# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001464343
**File Stem:** 0001437749-25-033947
**Filing Date:** 2025-11
**Character Count:** 409452
**Document Hash:** b8741573ee3755adfcedb1e60b2bf437
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001437749-25-033947.hdr.sgml**: 20251110

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001437749-25-033947

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 78

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251110

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251110

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Atlanticus Holdings Corp
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001464343
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PERSONAL CREDIT INSTITUTIONS [6141]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 02 Finance
- **EIN:** 582336689
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** GA
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-40485
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251464431

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** FIVE CONCOURSE PARKWAY
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 300
- **CITY:** ATLANTA
- **STATE:** GA
- **ZIP:** 30328
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 770-828-2000

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** FIVE CONCOURSE PARKWAY
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 300
- **CITY:** ATLANTA
- **STATE:** GA
- **ZIP:** 30328

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** CompuCredit Holdings Corp
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20090515

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? atlc20250930_10q.htm

[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-Q**

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

of

![atlanticuscur.jpg](atlanticuscur.jpg)

**ATLANTICUS HOLDINGS CORPORATION**

**a Georgia Corporation**

**IRS Employer Identification No. 58-2336689**

**SEC File Number 0-53717**

**Five Concourse Parkway, Suite 300**

**Atlanta, Georgia 30328**

**(770) 828-2000**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Act")** |  |
| **Title of Each Class** | **Trading Symbol(s)** | **Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered** |
| Common stock, no par value per share | ATLC | NASDAQ Global Select Market |
| 7.625% Series B Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, no par value per share | ATLCP | NASDAQ Global Select Market |
| 6.125% Senior Notes due 2026 | ATLCL | NASDAQ Global Select Market |
| 9.25% Senior Notes due 2029 | ATLCZ | NASDAQ Global Select Market |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b- 2). ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of October 31, 2025, 15,141,530 shares of common stock, no par value, of Atlanticus were outstanding.

------

[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

**Table of Contents**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Page** | **Page** | **Page** |
| **PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION** | **PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION** | **PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION** |
| Item 1. | [Financial Statements (Unaudited)](#parti) | [1](#parti) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets](#parti) | [1](#parti) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income](#ops) | [2](#ops) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity and Temporary Equity](#equity) | [3](#equity) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#cashflow) | [5](#cashflow) |
|  | [Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements](#notes) | [6](#notes) |
| Item 2. | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#mda) | [29](#mda) |
| Item 3. | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#ithree) | [49](#ithree) |
| Item 4. | [Controls and Procedures](#ifour) | [49](#ifour) |
| **PART II. OTHER INFORMATION** | **PART II. OTHER INFORMATION** | **PART II. OTHER INFORMATION** |
| Item 1. | [Legal Proceedings](#i1) | [50](#i1) |
| Item 1A. | [Risk Factors](#i1a) | [50](#i1a) |
| Item 2. | [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#i2) | [63](#i2) |
| Item 3. | [Defaults Upon Senior Securities](#item3) | [63](#item3) |
| Item 4. | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#item4) | [63](#item4) |
| Item 5. | [Other Information](#i5) | [64](#i5) |
| Item 6. | [Exhibits](#ex) | [64](#ex) |
|  | [Signatures](#sigs) | [65](#sigs) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i

------

[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

**PART I--FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **ITEM 1.** | **FINANCIAL STATEMENTS** |

---

**Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)**

***(Dollars in thousands)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***September 30,*** | ***December 31,*** |
|  | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| **Assets** |  |  |
| Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents (including $170.5 million and $140.2 million associated with variable interest entities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | $425023 | $375416 |
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents (including $73.6 million and $98.8 million associated with variable interest entities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | 100914 | 124220 |
| Loans at fair value (including $6,200.6 million and $2,542.9 million associated with variable interest entities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | 6350009 | 2630274 |
| Loans at amortized cost, net (including $4.6 million and $4.9 million of allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively; and $21.5 million and $19.8 million of deferred revenue at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | 85004 | 84332 |
| Property at cost, net of depreciation | 13458 | 10519 |
| Intangible assets, net (Note 2) | 31889 |  |
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 15564 | 13878 |
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | 57871 | 32068 |
| Total assets | $7079732 | $3270707 |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $253081 | $72088 |
| Operating lease liabilities | 25924 | 24188 |
| Notes payable, net (including $5,297.8 million and $2,128.0 million associated with variable interest entities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | 5332680 | 2199448 |
| Senior notes, net | 702376 | 281552 |
| Income tax liability | 140862 | 114068 |
| Total liabilities | 6454923 | 2691344 |
| **Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)** |  |  |
| Preferred stock, no par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized: |  |  |
| Series A preferred stock, 400,000 shares issued and outstanding (liquidation preference - $40.0 million) at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (Note 6) (1) | 40000 | 40000 |
| Class B preferred units issued to noncontrolling interests (Note 6) |  | 50000 |
| **Shareholders' Equity** |  |  |
| Series B preferred stock, no par value, 3,563,762 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 (liquidation preference - $89.1 million); 3,301,179 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 (liquidation preference - $82.5 million) (1) |  |  |
| Common stock, no par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized: 15,127,014 and 14,904,192 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  |
| Paid-in capital | 115749 | 98278 |
| Retained earnings | 473595 | 394628 |
| Total shareholders' equity attributable to Atlanticus Holdings Corporation | 589344 | 492906 |
| Noncontrolling interests | (4535) | (3543) |
| Total equity | 584809 | 489363 |
| Total liabilities, shareholders' equity and temporary equity | $7079732 | $3270707 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Both the Series A preferred stock and the Series B preferred stock have no par value and are part of the same aggregate 10,000,000 shares authorized.

See accompanying notes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1

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[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

**Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)**

***(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***For the Three Months Ended*** | ***For the Three Months Ended*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended*** |
|  | ***September 30,*** | ***September 30,*** | ***September 30,*** | ***September 30,*** |
|  | ***2025*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| Revenue and other income: |  |  |  |  |
| Consumer loans, including past due fees | $341163 | $255389 | $865168 | $728112 |
| Fees and related income on earning assets | 123575 | 78572 | 296201 | 185983 |
| Other revenue | 30554 | 16993 | 72616 | 42674 |
| Total operating revenue and other income | 495292 | 350954 | 1233985 | 956769 |
| Other non-operating (loss) income | (616) | 270 | 20 | 1184 |
| Total revenue and other income | 494676 | 351224 | 1234005 | 957953 |
| Interest expense | (75464) | (42492) | (176678) | (115503) |
| Provision for credit losses | (1549) | (4633) | (3999) | (9323) |
| Changes in fair value of loans | (276851) | (203739) | (671973) | (549161) |
| Net margin | 140812 | 100360 | 381355 | 283966 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| Salaries and benefits | (18196) | (12299) | (47080) | (37584) |
| Card and loan servicing | (39024) | (28069) | (105261) | (82589) |
| Marketing and solicitation | (35301) | (14848) | (80584) | (38848) |
| Depreciation and amortization | (1491) | (656) | (3173) | (1963) |
| Other | (14321) | (7202) | (31764) | (24272) |
| Total operating expenses | (108333) | (63074) | (267862) | (185256) |
| Income before income taxes | 32479 | 37286 | 113493 | 98710 |
| Income tax expense | (7891) | (8097) | (27493) | (19575) |
| Net income | 24588 | 29189 | 86000 | 79135 |
| Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 389 | 354 | 1070 | 858 |
| Net income attributable to controlling interests | 24977 | 29543 | 87070 | 79993 |
| Preferred stock and preferred unit dividends and discount accretion | (2307) | (6316) | (8103) | (18916) |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders | $22670 | $23227 | $78967 | $61077 |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders per common share—basic | $1.50 | $1.58 | $5.22 | $4.15 |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders per common share—diluted | $1.21 | $1.27 | $4.21 | $3.35 |

---

See accompanying notes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2

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[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

**Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity and Temporary Equity (Unaudited)**

**For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024**

***(Dollars in thousands)***

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Series B Preferred Stock*** | ***Series B Preferred Stock*** | ***Common Stock*** | ***Common Stock*** |  |  |  |  | ***Temporary Equity*** | ***Temporary Equity*** |
|  | ***Shares Issued*** | ***Amount*** | ***Shares Issued*** | ***Amount*** | ***Paid-In Capital*** | ***Retained Earnings*** | ***Noncontrolling Interests*** | ***Total Equity*** | ***Series A Preferred Stock*** | ***Class B Preferred Units*** |
| Balance at January 1, 2025 | 3301179 | $*—* | 14904192 | $*—* | $98278 | $394628 | $(3543) | $489363 | $40000 | $50000 |
| Series A preferred stock dividends ($1.50 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (600) |  | (600) | *—* | *—* |
| Series B preferred stock dividends ($0.48 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (1574) |  | (1574) | *—* | *—* |
| Class B preferred units dividends ($0.04 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (1400) |  | (1400) | *—* | *—* |
| Stock option exercises and proceeds related thereto | *—* | *—* | 11300 | *—* | 335 | *—* | *—* | 335 | *—* | *—* |
| Compensatory stock issuances, net of forfeitures | *—* | *—* | 9003 | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Issuance of common stock | *—* | *—* | 200000 | *—* | 11588 | *—* | *—* | 11588 | *—* | *—* |
| Issuance of series B preferred stock, net | 13661 | *—* | *—* | *—* | 313 | *—* | *—* | 313 | *—* | *—* |
| Contributions by owners of noncontrolling interests | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 78 | 78 | *—* | *—* |
| Stock-based compensation costs | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 870 | *—* | *—* | 870 | *—* | *—* |
| Redemption and retirement of preferred shares and preferred units | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (50000) |
| Redemption and retirement of common shares | *—* | *—* | (27252) | *—* | (1246) | *—* | *—* | (1246) | *—* | *—* |
| Net income (loss) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 31520 | (398) | 31122 | *—* | *—* |
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | 3314840 | $*—* | 15097243 | $*—* | $110138 | $422574 | $(3863) | $528849 | $40000 | $— |
| Series A preferred stock dividends ($1.50 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (600) |  | (600) | *—* | *—* |
| Series B preferred stock dividends ($0.48 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (1622) |  | (1622) | *—* | *—* |
| Stock option exercises and proceeds related thereto | *—* | *—* | 4558 | *—* | 70 | *—* | *—* | 70 | *—* | *—* |
| Compensatory stock issuances, net of forfeitures | *—* | *—* | 65411 | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Issuance of common stock | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 1 | *—* | *—* | 1 | *—* | *—* |
| Issuance of series B preferred stock, net | 142603 | *—* | *—* | *—* | 3157 | *—* | *—* | 3157 | *—* | *—* |
| Stock-based compensation costs | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 948 | *—* | *—* | 948 | *—* | *—* |
| Redemption and retirement of common shares | *—* | *—* | (41381) | *—* | (1915) | *—* | *—* | (1915) | *—* | *—* |
| Net income (loss) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 30573 | (283) | 30290 | *—* | *—* |
| Balance at June 30, 2025 | 3457443 | $*—* | 15125831 | $*—* | $112399 | $450925 | $(4146) | $559178 | $40000 | $— |
| Series A preferred stock dividends ($1.50 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (600) |  | (600) | *—* | *—* |
| Series B preferred stock dividends ($0.48 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (1707) |  | (1707) | *—* | *—* |
| Stock option exercises and proceeds related thereto | *—* | *—* | 10242 | *—* | 157 | *—* | *—* | 157 | *—* | *—* |
| Compensatory stock issuances, net of forfeitures |  | *—* | (8632) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Issuance of series B preferred stock, net | 106319 | *—* | *—* | *—* | 2298 | *—* | *—* | 2298 | *—* | *—* |
| Stock-based compensation costs | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 920 | *—* | *—* | 920 | *—* | *—* |
| Redemption and retirement of common shares | *—* | *—* | *(427*) | *—* | (25) | *—* | *—* | (25) | *—* | *—* |
| Net income (loss) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 24977 | (389) | 24588 | *—* | *—* |
| Balance at September 30, 2025 | 3563762 | $*—* | 15127014 | $*—* | $115749 | $473595 | $(4535) | $584809 | $40000 | $— |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3

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[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Series B Preferred Stock*** | ***Series B Preferred Stock*** | ***Common Stock*** | ***Common Stock*** |  |  |  |  | ***Temporary Equity*** | ***Temporary Equity*** |
|  | ***Shares Issued*** | ***Amount*** | ***Shares Issued*** | ***Amount*** | ***Paid-In Capital*** | ***Retained Earnings*** | ***Noncontrolling Interests*** | ***Total Equity*** | ***Series A Preferred Stock*** | ***Class B Preferred Units*** |
| Balance at January 1, 2024 | 3256561 | $*—* | 14603563 | $*—* | $87415 | $307260 | $(2258) | $392417 | $40000 | $100250 |
| Accretion of discount associated with issuance of subsidiary equity | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *(75*) | *—* | (75) | *—* | 75 |
| Series A preferred stock dividends ($1.50 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (597) |  | (597) | *—* | *—* |
| Series B preferred stock dividends ($0.48 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (1555) |  | (1555) | *—* | *—* |
| Class B preferred units dividends ($0.04 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (4065) |  | (4065) | *—* | *—* |
| Compensatory stock issuances, net of forfeitures | *—* | *—* | 206629 | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Issuance of series B preferred stock, net | 44143 | *—* | *—* | *—* | 1071 | *—* | *—* | 1071 | *—* | *—* |
| Distributions to owners of noncontrolling interests | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (148) | (148) | *—* | *—* |
| Contributions by owners of noncontrolling interests | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 3 | 3 | *—* | *—* |
| Stock-based compensation costs | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 940 | *—* | *—* | 940 | *—* | *—* |
| Redemption and retirement of common shares | *—* | *—* | (18033) | *—* | (543) | *—* | *—* | (543) | *—* | *—* |
| Net income (loss) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 26170 | (351) | 25819 | *—* | *—* |
| Balance at March 31, 2024 | 3300704 | $*—* | 14792159 | $*—* | $88883 | $327138 | $(2754) | $413267 | $40000 | $100325 |
| Accretion of discount associated with issuance of subsidiary equity | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (75) | *—* | (75) | *—* | 75 |
| Series A preferred stock dividends ($1.50 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (596) | *—* | (596) | *—* | *—* |
| Series B preferred stock dividends ($0.48 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (1573) | *—* | (1573) | *—* | *—* |
| Class B preferred units dividends ($0.04 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (4064) | *—* | (4064) | *—* | *—* |
| Stock option exercises and proceeds related thereto | *—* | *—* | 2975 | *—* | 45 | *—* | *—* | 45 | *—* | *—* |
| Compensatory stock issuances, net of forfeitures | *—* | *—* | 3007 | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Stock-based compensation costs | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 1050 | *—* | *—* | 1050 | *—* | *—* |
| Redemption and retirement of common shares | *—* | *—* | (49203) | *—* | (1273) | *—* | *—* | (1273) | *—* | *—* |
| Net income (loss) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 24280 | (153) | 24127 | *—* | *—* |
| Balance at June 30, 2024 | 3300704 | $*—* | 14748938 | $*—* | $88705 | $345110 | $(2907) | $430908 | $40000 | $100400 |
| Accretion of discount associated with issuance of subsidiary equity | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (75) | *—* | (75) | *—* | 75 |
| Series A preferred stock dividends ($1.50 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (604) |  | (604) | *—* | *—* |
| Series B preferred stock dividends ($0.48 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (1573) |  | (1573) | *—* | *—* |
| Class B preferred units dividends ($0.04 dividend per share) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |  | (4064) |  | (4064) | *—* | *—* |
| Stock option exercises and proceeds related thereto | *—* | *—* | 1700 | *—* | 26 | *—* | *—* | 26 | *—* | *—* |
| Compensatory stock issuances, net of forfeitures | *—* | *—* | (583) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Stock-based compensation costs | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 979 | *—* | *—* | 979 | *—* | *—* |
| Redemption and retirement of preferred shares and preferred units | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | (25500) |
| Redemption and retirement of common shares | *—* | *—* | (11193) | *—* | (324) | *—* | *—* | (324) | *—* | *—* |
| Net income (loss) | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* | 29543 | (354) | 29189 | *—* | *—* |
| Balance at September 30, 2024 | 3300704 | $— | 14738862 | $— | $89386 | $368337 | $(3261) | $454462 | $40000 | $74975 |

---

See accompanying notes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4

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[**Table of Contents**](#toc)

**Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)**

***(Dollars in thousands)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*** |
|  | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| **Operating activities** |  |  |
| Net income | $86000 | $79135 |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net | 5777 | 3785 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Provision for credit losses | 3999 | 9323 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deferred income tax expense | 27218 | 19590 |
| Income from accretion of discount associated with Loans at amortized cost, net | (20246) | (18897) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income from merchant fees associated with Loans at fair value | (150733) | (112970) |
| Changes in fair value of loans | 671973 | 549161 |
| Change in bank partner fees carried at fair value | 3825 |  |
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 13537 | 8491 |
| Stock-based compensation costs | 2738 | 2969 |
| Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| Decrease in lease liability | (2278) | (2253) |
| Increase in uncollected fees on earning assets | (266552) | (186886) |
| Increase (decrease) in income tax liability | (424) | (202) |
| Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 9276 | (1026) |
| Other | (12398) | (3417) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 371712 | 346803 |
| **Investing activities** |  |  |
| Proceeds from recoveries on charged off receivables | 47302 | 33843 |
| Investments in earning assets | (2678774) | (2002048) |
| Proceeds from earning assets | 1681888 | 1397362 |
| Acquisition of new subsidiary | (72863) |  |
| Purchases and development of property | (4880) | (193) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1027327) | (571036) |
| **Financing activities** |  |  |
| Noncontrolling interests contributions | 78 | 3 |
| Noncontrolling interests distributions |  | (148) |
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 11589 |  |
| Proceeds from issuance of Series B preferred stock, net of issuance costs | 5768 | 1071 |
| Preferred stock and preferred unit dividends | (10130) | (19738) |
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 562 | 71 |
| Purchase and retirement of outstanding stock and preferred units | (53186) | (27640) |
| Proceeds from issuance of Senior notes, net of issuance costs | 418341 | 124076 |
| Proceeds from borrowings | 1431465 | 629134 |
| Repayment of borrowings | (1122571) | (481540) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 681916 | 225289 |
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents | 26301 | 1056 |
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period | 499636 | 383653 |
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents at end of period | $525937 | $384709 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period** |  |  |
| Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents | $425023 | $308651 |
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 100914 | 76058 |
| Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $525937 | $384709 |
| **Supplemental cash flow information** |  |  |
| Cash paid for interest | $162968 | $104983 |
| Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds | $699 | $187 |
| Accretion of discount associated with issuance of subsidiary equity | $— | $225 |
| Decrease in accrued and unpaid preferred stock and preferred unit dividends | $(2027) | $(1047) |
| Cash assumed upon acquisition of Mercury | $93664 | $— |

---

See accompanying notes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5

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**Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

**September 30, 2025 and 2024**

***1.*** **Description of Our Business**

Our accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation (the "Company") and those entities we control.

We are a purpose driven financial technology company. We are primarily focused on facilitating consumer credit through the use of our financial technology and related services. We provide technology and other support services to lenders who offer an array of financial products and services, including private label and general purpose card products, to consumers who *may* have been declined by other providers of credit. Private label and general purpose card products are originated by The Bank of Missouri, WebBank and First Bank and Trust (collectively, our "bank partners"). Our bank partners originate these accounts through multiple channels, including retail and healthcare point-of-sale locations, direct mail solicitation, digital marketing and partnerships with *third* parties.

In these Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, "receivables" or "loans" typically refer to receivables we have purchased from our bank partners or from other *third* parties.

We are principally engaged as a program manager, providing a technology platform and corresponding services to lenders in the U.S. to assist those lenders with offering products to consumers. These lenders pay us a fee and, in most circumstances, the lenders are then obligated to sell us the receivables they generate from these products. We acquire these receivables for the principal amount of the loan. For certain of our receivables, we also receive merchant fees from our retail partners that are used to enhance our returns for those receivables.

We compensate our bank partners monthly for the regulatory oversight they provide associated with our acquired receivables, the underlying accounts of which they continue to own and service. This compensation is based on both fixed and variable components dependent on the underlying performance of the acquired receivables (collectively, "Bank partner fees"). As we are obligated to compensate our bank partners for the duration of the underlying account, we recognize the fair value of these Bank partner fees within Card and loan servicing on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income on the date we acquire the underlying receivable.

We service the underlying receivables on behalf of our bank partners by providing and/or managing the ongoing customer service activities in the form of processing payments, providing regular notices of statement activity, and resolving customer complaints, billing disputes, and fraud claims. Our bank partners continue to own the underlying consumer accounts that they originate and provide regulatory oversight in the form of reviewing, approving the development of consumer finance programs and approving all related marketing materials, establishing the policies and procedures that govern the operation of the consumer finance programs, reviewing and approving customer complaint correspondence, performing ongoing compliance monitoring and testing and audits of the consumer finance programs, and providing settlement services between us and our retail partners. From time to time, we also purchase receivables portfolios from *third* parties other than our bank partners. These products and services are reported through *two* reportable segments, Credit as a Service ("CaaS") and Auto Finance.

Within our CaaS segment, we apply our technology solutions, in combination with the experiences gained, and infrastructure built from servicing *$48* billion in consumer loans over more than *25* years of operating history, to support lenders in offering more inclusive financial services. These products include private label credit cards using the Fortiva and Curae brand names as well as merchant associated brands. Private label credit products associated with the healthcare space are generally issued under the Curae brand while all other retail partnerships, including those in consumer electronics, furniture, elective medical procedures, and home-improvement use the Fortiva brand or use our retail partners' brands. General purpose credit cards use the Aspire, Imagine, Mercury and Fortiva brand names. Our flexible technology solutions allow our bank partners to integrate our paperless process and instant decisioning platform with the existing infrastructure of participating retailers, healthcare providers and other service providers. Using our technology and proprietary predictive analytics, lenders can make instant credit decisions utilizing hundreds of inputs from multiple sources and thereby offer credit to consumers overlooked by many providers of financing that focus exclusively on consumers with higher FICO scores. Atlanticus' decisioning platform is enhanced by artificial intelligence and machine learning, enabling fast, sound decision-making when it matters most.

We also report within our CaaS segment: *1*) servicing income; and *2*) gains or losses associated with notes receivable and equity investments previously made in consumer technology platforms. These include investments in companies engaged in mobile technologies, marketplace lending and other financial technologies. *None* of these companies are publicly-traded, and the carrying values of our investments in these companies are *not* material.

Within our Auto Finance segment, our CAR subsidiary operations principally purchase and/or service loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provide floor plan financing for, a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here, used car business. We purchase auto loans at a discount and with dealer retentions or holdbacks that provide risk protection. Also within our Auto Finance segment, we are providing certain installment lending products in addition to our traditional loans secured by automobiles.

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Rules enacted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") which could limit the late fees charged to consumers were vacated in *April 2025.* The Courts determined that the CFPB violated the Credit Card Accountability and Disclosure Act's and the Administrative Procedure Act requirement that penalty fees be "reasonable and proportional" to the violation. In order to mitigate these impacts and continue to serve consumers, our bank partners took a number of steps, from modifying products and policies (such as further tightening the criteria used to evaluate new loans) to changing prices (including increasing interest rates and fees charged to consumers) which are included in our fair value calculations. See Note *7* "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities" for more information on our fair value measurements.

***2.*** **Acquisition of Mercury Financial LLC**

On *September 11, 2025,* the Company closed the acquisition of all outstanding equity interests of Mercury Financial LLC ("Mercury"), a leading data- and tech-centric credit card platform utilized by bank partners to provide credit cards to near-prime consumers in the U.S. The acquisition aligns with Atlanticus' strategic objective to expand its consumer credit offerings and increase scale within its credit card operations. At the closing, Mercury became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlanticus.

Total purchase consideration was approximately $166.5 million in cash. In addition to the purchase consideration, the seller has the opportunity under the purchase agreement to receive earn out payments for up to three years following the closing of the acquisition in an amount equal to 75% of the amount by which the charge-offs of Mercury's acquired receivables are less than agreed-upon charge-off levels. We have determined the contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative instrument under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") *815,* "Derivatives and Hedging". We have recorded the derivative at fair value within Accounts payable and accrued expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets, calculated using internally-developed estimates. These estimates on performance of the acquired portfolio include expected credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, discount rates and yields earned on our general purpose credit card receivables. See Note *7,* "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities" for more information.

As a result of the acquisition, the Company added approximately 1.3 million credit card serviced accounts, $3.2 billion in credit card receivables and assumed $2.8 billion in collateralized debt. Additionally, the Company acquired certain identifiable finite-lived intangible assets primarily associated with internally developed software. The Company expensed approximately $2.5 million of acquisition costs and approximately $4.3 million of severance costs within Other expense and Salaries and benefits, respectively, during the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025.* The condensed consolidated statement of operations includes, for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025,* Mercury's operating results from *September 11, 2025* through *September 30, 2025.* For that period, Mercury contributed approximately $49.9 million of revenue and $(7.0) million of net loss. See Note *7* "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities" and Note *10* "Notes Payable" for more information on the acquired credit card receivables and assumed debt obligations and see Note *3* "Significant Accounting Policies and Condensed Consolidated Financial Statement Components" for more information on our finite-lived intangible assets.

The acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition under ASC *805,* "Business Combinations". Fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed were determined using management estimates and *third*-party valuations (e.g., replacement cost method).

***3.*** **Significant Accounting Policies and Condensed Consolidated Financial Statement Components**

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies we follow in preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as a description of significant components of our condensed consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements furnished have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We base these estimates on information available to us as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Certain estimates, such as credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, discount rates and yields earned on credit card receivables, significantly affect the reported amount (and changes thereon) of our Loans at fair value on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and condensed consolidated statements of income.

In the *fourth* quarter of *2024,* we revised our methodology to correct the cumulative impact of an error in the discounted cash flow analysis used in the calculation of our Loans at fair value. This revision removed the impacts of cash flows associated with subsequent purchases associated with consumer receivables and cash flows on related merchant fees. These changes in the calculation of our Loans at fair value did *not* result in a restatement of our condensed consolidated financial statements in prior periods due to the immateriality of this error on prior period results. We revised the presentation of our condensed consolidated statement of shareholders' equity and temporary equity to present the preferred stock and preferred unit dividends on an individual instrument basis, including the dividends per share. We also revised the presentation of our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows to (*1*) present the income from accretion of discounts associated with loans from amortized cost, net separate from the income from merchant fees associated with loans at fair value, (*2*) include a reconciliation of the unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents to arrive at the ending cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period, *3*) reclassify lease liability payments to Decrease in lease liability below changes in assets and liabilities and *4*) present deferred income tax expense separate from changes in income tax liability. These changes in presentation had *no* effect on our consolidated total equity or consolidated net cash provided by operating activities or ending cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, and our historical condensed consolidated statement of shareholders' equity and temporary equity and condensed consolidated statement of cash flows were revised for consistent presentation. Certain disclosures have been revised to conform to current year presentation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *7*

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***Consolidation***

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company's policy is to consolidate the financial statements of entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. The Company determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or variable interest entity ("VIE") and if the accounting guidance requires consolidation. For more information on the Company's VIEs, see Note *8* "Variable Interest Entities".

***Unrestricted Cash and Cash Equivalents***

Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, money market investments and overnight deposits. We consider all highly liquid cash investments with low interest rate risk and original maturities of *three* months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. We maintain unrestricted cash and cash equivalents for general operating purposes. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents in accounts at regulated domestic financial institutions in amounts that exceed FDIC insured amounts. All cash balances are maintained at well capitalized institutions.

***Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents***

Restricted cash includes certain collections on loans, interest and fees receivable, the cash balances of which are required to be distributed to noteholders under our debt facilities. Our restricted cash balances also include minimum cash balances held in accounts at the request of certain of our business partners.

***Loans, Interest and Fees Receivable***

We maintain *two* categories of Loans on our condensed consolidated balance sheets: those that are carried at fair value (Loans at fair value) and those that are carried at net amortized cost (Loans at amortized cost). For our Loans at fair value (within our CaaS segment), interest and fees are discontinued when the receivable becomes contractually *90* or more days past due. For our Loans at amortized cost (within our Auto Finance segment), we continue interest and fee billings until the time of charge-off if there is adequate value associated with the underlying asset serving as collateral for the receivable. Once a loan discontinues accruing interest and fees it is ineligible to return to accrual status. We charge off receivables underlying our Loans at fair value, against our Changes in fair value of loans, when they become contractually more than *180* days past due, or *120* days past due if they are enrolled in an installment loan product. We charge off our Loans at amortized cost receivables, against our Allowance for credit losses, when they become contractually between *120* and *180* days past due. For all of our receivables portfolios, we charge off receivables within *30* days of notification and confirmation of a customer's bankruptcy or death. However, in some cases of death, we do *not* charge off receivables if there is a surviving, contractually liable individual or estate large enough to pay the debt in full.

***Loans at fair value.*** Loans at fair value represent receivables for which we have elected the fair value option (the "Fair Value Receivables"). The Fair Value Receivables are held by entities that qualify as VIEs, and are consolidated onto our condensed consolidated balance sheets, some portfolios of which are unencumbered and some of which are still encumbered under structured or other financing facilities. Loans and finance receivables include accrued and unpaid interest and fees. All receivables associated with private label credit and general purpose credit cards are included within this category of receivables.

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Under the fair value option, fees such as annual fees are taken into income when billed to the consumer or upon loan acquisition and any cost associated with the loan acquisition are expensed in the period incurred. The Company estimates the fair value of the loans using a discounted cash flow model, which considers various unobservable inputs such as credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, discount rates and yields earned on credit card receivables. The Company reevaluates the fair value of loans receivable at the close of each measurement period. Changes in the fair value of loans are recorded as a component of "Changes in fair value of loans" in the condensed consolidated statements of income in the period of the fair value changes. Changes in the fair value of loans include the impact of current period charge-offs associated with these receivables.

Further details concerning our loans at fair value are presented within Note *7,* "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities."

***Loans at amortized cost, net.*** Our loans at amortized cost, net, currently consist of receivables associated with our Auto Finance segment's operations and are presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets net of the related allowance for credit losses and deferred revenue. We purchased auto loans with outstanding principal of $53.8 million, $150.1 million, $48.9 million and $161.1 million for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* respectively, through our pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies.

We show an allowance for credit losses for our loans at amortized cost. A considerable amount of judgment is required to assess the ultimate amount of expected losses on loans at amortized cost, and we regularly evaluate and update our methodologies to determine the most appropriate allowance necessary. Our loans at amortized cost consist of smaller-balance, homogeneous loans in our Auto Finance segment. These loans are further divided into pools based on common characteristics such as contract or acquisition channel. For each pool, we determine the necessary allowance for credit losses using reasonable and supportable forecasts that analyze some or all of the following attributes unique to each type of receivable pool: historical loss rates on similar loans; current delinquency and roll-rate trends which *may* indicate consumer loss rates in excess or less than those which historical trends might suggest; the effects of changes in the economy on consumers such as inflation or other macroeconomic changes; changes in underwriting criteria; unfunded commitments (to the extent they are unconditional), and estimated recoveries. The aforementioned inputs are calculated using historical trends over the most recent *two* year period, and adjusted as needed for current trends and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We *may* individually evaluate a receivable or pool of receivables for credit losses if circumstances indicate that the receivable or pool of receivables *may* be at higher risk for non-performance than other receivables (e.g., if a particular retail or auto-finance partner has indications of nonperformance (such as a bankruptcy) that could impact the underlying pool of receivables we purchased from the partner).

Certain of our loans at amortized cost also contain components of deferred revenue related to loan discounts on the purchase of our auto finance receivables. As of *September 30, 2025* and *December 31, 2024,* the weighted average remaining accretion period for the $21.5 million and $19.8 million of deferred revenue reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets was 22 and 24 months, respectively.

A roll-forward (in millions) of our allowance for credit losses by class of receivable is as follows:

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **For the Three Months Ended September 30,** | ***2025*** | ***2025*** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** | ***2024*** | ***2024*** |
|  | ***Notes Receivable*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** | ***Notes Receivable*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| **Allowance for credit losses:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at beginning of period | $(6.1) | $(4.9) | $(11.0) | $— | $(2.4) | $(2.4) |
| Provision for credit losses(1) | (0.6) | (0.9) | (1.5) |  | (4.6) | (4.6) |
| Charge-offs |  | 1.9 | 1.9 |  | 3.1 | 3.1 |
| Recoveries |  | (0.7) | (0.7) |  | (0.7) | (0.7) |
| Balance at end of period | $(6.7) | $(4.6) | $(11.3) | $— | $(4.6) | $(4.6) |

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(*1*) For the *three* months ended September *30, 2025,* we recorded a provision for credit losses associated with our notes receivable from consumer technology platforms that are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **For the Nine Months Ended September 30,** | ***2025*** | ***2025*** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** | ***2024*** | ***2024*** |
|  | ***Notes Receivable*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** | ***Notes Receivable*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| **Allowance for credit losses:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at beginning of period | $(5.9) | $(4.9) | $(10.8) | $— | $(1.8) | $(1.8) |
| Provision for credit losses(1) | (0.8) | (3.2) | (4.0) |  | (9.3) | (9.3) |
| Charge-offs |  | 5.4 | 5.4 |  | 8.4 | 8.4 |
| Recoveries |  | (1.9) | (1.9) |  | (1.9) | (1.9) |
| Balance at end of period | $(6.7) | $(4.6) | $(11.3) | $— | $(4.6) | $(4.6) |

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(*1*) For the *nine* months ended September *30, 2025,* we recorded a provision for credit losses associated with our notes receivable from consumer technology platforms that are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***September 30,*** | ***December 31,*** |
| **As of** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| **Allowance for credit losses:** |  |  |
| Balance of Notes Receivable at end of period individually evaluated for impairment | $(6.7) | $(5.9) |
| Balance of Auto Finance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment | $(1.1) | $(1.2) |
| Balance of Auto Finance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment | $(3.5) | $(3.7) |
| **Loans at amortized cost:** |  |  |
| Loans at amortized cost | $111.1 | $109.0 |
| Loans at amortized cost individually evaluated for impairment | $2.6 | $1.5 |
| Loans at amortized cost collectively evaluated for impairment | $108.5 | $107.5 |

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Recoveries, noted above, consist of amounts received from the efforts of *third*-party collectors. All proceeds received, associated with charged-off accounts, are credited to the allowance for credit losses.

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Delinquent loans at amortized cost reflect the principal, fee and interest components of loans we did *not* collect on or prior to the contractual due date and are considered "past due". Amounts we believe we will *not* ultimately collect are included as a component in our overall allowance for credit losses.

We consider loan delinquencies a key indicator of credit quality because this measure provides the best ongoing estimate of how a particular class of receivables is performing. An aging of our delinquent loans at amortized cost (in millions) as of *September 30, 2025* and *December 31, 2024* is as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***September 30,*** | ***December 31,*** |
| **As of** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| 30-59 days past due | $8.4 | $7.6 |
| 60-89 days past due | 2.5 | 3.2 |
| 90 or more days past due | 3.2 | 4.7 |
| Delinquent loans at amortized cost | 14.1 | 15.5 |
| Current loans at amortized cost | 97.0 | 93.5 |
| Total loans at amortized cost | $111.1 | $109.0 |
| Balance of loans greater than 90-days delinquent still accruing interest and fees | $2.2 | $3.7 |

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***Loan Modifications and Restructurings***

We review our Loans at amortized cost, net, associated with our Auto Finance segment's operations to determine if any modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty were made that would qualify the receivable as a Financial Difficulty Modification ("FDM"). This could include a restructuring of the loan terms to alleviate the burden of the borrower's near-term cash requirements, such as a modification of terms to reduce or defer cash payments to help the borrower attempt to improve its financial condition. For the *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024, no* Loans at amortized cost qualified as a FDM.

***Intangible assets and amortization***

As part of the acquisition of Mercury, we acquired $32.4 million of identifiable finite-lived intangible assets primarily associated with internally developed software. These intangible assets are carried at the fair value at acquisition less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the related assets which is estimated to be 5 years from the date of acquisition. Details of our finite-lived intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | ***As of September 30, 2025*** |
| Intangible assets - gross carrying amount | 32430 |
| Accumulated amortization | (541) |
| Net carrying amount | 31889 |

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Amortization expense related to these finite-lived intangible assets was $0.5 million for the *three* and *nine* month periods ended *September 30, 2025,* and is included within depreciation and amortization in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

***Rewards Liability***

Certain of our credit card accounts are associated with customer reward programs, which allow the customer to earn rewards that can be redeemed for statement credits, gift cards, cash back or applied against purchases on certain online platforms. The amount of reward that a customer earns varies based on the terms and conditions of the reward program and product. When rewards are earned by a customer, rewards expense is recorded as an offset to interchange income, as a component of Other revenue (on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income), with a corresponding increase to the customer rewards liability within Accounts payable and accrued expenses (on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets). The customer rewards liability is computed based on the estimated redemption cost of rewards earned and is reduced as rewards are redeemed. In estimating the customer rewards liability, the Company considers historical redemption and spending behavior, as well as the terms and conditions of the reward programs, among other factors. The Company expects that the majority of rewards earned by customers will eventually be redeemed.

***Income Taxes***

We experienced effective tax rates of 24.0% and 24.0% for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025,* respectively, compared to 21.5% and 19.7% for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2024,* respectively.

Our effective tax rates for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025,* are above the statutory rate principally due to our (*1*) state and foreign income tax expense, including the effects of law changes enacted in the *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025,* in certain states in which we operate, (*2*) the tax effects of deduction disallowance under Section *162*(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of *1986* as amended (the "Code") with respect to compensation paid to our covered employees, and (*3*) taxes on global intangible low-taxed income. Offsetting the foregoing items were the tax effects of deductions (*1*) associated with the exercises of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock at the times when the fair value of our stock exceeded such share-based awards' grant date values, and (*2*) of amounts characterized in our condensed consolidated financial statements as dividends on preferred stock (which was outstanding until its redemption in the *first* quarter of *2025*), such amounts which constituted deductible interest expense on debt for tax purposes.

Our effective tax rates for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2024,* are below the statutory rate principally due to the tax effects of our deduction of (*1*) amounts characterized in our condensed consolidated financial statements as dividends on preferred stock (which was outstanding at varying amounts in *2024*), such amounts which constituted deductible interest expense on debt for tax purposes, and (*2*) exercises of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock at times when the fair value of our stock exceeded such share-based awards' grant date values. Offsetting the foregoing items were (*1*) state and foreign income tax expense including the effects of law changes enacted in certain states in which we operate, (*2*) the tax effects of deduction disallowance under Section *162*(m) of the Code with respect to compensation paid to our covered employees and (*3*) taxes on global intangible low-taxed income.

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We report interest expense associated with our income tax liabilities (including accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions) within our income tax line item on our condensed consolidated statements of income. We likewise report within such line item the reversal of interest expense associated with our accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions to the extent we resolve such liabilities in a manner favorable to our accruals therefor. Such interest expense was $135 thousand for the *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025,* and $140 thousand for the *nine* months ended *September 30, 2024.*

On *July 4, 2025,* the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was enacted into law. The OBBBA includes significant changes to existing U.S. federal and international tax provisions. We evaluated the impact of these provisions on our overall tax positions, and we do *not* anticipate a significant impact on our annual effective tax rate.

***Revenue Recognition and Revenue from Contracts with Customers***

***Consumer Loans, Including Past Due Fees***

Consumer loans, including past due fees reflect interest income, including finance charges, and late fees on loans in accordance with the terms of the related customer agreements. These fees are recognized when assessed based upon the contractual terms of the loans. Discounts received associated with auto loans that are *not* included as part of our Fair Value Receivables are deferred and amortized over the average life of the related loans using the effective interest method. Finance charges and fees, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans, interest and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned based upon the contractual terms of the loans. Retail partner incentives such as fee reductions or rebates are recorded as a reduction to revenue over the period the incentives are earned.

Merchant fees paid or received associated with the acquisition of Fair Value Receivables are recognized when the merchant confirms the transaction with us, which fulfills the terms of the associated merchant agreement. Our merchant agreements are defined at the transaction level and do *not* extend beyond the service already provided (i.e., each transaction is separate). We independently negotiate each agreement with separate counterparties and consider ourselves the principal in each agreement with our bank partners and retail partners. As such, we view the economic substance of our relationship with our retail partners as a service contract. The merchant fee is derived based on the value of the goods purchased from our retail partners and considers factors such as the consumer's credit risk and the terms of our bank partners' related product offering.

Our service comprises a single performance obligation to facilitate the transaction between the retail partner and its consumer and the merchant fee is recognized into income when the retail partner successfully confirms the transaction, as *no* remaining obligations exist under the contract.

***Fees and Related Income on Earning Assets***

Fees and related income on earning assets primarily include fees associated with credit products such as annual fees, cash advance fees, and other fees. These fees are assessed based upon the contractual terms of the loans.

We recognize these fees as income when they are billed to the customers' accounts. Fees and related income on earning assets, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans, interest and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned based upon the contractual terms of the loans.

***Other revenue***

Other revenue includes revenue from contracts with customers, which includes interchange revenues, servicing income, service charges and other customer related fees. We recognize these fees as income in the period earned.

***Other non-operating revenue***

Other non-operating income includes income (or loss) associated with investments in non-core businesses or other items *not* directly associated with our ongoing operations. *None* of these companies are publicly-traded and there are *no* material pending liquidity events. We will continue to carry the investments on our books at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *11*

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***Revenue from Contracts with Customers***

The majority of our revenue is earned from financial instruments and is *not* included within the scope of ASC *606,* "Revenue from Contracts with Customers". We have determined that revenue from contracts with customers would primarily consist of merchant fees and interchange revenues in our CaaS segment and servicing revenue and other customer-related fees in both our CaaS segment and our Auto Finance segment. Interchange fees are earned when our customers' cards are used over established card networks. We earn a portion of the interchange fee the card networks charge merchants for the transaction and these fees are settled daily. Additionally, within interchange revenues are network incentives which are earned when credit card transactions, associated with accounts we service, are processed through interchange networks. Servicing revenue is generated by meeting contractual performance obligations related to the collection of amounts due on receivables, and is settled with the customer net of our fee, which can be settled daily or monthly. Service charges and other customer related fees are earned from customers based on the occurrence of specific services and are paid by customers per the terms of their credit agreement. Merchant fees paid or received associated with the acquisition of Fair Value Receivables are recognized when the merchant confirms the transaction with us, which fulfills the terms of the associated merchant agreement. *None* of these revenue streams result in an ongoing obligation beyond what has already been rendered. Revenue from these contracts with customers is included in Consumer loans, including past due fees and Other revenue on our condensed consolidated statements of income. Components (in thousands) of our revenue from contracts with customers is as follows:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Interchange revenues, net (1) | $8551 | $— | $8551 |
| Servicing income | 6606 | 181 | 6787 |
| Service charges and other customer related fees | 15210 | 6 | 15216 |
| Total Other revenue | 30367 | 187 | 30554 |
| Merchant fees (2) | 54610 |  | 54610 |
| Total revenue from contracts with customers | $84977 | $187 | $85164 |

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Interchange revenues, net (1) | $19230 | $— | $19230 |
| Servicing income | 16016 | 516 | 16532 |
| Service charges and other customer related fees | 36831 | 23 | 36854 |
| Total Other revenue | 72077 | 539 | 72616 |
| Merchant fees (2) | 150733 |  | 150733 |
| Total revenue from contracts with customers | $222810 | $539 | $223349 |

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Interchange revenues, net (1) | $5001 | $— | $5001 |
| Servicing income | 2871 | 186 | 3057 |
| Service charges and other customer related fees | 8922 | 13 | 8935 |
| Total Other revenue | 16794 | 199 | 16993 |
| Merchant fees (2) | 45909 |  | 45909 |
| Total revenue from contracts with customers | $62703 | $199 | $62902 |

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Interchange revenues, net (1) | $14448 | $— | $14448 |
| Servicing income | 6055 | 576 | 6631 |
| Service charges and other customer related fees | 21549 | 46 | 21595 |
| Total Other revenue | 42052 | 622 | 42674 |
| Merchant fees (2) | 112970 |  | 112970 |
| Total revenue from contracts with customers | $155022 | $622 | $155644 |

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(*1*) Interchange revenue is presented net of customer reward expense and includes network incentives for credit card transactions processed through interchange networks.

(*2*) Merchant fees are included in Consumer loans, including past due fees on our condensed consolidated statements of income.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *12*

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***Asset Acquisitions***

The Company follows the guidance in ASC *805,* "Business Combinations", for determining the appropriate accounting treatment for asset acquisitions. Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") *2017*-*01,* "Clarifying the Definition of a Business", provides an initial fair value screen to determine if substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired is concentrated in a single asset or group of similar assets. If the initial screening test is *not* met, the set is considered a business based on whether there are inputs and substantive processes in place. Based on the results of this analysis and conclusion on an acquisition's classification of a business combination or an asset acquisition, the accounting treatment is derived.

If the acquisition is deemed to be a business, the purchase method of accounting is applied. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are recorded at fair value. If the transaction is deemed to be an asset acquisition, the cost accumulation and allocation model is used whereby the assets and liabilities are recorded based on the purchase price and allocated to the individual assets and liabilities based on relative fair values. See Note *2* "Acquisition of Mercury Financial LLC" for further discussion on our recent acquisition.

***Recent Accounting Pronouncements***

In *July 2025,* the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU *2025*-*05,* "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic *326*): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets", which improves transparency to provide all entities with a practical expedient when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic *606.* All entities *may* elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do *not* change for the remaining life of the asset. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after *December 15, 2025,* and interim reporting periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. ASU *2025*-*05* is *not* expected to have a significant impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements when adopted.

In *November 2024,* the FASB issued ASU *2024*-*03,* "Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures" which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. The ASU does *not* change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement. Instead, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. The amendments in this Update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after *December 15, 2026,* and interim reporting periods beginning after *December 15, 2027* and early adoption of the amendments is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our financial statement disclosures.

In *December 2023,* the FASB issued ASU *2023*-*09,* "Income Taxes (Topic *740*): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" ("Topic *740"*). Topic *740* modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose (i) specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (ii) the income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (separated between domestic and foreign) and (iii) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (separated by federal, state and foreign). Topic *740* also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments to international, federal, state and local jurisdictions, among other changes. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after *December 15, 2024.* Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have *not* yet been issued or made available for issuance. This guidance should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our financial statement disclosures.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *13*

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***4.*** **Segment Reporting**

We operate primarily within *one* industry consisting of two reportable segments by which we manage our business. Our two reportable segments are: CaaS and Auto Finance. The Company defines operating segments to be components of the Company for which discrete financial information is evaluated regularly by the Company's Chief Executive Officer (our chief operating decision maker, "CODM") to allocate resources and evaluate financial performance. The CODM uses GAAP Income before income taxes to evaluate segment profitability as it provides the best insight into the segments overall economic performance. Income before income taxes is used regularly in the forecasting and budgeting process when assessing performance on a quarterly basis and making decisions about capital and personnel allocations.

Our CaaS segment includes the operations of *two* operating segments aggregated into *one* reportable segment which includes our private label credit and our general purpose credit card receivables (including those general purpose credit card receivables acquired as part of our acquisition of Mercury), which, through our bank partners, provide financing solutions to consumers. Our Auto Finance reportable segment purchases and/or service loans secured by automobiles and provides other financing options to independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies. These two reportable segments were determined by management based on the characteristics of the underlying products, management structures and expected returns.

We have *no* material amounts of long lived assets located outside of the U.S. and all revenue is generated within the U.S.

We measure the profitability of our reportable segments based on their income after allocation of specific costs and corporate overhead (Income before income taxes); however, our segment results do *not* reflect any charges for internal capital allocations among our segments. Company revenues, expenses and profitability are aggregated into these segments and presented to the CODM as detailed below. Overhead costs are allocated based on headcounts and other applicable measures to better align costs with the associated revenues. Income taxes are allocated to the individual segments whereby each operating segment determines income tax expense or benefit as if it filed a separate tax return.

Reportable segment information (in thousands) is as follows:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Revenue and other income: |  |  |  |
| Consumer loans, including past due fees | $331735 | $9428 | $341163 |
| Fees and related income on earning assets | 122544 | 1031 | 123575 |
| Other revenue | 30367 | 187 | 30554 |
| Total operating revenue and other income | 484646 | 10646 | 495292 |
| Other non-operating income | 7 | (623) | (616) |
| Total revenue and other income | 484653 | 10023 | 494676 |
| Interest expense | (75007) | (457) | (75464) |
| Provision for credit losses | (555) | (994) | (1549) |
| Changes in fair value of loans | (276851) |  | (276851) |
| Net margin | 132240 | 8572 | 140812 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Salaries and benefits | (16863) | (1333) | (18196) |
| Card and loan servicing | (35792) | (3232) | (39024) |
| Marketing and solicitation | (35247) | (54) | (35301) |
| Depreciation | (1472) | (19) | (1491) |
| Other | (13291) | (1030) | (14321) |
| Total operating expenses | (102665) | (5668) | (108333) |
| Income before income taxes | $29575 | $2904 | $32479 |

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Revenue and other income: |  |  |  |
| Consumer loans, including past due fees | $837442 | $27726 | $865168 |
| Fees and related income on earning assets | 295129 | 1072 | 296201 |
| Other revenue | 72077 | 539 | 72616 |
| Total operating revenue and other income | 1204648 | 29337 | 1233985 |
| Other non-operating income | 20 |  | 20 |
| Total revenue and other income | 1204668 | 29337 | 1234005 |
| Interest expense | (175153) | (1525) | (176678) |
| Provision for credit losses | (769) | (3230) | (3999) |
| Changes in fair value of loans | (671973) |  | (671973) |
| Net margin | 356773 | 24582 | 381355 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Salaries and benefits | (43282) | (3798) | (47080) |
| Card and loan servicing | (95413) | (9848) | (105261) |
| Marketing and solicitation | (80486) | (98) | (80584) |
| Depreciation | (3116) | (57) | (3173) |
| Other | (28510) | (3254) | (31764) |
| Total operating expenses | (250807) | (17055) | (267862) |
| Income before income taxes | $105966 | $7527 | $113493 |
| Total assets | $6988809 | $90923 | $7079732 |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *14*

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Revenue and other income: |  |  |  |
| Consumer loans, including past due fees | $245332 | $10057 | $255389 |
| Fees and related income on earning assets | 78552 | 20 | 78572 |
| Other revenue | 16793 | 200 | 16993 |
| Total operating revenue and other income | 340677 | 10277 | 350954 |
| Other non-operating income | (31) | 301 | 270 |
| Total revenue and other income | 340646 | 10578 | 351224 |
| Interest expense | (41803) | (689) | (42492) |
| Provision for credit losses |  | (4633) | (4633) |
| Changes in fair value of loans | (203739) |  | (203739) |
| Net margin | 95104 | 5256 | 100360 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Salaries and benefits | (10967) | (1332) | (12299) |
| Card and loan servicing | (24739) | (3330) | (28069) |
| Marketing and solicitation | (14813) | (35) | (14848) |
| Depreciation | (637) | (19) | (656) |
| Other | (6179) | (1023) | (7202) |
| Total operating expenses | (57335) | (5739) | (63074) |
| Income (loss) before income taxes | $37769 | $(483) | $37286 |

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | ***CaaS*** | ***Auto Finance*** | ***Total*** |
| Revenue and other income: |  |  |  |
| Consumer loans, including past due fees | $697385 | $30727 | $728112 |
| Fees and related income on earning assets | 185921 | 62 | 185983 |
| Other revenue | 42052 | 622 | 42674 |
| Total operating revenue and other income | 925358 | 31411 | 956769 |
| Other non-operating income | 330 | 854 | 1184 |
| Total revenue and other income | 925688 | 32265 | 957953 |
| Interest expense | (113165) | (2338) | (115503) |
| Provision for credit losses |  | (9323) | (9323) |
| Changes in fair value of loans | (549161) |  | (549161) |
| Net margin | 263362 | 20604 | 283966 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Salaries and benefits | (33748) | (3836) | (37584) |
| Card and loan servicing | (72409) | (10180) | (82589) |
| Marketing and solicitation | (38745) | (103) | (38848) |
| Depreciation | (1908) | (55) | (1963) |
| Other | (20789) | (3483) | (24272) |
| Total operating expenses | (167599) | (17657) | (185256) |
| Income before income taxes | $95763 | $2947 | $98710 |
| Total assets | $2945030 | $94934 | $3039964 |

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***5.*** **Shareholders' Equity and Preferred Stock**

During the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we repurchased and contemporaneously retired 427 shares, 69,060 shares, 11,193 shares and 78,429 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $0.0 million, $3.2 million, $0.3 million and $2.1 million, respectively, pursuant to both open market and private purchases and the return of stock by holders of equity incentive awards to pay tax withholding obligations.

 ***Preferred Stock***

Our preferred stock consists of 7.625% Series B Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (the "Series B preferred stock"), liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. We pay cumulative cash dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock, when and as declared by our Board of Directors, in the amount of $1.90625 per share each year, which is equivalent to 7.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share.

No shares of Series B Preferred Stock were repurchased in the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024.*

***ATM Programs***

On *August 10, 2022,* we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the "Preferred Stock Sales Agreement") providing for the sale by the Company of up to an aggregate offering price of $100.0 million of our (i) Series B preferred stock and (ii) 6.125% Senior Notes due *2026* (the *"2026* Senior Notes") from time to time through a sales agent, in connection with the Company's Series B preferred stock and *2026* Senior Notes "at-the-market" offering program (the "Preferred Stock ATM Program"). On *August 26, 2024,* we amended and restated the Preferred Stock Sales Agreement to remove our *2026* Senior Notes and to include our 9.25% Senior Notes due *2029* (the *"2029* Senior Notes") in the Preferred Stock ATM Program. On *December 29, 2023,* the Company entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the "Common Stock Sales Agreement") providing for the sale by the Company of its common stock, *no* par value per share, up to an aggregate offering price of $50.0 million, from time to time to or through a sales agent, in connection with the Company's common stock ATM Program ("Common Stock ATM Program"). Sales pursuant to both the Preferred Stock Sales Agreement and Common Stock Sales Agreement, if any, *may* be made in transactions that are deemed to be "at-the-market offerings" as defined in Rule *415* under the Securities Act of *1933,* as amended (the "Securities Act"), including sales made directly on or through the NASDAQ Global Select Market. The sales agents will make all sales using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with their normal trading and sales practices up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, the placement notices.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *15*

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During the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we sold 106,319 shares, 262,583 shares, 0 shares and 44,143 shares, respectively, of our Series B preferred stock under our Preferred Stock ATM Program for net proceeds of $2.3 million, $5.8 million, $0 and $1.1 million, respectively. During the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* no *2026* Senior Notes were sold under the Company's Preferred Stock ATM Program. During the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we sold $5.6 million, $31.4 million, $13.5 million and $13.5 million, respectively, principal amount of our *2029* Senior Notes under our Preferred Stock ATM Program for net proceeds of $5.5 million, $30.8 million, $13.4 million and $13.4 million, respectively.

During the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we sold 0 common shares, 200,000 common shares, 0 common shares and 0 common shares, respectively, under the Company's Common Stock ATM Program for net proceeds of $0, $11.6 million, $0 and $0, respectively.

***6.*** **Redeemable Preferred Stock**

On *November 26, 2014,* we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Dove Ventures, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company ("Dove"). The agreement provided for a senior secured term loan facility in an amount of up to $40.0 million at any time outstanding. On *December 27, 2019,* the Company issued 400,000 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock with an aggregate initial liquidation preference of $40.0 million, in exchange for full satisfaction of the $40.0 million that the Company owed Dove under the Loan and Security Agreement. Dividends on the preferred stock are 6% per annum (cumulative, non-compounding) and are payable as declared, and in preference to any dividends on common stock and Series B preferred stock, in cash. The Series A Preferred Stock is perpetual and has *no* maturity date. The Company *may,* at its option, redeem the shares of Series A Preferred Stock at a redemption price equal to $100 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. At the request of holders of a majority of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the Company shall offer to redeem all of the Series A Preferred Stock at a redemption price equal to *$100* per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends, at the option of the holders thereof. Upon the election by the holders of a majority of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, each share of the Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into the number of shares of the Company's common stock as is determined by dividing (i) the sum of (a) *$100* and (b) any accumulated and unpaid dividends on such share by (ii) an initial conversion price equal to $10 per share, subject to certain adjustment in certain circumstances to prevent dilution. Given the redemption rights contained within the Series A Preferred Stock, we account for the outstanding preferred stock as temporary equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Dividends paid on the Series A Preferred Stock are deducted from Net income attributable to controlling interests to derive Net income attributable to common shareholders. The common stock issuable upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock is included in our calculation of Net income attributable to common shareholders per share—diluted. See Note *12,* "Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share" for more information.

Dove is a limited liability company owned by *three* trusts. David G. Hanna is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of *one* of the trusts, and David G. Hanna and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of this trust. Frank J. Hanna, III is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of the other *two* trusts, and Frank J. Hanna, III and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of these other *two* trusts.

On *November 14, 2019,* a wholly-owned subsidiary issued 50.5 million Class B preferred units at a purchase price of $1.00 per unit to an unrelated *third* party. The units carried a 16% preferred return to be paid quarterly. In *March 2020,* the subsidiary issued an additional 50.0 million Class B preferred units under the same terms. The proceeds from the transaction were used for general corporate purposes. During the year ended *December 31, 2024,* we redeemed 50.5 million of the Class B preferred units at $1.00 per unit plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon. In *March 2025,* we redeemed the remaining 50.0 million of Class B preferred units at $1.00 per unit plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon. In periods where present, we have included the issuance of these Class B preferred units as temporary noncontrolling interest on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Dividends paid on the Class B preferred units were deducted from Net income attributable to controlling interests to derive Net income attributable to common shareholders. See Note *12,* "Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share" for more information.

***7.*** **Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities**

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

We update our fair value analysis each quarter, with changes since the prior reporting period reflected as a component of "Changes in fair value of loans" in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Changes in yields, purchase and payment rates, servicing rates, realized and projected credit loss rates and discount rates will lead to changes in the fair value of loans and therefore impact earnings. Further, our retail asset typically has seasonal growth during the summer months, impacting the fair value of assets.

Fair value differs from amortized cost accounting in the following ways:

• Receivables are recorded at their fair value, *not* their principal and fee balance or cost basis;

• The fair value of the loans takes into consideration net charge-offs for the remaining life of the loans with *no* separate allowance for credit loss calculation;

• Certain fee billings (such as non-refundable annual fees) and expenses of loans are *no* longer deferred but recognized (when billed or incurred) in income or expense, respectively;

• The net present value of cash flows associated with future fee billings on existing receivables are included in fair value;

• Changes in the fair value of loans impact net margins; and

• Net charge-offs are recognized as they occur rather than through the establishment of an allowance and provision for credit losses for those loans, interest and fees receivable carried at amortized cost.

For receivables that are carried at net amortized cost, we include disclosures of the fair value of such receivables to the extent practicable within the disclosures below.

Where applicable, we account for our financial assets and liabilities at fair value based upon a *three*-tiered valuation system. In general, fair values determined by Level *1* inputs use quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Fair values determined by Level *2* inputs use inputs other than quoted prices included in Level *1* that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level *2* inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level *3* inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Where inputs used to measure fair value *may* fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety has been determined is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *16*

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 ***Valuations and Techniques for Assets***

Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the *September 30, 2025* and *December 31, 2024* fair values and carrying amounts of (*1*) our assets that are carried at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements and (*2*) our assets *not* carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Assets – As of September 30, 2025 (1)** | ***Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)*** | ***Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)*** | ***Carrying Amount of Assets*** |
| Loans at amortized cost, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value and which are carried at net amortized cost | $– $– $| 100062 | $85004 |
| Loans at fair value | $– $– $| 6350009 | $6350009 |

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(*1*) For cash, deposits and investments in equity securities, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Assets – As of December 31, 2024 (1)** | ***Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)*** | ***Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)*** | ***Carrying Amount of Assets*** |
| Loans at amortized cost, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value and which are carried at net amortized cost | $– $– $| 95871 | $84332 |
| Loans at fair value | $– $– $| 2630274 | $2630274 |

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(*1*) For cash, deposits and investments in equity securities, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

For those asset classes above that are carried at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements, gains and losses associated with fair value changes are detailed on our condensed consolidated statements of income as a component of Changes in fair value of loans. Variations in the *three* month U.S. Treasury bill rate over the measurement period are used to determine the portion of change in fair value considered to be attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk. These variations are applied to the period end discount rate we use to determine fair value. For our loans included in the above table, we assess the fair value of these assets based on our estimate of future cash flows net of servicing costs. For the *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we estimate the portion of fair value changes considered to be attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk to be $8.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *17*

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For Level *3* assets carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024:*

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Loans at Fair Value*** | ***Loans at Fair Value*** | ***Loans at Fair Value*** | ***Loans at Fair Value*** |
|  | ***2025*** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** | ***2024*** |
| Balance at January 1, |  | $2630274 |  | $2173759 |
| Acquisition of Mercury receivables at fair value |  | 3009018 |  |  |
| Changes in fair value of loans at fair value, included in earnings | 5087 |  | 101035 |  |
| Changes in fair value due to current period principal charge-offs, net of recoveries (1) | (460074) |  | (463076) |  |
| Changes in fair value due to current period finance and fee charge-offs (1) | (216986) |  | (187120) |  |
| Total Changes in fair value of loans (2) |  | (671973) |  | (549161) |
| Purchases |  | 2700743 |  | 1969259 |
| Finance and fees, added to the account balance |  | 1004913 |  | 785847 |
| Settlements |  | (2322966) |  | (1868085) |
| Balance at September 30,(3) |  | $6350009 |  | $2511619 |
| Aggregate unpaid gross balance of loans carried at fair value |  | $6600135 |  | $2654112 |
| Change in unrealized losses for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) for assets held at the end of the period |  | $5087 |  | $101035 |

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(*1*) Reflects the current period charge-offs (net of recoveries) of loans at fair value.

(*2*) Total Changes in fair value of loans is included in our condensed consolidated statements of income.

(*3*) As of *September 30, 2025* and *September 30, 2024,* the aggregate unpaid principal balance included within loans at fair value was $6,199 million and $2,420 million, respectively.

The unrealized gains and losses for assets within the Level *3* category presented in the tables above include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs.

***Loans at Fair Value.*** The fair value of Loans at fair value is based on the present value of future cash flows using a valuation model of expected cash flows and the estimated cost to service and collect those cash flows. We estimate the present value of these future cash flows using internally-developed estimates of assumptions *third*-party market participants would use in determining fair value, including estimates of credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, discount rates and yields earned on private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables. We forecast the cash flows underlying our fair value assessment based on the individual offer type (in the case of general purpose credit cards) or by specific offers at our retail partners (for private label credit). While overall product return requirements among the offer types *may* be similar, the individual product offerings necessary to achieve those returns is often unique to each offer and retailer based on several factors, including acceptance rates of the offers by consumers and underlying consumer performance data which varies by offer type.

Our fair value models include market degradation to reflect the possibility of delinquency rates increasing in the near term (and the corresponding increase in charge-offs and decrease in payments) above the level that current trends would suggest.

The fair value of loans we acquire associated with our retail partners are typically lower than the aggregate unpaid gross balance of the underlying loans due to loan originations by our bank partners that contain below market interest rates or fees charged to consumers. Under agreements with our bank partners, we are required to purchase these receivables for amounts that *may* be in excess of fair value. In these instances, a fair value assessment that is less than the purchase price of the receivable can occur on the date we initially acquire the receivable, resulting in a loss on acquisition of the receivable. This negative fair value assessment is included in Changes in fair value of loans on our condensed consolidated statements of income.

In cases where we acquire these below market receivables, we charge merchant fees to our retail partners to facilitate the transaction and ensure we earn adequate returns. These merchant fees are based on the value of the goods purchased from our retail partners, the consumer's credit risk and the terms of our bank partners' related product offering. These fees are recognized upon completion of our services, which coincides with the funding of the loan by our bank partners, in Consumer loans, including past due fees on our condensed consolidated statements of income. These merchant fees often offset the negative impact of the initial acquisition of the underlying receivable. As such, it is *not* always necessary for us to collect the aggregate unpaid gross balance of the underlying receivable to achieve desired returns.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *18*

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***Valuations and Techniques for Liabilities***

Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the liability. The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the *September 30, 2025* and *December 31, 2024* fair values and carrying amounts of our liabilities *not* carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Liabilities – As of September 30, 2025** | ***Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)*** | ***Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)*** | ***Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)*** | ***Carrying Amount of Liabilities*** |
| Loan purchase commitment | $— | $— | $646 | $646 |
| Bank partner fees carried at fair value | $— | $— | $17469 | $17469 |
| Contingent consideration | $— | $— | $40000 | $40000 |
| ***Liabilities not carried at fair value*** |  |  |  |  |
| Revolving credit facilities | $— | $— | $5385144 | $5327351 |
| Amortizing debt facilities | $— | $— | $5329 | $5329 |
| Senior notes, net | $327730 | $— | $392000 | $702376 |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Liabilities – As of December 31, 2024** | ***Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)*** | ***Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)*** | ***Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)*** | ***Carrying Amount of Liabilities*** |
| Loan purchase commitment | $— | $— | $285 | $285 |
| Bank partner fees carried at fair value | $— | $— | $13644 | $13644 |
| Contingent consideration | $— | $— | $— | $— |
| ***Liabilities not carried at fair value*** |  |  |  |  |
| Revolving credit facilities | $— | $— | $2149933 | $2193993 |
| Amortizing debt facilities | $— | $— | $5455 | $5455 |
| Senior notes, net | $281703 | $— | $— | $281552 |

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Bank partner fees carried at fair value in accordance with ASC *815,* reflect the estimated fair value of future compensation we owe our bank partners associated with the regulatory oversight and other services they provide on our acquired receivables, the underlying accounts of which they continue to own and service. This compensation is based on both a fixed and variable component, dependent on the underlying performance of the acquired receivables. We estimate the present value of this compensation using internally-developed estimates of payment rates and discount rates. We recognize the fair value of these Bank partner fees within Card and loan servicing on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income on the date we acquire the underlying receivable. Additionally, as part of our acquisition of Mercury, the seller has the opportunity under the purchase agreement to receive earn out payments for up to three years following the closing of the acquisition in an amount equal to 75% of the amount by which the charge-offs of Mercury's acquired receivables are less than agreed-upon charge-off levels. We have determined the contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative instrument under ASC *815.* We have recorded the derivative at fair value within Accounts payable and accrued expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets, calculated using internally-developed estimates. These estimates on performance of the acquired portfolio include expected credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, discount rates and yields earned on our general purpose credit card receivables.

For our credit and debt facilities where market prices are *not* available, we assess the fair value of these liabilities based on our estimate of future cash flows generated from their underlying credit card receivables collateral, net of servicing compensation required under the note facilities. We have evaluated the fair value of our *third* party debt by analyzing repayment terms and credit spreads included in our recent financing arrangements to those of our existing facilities. See Note *10,* "Notes Payable," for further discussion on our other notes payable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *19*

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***Other Relevant Data***

Other relevant data (in thousands) as of *September 30, 2025* and *December 31, 2024* concerning certain assets we carry at fair value are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Loans at Fair Value Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings*** | ***Loans at Fair Value Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings*** |
|  | ***As of September 30, 2025*** | ***As of December 31, 2024*** |
| Aggregate unpaid gross balance of loans carried at fair value | $6600135 | $2724782 |
| Aggregate unpaid principal balance included within loans at fair value | $6198693 | $2472999 |
| Aggregate fair value of loans at fair value | $6350009 | $2630274 |
| Aggregate fair value of loans at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) | $47635 | $32781 |
| Unpaid principal balance of loans at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans, interest and fees receivable | $264254 | $145099 |

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***8.*** **Variable Interest Entities**

The Company contributes the vast majority of receivables to VIEs. These entities are sometimes established to facilitate *third* party financing. When assets are contributed to a VIE, they serve as collateral for the debt securities issued by that VIE. The evaluation of whether the entity qualifies as a VIE is based upon the sufficiency of the equity at risk in the legal entity. This evaluation is generally a function of the level of excess collateral in the legal entity. We consolidate VIEs when we hold a variable interest and we have exposure to loss that has the potential to be significant and therefore, are the primary beneficiary. Through our role as servicer, we have the responsibility to service the receivables (in accordance with defined servicing procedures on behalf of our bank partner), and as such, have the ability to significantly impact the economic performance of those VIEs. In certain circumstances we guarantee the performance of the underlying debt or agree to contribute additional collateral when necessary, which results in retention of exposure to loss that has the potential to be significant. As a result, the Company is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIEs. When collateral is pledged, it is *not* available for the general use of the Company and can only be used to satisfy the related debt obligation. The results of operations and financial position of consolidated VIEs are included in our condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company consolidates all VIEs.

The following table presents a summary of VIEs in which we had continuing involvement and held a variable interest (in millions):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***As of*** | ***As of*** |
|  | ***September 30, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2024*** |
| Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents | $170.5 | $140.2 |
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 73.6 | 98.8 |
| Loans at fair value | 6200.6 | 2542.9 |
| Total Assets held by VIEs | $6444.7 | $2781.9 |
| Notes Payable, net held by VIEs | $5297.8 | $2128.0 |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *20*

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***9.*** **Leases**

We have operating leases primarily associated with our corporate offices, ancillary office locations associated with our recent acquisition of Mercury and regional service centers. Additionally, we have operating leases for certain equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 10 years, some of which include options, at our discretion, to extend the leases for additional periods generally on one-year revolving periods. Other leases allow for us to terminate the lease based on appropriate notification periods. For certain of our leased offices, we sublease a portion of the unoccupied space. The components of lease expense associated with our lease liabilities and supplemental cash flow information related to those leases were as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***For the Three Months Ended September 30,*** | ***For the Three Months Ended September 30,*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*** |
|  | ***2025*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| Operating lease cost, gross | $866 | $635 | $2452 | $1899 |
| Sublease income | (25) | (25) | (74) | (73) |
| Net Operating lease cost | $841 | $610 | $2378 | $1826 |
| Cash paid under operating leases, gross | $748 | $754 | $2278 | $2253 |
| Weighted average remaining lease term - months | 97 | 113 |  |  |
| Weighted average discount rate | 6.7% | 6.7% |  |  |

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As of *September 30, 2025*, scheduled payments of lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Gross Lease Payment*** | ***Payments received from Sublease*** | ***Net Lease Payment*** |
| 2025 (Remainder of 2025) | $1149 | $(25) | $1124 |
| 2026 | 5075 | (42) | 5033 |
| 2027 | 4336 |  | 4336 |
| 2028 | 3708 |  | 3708 |
| 2029 | 3511 |  | 3511 |
| Thereafter | 16742 |  | 16742 |
| Total lease payments | 34521 | (67) | 34454 |
| Less imputed interest | (8597) |  |  |
| Operating lease liabilities | $25924 |  |  |

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As part of our recent acquisition of Mercury, we assumed *two* separate operating leases for offices in Wilmington, Delaware and Austin, Texas. The leases cover approximately 30,000 square feet and have remaining terms of approximately 1 and 2 years. Obligations under these leases are included in the tables above.

In *August 2021,* we entered into an operating lease agreement for our corporate headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia (the "Headquarters lease") with an unaffiliated *third* party. This Headquarters lease initially covered approximately 73,000 square feet and commenced in *June 2022* for a 146 month term. In connection with the commencement of this lease, we discontinued most of the subleasing arrangements with *third* parties for space at our corporate headquarters. A right-of-use asset and liability was recorded at the commencement date of this lease.

We exercised an expansion right under the Headquarters lease to add an additional *26,133* square feet (the "Expansion space") at our corporate headquarters. The Expansion space term commenced on *December 23, 2024.* The Expansion space co-terminates with the Headquarters lease. The other lease terms for the Expansion space are the same as those for the initial space leased under the Headquarters lease. The total remaining commitment under the Headquarters lease and Expansion space lease is approximately $30.8 million and is included in the table above.

In addition, we occasionally lease certain equipment under cancelable and non-cancelable leases, which are accounted for as capital leases in our condensed consolidated financial statements. As of *September 30, 2025,* we had *no* material non-cancelable capital leases with initial or remaining terms of more than *one* year.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *21*

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***10.*** **Notes Payable**

***Notes Payable, at Face Value***

Other notes payable outstanding as of *September 30, 2025* and *December 31, 2024* that are secured by the financial and operating assets of either the borrower, another of our subsidiaries or both, include the following, scheduled (in millions); except as otherwise noted, the assets of our holding company (Atlanticus Holdings Corporation) are subject to creditor claims under these scheduled facilities:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***As of*** | ***As of*** |
|  | ***September 30, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2024*** |
| **Revolving credit facilities at a weighted average interest rate equal to 7.4% as of September 30, 2025 (7.0% as of December 31, 2024) secured by the financial and operating assets of CAR and/or certain receivables and restricted cash with a combined aggregate carrying amount of $6,358.7 million as of September 30, 2025 ($2,723.5 million as of December 31, 2024)** |  |  |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $65.0 million (expiring December 1, 2026) (1) (2) (3) | $30.1 | $36.1 |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $50.0 million (expiring October 30, 2026) (2) (3) (4) (5) |  | 49.8 |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $100.0 million (expiring May 15, 2026) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) |  |  |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $75.0 million (expiring July 20, 2026) (2) (3) (4) (5) | 52.9 | 74.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $40.0 million (expiring April 7, 2028) (2) (3) (4) (5) | 14.6 | 14.5 |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $75.0 million (expiring March 31, 2028) (2) (3) (4) (5) | 57.7 | 50.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $250.0 million (expiring December 15, 2026) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 250.0 | 300.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, repaid in May 2025 |  | 283.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $325.0 million (expiring November 15, 2028) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 325.0 | 325.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $158.3 million (expiring August 5, 2027) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 31.7 |  |
| Revolving credit facility, repaid in July 2025 |  | 100.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $25.0 million (expiring August 30, 2027) (2) (3) (4) (5) |  | 12.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $300.0 million (expiring February 15, 2028) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 300.0 | 300.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $150.0 million (expiring May 17, 2027) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 150.0 | 150.0 |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $250.0 million (expiring November 15, 2028) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 250.0 | 250.0 |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $150.0 million (expired April 28, 2025) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) |  | 140.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $32.8 million (expired April 28, 2025) (2) (3) (4) |  | 30.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $100.0 million (expiring January 16, 2029) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $200.0 million (expiring September 15, 2028) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 200.0 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $200.0 million (expiring September 15, 2027) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 100.0 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $350.0 million (expiring July 16, 2029) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 350.0 | *—* |
| Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $125.0 million (expiring January 15, 2030) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 125.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $200.0 million (expiring February 15, 2029) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 200.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $361.9 million (expiring March 31, 2028) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 295.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $379.1 million (expiring July 1, 2029) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 159.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $750.0 million (expiring February 20, 2029) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 750.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $700.0 million (expiring July 20, 2029) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 700.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $250.0 million (expiring November 20, 2026) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 250.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $374.0 million (expiring April 20, 2029) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 159.0 | *—* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $500.0 million (expiring June 21, 2027) (3) (4) (5) (6) | 500.0 | *—* |
| **Other facilities** |  |  |
| Other debt | 5.3 | 5.5 |
| Total notes payable before unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts | 5355.3 | 2221.3 |
| Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts | (22.6) | (21.9) |
| Total notes payable outstanding, net | $5332.7 | $2199.4 |

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(*1*) Loan is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a coverage ratio, a leverage ratio and a collateral performance test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance by our CAR Auto Finance operations.

(*2*) These notes reflect modifications to either extend the maturity date, increase the loan amount or both, and are treated as accounting modifications.

(*3*) See below for additional information.

(*4*) Loans are subject to certain affirmative covenants tied to default rates and other performance metrics the failure of which could result in required early repayment of the remaining unamortized balances of the notes.

(*5*) Loans are associated with VIEs. See Note *8,* "Variable Interest Entities" for more information.

(*6*) Creditors do *not* have recourse against the general assets of the Company but only to the collateral within the VIEs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *22*

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As of *September 30, 2025*, the Prime Rate was 7.25%, the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("Term SOFR") was 4.13% and the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") was 4.24%.

In *October 2015,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a revolving credit facility with a (as subsequently amended) $50.0 million revolving borrowing limit that can be drawn to the extent of outstanding eligible principal receivables (of which $0 was drawn as of *September 30, 2025).* This facility is secured by the loans, interest and fees receivable and related restricted cash and accrues interest at an annual rate equal to SOFR plus 3.0%. The facility matures on *October 30, 2026* and is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a liquidity test and an eligibility test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance. The facility is guaranteed by Atlanticus, which is required to maintain certain minimum liquidity levels.

In *October 2016,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a revolving credit facility available to the extent of outstanding eligible principal receivables of our CAR subsidiary (of which $30.1 million was drawn as of *September 30, 2025*). This facility is secured by the financial and operating assets of CAR and accrues interest at an annual rate equal to SOFR plus a range between 2.25% and 2.6% based on certain ratios. The loan is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a coverage ratio, a leverage ratio and a collateral performance test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance. In periods subsequent to *October 2016,* we amended the original agreement to either extend the maturity date and/or expand the capacity of this revolving credit facility. As of *September 30, 2025,* the facility's borrowing limit was $65.0 million and the facility matures on *December 1, 2026.* There were *no* other material changes to the existing terms or conditions as a result of these amendments and the new maturity date and borrowing limit are reflected in the table above.

In *December 2017,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a revolving credit facility with a (as subsequently amended) $75.0 million revolving borrowing limit that is available to the extent of outstanding eligible principal receivables (of which $52.9 million was drawn as of *September 30, 2025).* This facility is secured by the loans, interest and fees receivable and related restricted cash and accrues interest at an annual rate equal to Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("Term SOFR") plus 3.6%. An amendment was completed in *December 2024* that extended the maturity to *July 20, 2026.* There were *no* other material changes to the existing terms. The facility is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including payment, delinquency and charge-off tests, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance. The note is guaranteed by Atlanticus.

In *2018,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a revolving credit facility to sell up to an aggregate $100.0 million of notes that are secured by the receivables and other assets of the trust (of which $0 was outstanding as of *September 30, 2025)* that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. The interest rate on the notes equals the SOFR plus 3.75%. The facility matures on *May 15, 2026,* and is subject to certain affirmative covenants and collateral performance tests, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance of notes. As of *September 30, 2025,* the aggregate borrowing limit was $100.0 million.

In *June 2019,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a revolving credit facility with a (as subsequently amended) $40.0 million revolving borrowing limit that is available to the extent of outstanding eligible principal receivables (of which $14.6 million was drawn as of *September 30, 2025).* This facility is secured by the loans, interest and fees receivable and related restricted cash and accrues interest at an annual rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 2.85%. The facility matures on *April 7, 2028.* The note is guaranteed by Atlanticus.

In *January 2021,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a revolving credit facility with a (as subsequently amended) $75.0 million borrowing limit (of which $57.7 million was drawn as of *September 30, 2025)* that is available to the extent of outstanding eligible principal receivables. This facility is secured by the loans, interest and fees receivable and related restricted cash and accrues interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of the Prime Rate or 4%. The facility matures on *March 31, 2028* and is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a liquidity test and an eligibility test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance. The note is guaranteed by Atlanticus, which is required to maintain certain minimum liquidity levels.

In *June 2021,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $300.0 million of Asset backed securities ("ABS") secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *May 15, 2026* through *December 15, 2026).* The terms of the ABS allow for a four-year revolving structure with a subsequent 11-month to 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 4.24%. The ABS is currently in a scheduled amortization period.

In *November 2021,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $300.0 million of ABS secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *May 15, 2026).* The terms of the ABS allowed for a three-year revolving structure with a subsequent 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities was fixed at 3.53%. The facility was repaid in *May 2025.*

In *May 2022,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a (as subsequently amended) $325.0 million ABS agreement (of which $325.0 million was drawn as of *September 30, 2025)* secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *November 15, 2028).* The terms of the ABS allow for a five-year revolving structure with a subsequent 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 6.33%.

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In *August 2022,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a (as subsequently amended) $158.3 million ABS agreement secured by certain credit card receivables (of which $31.7 million was outstanding as of *September 30, 2025)* that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. The interest rate on the notes is based on the Term SOFR plus a range between 1.80% and 6.85% based on class of notes. The facility matures on (as subsequently amended) *August 5, 2027.*

In *September 2022,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $100.0 million of ABS secured by certain private label credit receivables (expiring *March 15, 2027).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other revolving facilities associated with our private label credit receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds have been invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allowed for a 3-year revolving structure with an 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities was fixed at 7.32%. The facility was repaid in *July 2025.*

In *May 2023,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a revolving credit facility with a (as subsequently amended) $25.0 million revolving borrowing limit that is available to the extent of outstanding eligible principal receivables (of which $0 was drawn as of *September 30, 2025).* This facility is secured by the loans, interest and fees receivable and related restricted cash and accrues interest at an annual rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 3.75%. The facility matures on (as subsequently amended) *August 30, 2027* and is subject to certain covenants and restrictions of which the failure could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance. The note is guaranteed by Atlanticus.

In *September 2023,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $300.0 million of ABS secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *February 15, 2028).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other facilities associated with our credit card receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds have been invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allow for a three-year revolving structure with a subsequent 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 9.51%.

In *November 2023,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $150.0 million of ABS secured by certain private label credit receivables (expiring *May 17, 2027).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other revolving facilities associated with our private label credit receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds have been invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allow for a 2-year revolving structure with an 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 9.39%.

In *May 2024,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $250.0 million of ABS secured by certain private label credit receivables (expiring *November 15, 2028).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other revolving facilities associated with our private label credit receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds were invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allow for a 3-year revolving structure with an 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 8.86%.

In *July 2024,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $150.0 million of ABS secured by certain private label credit receivables. The facility matured on (as subsequently amended) *April 28, 2025.* The proceeds were invested in the acquisition of receivables. This facility was secured by the loans, interest and fees receivable and related restricted cash and accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 2.15%. In conjunction with this financing, we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) also entered a revolving credit facility with a $32.8 million revolving limit. The facility matured on (as subsequently amended) *April 28, 2025.* This facility was secured by related restricted cash and accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the Term SOFR plus 2.5%.

In *December 2024,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $100.0 million of ABS secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *January 16, 2029).* The terms of the ABS allow for a 30-month revolving structure with a subsequent 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 7.78%.

In *March 2025,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $200.0 million of ABS secured by certain private label credit receivables (expiring *September 15, 2028).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other revolving facilities associated with our private label credit receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds were invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allow for a 25-month revolving structure with an 18-month amortization period. The interest rate on the securities is fixed at 6.60%.

In *March 2025,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) entered a $200.0 million ABS agreement secured by certain private label credit card receivables (of which $100.00 million was outstanding as of *September 30, 2025)* that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. The interest rate on the notes is based on a commercial paper rate plus 2.00%. The facility matures on *September 15, 2027.*

In *May 2025,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $350.0 million of ABS secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *July 16, 2029).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other revolving facilities associated with our credit credit receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds were invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allow for a 32-month revolving structure with an 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 6.76%.

In *July 2025,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $125.0 million of ABS secured by certain private label credit receivables (expiring *January 15, 2030).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other revolving facilities associated with our private label credit receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds were invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allow for a 3-year revolving structure with an 18-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 6.74%.

In *August 2025,* we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) sold $200.0 million of ABS secured by certain private label credit receivables (expiring *February 15, 2029).* A portion of the proceeds from the sale was used to pay down other revolving facilities associated with our private label credit receivables, noted above, and the remaining proceeds were invested in the acquisition of receivables. The terms of the ABS allow for a 25-month revolving structure with an 18-month amortization period. The interest rate on the securities is fixed at 5.82%.

As part of our acquisition of Mercury, we assumed outstanding notes payable which are collateralized by the associated acquired receivables. Following are descriptions of the assumed notes payable.

Revolving credit facility to sell up to an aggregate (as subsequently amended) $361.9 million of notes that are secured by the receivables and other assets of the trust (of which $295.0 million was outstanding as of *September 30, 2025)* that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. The interest rate on the notes is based on the Term SOFR plus a range between 2.40% to 7.80%. The facility matures on *March 31, 2028.*

Revolving credit facility to sell up to an aggregate $379.1 million of notes that are secured by the receivables and other assets of the trust (of which $159.0 million was outstanding as of *September 30, 2025)* that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. Depending on the class of notes, the interest rate on the notes is based on either a commercial paper rate plus 2.25% or Term SOFR plus 8.15%. The facility matures on *July 1, 2029.*

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ABS of $750.0 million secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *February 20, 2029).* Depending upon the class of notes, the interest rate on notes is based on either SOFR plus 2.75% or has a weighted average interest rate fixed at 11.50%. The terms of the ABS allow for a 24-month revolving structure with a 36-month amortization period.

ABS of $700.0 million secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *July 20, 2029).* The terms of the ABS allow for a 24-month revolving structure with an 36-month amortization period. The weighted average interest rate on the securities is fixed at 7.46%.

Revolving credit facility to sell up to an aggregate $374.0 million of notes that are secured by the receivables and other assets of the trust (of which $159.0 million was outstanding as of *September 30, 2025)* that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. Depending on the class of notes, the interest rate on the notes is based on either a commercial paper rate plus 2.15% or Term SOFR plus 8.50%. The facility matures on *April 20, 2029.*

ABS of $250.0 million secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *November 20, 2026).* The terms of the ABS allow for a 12-month revolving structure with an 12-month amortization period. The interest rate on the notes is based on the Term SOFR plus a range between 2.00% to 7.50%.

ABS of $500.0 million secured by certain credit card receivables (expiring *June 21, 2027).* The terms of the ABS allow for a 15-month revolving structure with an 12-month amortization period. The interest rate on the notes is based on the Term SOFR plus a range between 2.00% to 7.50%.

As of *September 30, 2025,* we were in compliance with the covenants underlying our various notes payable and credit facilities.

***Senior Notes, net***

In *November 2021,* we issued $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of *2026* Senior Notes. The *2026* Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Company's existing and future senior unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, and will rank senior in right of payment to the Company's future subordinated indebtedness, if any. The *2026* Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all of the Company's existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and the *2026* Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company's subsidiaries (excluding any amounts owed by such subsidiaries to the Company). The *2026* Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 6.125% per annum. Interest on the *2026* Senior Notes is payable quarterly in arrears on *February 1, May 1, August 1* and *November 1* of each year. The *2026* Senior Notes will mature on *November 30, 2026.* We are amortizing fees associated with the issuance of the *2026* Senior Notes into interest expense over the expected life of such notes. Amortization of these fees for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024* totaled $0.4 million, $1.1 million, $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. We repurchased $0.0 and $0.4 million of the outstanding principal amount of these *2026* Senior Notes in the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2024,* respectively. There have been no repurchases in *2025.*

In *January* and *February 2024,* we issued an aggregate of $57.2 million aggregate principal amount of *2029* Senior Notes. In *July 2024,* we issued an additional $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of the *2029* Senior Notes. The *2029* Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Company's existing and future senior unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, and will rank senior in right of payment to the Company's future subordinated indebtedness, if any. The *2029* Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all of the Company's existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and the *2029* Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company's subsidiaries (excluding any amounts owed by such subsidiaries to the Company). The *2029* Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 9.25% per annum. Interest on the *2029* Senior Notes is payable quarterly in arrears on *January 15, April 15, July 15* and *October 15* of each year. The *2029* Senior Notes will mature on *January 31, 2029.* We are amortizing fees associated with the issuance of the *2029* Senior Notes into interest expense over the expected life of such notes. Amortization of these fees for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024* totaled $0.4 million, $1.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

In *August 2025,* we issued $400.0 million principal amount of 9.750% Senior Notes due *2030* (the *"2030* Senior Notes"). The *2030* Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 9.75% per annum. Interest on the *2030* Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on *March 1* and *September 1* of each year. The *2030* Senior Notes will mature on *September 1, 2030.* We are amortizing fees associated with the issuance of the *2030* Senior Notes into interest expense over the expected life of such notes. Amortization of these fees for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* totaled $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

The *2026* Senior Notes, *2029* Senior Notes and *2030* Senior Notes are collectively included on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as "Senior Notes, net." See Note *5* "Shareholders' Equity and Preferred Stock" for more information.

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***11.*** **Commitments and Contingencies**

***General***

Under finance products available in the private label credit and general purpose credit card channels, consumers have the ability to borrow up to the maximum credit limit assigned to each individual's account. Unfunded commitments under these products aggregated $6.7 billion at *September 30, 2025.* We have never experienced a situation in which all borrowers have exercised their entire available lines of credit at any given point in time, nor do we anticipate this will ever occur in the future. Moreover, there would be a concurrent increase in assets should there be any exercise of these lines of credit.

Additionally, our CAR operations provide floor-plan financing for a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here used car business. The floor plan financing allows dealers and finance companies to borrow up to the maximum pre-approved credit limit allowed in order to finance ongoing inventory needs. These loans are secured by the underlying auto inventory and, in certain cases where we have other lending products outstanding with the dealer, are secured by the collateral under those lending arrangements as well, including any outstanding dealer reserves. As of *September 30, 2025,* CAR had unfunded outstanding floor-plan financing commitments totaling $10.5 million. Each draw against unused commitments is reviewed for conformity to pre-established guidelines and is *not* unconditional.

Under agreements with *third*-party originating and other financial institutions, we have pledged security (collateral) related to their issuance of consumer credit and purchases thereunder, of which $30.4 million remains pledged as of *September 30, 2025* to support various ongoing contractual obligations.

Under agreements with *third*-party originating and other financial institutions, we have agreed to indemnify the financial institutions for certain liabilities associated with the services we provide on behalf of the financial institutions—such indemnification obligations generally being limited to instances in which we either (a) have been afforded the opportunity to defend against any potentially indemnifiable claims or (b) have reached agreement with the financial institutions regarding settlement of potentially indemnifiable claims. As of *September 30, 2025,* we have assessed the likelihood of any potential payments related to the aforementioned contingencies as remote. We would accrue liabilities related to these contingencies in any future period when we assess the likelihood of an estimable payment as probable.

Under the account terms, consumers have the option of enrolling with our issuing bank partners in a credit protection program, which would make the minimum payments owed on their accounts for a period of up to *six* months upon the occurrence of an eligible event. Eligible events typically include loss of life, job loss, disability, or hospitalization. As an acquirer of receivables, our potential exposure under this program, if all eligible participants applied for this benefit, was $174.3 million as of *September 30, 2025.* We have never experienced a situation in which all eligible participants have applied for this benefit at any given point in time, nor do we anticipate this will ever occur in the future. We include our estimate of future claims under this program within our fair value analysis of the associated receivables.

 ***Concentrations***

We acquire all of our fair value receivables under agreements with *three third*-party originating institutions.

Our top five retail partnerships accounted for over 85% of our private label receivables outstanding as of *September 30, 2025.* The volume of receivables purchased each period varies based on a number of factors, including seasonal consumer purchase patterns, growth (or contraction) within retail locations and consumer application volumes that retail partners *may* direct to our bank partners versus competitors that offer similar financing products. During the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we had receivable purchases from our top *five* retail partners of the following (in millions):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Gross Purchases*** | ***Gross Purchases*** | ***Gross Purchases*** | ***Gross Purchases*** |
|  | ***For the Three Months Ended September 30,*** | ***For the Three Months Ended September 30,*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*** |
| **Largest Retail Partners** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| 1 | $337.5 | $279.0 | $874.1 | $493.6 |
| 2 | $36.9 | $43.2 | $113.4 | $128.1 |
| 3 | $19.7 | $20.7 | $58.3 | $64.2 |
| 4 | $17.9 | $14.9 | $53.1 | $59.7 |
| 5 | $14.5 | $11.5 | $49.1 | $31.2 |

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Our general purpose credit card and private label credit receivables base is spread across individual consumers in the U.S. As of *September 30, 2025*, only *one* state (Texas) had receivables concentration in excess of *10%* of our total pool of receivables.

 ***Litigation***

We are involved in various legal proceedings that are incidental to the conduct of our business. There are currently *no* pending legal proceedings that are expected to be material to us.

***12.*** **Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share**

We compute net income attributable to controlling interests per common share by dividing net income attributable to controlling interests by the weighted average number of shares of common stock (including participating securities) outstanding during the period, as discussed below. Diluted computations applicable in financial reporting periods in which we report income use the treasury stock method to reflect the potential dilution to the basic income per share of common stock computations that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, were converted into common stock or were to result in the issuance of common stock that would share in our results of operations. In performing our net income attributable to controlling interests per share of common stock computations, we apply accounting rules that require us to include all unvested stock awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, in the number of shares outstanding in our basic and diluted calculations. Common stock and certain unvested share-based payment awards earn dividends equally, and we have included all outstanding restricted stock awards in our basic and diluted calculations for current and prior periods.

The following table sets forth the computations of net income attributable to controlling interests per share of common stock (in thousands, except per share data):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***For the Three Months Ended*** | ***For the Three Months Ended*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended*** | ***For the Nine Months Ended*** |
|  | ***September 30,*** | ***September 30,*** | ***September 30,*** | ***September 30,*** |
|  | ***2025*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** | ***2024*** |
| Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
| Net income attributable to controlling interests | $24977 | $29543 | $87070 | $79993 |
| Preferred stock and preferred unit dividends and discount accretion | (2307) | (6316) | (8103) | (18916) |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders—basic | 22670 | 23227 | 78967 | 61077 |
| Effect of dilutive preferred stock dividends and discount accretion | 600 | 604 | 1800 | 1797 |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders—diluted | $23270 | $23831 | $80767 | $62874 |
| Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
| Basic (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1) | 15125 | 14740 | 15121 | 14728 |
| Effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements and exchange of preferred stock | 4070 | 4048 | 4068 | 4046 |
| Diluted (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1) | 19195 | 18788 | 19189 | 18774 |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders per share—basic | $1.50 | $1.58 | $5.22 | $4.15 |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders per share—diluted | $1.21 | $1.27 | $4.21 | $3.35 |

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(*1*) Shares related to unvested share-based payment awards included in our basic and diluted share counts were 363,134 and 362,440 for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025,* respectively, compared to 384,193 and 356,059 for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2024,* respectively.

As their effects were anti-dilutive, we excluded stock options to purchase 0.1 million shares from our net income attributable to controlling interests per share of common stock calculations for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2024.* There were no such anti-dilutive stock options for the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025.*

For the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we included 4.0 million shares of common stock for each period in our outstanding diluted share counts associated with our Series A Preferred Stock. See Note *6,* "Redeemable Preferred Stock," for a further discussion of these convertible securities.

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***13.*** **Stock-Based Compensation**

We currently have *two* stock-based compensation plans, the Second Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP") and the Fourth Amended and Restated *2014* Equity Incentive Plan (the "Fourth Amended *2014* Plan"). Our ESPP provides that we *may* issue up to 500,000 shares of our common stock under the plan. Our Fourth Amended *2014* Plan provides that we *may* grant equity awards representing up to 5,750,000 options on or shares of our common stock to members of our Board of Directors, employees, consultants and advisors. The Fourth Amended *2014* Plan was approved by our shareholders in *May 2019.* As of *September 30, 2025,* 39,215 shares remained available for issuance under the ESPP and 1,915,098 shares remained available for issuance under the Fourth Amended *2014* Plan.

Exercises and vesting under our stock-based compensation plans resulted in no income tax-related charges to paid-in capital during the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024.*

***Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units***

During the *three* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we had forfeitures (net of grants) of 8,632 shares and 583 shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units, respectively, with aggregate grant date fair values $0.3 million and $0, respectively. For the *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* we had grants (net of forfeitures) of 65,782 shares and 209,053 shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units, respectively, with aggregate grant date fair values of $3.6 million and $6.5 million, respectively. We incurred expenses of $0.9 million, $2.7 million, $1.0 million and $2.8 million during the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024,* respectively, related to restricted stock awards. When we grant restricted stock and restricted stock units, we defer the grant date value of the restricted stock and restricted stock unit and amortize that value (net of the value of anticipated forfeitures) as compensation expense with an offsetting entry to the paid-in capital component of our condensed consolidated shareholders' equity. Our restricted stock awards typically vest over a range of 12 to 60 months (or other term as specified in the grant which *may* include the achievement of performance measures) and are amortized to salaries and benefits expense ratably over applicable vesting periods. As of *September 30, 2025,* our unamortized deferred compensation costs associated with non-vested restricted stock awards were $7.3 million with a weighted-average remaining amortization period of 3.1 years. *No* forfeitures have been included in our compensation cost estimates based on historical forfeiture rates.

The table below includes additional information about outstanding restricted stock and restricted stock units:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Number of Shares*** | ***Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value*** |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 377353 | $31.56 |
| Issued | 79693 | $50.53 |
| Vested | (81950) | $31.92 |
| Forfeited | (13911) | $33.11 |
| Outstanding at September 30, 2025 | 361185 | $35.60 |

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 ***Stock Options***

The exercise price per share of the options awarded under the Fourth Amended *2014* Plan must be equal to or greater than the market price on the date the option is granted. The option period *may not* exceed 10 years from the date of grant. We had expense of $0.0 million and $0.1 million related to stock option-related compensation costs during the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2024,* respectively. There has been no expense related to stock option-related compensation costs in *2025.* When applicable, we recognize stock option-related compensation expense for any awards with graded vesting on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for the entire award. The table below includes additional information about outstanding options:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Number of Shares*** | ***Weighted Average Exercise Price*** | ***Weighted Average of Remaining Contractual Life (in years)*** | ***Aggregate Intrinsic Value*** |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 160391 | $31.30 |  |  |
| Issued |  | $— |  |  |
| Exercised | (15100) | $15.30 |  |  |
| Expired/Forfeited |  | $— |  |  |
| Outstanding at September 30, 2025 | 145291 | $32.96 | 0.5 | $3722508 |
| Exercisable at September 30, 2025 | 145291 | $32.96 | 0.5 | $3722508 |

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No options were issued during the *three* and *nine* months ended *September 30, 2025* and *2024.* We had no unamortized deferred compensation costs associated with non-vested stock options at both *September 30, 2025* and *December 31, 2024.* Upon exercise of outstanding options, the Company issues new shares.

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| **ITEM 2.** | **MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS** |

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*The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included therein and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, where certain terms have been defined.*

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes forward-looking statements. We base these forward-looking statements on our current plans, expectations and beliefs about future events. There are risks, including the factors discussed in "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A and elsewhere in this Report, that our actual experience will differ materially from these expectations. For more information, see "Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" below.

In this Report, except as the context suggests otherwise, the words "Company," "Atlanticus Holdings Corporation," "Atlanticus," "we," "our," "ours," and "us" refer to Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and its subsidiaries and predecessors.

**OVERVIEW**

Atlanticus is a financial technology company powering more inclusive financial solutions for everyday Americans. We leverage data, analytics, and innovative technology to unlock access to financial solutions for the millions of Americans who would otherwise be underserved. According to data published by Experian, 40% of Americans had FICO® scores of less than 700. We believe this equates to a population of over 100 million everyday Americans in need of access to credit. These consumers often have financial needs that are not effectively met by larger financial institutions. By facilitating appropriately priced consumer credit and financial service alternatives with value-added features and benefits curated for the unique needs of these consumers, we endeavor to empower better financial outcomes for everyday Americans. We provide technology and other support services to lenders who offer an array of financial products and services to consumers. Both private label and general purpose card products are originated by The Bank of Missouri, WebBank and First Bank and Trust (collectively, our "bank partners"). Our bank partners originate these accounts through multiple channels, including retail and healthcare point-of-sale locations, direct mail solicitation, digital marketing and partnerships with third parties. The services of our bank partners are often extended to consumers who may not have access to financing options with larger financial institutions. Our flexible technology solutions allow our bank partners to integrate our paperless process and instant decisioning platform with the existing infrastructure of participating retailers, healthcare providers and other service providers. Using our technology and proprietary predictive analytics, lenders can make instant credit decisions utilizing hundreds of inputs from multiple sources and thereby offer credit to consumers overlooked by many providers of financing which focus exclusively on consumers with higher FICO scores. Atlanticus' decisioning platform is enhanced by machine learning, enabling lenders to make fast, sound decisions when it matters most.

We are principally engaged in providing products and services to lenders in the U.S. for which these lenders pay us a fee and in most circumstances, the lenders are then obligated to sell us the receivables they generate from these products and services. We acquire these receivables for the principal amount of the loan. We compensate our bank partners monthly for the regulatory oversight they provide associated with our acquired receivables, the underlying accounts of which they continue to own and service, and also based on variable levels of the underlying performance of the acquired receivables (collectively, "Bank partner fees"). From time to time, we also purchase receivables portfolios from third parties other than our bank partners. In this Report, "receivables" or "loans" typically refer to receivables we have purchased from our bank partners or from other third parties.

On September 11, 2025, the Company closed the acquisition of all outstanding equity interests of Mercury, a leading data- and tech-centric credit card platform utilized by bank partners to provide credit cards to near-prime consumers in the U.S. The acquisition aligns with Atlanticus' strategic objective to expand its consumer credit offerings and increase scale within its credit card operations. At the closing, Mercury became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlanticus. The acquisition of Mercury adds an established top 25 credit card program to the suite of programs that Atlanticus manages on behalf of bank partners. Mercury's credit card offerings, including Mercury branded and co-branded programs, complements Atlanticus' general purpose credit card, retail credit, patient financing, and dealer solutions products.

Total purchase consideration was approximately $166.5 million in cash. In addition to the purchase consideration, the seller has the opportunity under the purchase agreement to receive earn out payments for up to three years following the closing of the acquisition in an amount equal to 75% of the amount by which the charge-offs of Mercury's acquired receivables are less than agreed-upon charge-off levels. We have determined the contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative instrument under ASC 815. We have recorded the derivative at fair value calculated using internally-developed estimates. These estimates on performance of the acquired portfolio include expected credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, discount rates and yields earned on our general purpose credit card receivables. See Note 7, "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities" for more information. As a result of the acquisition, the Company added approximately 1.3 million credit card accounts and $3.2 billion in credit card receivables. These receivables have been included with our existing general purpose credit card receivables in our reported results of operations and other discussions below.

**Credit as a Service Segment**

Currently, within our CaaS segment, we apply our technology solutions, in combination with the experiences gained, and infrastructure built from servicing $48 billion in consumer loans over more than 25 years of operating history, to support lenders in offering more inclusive financial services. These products include private label credit cards using the Fortiva and Curae brand names as well as merchant associated brands. Private label credit products associated with the healthcare space are generally issued under the Curae brand while all other retail partnerships, including those in consumer electronics, furniture, elective medical procedures, and home-improvement use the Fortiva brand or use our retail partners' brands. General purpose credit cards use the Aspire, Imagine, Mercury and Fortiva brand names. Our flexible technology solutions allow our bank partners to integrate our paperless process and instant decisioning platform with the existing infrastructure of participating retailers, healthcare providers and other service providers.

Using our infrastructure and technology, we also provide loan servicing, including risk management and customer service outsourcing, for third parties. Also, through our CaaS segment, we engage in testing and limited investment in consumer technology platforms as we seek to capitalize on our expertise and infrastructure. Additionally, we report within our CaaS segment: 1) servicing income; and 2) gains or losses associated with notes receivable and equity investments previously made in consumer technology platforms. These include investments in companies engaged in mobile technologies, marketplace lending and other financial technologies. None of these companies are publicly-traded and the carrying value of our investment in these companies is not material. One of these companies, Fintiv Inc., has sued Apple, Inc., Walmart, Inc., and PayPal Holdings, Inc. for patent infringement. Fintiv Inc. has approximately 150 patents related to secure money transfer on computer and mobile devices. The transaction volume in these areas has increased dramatically over the last five years. If Fintiv Inc. is successful in the patent litigation, there could be large exposure, including treble damages for these companies. The claimed losses sustained by this patent infringement are substantial and could be measured in the billions of dollars. We believe on a diluted basis that we will own over 10% of the company. Apple has vigorously contested the claims, and we expect it to continue doing so. In light of the uncertainty around these lawsuits, we will continue to carry these investments on our books at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes.

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All finance charges, fees and merchant fees are recognized into earnings through our Consumer loans, including past due fees (consisting of interest income, including finance charges, late payment fees on loans and merchant fees), Fees and related income on earning assets (consisting of annual or monthly maintenance fees, cash advance fees and other fees directly associated with the extension of credit) and Other revenue (consisting of servicing income, service charges and other customer related fees), on our condensed consolidated statements of income when they are billed to consumers or, in the case of merchant fees, upon completion of our services, which coincides with the funding of the loan by our bank partners. We value these loans and fee receivables within Changes in fair value of loans on our condensed consolidated statements of income to reflect our best estimate of ongoing economics and cash flows associated with existing consumer accounts including future estimates of finance and fee billings and consumer payment rates typical of the assumptions a market participant would use to calculate fair value.

Our credit and other operations are heavily regulated, potentially causing us to change how we conduct our operations either in response to regulation or in keeping with our goal of leading the industry in adherence to consumer-friendly practices. We have made meaningful changes to our practices over the past several years, and because our account management practices are evolutionary and dynamic, it is possible that we may make further changes to these practices, some of which may produce positive, and others of which may produce adverse, effects on our operating results and financial position. Customers at the lower end of the credit score range intrinsically have higher loss rates than do customers at the higher end of the credit score range. As a result, the products we support are priced to reflect expected loss rates for our various risk categories. See "Consumer and Debtor Protection Laws and Regulations—CaaS Segment" in Part I, Item 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K and "We operate in a heavily regulated industry" in Part II, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" contained in this Report.

Subject to possible disruptions caused by the uncertain economic environment, we believe that our private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables are generating, and will continue to generate, attractive returns on assets, thereby facilitating debt financing under terms and conditions (including advance rates and pricing) that will support attractive returns on equity, and we continue to pursue growth in this area.

The recurring cash flows we receive within our CaaS segment principally include those associated with (1) private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables, (2) servicing compensation and (3) credit card receivables portfolios that are unencumbered or where we own a portion of the underlying structured financing facility.

***Private Label Credit***

Our bank partners work with both us and with our retail partners to provide financing options to retail consumers. These financing options vary by retail partner and consists of a range in APRs of 0% - 36% and a range in merchant fees of 0% - 65%. Merchant fees are paid to us by our retail partners to facilitate transactions between our retail partners and its consumers by connecting our bank partners with the retail partners' consumers. The merchant fees vary by retail partner, and are based on the value of the goods purchased from our retail partners and consider factors such as the consumer's credit risk and the terms of our bank partners' related product offering. Merchant fees are paid to us by our retail partners at the time our bank partners remit funds to the retail partner for a consumer transaction. These merchant fees are used to enhance the overall return on receivables we acquire when contractual APRs or other terms are insufficient due to promotional or other below market pricing retail merchants may offer to consumers (such as 0% APR offers). These fees are recognized upon completion of our services, which coincides with the funding of the loan by our bank partners, in Consumer loans, including past due fees on our condensed consolidated statements of income. These merchant fees often offset the loss associated with the initial acquisition of the underlying receivable. As such, it is not always necessary for us to collect the aggregate unpaid gross balance of the underlying receivable to achieve desired returns.

Financing arrangements may include fees to enhance yields on a product including annual and/or monthly maintenance fees. Additionally, terms of these products offered by our bank partners to consumers may include deferred interest options whereby consumers pay no interest on their purchases over periods ranging from 6-12 months. Terms of these products can range from 12 months to 84 months based on the retail merchant partner. Each offer is customized for retail clients based on the expected performance of the underlying receivables, receivable purchase volumes and overall return requirements. Our flexible technology allows retail partners to present financing offers to their customers through a variety of delivery options including retail point of sale locations, online transactions, or through in home sales. These financing arrangements are based on underwriting standards tailored to each retail partner and are the result of a close collaboration between our bank partners and us to ensure all products are compliant with regulatory requirements and to ensure they provide attractive terms to consumers. When a consumer accepts the terms of a financing arrangement for the purchase of a good or service and completes the underlying transaction, our bank partners forward the net purchase price (net of merchant or other fees remitted to us) to the retail partner. Our bank partners are then obligated to sell, and we are obligated to purchase, the receivable (along with rights to all future finance and fee billings associated with the receivable) from our bank partners under similar terms.

***General Purpose Credit Cards***

We work closely with our bank partners to assist them in creating general purpose credit card offers. These offers have varying lines of credit ranging from $350 to $3,000, annual percentage rates ("APRs") ranging from 19.99% to 36%, annual fees ranging from $0 to $175 and monthly maintenance fees ranging from $0 to $15. Working collaboratively with our bank partners, each offer our bank partners extend to a consumer is tailored based on the consumer's individual risk profile. These offers include finance and fee structures designed to provide us with an adequate return on invested capital upon acquisition of any associated receivable. As a result, at the time an offer is extended to a consumer, the offer reflects market value and, when combined with other pooled receivables that have similar characteristics, would result in earnings associated with any upfront fees (such as annual or monthly maintenance fees) on the date of acquisition, net of any fair value assessment that may value the receivables at less than the gross amount of the receivable.

Our agreements with our bank partners obligate them to sell and for us to acquire the receivables associated with underlying purchases and subsequent fee and finance billings. We acquire these receivables for the principal amount of any related purchase which best reflects the receivables fair value at the time of acquisition with no gain or loss recognized beyond those described above. As discussed above, our bank partners continue to provide ongoing account management and oversight for both our private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables, for which we compensate the bank partners monthly.

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***Auto Finance Segment***

Within our Auto Finance segment, our CAR subsidiary operations principally purchase and/or service loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provide floor-plan financing for, a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here used car business. We generate revenues on purchased loans through interest earned on the face value of the installment agreements combined with the accretion of discounts on loans purchased. We generally earn discount income over the life of the applicable loan. Additionally, we generate revenues from servicing loans on behalf of dealers for a portion of actual collections and by providing back-up servicing for similar quality assets owned by unrelated third parties. We offer a number of other products to our network of buy-here, pay-here dealers (including our floor-plan financing offering), but the majority of our activities are represented by our purchases of auto loans at discounts and our servicing of auto loans for a fee. As of September 30, 2025, our CAR operations served over 690 dealers in 33 states and two U.S. territories. The core operations continue to achieve profitability and generate positive cash flows.

**CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Three Months Ended September 30,** | **For the Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Increases (Decreases)** |
| **(In Thousands)** | **2025** | **2024** | **from 2024 to 2025** |
| Total operating revenue and other income | $495292 | $350954 | $144338 |
| Other non-operating income | (616) | 270 | (886) |
| Interest expense | (75464) | (42492) | 32972 |
| Provision for credit losses | (1549) | (4633) | (3084) |
| Changes in fair value of loans at fair value | (276851) | (203739) | 73112 |
| Net margin | 140812 | 100360 | 40452 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Salaries and benefits | (18196) | (12299) | 5897 |
| Card and loan servicing | (39024) | (28069) | 10955 |
| Marketing and solicitation | (35301) | (14848) | 20453 |
| Depreciation and amortization | (1491) | (656) | 835 |
| Other | (14321) | (7202) | 7119 |
| Total operating expenses: | (108333) | (63074) | 45259 |
| Net income | $24588 | $29189 | $(4601) |
| Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 389 | 354 | 35 |
| Net income attributable to controlling interests | $24977 | $29543 | $(4566) |
| Net income attributable to controlling interests to common shareholders | $22670 | $23227 | $(557) |

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **For the Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Increases (Decreases)** |
| **(In Thousands)** | **2025** | **2024** | **from 2024 to 2025** |
| Total operating revenue and other income | $1233985 | $956769 | $277216 |
| Other non-operating income | 20 | 1184 | (1164) |
| Interest expense | (176678) | (115503) | 61175 |
| Provision for credit losses | (3999) | (9323) | (5324) |
| Changes in fair value of loans at fair value | (671973) | (549161) | 122812 |
| Net margin | 381355 | 283966 | 97389 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Salaries and benefits | (47080) | (37584) | 9496 |
| Card and loan servicing | (105261) | (82589) | 22672 |
| Marketing and solicitation | (80584) | (38848) | 41736 |
| Depreciation and amortization | (3173) | (1963) | 1210 |
| Other | (31764) | (24272) | 7492 |
| Total operating expenses: | (267862) | (185256) | 82606 |
| Net income | $86000 | $79135 | $6865 |
| Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1070 | 858 | 212 |
| Net income attributable to controlling interests | $87070 | $79993 | $7077 |
| Net income attributable to controlling interests to common shareholders | $78967 | $61077 | $17890 |

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**Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** 

***Total operating revenue and other income.*** Total operating revenue and other income consists of: 1) interest income, finance charges and late fees on consumer loans, 2) other fees on credit products including annual and merchant fees and 3) interchange and servicing income on loan portfolios and other customer related fees.

Period-over-period results primarily relate to growth in private label credit and general purpose credit card products, the receivables of which increased to $6,600.1 million as of September 30, 2025, from $2,653.8 million as of September 30, 2024. Growth in these receivables includes general purpose credit card receivables associated with our acquisition of Mercury, which added $3,159.9 million in receivables as of September 30, 2025 and contributed $49.9 million to the period ending Total operating revenue and other income. Absent this acquisition, receivables were $3,440.2 million as of September 30, 2025. We experienced growth in total operating revenues for both our general purpose credit card and our private label credit receivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the same period in 2024. These increases were primarily due to quarterly growth in both new credit card and private label customers serviced, the total active accounts of which increased over 775,000 as of September 30, 2025 when compared to September 30, 2024 (excluding those serviced accounts added as part of our acquisition of Mercury) and also due to the recognition of merchant fees associated with new private label receivable acquisitions, which increased $8.7 million and $37.8 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, from the same periods in 2024. For our general purpose credit card receivables, we experienced strong growth in finance and fee income (increasing $73.5 million and $158.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024) resulting from growth in the acquisition of receivables and our acquisition of Mercury.

The relative mix of receivable acquisitions can lead to some variation in our corresponding revenue as general purpose credit card receivables typically generate higher gross yields than private label credit receivables do. We are currently experiencing continued period-over-period increases in private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables. Therefore, we expect net period-over-period growth in our total interest income and related fees for these operations throughout 2025. During 2024 and so far in 2025, we experienced higher growth rates for our private label credit receivables than for our general purpose credit card receivables. While the products are designed to provide for similar net returns, private label receivables typically generate lower gross yields and lower gross losses than our general purpose credit card receivables. This growth in private label credit receivables, relative to growth in general purpose credit card receivables offset some of the increased fee and finance pricing requirements discussed above. As our private label credit receivables growth is typically strongest during the second and third quarters of each year, we expect some seasonal contraction in that portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2025. Growth in our general purpose credit card receivables is expected to continue for the remainder of the year and outpace growth in our private label credit receivables as we continue to expand our marketing efforts. Additionally, as part of our acquisition of Mercury, we are currently enacting a number of product, policy and pricing changes on the newly acquired portfolio of general purpose credit card receivables. These changes should result in meaningful additions to our Total operating revenue and other income in 2026 and beyond, although certain of the changes will take several quarters to be fully realized.

Future periods' growth is dependent on the addition of new retail partners to expand the reach of private label credit operations as well as growth within existing partnerships and the level of marketing investment for the general purpose credit card operations. Other revenue on our condensed consolidated statements of income consists of servicing income, service charges and other customer related fees. Growth in customer related fees was largely due to the use of new marketing channels which increased customer engagement with these products. When coupled with increases in interchange revenues which are largely impacted by growth in our receivables, this resulted in an increase in this category of revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the same periods in 2024. See Note 3, "Significant Accounting Policies and Condensed Consolidated Financial Statement Components" to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information related to this revenue from contracts with customers. Interchange fees are earned when customers we serve use their cards over established card networks. We earn a portion of the interchange fee the card networks charge merchants for the transaction. Additionally, we receive network incentives for credit card transactions, associated with accounts we service, processed through interchange networks. We earn servicing income by servicing loan portfolios for third parties. Unless and/or until we grow the number of contractual servicing relationships we have with third parties or our current relationships grow their loan portfolios, we will not experience significant growth and income within this category. The above discussions on expectations for finance, fee and other income are based on our current expectations.

***Other non-operating revenue.*** Included within our Other non-operating income category is income (or loss) associated with investments in non-core businesses or other items not directly associated with our ongoing operations. None of these companies are publicly-traded and there are no material pending liquidity events. We will continue to carry the investments on our books at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes.

***Interest expense.*** Variations in interest expense are due to new borrowings and increased costs of capital associated with growth in private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables and CAR operations as evidenced within Note 10, "Notes Payable," to our condensed consolidated financial statements, offset by our debt facilities being repaid commensurate with net liquidations of the underlying credit card, auto finance and installment loan receivables that serve as collateral for the facilities. Outstanding notes payable, net of unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts, associated with our private label credit and general purpose credit card platform increased to $5,297.3 million as of September 30, 2025, from $1,976.8 million as of September 30, 2024. This growth, period over period, included notes payable associated with our Mercury acquisition of $2,813.0 million as of September 30, 2025. Interest expense increased $33.0 million and $61.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, when compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The majority of this increase in interest expense relates to the addition of multiple credit facilities in 2024 and 2025 associated with growth in our card and loan receivables, coupled with the issuances of 9.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (the "2029 Senior Notes") and our recent issuance of $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.750% Senior Notes due 2030 (the "2030 Senior Notes"). Recent increases in the effective interest rates on debt have increased our interest expense as we have raised additional capital (or replaced existing facilities) over the last two years. We anticipate additional debt financing over the next few quarters as we continue to grow coupled with higher effective interest rates on new debt compared to rates on maturing debt. As such, and when coupled with the interest expense associated with the acquired Mercury debt facilities, we expect our quarterly interest expense for these operations to increase compared to prior periods.

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***Provision for credit losses.*** Our provision for credit losses covers, with respect to such receivables, changes in estimates regarding our aggregate loss exposures on (1) principal receivable balances, (2) finance charges and late fees receivable underlying income amounts included within our total interest income category, and (3) other fees and notes receivable. Recoveries of charged off receivables, consist of amounts received from the efforts of third-party collectors and through the sale of charged-off accounts to unrelated third parties. All proceeds received associated with charged-off accounts, are credited to the allowance for credit losses.

We have experienced a period-over-period decrease of $3.1 million and $5.3 million in our provision for credit losses (when comparing the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 to the same periods in 2024) primarily associated with lower receivable balances and decreases in loss estimates associated with our Auto Finance segment's floorplan loans. Most risk of loss in our Auto Finance segment is widely diversified with consumer auto loans across the U.S. Floorplan loans offered to dealers to finance auto inventory increase our exposure to loss not only for the amount of a floorplan loan but also for specific dealer related consumer loans. We take several steps to mitigate this risk including holding title to the underlying collateral, ongoing reassessments of collateral value and regular audits at participating dealer locations. Nevertheless, the timing of losses is difficult to predict. Recent stress noted at some dealer locations is incorporated into our loss estimates for floorplan and consumer loans and resulted in increased provisions for credit losses during 2024. With these increased loss rates incorporated in our current allowance for credit losses, we do not expect to see increases in year over year amounts absent significant growth in the associated receivables. See Note 3, "Significant Accounting Policies and Condensed Consolidated Financial Statement Components," to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further credit quality statistics and analysis.

***Changes in fair value of loans.*** We experienced losses in our total Changes in fair value of loans of $276.9 million and $672.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. This compares to losses of $203.7 million and $549.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Changes in fair value of loans includes 1) current period principal and finance charge-offs of fair value receivables, 2) the normal accretion of fair value related to finance charges and fees in excess of the contractual amounts billed, which is recognized in revenue during the period, and gains typically recognized in earnings as the fair value of finance charges and fees is greater than the contractual amounts billed during a period, 3) losses on acquisitions of our private label receivables and 4) the impact of changes in the assumptions underlying receivables at the end of the measurement period. The increase in losses in Changes in fair value of loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, were largely due to a decrease in the net positive impacts of Changes in fair value of loans at fair value, included in earnings, which offset charge-offs incurred during the period. These impacts totaled $(45.0) million and $5.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $(2.3) million and $101.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Results impacting the Changes in fair value of loans at fair value, included in earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, are as follows: 1) net gains of $37.8 million and $95.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, associated with the normal accretion of fair value related to finance charges and fees in excess of the contractual amounts billed, which is recognized in revenue during the period, and gains typically recognized in earnings as the fair value of finance charges and fees is greater than the contractual amounts billed during a period (compared to $20.0 million and $89.8 million of such gains for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively), 2) net losses of $48.5 million and $134.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, on the acquisition of private label credit receivables, which often have below market pricing and for which we often receive merchant fees which ensure we earn adequate returns (compared to $44.1 million and $127.7 million of such losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively) and 3) net (losses)/gains of $(34.3) million and $44.3 million (compared to $21.8 million and $138.9 million of such increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively) related to unfavorable changes for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 but favorable changes for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, in fair value assumptions. These unfavorable assumption changes were largely due to a marginal decline in the fair value associated with our retail assets, largely due to significant increases in retail receivables acquired, which tend to have a lower fair value on the date of acquisition than those that have matured past peak charge off periods. This unfavorable change was offset by improvements in the underlying performance in the form of lower delinquencies and higher net returns. The decreased impacts due to favorable changes in fair value assumptions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 relative to the same periods in 2024 were largely a result of product, policy and pricing changes made during 2024 which enhanced the fair value of the portfolio in those periods. Adding to this decline in Changes in fair value of loans were slight increases in principal and finance charge-offs (net of recoveries), which totaled $231.8 million and $677.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $201.5 and $650.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. These charge-offs increased period over period primarily due to increases in our period end managed receivables although the increase was offset due to the improved performance in both our private label credit and general purpose credit card delinquencies rates over the past several quarters as well as changes to our relative mix of receivables that include significant increases in the acquisition of private label credit receivables for which we have limited loss exposure due to agreements with retail partners (see additional discussion related to delinquencies and charge-offs below).

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For all periods presented, we included asset performance degradation in our forecasts to reflect both changes in assumed asset level economics and the possibility of delinquency rates increasing in the near term (and the corresponding increase in charge-offs and decrease in payments) above the level that current trends would suggest. In recent periods we have removed some of this expected degradation based on observed asset stabilization, implementation of product, policy, and pricing changes and an improved inflation environment. See Note 7 "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein for further discussion of our fair value calculation. We may, however, adjust our forecasts to reflect observed macroeconomic events. Thus, the fair values are subject to potentially high levels of volatility if we experience changes in the quality of our credit card receivables or if there are significant changes in market valuation factors (e.g., interest rates and spreads) in the future. Tightened underwriting standards shifted new receivable acquisitions to consumers at the higher end of the FICO bands in which our bank partners participate, presumably resulting in improved overall credit performance of our acquired receivables. When coupled with those existing assets negatively impacted by inflation gradually becoming a smaller percentage of the outstanding portfolio, we expect to see overall improvements in the measured fair value of our portfolios of acquired receivables although growth rates of our portfolios may impact the timing of these improvement. As part of our analysis to determine the fair value of our receivables, we look at several key factors that influence the overall fair value. Additionally, receivables acquired as part of our acquisition of Mercury were initially valued at a lower fair value than our existing portfolio of credit card receivables. We are currently enacting a number of product, policy and pricing changes on the Mercury portfolio of general purpose credit card receivables. Once implemented, we would expect to see continued improvement in the fair value of these receivables. Qualitative discussion of these factors is as follows:

*Gross yield, net of finance charge charge-offs* – We utilize gross yield, net of finance charge charge-offs in our fair value assessments to best reflect the expected net collected yield on fee billings on our receivables. As the size and composition of our portfolio fluctuates, or as we experience periods of growth or decline in our acquisition of new receivables, this rate can fluctuate. We have experienced marginal declines in our weighted-average, Gross yield, net of finance charge charge-offs rate used in our fair value calculations of our private label credit receivables as of September 30, 2025, when compared to rates used as of September 30, 2024 largely due to a shift in the overall portfolio mix towards private label credit receivables acquired that tend to have lower effective yields but also for which we have limited loss exposure due to agreements with retail partners. Largely offsetting this decline, our general purpose credit card receivables experienced an increase in this same rate for the noted periods due to the aforementioned product, policy, and pricing changes which partially offset the net $(44.8) million and $5.3 million of net (loss)/gains noted above for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. As these product, policy and pricing changes continue to further positively impact both newly acquired and existing private label credit receivables and general purpose credit card receivables. We expect our gross yield, net of finance charge charge-offs rate to increase over time although the pace and timing of purchases for new general purpose credit card receivables, relative to those of private label credit receivables, could result in near term declines in this rate. The acquisition of private label credit receivables, particularly those noted above, is largely seasonal in nature, peaking in the second and third quarters of each year. As a result, we would expect this weighted average rate to decrease in those periods (as was noted during the second and third quarter of 2025) absent the offset of our higher yielding general purpose credit card receivables acquired during the same period. While our bank partners have enacted product, policy, and pricing changes on our existing receivables (and all newly acquired receivables), some of these changes will take several quarters to be fully realized.

*Payment Rate* – Our total portfolio payment rate has declined marginally over time largely due to the increased relative weight of acquisitions of private label credit receivables to our overall pool of receivables and did not contribute meaningfully to shifts in the fair value of receivables noted above. These receivables tend to include less finance and fee billings that factor into monthly payment amounts (due to associated merchant fee billings that provide us adequate returns on the receivables) and have payment terms that extend over longer periods. As a result, payment rates on private label credit receivables are naturally lower than those associated with our general purpose credit card receivables. This was particularly influenced by strong growth in the aforementioned private label credit receivables acquired during the second and third quarters of 2024 and 2025 that have limited loss exposure and tend to have longer associated terms and lower effective payment rates. This decline in payment rates is not evident in our credit card portfolio, which has maintained relatively stable payment rates for all periods in 2025 and 2024.

*Servicing Rate* – Our servicing rate has fluctuated marginally over time as we continue to implement processes and strategies to more efficiently and effectively service the accounts underlying our outstanding receivables portfolios. As delinquent accounts tend to have a higher cost of servicing, recent trending declines in our receivables that are 90 or more days past due also has resulted in lower expected future costs. We expect our servicing rate will remain relatively consistent over the next several quarters and as such, do not expect changes in our Servicing Rate to create a meaningful impact in our fair value calculations.

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*Expected Net Principal Credit Loss Rate* – Our Expected net principal credit loss rate is chiefly impacted by the relative makeup of receivables within our pools rather than changes in expected performance of those underlying pools. As we have acquired a higher number of receivables associated with our private label credit accounts for which we have limited loss exposure due to agreements with retail partners, particularly in the second and third quarters of 2024 and 2025, our Expected net principal credit loss rate has decreased. Additionally, we have noted reductions in the Expected net principal credit loss rate associated with our general purpose credit card receivables, which have shown continued overall improvements in delinquency rates. With growth in the acquisition of our private label credit receivables, particularly those noted above with limited loss exposure, and growth in better performing general purpose credit card receivables, we expect this weighted average rate to decrease over the next several quarters (when compared to similar periods in prior years) before stabilizing. As changes in expected losses for receivables at the individual pool level did not change meaningfully, the overall impact on our fair value calculation was not meaningful although the positive impact of the improvement noted in delinquencies is included as a component of the net $(45.0) million and $5.1 million of net (loss)/gains noted above for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.

*Discount Rate* – Our weighted average discount rate has remained relatively consistent over the past several quarters (and is expected to continue to remain consistent or go down). Primarily impacting modest changes in our weighted average discount rate are mix shifts in the type of receivables acquired, as different receivable types (general purpose credit card receivables versus private label credit receivables) have different expected return requirements used by third-party market participants. As we have acquired a higher number of receivables associated with our private label credit accounts for which we have limited loss exposure due to agreements with retail partners that reimburse us for credit losses, our weighted average discount rate has decreased marginally as these receivables have appropriately lower return requirements. While changes in this mix do impact the weighted average discount rate, they do not have a direct impact on the calculation of fair value for our individual pools. We have assigned a lower discount rate when assessing the fair value of these receivables to reflect the significantly lower risk and return characteristics. As a result, our weighted average discount rate has decreased marginally. We consider asset specific financing costs associated with our receivables (coupled with our internal cost of equity capital in agreements that require credit enhancements) as the best indicator of return requirements used by third-party market participants. If the Federal Reserve continues to decrease interest rates or we observe a corresponding decrease in return requirements used by third-party market participants, we may further reduce our weighted average discount rate.

***Total operating expenses.*** Total operating expenses variances for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, relative to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflect the following:

• increases in salaries and benefit costs related to both the growth in the number of employees, including those added as part of our acquisition of Mercury, and inflationary compensation pressure. Subsequent to our acquisition of Mercury, we eliminated certain redundant positions, which resulted in termination costs of approximately $4.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We expect some continued increase in salaries and benefits for the remainder of 2025 and into 2026 compared to comparable periods in 2024 and 2025 due to this acquired workforce;

• increases in card and loan servicing expenses for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the same periods in 2024 due to growth in receivables associated with our investments in private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables, which grew to $6,600.1 million outstanding from $2,653.8 million outstanding at September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively, and costs associated with the implementation of product, policy, and pricing changes discussed above. As many of the expenses associated with our card and loan servicing efforts are now variable based on the amount of underlying receivables, we would expect this number to continue to grow in 2025 and 2026 commensurate with growth in our receivables.

• increases in marketing and solicitation costs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to quarterly growth in both new credit card and private label customers serviced, the total accounts of which increased over 2.1 million as of September 30, 2025 when compared to September 30, 2024 (including approximately 1.3 million serviced accounts added as part of the Mercury acquisition). These increases in marketing and solicitation costs are a direct result of the increased costs associated with assisting our bank partners to acquire new consumers. As we continue to adjust our underwriting standards to reflect changes in fee and finance assumptions on new receivables, continue to expand under our newly acquired Mercury brand and allow for overall increases in the cost to successfully market to consumers, we expect period over period marketing costs for 2025 to increase relative to those experienced in 2024, although the frequency and timing of increased marketing efforts could vary and are dependent on macroeconomic factors such as national unemployment rates and federal funds rates; and

• slight increases in other expenses for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily related to costs associated with occupancy or other third party expenses that are largely fixed in nature. Some costs including occupancy, legal and travel expenses can be variable based on growth and have grown as we expand our marketing and growth efforts. Increases in this category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the same period in 2024 primarily relate to ongoing increased costs associated with accounting and legal expenses as well as certain transaction costs associated with our Mercury acquisition. These increased costs are offset by certain nonrecurring costs in these categories experienced in the first quarter of 2024. While we expect some continued increase in these associated costs as we continue to grow our receivable portfolios, we do not anticipate the increase to be meaningful.

Certain operating costs are variable based on the levels of accounts and receivables we service (both for our own receivables and for others) and the pace and breadth of our growth in receivables. However, a number of our operating costs are fixed. As we have significantly grown our managed receivables levels over the past two years with minimal increase in the fixed portion of our card and loan servicing expenses as well as our salaries and benefits costs, we have realized greater operating efficiency.

As many of our expenses associated with our card and loan servicing efforts are now variable based on the amount of underlying receivables, we would expect certain expenses to continue to grow in 2025 and 2026 commensurate with growth in our receivables balances. These expenses will primarily relate to the variable costs of marketing efforts and card and loan servicing expenses associated with new receivable acquisitions. Unknown ongoing potential impacts related to the aforementioned inflation and other global disruptions could result in more variability in these expenses and could impair our ability to acquire new receivables, resulting in increased costs despite our efforts to manage costs effectively.

***Noncontrolling interests.*** We reflect the ownership interests of noncontrolling holders of equity in our majority-owned subsidiaries as noncontrolling interests in our condensed consolidated statements of income. In November 2019, a wholly-owned subsidiary issued 50.5 million Class B preferred units at a purchase price of $1.00 per unit to an unrelated third party. The units carried a 16% preferred return paid quarterly. In March 2020, the subsidiary issued an additional 50.0 million Class B preferred units under the same terms. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we redeemed 50.5 million of the Class B preferred units at $1.00 per unit plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon. In March 2025, we redeemed the remaining 50.0 million of Class B preferred units at $1.00 per unit plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon. In periods where present, we include the Class B preferred units as temporary noncontrolling interests on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and the associated dividends are included as a reduction of our net income attributable to common shareholders on the condensed consolidated statements of income.

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***Income Taxes.*** We experienced effective tax rates of 24.0% and 24.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 21.5% and 19.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, are above the statutory rate principally due to our (1) state and foreign income tax expense, including the effects of law changes enacted in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, in certain states in which we operate, (2) the tax effects of deduction disallowance under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as amended (the "Code") with respect to compensation paid to our covered employees, and (3) taxes on global intangible low-taxed income. Offsetting the foregoing items were the tax effects of deductions (1) associated with the exercises of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock at the times when the fair value of our stock exceeded such share-based awards' grant date values, and (2) of amounts characterized in our condensed consolidated financial statements as dividends on preferred stock (which was outstanding until its redemption in the first quarter of 2025), such amounts which constituted deductible interest expense on debt for tax purposes.

Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, are below the statutory rate principally due to the tax effects of our deduction of (1) amounts characterized in our condensed consolidated financial statements as dividends on preferred stock (which was outstanding at varying amounts in 2024), such amounts which constituted deductible interest expense on debt for tax purposes, and (2) exercises of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock at times when the fair value of our stock exceeded such share-based awards' grant date values. Offsetting the foregoing items were (1) state and foreign income tax expense including the effects of law changes enacted in certain states in which we operate, (2) the tax effects of deduction disallowance under Section 162(m) of the Code with respect to compensation paid to our covered employees and (3) taxes on global intangible low-taxed income.

We report interest expense associated with our income tax liabilities (including accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions) within our income tax line item on our condensed consolidated statements of income. We likewise report within such line item the reversal of interest expense associated with our accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions to the extent we resolve such liabilities in a manner favorable to our accruals therefor. Such interest expense was $135 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $140 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

**Non-GAAP Financial Measures**

In addition to financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP, we present managed receivables, total managed yield, total managed yield ratio, combined principal net charge-off ratio, percent of managed receivables 30-59 days past due, percent of managed receivables 60-89 days past due and percent of managed receivables 90 or more days past due, all of which are non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures aid in the evaluation of the performance of our credit portfolios, including our risk management, servicing and collection activities and our valuation of purchased receivables. The credit performance of our managed receivables provides information concerning the quality of loan originations and the related credit risks inherent with the portfolios. Management relies heavily upon financial data and results prepared on the "managed basis" in order to manage our business, make planning decisions, evaluate our performance and allocate resources.

These non-GAAP financial measures are presented for supplemental informational purposes only. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures may differ from the non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures or the calculation of the non-GAAP financial measures are provided below for each of the fiscal periods indicated.

These non-GAAP financial measures include only the performance of those receivables underlying consolidated subsidiaries (for receivables carried at amortized cost basis and fair value). Additionally, we calculate average managed receivables based on the quarter-end balances.

The comparison of non-GAAP managed receivables to our GAAP financial statements requires an understanding that managed receivables reflect the face value of loans, interest and fees receivable without any adjustment for potential credit losses to reflect fair value.

 ***CaaS Segment***

Our CaaS segment includes our activities related to our servicing of and our investments in the private label credit and general purpose credit card operations, our various credit card receivables portfolios, as well as other product testing and investments that generally utilize much of the same infrastructure. The types of revenues we earn from our investments in receivables portfolios and services primarily include fees and finance charges, merchant fees or annual fees associated with the private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables.

We record (i) the finance charges, merchant fees and late fees assessed on our CaaS segment receivables in the Revenue - Consumer loans, including past due fees category on our condensed consolidated statements of income, (ii) the annual, monthly maintenance, returned-check, cash advance and other fees in the Revenue - Fees and related income on earning assets category on our condensed consolidated statements of income, and (iii) the charge-offs (and recoveries thereof) as a component within our Changes in fair value of loans on our condensed consolidated statements of income. Additionally, we show the effects of fair value changes for those credit card receivables for which we have elected the fair value option as a component of Changes in fair value of loans in our condensed consolidated statements of income.

We historically have invested in receivables portfolios through subsidiary entities. If we control through direct ownership or exert a controlling interest in the entity, we consolidate it and reflect its operations as noted above.

The following discussion of our managed receivables includes the aforementioned acquisition of Mercury and its portfolio of approximately $3,159.9 million in general purpose credit card receivables. As we acquired the receivables on September 11, 2025, the financial impact of the acquisition on the quarter was limited to fees, billings and expenses subsequent to that date, however the receivables acquired are included in the denominator of the ratios calculated below.

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Below is the reconciliation of Loans at fair value to Total managed receivables:

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **(in Millions)** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
| Loans at fair value | $6350.0 | $3004.7 | $2668.5 | $2630.3 | $2511.6 | $2277.4 | $2150.6 | $2173.8 |
| Fair value mark against receivable (1) | 250.1 | 41.8 | 37.8 | 94.5 | 142.5 | 137.7 | 167.5 | 237.5 |
| Total managed receivables (2) | $6600.1 | $3046.5 | $2706.3 | $2724.8 | $2654.1 | $2415.1 | $2318.1 | $2411.3 |
| Fair value to Total managed receivables ratio (3) | 96.2% | 98.6% | 98.6% | 96.5% | 94.6% | 94.3% | 92.8% | 90.2% |

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(1) The fair value mark against receivables reflects the difference between the face value of a receivable and the net present value of the expected cash flows associated with that receivable. See Note 7, "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein for further discussion of assumptions underlying this calculation.

(2) Total managed receivables are equal to the Aggregate unpaid gross balance of loans carried at fair value. See Note 7, "Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein for further discussion of the Aggregate unpaid gross balance of loans carried at fair value.

(3) The Fair value to Total managed receivables ratio is calculated using Loans at fair value as the numerator, and Total managed receivables as the denominator.

As discussed above, our managed receivables data differ in certain aspects from our GAAP data. First, managed receivables data include the undiscounted contractual amounts due on the underlying consumer receivable plus fee billings (including fees and finance charges), less actual charge-offs. Managed receivables data are also based on actual charge-offs as they occur and without regard to any merchant fees*,* changes in fair value of loans or changes in our allowances for credit losses (in periods where applicable). Second, for managed receivables data, we amortize certain fees (such as annual and merchant fees) and expenses (such as marketing expenses) associated with our Fair Value Receivables over the expected life of the corresponding receivable and recognize other costs, such as claims made under credit deferral programs, when paid. Under fair value accounting, these fees are recognized when billed or in the case of merchant fees, are recognized when the merchant confirms the transaction with us, which fulfills the terms of the associated merchant and marketing expenses are recognized when incurred.

A reconciliation of our operating revenues and other income, net of finance and fee charge-offs, to comparable amounts used in our calculation of Total managed yield ratios is as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **(in Millions)** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
| Consumer loans, including past due fees | $331.7 | $267.2 | $238.5 | $242.1 | $245.3 | $232.1 | $220.0 | $214.6 |
| Fees and related income on earning assets | 122.5 | 94.3 | 78.3 | 83.8 | 78.5 | 59.5 | 47.9 | 71.7 |
| Other revenue | 30.4 | 23.0 | 18.7 | 17.5 | 16.8 | 13.6 | 11.7 | 12.0 |
| Total operating revenue and other income - CaaS Segment | 484.6 | 384.5 | 335.5 | 343.4 | 340.6 | 305.2 | 279.6 | 298.3 |
| Adjustments due to acceleration of merchant fee discount amortization under fair value accounting | (16.0) | (26.6) | 0.1 | 0.7 | (15.1) | (12.6) | 4.0 | 6.5 |
| Adjustments due to acceleration of annual fees recognition under fair value accounting | (24.4) | (8.8) | (4.2) | (10.5) | (8.0) | 1.1 | 10.1 | (12.6) |
| Removal of finance charge-offs | (78.8) | (68.2) | (70.0) | (64.9) | (60.6) | (62.9) | (63.7) | (59.5) |
| Total managed yield | $365.4 | $280.9 | $261.4 | $268.7 | $256.9 | $230.8 | $230.0 | $232.7 |

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The calculation of Combined principal net charge-offs used in our Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized is as follows:

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **(in Millions)** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
| Charge-offs on loans at fair value | $231.8 | $211.8 | $233.5 | $213.1 | $201.5 | $217.0 | $231.7 | $215.2 |
| Finance charge-offs (1) | (78.8) | (68.2) | (70.0) | (64.9) | (60.6) | (62.9) | (63.7) | (59.5) |
| Combined principal net charge-offs | $153.0 | $143.6 | $163.5 | $148.2 | $140.9 | $154.1 | $168.0 | $155.7 |

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(1) Finance charge-offs are included as a component of our Changes in fair value of loans in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income.

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Our delinquency and charge-off data at any point in time reflect the credit performance of our managed receivables. The average age of the accounts underlying our receivables, the timing and size of receivable purchases, the success of our collection and recovery efforts and general economic conditions all affect our delinquency and charge-off rates. The average age of the accounts underlying our portfolios of receivables also affects the stability of our delinquency and loss rates. Our strategy for managing delinquency and receivables losses consists of account management throughout the life of the receivable. This strategy includes credit line management and pricing based on the risks. See also our discussion of collection strategy under "Collection Strategy" in Item 1, "Business" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the delinquency trends of the receivables we manage within our CaaS segment, as well as charge-off data and other non-GAAP managed receivables statistics (in thousands; percentages of total):

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
|  | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables | $6600135 |  | $3046477 |  | $2706264 |  | $2724782 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $179339 | 2.7% | $100472 | 3.3% | $89132 | 3.3% | $104022 | 3.8% |
| 60-89 days past due | $158201 | 2.4% | $85611 | 2.8% | $84559 | 3.1% | $97953 | 3.6% |
| 90 or more days past due | $374650 | 5.7% | $210925 | 6.9% | $233205 | 8.6% | $253511 | 9.3% |
| Average managed receivables | $4823306 |  | $2876371 |  | $2715523 |  | $2689447 |  |
| Total managed yield ratio, annualized (1) | 30.3% |  | 39.1% |  | 38.5% |  | 40.0% |  |
| Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized (2) | 12.7% |  | 20.0% |  | 24.1% |  | 22.0% |  |
| Interest expense ratio, annualized (3) | 6.2% |  | 7.4% |  | 6.9% |  | 6.5% |  |
| Net interest margin ratio, annualized (4) | 11.4% |  | 11.7% |  | 7.5% |  | 11.5% |  |

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** | **2023** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
|  | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables | $2654112 |  | $2415092 |  | $2318104 |  | $2411255 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $106303 | 4.0% | $99620 | 4.1% | $94389 | 4.1% | $110465 | 4.6% |
| 60-89 days past due | $96673 | 3.6% | $88544 | 3.7% | $87761 | 3.8% | $98377 | 4.1% |
| 90 or more days past due | $227418 | 8.6% | $218215 | 9.0% | $243830 | 10.5% | $247621 | 10.3% |
| Average managed receivables | $2534602 |  | $2366598 |  | $2364680 |  | $2363231 |  |
| Total managed yield ratio, annualized (1) | 40.5% |  | 39.0% |  | 38.9% |  | 39.4% |  |
| Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized (2) | 22.2% |  | 26.0% |  | 28.4% |  | 26.4% |  |
| Interest expense ratio, annualized (3) | 6.6% |  | 6.3% |  | 5.8% |  | 5.4% |  |
| Net interest margin ratio, annualized (4) | 11.7% |  | 6.7% |  | 4.7% |  | 7.6% |  |

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<sup>(1)</sup> The Total managed yield ratio, annualized is calculated using the annualized total managed yield as the numerator and period-end average managed receivables as the denominator.<br>

(2) The Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized is calculated using the annualized combined principal net charge-offs as the numerator and period-end average managed receivables as the denominator.

(3) Interest expense ratio, annualized is calculated using the annualized interest expense associated with the CaaS segment (See Note 4, "Segment Reporting" to our condensed consolidated financial statements) as the numerator and period-end average managed receivables as the denominator.

(4) Net interest margin ratio, annualized is calculated using the Total managed yield ratio, annualized less the Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized less the Interest expense ratio, annualized.

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The following table presents additional trends and data with respect to our private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables (dollars in thousands). Results of our legacy credit card receivables portfolios are excluded:

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
|  | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables | $1725708 |  | $1524399 |  | $1253215 |  | $1231750 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $30336 | 1.8% | $29981 | 2.0% | $27166 | 2.2% | $33664 | 2.7% |
| 60-89 days past due | $25988 | 1.5% | $23745 | 1.6% | $23938 | 1.9% | $29297 | 2.4% |
| 90 or more days past due | $62066 | 3.6% | $58146 | 3.8% | $67414 | 5.4% | $75294 | 6.1% |
| Average APR | 9.4% |  | 10.3% |  | 11.9% |  | 12.9% |  |
| Receivables purchased during period | $436711 |  | $506738 |  | $265360 |  | $241442 |  |

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **Private Label Credit - At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** | **2023** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
|  | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables | $1205714 |  | $1013529 |  | $907367 |  | $939389 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $34658 | 2.9% | $36477 | 3.6% | $32209 | 3.5% | $36540 | 3.9% |
| 60-89 days past due | $30216 | 2.5% | $29766 | 2.9% | $27094 | 3.0% | $31284 | 3.3% |
| 90 or more days past due | $70190 | 5.8% | $67368 | 6.6% | $74414 | 8.2% | $79056 | 8.4% |
| Average APR | 13.3% |  | 15.8% |  | 17.1% |  | 17.1% |  |
| Receivables purchased during period | $396900 |  | $316304 |  | $191106 |  | $202168 |  |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
|  | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables | $4874427 |  | $1522078 |  | $1453049 |  | $1493032 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $149003 | 3.1% | $70490 | 4.6% | $61966 | 4.3% | $70358 | 4.7% |
| 60-89 days past due | $132214 | 2.7% | $61866 | 4.1% | $60621 | 4.2% | $68656 | 4.6% |
| 90 or more days past due | $312584 | 6.4% | $152779 | 10.0% | $165791 | 11.4% | $178216 | 11.9% |
| Average APR | 28.7% |  | 29.4% |  | 28.7% |  | 28.6% |  |
| Receivables purchased during period | $701557 |  | $442957 |  | $347550 |  | $370269 |  |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** | **General Purpose Credit Card - At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** | **2023** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
|  | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Managed Receivables** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables | $1448060 |  | $1401168 |  | $1410281 |  | $1471358 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $71645 | 4.9% | $63141 | 4.5% | $62173 | 4.4% | $73918 | 5.0% |
| 60-89 days past due | $66454 | 4.6% | $58777 | 4.2% | $60664 | 4.3% | $67088 | 4.6% |
| 90 or more days past due | $157222 | 10.9% | $150839 | 10.8% | $169402 | 12.0% | $168555 | 11.5% |
| Average APR | 28.9% |  | 27.4% |  | 27.1% |  | 27.4% |  |
| Receivables purchased during period | $373231 |  | $360425 |  | $342834 |  | $426939 |  |

---

The following discussion relates to the tables above.

***Managed receivables levels.*** We continue to experience overall period-over-period quarterly receivables growth with over $3,451.5 million in net receivables growth associated with the private label credit and general purpose credit card products offered by our bank partners between September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024. The increased purchases of receivables arising in accounts issued by our bank partners to customers of our existing retail partners helped grow our private label credit receivables by $520.0 million in the twelve months ended September 30, 2025 primarily related to seasonal expansion with one of our retail partners. The seasonal expansion with this retail partner tends to peak in the second and third quarters and declines in the fourth quarter of each year. Our general purpose credit card receivables grew by $3,426.4 million during the twelve months ended September 30, 2025. This increase included receivables added as part of the Mercury acquisition which totaled $3,159.9 million as of September 30, 2025. Some of our larger merchant partners have expanded their relationships with us and our bank partner which resulted in an increased flow of acquired receivables. We currently expect continued period-over-period quarterly receivables growth in our general purpose credit card and private label credit receivables. Growth in future periods receivables is dependent on the addition of new retail partners to the private label credit origination platform, the timing and size of solicitations within the general purpose credit card platform by our bank partners, as well as purchase activity of consumers. Similarly, the loss of existing retail partner relationships could adversely affect new loan acquisition levels. Our top five retail partnerships accounted for over 85% of our private label receivables outstanding as of September 30, 2025. The volume of receivables purchased each period varies based on a number of factors, including seasonal consumer purchase patterns and growth (or contraction) within merchant retail locations. Further impacting receivable purchase amounts in a period are consumer application volumes that retail partners may direct to our bank partners versus competitors who offer similar financing products to those retail merchant partners. See Note 11, "Commitments and Contingencies," to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein for further discussion of these concentrations.

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***Delinquencies and charge-offs.*** Delinquent loans reflect the principal, fee and interest components of loans we did not collect on or prior to the contractual due date and are considered "past due". Delinquencies have the potential to impact net income in the form of net credit losses. Delinquencies also are costly in terms of the personnel and resources dedicated to resolving them. We intend for the receivables management strategies we use on our portfolios to manage and, to the extent possible, reduce the higher delinquency rates that can be expected with the younger average age of the newer receivables in our managed portfolio. These management strategies include conservative credit line management and collection strategies intended to optimize the effective account-to-collector ratio across delinquency categories. We measure the success of these efforts by reviewing delinquency rates. These rates exclude receivables that have been charged off.

Increases in delinquencies in the first and second quarters of 2024 in our private label credit receivables were largely due to a mix shift in receivables acquired to certain receivables that have higher observed delinquencies but correspondingly higher yields. Late in the second quarter of 2024 and early in the third quarter of 2024, we additionally acquired receivables that have higher observed delinquencies, but for which we have limited loss exposure due to agreements with retail partners. As a result of these limited loss exposures, these receivables are not included in our delinquency rates for private label credit receivables. Delinquency rates for our general purpose credit card receivables were higher in the first quarter of 2024 due to both a reduction in the growth of our managed receivables and accounts that were enrolled in short-term payment deferrals, due to hardship claims resulting from COVID-19. Receivables enrolled in these short-term payment deferrals continued to accrue interest and their delinquency status did not change through their respective deferment periods. The remainder of these accounts were removed from hardship status with the end of the COVID-19 national and public health emergencies in May 2023. While these accounts resulted in higher than normal reported delinquency rates for the first quarter of 2024 (and correspondingly higher charge-offs in the first and second quarters of 2024), the charge-offs did not result in a further economic impact to us as the majority of these accounts were already considered in our changes in fair value in prior periods. As these accounts were largely charged off by the end of the first quarter of 2024, we saw some modest improvement in our second quarter 2024 delinquencies offset by slower net receivables growth during this period. Delinquency rates in the third and fourth quarter of 2024 remained largely consistent with those noted in the same period of prior year. For the first and second quarters of 2025 we have observed lower overall delinquency rates in both our general purpose credit card receivables and our private label credit receivables. Receivables added as part of the Mercury acquisition in the third quarter of 2025 have lower overall delinquency rates (and correspondingly lower yields) than those of our existing portfolios. The addition of these receivables resulted in a lower combined delinquency rate as of September 30, 2025. Increased acquisitions of private label credit receivables with limited loss exposures, the noted improvements in general purpose credit card receivables and our receivables added as part of the Mercury transaction will continue to result in lower overall delinquency and charge-off rates in the fourth quarter of 2025 and early 2026 when compared to corresponding rates in the fourth quarter of 2024 and first quarter of 2025.

As we continue to acquire newer private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables, we expect our delinquency rates to marginally increase when compared to the same periods in prior years due to a planned shift in our general purpose and private label credit receivables originated as our bank partners continue to expand product offerings to a broader range of consumers. This expected increase in delinquencies will be offset somewhat by using more restrictive product, policy, and pricing changes which we believe will result in a more profitable asset overall. Additionally, as the receivables added from the Mercury acquisition tend to have lower delinquency and charge off rates than our existing portfolios of receivables, we expect the increase in delinquency rates noted above to be muted. We also expect continued seasonal payment patterns on these receivables that impact our delinquencies in line with prior periods. For example, delinquency rates historically are lower in the second quarter of each year due to the benefits of seasonally strong payment patterns associated with tax refunds for many consumers. Offsetting this expected increase in delinquencies is continued growth in the portfolio which will mute delinquency metrics. Our beliefs for future delinquency rates are predicated on the assumption that the slowing rate of inflation will continue and our recent tightened underwriting standards will prove effective at reducing account delinquencies.

***Total managed yield ratio, annualized.*** As discussed above, growth in higher yielding assets has resulted in higher charge-off and delinquency rates in some periods. General purpose credit card receivables tend to have higher total yields than private label credit receivables (and corresponding higher charge-off rates). As a result, in periods where we have slower rates of growth of general purpose credit card receivables, as was noted in 2024 (relative to growth in private label credit receivables), we expect to have slightly lower total managed yield ratios. Additionally, receivables added as part of the Mercury acquisition tend to have lower yields (and correspondingly lower delinquency and charge off rates). The addition of these receivables contributed to the decline in our Total managed yield ratio, annualized for the third quarter of 2025 and will serve to offset some of our expected growth in Total managed yield ratios until planned product, policy, and pricing changes for this new portfolio have taken effect. We currently expect increases in the rates of acquisition of our general purpose credit card receivables relative to private label credit receivables and correspondingly higher period-over-period operating revenue and other income for the remainder of 2025 (and a correspondingly higher Total managed yield ratio) although the timing of these acquisitions and impact of the Mercury acquisition could result in some fluctuations of our Total managed yield ratio, annualized when comparing quarterly rates in 2025 and 2026 to corresponding quarterly periods in 2024 and 2025. Our managed yield ratios, however, may be marginally lower due to an expected seasonal shift in our mix of acquired private label receivables to higher FICO receivables that have lower gross yields (and correspondingly lower charge-off expectations) in the third quarter of each year.

***Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized.*** We charge off our CaaS segment receivables when they become contractually more than 180 days past due or 120 days past due if they are enrolled in an installment loan product. For all of our products, we charge off receivables within 30 days of notification and confirmation of a customer's bankruptcy or death. However, in some cases of death, we do not charge off receivables if there is a surviving, contractually liable individual or an estate large enough to pay the debt in full. When the principal of an outstanding loan is charged off, the related finance charges and fees are simultaneously charged off, resulting in a reduction to our Total managed yield.

Growth within our general purpose credit card receivables (as a percent of outstanding receivables) has resulted in increases in our charge-offs over time. The increase in the combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized in the first two quarters of 2024 is a reflection of increased delinquencies noted as consumer behavior reverted to historical norms (similar to those experienced in periods prior to COVID-19) and decreases in the acquisition of new general purpose credit card receivables. Additionally, inflation, particularly as it relates to higher gas prices, negatively impacted some consumers' ability to make payments on outstanding loans and fees receivable. We noted improvements in this rate in the fourth quarter of 2024 and in the first and second quarters of 2025 as delinquencies continued to improve, consumer payment behavior improved and we experienced strong growth in our receivables base. The significant improvement noted in the third quarter of 2025 was largely due to the addition of receivables associated with the Mercury acquisition which have lower delinquencies and principal charge-offs than our existing portfolios of receivables.

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Despite expected marginal increases in delinquency rates as discussed above, we expect our overall combined principal net charge-off ratios to continue to decrease for the remainder of 2025, when compared to the comparable prior period. These charge-off rates are expected to return to historically normalized levels, adjusted for the mix shift discussed above, and will benefit from planned growth in the underlying receivables which we expect will further reduce our combined principal net charge-off ratio. Our charge-off ratio has also been impacted due to (and will continue to be impacted by): 1) higher expected charge-off rates on the private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables corresponding with higher yields on these receivables, (2) continued testing of receivables with higher risk profiles, leading to periodic increases in combined principal net charge-offs, (3) the aforementioned tightened underwriting standards that slowed the pace of growth in our receivables base, and (4) negative impacts on some consumers' ability to make payments on outstanding loans and fees receivable as a result of inflation pressures. While charge-offs associated with previously mentioned accounts enrolled in short-term payment deferrals had a negative impact on our Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized through the second quarter of 2024, they did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated statements of income as the majority of these accounts were already considered in our changes in fair value. Further impacting our charge-off rates are the timing and size of solicitations that serve to minimize charge-off rates in periods of high receivable acquisitions but also exacerbate charge-off rates in periods of lower receivable acquisitions.

***Interest expense ratio, annualized.*** Our interest expense ratio, annualized reflects interest costs associated with our CaaS segment. This includes both direct receivables funding costs as well as general unsecured lending. Recent impacts to this ratio primarily relate to the timing and size of outstanding debt as well as the addition of new funding facilities. Historically, we obtained lower cost financing with fixed interest rates, resulting in lower interest expense ratios. Increases in the federal funds borrowing rate in 2022 and 2023 have led to an increase in interest rates for newly-originated debt and for that portion of debt which does not have fixed rates. As such, we have seen our Interest expense ratio, annualized increase throughout 2024 and into 2025 and we expect the Interest expense ratio to increase when compared to prior quarters for the remainder of 2025 as we replace existing financing arrangements with new ones at a higher cost of capital. The addition of debt assumed as part of the Mercury acquisition will also contribute to our Interest expense ratio although the cost of this debt is largely in-line with our existing facilities and, as such, should not result in a meaningful impact to the Interest expense ratio, annualized.

***Net interest margin ratio, annualized.*** Our Net interest margin ratio, annualized represents the difference between our Total managed yield ratio, annualized, our Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized and our Interest expense ratio, annualized. Recent declines in this ratio, when compared to corresponding prior periods, relate primarily to recent increases in our principal net charge-offs as noted above. This trend reversed in 2025 as we realized improvements in delinquencies and subsequent charge-offs. We currently expect continued marginal improvements in our Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized, relative to corresponding periods in 2024 which should continue to result in an improved net interest margin ratio. Changes in the mix shift of acquired receivables, noted above, will also lead to increases in the Net interest margin, annualized as the higher yielding receivables become a larger component of our total portfolio. As noted above, the lower yielding but also lower delinquent accounts associated with the Mercury acquisition should offset some of the improvements noted in our Net interest margin ratio, annualized until such time that product, policy and pricing changes associated with this portfolio have taken effect.

***Average APR.*** The average annual percentage rate ("APR") charged to customers varies by receivable type, credit history and other factors. The APRs for receivables originated through our private label credit platform range from 0% to 36.0%. For general purpose credit card receivables, APRs range from 19.99% to 36.0%. We have experienced minor fluctuations in our average APR based on the relative product mix of receivables purchased during a period. For those receivables that did not contain fixed APRs we have seen some increases in rates charged, as the underlying rates are tied to the federal funds borrowing rate which increased in 2022 and 2023. Our average APRs for general purpose credit card receivables remained largely consistent throughout 2024 with some increases noted as new product, policy, and pricing changes were implemented which raised the APRs associated with new receivable acquisitions. We expect some continued improvements in our general purpose credit card receivable average APRs as newly acquired receivables with higher APRs become a larger part of our overall portfolio of receivables. Our average APRs for private label credit fell throughout 2024 and in 2025 due to a shift in the overall portfolio mix towards private label credit receivables acquired that tend to have lower effective yields but also for which we have limited loss exposure due to agreements with retail partners. This trend continued in the second quarter of 2025 with increased acquisitions of these receivables. We expect this declining trend to continue into the third quarter of 2025, however, the timing and relative mix of receivables acquired could cause some minor fluctuations. We do not acquire or service receivables that have an APR above 36.0%.

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***Receivables purchased during period.*** Receivables purchased during period reflect the gross amount of investments we have made in a given period, net of any credits issued to consumers during that same period. For 2025 we noted increases in the amount of receivables purchased associated with our General Purpose Credit Card receivables and also a larger increase in receivables purchased associated with our Private Label Credit receivables. This growth in Private Label Credit Receivables purchased primarily relates to growth in purchases associated with our largest retail partner. For most periods presented in 2024, our private label credit receivable purchases experienced overall growth, when compared to the same periods in 2023, largely based on the addition of new private label credit retail partners as well as growth within existing retail partnerships, as previously discussed. We may experience periodic declines in these acquisitions due to: the loss of one or more retail partners; seasonal purchase activity by consumers; labor shortages and supply chain disruptions; or the timing of new customer originations by our issuing bank partners. We currently expect private label credit receivable acquisitions in the fourth quarter of 2025 and first quarter of 2026 to be consistent with those in the same period of 2024 and 2025, although the timing of the receivable acquisitions may vary based on seasonal spending patterns by consumers and our retail partners overall sales cycles. Our general purpose credit card receivable acquisitions tend to have more volatility based on the issuance of new credit card accounts by our issuing bank partners. As a result, the timing of new receivable acquisitions, particularly as it relates to general purpose credit cards, could be impacted in the short term. Nonetheless, we expect continued growth in the acquisition of these general purpose credit card receivables throughout 2025. The acquisition of Mercury and its portfolio of general purpose credit card receivables is also expected to result in additional receivable acquisitions in future quarters as our bank partner continues to market to new consumers.

 **Auto Finance Segment**

CAR, our auto finance platform acquired in April 2005, principally purchases and/or services loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provides floorplan financing for, a prequalified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here used car business. We have expanded these operations to also include certain installment lending products in addition to our traditional loans secured by automobiles both in the U.S. and U.S. territories.

 ***Non-GAAP Financial Measures***

For reasons set forth above within our CaaS segment discussion, we also provide managed receivables-based financial, operating and statistical data for our Auto Finance segment. Reconciliation of the auto finance managed receivables data to GAAP data requires an understanding that our managed receivables data are based on billings and actual charge-offs as they occur, without regard to any changes in our allowance for credit losses. Similar to the managed calculation above, the average managed receivables used in the ratios below is calculated based on the quarter ending balances of consolidated receivables.

A reconciliation of our operating revenues and other income to comparable amounts used in our calculation of Total managed yield ratios follows (in millions):

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
| Consumer loans, including past due fees | $9.4 | $9.1 | $9.2 | $9.6 | $10.0 | $10.4 | $10.3 | $10.1 |
| Fees and related income on earning assets | 1.1 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
| Other income | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Total operating revenue and other income | 10.6 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.4 |
| Finance charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total managed yield | $10.6 | $9.3 | $9.4 | $9.8 | $10.3 | $10.6 | $10.5 | $10.4 |

---

The calculation of Combined principal net charge-offs used in our Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized follows (in millions):

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** | **Sep. 30** | **Jun. 30** | **Mar. 31** | **Dec. 31** |
| Gross charge-offs | $1.9 | $1.7 | $1.8 | $1.5 | $3.1 | $3.5 | $1.8 | $1.1 |
| Finance charge-offs (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Recoveries | (0.7) | (0.6) | (0.6) | (0.6) | (0.7) | (0.7) | (0.5) | (0.5) |
| Combined principal net charge-offs | $1.2 | $1.1 | $1.2 | $0.9 | $2.4 | $2.8 | $1.3 | $0.6 |

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(1) Finance charge-offs are included as a component of our Provision for credit losses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income.

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Financial, operating and statistical metrics for our Auto Finance segment are detailed (in thousands; percentages of total) in the following table:

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Jun. 30** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Mar. 31** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Dec. 31** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables (1) | $111068 |  | $106632 |  | $106099 |  | $108982 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $8430 | 7.6% | $6576 | 6.2% | $6344 | 6.0% | $7590 | 7.0% |
| 60-89 days past due | $2545 | 2.3% | $2391 | 2.2% | $2061 | 1.9% | $3217 | 3.0% |
| 90 or more days past due | $3214 | 2.9% | $3741 | 3.5% | $4221 | 4.0% | $4723 | 4.3% |
| Average managed receivables | $108850 |  | $106366 |  | $107541 |  | $109810 |  |
| Total managed yield ratio, annualized (2) | 39.0% |  | 35.0% |  | 35.0% |  | 35.7% |  |
| Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized (3) | 4.4% |  | 4.1% |  | 4.5% |  | 3.3% |  |
| Recovery ratio, annualized (4) | 2.6% |  | 2.3% |  | 2.2% |  | 2.2% |  |

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** | **At or for the Three Months Ended** |
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | | **2023** | **2023** |
|  | **Sep. 30** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Jun. 30** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Mar. 31** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** | **Dec. 31** | **% of Period-end managed receivables** |
| Period-end managed receivables (1) | $110638 |  | $117951 |  | $122321 |  | $118045 |  |
| 30-59 days past due | $8873 | 8.0% | $9200 | 7.8% | $7796 | 6.4% | $9421 | 8.0% |
| 60-89 days past due | $3801 | 3.4% | $3834 | 3.3% | $3031 | 2.5% | $3373 | 2.9% |
| 90 or more days past due | $5305 | 4.8% | $4944 | 4.2% | $3220 | 2.6% | $3542 | 3.0% |
| Average managed receivables | $114295 |  | $120136 |  | $120183 |  | $118026 |  |
| Total managed yield ratio, annualized (2) | 36.0% |  | 35.3% |  | 34.9% |  | 35.2% |  |
| Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized (3) | 8.4% |  | 9.3% |  | 4.3% |  | 2.0% |  |
| Recovery ratio, annualized (4) | 2.4% |  | 2.3% |  | 1.7% |  | 1.7% |  |

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(1) Period-end managed receivables equal the corresponding amount of loans at amortized cost included in Note 3 "Significant Accounting Policies and Condensed Consolidated Financial Statement Components" in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

(2) The total managed yield ratio, annualized is calculated using the annualized Total managed yield as the numerator and Period-end average managed receivables as the denominator.

(3) The Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized is calculated using the annualized Combined principal net charge-offs as the numerator and Period-end average managed receivables as the denominator.

(4) The Recovery ratio, annualized is calculated using annualized Recoveries as the numerator and Period-end average managed receivables as the denominator.

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***Managed receivables.*** Stress noted at some dealer locations resulted in higher than anticipated credit losses associated with floorplan loans during 2024. When coupled with increased delinquencies associated with the underlying consumers loans, we have experienced period over period declines in our managed receivables for the third and fourth quarter of 2024 and the first and second quarters of 2025. For the third quarter of 2025, we experienced a period over period increase in managed receivables as our receivables portfolio continues to recover from the floorplan loan losses experienced in 2024. We expect modest growth in the level of our managed receivables for the remainder of 2025 and into 2026 as CAR continues to rebuild its receivables base, expands within its current geographic footprint and continues plans for service area expansion. Although we continue to expand our CAR operations, the Auto Finance segment faces strong competition from other specialty finance lenders, as well as the indirect effects on us of our buy-here, pay-here dealership partners' competition with other franchise dealerships for consumers interested in purchasing automobiles. We continually evaluate bulk purchases of receivables, however, the timing and size of such purchases are difficult to predict.

***Delinquencies and charge-offs.*** Delinquent loans reflect the principal, fee and interest components of loans we did not collect on or prior to the contractual due date and are considered "past due". While we have experienced some recent increases in our delinquency rates (and related charge-offs), we do not believe they will have a significantly adverse impact on our results of operations in 2025 as we have established appropriate reserves for these losses. Even at slightly elevated rates, we earn significant yields on CAR's receivables and have significant dealer reserves (i.e., retainages or holdbacks on the amount of funding CAR provides to its dealer customers) and other collateral to protect against meaningful credit losses. Delinquency rates also tend to fluctuate based on inflationary pressures and seasonal trends and historically are lower in the second quarter of each year as seen above due to the benefits of strong payment patterns associated with tax refunds for many consumers.

***Total managed yield ratio, annualized.*** We have experienced modest fluctuations in our total managed yield ratio largely impacted by the relative mix of receivables in various products offered by CAR as some shorter-term product offerings tend to have higher yields. Yields on our CAR products over the last few quarters are consistent with our expectations over the coming quarters. Further, we expect our total managed yield ratio to remain in line with current experience, with moderate fluctuations based on relative growth or declines in average managed receivables for a given quarter. These variations depend on the relative mix of receivables in our various product offerings.

***Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized and recovery ratio, annualized.*** We charge off auto finance receivables when they are between 120 and 180 days past due, unless the collateral is repossessed and sold before that point, in which case we will record a charge-off when the proceeds are received. Combined principal net charge-off ratios in the above table reflect the lower delinquency rates we have recently experienced. Increases in our Combined principal net charge-off ratios throughout 2023 are indicative of our charge off levels returning to historically normalized levels (i.e., those periods prior to COVID-19 and the related government stimulus programs). While we anticipate our charge-offs to be incurred ratably across our portfolio of dealers, specific dealer-related losses are difficult to predict and can negatively influence our combined principal net charge-off ratio as was evidenced throughout 2024. We continually re-assess our dealers and will take appropriate action if we believe a particular dealer's risk characteristics adversely change. While we have appropriate dealer reserves to mitigate losses across the majority of our pool of receivables, the timing of recognition of these reserves as an offset to charge-offs is largely dependent on various factors specific to each of our dealer partners including ongoing purchase volumes, outstanding balances of receivables and current performance of outstanding loans. As such, the timing of charge-off offsets is difficult to predict; however, we believe that these reserves are adequate to offset any loss exposure we may incur. Additionally, the products we issue in the U.S. territories do not have dealer reserves with which we can offset losses. We also expect our recovery rate to fluctuate modestly from quarter to quarter due to the timing of the sale of repossessed autos.

 **Definitions of Certain Non-GAAP Financial Measures**

***Total managed yield ratio, annualized.*** Represents an annualized fraction, the numerator of which includes (as appropriate for each applicable disclosed segment) the: 1) finance charge and late fee income billed on all consolidated outstanding receivables and the amortization of merchant fees, collectively included in the consumer loans, including past due fees category on our condensed consolidated statements of income; plus 2) credit card fees (including over-limit fees, cash advance fees, returned check fees and interchange income), earned, amortized amounts of annual membership fees with respect to certain credit card receivables, collectively included in our fees and related income on earning assets category on our condensed consolidated statements of income; plus 3) servicing, other income and other activities collectively included in our other revenue category on our condensed consolidated statements of income; minus 4) finance charge and fee losses from consumers unwilling or unable to pay their receivables balances, as well as from bankrupt and deceased consumers. The denominator is our average managed receivables.

***Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized.*** Represents an annualized fraction, the numerator of which is the aggregate consolidated amounts of principal losses from consumers unwilling or unable to pay their receivables balances, as well as from bankrupt and deceased consumers, less current-period recoveries (including recoveries from dealer reserve offsets for our CAR operations), as reflected in Note 3 "Significant Accounting Policies and Condensed Consolidated Financial Statement Components" and Note 7 "Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities" and the denominator of which is average managed receivables. Recoveries on managed receivables represent all amounts received related to managed receivables that previously have been charged off, including payments received directly from consumers and proceeds received from the sale of those charged-off receivables. Recoveries typically have represented less than 2% of average managed receivables.

***Interest expense ratio, annualized.*** Represents an annualized fraction, the numerator of which is the annualized interest expense associated with the CaaS segment (See Note 4, "Segment Reporting" to our condensed consolidated financial statements) and the denominator of which is average managed receivables.

***Net interest margin ratio, annualized.*** Represents the Total managed yield ratio, annualized less the Combined principal net charge-off ratio, annualized less the Interest expense ratio, annualized.

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**LIQUIDITY, FUNDING AND CAPITAL RESOURCES**

Our primary focus is expanding the reach of our financial technology in order to grow our private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables and generate revenues from these investments that will allow us to maintain consistent profitability. Increases in new and existing retail partnerships and the expansion of our investments in general purpose credit card finance products have resulted in year-over-year growth of total managed receivables levels, and we expect growth to continue in the coming quarters.

Accordingly, we will continue to focus on (i) obtaining the funding necessary to meet capital needs required by the growth of our receivables, (ii) adding new retail partners to our platform to continue growth of the private label credit receivables, (iii) growing general purpose credit card receivables, (iv) effectively managing costs, and (v) repurchasing outstanding shares of our common and preferred stock. We believe our unrestricted cash, future cash provided by operating activities, availability under our debt facilities, and access to the capital markets will provide adequate resources to fund our operating and financing needs.

All of our CaaS segment's structured financing facilities are expected to amortize down with collections on the receivables within their underlying trusts and should not represent significant refunding or refinancing risks to our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Facilities that could represent near-term and longer-term refunding or refinancing needs as of September 30, 2025 are those associated with the following notes payable in the amounts indicated (in millions):

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Revolving credit facility (expiring July 20, 2026) that is secured by certain receivables and restricted cash | $52.9 |
| Total short term refinancing needs (within 12 months) | $52.9 |
| Revolving credit facility (expiring December 1, 2026) that is secured by certain assets | $30.1 |
| Revolving credit facility (expiring March 31, 2028) that is secured by certain receivables and restricted cash | $57.7 |
| Revolving credit facility (expiring April 7, 2028) that is secured by certain receivables and restricted cash | $14.6 |
| Total long term refinancing needs (in excess of 12 months) | $102.4 |
| Total refinancing needs | $155.3 |

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Based on the state of the debt capital markets, the performance of our assets that serve as security for the above facilities, and our relationships with lenders, we view imminent refunding or refinancing risks with respect to the above facilities as moderate in the current environment. We believe that the quality of our new receivables should allow us to raise more capital through increasing the size of our facilities with our existing lenders and attracting new lending relationships, albeit at increased costs due to the aforementioned recent interest rate increases. Further details concerning the above debt facilities and other debt facilities we use to fund the acquisition of receivables are provided in Note 10, "Notes Payable," to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein.

In November 2021, we issued $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "2026 Senior Notes"). The 2026 Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Company's existing and future senior unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, and will rank senior in right of payment to the Company's future subordinated indebtedness, if any. The 2026 Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all of the Company's existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and the 2026 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company's subsidiaries (excluding any amounts owed by such subsidiaries to the Company). The 2026 Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 6.125% per annum. Interest on the 2026 Senior Notes is payable quarterly in arrears on February 1, May 1, August 1 and November 1 of each year. The 2026 Senior Notes will mature on November 30, 2026. We are amortizing fees associated with the issuance of the 2026 Senior Notes into interest expense over the expected life of such notes. Amortization of these fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 totaled $0.4 million, $1.1 million, $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. We repurchased $0.0 and $0.4 million of the outstanding principal amount of these 2026 Senior Notes in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. There have been no repurchases in 2025.

In January and February 2024, we issued an aggregate of $57.2 million aggregate principal amount of 2029 Senior Notes. In July 2024, we issued an additional $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Senior Notes. The 2029 Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Company's existing and future senior unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, and will rank senior in right of payment to the Company's future subordinated indebtedness, if any. The 2029 Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all of the Company's existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and the 2029 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company's subsidiaries (excluding any amounts owed by such subsidiaries to the Company). The 2029 Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 9.25% per annum. Interest on the 2029 Senior Notes is payable quarterly in arrears on January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15 of each year. The 2029 Senior Notes will mature on January 31, 2029. We are amortizing fees associated with the issuance of the 2029 Senior Notes into interest expense over the expected life of such notes. Amortization of these fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 totaled $0.4 million, $1.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

In August 2025, we issued an aggregate of $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.750% Senior Notes due 2030 (the "2030 Senior Notes"). The 2030 Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 9.75% per annum. Interest on the 2030 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year. The 2030 Senior Notes will mature on September 1, 2030. We are amortizing fees associated with the issuance of the 2030 Senior Notes into interest expense over the expected life of such notes. Amortization of these fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 totaled $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

In June and July 2021, we issued an aggregate of 3,188,533 shares of 7.625% Series B Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, liquidation preference of $25.00 per share (the "Series B preferred stock"), for net proceeds of approximately $76.5 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, but before deducting expenses and the structuring fee. We pay cumulative cash dividends on the Series B preferred stock, when and as declared by our Board of Directors, in the amount of $1.90625 per share each year, which is equivalent to 7.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share.

On August 10, 2022, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the "Preferred Stock Sales Agreement") providing for the sale by the Company of up to an aggregate offering price of $100.0 million of our (i) Series B preferred stock and (ii) 2026 Senior Notes, from time to time through a sales agent, in connection with the Company's "at-the-market" offering program (the "Preferred Stock ATM Program"). On August 26, 2024, we amended and restated the Preferred Stock Sales Agreement to remove our 2026 Senior Notes and to include our 2029 Senior Notes under the Preferred Stock ATM Program. Further, on December 29, 2023, the Company entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the "Common Stock Sales Agreement") providing for the sale by the Company of its common stock, no par value per share (the "common stock"), up to an aggregate offering price of $50.0 million, from time to time to or through a sales agent, in connection with the Company's Common Stock "at-the-market" offering program (the "Common Stock ATM Program"). Sales pursuant to both the Preferred Stock Sales Agreement and Common Stock Sales Agreement, if any, may be made in transactions that are deemed to be "at-the-market offerings" as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including sales made directly on or through the NASDAQ Global Select Market. The sales agents will make all sales using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with their normal trading and sales practices up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, the placement notices.

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During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we sold 106,319 shares, 262,583 shares, 0 shares and 44,143 shares, respectively, of our Series B preferred stock under our Preferred Stock ATM Program for net proceeds of $2.3 million, $5.8 million, $0 and $1.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, no 2026 Senior Notes were sold under the Company's Preferred Stock ATM Program. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we sold $5.6 million, $31.4 million, $13.5 and $13.5, respectively, principal amount of our 2029 Senior Notes under our Preferred Stock ATM Program for net proceeds of $5.5 million, $30.8 million, $13.4 and $13.4, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we sold 0 common shares, 200,000 common shares, 0 common shares and 0 common shares, respectively, under the Company's Common Stock ATM Program for net proceeds of $0, $11.6 million, $0 and $0, respectively.

On November 14, 2019, a wholly-owned subsidiary issued 50.5 million Class B preferred units at a purchase price of $1.00 per unit to an unrelated third party. The units carried a 16% preferred return to be paid quarterly. In March 2020, the subsidiary issued an additional 50.0 million Class B preferred units under the same terms. The proceeds from the transaction were used for general corporate purposes. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we redeemed 50.5 million of the Class B preferred units at $1.00 per unit plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon. In March 2025, we redeemed the remaining 50.0 million of Class B preferred units at $1.00 per unit plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon. In periods where present, we have included the issuance of these Class B preferred units as temporary noncontrolling interest on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Dividends paid on the Class B preferred units were deducted from Net income attributable to controlling interests to derive Net income attributable to common shareholders. See Note 12, "Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share" for more information.

On November 26, 2014, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Dove Ventures, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company ("Dove"). The agreement provided for a senior secured term loan facility in an amount of up to $40.0 million at any time outstanding. On December 27, 2019, the Company issued 400,000 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock with an aggregate initial liquidation preference of $40.0 million, in exchange for full satisfaction of the $40.0 million that the Company owed Dove under the Loan and Security Agreement. Dividends on the preferred stock are 6% per annum (cumulative, non-compounding) and are payable as declared, and in preference to any common stock dividends, in cash. The Series A preferred stock is perpetual and has no maturity date. The Company may, at its option, redeem the shares of Series A preferred stock on or after January 1, 2025 at a redemption price equal to $100 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. At the request of the holders of a majority of the shares of the Series A preferred stock, the Company is required to offer to redeem all of the Series A preferred stock at a redemption price equal to $100 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends, at the option of the holders thereof, on or after January 1, 2024. Upon the election by the holders of a majority of the shares of Series A preferred stock, each share of the Series A preferred stock is convertible into the number of shares of the Company's common stock as is determined by dividing (i) the sum of (a) $100 and (b) any accumulated and unpaid dividends on such share by (ii) an initial conversion price equal to $10 per share, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances to prevent dilution.

At September 30, 2025, we had $425.0 million in unrestricted cash held by our various business subsidiaries. Because the characteristics of our assets and liabilities change, liquidity management is a dynamic process for us, driven by the pricing and maturity of our assets and liabilities. We historically have financed our business through cash flows from operations, asset-backed structured financings and the issuance of debt and equity. Details concerning our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

• During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we generated $371.7 million of cash flows from operations compared to our generation of $346.8 million of cash flows from operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. While payment rates for our consumers stayed consistent period over period, we experienced an increase in cash provided by operating activities principally related to finance and fee collections associated with growing private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables and increased recoveries on charged-off receivables. Most of this change was due to growth in the underlying receivables (and collections thereon) along with the implementation of product, policy and pricing changes, which effectively increased the minimum payment amounts required by consumers. Offsetting a portion of this increase in cash provided by operations were one-time expenses associated with our acquisition of Mercury (and related severance costs) which totaled $6.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

• During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we used $1,027.3 million of cash from our investing activities, compared to the use of $571.0 million of cash from investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase in cash used is primarily due to marginal increases in the level of net investments in private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables relative to the same period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we purchased $2,678.8 million in private label and general purpose credit card receivables compared to $2,002.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Adding to this use of cash was the acquisition of Mercury which used net, $72.9 million ($166.5 million cash purchase price less $93.6 million of cash acquired as part of the acquisition). Slightly offsetting this increase in cash used in operations were increased recoveries associated with the sale of charged off receivables due to increases in the contractual purchase rates we receive from third parties. As we continue to grow our receivables base, we would expect for purchases of new receivables to outpace payments thereon throughout 2025.

• During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we generated $681.9 million of cash from financing activities, compared to our generating $225.3 million of cash from financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in cash provided by financing activities is primarily due to the issuance $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.750% Senior Notes due 2030 as well as an increase in net borrowings (proceeds from borrowings less repayment of borrowings) of $161.3 million. Additionally, we received proceeds from the issuance of 200,000 shares of common stock for net proceeds of $11.6 million in the first nine months of 2025. This increase was offset by the redemption of the remaining 50.0 million of Class B preferred units at $1.00 per unit plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 coupled with the sale of $130.8 million of 2029 Senior Notes during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to sales of $31.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. In both periods, the data reflect borrowings associated with private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables offset by net repayments of amortizing debt facilities as payments are made on the underlying receivables that serve as collateral. As discussed above, we expect to have continued growth in our receivables base and as a result, expect to continue raising additional capital to fund these acquisitions. 

Beyond our immediate financing efforts discussed throughout this Report, we will continue to evaluate debt and equity issuances as a means to fund our investment opportunities. We expect to take advantage of any opportunities to raise additional capital if terms and pricing are attractive to us. Any proceeds raised under these efforts or additional liquidity available to us could be used to fund (1) additional investments in private label credit and general purpose credit card finance receivables as well as the acquisition of credit card receivables portfolios and (2) further repurchases or redemptions of preferred and common stock. Pursuant to share repurchase plans authorized by our Board of Directors, we are authorized to repurchase up to 2,000,000 shares of our common stock and 500,000 shares of our Series B preferred stock through June 30, 2026.

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**CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS, COMMITMENTS AND OFF-BALANCE-SHEET ARRANGEMENTS**

**Commitments and Contingencies**

We do not currently have any off-balance-sheet arrangements; however, we do have certain contractual arrangements that would require us to make payments or provide funding if certain circumstances occur; we refer to these arrangements as contingent commitments. We do not currently expect that these contingent commitments will result in any material amounts being paid by us. See Note 11, "Commitments and Contingencies," to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein for further discussion of these matters.

**RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS**

See Note 3, "Significant Accounting Policies and Condensed Consolidated Financial Statement Components," to our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

**CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES** 

We have prepared our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities, and in some instances, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. We base our assumptions, estimates, and judgments on historical experience, current events, and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared. However, because future events are inherently uncertain and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material. For a description of the Company's critical accounting estimates, refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations–Critical Accounting Estimates" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 13, 2025. There have been no material changes to the information on critical accounting estimates described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On a quarterly basis, we review our significant accounting policies and the related assumptions, in particular, those mentioned below, with the audit committee of the Board of Directors.

**RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS**

Under a shareholders' agreement which we entered into with certain shareholders, including David G. Hanna, Frank J. Hanna, III and certain trusts that were Hanna affiliates (1) if one or more of the shareholders accepts a bona fide offer from a third party to purchase more than 50% of the outstanding common stock, each of the other shareholders that is a party to the agreement may elect to sell his shares to the purchaser on the same terms and conditions, and (2) if shareholders that are a party to the agreement owning more than 50% of the common stock propose to transfer all of their shares to a third party, then such transferring shareholders may require the other shareholders that are a party to the agreement to sell all of the shares owned by them to the proposed transferee on the same terms and conditions.

In June 2007, we entered into a sublease for 1,000 square feet (as later amended to 600 square feet) of excess office space at our Atlanta headquarters with HBR Capital, Ltd. ("HBR"), a company co-owned by David G. Hanna and his brother Frank J. Hanna, III. We entered into a new lease for our Atlanta headquarters that commenced in June 2022. In connection with this new prime lease, we entered into a new sublease with HBR. The sublease rate per square foot is the same as the rate that we pay under the prime lease. Under the sublease, HBR paid us $0.1 million for both 2024 and 2023. The aggregate amount of payments required under the sublease from January 1, 2025 to the expiration of the sublease in May 2026 is $141,000.

In January 2013, HBR began leasing the services of certain employees from us. HBR reimburses us for the full cost of the employees, based on the amount of time devoted to HBR. In the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we received $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively, of reimbursed costs from HBR associated with these leased employees.

On November 26, 2014, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Dove. The agreement provided for a senior secured term loan facility in an amount of up to $40.0 million at any time outstanding. On December 27, 2019, the Company issued 400,000 shares of its Series A preferred stock with an aggregate initial liquidation preference of $40.0 million, in exchange for full satisfaction of the $40.0 million that the Company owed Dove under the Loan and Security Agreement. Dove is a limited liability company owned by three trusts. David G. Hanna is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of one of the trusts, and David G. Hanna and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of this trust. Frank J. Hanna, III is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of the other two trusts, and Frank J. Hanna, III and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of these other two trusts. See Note 6, "Redeemable Preferred Stock," to our condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

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**CAUTIONARY NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION**

We make forward-looking statements in this Report and in other materials we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") or otherwise make public. In addition, our senior management might make forward-looking statements to analysts, investors, the media and others. Statements with respect to the macroeconomic environment; monetary policy by the Federal Reserve; expected revenue; income; receivables; income ratios; net interest margins; long-term shareholder returns; acquisitions of financial assets and other growth opportunities; divestitures and discontinuations of businesses; loss exposure and loss provisions; delinquency and charge-off rates; inflation; energy prices; the developing metaverse; the use of large language models; changes in the credit quality and fair value of our credit card receivables, interest and fees receivable and the fair value of their underlying structured financing facilities; the impact of actions by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"), Federal Reserve Board, Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") and other regulators on both us, banks that issue credit cards and other credit products on our behalf, and merchants that participate in our retail and healthcare private label credit operations; account growth; the performance of investments that we have made, including in technology; operating expenses; marketing plans and expenses; the performance of our Auto Finance segment; expansion by our Auto Finance segment within its current service area and into new markets; the impact of our credit card receivables on our financial performance; the sufficiency of available capital; future interest costs; sources of funding operations and acquisitions; growth and profitability of our private label credit operations; our ability to raise funds or renew financing facilities; share repurchases, share issuances or dividends; debt retirement; our servicing income levels; gains and losses from investments in securities; experimentation with new products; and other statements of our plans, beliefs or expectations are forward-looking statements. These and other statements using words such as "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "plan," "project," "target," "can," "could," "may," "should," "will," "would" and similar expressions also are forward-looking statements. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement. The forward-looking statements we make are not guarantees of future performance, and we have based these statements on our assumptions and analyses in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate in the circumstances. Forward-looking statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly affect expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such statements. Management cautions against putting undue reliance on forward-looking statements or projecting any future results based on such statements or present or historical earnings levels.

Although it is not possible to identify all factors, we continue to face many risks and uncertainties. Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially from our expectations are the risks and uncertainties described under "Risk Factors" set forth in Part I, Item 1A, and the risk factors and other cautionary statements in other documents we file with the SEC, including the following:

• general economic and business conditions, including conditions affecting interest rates, tariffs, consumer income, creditworthiness, consumer confidence, spending and savings levels, employment levels, our revenue, and our defaults and charge-offs;

• an increase or decrease in credit losses, or increased delinquencies, including increases due to a worsening of general economic conditions in the credit environment;

• our reliance on proprietary and third-party technology;

• security breaches involving our files and infrastructure could lead to unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or result in a temporary or permanent shutdown of our services;

• the availability of adequate financing to support growth;

• the extent to which federal, state, local and foreign governmental regulation of our various business lines and the products we service for others limits or prohibits the operation of our businesses;

• current and future litigation and regulatory proceedings against us;

• hallucinations in our models;

• competition from various sources providing similar financial products, or other alternative sources of credit, to consumers;

• the adequacy of our allowances for credit losses and estimates of loan losses used within our risk management and analyses;

• the possible impairment of assets;

• our ability to manage costs in line with the expansion or contraction of our various business lines;

• our relationship with (i) the merchants that participate in private label credit operations and (ii) the banks that issue credit cards and provide certain other credit products utilizing our technology platform and related services;

• our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by merchants' increasing focus on the fees charged by credit and debit card networks and by legislation and regulation impacting such fees;

• any decline in the use of cards as a payment mechanism or other adverse developments with respect to the credit card industry in general;

• increases or decreases in interest rates and uncertainty with respect to the interest rate environment;

• theft and employee errors;

• integration risk associated with our recent acquisition of Mercury.

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Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. Any of these factors, or a combination of these factors, could materially affect our future financial condition or results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of our forward-looking statements. There also are other factors that we may not describe (because we currently do not perceive them to be material) that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations.

We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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| **ITEM 3.** | **QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK** |

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As a "smaller reporting company," as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide this information.

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| **ITEM 4.** | **CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES** |

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***Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures***

Management, with the participation and supervision of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Act) as of September 30, 2025, the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q. The Company's disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information the Company is required to disclose in reports that it files or submits under the Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2025.

Due to the SEC staff's general guidance that an assessment of an acquired business may be omitted from the scope of management's assessment for one year following the acquisition, management excluded Mercury, which was acquired on September 11, 2025, from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025. Mercury represents approximately 44% of the Company's consolidated total assets as of September 30, 2025, excluding intangible assets, and approximately 10.1% and 4.0% of the Company's consolidated revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. See Note 2 "Acquisition of Mercury Financial LLC" to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the Mercury acquisition.

***Remediation of Material Weakness***

As of December 31, 2024, the Company's management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2024 because a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting existed related to management's failure to adequately design and implement internal controls to determine whether or not each of the inputs into the Company's valuation model for its Loans at fair value consistent with U.S. GAAP.

The material weakness described above did not result in a misstatement to the Company's annual or interim consolidated financial statements.

The Company's management is committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. In response to the material weakness identified above, management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, evaluated the material weakness described above and designed a remediation plan to enhance the Company's internal control environment. To remediate the material weakness, the Company's management implemented a new control designed to evaluate the appropriateness in accordance with U.S. GAAP of all inputs used in the Company's valuation model for its Loans at fair value. These enhanced procedures were implemented as of March 31, 2025, and have been monitored for effectiveness. Based on the successful monitoring of these enhanced procedures, the Company concluded that the material weakness identified above has been remediated as of the date of this report.

***Changes in internal control over financial reporting***

Other than changes related to the remediation of the material weakness described above, there have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

***Limitations on Controls***

The Company's management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, do not expect that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures or the Company's internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Due to inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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**PART II—OTHER INFORMATION**

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| **ITEM 1.** | **LEGAL PROCEEDINGS** |

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We are involved in various legal proceedings that are incidental to the conduct of our business. There are currently no pending legal proceedings that are expected to be material to us.

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| **ITEM 1A.** | **RISK FACTORS** |

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An investment in our common stock, preferred stock or other securities involves a number of risks. You should carefully consider each of the risks described below, among others, before deciding to invest in our securities. If any of the following risks develops into actual events, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively affected, the market prices of our securities could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

 **Our Cash Flows and Net Income Are Dependent Upon Payments from Our Investments in Receivables**

The collectability of our investments in receivables is a function of many factors including the criteria used to select who is issued credit, the pricing of the credit products, the lengths of the relationships, general economic conditions, the rate at which consumers repay their accounts or become delinquent, and the rate at which consumers borrow funds. Deterioration in these factors would adversely impact our business. In addition, to the extent we have over-estimated collectability, in all likelihood we have over-estimated our financial performance. Some of these concerns are discussed more fully below.

***Our portfolio of receivables has limited diversification and primarily originates from consumers whose creditworthiness is considered less than prime.*** Historically, we have invested in receivables in one of two ways—we have either (i) invested in receivables originated by lenders who utilize our services or (ii) invested in or purchased pools of receivables from other issuers. In either case, the majority of our receivables are from borrowers represented by credit risks that regulators classify as less than prime. Our reliance on these receivables may in the future negatively impact our performance.

***Economic slowdowns increase our credit losses.*** During periods of economic slowdown, recession or rapidly rising inflation rates, we generally experience an increase in rates of delinquencies and frequency and severity of credit losses. Our actual rates of delinquencies and frequency and severity of credit losses may be comparatively higher during periods of economic slowdown or recession or rapidly rising inflation rates.

***Because a significant portion of our reported income is based on management's estimates of the future performance of receivables, differences between actual and expected performance of the receivables may cause fluctuations in net income.*** Significant portions of our reported income (or losses) are based on management's estimates of cash flows we expect to receive on receivables, particularly for such assets that we report based on fair value. The expected cash flows are based on management's estimates of credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, discount rates and yields earned on credit card receivables. These estimates are based on a variety of factors, many of which are not within our control. Substantial differences between actual and expected performance of the receivables will occur and cause fluctuations in our net income. For instance, higher than expected rates of delinquencies and losses could cause our net income to be lower than expected. Similarly, levels of loss and delinquency can result in our being required to repay lenders earlier than expected, thereby reducing funds available to us for future growth.

 **We Are Substantially Dependent Upon Borrowed Funds to Fund Receivables We Purchase**

We finance receivables that we acquire in large part through financing facilities. All of our financing facilities are of finite duration (and ultimately will need to be extended or replaced) and contain financial covenants and other conditions that must be fulfilled in order for funding to be available. The cost and availability of equity and borrowed funds is dependent upon our financial performance, the performance of our industry overall and general economic and market conditions, and at times equity and borrowed funds have been both expensive and difficult to obtain.

If additional financing facilities are not available in the future on terms we consider acceptable, we will not be able to purchase additional receivables and those receivables may contract in size.

***Capital markets may experience periods of disruption and instability, potentially limiting our ability to grow our receivables.*** From time-to-time, capital markets may experience periods of disruption and instability. For example, from 2008 to 2009, the global capital markets were unstable as evidenced by the lack of liquidity in the debt capital markets, significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the re-pricing of credit risk in the broadly syndicated credit market and the failure of major financial institutions. These events contributed to worsening general economic conditions that materially and adversely impacted the broader financial and credit markets and reduced the availability of debt and equity capital for the market as a whole and financial services firms in particular. If similar adverse and volatile market conditions repeat in the future, we and other companies in the financial services sector may have to access, if available, alternative markets for debt and equity capital in order to grow our receivables.

Moreover, the re-appearance of market conditions similar to those experienced from 2008 through 2009 for any substantial length of time or worsened market conditions could make it difficult for us to borrow money or to extend the maturity of or refinance any indebtedness we may have under similar terms and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business. Unfavorable economic and political conditions, including future recessions, political instability, geopolitical turmoil and foreign hostilities, energy disruptions, inflation, disease, pandemics and other serious health events, also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us.

We may in the future have difficulty accessing debt and equity capital on attractive terms, or at all, and a severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets or deteriorations in credit and financing conditions may cause us to reduce the volume of receivables we purchase or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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**Our Financial Performance Is, in Part, a Function of the Aggregate Amount of Receivables That Are Outstanding**

The aggregate amount of outstanding receivables is a function of many factors including purchase rates, payment rates, interest rates, seasonality, general economic conditions, competition from credit card issuers and other sources of consumer financing, access to funding, and the timing and extent of our receivable purchases

***The recent growth of our investments in private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables may not be indicative of our ability to grow such receivables in the future.*** Our period-end managed receivables balance for private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables grew to $6,600.1 million at September 30, 2025, from $2,653.8 million at September 30, 2024. The amount of such receivables has fluctuated significantly over the course of our operating history. Furthermore, even if such receivables continue to increase, the rate of such growth could decline. If we cannot manage the growth in receivables effectively, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

***Reliance upon relationships with a few large retailers in the private label credit operations may adversely affect our revenues and operating results from these operations.*** Our five largest retail partners accounted for over 85% of our outstanding private label credit receivables as of September 30, 2025. Although we are adding new retail partners on a regular basis, it is likely that we will continue to derive a significant portion of this operations' receivables base and corresponding revenue from a relatively small number of partners in the future. If a significant partner reduces or terminates its relationship with us, these operations' revenue could decline significantly and our operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

**We Operate in a Heavily Regulated Industry**

Changes in bankruptcy, privacy or other consumer protection laws, or to the prevailing interpretation thereof, may expose us to litigation, adversely affect our ability to collect receivables, or otherwise adversely affect our operations. Similarly, regulatory changes could adversely affect the ability or willingness of lenders who utilize our technology platform and related services to market credit products and services to consumers. Also, the accounting rules that apply to our business are exceedingly complex, difficult to apply and in a state of flux. As a result, how we value our receivables and otherwise account for our business is subject to change depending upon the changes in, and interpretation of, those rules. Some of these issues are discussed more fully below.

***Reviews and enforcement actions by regulatory authorities under banking and consumer protection laws and regulations may result in changes to our business practices, may make collection of receivables more difficult or may expose us to the risk of fines, restitution and litigation.*** Our operations and the operations of the issuing banks through which the credit products we service are originated are subject to the jurisdiction of federal, state and local government authorities, including the SEC, the FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the FTC, state regulators having jurisdiction over financial institutions and debt origination and collection and state attorneys general. Our business practices and the practices of issuing banks, including the terms of products, servicing and collection practices, are subject to both periodic and special reviews by these regulatory and enforcement authorities. These reviews can range from investigations of specific consumer complaints or concerns to broader inquiries. If as part of these reviews the regulatory authorities conclude that we or issuing banks are not complying with applicable law, they could request or impose a wide range of remedies including requiring changes in advertising and collection practices, changes in the terms of products (such as decreases in interest rates or fees), the imposition of fines or penalties, or the paying of restitution or the taking of other remedial action with respect to affected consumers. They also could require us or issuing banks to stop offering some credit products or obtain licenses to do so, either nationally or in select states. To the extent that these remedies are imposed on the issuing banks that originate credit products using our platform, under certain circumstances we are responsible for the remedies as a result of our indemnification obligations with those banks. We or our issuing banks also may elect to change practices that we believe are compliant with law in order to respond to regulatory concerns. Furthermore, negative publicity relating to any specific inquiry or investigation could hurt our ability to conduct business with various industry participants or to generate new receivables and could negatively affect our stock price, which would adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and would raise our costs of doing business.

If any deficiencies or violations of law or regulations are identified by us or asserted by any regulator or require us or issuing banks to change any practices, the correction of such deficiencies or violations, or the making of such changes, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or business. In addition, whether or not these practices are modified when a regulatory or enforcement authority requests or requires, there is a risk that we or other industry participants may be named as defendants in litigation involving alleged violations of federal and state laws and regulations, including consumer protection laws. Any failure to comply with legal requirements by us or the banks that originate credit products utilizing our platform in connection with the issuance of those products, or by us or our agents as the servicer of our accounts, could significantly impair our ability to collect the full amount of the account balances. The institution of any litigation of this nature, or any judgment against us or any other industry participant in any litigation of this nature, could adversely affect our business and financial condition in a variety of ways.

***The regulatory landscape in which we operate is continually changing due to new rules, regulations and interpretations, as well as various legal actions that have been brought against others that have sought to re-characterize certain loans made by federally insured banks as loans made by third parties. If litigation on similar theories were brought against us when we work with a federally insured bank that makes loans and were such an action successful, we could be subject to state usury limits and/or state licensing requirements, loans in such states could be deemed void and unenforceable, and we could be subject to substantial penalties in connection with such loans.***

The case law involving whether an originating lender, on the one hand, or a third party, on the other hand, is the "true lender" of a loan is still developing and courts have come to different conclusions and applied different analyses. The determination of whether a third-party service provider is the "true lender" is significant because third parties risk having the loans they service becoming subject to a consumer's state usury limits. A number of federal courts that have opined on the "true lender" issue have looked to who is the lender identified on the borrower's loan documents. A number of state courts and at least one federal district court have considered a number of other factors when analyzing whether the originating lender or a third party is the "true lender," including looking at the economics of the transaction to determine, among other things, who has the predominant economic interest in the loan being made. If we were re-characterized as a "true lender" with respect to the receivables originated by the banks that utilize our technology platform and other services, such receivables could be deemed to be void and unenforceable in some states, the right to collect finance charges could be affected, and we could be subject to fines and penalties from state and federal regulatory agencies as well as claims by borrowers, including class actions by private plaintiffs. Even if we were not required to change our business practices to comply with applicable state laws and regulations or cease doing business in some states, we could be required to register or obtain lending licenses or other regulatory approvals that could impose a substantial cost on us. If the banks that originate loans utilizing our technology platform were subject to such a lawsuit, they may elect to terminate their relationships with us voluntarily or at the direction of their regulators, and if they lost the lawsuit, they could be forced to modify or terminate such relationships.

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***We support banks that market general purpose credit cards and certain other credit products directly to consumers.*** We acquire interests in and service the receivables originated by these banks. The banks could determine not to continue the relationship for various business reasons, or their regulators could limit their ability to issue credit cards utilizing our technology platform or to originate some or all of the other products that we service or require the banks to modify those products significantly and could do either with little or no notice. Any significant interruption or change of our bank relationships would result in our being unable to acquire new receivables or develop certain other credit products. Unless we were able to timely replace our bank relationships, such an interruption would prevent us from acquiring newly-originated credit card receivables and growing our investments in private label credit and general purpose credit card receivables. In turn, it would materially adversely impact our business.

***The FDIC has issued guidance affecting the banks that utilize our technology platform to market general purpose credit cards and certain other credit products and these or subsequent new rules and regulations could have a significant impact on such credit products.*** The banks that utilize our technology platform and other services to market general purpose credit cards and certain other credit products are supervised and examined by both the state that charters them and the FDIC. If the FDIC or a state supervisory body considers any aspect of the products originated utilizing our technology platform to be inconsistent with its guidance, the banks may be required to alter or terminate some or all of these products.

***Changes to consumer protection laws or changes in their interpretation may impede collection efforts or otherwise adversely impact our business practices.*** Federal and state consumer protection laws regulate the creation and enforcement of consumer credit card receivables and other loans. Many of these laws (and the related regulations) are focused on non-prime lenders and are intended to prohibit or curtail industry-standard practices as well as non-standard practices. For instance, Congress enacted legislation that regulates loans to military personnel through imposing interest rate and other limitations and requiring new disclosures, all as regulated by the Department of Defense. Similarly, in 2009 Congress enacted legislation that required changes to a variety of marketing, billing and collection practices, and the Federal Reserve adopted significant changes to a number of practices through its issuance of regulations. While our practices are in compliance with these changes, some of the changes (e.g., limitations on the ability to assess up-front fees) have significantly affected the viability of certain credit products within the U.S. Changes in the consumer protection laws could result in the following:

• receivables not originated in compliance with law (or revised interpretations) could become unenforceable and uncollectible under their terms against the obligors;

• we may be required to credit or refund previously collected amounts;

• certain fees and finance charges could be limited, prohibited or restricted, reducing the profitability of certain investments in receivables;

• certain collection methods could be prohibited, forcing us to revise our practices or adopt more costly or less effective practices;

• limitations on our ability to recover on charged-off receivables regardless of any act or omission on our part;

• some credit products and services could be banned in certain states or at the federal level;

• federal or state bankruptcy or debtor relief laws could offer additional protections to consumers seeking bankruptcy protection, providing a court greater leeway to reduce or discharge amounts owed to us; and

• a reduction in our ability or willingness to invest in receivables arising under loans to certain consumers, such as military personnel.

Material regulatory developments may adversely impact our business and results from operations.

**Our Automobile Lending Activities Involve Risks in Addition to Others Described Herein**

Automobile lending exposes us not only to most of the risks described above but also to additional risks, including the regulatory scheme that governs installment loans and those attendant to relying upon automobiles and their repossession and liquidation value as collateral. In addition, our Auto Finance segment operation acquires loans on a wholesale basis from used car dealers, for which we rely upon the legal compliance and credit determinations by those dealers.

***Funding for automobile lending may become difficult to obtain and expensive.*** In the event we are unable to renew or replace any Auto Finance segment credit facilities that bear refunding or refinancing risks when they become due, our Auto Finance segment could experience significant constraints and diminution in reported asset values as lenders retain significant cash flows within underlying structured financings or otherwise under security arrangements for repayment of their loans. If we cannot renew or replace future facilities or otherwise are unduly constrained from a liquidity perspective, we may choose to sell part or all of our auto loan portfolios, possibly at less than favorable prices.

***Our automobile lending business is dependent upon referrals from dealers.*** Currently we provide substantially all of our automobile loans only to or through used car dealers. Providers of automobile financing have traditionally competed based on the interest rate charged, the quality of credit accepted and the flexibility of loan terms offered. In order to be successful, we not only need to be competitive in these areas, but also need to establish and maintain good relations with dealers and provide them with a level of service greater than what they can obtain from our competitors.

***The financial performance of our automobile loan portfolio is in part dependent upon the liquidation of repossessed automobiles.*** In the event of certain defaults, we may repossess automobiles and sell repossessed automobiles at wholesale auction markets located throughout the U.S. Auction proceeds from these types of sales and other recoveries generally are not sufficient to cover the outstanding balances of the contracts; where we experience these shortfalls, we will experience credit losses.

***Repossession of automobiles entails the risk of litigation and other claims.*** Although we have contracted with reputable repossession firms to repossess automobiles on defaulted loans, it is not uncommon for consumers to assert that we were not entitled to repossess an automobile or that the repossession was not conducted in accordance with applicable law. These claims increase the cost of our collection efforts and, if successful, can result in awards against us.

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**We Routinely Explore Various Opportunities to Grow Our Business, to Make Investments and to Purchase and Sell Assets**

We routinely consider acquisitions of, or investments in, portfolios and other assets as well as the sale of portfolios and portions of our business. There are a number of risks attendant to any acquisition, including the possibility that we will overvalue the assets to be purchased and that we will not be able to produce the expected level of profitability from the acquired business or assets. Similarly, there are a number of risks attendant to sales, including the possibility that we will undervalue the assets to be sold. As a result, the impact of any acquisition or sale on our future performance may not be as favorable as expected and actually may be adverse.

Portfolio purchases may cause fluctuations in our reported CaaS segment's managed receivables data, possibly reducing the usefulness of this data in evaluating our business. Our reported CaaS segment managed receivables data may fluctuate substantially from quarter to quarter as a result of recent and future credit card portfolio acquisitions.

Receivables included in purchased portfolios are likely to have been originated using credit criteria different from the criteria of issuing bank partners that have originated accounts utilizing our technology platform. Receivables included in any particular purchased portfolio may have significantly different delinquency rates and charge-off rates than the receivables previously originated and purchased by us. These receivables also may earn different interest rates and fees as compared to other similar receivables in our receivables portfolio. These variables could cause our reported managed receivables data to fluctuate substantially in future periods making the evaluation of our business more difficult.

Any acquisition or investment that we make will involve risks different from and in addition to the risks to which our business is currently exposed. These include the risks that we will not be able to integrate and operate successfully new businesses, that we will have to incur substantial indebtedness and increase our leverage in order to pay for the acquisitions, that we will be exposed to, and have to comply with, different regulatory regimes and that we will not be able to apply our traditional analytical framework (which is what we expect to be able to do) in a successful and value-enhancing manner.

***Failure to realize the expected benefits of our acquisition of Mercury Financial LLC could adversely affect our business and the value of our securities.***

Although we expect significant benefits to result from the acquisition of Mercury, we may not actually realize any of them or realize them within the anticipated timeframe. Achieving these benefits will depend, in part, on our ability to integrate Mercury's business successfully and efficiently. The challenges involved in this integration, which will be complex and time consuming, include the following:

• preserving customer and other important relationships of Mercury and attracting new business and operational relationships;

• integrating financial forecasting and controls, procedures and reporting cycles;

• consolidating and integrating corporate, information technology, finance, compliance and administrative infrastructures;

• coordinating marketing efforts to effectively position our capabilities;

• coordinating and integrating operations; and

• integrating employees and related human resource systems and benefits, maintaining employee morale and retaining key employees.

If we do not successfully manage these risks and the other challenges inherent in integrating an acquired business, then we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of Mercury on our anticipated timeframe or at all and our revenue, expenses, operating results, financial condition and the prices of our securities could be materially adversely affected. The successful integration of the Mercury business will require significant management attention and may divert it from our business and operational issues.

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 **Risks Related to Our Financial Reporting and Accounting**

***We recently remediated a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we experience additional material weaknesses in the future, our business may be harmed.*** Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for evaluating and reporting on the effectiveness of our system of internal control. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). As a public company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules that govern public companies. In particular, we are required to certify our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires us to furnish annually a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024 due to a material weakness described under Part II, Item 9A "Controls and Procedures" on our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Based on the successful monitoring of these remediation efforts, the Company concluded that the material weakness identified above has been remediated as of the date of this report.

Remediation efforts place a significant burden on management and add increased pressure on our financial resources and processes. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, our business may be harmed. Such harm may include: (i) failure to accurately report our financial results, to prevent fraud or to meet our SEC reporting obligations in a timely basis or at all; (ii) material misstatements in our condensed consolidated financial statements and harm to our operating results and investor confidence; and (iii) a material adverse effect on the trading prices of our securities. In addition, the foregoing could subject us to sanctions or investigations by the NASDAQ, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, and result in the breach of covenants in our debt agreements, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our operations, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and our securities' trading prices.

Further, there are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any control system, including the potential for human error and the possible circumvention or overriding of controls and procedures. Additionally, judgments in decision-making can be faulty and breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. An effective control system can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control objectives of the system are adequately met. Finally, projections of any evaluation or assessment of effectiveness of a control system to future periods are subject to the risks that, over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in an entity's operating environment or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

 **Other Risks of Our Business**

***We operate in a highly competitive industry, and our inability to compete successfully would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.***

We operate in a highly competitive and dynamic industry. We face competition from a variety of players, including those who enable transactions and commerce via digital payments and consumer loans. Our primary competition consists of facilitators and providers of legacy payment and consumer loan methods, such as credit and debit cards, including those provided by card issuing banks; technology solutions, including those provided by financial technology or payment companies; mobile wallets, such as Apple and PayPal; and pay-over-time solutions providers, including Block and Klarna. Consumer lending is a broad and competitive market, and we compete to varying degrees with various platform providers or sources of consumer credit. This can include banks, non-bank lenders, including retail-based lenders, and other financial technology companies.

Some of our competitors, particularly credit issuing banks, are substantially larger than we are and have longer operating histories than we do, which gives those competitors advantages we do not have, such as more diversified products, a broader consumer and merchant base, greater brand recognition and brand loyalty, the ability to reach more consumers, the ability to cross sell their products, operational efficiencies, the ability to cross-subsidize their offerings through their other business lines, more versatile technology platforms, broad-based local distribution capabilities, and lower-cost funding. In addition, because many of our competitors are large financial institutions that fund themselves through low-cost insured deposits and continue to own the loans that they originate, they have certain revenue and funding opportunities not available to us. Furthermore, our current or potential competitors may be better at developing new products due to their large and experienced data science and engineering teams, who are able to respond more quickly to new technologies.

Additionally, merchants are increasingly offering other credit and payment options to customers. We expect competition to intensify in the future, both as emerging technologies continue to enter the marketplace and as large financial incumbents increasingly seek to innovate the services that they offer to compete with us. Technological advances and the continued growth of e-commerce activities have increased consumers' accessibility to products and services and led to the expansion of competition in digital payment and consumer loan options such as pay-over-time solutions.

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We face competition in areas such as compliance capabilities, commercial financing terms and costs of capital, interest rates and fees (and other financing terms) available to consumers from our bank partners, approval rates, model efficiency, speed and simplicity of loan origination, ease-of-use, marketing expertise, service levels, products and services, technological capabilities and integration, borrower experience, brand and reputation. Furthermore, our existing and potential competitors may decide to modify their pricing and business models to compete more directly with us. Our ability to compete will also be affected by our ability to provide our bank partners with a commensurate or more extensive suite of products than those offered by our competitors. In addition, current or potential competitors, including financial technology lending platforms and existing or potential bank partners, may also acquire or form strategic alliances with one another, which could result in our competitors being able to offer more competitive loan terms due to their access to lower-cost capital. Such acquisitions or strategic alliances among our competitors or potential competitors could also make our competitors more adaptable to a rapidly evolving regulatory environment. To stay competitive, we may need to increase our regulatory compliance expenditures or our ability to compete may be adversely affected.

Our industry is driven by constant innovation. We utilize machine learning, which is characterized by extensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. If we fail to anticipate or respond adequately to technological developments, our ability to operate profitably could suffer.

Research, data accumulation and development by other companies may result in AI models that are superior to our AI models or result in products superior to those we develop. Further, technologies, products or services we develop may not be preferred to any existing or newly-developed technologies, products or services. If we are unable to compete with such companies or fail to meet the need for innovation in our industry, the use of our platform could stagnate or substantially decline, or our products could fail to maintain or achieve more widespread market acceptance, which would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

***Our existing and future levels of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health, our ability to obtain financing in the future, our ability to react to changes in our business and our ability to fulfill our obligations under the existing indebtedness.*** As of September 30, 2025, we had $882.4 million of recourse indebtedness outstanding and $5,194.7 million of indebtedness outstanding under warehouse facilities and asset backed securities, all of which is non-recourse indebtedness.

Our level of indebtedness could:

• make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, resulting in possible defaults on and acceleration of such indebtedness;

• require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of such cash flows to fund working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;

• limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures, debt service requirements and other general corporate purposes;

• limit our ability to refinance indebtedness or cause the associated costs of such refinancing to increase;

• restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or otherwise transfer assets to us, which could limit our ability to, among other things, make required payments on our debt;

• increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; and

• place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to other companies with proportionately less debt or comparable debt at more favorable interest rates who, as a result, may be better positioned to withstand economic downturns.

Any of the foregoing impacts of our level of indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Our business and operations may be negatively affected by rising prices and interest rates.*** Our financial performance and consumers' ability to repay indebtedness may be affected by uncertain economic conditions, including inflation, government shutdowns and changing interest rates. In recent months, there have been significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs. Although trade negotiations are ongoing, sustained higher tariffs might accelerate inflation. Higher inflation increases the costs of goods and services, reduces consumer spending power and may negatively affect our ability to purchase receivables. In 2022, inflation reached a four-decade high and continues to adversely impact the economy.

The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates to combat inflation. Increased interest rates adversely impact the spending levels of consumers and their ability and willingness to borrow money. Higher interest rates often lead to higher payment obligations, which may reduce the ability of consumers to remain current on their obligations and, therefore, lead to increased delinquencies, defaults, customer bankruptcies and charge-offs, and decreased recoveries, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business.

***We are a holding company with no operations of our own.*** As a result, our cash flow and ability to service our debt is dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries. The distribution of subsidiary earnings, or advances or other distributions of funds by subsidiaries to us, all of which are subject to statutory and could be subject to contractual restrictions, are contingent upon the subsidiaries' cash flows and earnings and are subject to various business and debt covenant considerations.

***We are party to litigation.*** We are party to certain legal proceedings which include litigation customary for a business of our nature. In each case we believe that we have meritorious defenses or that the positions we are asserting otherwise are correct. However, adverse outcomes are possible in these matters, and we could decide to settle one or more of our litigation matters in order to avoid the ongoing cost of litigation or to obtain certainty of outcome. Adverse outcomes or settlements of these matters could require us to pay damages, make restitution, change our business practices or take other actions at a level, or in a manner, that would adversely impact our business.

***The failure of financial institutions or transactional counterparties could adversely affect our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations.*** During 2023, multiple financial institutions were closed and placed in receivership. Although we did not have any funds deposited with the affected banks, we regularly maintain cash balances with other financial institutions in excess of the FDIC insurance limit. A failure of a depository institution to return deposits could impact access to our invested cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity and financial performance.

***Because we outsource account-processing functions that are integral to our business, any disruption or termination of these outsourcing relationships could harm our business.*** We generally outsource account and payment processing. If these outsourcing relationships were not renewed or were terminated or the services provided to us were otherwise disrupted, we would have to obtain these services from alternate providers. There is a risk that we would not be able to enter into similar outsourcing arrangements with alternate providers on terms that we consider favorable or in a timely manner without disruption of our business.

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***Failure to keep up with the rapid technological changes in financial services and e-commerce could harm our business.*** The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial and lending institutions to better serve customers and reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of consumers by using technology to support products and services that will satisfy consumer demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services as quickly as some of our competitors. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could harm our ability to compete with our competitors. Any such failure to adapt to changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

***If we are unable to protect our information systems against service interruption, our operations could be disrupted and our reputation may be damaged.*** We rely heavily on networks and information systems and other technology, that are largely hosted by third parties to support our business processes and activities, including processes integral to the origination and collection of loans and other financial products, and information systems to process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory, financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Because information systems are critical to many of our operating activities, our business may be impacted by hosted system shutdowns, service disruptions or security breaches. These incidents may be caused by failures during routine operations such as system upgrades or user errors, as well as network or hardware failures, malicious or disruptive software, computer hackers, rogue employees or contractors, cyber-attacks by criminal groups, geopolitical events, natural disasters, pandemics, failures or impairments of telecommunications networks, or other catastrophic events. If our information systems suffer severe damage, disruption or shutdown and our business continuity plans do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, we could experience delays in reporting our financial results, and we may lose revenue and profits as a result of our inability to collect payments in a timely manner. We also could be required to spend significant financial and other resources to repair or replace networks and information systems.

***Unauthorized or unintentional disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer data could expose us to protracted and costly litigation, and civil and criminal penalties.*** To conduct our business, we are required to manage, use, and store large amounts of personally identifiable information, consisting primarily of confidential personal and financial data regarding consumers across all operations areas. We also depend on our IT networks and systems, and those of third parties, to process, store, and transmit this information. As a result, we are subject to numerous U.S. federal and state laws designed to protect this information. Security breaches involving our files and infrastructure could lead to unauthorized disclosure of confidential information.

We take a number of measures to ensure the security of our hardware and software systems and customer information. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in the technology used by us to protect data being breached or compromised. In the past, banks and other financial service providers have been the subject of sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on their information technology. An increasing number of websites have reported breaches of their security.

If any person, including our employees or those of third-party vendors, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to costly litigation, monetary damages, fines, and/or criminal prosecution. Any unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable information could subject us to liability under data privacy laws. Further, under credit card rules and our contracts with our card processors, if there is a breach of credit card information that we store, we could be liable to the credit card issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses. In addition, if we fail to follow credit card industry security standards, even if there is no compromise of customer information, we could incur significant fines. Security breaches also could harm our reputation, which could potentially cause decreased revenues, the loss of existing merchant credit partners, or difficulty in adding new merchant credit partners.

***Internet and data security breaches also could impede our bank partners from originating loans over the Internet, cause us to lose consumers or otherwise damage our reputation or business.*** Consumers generally are concerned with security and privacy, particularly on the Internet. As part of our growth strategy, we have enabled lenders to originate loans over the Internet. The secure transmission of confidential information over the Internet is essential to maintaining customer confidence in such products and services offered online.

Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology used by us to protect our client or consumer application and transaction data transmitted over the Internet. In addition to the potential for litigation and civil penalties described above, security breaches could damage our reputation and cause consumers to become unwilling to do business with our clients or us, particularly over the Internet. Any publicized security problems could inhibit the growth of the Internet as a means of conducting commercial transactions. Our ability to service our clients' needs over the Internet would be severely impeded if consumers become unwilling to transmit confidential information online.

Also, a party that is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate proprietary information, cause interruption in our operations, damage our computers or those of our users, or otherwise damage our reputation and business.

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***Regulation in the areas of privacy and data security could increase our costs.*** We are subject to various regulations related to privacy and data security/breach, and we could be negatively impacted by these regulations. For example, we are subject to the Safeguards guidelines under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. The Safeguards guidelines require that each financial institution develop, implement and maintain a written, comprehensive information security program containing safeguards that are appropriate to the financial institution's size and complexity, the nature and scope of the financial institution's activities and the sensitivity of any customer information at issue. Broad-ranging data security laws that affect our business also have been adopted by several states.

The California Consumer Privacy Act (the "CCPA") became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA requires, among other things, covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers and afford such consumers with expanded protections and control over the collection, maintenance, use and sharing of personal information. The CCPA continues to be subject to new regulations and legislative amendments. Although we have implemented a compliance program designed to address obligations under the CCPA, it remains unclear what future modifications will be made or how the CCPA will be interpreted in the future. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations and a private right of action for data breaches.

In addition, in November 2020, California voters approved the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (the "CPRA") ballot initiative, which became effective on January 1, 2023. The CPRA established the California Privacy Protection Agency to implement and enforce the CCPA and CPRA. We anticipate that the CPRA and certain regulations promulgated by the California Privacy Protection Agency will apply to our business and we will work to ensure compliance with such laws and regulations by their effective dates.

Compliance with these laws regarding the protection of consumer and employee data could result in higher compliance and technology costs for us, as well as potentially significant fines and penalties for noncompliance. Further, there are various other statutes and regulations relevant to the direct email marketing, debt collection and text-messaging industries including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. The interpretation of many of these statutes and regulations is evolving in the courts and administrative agencies and an inability to comply with them may have an adverse impact on our business.

In addition to the foregoing enhanced data security requirements, various federal banking regulatory agencies, and all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, have enacted data security regulations and laws requiring varying levels of consumer notification in the event of a security breach. Also, federal legislators and regulators are increasingly pursuing new guidelines, laws and regulations that, if adopted, could further restrict how we collect, use, share and secure consumer information, possibly impacting some of our current or planned business initiatives.

***Unplanned system interruptions or system failures could harm our business and reputation.*** Any interruption in the availability of our transactional processing services due to hardware, operating system failures, or system conversion will reduce our revenues and profits. Any unscheduled interruption in our services results in an immediate, and possibly substantial, reduction in our ability to serve our customers, thereby resulting in a loss of revenues. Frequent or persistent interruptions in our services could cause current or potential consumers to believe that our systems are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our websites or services, and could permanently harm our reputation.

Although our systems have been designed around industry-standard architectures to reduce downtime in the event of outages or catastrophic occurrences, they remain vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, and similar events or disruptions. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Our systems also are subject to break-ins, sabotage, and intentional acts of vandalism. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster, pandemic, a decision by any of our third-party hosting providers to close a facility we use without adequate notice for financial or other reasons or other unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities could cause system interruptions, delays, and loss of critical data, and result in lengthy interruptions in our services. Our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures.

***Climate change and related regulatory responses may impact our business.*** Climate change as a result of emissions of greenhouse gases is a significant topic of discussion and has generated and may continue to generate federal and other regulatory responses. We are uncertain of the ultimate impact, either directionally or quantitatively, of climate change and related regulatory responses on our business. The most direct impact is likely to be an increase in energy costs, adversely impacting consumers and their ability to incur and repay indebtedness.

***We elected the fair value option for newly originated assets, effective as of January 1, 2020, and for all remaining assets associated with our private label credit and general purpose credit card platform as of January 1, 2022. We use estimates in determining the fair value of our loans. If our estimates prove incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of these assets, adversely affecting our results of operations.*** Our ability to measure and report our financial position and results of operations is influenced by the need to estimate the impact or outcome of future events on the basis of information available at the time of the issuance of the financial statements. Further, most of these estimates are determined using Level 3 inputs for which changes could significantly impact our fair value measurements. A variety of factors including, but not limited to, estimated yields on consumer receivables, customer default rates, the timing of expected payments, estimated costs to service the portfolio, interest rates, and valuations of comparable portfolios may ultimately affect the fair values of our loans and finance receivables. If actual results differ from our judgments and assumptions, then it may have an adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows. Management has processes in place to monitor these judgments and assumptions, but these processes may not ensure that our judgments and assumptions are accurate.

***Our allowance for credit losses are determined based upon both objective and subjective factors and may not be adequate to absorb credit losses.*** We face the risk that customers will fail to repay their loans in full. Through our analysis of loan performance, delinquency data, charge-off data, economic trends and the potential effects of those economic trends on consumers, we establish allowance for credit losses as an estimate of the expected credit losses inherent within those loans, interest and fees receivable that we do not report at fair value. We determine the necessary allowance for credit losses by analyzing some or all of the following attributes unique to each type of receivable pool: historical loss rates; current delinquency and roll-rate trends; the effects of changes in the economy on consumers; changes in underwriting criteria; and estimated recoveries. These inputs are considered in conjunction with (and potentially reduced by) any unearned fees and discounts that may be applicable for an outstanding loan receivable. Actual losses are difficult to forecast, especially if such losses are due to factors beyond our historical experience or control. As a result, our allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to absorb all credit losses or prevent a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Losses are the largest cost as a percentage of revenues across all of our products. Fraud and customers not being able to repay their loans are both significant drivers of loss rates. If we experienced rising credit or fraud losses this would significantly reduce our earnings and profit margins and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

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**Risks Relating to an Investment in Our Securities**

***The prices of our securities may fluctuate significantly, and this may make it difficult for you to resell our securities when you want or at prices you find attractive.*** The prices of our securities on the NASDAQ Global Select Market constantly change. We expect that the market prices of our securities will continue to fluctuate. The market prices of our securities may fluctuate in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include the following:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results;

• changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates and projections by Atlanticus, securities analysts and investors;

• the overall financing environment, which is critical to our value;

• changes in interest rates;

• inflation and supply chain disruptions;

• the operating and stock performance of our competitors;

• announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services or significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

• the announcement of enforcement actions or investigations against us or our competitors or other negative publicity relating to us or our industry;

• changes in generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP"), laws, regulations or the interpretations thereof that affect our various business activities and segments;

• general domestic or international economic, market and political conditions;

• changes in ownership by executive officers, directors and parties related to them who control a majority of our common stock;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• the annual yield from distributions on the Series B preferred stock or interest on the 2026 Senior Notes and the 2029 Senior Notes as compared to yields on other financial instruments; and

• global pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic).

In addition, the stock markets from time to time experience extreme price and volume fluctuations that may be unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies. These broad fluctuations may adversely affect the trading prices of our securities, regardless of our actual operating performance.

***Future sales of our common stock or equity-related securities in the public market could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock and our ability to raise funds in new stock offerings.*** Sales of significant amounts of our common stock or equity-related securities in the public market or the perception that such sales will occur, could adversely affect prevailing trading prices of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future offerings of equity or equity-related securities. Future sales of shares of common stock or the availability of shares of common stock for future sale, including sales of our common stock in short sale transactions, may have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

***The shares of Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock are senior obligations, rank prior to our common stock with respect to dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation and have other terms, such as a redemption right, that could negatively impact the value of shares of our common stock.*** In December 2019, we issued 400,000 shares of Series A preferred stock. The rights of the holders of our Series A preferred stock with respect to dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation rank senior to similar obligations to our holders of common stock. Holders of the Series A preferred stock are entitled to receive dividends on each share of such stock equal to 6% per annum on the liquidation preference of $100. The dividends on the Series A preferred stock are cumulative and non-compounding and must be paid before we pay any dividends on the common stock.

Further, the holders of the Series A preferred stock have the right to require us to purchase outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock for an amount equal to $100 per share plus any accrued but unpaid dividends. This redemption right could expose us to a liquidity risk if we do not have sufficient cash resources at hand or are not able to find financing on sufficiently attractive terms to comply with our obligations to repurchase the Series A preferred stock upon exercise of such redemption right.

In June and July 2021, we issued 3,188,533 shares of Series B preferred stock, for net proceeds of approximately $76.5 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, but before deducting expenses and the structuring fee. Additionally, the Company has in the past, and may in the future, issue additional shares of Series B preferred stock pursuant to our "at-the-market" offering program. The rights of the holders of our Series B preferred stock with respect to dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation rank junior to similar obligations to our holders of Series A preferred stock and senior to similar obligations to our holders of common stock. Holders of the Series B preferred stock are entitled to receive dividends on each share of such stock equal to 7.625% per annum on the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The dividends on the Series B preferred stock are cumulative and non-compounding and must be paid before we pay any dividends on the common stock.

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or the winding up of our affairs, the holders of our Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock have the right to receive a liquidation preference entitling them to be paid out of our assets generally available for distribution to our equity holders and before any payment may be made to holders of our common stock.

Our obligations to the holders of Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock also could limit our ability to obtain additional financing or increase our borrowing costs, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and the value of our common stock.

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***Our outstanding Series A preferred stock has anti-dilution protection that, if triggered, could cause substantial dilution to our then-existing holders of common stock, which could adversely affect our stock price.*** The document governing the terms of our outstanding Series A preferred stock contains anti-dilution provisions to benefit the holders of such stock. As a result, if we, in the future, issue common stock or other derivative securities, subject to specified exceptions, for a per share price less than the then existing conversion price of the Series A preferred stock, an adjustment to the then current conversion price would occur. This reduction in the conversion price could result in substantial dilution to our then-existing holders of common stock, adversely affecting the price of our common stock.

***In the past, we have not paid cash dividends on our common stock on a regular basis, and an increase in the market price of our common stock, if any, may be the sole source of gain on an investment in our common stock.*** With the exception of dividends payable on our Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock, we currently plan to retain any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business and may not pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The declaration and payment of all future dividends on our common stock, if any, will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors, which retains the right to change our dividend policy at any time. Any decision by our board of directors to declare and pay dividends in the future will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, restrictions on dividends imposed by the documents governing the terms of the Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Consequently, appreciation in the market price of our common stock, if any, may be the sole source of gain on an investment in our common stock for the foreseeable future. Holders of the Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock are entitled to receive dividends on such stock that are cumulative and non-compounding and must be paid before we pay any dividends on the common stock.

***We have the ability to issue additional preferred stock, warrants, convertible debt and other securities without shareholder approval.*** Our common stock may be subordinate to additional classes of preferred stock issued in the future in the payment of dividends and other distributions made with respect to common stock, including distributions upon liquidation or dissolution. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (the "Articles of Incorporation") permit our board of directors to issue preferred stock without first obtaining shareholder approval, which we did in December 2019 when we issued the Series A preferred stock and in June and July 2021 when we issued the Series B preferred stock. Additionally, the Company has in the past, and may in the future, issue additional shares of Series B preferred stock pursuant to our "at-the-market" offering program. If we issue additional classes of preferred stock, these additional securities may have dividend or liquidation preferences senior to the common stock. If we issue additional classes of convertible preferred stock, a subsequent conversion may dilute the current common shareholders' interests. We have similar abilities to issue convertible debt, warrants and other equity securities.

***Our executive officers, directors and parties related to them, in the aggregate, control a majority of our common stock and may have the ability to control matters requiring shareholder approval.*** Our executive officers, directors and parties related to them own a large enough share of our common stock to have an influence on, if not control of, the matters presented to shareholders. As a result, these shareholders may have the ability to control matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, the approval of significant corporate transactions, such as any reclassification, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and the control of our management and affairs. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of us, impede a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us or discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, adversely affecting the market price of our common stock.

***The Series B preferred stock rank junior to our Series A preferred stock and all of our indebtedness and other liabilities and are effectively junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries.*** In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our affairs, our assets will be available to pay obligations on the Series B preferred stock only after all of our indebtedness and other liabilities have been paid and the liquidation preference of the Series A preferred stock has been satisfied. The rights of holders of the Series B preferred stock to participate in the distribution of our assets will rank junior to the prior claims of our current and future creditors, the Series A preferred stock and any future series or class of preferred stock we may issue that ranks senior to the Series B preferred stock. Our Articles of Incorporation authorize us to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series on terms determined by our board of directors, and as of September 30, 2025, we had outstanding 400,000 shares of Series A preferred stock and 3,563,762 shares of Series B preferred stock. As of September 30, 2025, we could issue up to 6,036,238 additional shares of preferred stock.

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In addition, the Series B preferred stock effectively ranks junior to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of (as well as any preferred equity interests held by others in) our existing subsidiaries and any future subsidiaries. Our existing subsidiaries are, and any future subsidiaries would be, separate legal entities and have no legal obligation to pay any amounts to us in respect of dividends due on the Series B preferred stock. If we are forced to liquidate our assets to pay our creditors and holders of our Series A preferred stock, we may not have sufficient assets to pay amounts due on any or all of the Series B preferred stock then outstanding. We and our subsidiaries have incurred and may in the future incur substantial amounts of debt and other obligations that will rank senior to the Series B preferred stock. We may incur additional indebtedness and become more highly leveraged in the future, harming our financial position and potentially limiting our cash available to pay dividends. As a result, we may not have sufficient funds remaining to satisfy our dividend obligations relating to our Series B preferred stock if we incur additional indebtedness or issue additional preferred stock that ranks senior to the Series B preferred stock.

Future offerings of debt or senior equity securities may adversely affect the market price of the Series B preferred stock. If we decide to issue debt or senior equity securities in the future, it is possible that these securities will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of the Series B preferred stock and may result in dilution to holders of the Series B preferred stock. We and, indirectly, our shareholders will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we do not know the amount, timing or nature of any future offerings. Thus, holders of the Series B preferred stock bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of the Series B preferred stock and diluting the value of their holdings in us.

***We may issue additional shares of the Series B preferred stock and additional series of preferred stock that rank on a parity with the Series B preferred stock as to dividend rights, rights upon liquidation or voting rights.*** We are allowed to issue additional shares of Series B preferred stock and additional series of preferred stock that would rank on a parity with the Series B preferred stock as to dividend payments and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs pursuant to our Articles of Incorporation and the Amended and Restated Articles of Amendment Establishing the Series B preferred stock without any vote of the holders of the Series B preferred stock. Our Articles of Incorporation authorize us to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series on terms determined by our board of directors, and as of September 30, 2025, we had outstanding 400,000 shares of Series A preferred stock and 3,563,762 shares of Series B preferred stock. As of September 30, 2025, we could issue up to 6,036,238 additional shares of preferred stock. The issuance of additional shares of Series B preferred stock and additional series of parity preferred stock could have the effect of reducing the amounts available to the holders of Series B preferred stock upon our liquidation or dissolution or the winding up of our affairs. It also may reduce dividend payments on the Series B preferred stock if we do not have sufficient funds to pay dividends on all Series B preferred stock outstanding and other classes of stock with equal priority with respect to dividends.

In addition, although holders of the Series B preferred stock are entitled to limited voting rights with respect to such matters, the holders of the Series B preferred stock will vote separately as a class along with all other outstanding series of our preferred stock that we may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable. As a result, the voting rights of holders of the Series B preferred stock may be significantly diluted, and the holders of such other series of preferred stock that we may issue may be able to control or significantly influence the outcome of any vote.

Future issuances and sales of parity preferred stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales could occur, may cause prevailing market prices for the Series B preferred stock and our common stock to decline and may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital in the financial markets at times and prices favorable to us. Such issuances may also reduce or eliminate our ability to pay dividends on our common stock.

***Holders of Series B preferred stock have extremely limited voting rights. Holders of Series B preferred stock have limited voting rights.*** Our common stock is the only class of our securities that carries full voting rights. Voting rights for holders of Series B preferred stock exist primarily with respect to the ability to elect (together with the holders of other outstanding series of our preferred stock, or additional series of preferred stock we may issue in the future and upon which similar voting rights have been or are in the future conferred and are exercisable) two additional directors to our board of directors in the event that six quarterly dividends (whether or not declared or consecutive) payable on the Series B preferred stock are in arrears, and with respect to voting on amendments to our Articles of Incorporation or Amended and Restated Articles of Amendment Establishing the Series B preferred stock (in some cases voting together with the holders of other outstanding series of our preferred stock as a single class) that materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of Series B preferred stock (and other series of preferred stock, as applicable) or create additional classes or series of our stock that are senior to the Series B preferred stock, provided that in any event adequate provision for redemption has not been made. Other than in limited circumstances, holders of Series B preferred stock do not have any voting rights.

***The conversion feature of the Series B preferred stock may not adequately compensate holders of such stock, and the conversion and redemption features of the Series B preferred stock may make it more difficult for a party to take over our company and may discourage a party from taking over the Company.*** Upon the occurrence of a Delisting Event or Change of Control (as defined in the document governing the terms of the Series B preferred stock), holders of the Series B preferred stock will have the right (unless, prior to the Delisting Event Conversion Date or Change of Control Conversion Date, as applicable, we have provided or provide notice of our election to redeem the Series B preferred stock) to convert some or all of the Series B preferred stock into our common stock (or equivalent value of alternative consideration), and under these circumstances we will also have a special optional redemption right to redeem the Series B preferred stock. Upon such a conversion, the holders will be limited to a maximum number of shares of our common stock equal to the Share Cap (as defined in the document governing the terms of the Series B preferred stock) multiplied by the number of shares of Series B preferred stock converted. If the common stock price is less than $19.275, subject to adjustment, the holders will receive a maximum of 1.29702 shares of our common stock per share of Series B preferred stock, which may result in a holder receiving value that is less than the liquidation preference of the Series B preferred stock. In addition, those features of the Series B preferred stock may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition proposal for our Company or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of the Company under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock and Series B preferred stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price or that shareholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.

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***Holders of Series B preferred stock may be unable to use the dividends-received deduction and may not be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to "qualified dividend income."*** Distributions paid to corporate U.S. holders on the Series B preferred stock may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction, and distributions paid to non-corporate U.S. holders on the Series B preferred stock may be subject to tax at the preferential tax rates applicable to "qualified dividend income," if we have current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Although we presently have accumulated earnings and profits, we may not have sufficient current or accumulated earnings and profits during future fiscal years for the distributions on the Series B preferred stock to qualify as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If any distributions on the Series B preferred stock with respect to any fiscal year fail to be treated as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes, corporate U.S. holders would be unable to use the dividends-received deduction and non-corporate U.S. holders may not be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to "qualified dividend income" and generally would be required to reduce their tax basis in the Series B preferred stock by the extent to which the distribution is not treated as a dividend.

***Holders of Series B preferred stock may be subject to tax if we make or fail to make certain adjustments to the conversion rate of the Series B preferred stock even though such holders do not receive a corresponding cash dividend.*** The conversion rate for the Series B preferred stock is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances. A failure to adjust (or to adjust adequately) the conversion rate after an event that increases the proportionate interest of the Series B preferred stockholders in us could be treated as a deemed taxable dividend to you. If a holder is a non-U.S. holder, any deemed dividend may be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable treaty, which may be set off against subsequent payments on the Series B preferred stock. In April 2016, the U.S. Treasury issued proposed income tax regulations in regard to the taxability of changes in conversion rights that will apply to the Series B preferred stock when published in final form and may be applied to us before final publication in certain instances.

***The indentures governing our indebtedness do not prohibit us from incurring additional indebtedness, subject to certain limitations.*** If we incur any additional indebtedness that ranks equally with our exiting senior notes, the holders of that new debt will be entitled to share ratably with holders of our existing senior notes in any proceeds distributed in connection with any insolvency, liquidation, reorganization or dissolution. This may have the effect of reducing the amount of proceeds paid to holders of existing senior notes. Incurrence of additional debt would also further reduce the cash available to invest in operations, as a result of increased debt service obligations. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.

Our operations may not generate sufficient cash to enable us to service our debt. If we fail to make a payment on our existing senior notes, we could be in default on such senior notes, and this default could cause us to be in default on other indebtedness, to the extent outstanding. Conversely, a default under any other indebtedness, if not waived, could result in acceleration of the debt outstanding under the related agreement and entitle the holders thereof to bring suit for the enforcement thereof or exercise other remedies provided thereunder. In addition, such default or acceleration may result in an event of default and acceleration of other indebtedness, entitling the holders thereof to bring suit for the enforcement thereof or exercise other remedies provided thereunder. If a judgment is obtained by any such holders, such holders could seek to collect on such judgment from the assets of Atlanticus. If that should occur, we may not be able to pay all such debt or to borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if new financing were then available, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us.

***Our senior notes are unsecured and therefore are effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness that we currently have or that we may incur in the future.*** Our senior notes are not secured by any of our assets or any of the assets of our subsidiaries. As a result, the senior notes are effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness that we or our subsidiaries have currently outstanding or may incur in the future to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. Under the indentures governing the terms of the senior notes, we and our subsidiaries can incur additional secured (or unsecured) indebtedness in the future, subject to certain limitations. In any liquidation, dissolution, bankruptcy or other similar proceeding, the holders of any of our existing or future secured indebtedness and the secured indebtedness of our subsidiaries may assert rights against the assets pledged to secure that indebtedness and may consequently receive payment from these assets before they may be used to pay other creditors, including the holders of our senior notes.

***The 2026 Senior Notes and 2029 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries.*** The 2026 Senior Notes and 2029 Senior Notes are obligations exclusively of Atlanticus and not of any of our subsidiaries. None of our subsidiaries is a guarantor of the 2026 Senior Notes and 2029 Senior Notes, and the 2026 Senior Notes and 2029 Senior Notes are not required to be guaranteed by any subsidiaries we may acquire or create in the future. Therefore, in any bankruptcy, liquidation or similar proceeding, all claims of creditors (including trade creditors) of our subsidiaries will have priority over our equity interests in such subsidiaries (and therefore the claims of our creditors, including holders of the 2026 Senior Notes and 2029 Senior Notes) with respect to the assets of such subsidiaries. Even if we are recognized as a creditor of one or more of our subsidiaries, our claims would still be effectively subordinated to any security interests in the assets of any such subsidiary and to any indebtedness or other liabilities of any such subsidiary senior to our claims. Consequently, the 2026 Senior Notes and 2029 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of any of our subsidiaries and any subsidiaries that we may in the future acquire or establish as financing vehicles or otherwise. The indentures governing the terms of our senior notes do not prohibit us or our subsidiaries from incurring additional indebtedness in the future or granting liens on our assets or the assets of our subsidiaries to secure any such additional indebtedness, subject to certain limitations. In addition, future debt and security agreements entered into by our subsidiaries may contain various restrictions, including restrictions on payments by our subsidiaries to us and the transfer by our subsidiaries of assets pledged as collateral.

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***We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our debt, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under such indebtedness, which may not be successful.*** Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance our obligations under, our debt will depend on our financial and operating performance and that of our subsidiaries, which, in turn, will be subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial and business factors, many of which may be beyond our control.

We may not maintain a level of cash flow from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness. If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek to obtain additional equity capital or restructure our debt. In the future, our cash flow and capital resources may not be sufficient for payments of interest on, and principal of, our debt, and such alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. We may not be able to refinance any of our indebtedness or obtain additional financing. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those sales, or if we do, at an opportune time, the proceeds that we realize may not be adequate to meet debt service obligations when due. Repayment of our indebtedness, to a certain degree, is also dependent on the generation of cash flows by our subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to us, by dividend, loan, debt repayment, or otherwise. Our subsidiaries may not be able to, or be permitted to, make distributions or other payments to enable us to make payments in respect of our indebtedness. Each of our subsidiaries is a distinct legal entity and, under certain circumstances, applicable U.S. and foreign legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries. In the event that we do not receive distributions or other payments from our subsidiaries, we may be unable to make required payments on our indebtedness.

***An increase in market interest rates could result in a decrease in the value of the senior notes.*** In general, as market interest rates rise, notes bearing interest at a fixed rate decline in value. Consequently, if market interest rates increase, the market value of the senior notes may decline.

***The ratings for the senior notes could at any time be revised downward or withdrawn entirely at the discretion of the issuing rating agency.*** Ratings only reflect the views of the issuing rating agency or agencies and such ratings could at any time be revised downward or withdrawn entirely at the discretion of the issuing rating agency. A rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell or hold the senior notes. Ratings do not reflect market prices or suitability of a security for a particular investor and the ratings of the senior notes may not reflect all risks related to us and our business, or the structure or market value of the senior notes. We may elect to issue other securities for which we may seek to obtain a rating in the future. If we issue other securities with a rating, such ratings, if they are lower than market expectations or are subsequently lowered or withdrawn, could adversely affect the market for or the market value of the existing senior notes.

***The agreements and instruments governing our debt contain restrictions and limitations that could significantly impact our ability to operate our business.*** The indenture that governs the 2030 Senior Notes contains restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to:

• incur more debt;

• issue preferred stock;

• pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock, or purchase or redeem capital stock;

• make certain investments;

• create liens;

• transfer or sell assets;

• merge or consolidate; and

• enter into transactions with our affiliates.

The restrictions in this indenture may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business and may make it difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. In addition, the restrictions in the indenture are subject to certain important exceptions and may not protect the lenders or the holders of the 2030 Senior Notes from certain significant transactions. We may also incur future debt obligations that might subject us to additional restrictive covenants that could affect our financial and operational flexibility.

**Note Regarding Risk Factors**

The risk factors presented above are all of the ones that we currently consider material. However, they are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks not presently known to us, or which we currently consider immaterial, also may adversely affect us. There may be risks that a particular investor views differently from us, and our analysis might be wrong. If any of the risks that we face actually occurs, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected and could differ materially from any possible results suggested by any forward-looking statements that we have made or might make. In such case, the trading price of our common stock or other securities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. **We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **ITEM 2.** | **UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS** |

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**ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES**

The following table sets forth information with respect to our repurchases of common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total Number of Shares Purchased** | **Average Price Paid per Share** | **Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)** | **Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (2)** |
| July 1 - July 31 | 382 | $55.69 | – | 1901177 |
| August 1 - August 31 | 19 | $62.15 | – | 1901177 |
| September 1 - September 30 | 26 | $64.53 | – | 1901177 |
| Total | 427 | $56.52 | – | 1901177 |

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(1) Because withholding tax-related stock repurchases are permitted outside the scope of our 5,000,000 share Board-authorized repurchase plan, these amounts exclude shares of stock returned to us by employees in satisfaction of withholding tax requirements on exercised stock options and vested stock grants. There were 427 such shares returned to us during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

(2) Pursuant to a share repurchase plan authorized by our Board of Directors on May 7, 2024, we are authorized to repurchase 2,000,000 shares of our common stock through June 30, 2026.

The following table sets forth information with respect to our repurchases of Series B preferred stock during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total Number of Shares Purchased** | **Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (1)** |
| July 1 - July 31 | – $– – | 500000 |
| August 1 - August 31 | – $– – | 500000 |
| September 1 - September 30 | – $– – | 500000 |
| Total | – $– – | 500000 |

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(1) On May 7, 2024, our Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to 500,000 shares of our Series B preferred stock through June 30, 2026.

We will continue to evaluate our common stock price and Series B preferred stock price relative to other investment opportunities and, to the extent we believe that the repurchase of our common stock or Series B preferred stock represents an appropriate return of capital, we will repurchase shares of our common stock or Series B preferred stock.

 **Dividends**

We have no current plans to pay dividends to holders of our common stock. As we continue to pursue our growth strategy, we will assess our cash flow, the long-term capital needs of our business and other uses of cash. Payment of any cash dividends in the future will depend upon, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and contractual restrictions. Furthermore, dividends on our Series A preferred stock and Series B preferred stock are payable in preference to any common stock dividends. We pay cumulative cash dividends on the Series A preferred stock, when and as declared by our Board of Directors, in the amount of 6% of the $100.00 liquidation preference per share annually. We pay cumulative cash dividends on the Series B preferred stock, when and as declared by our Board of Directors, in the amount of $1.90625 per share each year, which is equivalent to 7.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share. For additional information, see Part I, Item 2 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity, Funding and Capital Resources."

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **ITEM 3.** | **DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES** |

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None.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **ITEM 4.** | **MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES** |

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None.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **ITEM *5.*** | **OTHER INFORMATION** |

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During the *three* months ended *September 30, 2025,* none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule *16a*-*1*(f) of the Act) adopted or terminated a Rule *10b5*-*1* trading arrangement or non-Rule *10b5*-*1* trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item *408* of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act).

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **ITEM 6.** | **EXHIBITS** |

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit**<br> **Number** | **Description of Exhibit** | **Incorporated by Reference from Atlanticus' SEC Filings Unless Otherwise Indicated** |
| 31.1 | [Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)](ex_855955.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 31.2 | [Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)](ex_855956.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 32.1 | [Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350](ex_855957.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document | Filed herewith |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | Filed herewith |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | Filed herewith |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | Filed herewith |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document | Filed herewith |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | Filed herewith |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | Filed herewith |

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\* Certain portions of this document have been omitted because they are both not material and are the type that the Company treats as private or confidential.

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**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Atlanticus Holdings Corporation | Atlanticus Holdings Corporation |
| November 10, 2025 | By: | /s/ William R. McCamey |
|  |  | William R. McCamey<br> Chief Financial Officer<br> (duly authorized officer and principal financial officer) |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 65

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATIONS**

I, Jeffrey A. Howard, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Report on Form 10-Q of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this report; and

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the fourth fiscal period in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting;

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 10, 2025

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| |
|:---|
| <u>/s/ JEFFREY A. HOWARD</u> |
| Jeffrey A. Howard |
| *President and Chief Executive Officer* |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATIONS**

I, William R. McCamey, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Report on Form 10-Q of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this report; and

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the fourth fiscal period in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting;

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 10, 2025

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| |
|:---|
| <u>/s/ WILLIAM R. McCAMEY</u> |
| William R. McCamey |
| *Chief Financial Officer* |

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## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION**

The undersigned, as the President and Chief Executive Officer, and as the Chief Financial Officer, respectively, of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation, certify that, to the best of their knowledge and belief, the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2025, which accompanies this certification fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the periodic report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation at the dates and for the periods indicated. The foregoing certifications are made pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350) and shall not be relied upon for any other purpose.

This 10th day of November, 2025

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| |
|:---|
| <u>/s/ JEFFREY A. HOWARD</u> |
| Jeffrey A. Howard |
| *President and Chief Executive Officer* |
| <u>/s/ WILLIAM R. McCAMEY</u> |
| William R. McCamey |
| *Chief Financial Officer* |

---

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and will be retained by Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.