# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001757499
**File Stem:** 0001641172-25-023263
**Filing Date:** 2025-8
**Character Count:** 144410
**Document Hash:** ff41ea37af8a55bbea1c5dc7720a810e
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001641172-25-023263.hdr.sgml**: 20250813

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001641172-25-023263

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 65

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250630

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20250813

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20250812

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001757499
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 000000000
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-41488
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251208439

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 401 PROFESSIONAL DRIVE
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 260
- **CITY:** GAITHERSBURG
- **STATE:** MD
- **ZIP:** 20879
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (240) 403-4212

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 401 PROFESSIONAL DRIVE
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 260
- **CITY:** GAITHERSBURG
- **STATE:** MD
- **ZIP:** 20879

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-Q**

(Mark One)

☒ Quarterly
 Report PURSUANT TO Section 13 or 15(d)
 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

OR

☐ Transition Report PURSUANT TO Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission File Number 001-41488

**SHUTTLE PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDINGS, INC.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **82-5089826** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer |
| incorporation or organization) | Identification Number) |

---

**401 Professional Drive, Suite 260**

**Gaithersburg, MD 20879**

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

**(240) 403-4212**

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share | SHPH | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ <br> Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ <br> Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock on August 11, 2025 was 1,070,773.

**Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | Page |
|  | Part I. Financial Information |  |
| Item 1. | Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
|  | [Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024](#a_001) | 3 |
|  | [Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024](#a_002) | 4 |
|  | [Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024](#a_003) | 5 |
|  | [Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024](#a_004) | 6 |
|  | [Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements](#a_005) | 7 |
| Item 2. | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#a_006) | 24 |
| Item 3. | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#a_007) | 31 |
| Item 4. | [Controls and Procedures](#a_008) | 31 |
|  | [Part II. Other Information](#a_009) | 33 |
| Item 1. | [Legal Proceedings](#a_010) | 33 |
| Item 1A. | [Risk Factors](#a_011) | 33 |
| Item 2. | [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#a_012) | 33 |
| Item 3. | [Defaults Upon Senior Securities](#a_013) | 33 |
| Item 4. | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#a_014) | 33 |
| Item 5. | [Other Information](#a_015) | 33 |
| Item 6. | [Exhibits](#a_016) | 33 |
| [Signatures](#a_017) | [Signatures](#a_017) | 34 |

---

**Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **June 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| **Assets** |  |  |
| Current assets |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $4817672 | $1920144 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses | 374245 | 290773 |
| Total current assets | 5191917 | 2210917 |
| Property and equipment, net | 19335 | 19364 |
| Deferred financing costs | 48487 |  |
| Operating lease right-of-use asset | 244690 | 276009 |
| **Total Assets** | 5504429 | 2506290 |
| **Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity** |  |  |
| Current liabilities |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $1174374 | $596600 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued interest payable - related parties | 590 | 1785 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes payable to related parties | 65326 | 190270 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible notes payable, net - fair value option, related parties | 127689 | 206085 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible notes payable, net - fair value option | 252938 | 478120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liability | 71869 | 60909 |
| Total current liabilities | 1692786 | 1533769 |
| Derivative liability | 10965 | 25281 |
| Operating lease liability non-current | 195159 | 238088 |
| **Total Liabilities** | 1898910 | 1797138 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |
| Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
| Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.00001 par value; $1,000 per share liquidation value; 800,000 shares authorized; no shares outstanding |  |  |
| Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 1,070,773 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025; 163,093 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 11 | 2 |
| Additional paid in capital | 44943081 | 35287251 |
| Accumulated deficit | (41337573) | (34578101) |
| Total Stockholders' Equity | 3605519 | 709152 |
| **Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity** | $5504429 | $2506290 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

**Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended** | **Three Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** |
|  | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | **June 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Revenue** | $— | $— | $— | $— |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 1025547 | 645719 | 2599475 | 1231823 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 2346323 | 310038 | 2943209 | 634647 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Legal and professional | 538536 | 526877 | 1318963 | 1001011 |
| **Total operating expenses** | 3910406 | 1482634 | 6861647 | 2867481 |
| Net loss from operations | (3910406) | (1482634) | (6861647) | (2867481) |
| **Other income (expense)** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense - related parties | (2614) |  | (8009) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (19129) | (430685) | (25664) | (928200) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 81 | 14158 | 81 | 35611 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of derivative liabilities | 11673 | (143773) | 14316 | 54089 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of convertible notes | 213930 |  | 121451 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on sale of marketable securities |  | 39683 |  | 43720 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of marketable securities |  | (27964) |  | (28670) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on settlement of convertible debt |  |  |  | (71315) |
| **Total other income (expense)** | 203941 | (548581) | 102175 | (894765) |
| **Net loss** | (3706465) | (2031215) | (6759472) | (3762246) |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted | 1126054 | 84197 | 766021 | 83636 |
| Net loss per shares - basic and diluted | $(3.29) | $(24.12) | $(8.82) | $(44.98) |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

**Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity**

**(Unaudited)**

***For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025***

 ****

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional**<br>**Paid-In**<br>**Capital** |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Total**<br>**Stockholders'**<br>**Equity** |
| **Balance at December 31, 2024** | 163093 | $2 | $35287251 | $(34578101) | $709152 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock issued for restricted stock units | 33609 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of issuance costs of $693,600 | 53637 | 1 | 5038573 |  | 5038574 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Partial conversion of convertible note at fair value | 5000 |  | 53500 |  | 53500 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  | 537046 |  | 537046 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  | (3053007) | (3053007) |
| **Balance at March 31, 2025** | 255339 | 3 | 40916370 | (37631108) | 3285265 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock issued for restricted stock units | 404 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of issuance costs of $357,987 | 21924 |  | 3891964 |  | 3891964 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Partial conversion of convertible note at fair value | 7000 |  | 68250 |  | 68250 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exercise of pre-funded warrants | 786070 | 8 | 19644 |  | 19652 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock issued for reverse stock split fractional share round up | 36 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  | 46853 |  | 46853 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  | (3706465) | (3706465) |
| **Balance at June 30, 2025** | 1070773 | 11 | 44943081 | (41337573) | 3605519 |

---

***For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024***

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional**<br>**Paid-In**<br>**Capital** |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Total**<br>**Stockholders'**<br>**Equity** |
| **Balance at December 31, 2023** | 80348 | 1 | 29489074 | (25433304) | 4055790 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock issued for conversion of accrued interest and principal | 3128 |  | 325298 |  | 325299 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock issued for restricted stock units | 625 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  | 111449 |  | 111449 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  | (1731031) | (1731031) |
| **Balance at March 31, 2024** | 84101 | 1 | 29925821 | (27164335) | 801454 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock issued for restricted stock units | 149 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation |  |  | 71162 |  | 71162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  | (2031215) | (2031215) |
| **Balance at June 30, 2024** | 84250 | 21 | 29996983 | (29195550) | 801454 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

**Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(6759472) | $(3762246) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation | 29 | 2874 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of derivative liabilities | (14316) | (54089) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of debt discount and finance fees | 29927 | 832014 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on marketable securities |  | (43720) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of marketable securities |  | 28670 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued interest settled with common stock |  | 18783 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on settlement of convertible debt |  | 71315 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 583899 | 182611 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest payments on convertible notes accounted for at fair value | (60377) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of convertible notes | (121451) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued interest income |  | 7675 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses | (83472) | (25045) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 545099 | 82031 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses - related parties |  | (446) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued interest payable |  | 20445 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued interest payable - related parties | (1195) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in operating lease asset and liabilities | (650) | 703 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities | (5881979) | (2638425) |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Investment in marketable securities |  | (35982) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from disposition of marketable securities |  | 1295252 |
| Net cash provided by investing activities |  | 1259270 |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Repayment of note payable-related party | (124944) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of placement agent costs of $322,501 | 5409673 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of placement agent costs of $170,000 | 4080000 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of other issuance costs for issuance of common stock and equity-classified warrants | (526460) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from exercise of pre-funded warrants | 19652 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment for finance costs | (78414) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of convertible note payable |  | (501667) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 8779507 | (501667) |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 2897528 | (1880822) |
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 1920144 | 2576416 |
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $4817672 | $695594 |
| Cash paid for: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest | $36153 | $56958 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income taxes | $— | $— |
| Supplemental non-cash financing activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $32675 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of convertible notes accounted for at fair value | $121750 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock issued for settlement of debt | $— | $325298 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

**Note 1 – Organization and Liquidity**

***Organization and Line of Business***

Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. ("we," "us," "our," or the "Company") was originally formed as Shuttle Pharmaceuticals, LLC in the State of Maryland on December 18, 2012. On August 12, 2016, the Company filed articles of conversion with the State of Maryland to convert from an LLC to a C corporation, at which time the Company changed its name to Shuttle Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Shuttle"). In connection with the conversion, the Company issued 225,000 shares of common stock in exchange for 100% of the outstanding membership interests in Shuttle prior to conversion. On June 4, 2018, Shuttle completed a reverse merger with Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. (then known as Shuttle Pharma Acquisition Corp, Inc.), a Delaware corporation, pursuant to which Shuttle, our operating entity, became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Shuttle Diagnostics, Inc, a subsidiary of the Company, was formed in the State of Maryland on November 14, 2023.

The Company's primary purpose is to develop and commercialize unique drugs for the sensitization of cancers and protection of normal tissues, with the goal of improving outcomes for cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Shuttle has deployed its proprietary technology to develop novel cancer immunotherapies, producing a pipeline of selective HDAC inhibitors for cancer and immunotherapy applications. The Company's HDAC platform is designed to target candidate molecules with potential roles in therapeutics beyond cancer, including autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, neurological and infectious diseases. The Company's Ropidoxuridine product candidate, which is used with radiation therapy to sensitize cancer cells, was initially funded by a Small Business Innovation Research ("SBIR") contract provided by the National Cancer Institute ("NCI"), a unit of the National Institutes of Health ("NIH"). Ropidoxuridine has been further developed through the Company's collaborations with scientists at the University of Virginia for use in combination with proton therapy to improve patient survival. Historically, and prior to the Company's initial public offering in September 2022, the Company had obtained funding to develop products through NIH grants, including a product to predict late effects of radiation with metabolite biomarkers and develop prostate cancer cell lines in health disparities research.

The production and marketing of the Company's products and its ongoing research and development activities will be and are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States. Prior to marketing in the United States, any products or combination of products developed by the Company must undergo rigorous preclinical (animal) and clinical (human) testing and an extensive regulatory approval process implemented by the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. There can be no assurance that the Company will not encounter problems in its clinical trials that will cause the Company or the FDA to delay or suspend the clinical trials.

The Company's success will depend in part on its ability to obtain patents and product license rights, maintain trade secrets, and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others, both in the United States and in other countries. There can be no assurance that patents issued to or licensed by the Company will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide proprietary protection or competitive advantages to the Company now or in the future.

***Liquidity and Going Concern***

Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred losses since inception and had a net loss of approximately $6.8 million and no revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and working capital of approximately $3.5 million as of June 30, 2025. The Company does not expect to generate positive cash flows from operating activities in the near future.

In February 2025, the Company issued a revolving note in the principal amount of up to $2,000,000, which the Company may draw upon at its discretion from time to time. In March 2025, the Company completed an equity raise that provided $5.0 million net cash proceeds for the issuance of 53,637 shares and 713,030 pre-funded warrants. In June 2025, the Company completed a private placement equity raise that provided $3.9 million net cash proceeds for the issuance of 21,924 shares and 1,158,953 pre-funded warrants. However, the Company's existing cash resources, the cash received from the equity offering, and financing available under the revolving note are not expected to provide sufficient funds to carry out the Company's operations and clinical trials through the next twelve months.

The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to continue to successfully raise additional equity or debt financing to allow it to fund ongoing operations, conduct clinical trials and bring a drug candidate to commercialization to generate revenues. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

**Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

***Basis of Presentation***

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") for interim financial statements and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Accordingly, they do not contain all information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements. A complete discussion of the Company's significant accounting policies is included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

In the opinion of the Company's management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all of the adjustments necessary to present the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2025 and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have not been audited by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm, except that the year-end consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements. The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or any future period.

***Reverse Stock Split***

On August 13, 2024, in order to meet Nasdaq's minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share (the "Minimum Bid Price Requirement"), the Company effectuated a 1-for-8 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding common stock, rounding up to account for any fractional shares (the "August 2024 Reverse Stock Split"). The Reverse Stock Split had no effect on the Company's authorized shares of common stock or preferred stock and the par value will remain unchanged at $0.00001, respectively.

On June 16, 2025, in order to meet the Minimum Bid Price Requirement again, the Company effectuated a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding common stock, rounding up to account for any fractional shares (the "June 2025 Reverse Stock Split", collectively with the August 2024 Reverse Stock Split, the "Reverse Stock Splits"). The Reverse Stock Splits had no effect on the Company's authorized shares of common stock or preferred stock and the par value will remain unchanged at $0.00001, respectively. All common stock share, option, warrant and per share amounts (except our authorized but unissued shares and previously reserved shares) have been retroactively adjusted in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

***Basis of Consolidation***

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a consolidated basis with those of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, Shuttle Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Shuttle Diagnostics, Inc. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

 **

***Use of Estimates***

 **

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company regularly evaluates estimates and assumptions. The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience, and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results experienced by the Company may differ materially and adversely from the Company's estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future results of operations will be affected. Significant estimates are contained in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the valuation of debt and warrants and valuation of bifurcated derivative liabilities and other financial instruments.

***Cash and Cash Equivalents***

Cash and cash equivalents include cash in bank accounts and money market funds with maturities of less than three months from inception, which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which, in the opinion of management, are subject to an insignificant risk of loss in value. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents consisted of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **June 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Cash | $4742472 | $1918941 |
| Money market funds | 75200 | 1203 |
|  | $4817672 | $1920144 |

---

Periodically, the Company may carry cash balances at financial institutions in excess of the federally insured limit of $250,000 per institution. The amount in excess of the FDIC insurance as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $4.6 million. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.

***Fair Value of Financial Instruments***

The Company follows accounting guidelines on fair value measurements for financial instruments measured on a recurring basis, as well as for certain assets and liabilities that are initially recorded at their estimated fair values. Fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The Company uses the following three-level hierarchy that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs to value its financial instruments:

● Level 1: Observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.

● Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

● Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and that are financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires a significant judgment or estimation.

Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires the Company to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The use of different assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on estimated fair values. Accordingly, the fair value estimates disclosed, or initial amounts recorded, may not be indicative of the amount that the Company or holders of the instruments could realize in a current market exchange.

The carrying amounts of the Company's financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Set out below are the Company's financial instruments that are required to be remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis and their fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Schedule of Fair Value Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **June 30, 2025** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Carrying Value** |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |  |  |
| Derivative Liability - Warrants | $— | $— | $10965 | $10965 |
| Convertible Note |  |  | 380627 | 380627 |
| Total Liabilities | $— | $— | $391592 | $391592 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **December 31, 2024** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Carrying Value** |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |  |  |
| Derivative Liability - Warrants | $— | $— | $25281 | $25281 |
| Convertible Note |  |  | 684205 | 684205 |
| Total Liabilities | $— | $— | $709486 | $709486 |

---

See Note 5 and Note 7 for additional disclosures related to the fair value of the Company's convertible notes and derivative liabilities, respectively.

***Derivative Financial Instruments***

The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

For its derivative financial instruments, the Company utilizes the most appropriate valuation model (such as Monte Carlo simulations or other sophisticated models, based on the nature of the terms of the instrument) to value the derivative instruments at inception and on subsequent valuation dates. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. Derivative liabilities are classified in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement or conversion of the instrument could be required within twelve (12) months of the balance sheet date.

***Convertible Notes***

The Company accounts for its Convertible Bridge Notes (as defined in Note 5) under the fair value option in accordance with ASC 825. The fair value option may be elected on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable unless a new election date occurs. Additional term or other notes may be issued in subsequent periods where the Company would be able to make a fair value option election upon issuance provided eligibility criteria are met. The Company records the portion of the Convertible Bridge Notes that are issued and outstanding for accounting purposes at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in other income (expense), net in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations, except for the portion of the total change in fair value that results from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk of the Convertible Bridge Notes, which is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), if applicable. No loss was attributed to changes in credit risk for the periods presented therefore net loss was equal to comprehensive loss. The fair value option election was made to align the accounting for the Convertible Bridge Notes with the Company's financial reporting objectives and reduce operational effort to account for embedded features that otherwise would require bifurcation as a separate unit of account.

Pursuant to the fair value option election, direct and incremental debt issuance costs and consideration paid to the lender related to the Convertible Bridge Notes were expensed as incurred and recorded in other income (expense), net in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

For convertible notes for which the fair value option is not elected, the Company evaluates the convertible notes for embedded features and bifurcates these features (such as conversion options and redemption options) from their host instruments and accounts for them as free standing derivative financial instruments if certain criteria are met. The criteria include circumstances in which (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (b) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable generally accepted accounting principles with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (c) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument. All of the Company's convertible bridge notes as of June 30, 2025 had elected the fair value option at the initial transaction date.

***Warrants***

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant's specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in FASB ASC 480, *Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity* ("ASC 480") and ASC 815, *Derivatives and Hedging* ("ASC 815"). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company's own ordinary shares and whether the warrant holders could potentially require "net cash settlement" in a circumstance outside of the Company's control, among other conditions for equity classification. Finally, the Company determines if the warrants meet the definition of a derivative based on their contractual terms. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and at each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company also evaluates if changes in contractual terms or other considerations would result in the reclassification of outstanding warrants from liabilities to stockholders' equity (or vice versa).

The fair value of the warrants is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Warrants that have terms greater than one year are classified as non-current liabilities in the balance sheet, unless there is an indication that the warrants would be settled within one year.

***Stock-Based Compensation***

Compensation cost for stock awards, which include restricted stock units ("RSUs"), is measured at the fair value on the grant date and recognized as expense, over the related service period. The fair value of stock awards is based on the quoted price of our common stock on the grant date. Compensation expense related to the RSUs is reduced by the fair value of the units that are forfeited by employees that leave the Company prior to vesting as they occur. Compensation cost for RSUs is recognized using the straight-line method over the requisite service period.

***Research and Development Expenses***

Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development expenses include, but are not limited to, product development, clinical and regulatory expenses, payroll and other personnel expenses, which include a certain portion of the Company's former chief executive officer (prior to his transition to chief scientific officer), chief operating officer, vice president regulatory (formerly the chief financial officer) and directors' compensation. Both the chief scientific officer and the vice president regulatory resigned in May and June 2025, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, a portion of personnel-related expenses and stock-based compensation expense for these individuals totaling $0.4 million and $1.2 million and $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, was included within research and development due to their active involvement in the research and development activities, materials, supplies, related subcontract expenses, and consulting costs.

Regarding the accounting treatment for reimbursements, GAAP provides limited guidance on the accounting for government grants received by for-profit companies. In accordance with ASC Topic 832, *Government Assistance*, as adopted January 1, 2022, the Company discloses certain types of government assistance received in the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements that includes: a) the nature of the transaction including the nature of the assistance being given, b) the accounting policies being used to account for the transaction and c) other provisions of relevance, where required. Depending on the type of grant or contract, the Company understands there is more than one acceptable alternative for the accounting treatment – a reduction of costs, a deferred credit to be amortized, revenue or other income. The Company has concluded that reimbursements received for R&D expenses incurred are more akin to a reduction of costs and applies reimbursements against incurred research costs. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded $1.0 million and $0.6 million, respectively, in research and development expenses. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded and $2.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively, in research and development expenses.

 ****

***Segment Information***

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate and discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's CODM, its chief executive officer, evaluates the Company's operations and manages its business as a single operating segment. All of the Company's long-lived assets are held in the United States. Refer to Note 9 for the Company's disclosure on its single operating segment.

***Net Loss Per Common Stock***

Net loss per share of common stock requires presentation of basic and diluted earnings per common share on the face of the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for all entities with complex capital structures and requires a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic earnings per share computation to diluted earnings per share.

In the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Certain warrants issued and outstanding include terms and conditions resulting in the treatment as participating securities. Such warrants do not include an obligation for the warrant holders to fund the losses of the Company. Therefore, these warrants are excluded from the calculation of earnings per common share in periods of net loss.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and potentially dilutive shares of common stock during the period to reflect the potential dilution that could occur from common shares issuable through convertible securities, contingent share arrangements, stock options and warrants unless the result would be antidilutive.

The dilutive effect of restricted stock units and other stock-based payment awards subject to vesting and common stock warrants is calculated using the "treasury stock method," which assumes that the "proceeds" from the exercise of these instruments are used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period. The dilutive effect of convertible securities is calculated using the "if-converted method." Under the if-converted method, securities are assumed to be converted at the beginning of the period, and the resulting shares of common stock are included in the denominator of the diluted calculation for the entire period being presented.

Given the nominal exercise price of the Company's issuance of Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined in Note 6), such Pre-Funded Warrants are included in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share as the exercise price per warrant is deemed nonsubstantive when compared to the fair value of the underlying common shares. The 1,158,953 unexercised pre-funded warrants as of June 30, 2025 were included in the Company's calculation of basic and diluted loss per share.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the following common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the result of the computation was anti-dilutive.

Schedule of Anti-dilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **June 30, 2025** | **June 30, 2025** | **June 30, 2024** | **June 30, 2024** |
| Convertible notes (Note 5) |  | 109967 |  | 3230 |
| Warrants (Note 7) |  | 138582 |  | 7360 |
| Restricted stock units (Note 7) | | 31,442 | | 2,354 |
|  | | 279,991 | | 12,944 |

---

 **

***Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements***

 **

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for the Company's fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will reflect any impact of adoption in its SEC Form 10-K for the annual period ending December 31, 2025 and does not expect any material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

On November 4, 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("DISE")," which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. The ASU does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the notes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for all public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

There have been no other recent accounting pronouncements, changes in accounting pronouncements or recently adopted accounting guidance that are of significance or potential significance to the Company.

**Note 3 - Leases**

Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets and liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments as of the lease commencement date. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company currently has a lease agreement which allows for the use of a laboratory facility, entered into on February 16, 2023, with base rent of $7,206 per month for a period of 64 months, which increases at the rate of 3% per year, that commenced June 1, 2023. The lease included a six-month 50% rent abatement upon commencement. Additional common area maintenance ("CAM") fees are charged monthly and revised annually. In addition to monthly base rent, the Company pays monthly CAM fees, which are being expensed as incurred. An irrevocable letter of credit ("LOC") for the security deposit of $43,234 and base rent of $3,891, including 50% abatement, and $3,315 of CAM cost, was due and paid on execution of the lease agreement. Alexandria Real Estate (ARE-QRS-CORP) is the beneficiary of the LOC. The current LOC expires on March 1, 2026.

The following summarizes the right-of use asset and lease information for the Company's operating leases:

Schedule of Right-of Use Asset and Lease Information about Operating Lease

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended** | **Three Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** |
|  | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | **June 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Operating lease cost | $22947 | $22947 | $45894 | $45894 |
| Variable lease cost | 9052 | 9937 | 19930 | 20377 |
| Sublease income |  | (2163) |  | (4326) |
| Total lease cost | $31999 | $30721 | $65824 | $61945 |
| Other information: |  |  |  |  |
| Cash paid for operating cash flows for operating leases | $23388 | $22707 | 46544 | 45189 |

---

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **June 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (year) | 3.18 | 4.18 |
| Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases | 10.48% | 10.48% |

---

Future non-cancelable minimum lease payments under the operating lease liability as of June 30, 2025, are as follows:

Schedule of Future Non-cancelable Minimum Lease Payments Under Operating Lease Liability

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Years ended December 31, |  |
| 2025 (excluding the six months ended June 30, 2025) | $47702 |
| 2026 | 97074 |
| 2027 | 99986 |
| 2028 | 68236 |
| 2029 and thereafter |  |
| Total future minimum lease payments | 312998 |
| Less: imputed interest | (45970) |
| Present value of payments | $267028 |

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**Note 4 – Notes Payable-Related Party**

On October 14, 2024, as part of the senior convertible note offering described in Note 5, the Company entered into a loan with an officer of the Company in the amount of $250,000 (principal) with an interest rate of 14.5% per annum due October 13, 2025, and warrants to purchase 4,016 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $35.00 per share. As of June 30, 2025, there was outstanding principal and interest balances for these related party notes of $250,000 and $7,753, respectively. Under the fair value option, the senior convertible note is $127,689 as of June 30, 2025.

On September 4, 2024, the Company issued a $250,000 promissory note (the "Promissory Note") to an officer of the Company for $250,000. The Promissory Note accrues interest at 12% per annum and is repayable in 12 substantially equal installments over a period of one year. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 the Company incurred $2,614 and $8,009 in interest expense relating to this Promissory Note. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company repaid principal of $63,405 and $124,944, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company paid interest of $3,232 and $8,329, respectively. The principal balance of the Promissory Note as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $65,326 and $190,270, respectively.

**Note 5 - Convertible Notes and Loan Agreement**

***Revolving Note Agreement***

On February 27, 2025, the Company entered into a Revolving Loan Agreement with a lender. Pursuant to the Revolving Loan Agreement, the Company issued a revolving note dated February 28, 2025 in the principal amount of up to $2,000,000 (the "Revolving Note"), which the Company may draw upon at its discretion from time to time through its maturity on February 28, 2026.

The Revolving Note bears interest at the rate of 18% per annum calculated on the basis of a 360-day year, consisting of twelve 30 calendar day periods, and shall accrue interest daily commencing from the date of any draw down until paid in full on the maturity date. The Company recognized deferred loan costs of approximately $78,000 in relation to the closing of the Revolving Loan Agreement as an asset on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. These deferred loan costs are being amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis to the maturity of the Revolving Loan Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized $23,392 and $29,928 in interest expense related to the amortization of these deferred loan costs, respectively.

The Revolving Loan Agreement contains customary events of default. If an event of default occurs, the lender may accelerate the repayment of amounts outstanding under the Revolving Loan Agreement, and an amount equal to 120% of the outstanding principal amount and accrued and unpaid interest plus other amounts, costs, expenses and/or liquidated damages. The default provision meets the criteria of a derivative liability that would have an associated fair value if any amounts are outstanding under the Agreement.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company has not yet drawn on the Revolving Note and no balances are outstanding.

***2024 Convertible Bridge Notes***

During October 2024, the Company completed a senior convertible note offering in two closings, as further described below.

On October 14, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of $600,000 (of an up to $1.3 million authorized financing) senior secured convertible notes due in October 2025, which accrue interest at 14.5% interest per year. The notes include a 5% original issue discount and the Company received $570,000 in proceeds. The notes are optionally convertible by each holder at a 10% premium beginning three months after the date of issuance, and the conversion price will be the 5-day volume-weighted average price ("VWAP") immediately prior to closing unless re-set (one-time only) by a lower price of an offering entered into by the Company during the term of the notes. The Company has the option to prepay the notes at any time for 107% of total outstanding balance and any outstanding principal will be paid in conversion of shares of common stock at a 15% discount at the end of the term, subject to the Company's exercise of the optional prepayment right. Any accrued interest will be repaid quarterly in cash. The Company also issued warrants to the lenders to purchase an aggregate 9,639 shares of common stock, exercisable at $35.00 per share, with such warrants expiring five years from issuance. In addition, the Company's former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Anatoly Dritschilo, invested a total of $237,500 in this financing round, in exchange for a $250,000 convertible note.

As part of the same offering, on October 21, 2024, the Company issued an additional $231,579 in senior secured convertible notes due in October 2025, with substantially similar terms as the October 14, 2024, issuance. The notes include a 5% original issue discount and the Company received $220,000 in proceeds. The Company also issued warrants to the lenders to purchase an aggregate 3,543 shares of common stock, exercisable at $37.25 per share, with such warrants expiring five years from issuance. Upon completing this issuance, the Company closed the senior secured convertible note offering after receiving a total of $790,000 in proceeds.

After analyzing the terms of the senior convertible notes ("Convertible Bridge Notes") and its embedded features, the Company elected to account for the Convertible Bridge Notes at fair value under the allowable fair value option election. As such, the Company initially recognized the Convertible Bridge Notes at their fair value and subsequently measures the notes at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings (or other comprehensive income, if specific to Company credit risk). The Company initially recorded the Convertible Bridge Notes at their estimated issuance date fair value of $806,758. As the fair value of the Convertible Bridge Notes exceeded the proceeds received, the Company recorded a loss on issuance of convertible notes of $16,758. The proceeds were allocated in full to the Convertible Bridge Notes recorded at fair value. The warrants issued in connection with the Convertible Bridge Notes were deemed to be equity instruments. In addition, the Company allocated the issuance costs incurred to these instruments to the Convertible Bridge Notes and, as such, expensed $107,491 in issuance costs, including $41,579 of original issue discount on the Convertible Bridge Notes.

The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation model to calculate the fair value of the Convertible Bridge Notes. The Convertible Bridge Notes were classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy at the initial measurement date, due to the use of unobservable inputs. The key inputs into the model for the Convertible Bridge Note were as follows:

Schedule of Key Inputs of Convertible Bridge Note

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **June 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.41% | 4.16% |
| Expected term (years) | 0.30 | 0.83 |
| Quoted VWAP | $3.74 | $20.50 |
| Volatility | 65.79% - 95.34 | 57.50% - 97.14 |
| Discount rate | 40% - 60 | 40% - 60 |
| Probability assessment<sup>1</sup> | 5% - 10 | 10% - 40 |
| Illiquidity discount | (12)% | (26)% |

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(1) Probability assessments include
 the probabilities that subsequent successful capital raises (in terms of amounts raised and timing) are not executed and the probability
 that the securities issuable under the convertible bridge notes are not timely registered.

The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying value of the Convertible Bridge Notes:

Schedule of Fair Value Measurement using Significant Unobservable Inputs

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)** |
| Balance - December 31, 2024 | $684205 |
| Conversion of Convertible Bridge Note (at fair value) | (121750) |
| Payments of coupon interest | (60377) |
| Gain on change in fair value | (121451) |
| Balance - June 30, 2025 | $380627 |

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Upon mandatory conversion of the current outstanding principal of the notes at their maturity, 117,084 shares of common stock would be issuable.

***Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC***

On January 11, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "SPA") with Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC – Segregated Master Portfolio B, a Cayman entity (the "Investor"), pursuant to which the Company sold to the Investor a $4,300,000 convertible note (the "Alto Convertible Note") and warrant (the "Alto Warrant") to purchase 5,091 shares of common stock, exercisable at $470.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $3,935,000 (the "Investment Amount") (See Note 6). As a consequence of the Company issuing the Convertible Bridge Notes, and then subsequently completing the Equity Financings in March 2025 and June 2025, the exercise price of the Alto Warrant was adjusted to $3.38. The Company determined that the Alto Warrant contains a net cash settlement feature at inception and categorized the Alto Warrant as a liability in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The Alto Convertible Note was amortized on a monthly basis and the Company could make such monthly amortization payments in cash or, subject to certain equity conditions, in registered shares of common stock or a combination thereof. Installments could be deferred by the noteholder, resulting in a variable interest rate. However, the effective interest rate was approximately 346% based on the internal rate of return calculated on a series of cash flows that occur at regular intervals. For equity repayment, the Alto Convertible Note was convertible into shares of common stock at a price per share equal to the lower of (i) $470.00 per share, as adjusted, (ii) 90% of the three lowest daily VWAPs of the 15 trading days prior to the payment date, or (iii) 90% of the VWAP of the trading day prior to payment date. The noteholder had an acceleration of installment amount conversion option (the "Alto Acceleration Option"), whereby the noteholder, with certain share percentage limitations, could convert to common stock any outstanding installment amount at an amount equal to the installment amount plus five times (5x) the installment amount at any time. The Company determined the Alto Acceleration Option was an embedded derivative within the host instrument and bifurcated it from the host instrument and recorded it as a derivative liability valued at $1,442,000 at inception, using a Monte Carlo simulation model (Note 7). The Alto Convertible Note was repayable over 26 months and bore interest at the rate of 5% per annum. Additionally, the note contained certain redemption options and "Make Whole" provisions.

In conjunction with entry into the SPA, the Company entered into a series of related agreements, including a security agreement (the "Security Agreement"), an intellectual property security agreement (the "IP Security Agreement") and a subsidiary guaranty (the "Subsidiary Guaranty"). The security agreements and guaranty allow, among other things, for the Investor to have a security interest in and place a lien on all of the Company's assets and intellectual property until such time as the Alto Convertible Note is paid off. In addition, the SPA called for the Company to enter into a springing deposit account control agreement (the "Springing DACA"), which, in the event the Company defaulted on its repayment of the Alto Convertible Note, would allow the Investor to assume control of the Company's bank account only with regard to any funds remaining outstanding under the Alto Convertible Note. As such, in conjunction with entry into the SPA, the Company established a separate bank account in which it deposited the Investment Amount and pursuant to which the Company, the Investor and the bank holding the Investment Amount, First Republic Bank, entered into the Springing DACA agreement. As the Investment Amount had been held at First Republic Bank, in light of certain banking crises then affecting smaller banks, on March 12, 2023, the Company and the Investor moved the Investment Amount from First Republic Bank, after which time the Springing DACA was no longer in effect. Further, pursuant to amendments to the SPA entered into in May and June of 2023, the Company and the Investor agreed that all of the Investment Amount would be released to the Company and the relevant provision of the SPA which required the Springing DACA would no longer be deemed applicable. In addition, the Company granted the Investor the option to purchase up to an additional $10 million in convertible notes and warrants on substantially the same terms as the Alto Convertible Note and Alto Warrant, excluding the Springing DACA requirement, with such option to be effective through December 31, 2025. The agreement offered the investor an opportunity to participate in future capital raises at substantially similar terms as the January 11, 2023 agreement. The Company expected that such subsequent convertible notes and warrants would be issued on substantially similar terms as the January 11, 2023 initial agreement, as amended, thus providing the Company the opportunity to negotiate certain aspects of the agreement.

Boustead Securities, LLC ("Boustead") served as a placement agent for the Alto Convertible Note and Warrant offering and received $345,000 cash compensation and a warrant to purchase 357 shares of common stock, exercisable at $470.00 per share. The Boustead warrant was determined to be an equity instrument valued on a non-recurring basis. The Company used the Black Scholes valuation model using a term of five years, volatility of 110%, a risk-free rate of 3.53% for a value of $99,543.

The Company allocated the finance costs related to the Boustead placement agent fee of $345,000, based on the relative fair market values of the Convertible Note and warrants issued. The allocation of the financing costs applied $232,027 to the debt component as a debt discount that was being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Alto Convertible Note, $104,245 to the warrant derivative liability component, expensed as a finance fee, and $8,727 to the equity warrant as a reduction in additional paid in capital.

The Company allocated to the debt component of the note an original discount of $300,000, legal fees of $65,000, $215,000 for additional interest fees on day one added to note principal, $1,442,000 for the accelerated conversion feature, and $1,288,543 for the fair value of warrants, resulting in an additional $3,310,543 debt discount that was being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Alto Convertible Note.

On August 6, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to the SPA with Alto. Under the Amendment Agreement, the Company and Alto agreed as follows: (i) that the Company would pay $600,000 (the "Cash Collateral") in cash to Alto, which would be held as collateral on the remaining $1.2 million outstanding under the Alto Note; (ii) Alto will defer the monthly installment payment due on September 3, 2024 under the Alto Note until the Alto Note's March 11, 2025 maturity date; and (iii) Alto would grant a waiver of any default Section 4(a)(xvi) of the Note related to the restatement and reaudit of the Company's financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The amendment was accounted for as a troubled debt restructuring as the Company determined it was experiencing financial difficulties and was provided a concession through the deferral of one monthly principal and interest payment. As the future undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying value of the Alto Convertible Note, the Company did not recognize any gain or loss associated with the troubled debt restructuring.

On February 26, 2025, the Company, entered into an amendment agreement (the "Amendment Agreement") for purposes of amending the terms of the SPA originally dated January 11, 2023, and as amended May 10, 2023, June 5, 2023 and August 6, 2024, between the Company and Alto.

Under the Amendment Agreement, in exchange for the Company's payment of $75,000 to Alto, Alto agreed to permanently waive its right to purchase up to $10 million in Additional Notes and Additional Warrants and to a one-time waiver of the right to participate in the Company's contemplated registered securities offering, as disclosed in the Company's registration statement on Form S-1, filed with the SEC on February 13, 2025. The payment to Alto was accounted for as an issuance cost and recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $430,685 and $928,200, respectively, which included amortization of debt discount as interest expense of $386,505 and $832,014, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company settled $0 and $235,200 of principal, and settled $0 and $18,783 of accrued interest, which settlements were made in the form of 0 and 3,128 shares of common stock. The Company also settled for cash during the six months ended June 30, 2024 $501,667 of principal and $56,958 of accrued interest for a total of $558,628 of principal and interest paid in cash.

**Note 6 - Stockholders' Equity**

***Common Stock***

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company issued:

● 12,000 shares of common stock upon conversion of $81,818 of principal related to a partial conversion of the Convertible Bridge Notes,

● 53,637 shares of common stock as part of a public offering,

● 34,013 shares of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units,

● 21,924 shares of common stock as part of a private placement,

● 36 shares of common stock for rounding of reverse stock split fractional shares, and

● 786,070 shares of common stock for exercise of pre-funded warrants.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company issued:

● 3,128 shares of common stock to settle $235,200 of principal and $18,783 of interest on a convertible note and incurred $71,315 of loss on settlement, and

● 774 shares of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units.

***March 2025 Equity Financing***

On March 12, 2025, the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement (the "Underwriting Agreement") with WestPark Capital, Inc. ("WestPark") as the sole underwriter (the "Underwriter"), related to a public offering (the "Offering") of (i) 53,637 shares of common stock, of the Company, at a public offering price of $7.50 per share and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 713,030 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.025 per share, at a public offering price of $7.475 per Pre-Funded Warrant (the "March 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants"). The Offering closed on March 13, 2025.

The Offering resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $5.7 million and net proceeds of approximately $5.0 million, reflecting approximately $0.7 million of legal costs and other expenses connected with the transaction.

The March 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants were exercisable at any time after March 13, 2025, at an exercise price of $0.025 per share. The March 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants contained standard adjustments to the exercise price, including for stock splits, stock dividends and pro rata distributions and contain customary terms regarding the treatment of such March 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants in the event of a fundamental transaction, which included but are not limited to a merger or consolidation involving the Company, a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company or a business combination resulting in any person acquiring more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company. Additionally, the March 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants included restrictions on exercise in the event the holder's beneficial ownership of the Company's common stock would exceed 4.99% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise.

The Company concluded that the March 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants met the requirements to be classified in stockholders' equity, and have been recorded as additional paid in capital.

As of June 30, 2025, all of the 713,030 March 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants have been exercised.

***June 2025 Private Placement***

On June 20, 2025, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Securities Purchase Agreement") in a private placement, and engaged WestPark Capital, Inc. ("WestPark") as the sole placement agent (the "Placement Agent"), pursuant to which the Company sold an aggregate of $4.3 million of its securities. The private placement consisted of the issuance of (i) 21,924 shares of common stock of the Company at a purchase price of $3.60 per share, and (ii) 1,158,953 pre-funded warrants, each to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at a purchase price of $3.599 and exercise price of $0.001 per pre-funded warrant (the "June 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants") to one investor. The private placement closed on June 24, 2025. The private placement resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $4.3 million and net proceeds of approximately $3.9 million, reflecting approximately $0.4 million of placement agent fees, legal costs and other expenses connected with the transaction. The private placement closed on June 24, 2025.

The June 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after issuance on June 24, 2025, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share. The June 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants contain standard adjustments to the exercise price, including for stock splits, stock dividends and pro rata distributions and contain customary terms regarding the treatment of such June 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants in the event of a fundamental transaction, which include but are not limited to a merger or consolidation involving the Company, a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company or a business combination resulting in any person acquiring more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company. Additionally, the June 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants include restrictions on exercise in the event the holder's beneficial ownership of the Company's common stock would exceed 4.99% (or, upon election by a holder prior to the issuance of any Warrants, 9.99%) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise.

In connection with the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement with the investor. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, the Company agreed to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") to register for resale the shares of common stock, and the shares issuable upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants issued under the purchase agreement, within 10 days of the closing date, and to have such registration statement declared effective within 90 days of the closing date (or 120 days if the registration statement is reviewed by the SEC). The registration rights agreement provided that the Company would be obligated to pay certain liquidated damages to the investor if the Company failed to file the resale registration statement, or to have such registration statement declared effective by such dates. The Company was prepared to file the registration statement within the deadline required under the registration rights agreement but due to requests by the investor, the Company did not file the registration statement until August 4, 2025 , upon receiving the investor's request to do so. The registration statement was declared effective on August 11, 2025.

The Company concluded that the shares and June 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants met the requirements to be classified in stockholders' equity, and the proceeds from the issuance of the shares and June 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants have been recorded in additional paid-in capital.

As of June 30, 2025, no pre-funded warrants related to the June 2025 Private Placement have been exercised.

***Warrants***

In connection with the Convertible Bridge Notes in October 2024, the lenders were granted warrants to purchase 9,639 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $35.00 per share and warrants to purchase 3,543 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $37.25 per share.

In connection with the October 2024 Equity Financing, the Company issued pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 102,210 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $0.025 per share, and warrants to purchase up to 118,033 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $35.00 per share.

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, holders of pre-funded warrants exercised their warrants from the March 2025 and October 2024 Equity Financings, resulting in the issuance of 786,070 shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2025, 1,158,953 pre-funded warrants remained unexercised and outstanding and have no expiration date.

A summary of activity regarding warrants to purchase common stock (excluding pre-funded warrants) for the six months ended June 30, 2025 were as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of**<br>**warrants** | **Weighted Average**<br>**Exercise Price** | **Average**<br>**Life (years)** |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2024 | $138582 | $46.92 | 4.67 |
| Granted |  |  |  |
| Outstanding, June 30, 2025 | $138582 | $46.92 | 4.17 |

---

The warrants had intrinsic value of $1,960 as of June 30, 2025. All of the outstanding warrants are exercisable as of June 30, 2025.

 ****

***Equity Incentive Plan***

The Company's 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") provides for equity incentives to be granted to employees, executive officers, directors and key advisers and consultants. Equity incentive grants may be made in the form of stock options with an exercise price of not less than the fair market value of the underlying shares as determined pursuant to the 2018 Plan, restricted stock awards, other stock-based awards, or any combination of the foregoing. The 2018 Plan is administered by the Company's compensation committee. In May 2025, the Company increased the shares authorized under the 2018 Plan by 5,000,000 shares. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has authorized 8,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2018 Plan. As of June 30, 2025, 69,066 shares have been granted, net of forfeitures, under the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, of which 37,624 shares have vested.

***Restricted Stock Units***

The Company may grant restricted stock units ("RSU") under our 2018 Plan. RSUs are bookkeeping entries representing an amount equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock. Subject to the provisions of the 2018 Plan, the administrator determines the terms and conditions of RSUs, including the vesting criteria and the form and timing of payment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the administrator, in its sole discretion, may accelerate the time at which any restrictions will lapse or be removed. RSUs granted typically vest annually in one third increments from the date of appointment.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, pursuant to agreements with directors, officers and consultants, 22,101 RSUs with a value of $0.3 million were granted. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, 1,139 and 2,139 RSUs, respectively, with a value of $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, were granted.

Stock-based compensation expense was classified as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended** | **Three Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** |
|  | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | **June 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Research and development | $1111 | $13034 | $321215 | $46987 |
| General and administrative | 45742 | 58128 | 262684 | 135624 |
|  | $46853 | $71162 | $583899 | $182611 |

---

On February 27, 2025, the Company entered into a Revolving Loan Agreement with Bowery Consulting Group Inc. ("Bowery") where the Company may borrow from Bowery an aggregate principal amount of up to $2,000,000 (see Note 5). As part of one of the lender conditions, no less than four of the current board members were to resign, with three new nominees to be elected and appointed by the remaining members of the Company's Board of Directors. Upon the resignation of the four board members, vesting of all outstanding unvested RSUs held by the departing board members were allowed to accelerate immediately. The Company concluded that the acceleration represented a modification of the outstanding unvested RSUs. As a result of the modification, the Company recorded approximately $0.5 million of stock-based compensation expense.

As of June 30, 2025, there was $0.5 million of unrecognized RSU compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.48 years.

The following is a summary of activity regarding Restricted Stock Units issued:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of RSU** | **Weighted Average Fair Value Per RSU** |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2024 | 43386 | $21.00 |
| Granted | 22101 | 13.58 |
| Forfeited | (32) | 272.00 |
| Vested | (34013) | 19.28 |
| Outstanding, June 30, 2025 | 31442 | $17.29 |

---

 ****

 ****

**Note 7 – Derivative Liabilities**

***Fair Value Assumptions Used in Accounting for Derivative Liabilities***

ASC 815 requires the Company to assess the fair market value of derivative liabilities at the end of each reporting period and recognize any change in the fair market value as other income or expense.

In October 2024, in connection with the October 2024 Equity Financing, the Company issued warrants to purchase 118,033 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $35.00 per share, valued at inception at $0.2 million and as of June 30, 2025, at less than $0.1 million. The Company determined that the derivative liabilities from the warrants issued in relation to the October 2024 Equity Financing did not qualify for classification as equity instruments as they did not meet the requirements to be considered indexed to the Company's own stock, due to potential variability in the settlement amount upon a fundamental transaction, as defined.

In January 2023, in connection with the Alto Convertible Note, the Company issued warrants to purchase 5,091 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $3.38 per share, as adjusted, valued at inception at $1.1 million and as of June 30, 2025, at less than $0.1 million. The Company determined that the derivative liabilities from the warrants issued in relation to the Alto Convertible Note did not qualify for classification as equity instruments due to the existence of certain net cash settlement provisions that are not within the sole control of the Company. In addition, there are certain down round provisions that could reduce the exercise price if the Company issues securities at lower prices in the future.

The Company has determined the Acceleration Option in the Alto warrants is an embedded derivative within the host instrument and has bifurcated it from the host instrument and recorded it as a derivative liability valued at $1.4 million at inception, using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company determined its derivative liability from the noteholder's Acceleration Option for the Alto Convertible Note was not clearly and closely related to the host and should thus be accounted for as a bifurcated derivative liability. As of June 30, 2025, the value of the Acceleration Option was $0 as the Alto Convertible Note was settled in full by September 30, 2024.

The Company classifies these derivative liabilities as a Level 3 fair value measurement and used the Monte Carlo pricing model to calculate the fair value as of June 30, 2025 (less than $0.1 million) and December 31, 2024 (less than $0.1 million).

The key inputs for the Monte Carlo simulation\* for the Alto and October 2024 Equity Financing warrants as of June 30, 2025, were as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Net cash settlement and down round key valuation inputs - warrants\*** | |
| Annualized volatility | 65.79% - 95.34 |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.41% |
| Quoted VWAP | $3.74 |
| Exercise price | 3.38 - 35.00 |
| Probability assessment<sup>1</sup> | 5% - 10 |
| Illiquidity discount | (12)% |
| Time period (years) | 1.53 - 4.34 |

---

<sup>1</sup> Probability assessments include the probabilities that subsequent successful capital raises (in terms of amounts raised and timing) are not executed and the probability that the securities issuable under the convertible bridge notes are not timely registered.

*\** *Based* *on a Monte Carlo simulation analysis of 50,000 iterations*

 

The key inputs for the Monte Carlo simulation as of December 31, 2024, were as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Net cash settlement and down round key valuation inputs - warrants\*** | |
| Annualized volatility | 57.50% - 97.14 |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.25 - 4.38% |
| Quoted VWAP | $20.50 |
| Exercise price | 12.00 - 35.00 |
| Probability assessment<sup>1</sup> | 10% - 40 |
| Illiquidity discount | (26)% |
| Time period (years) | 2.03 - 4.84 |

---

<sup>1</sup> Probability assessments include the probabilities that subsequent successful capital raises (in terms of amounts raised and timing) are not executed and the probability that the securities issuable under the convertible bridge notes are not timely registered.

\* *Based on a Monte Carlo simulation analysis of 50,000 iterations*

 

The following table summarizes the changes in the derivative liabilities:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)** |
|  | Warrants | Alto Acceleration Feature |
| Balance - December 31, 2024 | $25281 | $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; — |
| Gain on change in fair value | (2643) |  |
| Balance - March 31, 2025 | 22638 |  |
| Gain on change in fair value | (11673) |  |
| Balance - June 30, 2025 | $10965 | $— |

---

**Note 8 – Commitments and Contingencies**

On April 3, 2025, the Company, entered into a consulting agreement (the "Consulting Agreement") with IR Agency LLC (the "IR Agency"). Pursuant to the Consulting Agreement, IR Agency agrees to provide certain marketing and advertising services to communicate information about the Company to the financial community (the "Services"), including, but not limited to, creating company profiles, media distribution and building a digital community with respect to the Company. As consideration for the performance of the Services, the Company paid IR Agency $2.0 million on April 5, 2025. The term of the Consulting Agreement was three months starting on April 3, 2025. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred $2.0 million of costs under the Consulting Agreement.

On December 16, 2024, the Company entered into a sponsored research agreement (the "Sponsored Research Agreement") with the Regents of the University of California, on behalf of its San Francisco campus (the "UCSF"), pursuant to which UCSF's employees will conduct research on a project entitled "Investigation of 18F-fluorodeboronation method for PSMA targeting ligand radiolabeling and evaluation in prostate cancer models" (the "Research Program"). Under the terms of the Sponsored Research Agreement, the Company will bear the total cost of $0.3 million of the Research Program and has an exclusive license to the intellectual property underlying the research. This Sponsored Research Agreement will be effective for a period of one year and may be extended by written mutual consent of the parties. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company made prepayments of less than $0.1 and $0.2 million, respectively, and amortized $0.05 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of costs under the Sponsored Research Agreement.

In January 2025, the Company entered into a change order to its existing agreement with Theradex Systems, Inc., the Company's primary third-party CRO, for purposes of supporting the Company's clinical trials of Ropidoxuridine. Following the change order, the Company's total cost limit increased by $3.0 million, for an aggregate of $5.3 million, of which $2.0 million has not yet been incurred.

In March 2025, the Company entered into a consulting services agreement (the "Consulting Agreement") with Bowery Consulting Group Inc. (the "Consultant"). According to the Consulting Agreement, the Consultant will provide consulting services in connection with the Company's business, advising on viability of plans for scaling activities, growth and capital raising strategies, and costs minimization associated with technological platform improvements and marketing spend. The Company agreed to pay the Consultant $260,000 for their services, of which the Company recognized less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 related to the Consulting Agreement. The Company was not obligated to pay amounts under the Consulting Agreement until it regained full Nasdaq listing requirement. The Company received notice from Nasdaq on July 2, 2025 that it had regained compliance with the listing requirement and has since paid the fee.

On November 10, 2021, the Company entered into an engagement agreement ("EA") with Boustead designating Boustead as its exclusive financial advisor for corporate finance activities and subsequently, on August 29, 2022, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Boustead in conjunction with the Company's IPO. The EA contained an up to three year right of first refusal ("ROFR') and the Underwriting Agreement, which overrode conflicting terms in the EA, contained a two year ROFR following the September 2, 2022 closing of the Company's IPO. Further, Boustead also had a ROFR in conjunction with the Company's terminated rights offering, which provided Boutead with a ROFR through February 7, 2025. Following the Company's engagement agreement and underwriting agreement with WestPark Capital dated February 10, 2025 and March 13, 2025, respectively, Boustead asserted it has ROFR rights, demanding termination of WestPark's engagement and claiming entitlement to compensation under the Boustead EA. As of the reporting date, there are no conditions indicating a loss has been incurred, nor does the Company believe a loss is probable and reasonably estimable, therefore no accrual for a potential loss has been recorded.

**Note 9 – Business Segment Information**

The Company operates as one operating segment with a focus on products designed to address limitations of the current cancer therapies and extend new applications of radiation therapy. The CEO, as our chief operating decision maker (CODM), manages and allocates resources to the operations of the Company on a consolidated basis, considering primarily research and development expenditures, cash burn and net loss. This enables the CEO to assess our overall level of available resources and determine how best to deploy these resources across products and research and development projects in line with the longer-term Company-wide strategic goals. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company appointed an Interim CEO, who assumed the role of CODM. This appointment did not result in any immediate changes to the reporting metrics that the CODM uses to manage and allocate resources to the operations of the Company. Our former CEO continued to chair the Company's Board of Directors and serve in a corporate role as Chief Scientific Officer until his retirement on May 9, 2025.

The accounting policies of our reportable segment are the same as those described in the "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for the Company. All costs, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, other operating expenses, interest expense, depreciation, corporate overhead assets (workforce, intellectual property, etc.) are fully allocated to the Company's one segment. Significant segment expenses include payroll and costs incurred for the Company's primary third-party contract research organization ("CRO"). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred payroll expenses classified in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as research and development of $0.2 million in both periods, respectively, and $0.4 and $0.5 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred payroll expenses classified in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as general and administrative of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, and $0.3 million for each six-month period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred third-party CRO expenses of $0.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, all of which is classified in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as research and development. All other operating expenses in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations are characterized as other segment expenses which, after factoring in other income and expenses, reconcile to net loss for each period. The Company's reportable segment's profit or loss, assets, significant expenses and other specified items are consistent with the financial information disclosed in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. See the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the financial information of the Company's one segment.

**Note 10 – Subsequent Events**

On August 8, 2025, the Company granted $100,000 of RSUs (29,240 units) to each of the four members of its Board of Directors and its Chief Financial Officer that will vest over a three year period (one-third on each anniversary of the grant date), and another $85,000 of RSUs (24,854 units) to its Chief Financial Officer that will vest six months from the grant date.

On August 11, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors expanded its membership to five and appointed Chief Executive Officer Christopher Cooper to fill the newly created seat.

**ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT**'**S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**

 

*The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations (the "MD&A") should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and our financial statement and related notes contained in our annual report on From 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The MD&A contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions. Any statements that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. When used, the words "believe," "plan," "intend," "anticipate," "target," "estimate," "expect," and the like, and/or future-tense or conditional constructions ("will," "may," "could," "should," etc.), or similar expressions, identify certain of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements in this report. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors including, but not limited to, those noted under "Risk Factors" in this report and in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.*

*We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this report, except as required by U.S. federal securities laws.*

 

**Overview**

Founded by Georgetown University Medical School faculty members, Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. is a discovery and development stage pharmaceutical company leveraging our proprietary technology to develop novel therapies that are designed to cure cancer. Originally formed as Shuttle Pharmaceuticals, LLC in 2012, our goal is to extend the benefits of cancer treatments by leveraging insights into cancer therapy with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. While there are several therapies being developed with the goal of curing cancer, one of the most effective and proven approaches to this is radiation therapy ("RT"). We are developing a pipeline of products designed to address the limitations of the current standard of cancer therapies. We believe that our product candidates will enable us to deliver cancer treatments that are safer, more reliable and at a greater scale than that of the current standard of care.

Operations to date have focused on continuing our research and development efforts to advance Ropidoxuridine clinical testing and improved drug formulation, to advance HDAC6 inhibitor (SP-2-225) preclinical development and explore the application of the PC-RAD Test, predictive biomarkers of radiation response. The clinical development of Ropidoxuridine has included completion of a Phase I clinical trial to establish drug bioavailability and a maximum tolerated dose for use in Phase II clinical trials. TCG GreenChem, with whom we have contracted for process research, development and cGMP compliant manufacture of IPdR, has manufactured the API of Ropidoxuridine and the University of Iowa Pharmaceuticals has formulated the drug product for use in our upcoming Phase II clinical trial in brain cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. The drug product (capsules) were shipped to CRO Theradex Oncology and distributed to clinical trial sites that are fully approved to enroll patients in the trial. Shuttle received approval from the FDA to begin the clinical trial. The FDA thereafter made recommendations to expand the clinical trial to include a randomized dose "optimization" step and we agreed with the recommendation. Meetings with engaged clinical sites to review the protocol documents have occurred and FDA required IRB approvals have been received. With FDA recommended changes incorporated into the revised protocol and the completion of site initiation visits, we commenced our Phase II clinical study in October 2024. The Company's radiation biomarker project and the health disparities project have been completed and we are proceeding with plans for clinical validation and potential for commercialization of Ropidoxuridine as a radiation sensitizer.

 ****

**Nasdaq Listing Compliance**

On December 31, 2024, we received a letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("Nasdaq") stating that for the 30 consecutive business day period between November 15, 2024 to December 30, 2024 our common stock had failed to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share, as required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the "Minimum Bid Price Requirement"). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we had a period of 180 calendar days, or until June 30, 2025 (the "Compliance Period"), to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days.

Following the March 2025 $5.75 million equity financing, on March 14, 2025, Nasdaq acknowledged that we had regained compliance with the Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) but indicated that if we fail to evidence compliance upon filing the March 31, 2025 Form 10-Q, we may be subject to delisting. We have evidenced compliance through maintaining a minimum closing bid price of our common stock of $1.00 per share or greater from June 16, 2025 to July 1, 2025. Accordingly, we have regained compliance with Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

On June 16, 2025, in order to maintain the Minimum Bid Price Requirement again, we effectuated a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock, rounding up to account for any fractional shares. The reverse stock split had no effect on our authorized shares of common stock or preferred stock and the par value will remain unchanged at $0.00001, respectively. All common stock share, option, warrant and per share amounts (except our authorized but unissued shares and previously reserved shares) have been retroactively adjusted in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On July 2, 2025, we received notification from Nasdaq acknowledging that we maintained the requisite minimum closing bid price of our common stock of $1.00 per share or greater. Accordingly, we regained compliance with Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and the matter was closed.

**Results of Operations**

***Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024***

 

The following table summarizes the results of our operations:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended** | **Three Months Ended** | | |
|  | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | | |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**Change** |<br>**%** |
| Revenue | $— | $— | $— |  |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| Research and development | 1025547 | 645719 | 379828 | 59% |
| General and administrative | 2346323 | 310038 | 2036285 | 657% |
| Legal and professional | 538536 | 526877 | 11659 | 2% |
| Total operating expenses and loss of operations | 3910406 | 1482634 | 2427772 | 164% |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |
| Interest expense - related parties | (2614) |  | (2614) | —% |
| Interest expense | (19129) | (430685) | 411556 | (96)% |
| Interest income | 81 | 14158 | (14077) | (99)% |
| Change in fair value of derivative liabilities | 11673 | (143773) | 155446 | (108)% |
| Change in fair value of convertible notes | 213930 |  | 213930 | —% |
| Gain on sale of marketable securities |  | 39683 | (39683) | (100)% |
| Change in fair value of marketable securities |  | (27964) | 27964 | (100)% |
| Total other expense | 203941 | (548581) | 752522 | (137)% |
| Net loss | $(3706465) | $(2031215) | $(1675250) | 82% |

---

*Research and Development.* Total research and development ("R&D") expense was $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to $0.6 million to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in total R&D expense of $0.4 million, or 59%, is primarily related to the Company having completed production of the drug product and the start of work related to the initiation of trials including contract research organization ("CRO") expenses, clinical trial sites, other regulatory activities.

R&D compensation related expenses were $0.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to $0.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, R&D compensation related expenses were 25% of total R&D expense, representing a decrease from the 48% of total R&D incurred in the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease is largely attributable to the retirement of our former CEO and Chief Scientific Officer in early May 2025. Subcontractor expense made up 71% of total R&D expenses in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 42% of total R&D expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

*General and Administrative Expenses*. General and administrative expenses in the three months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $2.0 million, or 657%, from $0.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 to $2.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2025. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to costs associated with advertising for investor relations of $2.0 million and other administrative costs.

*Legal and Professional Expenses.* During the three months ended June 30, 2025, legal and professional expenses increased by less than $0.1 million or 2% compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in legal and professional fees was primarily due to increases in legal costs associated with corporate matters and our accounting expenses related to our public filing requirements.

*Other Income (expense).* During the three months ended June 30, 2025, other expense decreased by $0.8 million or 137% compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a $0.4 million decrease in interest expense, a $0.2 million decrease in change in fair value of derivative liabilities and a $0.2 million increase in change in fair value of convertible notes.

***Comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024***

 ****

The following table summarizes the results of our operations:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Six Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** | | |
|  | **June 30,** | **June 30,** | | |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**Change** |<br>**%** |
| Revenue | $— | $— | $— |  |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| Research and development | 2599475 | 1231823 | 1367652 | 111% |
| General and administrative | 2943209 | 634647 | 2308562 | 364% |
| Legal and professional | 1318963 | 1001011 | 317952 | 32% |
| Total operating expenses and loss of operations | 6861647 | 2867481 | 3994166 | 139% |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |
| Interest expense - related parties | (8009) |  | (8009) | —% |
| Interest expense | (25664) | (928200) | 902536 | (97)% |
| Interest income | 81 | 35611 | (35530) | (100)% |
| Change in fair value of derivative liabilities | 14316 | 54089 | (39773) | —% |
| Change in fair value of convertible notes | 121451 |  | 121451 | 100% |
| Gain on sale of marketable securities |  | 43720 | (43720) | (100)% |
| Change in fair value of marketable securities |  | (28670) | 28670 | (100)% |
| Loss on settlement of convertible debt |  | (71315) | 71315 | (100)% |
| Total other expense | 102175 | (894765) | 996940 | (111)% |
| Net loss | $(6759472) | $(3762246) | $(2997226) | 80% |

---

*Research and Development.* Research and development ("R&D") expense was $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to $1.2 million for six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase of $1.4 million, or 111%, is primarily related to the Company having completed production of the drug product and the start of work related to the initiation of trials including contract research organization ("CRO") expenses, clinical trial sites, other regulatory activities.

R&D compensation related expenses were $0.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to $0.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, R&D compensation related expenses were 34% of total R&D expense, representing a decrease from the 52% of total R&D incurred in the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease is largely attributable to the retirement of our former CEO and Chief Scientific Officer in early May 2025. Subcontractor expense made up 63% of total R&D expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 38% of total R&D expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

*General and Administrative Expenses.* General and Administrative expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $2.3 million, or 364% from $0.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $2.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2025. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to costs associated with advertising for investor relations and filing expenses of $2.0 million, $0.1 million increase in general and administrative stock-based compensation expense, and other administrative costs.

*Legal and Professional Expenses*. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, legal and professional expenses increased by $0.3 million or 32%. The increase in legal and professional fees was primarily due to increases in our expenses related to our public filing requirements, contracts and financing related work.

*Other Income (expense)*. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, other expense decreased by $0.9 million or 111% compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a $0.9 million decrease in interest expense.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. We have incurred losses since inception and had a net loss of $6.8 million and no revenues generated during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and working capital of approximately $3.5 million as of June 30, 2025. We do not expect to generate positive cash flows from operating activities in the near future.

In January 2025, we entered into a change order to the existing agreement with Theradex Systems, Inc., our primary third-party CRO, for purposes of supporting our clinical trials of Ropidoxuridine. Following the change order, our total cost limit increased by $3.0 million, for an aggregate of $5.3 million, of which $2.0 million had not yet been incurred as of June 30, 2025.

In March 2025, we entered into a consulting services agreement (the "Bowery Consulting Agreement") with Bowery Consulting Group Inc. (the "Consultant"). According to the Bowery Consulting Agreement, the Consultant will provide consulting services in connection with our business, advising on viability of plans for scaling activities, growth and capital raising strategies and cost minimization associated with technological platform improvements and marketing spend. We agreed to pay the Consultant $260,000 for their services, which we were not obligated to pay until we regained full Nasdaq listing requirement. We received notice from Nasdaq on July 2, 2025 that we had regained compliance with the listing requirement and have since paid the fee.

In April 2025, we entered into a consulting agreement (the "IR Agency Consulting Agreement") with IR Agency LLC (the "IR Agency"). Pursuant to the IR Agency Consulting Agreement, IR Agency agrees to provide certain marketing and advertising services to communicate information about us to the financial community (the "Services"), including, but not limited to, creating company profiles, media distribution and building a digital community with respect to us. As consideration for the performance of the Services, we paid IR Agency $2.0 million on April 5, 2025. The term of the IR Agency Consulting Agreement was three months commencing April 3, 2025.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to continue to successfully raise additional equity or debt financing to allow us to fund ongoing operations, conduct clinical trials and bring a drug candidate to commercialization to generate revenues. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in the report are issued.

***Recent Financings***

On February 27, 2025, we entered into a Revolving Loan Agreement (the "Revolving Loan Agreement") with a lender. Pursuant to and under the terms of the Revolving Loan Agreement, we issued a revolving note dated February 28, 2025 in the principal amount of up to $2.0 million (the "Revolving Note"), which we may draw upon at our discretion from time to time through its maturity on February 28, 2026. The Revolving Note bears interest at the rate of 18% per annum calculated on the basis of a 360-day year, consisting of twelve 30 calendar day periods, and shall accrue interest daily commencing from the date of any draw down until paid in full.

On March 12, 2025, we consummated a public offering of an aggregate of (i) 53,637 shares of common stock, of the Company, at a public offering price of $0.30 per share and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 713,030 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.025 per share, at a public offering price of $7.48 per pre-funded warrant (the "Offering"). The Offering closed on March 13, 2025. We received gross proceeds of approximately $5.7 million and net proceeds of approximately $5.0 million, reflecting approximately $0.7 million of legal costs and other expenses connected with the Offering.

On June 20, 2025, we consummated a private placement of an aggregate of (i) 21,924 shares of common stock, of the Company, at a purchase price of $3.60 per share and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,158,953 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, at a purchase price of $3.599 per pre-funded warrant. The private placement closed on June 24, 2025. We received gross proceeds of approximately $4.3 million and net proceeds of approximately $3.9 million, reflecting approximately $0.4 million of legal costs and other expenses connected with the private placement.

**Balance Sheet Data:**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **June 30,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |<br>**Change** |<br>**%** |
| Current assets | $5191917 | $2210917 | $2981000 | 135% |
| Current liabilities | 1692786 | 1533769 | 159017 | 10% |
| Working capital | $3499131 | $677148 | $2821983 | 417% |

---

As of June 30, 2025, total current assets were $5.2 million and total current liabilities were $1.7 million, resulting in working capital of $3.5 million. As of December 31, 2024, total current assets were $2.2 million and total current liabilities were $1.5 million, resulting in a working capital of $0.7 million. The Company's current assets as of June 30, 2025 are comprised of $4.8 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.4 million of prepaid expenses, with the increase from December 31, 2024 being primarily due to the March 2025 equity raise that provided $5.0 million in net cash and the June 2025 private placement that provided $3.9 million in net cash.

In addition, we continued progress on our R&D programs during the six months ended June 30, 2025 that resulted in increased cash expenditures. The Company's current liabilities as of June 30, 2025 are primarily comprised of $0.4 million of convertible notes payable, $1.2 million of accounts payable and accrued expenses, $0.1 million of notes payable to related parties, and the current portion of our operating lease liability of $0.1 million. The increase in current liabilities is primarily due to an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $0.6 million, partially offset by a $0.1 million decrease in convertible notes payable and a $0.1 million decrease in notes payable to related parties. This is primarily attributable to our efforts to preserve cash while we strive to raise funds to finance ongoing business and operations.

***Cash Flows***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Six Months Ended** | **Six Months Ended** | | |
|  | **June 30,** | **June 30,** |<br>**Change** |<br>**%** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | | |
| Cash used in operating activities | (5881979) | (2638425) | (3243554) | 123% |
| Cash provided by investing activities |  | 1259270 | (1259270) | 100% |
| Cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 8779507 | (501667) | 9281174 | (1850)% |
| Cash and cash equivalents on hand | 4817672 | 695594 | 4122078 | 593% |

---

***Cash Flows from Operating Activities***

Our cash flows from operating activities are greatly influenced by our use of cash for operating expenses and working capital requirements to support the business. We have historically experienced negative cash flows from operating activities as we invested in research and development activities. The cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges, which are generally attributable to stock-based compensation, changes in fair value of our derivative liabilities, changes in fair value of our convertible notes, and amortization of debt discounts and finance fees, as well as changes in components of operating assets and liabilities, which are generally attributable to increased expenses and timing of vendor payments.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash used in operating activities of $5.9 million was primarily due to our net loss of $6.8 million, change in fair value of convertible notes of $0.1 million, and interest payments on convertible notes accounted for at fair value of $0.1 million, partially offset by stock-based compensation of $0.6 million and the net change in operating assets and liabilities of $0.5 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash flows used in operating activities was $2.6 million, consisting of a net loss of $3.8 million, increased by a gain on change in derivative liabilities of $54 thousand, offset by amortization of debt discount of $0.8 million, loss on settlement of convertible debt of $71 thousand, accrued interest settled with common stock of $19 thousand, stock-based compensation of $183 thousand and increased by a net change in working capital of $85 thousand.

***Cash Flows from Investing Activities***

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we did not have investing activities. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash provided by investing activities was primarily attributable to $1.3 million in proceeds from the disposition of marketable securities.

***Cash Flows from Financing Activities***

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash flows from financing activities was primarily comprised of proceeds of $5.4 million, from the sale of common stock and pre-funded warrants as part of the March 2025 equity financing, net of placement agent costs of $0.3 million, proceeds of $4.1 million, from the sale of common stock and pre-funded warrants as part of the June 2025 equity financing, net of placement agent costs of $0.2 million, partially offset by $0.5 million payment of other issuance costs for issuance of common stock and equity-classified warrants in the March 2025 and June 2025 equity financings, and $0.1 million of repayment of note payable-related party used to finance our ongoing operations. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we paid $0.5 million related to payments on a convertible note.

**Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements**

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

**Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates**

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While the significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, we believe that the following accounting policies are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates.

Our most critical accounting policies and estimates relate to the following:

● Research and Development Expenses

● Fair Value of Convertible Notes

● Fair Value of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock

● Fair Value of Derivative Financial Instruments

*Research and Development Expense*

Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development expenses include, but are not limited to, product development, clinical and regulatory expenses, payroll and other personnel expenses, which include a certain portion of the Company's former chief executive officer (prior to his transition to chief scientific officer), chief operating officer, vice president regulatory (formerly the chief financial officer) and directors' compensation. Both the chief scientific officer and the vice president regulatory resigned in May and June 2025, respectively..

*Fair Value of Convertible Notes*

 

As permitted under ASC 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825"), we elected the fair value option to account for the October 2024 Convertible Bridge Notes. The valuation of the October 2024 Convertible Bridge Notes utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation model. Monte Carlo simulation models require the use of simulations that are weighted based on projected future stock prices, the volatility of a set of guideline companies and significant unobservable inputs including probabilities assigned to not achieving a successful capital raise and a registration of related securities. Each simulation is based on the range of inputs in a scenario with the mean of the output on each simulation calculated as an average.

The significant inputs and assumptions used to estimate the fair value also include: (i) the expected timing of conversion, (ii) the amount subject to equity conversion, (iii) the sum of the notes' principal and unpaid accrued interest, (iv) expected volatility, (v) risk-free interest rate, (vi) the discount rate, (vii) volume-weighted average price ("VWAP"), (viii) illiquidity discounts, and (ix) probabilities assigned. The October 2024 Convertible Bridge Notes are subject to revaluation at the end of each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations, or for changes due to our credit worthiness, if any, as a component of other comprehensive income.

 

*Fair Value of Warrants to Purchase Common Stock*

We have issued warrants to investors in our debt and equity offerings. We have also issued warrants to service providers in relation to our financing offerings.

We evaluate all warrants issued to determine the appropriate classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815 (as well as under ASC 718 for warrants issued as share-based payments). In addition to determining classification, we evaluate these instruments to determine if such instruments meet the definition of a derivative.

For warrants that are determined to be equity-classified, we estimate the fair value at issuance and record the amounts to additional paid in capital (potentially on a relative fair value basis if issued in a basket transaction with other financial instruments). Warrants that are equity-classified are not subsequently remeasured unless modified or required to be reclassified as liabilities. For warrants that are determined to be liability-classified, we estimate the fair value at issuance and each subsequent reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The classification of all outstanding warrants, including whether such instruments should be recorded as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period.

For warrants with uncertain or more complex terms (such as variability in the warrant shares or exercise price), we may utilize more complex models to address such provisions, including Monte Carlo simulation models. Monte Carlo simulation models require the use of simulations that are weighted based on projected future stock prices, the volatility of a set of guideline companies and significant unobservable inputs including probabilities assigned. Each simulation is based on the range of inputs in a scenario with the mean of the output on each simulation calculated as an average.

The use of these valuation models requires the input of highly subjective assumptions. Any change to these inputs could produce significantly higher or lower fair value measurements.

 

*Fair Value of Financial Instruments*

We evaluate our financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, such as the Acceleration Option in the Alto warrants (as defined in Note 5). For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities are evaluated at the end of each reporting period.

For our derivative financial instruments classified as a liability, we use a Monte Carlo valuation model to value the derivative instruments at inception and on subsequent valuation dates. The model requires the use of simulations that are weighted based the volatility of a set of guideline companies and significant unobservable inputs including probabilities assigned. Each simulation is based on the range of inputs in a scenario with the mean of the output on each simulation calculated as an average. The Monte Carlo simulation uses an implied VWAP for valuation. The implied VWAP was backsolved by setting the summation of the parts (e.g., derivatives and debt without derivatives) equal to the cash proceeds and is updated each period.

The use of Monte Carlo valuation models require key inputs, some of which are based on estimates and judgements by management. Any change to these key inputs could produce significantly higher or lower fair value measurements.

**Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk**

As a "smaller reporting company," we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

**Item 4. Controls and Procedures**

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act Rule 15d-15(e)) are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed with the objective of ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of June 30, 2025, our management carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Such evaluation was carried out under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer with the participation of our Chief Financial Officer, and our third-party financial service provider. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were, and continue to be, ineffective as of June 30, 2025. Based on the foregoing, our management concluded that our internal controls over the following financial reporting areas to be material weaknesses:

● Our
 written policies and procedures over accounting transaction processing and period end financial close and reporting are limited,
 which has resulted in ineffective oversight in the establishment of proper monitoring controls over accounting and financial reporting;
 in addition, we lacked sufficient review and segregation of duties for certain financial transactions, manual journal entries, and
 critical financial spreadsheets, such that a proper review had not been performed by someone other than preparer, and that process
 documentation is lacking for review and monitoring controls over accounting and financial reporting. These were contributing factors
 which led to untimely filings for certain periods in fiscal year 2024.

● We
 identified findings related to overall information technology general controls ("ITGCs") including issues with super-user
 access and segregation of duties for systems supporting the Company's internal control processes and controls.

Management's Remediation Measures

While the Company has improved its organizational capabilities, the Company's remediation efforts will continue to take place. Management is committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. In response to the identified material weaknesses in the overall control environment, management has implemented additional measures which include:

● Hired
 a new Chief Financial Officer during the second quarter of 2024 to bolster the Company's internal technical accounting and
 financial reporting experience.

● Engaged
 a third-party consulting firm to assist with the preparation of SEC reporting and other technical accounting matters.

● Redesigned and implemented certain management review controls around the proper classification of operating expenses as research and development
and general and administrative.

The Company will continue to review and improve its internal controls over financial reporting to address the underlying causes of the material weaknesses and control deficiencies. Such material weaknesses and control deficiencies will not be fully remediated until the Company has concluded that its internal controls are operating effectively for a sufficient period of time.

Remediation of Previously Disclosed Material Weaknesses

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, we identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting for lack of a formal process to identify and ensure proper classification of expenses as Research and Development. Our remediation efforts, including those noted above, were completed and the related controls were in place for a sufficient period of time to conclude that this material weakness was remediated as of June 30, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except for the remediation efforts described above, there has been no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Management will continue to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and procedures over financial reporting on an ongoing basis and is committed to taking further action and implementing additional improvements as necessary.

**PART II - OTHER INFORMATION**

**ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS**

There are no material pending legal proceedings, to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or of which any of their property is the subject.

**ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS**

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

**ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS**

None.

**ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES**

Not Applicable.

**ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES**

Not Applicable.

**ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION**

During the quarter ended June 30, 2025, none of our directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (as each item is defined Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).

**Item 6. Exhibits**

The following exhibits are filed or furnished with this report:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit No.** | **Description of Exhibit** |
| 10.1 | [Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 20, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 25, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1757499/000164117225016394/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.2 | [Registration Rights Agreement dated June 20, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 25, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1757499/000164117225016394/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.3 | [Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 25, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1757499/000164117225016394/ex10-3.htm) |
| 31.1 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.\*](ex31-1.htm) |
| 31.2 | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.\*](ex31-2.htm) |
| 32.1 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.\*\*](ex32-1.htm) |
| 32.2 | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.\*\*](ex32-2.htm) |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Document Set for the financial statements and accompanying notes in Part I, Item 1, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |

---

\* Filed herewith.

\*\*Furnished herewith.

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **SHUTTLE PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDINGS, INC.** | **SHUTTLE PHARMACEUTICALS HOLDINGS, INC.** |
| August 12, 2025 | By: | */s/ Christopher Cooper* |
|  |  | Christopher Cooper |
|  |  | Interim Chief Executive Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |
| August 12, 2025 | By: | */s/ Timothy J. Lorber* |
|  |  | Timothy J. Lorber<br>|
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Christopher Cooper, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025 of Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. (the "registrant");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: August 12, 2025 | */s/ Christopher Cooper* |
|  | Christopher Cooper |
|  | Interim Chief Executive Officer<br>|
|  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Timothy Lorber, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025 of Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. (the "registrant");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: August 12, 2025 | */s/ Timothy J. Lorber* |
|  | Timothy J. Lorber |
|  | Chief Financial Officer<br>|
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Christopher Cooper, Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 12, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| */s/ Christopher Cooper* |
| Christopher Cooper |
| Interim Chief Executive Officer<br>|
| (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Shuttle Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Timothy J. Lorber, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 12, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| */s/ Timothy J. Lorber* |
| Timothy J. Lorber |
| Chief Financial Officer<br>|
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

---