document the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting annually and the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures quarterly. In particular, Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404(a), requires us to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Section 404(b) of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404(b), also requires our independent registered public accounting firm to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our compliance with applicable provisions of Section 404 will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues as we implement and maintain corporate governance practices and comply with reporting requirements. However, while we remain a smaller reporting company that is not an accelerated filer, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm.

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***Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.***

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions also could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• establish a classified board of directors such that not all members of the board are elected at one time;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from the board;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to our board of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• require that stockholder actions must be affected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• limit who may call stockholder meetings; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• require the approval of the holders of at least 66 2⁄3% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our charter or bylaws.

In addition, our charter contains a provision that authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which has been and could in the future be used to institute a stockholder rights plan, or so-called "poison pill," that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors. In October 2024, our board of directors implemented a limited duration stockholder rights plan and declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right, or a Right, for each outstanding share of the Company's common stock as of the close of business on October 28, 2024, or the Rights Plan. The Rights Plan was adopted in response to (i) the unsolicited, non-binding proposal from Concentra Biosciences, LLC, or Concentra, to acquire all of the outstanding shares of Company's common stock for cash consideration of $1.10 per share, plus a contingent value right that represents the right to receive 80% of the net proceeds from any out-license or disposition of the Company's development programs or intellectual property, and (ii) Concentra and its affiliates' rapid accumulation of 9.9% of the outstanding Company's common stock. The Rights Plan may have the effect of discouraging or preventing a change of control by, among other things, making it uneconomical for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our board of directors, although there can be no guarantee that the Rights Plan will fulfill its intended purpose. In October 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to the Rights Plan, or the Rights Plan Amendment, extending the Final Expiration Date of the Rights Plan to the day following the certification of the voting results of the Company's 2026 annual meeting of stockholders or, if at such meeting the Company's stockholders approve or ratify the Rights Plan, to the day following the certification of the voting results of the Company's 2027 annual meeting of the stockholders, unless the Rights are earlier redeemed or exchanged by the Company.

Furthermore, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. These provisions could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change in control transaction. They could also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our common stock, including transactions that may be in your best interests. These provisions may also prevent changes in our management or limit the price that investors are willing to pay for our stock.

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***Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.***

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers, employees or agents arising under the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any action or proceeding to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers, employees or agents that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine.

These exclusive-forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

**Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.** 

None.

**Item 1C. Cybersecurity.**

***Risk management and strategy***

We have implemented and maintain various information security processes designed to identify, assess and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical computer networks, third-party hosted services, communications systems, hardware and software, and critical data, including intellectual property, clinical trial data, and other confidential information that is proprietary, strategic or competitive in nature ("Information Systems and Data").

The Company's Chief Financial Officer, or CFO, Information Technology, or IT, manager, legal function and external information technology and cybersecurity service provider help to identify, assess and manage our cybersecurity threats and risks. They identify and assess risks from cybersecurity threats by monitoring and evaluating our threat environment and our and our industry's risk profile using various methods, including, for example, automated tools, subscribing to reports and services that identify cybersecurity threats, analyzing reports of threats and actors, conducting scans of the

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threat environment, evaluating threats reported to us, conducting internal audits, and conducting internal and external threat and vulnerability assessments.

Depending on the environment, we implement and maintain various technical, physical, and organizational measures, processes, standards and policies designed to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats to our Information Systems and Data, including, for example, an incident response plan, incident detection and response, a vulnerability management policy, business continuity plans, risk assessments, encryption of data, network security controls, access controls, asset management and disposal, physical security, systems monitoring, employee training, penetration testing, and cybersecurity insurance.

Our assessment and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats are integrated into the Company's overall risk management processes. For example, our IT manager works with our management team to prioritize our risk management processes and mitigate cybersecurity threats that are more likely to lead to a material impact to our business. Additionally, our management team evaluates material risks from cybersecurity threats against our overall business objectives and regularly reports to the Audit Committee of our board of directors, which evaluates our overall enterprise risk.

We use third-party service providers to assist us from time to time to identify, assess, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats, including, for example, managed cybersecurity providers, cybersecurity software providers, penetration testing firms, and professional services firms, including legal counsel.

We use third-party service providers to perform a variety of functions throughout our business, such as application providers, hosted services, CROs, and CMOs. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity of the Information Systems and Data at issue, and the identity of the provider, we may involve different levels of assessment designed to help identify cybersecurity risks associated with a provider and impose contractual obligations related to cybersecurity on the provider.

For a description of the risks from cybersecurity threats that may materially affect the Company and how they may do so, see our risk factors under Part I. Item 1A titled "Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Employee Matters."

***Governance***

Our board of directors addresses the Company's cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The Audit Committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing Company's cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats.

Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain members of Company management, including our CFO and IT manager. Our CFO has overseen and been responsible for the Company's information technology and cybersecurity programs since 2018, and before that held equivalent responsibilities at another public company. Our IT manager has approximately seven years of experience with testing, implementing and maintaining our information technology systems and security.

Our CFO is responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, retaining third-party information technology service providers, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into the Company's overall risk management strategy, communicating key priorities to relevant personnel and approving budgets. Our IT manager and our third-party information technology service provider are together responsible for helping prepare for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports.

Our cybersecurity incident response plan is designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to key members of management depending on the circumstances. Our CFO works with the Company's IT manager and our third-party information technology service provider to help us mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which our CFO is notified. In addition, our incident response plan includes reporting to the Audit Committee of our board of directors for certain cybersecurity incidents.

The Audit Committee receives regular reports from our CFO concerning the Company's significant cybersecurity threats and risks, and the processes the Company has implemented to address them. The board of directors also has access to reports, summaries and presentations related to the Company's cybersecurity threats, risk and mitigation.

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**Item 2. Properties.**

Our principal corporate offices are located in South San Francisco, California and consists of approximately 49,000 square feet of leased office and laboratory space, all of which is located in a single building, under a lease that expires in July 2026. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our current needs.

**Item 3. Legal Proceedings.**

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceeding against us that we believe could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.**

Not Applicable.

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**PART II**

**Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.** 

**Market Information** 

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "KZR."

**Holders**

As of March 23, 2026, there were approximately 6 stockholders of record. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

**Dividend Policy**

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.

**Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities**

None.

**Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers** 

None.

**Item 6. [Reserved].**

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**Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.** 

*You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors."*

*A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 is included in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025.*

**Overview**

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel small molecule therapeutics to treat unmet needs in immune-mediated diseases. In October 2025, we announced plans to explore strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value after being unable to align with the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, on a potential registrational clinical trial of zetomipzomib, a novel, selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome in patients with relapsed and refractory autoimmune hepatitis, or AIH. We retained TD Cowen to support the Company through the strategic review process. Following this announcement, we have been implementing a restructuring plan and wind-down of our business operations to focus on strategic alternatives for zetomipzomib development.

Our product candidate, zetomipzomib, is a first-in-class selective immunoproteasome inhibitor in development for the treatment of severe autoimmune diseases of high unmet medical need. We believe that the immunoproteasome is a validated target for the treatment of a wide variety of immune-mediated diseases given its ability to regulate multiple drivers of the inflammatory disease process. Many inflammatory disorders are currently treated one cytokine or cell type at a time, but the immunoproteasome affects a broad spectrum of immune regulators. Based on clinical data generated to date, we believe that zetomipzomib has the potential to address multiple chronic immune-mediated diseases.

Since the commencement of our operations in 2015, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to performing research and development activities in support of our product development efforts, hiring personnel, raising capital to support and expand such activities and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have funded our operations to date primarily from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred stock, from public offerings of common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock as described below, and debt. We acquired exclusive worldwide rights to zetomipzomib and an accompanying library of similar molecules pursuant to a license agreement, or the Onyx License Agreement, with Onyx Therapeutics, Inc., or Onyx, a wholly owned subsidiary of Amgen, Inc. in June 2015. Patent coverage for zetomipzomib extends to at least 2034.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our current or future product candidates and programs. Our net losses were $56.0 million, $83.7 million and $101.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and we expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $490.5 million. We expect operating expenses to continue to decrease over the prior year due to the implementation of reductions in our workforce and suspension of various development efforts.

**Recent Developments**

On March 6, 2026, we entered into an asset purchase agreement, or the Enodia Agreement, with Enodia Therapeutics SAS, or Enodia, under which Enodia has acquired the assets from our Sec61-based discovery and development program, or the Assets. In connection with the transaction, Enodia assumed liabilities related to certain transferred contracts and from the ownership, use, operation or maintenance of the Assets. The Enodia Agreement does not cover any other of our assets, including any assets related to the zetomizomib program, employee contracts, cash, accounts receivable, real property or equipment.

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**Critical Accounting Estimates**

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While the significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the following critical accounting estimates are most important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

***Accrued Research and Development Costs***

We record accrued expenses for estimated costs of our research and development activities conducted by third-party service providers, which include the conduct of clinical studies, contract manufacturing activities and preclinical studies. We determine the estimates by reviewing contracts, vendor agreements and purchase orders, and through discussions with our internal personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of trials or services for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or notified of the actual progress and cost. Any payments made in advance of services provided are recorded as prepaid assets, which are expensed as the contracted services are performed. As actual costs become known, we adjust our accrued estimates. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed, the number of patients enrolled and the rate of patient enrollment may vary from our estimates and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. For the periods presented, we have experienced no material differences between our accrued expenses and actual expenses.

**Financial Operations Overview**

***Collaboration Revenue***

We have no products approved for commercial sale and, to date, have not generated any revenue from the sale of products, and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future.

Our revenue to date has been generated from the upfront payment pursuant to our collaboration with Everest Medicines II (HK) Limited, or Everest, under our license agreement with them, or the Everest License Agreement. Collaboration revenue consists of revenue received from upfront, milestone and contingent payments received from the strategic partner. We recognize collaboration revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied. In addition to receiving the upfront payment, we may also be entitled to milestones and other contingent payments upon achieving predefined objectives. If a milestone being reached is considered probable of being reached, and if it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone amount would also be included in the transaction price.

We expect that any collaboration revenue we generate from the Everest License Agreement, and from any future collaboration partners, will fluctuate as a result of the timing and amount of upfront, milestone and other collaboration agreement payments and other factors.

***Research and Development Expenses***

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of our product candidates, which include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• employee-related expenses, which include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• fees paid to consultants for services directly related to our product development and regulatory effort;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• expenses incurred under agreements with third-party contract organizations, investigative clinical trial sites and consultants that conduct research and development activities on our behalf;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• costs associated with preclinical studies and clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• costs associated with technology and intellectual property licenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the costs related to production of clinical supplies; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• facilities and other allocated expenses, which include expenses for rent and other facility related costs and other supplies.

We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors, collaborators and third-party service providers.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the years ended:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **(dollars in millions)** | **(unaudited)** | **(unaudited)** | **(unaudited)** |
| Research and development expenses by program: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zetomipzomib | $31.9 | $54.2 | $56.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;KZR-261 | 1.9 | 11.2 | 15.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other protein secretion discovery programs |  | 0.3 | 14.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total research and development expenses | $33.8 | $65.7 | $85.7 |

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In August 2024, we made the strategic decision to halt enrollment in our Phase 1 clinical trial of KZR-261 and discontinue development of this product candidate. In October 2024, we made the strategic decision to terminate the PALIZADE Phase 2b clinical trial in patients with active LN and focus our clinical development efforts on zetomipzomib for the treatment of AIH. In October 2025, we initiated a process to explore a full range of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value. Due to the suspension of various development efforts related to our programs and the recent reduction in our workforce, we expect our research and development expenses to decrease in 2026.

***General and Administrative Expenses***

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, allocated facilities costs and fees for outside consulting and professional services, including legal, human resource, information technology and audit services. Personnel expenses consist of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation. As a result of the ongoing strategic review and workforce reduction, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will decrease in 2026, and will include costs associated with operating as a public company, including expenses related to legal, audit, accounting, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance costs, investor and public relations costs, and other administrative and professional services.

***Restructuring and Impairment Charges***

In October 2025, we announced the initiation of a process to explore a full range of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value. In connection with the evaluation of strategic alternatives, we are in the process of implementing a restructuring plan including workforce reduction and other cost-containment and cash conservation measures, pursuant to which we reduced our workforce by approximately 70%.

In October 2023, we announced a strategic restructuring and workforce reduction, or Workforce Reduction, to prioritize our clinical-stage assets and extend our cash runway, reducing our workforce by approximately 40%. All employees affected by the Workforce Reduction separated from the Company by December 31, 2023. In connection with the Workforce Reduction, we committed to a plan to sublease Suite 400 of our corporate headquarters, which resulted in an

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impairment to the right-of-use asset and certain property and equipment no longer utilized under then-current or expected future operations.

We recognize an impairment loss when the total estimated future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements located elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on the restructuring and impairment charges.

***Interest Income***

Our interest income consists of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

***Other Expenses***

Other expenses consist of interest expense and realized cumulative currency translation loss. Our interest expense is related to our debt facility. A portion of the interest expense is non-cash expense relating to the accretion of the final payment fees and amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs associated with our loan agreement, or the Loan Agreement, that we entered into in November 2021 with Oxford Finance, LLC, or Oxford Finance. On October 20, 2025, we made a repayment of $6.3 million in full satisfaction of the aggregate outstanding amount, including accrued interest and final payment fee as of such date, under the Loan Agreement. Upon making the repayment, the Loan Agreement was terminated in accordance with its terms and all liens and security interests granted thereunder to secure the obligations were released. As a result, we expect interest expense to decrease in 2026.

**Results of Operations**

***Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024***

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Increase (decrease)** |
| **(dollars in millions)** | **2025** | **2024** | **Increase (decrease)** |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | $33.8 | $65.7 | (31.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 18.5 | 23.4 | (4.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring and impairment charges | 6.8 | 1.5 | 5.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 59.1 | 90.6 | (31.5) |
| Loss from operations | (59.1) | (90.6) | 31.5 |
| Interest income | 4.5 | 8.5 | (4.0) |
| Other expenses | (1.4) | (1.6) | 0.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(56.0) | $(83.7) | $27.7 |

---

*Research and Development Expenses*

Research and development expenses decreased by $31.9 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $26.3 million in clinical expenses resulting from our strategic decision to terminate the PALIZADE trial in October 2024 and the completion of the PORTOLA trial, a decrease of $4.8 million in personnel-related expenses driven by lower headcount resulting from a corporate restructuring, a decrease of $0.8 million in facility-related expenses and a decrease of $0.7 million in consulting expenses, offset by an increase of $0.7 million in manufacturing expenses related to the timing of drug manufacturing runs.

*General and Administrative Expenses*

General and administrative expenses decreased by $4.9 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $4.4 million in stock-based compensation and personnel-related expenses driven by lower headcount from

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a corporate restructuring, a decrease of $0.3 million in D&O insurance premiums and a decrease of $0.2 million in legal and professional services.

*Restructuring and impairment charges* 

Restructuring and impairment charges increased by $5.3 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was primarily related to one-time severance-related costs and higher impairment costs on certain equipment no longer utilized following a corporate restructuring.

*Interest Income*

Interest income decreased by $4.0 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease in our cash equivalent and marketable securities balances and lower interest rates.

*Other Expenses*

Other expenses consist of interest expense and realized cumulative currency translation loss. Our interest expense is related to our prior debt facility. A portion of the interest expense is non-cash expense relating to the accretion of the final payment fees and amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs associated with our loan agreement, or the Loan Agreement, that we entered into in November 2021 with Oxford Finance, LLC, or Oxford Finance. On October 20, 2025, we made a repayment of $6.3 million in full satisfaction of the aggregate outstanding amount, including accrued interest and final payment fee as of such date, under the Loan Agreement. Upon making the repayment, the Loan Agreement was terminated in accordance with its terms and all liens and security interests granted thereunder to secure the obligations were released. The cumulative currency translation loss of $0.3 million was offset by a decrease of $0.5 million of interest expense due to payoff Oxford loan balance in October 2025.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

***Overview***

As of December 31, 2025, we had $71.9 million in cash and cash equivalents invested in a U.S. Treasury money market fund.

We have incurred operating losses and experienced negative operating cash flows since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for at least the foreseeable future. Our net loss was $56.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, and we had an accumulated deficit of $490.5 million as of December 31, 2025.

In October 2025, we announced plans to explore a full range of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value. If the process for evaluating strategic alternatives does not result in the Company consummating a transaction or any other strategic outcome, the Board of Directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of the Company.

As part of the cost reductions associated with the evaluation of strategic alternatives, we had reduced our workforce by approximately 70%. We expect to continue to incur additional losses in the future to fund our operations as we evaluate strategic alternatives. Failure to manage discretionary spending during this time may adversely impact our ability to achieve our intended business objectives. Based on our current operating plans, including our previously announced reduction in force and suspension of various development efforts, we estimate that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025 will be sufficient to meet our projected operating requirements through at least the next 12 months from the date the financial statements were issued.

***Debt Facility***

In November 2021, we entered into the Loan Agreement with Oxford Finance, which provided for up to $50.0 million in borrowing capacity across five potential tranches. The initial tranche of $10.0 million was funded at the closing of the Loan Agreement. The remaining tranches were dependent on achieving certain clinical trial milestones. We had previously declined these tranches. In October 2025, we made a repayment of $6.3 million in full satisfaction of the aggregate

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outstanding amount, including accrued interest and final payment fee as of such date, under the Loan Agreement, pursuant to a payoff letter from Oxford Finance. Refer to Note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

***Funding Requirements***

We believe that our available cash and cash equivalents are sufficient to fund existing and planned cash requirements for the next 12 months. Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, compensation and related expenses, third-party development services, legal, lease and general overhead costs. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. We expect that our operating expenses will decrease as we suspended various development efforts and commenced our reductions in force.

Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the extent of funding required to finance our streamlined operations and to operate as a public company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the extent to which we enter into a strategic transaction; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights.

Our expected material cash requirements comprise of contractually obligated expenditures. Our material cash requirements through fiscal year 2026 are expected to total approximately $2.4 million, which represents amounts due under our operating leases. For additional information relating to our leases, see Notes 6 to our audited consolidated financial statements found elsewhere in this Annual Report. We have no material non-cancelable purchase commitments with service providers, as we have generally contracted on a cancelable, purchase order basis. Our expected material cash requirements do not include any potential contingent payments upon the achievement by us of clinical, regulatory and commercial events, as applicable, or royalty payments that we may be required to make under license agreements we have entered into or may enter into with various entities pursuant to which we have in-licensed certain intellectual property, including our Onyx License Agreement. See the section titled "Business—License Agreement with Onyx" for additional information.

***Cash Flows***

Discussion of our cash flow activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 is included in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025.

The following summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**(dollars in millions)** | **2025** | **2024** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities | $(51.8) | $(74.2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by investing activities | 92.5 | 80.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (10.6) | 0.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $30.1 | $6.3 |

---

***Cash Flows from Operating Activities***

During the year ended December 31, 2025, cash used in operating activities was $51.8 million, which consisted of a net loss of $56.0 million and a net change of $5.4 million in our net operating assets and liabilities, adjusted by non-cash charges of $9.7 million. The non-cash charges consisted of $9.0 million for stock-based compensation expense, $0.9 million for impairment loss of long-lived assets, $0.9 million for depreciation, $0.3 million of cumulative currency translation loss, $0.2 million of non-cash interest expense, $0.1 million of loss on debt extinguishment, and $0.3 million of loss on disposition of property and equipment, offset by $2.0 million of amortization of premium and discounts on

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marketable securities. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease of $2.4 million in other assets and a decrease of $1.9 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, offset by a decrease of $7.3 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses driven by the reduced operating activities following the corporate restructuring in October 2025, and a decrease of $2.4 million in operating lease asset and liabilities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in operating activities was $74.2 million, which consisted of a net loss of $83.7 million and a net change of $1.3 million in our net operating assets and liabilities, adjusted by non-cash charges of $10.8 million. The non-cash charges consisted of $13.0 million for stock-based compensation expense, $1.5 million for impairment loss of long-lived assets, $1.0 million for depreciation, and $0.3 million of non-cash interest expense, offset by $5.0 million of amortization of premium and discounts on marketable securities. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease of $3.2 million in other assets and a decrease of $0.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, offset by a decrease of $3.1 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses driven by the timing of payments and reduced clinical expenditures from the termination of PALIZADE clinical trial in October 2024, and a decrease of $1.7 million in operating lease asset and liabilities.

***Cash Flows from Investing Activities***

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was $92.5 million primarily relating to the maturities of marketable securities exceeding purchases of such marketable securities.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $80.4 million primarily relating to the maturities of marketable securities exceeding purchases of such marketable securities.

***Cash Flows from Financing Activities***

During the year ended December 31, 2025, cash used in financing activities was $10.6 million primarily relating to the repayments and payoff of loan principal and final fee associated with the Loan Agreement with Oxford Finance.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, cash provided by financing activities was $0.1 million from the issuance of common stock pursuant to our employee equity plans.

**Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.**

Not required for smaller reporting companies.

**Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.** 

The financial statements required by this item are set forth beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

**Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.**

None.

**Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.** 

***Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.***

We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

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Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

***Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.***

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Under the supervision of and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in "Internal Control – Integrated Framework" (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

***Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm.***

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to the Company's Section 404(b) exemption based on Smaller Reporting Company status.

***Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.***

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**Item 9B. Other Information.** 

***Insider Trading Arrangements***

During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f)) adopted, modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

**Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.** 

Not applicable.

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**PART III** 

Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this report because we will file with the SEC a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, the 2026 Proxy Statement, and/or an amendment to this Form 10-K under cover of Form 10-K/A, the 10-K/A, no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year, and certain information included therein is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.** 

The information required by this item will be included in the 10-K/A or in the sections titled "Proposal 1: Election of Directors," "Executive Officers," "Information Regarding the Board and Corporate Governance" and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports," if applicable, in our 2026 Proxy Statement, which are incorporated herein by reference.

***Code of Business Conduct and Ethics***

Information regarding our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or the Code of Conduct, required by this item will be included in the 10-K/A or will be contained in our 2026 Proxy Statement under the caption "Information Regarding the Board and Corporate Governance – Code of Business Conduct and Ethics," which are incorporated herein by reference.

We intend to promptly disclose on our website or in a Current Report on Form 8-K in the future (i) the date and nature of any amendment (other than technical, administrative or other non-substantive amendments) to the Code of Conduct that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions and relates to any element of the code of ethics definition enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K and (ii) the nature of any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Conduct that is granted to one of these specified individuals that relates to one or more of the elements of the code of ethics definition enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K, the name of such person who is granted the waiver and the date of the waiver. The full text of our Code of Conduct is available at the Investor Relations section of our website at www.kezarlifesciences.com. The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained at or available through our website, and you should not consider it to be a part of this Annual Report.

***Insider Trading Policy***

We have an insider trading policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities that applies to all of our personnel, including directors, officers, employees and other covered persons. We believe that our insider trading policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.

**Item 11. Executive Compensation.** 

The information required by this item will be included in the 10-K/A or in the section titled "Executive Officer and Director Compensation" in our 2026 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.** 

The information required by this item will be included in the 10-K/A or in the sections titled "Equity Compensation Plan Information" and "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in our 2026 Proxy Statement, which are incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.** 

The information required by this item will be included in the 10-K/A or in the sections titled "Transactions With Related Persons" and "Information Regarding the Board and Corporate Governance – Board Independence" in our 2026 Proxy Statement, which are incorporated herein by reference.

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**Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.** 

The information required by this item will be included in the 10-K/A or set forth in Proposal 2 under the sections titled "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees" and "Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures" in our 2026 Proxy Statement, which are incorporated herein by reference.

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**PART IV**

**Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules.** 

The financial statements schedules and exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are as follows:

**(a)(1) Financial Statements** 

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| <u>[Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 185)](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_115)</u> | F-[2](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_115) |
| <u>[Consolidated Balance Sheets](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_118)</u> | F-[3](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_118) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Operations](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_121)</u> | F-[4](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_121) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_124)</u> | F-[5](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_124) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_127)</u> | F-[6](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_127) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_130)</u> | F-[7](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_130) |
| <u>[Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_133)</u> | F-[8](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_133) |

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**(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules**

All other schedules are omitted because they are not required or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.

**(a)(3) Exhibits** 

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit<br>Number** | **Description** |
| 3.1 | <u>[Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on June 26, 2018)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518204228/d613156dex31.htm)</u>. |
| 3.2 | <u>[Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on June 16, 2023).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017023028600/kzr-ex3_1.htm)</u> |
| 3.3 | <u>[Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on October 28, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017024117723/kzr-ex3_1.htm)</u> |
| 3.4 | <u>[Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on October 17, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312524238562/d881241dex31.htm)</u> |
| 3.5 | <u>[Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on June 26, 2018)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518204228/d613156dex32.htm)</u>. |
| 4.1 | <u>[Form of Common Stock Certificate of the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on June 8, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518187316/d428730dex41.htm)</u> |
| 4.2 | <u>[Rights Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2024 between Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., which includes the form of Certificate of Designation as Exhibit A, the form of Right Certificate as Exhibit B and the Summary of Rights to Purchase Preferred Shares as Exhibit C (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on October 17, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312524238562/d881241dex41.htm)</u> |
| 4.3 | <u>[Amendment No. 1, dated as of December 3, 2024, to Rights Agreement, between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542) filed with the Commission on December 3, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017024132818/kzr-ex4_1.htm)</u> |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 4.4 | <u>[Amendment No.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[2](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[, dated as of](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[October](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[16](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[, 202](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[5](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[, to Rights Agreement, between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38542) filed with the Commission on](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[October](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[16](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[, 202](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[5](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)[).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828025045215/kzr-rightsagreementamendme.htm)</u> |
| 4.5 | <u>[Description of the Company's Securities.](ex45-descriptionofsecuriti.htm)</u> |
| 10.1+ | <u>[Form of Indemnity Agreement by and between the Company and its directors and officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518173747/d428730dex101.htm)</u> |
| 10.2+ | <u>[2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-225769), filed with the Commission on June 21, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518198518/d411588dex49.htm)</u> |
| 10.3+ | <u>[Forms of Option Grant Notice and Option Agreement under 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518173747/d428730dex103.htm)</u> |
| 10.4+ | <u>[Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Unit Award Agreement under 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on March 17, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017022004085/kzr-ex10_4.htm)</u> |
| 10.5+ | <u>[2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518173747/d428730dex105.htm)</u> |
| 10.6+ | <u>[Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518173747/d428730dex106.htm)</u> |
| 10.7+ | <u>[Form of Stock Option Agreement—Early Exercise under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518173747/d428730dex107.htm)</u> |
| 10.8+ | <u>[2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-225769), filed with the Commission on June 21, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518198518/d411588dex412.htm)</u> |
| 10.9+ | <u>[2022 Inducement Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on August 11, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017022016897/kzr-ex10_1.htm)</u> |
| 10.10+ | <u>[Forms of Stock Option Grant Notice and Option Agreement under the 2022 Inducement Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on August 11, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017022016897/kzr-ex10_2.htm)</u> |
| 10.11+ | <u>[Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[(incorporated](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[3](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[8542)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[, filed with the](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[Commission](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[on March 25, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)[.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex10-11nonxemployeedirecto.htm)</u> |
| 10.12+ | <u>[Executive Employment Agreement, between the Company and Christopher J. Kirk, Ph.D., dated as of November 7, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on November 13, 2023).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017023062950/kzr-ex10_1.htm)</u> |
| 10.13+ | <u>[Executive Employment Agreement, between the Company and Marc L. Belsky, dated as of March 20, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[(](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[3](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[to the Company's](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[Annual](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[Report on Form 10-](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[K](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[(File No.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[001-](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[3](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[8542](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[), filed with the Commission on](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[March 25, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)[).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1013-employmentagreement.htm)</u> |
| 10.14+ | <u>[Executive Employment Agreement, between the Company and Mark Schiller, dated as of March 20, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1014-employmentagreement.htm)[(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1014-employmentagreement.htm)[4](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1014-employmentagreement.htm)[to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1014-employmentagreement.htm)[001-38542](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1014-employmentagreement.htm)[), filed with the Commission on March 25, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex1014-employmentagreement.htm)</u> |
| 10.15† | <u>[Exclusive License Agreement by and between the Company and Onyx Therapeutics, Inc., dated June 11, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on June 8, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518187316/d428730dex1011.htm)</u> |
| 10.16† | <u>[Collaboration and License Agreement, by and between the Company and Everest Medicines II (HK) Limited, dated as of September 20, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on November 13, 2023).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017023062950/kzr-ex10_4.htm)</u> |
| 10.17† | <u>[Amendment No. 1 to Collaboration and License Agreement by and between the Company and Everest Medicines II (HK) Limited, dated as of July 2, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on August 13, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017024096213/kzr-ex10_1.htm)</u> |

---

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.18† | <u>[Asset Purchase Agreement](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[between Enodia Therapeutics SAS and the Company](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[,](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[dated as of March 6, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[(incorporated by reference to Exhibit](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[001-38542](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[, filed with the Commission on March 12, 202](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[6](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)[.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000162828026017046/konaaparedacted.htm)</u> |
| 10.19 | <u>[Lease between the Company and AP3-SF1 4000 Shoreline, LLC, dated August 16, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-225194), filed with the Commission on May 24, 2018).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518173747/d428730dex1014.htm)</u> |
| 10.20 | <u>[Confirmation of Lease Terms between the Company and AP3-SF1 4000 Shoreline, LLC, effective as of March 1, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on March 26, 2019).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000156459019009369/kzr-ex1013_404.htm)</u>  |
| 10.21 | <u>[First Amendment to Lease, dated November 1, 2022, by and between the Company and GNS South Tower, LP (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-38542) filed with the Commission on March 14, 2023).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017023007871/kzr-ex10_20.htm)</u> |
| 19.1 | <u>[Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. Insider Trading Policy](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[(](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 19.1](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[to the Company's Annual Report on Form 1](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[0-K](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[(File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commi](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[ssion on March 25, 202](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[5)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)[.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000164566625000010/ex191-insidertradingpolicy.htm)</u> |
| 23.1 | <u>[Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.](kzr-20251231xex23x1consent.htm)</u> |
| 24.1 | <u>[Power of Attorney (included on the signature page to this report).](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_109)</u> |
| 31.1 | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](kzr-20251231xex311.htm)</u> |
| 31.2 | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](kzr-20251231xex312.htm)</u> |
| 32.1\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](kzr-20251231xex321.htm)</u> |
| 97.1 | <u>[Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the Company](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017024031494/kzr-ex97_1.htm)['](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000119312518173747/d428730dex211.htm)[s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-38542), filed with the Commission on March 14, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1645666/000095017024031494/kzr-ex97_1.htm)</u> |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL Document. |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document With Embedded Linkbase Documents. |
| 104 | Cover Page formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101. |

---

________________________________________

\*Furnished herewith and not deemed to be "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-K), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

+Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

†Certain information has been omitted from this document in accordance with Regulation S-K, Item 601(b)(10).

**Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.**

None.

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.**<br>(Registrant) | **Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.**<br>(Registrant) |
| March 27, 2026 | By: | /s/ Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. |
|  |  | Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer<br>(Principal Executive Officer) |

---

**POWER OF ATTORNEY** 

Each person whose individual signature appears below hereby authorizes and appoints Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. and Marc Belsky, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Title** | **Date** |
| /s/ Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. | Chief Executive Officer and Director<br>(Principal Executive Officer) | March 27, 2026 |
| **Christopher Kirk, Ph.D.** |  |  |
| /s/ Marc Belsky | Chief Financial Officer and Secretary<br>(Principal Financial Officer) | March 27, 2026 |
| **Marc Belsky** |  |  |
| /s/ Pichi (Pattie) Chiang | Senior Vice President, Controller<br>(Principal Accounting Officer) | March 27, 2026 |
| **Pichi (Pattie) Chiang** |  |  |
| /s/ Graham Cooper | Chairman of the Board of Directors | March 27, 2026 |
| **Graham Cooper** |  |  |
| /s/ Franklin Berger | Director | March 27, 2026 |
| **Franklin Berger** |  |  |
| /s/ John Fowler | Director | March 27, 2026 |
| **John Fowler** |  |  |
| /s/ Elizabeth Garner, M.D. | Director | March 27, 2026 |
| **Elizabeth Garner, M.D.** |  |  |
| /s/ Michael Kauffman, M.D., Ph.D. | Director | March 27, 2026 |
| **Michael Kauffman, M.D., Ph.D.** |  |  |
| /s/ Micki Klearman, M.D. | Director | March 27, 2026 |
| **Micki Klearman, M.D.** |  |  |
| /s/ Courtney Wallace | Director | March 27, 2026 |
| **Courtney Wallace** |  |  |

---

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <u>[Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID:](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_115)185[)](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_115)</u> | F-[2](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_115) |
| <u>[Consolidated Balance Sheets](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_118)</u> | F-[3](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_118) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Operations](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_121)</u> | F-[4](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_121) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_124)</u> | F-[5](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_124) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_127)</u> | F-[6](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_127) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_130)</u> | F-[7](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_130) |
| <u>[Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_133)</u> | F-[8](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_133) |

---

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.:

*Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements* 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. and subsidiary (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

*Basis for Opinion*

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

*Critical Audit Matters*

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2016.

San Francisco, California

March 27, 2026

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**KEZAR LIFE SCIENCES, INC.**

**Consolidated Balance Sheets** 

*<u>(In thousands, except share and per share data)</u>*

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| **Assets** | | |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $71878 | $41749 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marketable securities |  | 90496 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 3334 | 5243 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Assets held for sale | 520 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 75732 | 137488 |
| Property and equipment, net | 166 | 2893 |
| Operating lease right-of-use asset | 749 | 1886 |
| Other assets |  | 2415 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total assets | $76647 | $144682 |
| **Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $507 | $3651 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued liabilities | 3741 | 7935 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities, current | 2326 | 3526 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt, current |  | 5217 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 6574 | 20329 |
| Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent |  | 2326 |
| Debt, noncurrent |  | 5111 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | 6574 | 27766 |
| Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $0.001 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024; 7,331,739 and 7,303,629 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively | 7 | 7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized, zero shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 560598 | 551570 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (162) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (490532) | (434499) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stockholders' equity | 70073 | 116916 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $76647 | $144682 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**KEZAR LIFE SCIENCES, INC.**

**Consolidated Statements of Operations**

*(In thousands except share and per share data)*

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Collaboration revenue | $— | $— | $7000 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 33756 | 65742 | 85697 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 18514 | 23393 | 26540 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring and impairment charges | 6837 | 1470 | 6187 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 59107 | 90605 | 118424 |
| Loss from operations | (59107) | (90605) | (111424) |
| Interest income | 4444 | 8462 | 11104 |
| Other expenses | (1370) | (1593) | (1550) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(56033) | $(83736) | $(101870) |
| Net loss per common share, basic and diluted | $(7.66) | $(11.49) | $(14.04) |
| Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per common share, basic and diluted | 7316890 | 7290245 | 7255365 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**KEZAR LIFE SCIENCES, INC.**

**Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss**

*(In thousands)*

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Net loss | $(56033) | $(83736) | $(101870) |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation adjustments | 28 | (63) | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reclassification of cumulative currency translation loss to other expenses | 282 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities | (148) | 31 | 795 |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 162 | (32) | 793 |
| Comprehensive loss | $(55871) | $(83768) | $(101077) |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

**KEZAR LIFE SCIENCES, INC.**

**Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity**

*(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)*

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **COMMON STOCK** | **COMMON STOCK** | **ADDITIONAL<br>PAID-IN <br>CAPITAL** | **ACCUMULATED<br>OTHER<br>COMPREHENSIVE<br>INCOME (LOSS)** | **ACCUMULATED<br>DEFICIT** | **TOTAL<br>STOCKHOLDERS'<br>EQUITY** |
| | **SHARES** | **AMOUNTS** | **ADDITIONAL<br>PAID-IN <br>CAPITAL** | **ACCUMULATED<br>OTHER<br>COMPREHENSIVE<br>INCOME (LOSS)** | **ACCUMULATED<br>DEFICIT** | **TOTAL<br>STOCKHOLDERS'<br>EQUITY** |
| **Balance at December 31, 2022** | 6849343 | $7 | $519681 | $(923) | $(248893) | $269872 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cashless exercise of pre-funded warrants | 379289 |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock under employee stock incentive plans | 49276 |  | 638 |  |  | 638 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 18137 |  |  | 18137 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income |  |  |  | 793 |  | 793 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  |  | (101870) | (101870) |
| **Balance at December 31, 2023** | 7277908 | $7 | $538456 | $(130) | $(350763) | $187570 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reverse stock split rounding adjustment | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock under employee stock incentive plans | 25678 |  | 103 |  |  | 103 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 13011 |  |  | 13011 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  | (32) |  | (32) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  |  | (83736) | (83736) |
| **Balance at December 31, 2024** | 7303629 | $7 | $551570 | $(162) | $(434499) | $116916 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock under employee stock incentive plans | 28110 |  | 65 |  |  | 65 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 8963 |  |  | 8963 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income |  |  |  | 162 |  | 162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  |  | (56033) | (56033) |
| **Balance at December 31, 2025** | 7331739 | $7 | $560598 | $— | $(490532) | $70073 |

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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**KEZAR LIFE SCIENCES, INC.**

**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**

*(In thousands)*

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** | **Year Ended<br>December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities:** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(56033) | $(83736) | $(101870) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 897 | 1040 | 1066 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 8963 | 13011 | 18137 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities | (2002) | (5043) | (6830) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs and other non-cash interest | 176 | 259 | 235 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on debt extinguishment | 146 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment loss of property and equipment | 907 |  | 208 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment loss of right-of-use asset |  | 1549 | 2700 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reclassification of currency translation loss | 282 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on disposal of property and equipment | 290 | 8 | 3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1909 | 335 | 3583 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | 2415 | 3180 | (4921) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (7338) | (3146) | 6347 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease asset and liabilities | (2389) | (1669) | (303) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities | (51777) | (74212) | (81645) |
| **Cash flows from investing activities:** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property and equipment | (8) | (29) | (1810) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of marketable securities | (42631) | (91337) | (180399) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Maturities of marketable securities | 134981 | 171794 | 258250 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from sale of equipment | 121 |  | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by investing activities | 92463 | 80428 | 76046 |
| **Cash flows from financing activities:** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Repayment of loan principal and final fee | (10650) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock incentive plans | 65 | 103 | 638 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (10585) | 103 | 638 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 28 | (63) | (2) |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 30129 | 6256 | (4963) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of period | 41749 | 35493 | 40456 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at the end of period | $71878 | $41749 | $35493 |
| **Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing information:** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Par value of common stock upon cashless exercise of prefunded warrants | $— | $— | $4 |
| **Supplemental disclosures** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for interest | $766 | $1335 | $1315 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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**KEZAR LIFE SCIENCES, INC.**

**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**

**1. Organization and Description of the Business** 

***Description of Business***

Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. (the "Company") was incorporated in Delaware on February 19, 2015, and commenced operations in June 2015. The Company is a clinical-stage biotechnology company, developing novel small molecule therapeutics to treat unmet needs in immune-mediated diseases. The Company's principal operations are in South San Francisco, California, and it operates in one segment.

***Liquidity***

Since commencing operations in mid-2015, substantially all of the Company's efforts have been focused on research, development and the advancement of zetomipzomib as well as the Company's former product candidates. The Company's ultimate success depends on the outcome of the ongoing research and development activities. The Company has not yet generated product sales and as a result has experienced operating losses since inception and had an accumulated deficit of $490.5 million as of December 31, 2025. Management believes that its cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025 will be sufficient to fund the Company's cash requirements for at least 12 months following the issuance of these financial statements.

***Restructuring***

In October 2025, the Company announced plans to explore a full range of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value. If the process for evaluating strategic alternatives does not result in the Company consummating a transaction or any other strategic outcome, the Board of Directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of the Company.

On November 6, 2025, the Company reduced its workforce by approximately 70% in connection with its strategic review process. In connection with the restructuring, the Company recorded a restructuring charge of $6.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2025. The restructuring charge includes one-time severance and termination benefit expense for employees terminated with separation dates before December 31, 2025, and a charge related to the impairment of property and equipment. Refer to Note 16 for additional information on the restructuring.

The Company expects to incur additional losses in the future to fund its operations as it evaluates strategic alternatives. Failure to manage discretionary spending during this time may adversely impact the Company's ability to achieve its intended business objectives.

**2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

***Basis of Presentation and Consolidation***

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") and include the Company's accounts and those of its former wholly owned Australian subsidiary, Kezar Life Sciences Australia Pty Ltd., a proprietary company limited by shares, which was dissolved as of September 29, 2025. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

***Reverse Stock Split***

On October 29, 2024, the Company effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split ("Reverse Stock Split") of its issued and outstanding common stock such that each ten shares of common stock outstanding at the time the Reverse Stock Split was effected were converted into one share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders of record who otherwise were entitled to a fractional share of common stock as a result of the Reverse Stock Split were entitled to receive one full share of common stock in lieu of such fractional share. There were no

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changes in the total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance by the Company, nor a change in par value per share. All share and share-related information presented in these consolidated financial statements has been retroactively adjusted for all periods presented to reflect the decreased number of shares resulting from the Reverse Stock Split.

***Use of Estimates***

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such judgments, estimates and assumptions include the valuation of marketable securities, impairment of long-lived assets, determining the fair-value of stock-based compensation, and evaluating the progress to completion of external research and development costs. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty and therefore require the exercise of judgment. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require the Company to update its estimates, assumptions and judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

***Foreign Currency Translation***

The functional currency of the Company's non-U.S. subsidiary was the Australian dollar. Asset and liability balances denominated in non-U.S. dollar currency were translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates, while expenses were based upon the exchange rate at the time of the transaction, if known, or at the average rate for the period. Equity accounts, except for the change in accumulated deficit during the year, have been translated using historical exchange rates. Differences were included in stockholders' equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Upon the dissolution of this non-U.S. subsidiary, reclassification of cumulative currency translation loss was recorded as part of other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

***Cash and Cash Equivalents***

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at fair value. The Company has no restricted cash.

***Marketable Securities***

All marketable securities have been classified as "available-for-sale" and are carried at estimated fair value, based upon quoted market prices or pricing models for similar securities. The Company considers its available-for-sale portfolio as available for use in current operations. Accordingly, those marketable securities with contractual maturities greater than one year from the date of purchase are classified as current assets on the accompanying balance sheets.

Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are included in other comprehensive income or loss and reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity. Realized gains and losses, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in other income (expense), net. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization and accretion, together with interest on securities, are included in interest income on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. In accordance with the Company's investment policy, management invests to diversify credit risk and only invests in debt securities with high credit quality, including U.S. government securities.

The Company regularly reviews each of its investments in available-for sale debt securities whose fair value is below its cost basis to determine if the investment's impairment due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Its review includes the consideration of the cause of the impairment, including the creditworthiness of the security issuers, the number

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of securities in an unrealized loss position, the severity and duration of the unrealized losses, whether the Company has the intent to sell the securities and whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the securities before the recovery of their amortized cost basis. If a credit-related loss does exist for available-for-sale debt securities and should be recognized, an allowance for credit losses will be recorded in other income (expense), net. The portion of the impairment that is not credit-related is recorded as a reduction of other comprehensive income or loss, net of applicable taxes. To date, no such credit losses have occurred or have been recorded.

***Concentration of Credit Risk***

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. As of December 31, 2025, all of the Company's cash and cash equivalents were held by financial institutions in the United States. Such deposits in the United States were in excess of insured limits.

***Property and Equipment***

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on property and equipment is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Furniture, laboratory and office equipment are depreciated over five to seven years. Computer equipment are depreciated over three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the related lease term.

***Assets Held for Sale***

An asset is considered to be held for sale when all the following criteria are met: (i) management commits to a plan to sell the asset; (ii) it is unlikely that the disposal plan will be significantly modified or discontinued; (iii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition; (iv) actions required to complete the sale of the asset have been initiated; (v) sale of the asset is probable and the completed sale is expected to occur within one year; and (vi) the asset is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable given its current market value. The assets classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower of the carrying value and estimated fair value, less cost to sell. The assets held for sale consist of laboratory equipment based on above criteria, and the equipment is not depreciated while classified as held for sale.

***Other Assets***

Other assets consist of the non-current portions of unbilled receivable from Everest, and security deposits for the Company's operating leases of office and laboratory space. As of December 31, 2025, other assets were classified as other current assets.

***Leases***

The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception of the contract and determines the classification of its leases at lease commencement. At lease commencement, the Company records a lease liability based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected lease term. The lease term used may include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. The Company calculates the present value of lease payments using the discount rate implicit in the lease, unless that rate cannot be readily determined. In that case, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company records a corresponding right-of-use ("ROU") asset based on the lease liability, adjusted for any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs paid to the lessor prior to the lease commencement date.

After lease commencement, the Company measures its leases as follows: (i) the lease liability based on the present value of the remaining lease payments using the discount rate determined at lease commencement; and (ii) the ROU asset based on the remeasured lease liability, adjusted for any unamortized lease incentives received, any unamortized initial direct costs and the cumulative difference between rent expense and amounts paid under the lease agreement. Any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Rent expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term.

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ROU asset and operating lease liabilities are remeasured upon reassessment events and modifications to leases using the present value of remaining lease payments and estimated incremental borrowing rate at the time of remeasurement, as applicable.

The Company does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for short-term leases with terms less than 12 months and separately accounts for lease and non-lease components for all of its leases.

***Impairment of Long-Lived Assets***

Long-lived assets include property and equipment and ROU asset. The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. An estimate of undiscounted future cash flows generated by the long-lived asset, or appropriate group of assets, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists at its lowest level of identifiable cash flows. Impairment loss is measured based on the difference between the asset's fair value and its carrying value. An estimate of the asset's fair value is based on quoted market prices in active markets, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, the estimate of fair value is based on various valuation techniques using unobservable fair value inputs, such as a projected discounted future cash flows. The Company recognizes an impairment loss when the total estimated future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount. In December 2025, June 2024 and December 2023, the Company wrote down certain long-lived assets to their estimated fair values and recognized the impairment loss in the Consolidated Statement of Operations (see Note 3, 5, 6 and 16).

***Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discounts***

Debt issuance costs include legal fees, accounting fees, and other direct costs incurred in connection with the execution of the Company's debt financing. Debt discounts represent costs paid to the lenders. Debt issuance costs and debt discounts are deducted from the carrying amount of the debt liability and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method.

***Revenue Recognition***

Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following five-step revenue recognition model in accordance with ASC Topic 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606)* in order to determine revenue:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)identify the contract with a customer;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)identify the performance obligations in the contract;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii)determine the transaction price;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv)allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v)recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

At contract inception, the Company identifies the goods or services promised within the contract and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct for the purpose of identifying performance obligations. A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if (1) the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer; and (2) the Company's promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. In assessing whether a promised good or service is distinct in the context of a collaboration or licensing arrangement, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of a collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers the intended benefit of the contract in assessing whether a promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity is required to combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. Arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer's discretion are generally considered options. The Company assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and, if so, they are considered performance obligations.

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The transaction price is then determined and allocated to the identified performance obligations in proportion to their stand-alone selling prices ("SSP") on a relative SSP basis. SSP is determined at contract inception and is not updated to reflect changes between contract inception and when the performance obligations are satisfied. Determining the SSP for performance obligations requires significant judgment. In developing the SSP for a performance obligation, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs.

If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. The Company determines the amount of variable consideration by using the expected value method or the most likely amount method. The Company includes the unconstrained amount of estimated variable consideration in the transaction price. The amount included in the transaction price is limited to the amount for which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of adjustment.

If an arrangement includes development and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company's control or the licensee's control, such as regulatory approvals, are generally not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received.

For arrangements with licenses of intellectual property that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes royalty revenue and sales-based milestones at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied.

In determining the transaction price, the Company adjusts consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments provides the Company with a significant benefit of financing. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the licensees and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the licensees will be one year or less.

The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied, either at a point in time or over time. If over time, recognition is based on the use of either an output or an input method, such that the method used best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.

The Company recognizes as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the costs are expected to be recovered. As a practical expedient, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that it otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

***Research and Development Costs***

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of salaries and benefits, stock-based compensation expense, lab supplies and facility costs, as well as fees paid to consultants and entities that conduct certain research and development activities on the Company's behalf and expenses incurred in connection with license agreements. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are capitalized and then expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

The Company records accrued expenses for estimated costs of our research and development activities conducted by third-party service providers, which include the conduct of clinical studies, contract manufacturing activities and preclinical studies. The Company determines the estimates by reviewing contracts, vendor agreements and purchase orders, and through discussions with our internal personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of trials or services for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or notified of the actual progress and cost. Any payments made in advance of services provided are recorded as prepaid assets, which are expensed as the contracted services are performed. As actual costs become known, we adjust our accrued estimates. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of

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services performed, the number of patients enrolled and the rate of patient enrollment may vary from its estimates and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period.

***Stock-Based Compensation***

Stock-based awards issued to employees, directors and nonemployee consultants, including stock options, are recorded at fair value as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the expected vesting period.

For performance-based stock options that contain a performance condition, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense if and when the Company determines that it is probable the performance condition will be achieved. The Company reassesses the probability of achievement at each reporting period and adjusts compensation expense, as necessary. If there are changes in the Company's probability assessment, the Company recognizes a cumulative catch-up adjustment in the period of the change, with the remaining unrecognized expense recognized prospectively over the remaining requisite service period. Once the performance condition is not probable of being achieved, any previously recognized compensation expense is immediately reversed. If achievement of the performance condition later becomes probable, a cumulative effect adjustment of compensation expense is then recorded in the period of the change.

***Income Taxes***

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that a portion or all of the asset will not be realized in future periods. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations.

The Company recognizes benefits of uncertain tax positions if it is more likely than not that such positions will be sustained upon examination based solely on their technical merits, as the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon the ultimate settlement. The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. To date, there have been no interest charges or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits.

***Net Loss per Share***

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share for the periods presented since the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive given the net loss of the Company. The pre-funded warrants are included in the computation of basic and diluted net loss per common share as the exercise price is negligible and the pre-funded warrants are fully vested and exercisable. Common share equivalents are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per common share when their effect is dilutive.

***Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements***

In December 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2025-12 *Codification Improvements ("ASU 2025-12"),* which address thirty-three issues, representing amendments to Accounting Standard Codification topics that clarify, correct errors or make minor improvements. The amendments make the Codification easier to understand and apply. ASU 2025-12 is effective for the Company in its annual reporting for fiscal year 2027, and in interim periods beginning in fiscal year 2027. Early adoption and retrospective application are

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permitted on an issue-by-issue basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2025-12 on its financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11 *Interim Reporting (Topic 270) – Narrow-Scope Improvements ("ASU 2025-11")*, which clarifies the guidance in Topic 270 to improve the consistency of interim financial reporting. ASU 2025-11 provides a comprehensive list of required interim disclosures and introduces a disclosure principle requiring entities to disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. ASU 2025-11 is effective for the Company in its annual reporting for fiscal year 2028, and in interim periods beginning in fiscal year 2028. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2025-11 on its financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06 *Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) – Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software ("ASU 2025-06")* to clarify and modernize the accounting for costs related to internal-use software by removing all references to software development project stages and clarifying the threshold entities apply to begin capitalizing costs. ASU 2025-06 is effective for the Company in its annual reporting for fiscal year 2028 on a prospective basis. Early adoption and retrospective reporting are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2025-06 on its financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03 *Income Statement– Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures ("ASU 2024-03")*, which requires more detailed information about specified categories of expenses included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2024-03 on its financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09 *Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09")*, which requires entities to disclose specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation annually and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a qualitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 also requires that entities disclose annually additional information about income taxes paid and disaggregated information for certain items. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2025. The Company adopted the new standard effective beginning fiscal year 2025 on a prospective basis, and has presented the effects of the adoption of ASU 2023-09 in Note 14 Income Taxes.

**3. Fair Value Measurements**

Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. The carrying amount of certain financial instruments, including cash, cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

*Level 1:* Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

*Level 2:* Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

*Level 3:* Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are required to be recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements. The Company determines the fair value of Level 1 assets using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The Company reviews trading activity and pricing for Level 2 investments as of each measurement date. Level 2 inputs, which are obtained from various third-party data providers, represent quoted prices for similar assets in active markets and were derived from observable market data, or, if not directly observable, were derived from or corroborated by other observable market data.

In certain cases, where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to valuation, securities are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. The Company did not have any financial assets or liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs as of December 31, 2025 or 2024.

The following table summarizes the Company's financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy as described above (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| **Financial Assets:** | | | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Cash equivalents:** | | | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Treasury money market funds | $71878 | $71878 | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $71878 | $71878 | $— | $— |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
| | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| **Financial Assets:** | | | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Cash equivalents:** | | | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Treasury money market funds | $37177 | $37177 | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial paper | 3963 | $— | 3963 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Marketable securities:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Corporate debt securities | 15194 |  | 15194 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Treasury securities | 27391 | 27391 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial paper | 42919 |  | 42919 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Government agency bonds | 4992 |  | 4992 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $131636 | $64568 | $67068 | $— |

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***Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements***

ROU asset associated with Suite 400 of the Company's headquarters in South San Francisco, California, is a separate asset group measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2023 due to an impairment recognized on the ROU asset at that date (see Note 6). Fair value of this asset group calculated as the present value of the estimated future cash flows of sublease income attributable to the ROU asset associated with Suite 400, was classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. When calculating the present value of the estimated future cash flows, sublease income was estimated to increase at a rate of 3.5% per year, and the cash flows were discounted using a rate of 13.3%. In June 2024, the Company recognized an additional $1.5 million impairment charge as restructuring and impairment charges in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations in relation to Suite 400 to write off the net book value of the ROU asset as the estimated future cash flow from sublease income was zero due to then-current market conditions.

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**4. Available-for-Sale Securities**

There were no available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2025. The following table is a summary of available-for-sale securities recorded in cash and cash equivalents or marketable securities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
| | **Amortized Cost** | **Unrealized<br>Gains** | **Unrealized<br>Losses** | **Fair Value** |
| **Cash equivalents:** | | | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Treasury money market funds | $37177 | $— | $— | $37177 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial paper | 3962 | 1 |  | 3963 |
| **Marketable securities:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Corporate debt securities | 15165 | 29 |  | 15194 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Treasury securities | 27340 | 51 |  | 27391 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial paper | 42872 | 69 | (22) | 42919 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Government agency bonds | 4972 | 20 |  | 4992 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $131488 | $170 | $(22) | $131636 |
| **Cash** |  |  |  | 609 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities |  |  |  | $132245 |

---

The Company did not recognize an allowance for credit losses on any securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024.

The following table displays additional information regarding gross unrealized losses and fair value by major security type for available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
| | **Less than 12 months** | **Less than 12 months** |
| | **Fair Value** | **Unrealized Losses** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial paper | $15880 | $(22) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $15880 | $(22) |

---

The Company believed that the individual unrealized losses represent temporary declines primarily resulting from interest rate changes, and intended to hold these marketable securities to their maturities.

The Company evaluated securities with unrealized losses to determine whether such losses, if any, were due to credit-related factors and determined that there were no credit-related losses to be recognized as of December 31, 2024. There were no sales of available-for-sale securities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

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**5. Balance Sheet Components** 

***Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets***

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Unbilled receivable from Everest (Note 10) | $1741 | $— |
| Advance for clinical-related costs, current |  | 3380 |
| Licenses, dues and subscriptions | 72 | 514 |
| Deposits for operating lease | 674 |  |
| Insurance | 463 | 574 |
| Interest receivable | 184 | 424 |
| Others | 200 | 351 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total prepaid expenses and other current assets | $3334 | $5243 |

---

***Property and Equipment, Net***

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Leasehold improvements | $3268 | $3488 |
| Furniture, laboratory and office equipment |  | 5565 |
| Computer equipment | 184 | 285 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total property and equipment | 3452 | 9338 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (3286) | (6445) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net | $166 | $2893 |

---

Depreciation expense was $0.9 million, $1.0 million, and $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. In December 2025, the Company disposed certain property and equipment that no longer utilized under current or expected future operations (see Note 16).

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company committed to a plan to sell majority of its laboratory equipment originally intended for use. The Company determined that this equipment met the requirements to be classified as held for sale. The Company recognized a loss of $0.9 million on remeasurement of assets held for sale within restructuring and impairment charges on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 (see Note 16). As of December 31, 2025, the laboratory equipment sales were expected to be completed within one year. The assets held for sale of $0.5 million, which is the estimated fair market value based on observable market conditions for selling used equipment, net of estimated costs to sell, have been classified as current assets in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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***Other Assets***

As of December 31, 2025, other assets were classified as other current assets. Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Unbilled receivable from Everest, noncurrent (Note 10) | $— | $1741 |
| Deposits for operating lease |  | 674 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other assets | $— | $2415 |

---

***Accrued Liabilities***

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Accrued preclinical and research costs | $1686 | $841 |
| Accrued severance related costs | 1556 |  |
| Accrued clinical costs | 93 | 4212 |
| Accrued employee-related costs | 66 | 2716 |
| Accrued professional services | 42 | 111 |
| Others | 298 | 55 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total accrued liabilities | $3741 | $7935 |

---

**6. Lease**

In November 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the lease agreement for its corporate headquarters in South San Francisco, California, which expanded the leased premises to include Suite 400 in the same building as its corporate headquarters and extending the lease term of the original premises to be coterminous with the expansion premises to July 31, 2026. The transaction was treated as a lease modification as of the effective date and resulted in the recognition of approximately $8.0 million in new lease liabilities and right-of-use assets. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the operating lease liability was 11.67%.

The contractually specified minimum rent and annual rent increases for the operating lease are included in the measurement of the ROU asset and related lease liabilities. Under the lease arrangement, the Company may be required to pay directly, or reimburse the lessor for real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, maintenance and other operating costs. Such amounts are variable and therefore not included in the measurement of the ROU asset and related lease liability but are instead recognized as variable lease expense in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations when they are incurred. The operating lease agreement has one option to extend the lease term for a period of five years at the fair market rate at the time of the extension. The option to extend the lease was not recognized as part of the Company's lease liability and ROU asset as the Company determined the renewal rent costs are uncertain and the option is not reasonably certain to be exercised.

As of December 31, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term was 0.58 years. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the operating lease liability was 11.67%.

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Information related to the Company's lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Cash paid for operating lease liabilities | $3526 | $3012 | $2566 |
| Operating lease costs | 1636 | 2222 | 3464 |
| Variable lease costs | 1572 | 1848 | 1502 |

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---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2025 were as follows: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less than 12 months | $2418 |
| Total undiscounted lease payments | 2418 |
| Less: imputed interest | (92) |
| Total lease liabilities | $2326 |
| Operating lease liabilities, current | $2326 |
| Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating lease liabilities | $2326 |

---

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $1.6 million, $2.2 million and $3.5 million of rent expense, respectively. Variable lease costs were $1.6 million, $1.8 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In December 2023, the Company committed to a plan to sublease Suite 400 of its corporate headquarters following the Workforce Reduction (see Note 16) and evaluated the recoverability of ROU asset by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to future net undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset. The ROU asset is considered to be impaired if the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Consequently, the Company recognized $2.7 million impairment charge in 2023. In June 2024, the Company recognized an additional $1.5 million impairment charge in relation to Suite 400 to write off the net book value of the ROU asset as of June 30, 2024 as the estimated future cash flow from sublease income was zero due to then-current market conditions.

**7. Debt**

In November 2021, the Company entered into the Loan Agreement with Oxford Finance, which provides the Company up to $50.0 million in borrowing capacity across five potential tranches (each a "Term Loan," and collectively "Term Loans"). The initial tranche of $10.0 million was funded at the closing of the Loan Agreement. The remaining tranches were dependent on achieving certain clinical trial milestones. The Company declined these remaining tranches in borrowing capacity available to it under the Loan Agreement. The loan facility is secured by all assets except intellectual property, which has a negative pledge, and will mature on November 1, 2026 (the "Maturity Date"). There are no warrants or financial covenants associated with the Loan Agreement.

Until June 30, 2023, the Term Loans bore interest at a floating per annum rate (based on the actual number of days elapsed divided by a year of 360 days) equal to the sum of (a) the greater of (i) 30-day U.S. LIBOR rate reported in the Wall Street Journal on the last business day of the month that immediately precedes the month in which the interest will accrue and (ii) 0.08%, plus (b) 7.87%. The Company is required to make monthly interest-only payments prior to the amortization date of January 1, 2025. A LIBOR transition event occurred effective July 1, 2023 and Oxford Finance subsequently replaced the LIBOR rate with the 1-month CME term SOFR plus 0.1%. The rate change did not require contract remeasurement at the effective date of the change or a reassessment of any previous accounting determinations pertaining to the facility. The rate change did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

All unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest with respect to each Term Loan is due and payable in full on the Maturity Date. The Company has the option to prepay the outstanding balance prior to maturity. Upon repayment of the Term Loans, the Company is required to make a final payment fee to the lenders equal to 6.5% of the original principal

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amount of the Term Loans funded which will be accrued by charges to interest expense over the term of the loans using the effective interest method.

The Loan Agreement also includes subjective acceleration clauses which permit the lenders to accelerate the Maturity Date under certain circumstances, including, but not limited to, material adverse effects on a Company's financial status or otherwise.

On October 20, 2025, the Company made a repayment of $6.3 million in full satisfaction of the aggregate outstanding amount, including accrued interest and final payment fee as of such date, under the Loan Agreement. Upon making the repayment, the Loan Agreement was terminated in accordance with its terms and all liens and security interests granted thereunder to secure the obligations were released. The Company recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.1 million related to this repayment for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Interest expense was $0.9 million, $1.6 million and $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The initial effective interest rate on the Term Loans, including the amortization of the debt discount and issuance costs, and accretion of the final payment, was 11%. The components of the debt balance as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Principal loan balance | $10000 |
| Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs | (135) |
| Cumulative accretion of final fee | 463 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt, net | $10328 |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Debt, current | $5217 |
| Debt, noncurrent | 5111 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt, net | $10328 |

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**8. Stockholders' Equity**

***Rights Plan***

On October 17, 2024, the Company's board of directors adopted a limited duration stockholder rights plan (the "Rights Plan"), effective immediately, and declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right (a "Right") for each outstanding share of the Company's common stock as of the close of business on October 28, 2024, the record date. The Rights are exercisable only if a person or group (an "Acquiring Person") acquires or launches a tender or exchange offer to acquire beneficial ownership (which includes certain synthetic equity interests) of 10% or more of the Company's outstanding common stock (15% in the case of a passive institutional investor as described in the Rights Plan). Once the Rights become exercisable, each Right will entitle its holder (other than any Acquiring Person, whose Rights will become void) to purchase, for $71.60, one one-hundredth of a share of the Company's newly designated Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (each, a "Preferred Share" and collectively, the "Preferred Shares"). The description and terms of the Rights Plan are set forth in the Rights Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2024 (the "Rights Agreement"), between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. The terms of the Preferred Shares are set forth in a Certificate of Designation filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on October 17, 2024 (the "Final Expiration Date"). In October 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to the Rights Plan (the "Rights Plan Amendment"), extending the Final Expiration Date of the Rights Plan to the day following the certification of the voting results of the Company's 2026 annual meeting of stockholders or, if at such meeting the Company's stockholders approve or ratify the Rights Plan, to the day following the certification of the voting results of the Company's 2027 annual meeting of the stockholders, unless the Rights are earlier redeemed or exchanged by the Company.

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***Pre-Funded Warrants***

In connection with the Company's previous underwritten public offerings, the Company issued pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 379,371 shares of the Company's common stock. The warrant holders exercised all the shares of outstanding pre-funded warrants in 2023 at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. As of December 31, 2025, there were no pre-funded warrants outstanding.

**9. Stock-Based Compensation**

***Stock Incentive Plans***

***2022 Inducement Plan***

In April 2022, the Company adopted the Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan (the "Inducement Plan"), which is a non-stockholder approved stock plan adopted pursuant to the "inducement exception" provided under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), for the award of nonstatutory stock options ("NSOs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs") and other equity awards as permitted by the Inducement Plan (collectively, "Inducement Awards") to persons not previously an employee or director of the Company, or following a bona fide period of non-employment, as an inducement material to such persons entering into employment with the Company ("Eligible Recipients"). Under the Inducement Plan, the Company may grant up to 300,000 shares of Common Stock in the form of Inducement Awards to Eligible Recipients in compliance with the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). Awards must be approved by either a majority of the Company's independent directors or the Company's independent compensation committee. Consultants and directors are not eligible to receive grants under the Inducement Plan.

As of December 31, 2025, options to purchase 59,590 shares of common stock were outstanding and 240,410 shares were available for future issuance under the Inducement Plan.

***2018 Equity Incentive Plan***

In June 2018, the Company's board of directors adopted and its stockholders approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan"), at which point no further grants could be made under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2015 Plan") described below. Under the 2018 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options ("ISOs"), NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, RSUs and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2025, options to purchase 1,464,194 shares of common stock and 497 RSUs were outstanding, and 463,558 shares were available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan.

Initially, subject to adjustment as provided in the 2018 Plan, the aggregate number of shares of the Company's common stock authorized for issuance pursuant to stock awards under the 2018 Plan was 400,000 shares, which is the sum of (i) 160,069 shares plus (ii) the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2015 Plan at the time the 2018 Plan became effective and (iii) the number of shares subject to stock options or other stock awards granted under the 2015 Plan that expire, terminate, are forfeited or otherwise not issued, or are withheld to satisfy a tax withholding obligation in connection with an award or to satisfy a purchase or exercise price of an award (such as upon the expiration or termination of a stock award prior to vesting). The number of shares of the Company's common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan automatically increases on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2019 and continuing through and including January 1, 2028, by 5% of the total number of shares of capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Company's board of directors prior to such increase.

The maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs under the 2018 Plan is 1,250,000 shares.

***2015 Equity Incentive Plan***

The Company's 2015 Plan provided for the granting of ISOs and NSOs to employees, directors and consultants at the discretion of the board of directors. The 2015 Plan was terminated as to future awards in June 2018, although it continues to govern the terms of options that remain outstanding under the 2015 Plan.

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No additional stock awards will be granted under the 2015 Plan, and all outstanding stock awards granted under the 2015 Plan that are repurchased, forfeited, expire or are cancelled will become available for grant under the 2018 Plan in accordance with its terms.

Options granted under the 2015 Plan expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant. Options granted under the 2015 Plan vest over periods determined by the board of directors, generally over four years. The 2015 Plan allowed for early exercise of certain options prior to vesting. Upon termination of employment, the unvested shares were subject to repurchase at the original exercise price. As of December 31, 2025, options to purchase 123,312 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2015 Plan.

***2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan***

In June 2018, the Company's board of directors adopted and its stockholders approved the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"). The ESPP is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" within the meaning of Section 423 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The number of shares of common stock initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP was 20,000 shares. The ESPP provides for an annual increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2019 and continuing through and including January 1, 2028, equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of the shares of common stock outstanding on the last day of the prior fiscal year or (ii) 37,500 shares, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Company's board of directors prior to such increase. As of December 31, 2025, 92,996 shares of common stock had been issued under the ESPP and 40,214 shares remained available for future issuance under the ESPP.

The price per share of common stock to be paid by an ESPP participant on the applicable purchase date of an offering period shall be equal to 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of a share of common stock on (i) the applicable offering date or (ii) the applicable purchase date. The Company's board of directors authorized an initial six-month offering period beginning on November 16, 2018 and ending on May 15, 2019. The Company's board of directors subsequently authorized additional six-month offering periods, with the most recent offering period ended on November 15, 2025.

***Option Repricing***

In July 2023, the Compensation Committee of the Company's board of directors approved a stock option repricing (the "Option Repricing") in which the exercise price of certain outstanding options to purchase shares of the Company's common stock under the 2018 Plan was reduced to $22.80 per share, the closing price of the Common Stock on July 24, 2023. The incremental stock-based compensation expense resulting from the Option Repricing was $0.5 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, there was $0.2 million remaining related to the unvested option shares which will be primarily amortized over the remaining requisite service periods through the end of 2026.

***Stock Option Activity***

The following table summarizes activity under the Company's stock option plans and related information (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of<br>Options<br>Outstanding** | **Weighted<br>Average<br>Exercise Price** | **Weighted Average<br>Remaining<br>Contractual Term<br>(Years)** | **Aggregate<br>Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 1650390 | $19.19 | 7.4 | $105 |
| Options granted | 450500 | $6.36 |  |  |
| Options exercised | (633) | $4.40 |  | $1 |
| Options cancelled/forfeited | (453161) | $13.37 |  |  |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2025 | 1647096 | $17.29 | 5.0 | $73 |
| Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2025 | 1300774 | $19.57 | 4.1 | $3 |

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The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $4.73 and $5.92 per share, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercised stock options during the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1.1 thousand. The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price and the estimated fair value of the Company's common stock at the date of exercise. There were no options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2024.

***Performance Option Grants Activities***

On July 11, 2024, the Compensation Committee of the Company's board of directors approved performance-based stock option grants to all employees, except the Chief Executive Officer, under the 2018 Plan. Performance-based stock options will vest upon the achievements of specified clinical trial milestones. The grant-date fair value of these performance-based stock options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Performance-based stock options are included in the outstanding stock options table above. Stock-based compensation cost related to performance-based stock options is recognized over the period from the date the performance condition is determined to be probable of occurring through the date the applicable condition is expected to be met. If the performance condition is not considered probable of being achieved, no stock-based compensation is recognized until such time as the performance condition is considered probable of being achieved and related compensation cost would be recognized through a cumulative catch-up adjustment in the period of change. Stock-based compensation expenses of $0.3 million and $0.4 million related to performance-based stock options were recognized for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

***Restricted Stock Units Activity***

There were no RSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2025. One-third of each RSU grant will vest annually following the vesting commencement dates, over a vesting period of 3 years. RSUs are awards that entitle the holder to receive freely tradable shares of the Company's common stock upon vesting and are not forfeitable once fully vested. The valuations for these RSUs were based on the closing prices of the Company's common stock on the grant dates and recognized as stock-based compensation expense over the respective vesting terms.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of RSUs Outstanding** | **Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Price** |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 | 10916 | $90.57 |
| RSUs vested | (9346) | $93.75 |
| RSUs forfeited | (1073) | $72.97 |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2025 | 497 | $68.40 |

---

***Stock-Based Compensation Expense***

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized by function was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Research and development | $2648 | $4025 | $8612 |
| General and administrative | 6315 | 8986 | 9525 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stock-based compensation expense | $8963 | $13011 | $18137 |

---

As of December 31, 2025, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to outstanding unvested stock options and RSUs that are expected to vest was $3.4 million with an estimated weighted average amortization period of 2.1 years.

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The fair value of the employee stock options granted and the ESPP rights to purchase common stock of the Company is calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Options** | **Options** | **Options** | **ESPP Rights** | **ESPP Rights** | **ESPP Rights** |
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Expected term (years) | 5.5 - 6.1 | 5.5 - 6.1 | 5.5 - 6.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Expected volatility | 83.2 - 86.0% | 86.2 - 87.9% | 87.6 - 88.4% | 50.4% | 54.4 - 73.2% | 74.4 - 91.2% |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.0 - 4.5% | 3.6 - 4.6% | 3.5 - 4.7% | 4.3% | 4.4 - 5.4% | 5.3 - 5.4% |
| Expected dividend yield |  |  |  |  |  |  |

---

The expected term of options granted represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding and was determined by calculating the midpoint between the date of vesting and the contractual life of each option. The expected term of the ESPP rights is equal to the six-month look-back period. Since inception until March 2024, the volatility of the Company's stock price was based on the weighted average of the historical volatility of the Company's stock price and that of a peer group of public companies over the expected term due to the Company's limited public trading history of its common stock. The peer group was selected on the basis of operational and economic similarity with the Company's principal business operations. Effective as of the quarter-ended June 30, 2024, the expected volatility is based on the daily historical volatility of the Company's common stock covering the estimated expected term. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve with a maturity equal to the expected term in effect at the time of grant. The Company has not paid, and does not anticipate paying, cash dividends on its shares of common stock; therefore, the expected dividend yield is zero.

**10. Everest Collaboration**

In September 2023, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the "Everest License Agreement") with Everest Medicines II (HK) Limited ("Everest") pursuant to which, among other things, the Company granted to Everest an exclusive license to develop and commercialize one or more products containing the Company's proprietary compound, zetomipzomib (the "Products"), in the licensed field in the Greater China region (Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau), South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines (the "Territory"). The licensed field includes all uses other than the diagnosis or treatment in humans of cancerous or pre-cancerous diseases or conditions. During the PALIZADE trial, Everest contributed their local regulatory and clinical trial expertise and were responsible for study costs in the Territory. Everest Medicines Limited is also a party to the Everest License Agreement solely for limited purposes, including to guarantee the performance by Everest of its obligations under the Everest License Agreement.

Under the terms of the Everest License Agreement, the Company received one-time, irrecoverable, non-refundable and non-creditable upfront payment of $7.0 million in October 2023 and is entitled to receive certain variable payments for manufacturing supply services and milestone payments upon achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestone events, for total potential milestone payments of up to $125.5 million. In addition, Everest will pay to the Company tiered royalties on the net sales of the Products in the Territory during the term of the Everest License Agreement ranging from the single digit to the low-teens, subject to certain reductions for patent expiration, generic competition and payments for licenses to third-party patents.

The term of the Everest License Agreement will continue on a market-by-market basis until expiration of the relevant royalty term of the Products, unless terminated earlier. Everest has the right to terminate the Everest License Agreement for convenience at any time following the October 2024 termination of the PALIZADE clinical trial. The Company may terminate the Everest License Agreement if Everest challenges the Company's patents or fails to perform any development or commercialization activities for a continuous period of more than twelve (12) months, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, either party may terminate the Everest License Agreement for the other party's uncured breach or insolvency, and the Everest License Agreement will automatically terminate in the event of termination of the Company's exclusive license agreement with Onyx Therapeutics, Inc.

Under the terms of the Everest License Agreement, at the election of Everest, the Company may manufacture and provide clinical supply to Everest to use in development and commercialization in the Territory at the fully burdened manufacturing cost plus specified margins, as defined within the Everest License Agreement. Certain of these provisions were determined to be options to acquire additional goods or services at a price that approximates the stand-alone selling

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price for that good or service and therefore do not represent material rights, or separate performance obligations, within the context of the Everest License Agreement. The Company evaluated the Everest License Agreement and determined it was within the scope of ASC 606. The transaction price was determined to consist of the upfront payment of $7.0 million.

*License of Intellectual Property*. The license to the Company's intellectual property and associated know-how represents a distinct performance obligation. The license and associated know-how was transferred to Everest in the third quarter of 2023 to satisfy this performance obligation. The Company allocated the full transaction price to the license of the Company's intellectual property and accordingly recognized collaboration revenue of $7.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

*Milestone Payments*. The potential development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments are paid upon achievement of certain milestones as defined in the Everest License Agreement. It was determined that their achievement is highly dependent on factors outside of the Company's control. These payments have been fully constrained until the Company concludes that achievement of the milestone is probable and that recognition of revenue related to the milestone will not result in a significant reversal in amounts recognized in future periods and, as such, have been excluded from the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company will re-evaluate the probability of achievement of each milestone and any related constraint and, if necessary, adjust its estimate of the overall transaction price. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has not recognized any revenue associated with development, regulatory and commercial milestones.

*Royalties*. Any consideration related to royalties will be recognized if and when the related sales occur, as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Everest and, therefore, have also been excluded from the transaction price. No royalty revenue was recognized as of December 31, 2025.

In July 2024, the Company amended the Everest License Agreement to modify a development milestone and adjust certain payment terms relating to Everest's responsibility for PALIZADE study costs in the Territory. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an unbilled receivable of $1.7 million, representing reimbursement for payments made by the Company that is yet to be billed or due. The unbilled receivable was included in prepaid and other current assets in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2025 and subsequently collected in January 2026. In connection with the cost-sharing arrangement with Everest, no contra research and development expense was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2025, and $3.6 million and $1.6 million was recognized as contra research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

**11. Commitments & Contingencies** 

***Indemnification***

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company may indemnify, hold harmless and defend an indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. Some of the provisions will limit losses to those arising from third-party actions. In some cases, the indemnification will continue after the termination of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these provisions is not determinable. The Company has never incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware corporate law. The Company currently has directors' and officers' insurance.

**12. License Agreement** 

In June 2015, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Onyx Therapeutics, Inc. ("Onyx"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Amgen, Inc., for a worldwide, exclusive license under certain patents, and a non-exclusive license to certain know-how, in each case controlled by Onyx and relating to the Company's immunoproteasome program. The Company paid $5.0 million in milestone payments under the Onyx License Agreement in 2023 and may be required to make future payments of up to $167.5 million upon achievement of certain development and commercial milestones for zetomipzomib, as well as royalty payments in the mid to high single digits on future annual net sales, if any.

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**13. Defined Contribution Plan** 

The Company has a qualified 401(k) Savings and Investment Plan (the "401(k) Plan") whereby employees may contribute up to the lesser of $70,000 or 100% of their pre-tax compensation. The total contributed amount from the employees is only up to Federal annual limits. The Company matches $1.00 for every $1.00 contributed to the 401(k) Plan by participants up to the first 4% of base compensation and incentive cash bonus (subject to statutory limits). During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded matching contributions of approximately $0.6 million, $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

**14. Income Taxes**

No provision for income taxes was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. The U.S. federal deferred tax assets generated from the Company's net operating losses have been fully reserved, as the Company believes it is not more likely than not that the benefit will be realized.

The following table presents domestic and foreign components of net loss for the periods presented (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Domestic | $(60452) | $(83475) | $(101613) |
| Foreign | 4419 | (261) | (257) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $(56033) | $(83736) | $(101870) |

---

The components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Current: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Federal | $— | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign |  |  |  |
| Total current |  |  |  |
| Deferred: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Federal |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign |  |  |  |
| Total deferred |  |  |  |
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | $— | $— | $— |

---

There was no income tax expense nor benefit for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.

Beginning in 2025 annual reporting, the Company adopted ASU 2023-09 prospectively. See Note 2 for additional details on the adoption of ASU 2023-09. A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the effective tax rate pursuant to the disclosure requirements of ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** |
| U.S federal statutory tax rate | $(11767) | 21.0% |
| State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect |  |  |
| Foreign tax effects |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Australia |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rate differential | 177 | (0.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intercompany debt forgiveness | (4325) | 7.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in valuation allowance | 3220 | (5.8) |
| Tax credits: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development credit | (1039) | 1.9 |
| Change in valuation allowance | 7828 | (14.0) |
| Nondeductible items: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 5010 | (8.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intercompany debt forgiveness - foreign subsidiary | 1062 | (1.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | (166) | 0.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes | $— | —% |

---

A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, prior to the adoption of ASU 2023-09, is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2024** | **2023** |
| Federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0% | 21.0% |
| State taxes, net of federal benefit | 0.2 | 3.0 |
| Foreign tax rate differential | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Permanent differences | (0.3) | (2.1) |
| Research and development credit | 2.2 | 3.2 |
| Change in valuation allowance | (23.1) | (25.1) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes | —% | —% |

---

The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Deferred tax assets** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reserves and accruals | $3413 | $7097 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net operating loss carryforwards | 60417 | 50318 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development credit carryforwards | 16106 | 14659 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease Liabilities | 489 | 1230 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;R&D Capitalization | 29916 | 29840 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gross deferred tax assets | 110341 | 103144 |
| Valuation allowance | (110176) | (102485) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net deferred tax assets | 165 | 659 |
| **Deferred tax liabilities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment | (7) | (263) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right-of-use asset | (158) | (396) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net deferred tax assets | $— | $— |

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On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was enacted in the United States. The OBBBA includes several significant tax provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provision effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company evaluated the impact of the OBBBA and determined that it did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income. Since the amount and timing of future income are uncertain, the net deferred tax assets, as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024 have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased approximately $7.7 million, $20.0 million and $25.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal net operating loss ("NOL") carryforward of $272.7 million and a federal research and development tax credit carryforward of $15.9 million. If not utilized sooner, the federal NOL generated through December 31, 2017 and tax credit carryforwards will expire, beginning in 2035. Federal net operating loss carryforwards of $250.6 million generated from years ended after December 31, 2017, carryforward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2025 the Company had a state NOL carryforward of $45.5 million, which will expire beginning in 2035, and a state research and development tax credit carryforward of $6.9 million, which does not expire.

In general, if the Company experiences a greater than 50 percentage point aggregate change in ownership over a three-year period (a Section 382 ownership change), utilization of the Company's pre-change NOL carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code and similar California laws. The annual limitation generally is determined by multiplying the value of the Company's stock at the time of such ownership change (subject to certain adjustments) by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate. Such limitations may result in expiration of a portion of the NOL carryforwards before utilization. The Company has not performed a Section 382 analysis through December 31, 2025 and the Company has not utilized any NOL carryforwards through December 31, 2025. In addition, the Company's deferred tax assets are subject to a full valuation allowance, and thus no benefit for deferred tax assets is recorded on the Company's books. The Company's ability to use the remaining NOL carryforwards may be further limited if the Company experiences a Section 382 ownership change as a result of future changes in the Company's stock ownership.

The Company had $5.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025. No liability related to uncertain tax positions is recorded on the financial statements. All uncertain tax positions are currently recorded as a reduction to the Company's deferred tax assets, which are subject to a valuation allowance. If recognized, none of the unrecognized tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate. The Company's policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes, as necessary. The Company did not recognize any accrued interest and penalties related to gross unrecognized tax benefits related to the year ended December 31, 2025. A reconciliation of the Company's unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance at the beginning of the year | $5007 | $4074 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Decrease related to prior year tax positions |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Increase related to current year tax positions | 519 | 933 |
| Balance at the end of the year | $5526 | $5007 |

---

The Company files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction, state jurisdictions and Australia. The Company currently has no federal, state or other jurisdictional tax examinations in progress. All years are open for examination by federal, state and Australian authorities.

Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received, was zero for all jurisdictions for the year ended December 31, 2025.

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**15. Net Loss Per Share**

***Net Loss Per Share***

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share during the periods presented (in thousands, except share and per share data):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **Numerator:** |  |  |  |
| Net loss | $(56033) | $(83736) | $(101870) |
| **Denominator:** |  |  |  |
| Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding | 7316890 | 7290245 | 7255365 |
| Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $(7.66) | $(11.49) | $(14.04) |

---

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Options to purchase common stock | 1647096 | 1650390 | 1310651 |
| Restricted stock units subject to future vesting | 497 | 10916 | 21945 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 1647593 | 1661306 | 1332596 |

---

**16. Restructuring and Impairment Charges**

In October 2023, the Company announced a strategic restructuring and workforce reduction (the "2023 Workforce Reduction") to prioritize its clinical-stage assets, extend the cash runway and reduce the total workforce. All employees affected by the 2023 Workforce Reduction separated from the Company by December 31, 2023. In connection with the 2023 Workforce Reduction, the Company committed to a plan to sublease Suite 400 of its corporate headquarters which resulted in an impairment to the right-of use asset and certain property and equipment no longer utilized under then-current or expected future operations.

In October 2025, the Company announced the initiation of a process to explore a full range of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing stockholder value. In connection with the evaluation of strategic alternatives, the Company is implementing a restructuring plan including workforce reduction and other cost-containment and cash conservation measures, pursuant to which the Company initially reduced its workforce by approximately 70%.

The Company recognized restructuring charges of $6.8 million, $1.5 million and $6.2 million, comprised primarily of one-time employee termination benefits and long-lived assets impairment costs during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Restructuring and impairment charges, recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations are presented in the table below (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Severance and related benefit costs | $5741 | $(79) | $3279 |
| Asset impairments | 1096 | 1549 | 2908 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $6837 | $1470 | $6187 |

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**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id5c41fd00c354f34b7ee1cd8ed8229f5_7)</u>**

The following table illustrates the accrual activity and payments relating to restructuring and impairment charges (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Severance and related benefit costs** | **Asset impairments** | **Total** |
| Balance as of January 1, 2023 | $— | $— | $— |
| Restructuring charges | 3279 | 2908 | 6187 |
| Cash payments made | (1858) |  | (1858) |
| Non-cash charges |  | (2908) | (2908) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $1421 | $— | $1421 |
| Restructuring charges |  | 1549 | 1549 |
| Cash payments made | (1342) |  | (1342) |
| Non-cash charges | (79) | (1549) | (1628) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $— | $— | $— |
| Restructuring charges | $5741 | $1096 | 6837 |
| Cash payments made | $(4185) | $— | (4185) |
| Non-cash charges | $— | $(1096) | (1096) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 | $1556 | $— | $1556 |

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**17. Segment Reporting**

The Company operates and manages its business as one operating segment, which primarily focuses on developing novel small molecule therapeutics to treat unmet medical needs in immune-mediated diseases. The Company's Chief Executive Officer serves as the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), who reviews consolidated financial information on a company-wide basis for purposes of allocating resources and assessing financial performance. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total assets. The following table represents selected financial information for our segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, in thousands:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Collaboration revenue | $— | $— | $7000 |
| Internal costs |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total salary / benefits | 21800 | 21228 | 30105 |
| External costs by program |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Zetomipzomib | 15855 | 36652 | 40513 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;KZR-261 | 839 | 5940 | 6428 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other protein secretion discovery programs | 33 | 289 | 5604 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 9523 | 10888 | 13663 |
| Other segment items (1) | 11057 | 15608 | 22111 |
| Total operating expenses | $59107 | $90605 | $118424 |
| Loss from operations | (59107) | (90605) | (111424) |
| Interest income | 4444 | 8462 | 11104 |
| Other expenses | (1370) | (1593) | (1550) |
| Consolidated segment net loss | $(56033) | $(83736) | $(101870) |

---

(1) Other segment items include stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, loss on disposal of property and equipment, impairment loss of property and equipment, and in 2024 and 2023, impairment loss of right-of-use asset.

**18. Subsequent Event**

***Enodia Asset Purchase Agreement***

On March 6, 2026, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the "Asset Purchase Agreement") with Enodia Therapeutics SAS ("Enodia"), under which Enodia has acquired the Company's assets from its Sec61-based discovery and development program. Under the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company received initial upfront payments totaling $1.0 million, and may receive future payments from Enodia upon achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones, for a potential total of up to $127 million. In addition, Enodia will pay the Company tiered royalties on any net sales, subject to certain reductions for patent expiration, generic competition and payments for licenses to third party patents.

## Exhibit 4.5

**Exhibit 4.5**

**DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES OF KEZAR LIFE SCIENCES, INC.**

Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. has two classes of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended: (i) common stock, par value $0.001 per share; and (ii) preferred share purchase rights. All references to the "we," "our," or "us" refer to Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.

The following description of our capital stock, provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (as amended, the "Restated Certificate"), amended and restated bylaws (the "Bylaws"), certificate of designation of rights, preferences and privileges of Series A junior participating preferred stock (the "Certificate of Designation"), the Rights Agreement (as defined below), and certain provisions of Delaware law are summaries and do not purport to be complete. You should also refer to the Restated Certificate, the Bylaws, the Certificate of Designation and the Rights Agreement, which are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.2 is a part. We encourage you to read these documents for additional information.

**General**

Our authorized capital consists of (i) 250,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share; and (ii) 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, of which 500,000 shares are designated Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, which shares are individually referred to as a "Series A Preferred Share," and collectively referred to as the "Series A Preferred Shares." All other shares of preferred stock are undesignated. For a description of the rights of our Series A Preferred Shares, see below under the heading "Stock Purchase Rights—Series A Preferred Share Provisions."

**Common Stock**

***Voting Rights***

The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders. An election of directors by our stockholders shall be determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election. The affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of capital stock, voting as a single class, will be required to amend certain provisions of our Restated Certificate of incorporation, including provisions relating to amending our Bylaws, the classified board, the size of our board of directors, removal of directors, director liability, vacancies on our board, special meetings, stockholder notices, actions by written consent and exclusive jurisdiction.

***Dividends***

Subject to preferences that may apply to any outstanding preferred stock, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends that our board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for that purpose on a non-cumulative basis.

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***Liquidation***

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of our common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred stock.

***Rights and Preferences***

Holders of our common stock have no preemptive, conversion, or subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights of the holders of Series A Preferred Shares, upon issuance of any such shares, and shares of any other series of our preferred stock that we may designate in the future.

**Preferred Stock**

Pursuant to our Restated Certificate, our board of directors has the authority to determine the number, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions thereof. These rights, preferences and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences and sinking fund terms, and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of common stock. The issuance of our preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation. Holders of shares of preferred stock may be entitled to receive a preference payment in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our company before any payment is made to the holders of shares of our common stock. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control or other corporate action, or make the removal of management more difficult.

The Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, which is the law of the state of our incorporation, provides that the holders of preferred stock will have the right to vote separately as a class (or, in some cases, as a series) on an amendment to our certificate of incorporation if the amendment would change the par value, the powers, preferences or special rights of the class or series so as to adversely affect the class or series, as the case may be, or, unless the certificate of incorporation provided otherwise, the number of authorized shares of the class. This right is in addition to any voting rights that may be provided for in the applicable certificate of designation.

**Stock Purchase Rights**

On October 17, 2024, our board of directors declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right, individually referred to as a "Purchase Right," and collectively referred to as the "Purchase Rights," to purchase one-thousandth of one share of our Series A Preferred Shares for each outstanding share of our common stock to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 28, 2024, and adopted a limited duration stockholder rights plan, as set forth in the Rights Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2024 and as amended by Amendment No. 1 dated as of December 3, 2024 and by Amendment No. 2

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dated as of October 16, 2025, or the Rights Agreement, by and between us and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent, or the Rights Agent. The Rights Agent serves as our transfer agent with respect to our common stock and was also appointed transfer agent with respect to the Series A Preferred Shares, if any, that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of Purchase Rights under the Rights Agreement. The Purchase Rights will expire on the day following the certification of the voting results of Company's 2026 annual meeting of stockholders, or the Final Expiration Date, unless the Company's stockholders approve or ratify the Rights Agreement at the 2026 annual meeting, in which case the Final Expiration Date shall be the day following the certification of the voting results of the Company's 2027 annual meeting, or if the Purchase Rights are earlier redeemed or exchanged by us.

In connection with a ten-for-one reverse stock split of our common stock effected on October 29, 2025, or the Reverse Stock Split, the number of shares of Series A Preferred Shares purchasable upon the exercise of each Purchase Right was increased from one one-thousandth of a Series A Preferred Share to one one-hundredth of a Series A Preferred Share and the number of outstanding Purchase Rights was decreased by a factor of ten such that each share of common stock outstanding immediately after the Reverse Stock Split has issued with respect to it one Purchase Right. The exercise price of each Purchase Right was also adjusted such that each Purchase Right will allow its holder to purchase from the Company one one-hundredth of a Series A Preferred Share for $71.60, once the Purchase Rights become exercisable.

In general terms, the Rights Agreement works by imposing a significant penalty upon any person or group that acquires beneficial ownership of 10% (15% in the case of a passive institutional investor) or more of the outstanding shares of our common stock without the approval of our board.

***The Purchase Rights***

The Purchase Rights will not be exercisable and will trade with shares of our common stock until the earlier to occur of (i) the tenth calendar day (or such later date as may be determined by the board) after a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 10% (15% in the case of a passive institutional investor) or more of our outstanding common stock, or an Acquiring Person; or (ii) the tenth business day (or such later date as may be determined by action of the Board prior to such time as any person or entity becomes an Acquiring Person) following the date of commencement of, or the first announcement of, an intention to commence, a tender offer or exchange offer, the consummation of which would result in any person or entity or group of persons or entities acting in concert becoming an Acquiring Person; provided, however, the term "Acquiring Person" is subject to certain customary exceptions whereby certain stockholders that would have otherwise been an Acquiring Person are excluded from the definition of "Acquiring Person." Any Purchase Rights held by an Acquiring Person are null and void and may not be exercised.

***Exercise Price***

The date when the Purchase Rights separate from our common stock and become exercisable is referred to herein as the "Distribution Date." After the Distribution Date, each Purchase Right will entitle the holder to purchase one-hundredth (1/100th) of a Series A Preferred Share for $71.60, subject to adjustment, or the Exercise Price. Each one-hundredth (1/100th) of a Series A Preferred Share has economic terms similar to that of one share of our common stock. The Exercise Price payable, and the

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number of Series A Preferred Shares or other securities or other property issuable upon exercise of the Purchase Rights will be subject to adjustment from time to time to prevent dilution in the event of a stock dividend on, or a subdivision, combination or reclassification of, the Series A Preferred Shares. No fractional shares will be issued (other than fractions which are integral multiples of the number of one one-hundredth (1/100th) of a Series A Preferred Share issuable upon the exercise of one Purchase Right, which may, at our election, be evidenced by depositary receipts), and in lieu thereof, an adjustment in cash will be made based on the market price of the Series A Preferred Shares on the last trading day prior to the date of exercise.

***Consequences of a Person or Group Becoming an Acquiring Person***

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *Flip-In*. If a person or group becomes an Acquiring Person, all holders of Purchase Rights except the Acquiring Person or its affiliates may, for the Exercise Price, purchase shares of our common stock with a market value of twice the Exercise Price.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *Exchange*. In lieu of "flip-in" feature described above, the Board may, at its option at any time after a person or group becomes an Acquiring Person, exchange the Purchase Rights (other than Purchase Rights owned by the Acquiring Person or its affiliates), in whole or in part, for shares of our common stock at an exchange ratio of one share of our common stock per Purchase Right (subject to adjustment).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *Flip-Over*. If we are later acquired in a merger or similar transaction after the Distribution Date, all holders of Purchase Rights except the Acquiring Person or its affiliates may purchase, for the Exercise Price, a number of shares of our common stock of the person engaging in the transaction having a market value of twice the Exercise Price.

***Series A Preferred Share Provisions***

Each Series A Preferred Share, if issued:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• will not be redeemable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• when and if any dividend is declared on our common stock, entitle the holder to a preferential quarterly dividend payment equal to 1,000 times the aggregate per share price of all cash and non-cash dividends declared per share of our common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• will entitle the holder upon liquidation either to receive $1,000 plus an amount equal to accrued and unpaid dividends and distributions thereon or an aggregate amount per share equal to 1,000 times the aggregate amount to be distributed per share to holders of our common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• will have 1,000 votes, voting together with the our common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if shares of our common stock are exchanged via merger, consolidation, or a similar transaction, will entitle the holder to a per share payment equal to 1,000 times the amount of consideration received per share of our common stock; and

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• would rank junior to any other series of the Company's preferred stock.

***Expiration; Amendment***

The Purchase Rights will expire on the Final Expiration Date, unless the Purchase Rights are earlier redeemed or exchanged by us. The terms of the Rights Agreement may be amended by our board without the consent of the holders of the Purchase Rights. After a person or group becomes an Acquiring Person, our board may not amend the Rights Agreement in a way that adversely affects holders of the Purchase Rights.

***Redemption***

The board may redeem the Purchase Rights for $0.001 per Purchase Right at any time prior to the earlier of (i) such time as any person or group becomes an Acquiring Person or (ii) the close of business on the Final Expiration Date. Following the expiration of the above periods, the Purchase Rights become nonredeemable. If the board redeems any Purchase Rights, it must redeem all of the Purchase Rights. Once the Purchase Rights are redeemed, the only right of the holders of Purchase Rights will be to receive the redemption price of $0.001 per Purchase Right. The redemption price will be adjusted if we effect a stock split or stock dividend of our common stock.

***Miscellaneous***

Purchase Rights have the benefit of certain customary anti-dilution provisions.

The Rights Agreement does not contain any dead-hand, slow-hand, no-hand or similar feature that limits the ability of a future board to redeem the Purchase Rights. Until a Purchase Right is exercised, the holder thereof, as such, will have no rights as a stockholder of the Company, including, without limitation, the right to vote or to receive dividends.

**Anti-Takeover Provisions**

***Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law***

We are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder, those

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shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.

In general, Section 203 defines a "business combination" to include the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation involving the interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits by or through the corporation.

In general, Section 203 defines an "interested stockholder" as an entity or person who, together with the entity or person's affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and within three years prior to the time of determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation.

***Restated Certificate and Bylaws***

Among other things, our Restated Certificate and Bylaws:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• permit our board of directors to issue up to 9,500,000 shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate, including the right to approve an acquisition or other change in control;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• permit our board of directors to issue up to 500,000 Series A Preferred Shares, with the rights, preferences and privileges as designated pursuant to the Certificate of Designation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that our board of directors will be classified into three classes of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that, subject to the rights of any series of preferred stock to elect directors, directors may only be removed for cause, which removal may be effected, subject to any limitation imposed by law, by the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all of our then-outstanding shares of the capital stock entitled to vote generally at an election of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that all vacancies, including newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not be taken by written consent or electronic transmission;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide advance notice in writing, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder's notice;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairman of our board of directors, our chief executive officer or president or by our board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• do not provide for cumulative voting rights, therefore allowing the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors to elect all of the directors standing for election, if they should so choose.

The amendment of any of these provisions require approval by the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of our then-outstanding common stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.

The combination of these provisions make it more difficult for our existing stockholders to replace our board of directors as well as for another party to obtain control of us by replacing our board of directors. Because our board of directors has the power to retain and discharge our officers, these provisions could also make it more difficult for existing stockholders or another party to effect a change in management. In addition, the authorization of undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change our control.

These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and its policies and to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to reduce our vulnerability to hostile takeovers and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and may have the effect of delaying changes

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in our control or management. As a consequence, these provisions may also inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our stock that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. We believe that the benefits of these provisions, including increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure our company, outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging takeover proposals, because negotiation of takeover proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

**Choice of Forum**

Our Restated Certificate provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state court located within the State of Delaware or, if and only if all such state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action or proceeding commenced by any of our stockholders (including any class action) asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed, or other wrongdoing, by any director, officer, employee or agent to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action or proceeding commenced by any of our stockholders (including any class action) asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL or our Restated Certificate or our Bylaws; (iv) any action or proceeding commenced by any of our stockholders (including any class action) to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our Restated Certificate or our Bylaws; or (v) any action or proceeding commenced by any of our stockholders (including any class action) asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Our Restated Certificate further provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

**Limitation of Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors**

Our Restated Certificate provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, our directors will not be liable for monetary damages.

Our Restated Certificate and our Bylaws provide that we must indemnify our directors and executive officers to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL. We believe that the limitation on liability and indemnification provisions are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and executive officers. However, these provisions may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and executive officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and executive officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements (Nos. 333-225769, 333-230520, 333-237133, 333-254161, 333-263659, 333-271841 and 333-277939, and 333-286084) on Form S-8 and (No. 333-284712) on Form S-3 of our report dated March 27, 2026, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.

/s/ KPMG LLP

San Francisco, California

March 27, 2026

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Christopher Kirk, Ph.D., certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: March 27, 2026 | By: | /s/ Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. |
|  |  | Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer<br>(Principal Executive Officer) |

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## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Marc Belsky, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Kezar Life Sciences, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: March 27, 2026 | By: | /s/ Marc Belsky |
|  |  | Marc Belsky |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer<br>(Principal Financial Officer) |

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## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Christopher Kirk, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of Kezar Life Sciences, Inc. (the "Company"), and Marc Belsky, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)The Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the "Annual Report"), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)The information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 27, 2026

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| /s/ Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. | /s/ Marc Belsky |
| Christopher Kirk, Ph.D. | Marc Belsky |
| Chief Executive Officer | Chief Financial Officer |
| (Principal Executive Officer) | (Principal Financial Officer) |

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