# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001893657
**File Stem:** 0001493152-25-024173
**Filing Date:** 2025-11
**Character Count:** 126411
**Document Hash:** ddbeda9c7e936bc8d9e733eec4326b6d
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001493152-25-024173.hdr.sgml**: 20251119

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001493152-25-024173

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 64

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251119

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251119

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Rubber Leaf Inc
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001893657
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS & ACCESSORIES [3714]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 04 Manufacturing
- **EIN:** 320655276
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** NV
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 000-56511
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251496714

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** QIXING ROAD, WENG'AO INDUSTRIAL ZONE
- **STREET 2:** CHUNHU SUBDISTRICT, FENGHUA DISTRICT
- **CITY:** NINGBO, ZHEJIANG
- **STATE:** F4
- **ZIP:** 315506
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 86-18217730800

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** QIXING ROAD, WENG'AO INDUSTRIAL ZONE
- **STREET 2:** CHUNHU SUBDISTRICT, FENGHUA DISTRICT
- **CITY:** NINGBO, ZHEJIANG
- **STATE:** F4
- **ZIP:** 315506

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-Q**

☒ **QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025**

**or**

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the transition period from ______ to ______**

**Commission File Number 000-56511**

**Rubber Leaf Inc**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Nevada** | **32-0655276** |
| (State or other jurisdiction<br> of incorporation) | (IRS Employer<br> Identification No.) |

---

**Qixing Road, Weng'ao Industrial Zone, Chunhu Subdistrict, Fenghua District**

**Ningbo, Zhejiang**, 315517 **China**

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

**+86-0574-88733850**

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

**N/A**

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: None.

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: Common Stock, par value $0.001.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ <br> Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ <br> Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 19, 2025, the Registrant had 41,109,458 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value, issued and outstanding.

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | PAGE |
|  | [Note about Forward-Looking Statements](#ap_001) | 3 |
|  | [PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION](#ap_002) | 4 |
| Item 1 | [Financial Statements](#ap_003) | 4 |
|  | [Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024](#ap_004) | 5 |
|  | [Consolidated Statements of Operations and other comprehensive loss (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#ap_005) | 6 |
|  | [Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#ap_006) | 7 |
|  | [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#ap_007) | 8 |
|  | [Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements](#ap_008) | 9 |
| Item 2 | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation](#ap_009) | 24 |
| Item 3 | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#ap_010) | 31 |
| Item 4 | [Controls and Procedures](#ap_011) | 31 |
|  | [PART II - OTHER INFORMATION](#ap_012) | 32 |
| Item 1 | [Legal Proceedings](#ap_013) | 32 |
| Item 1A | [Risk Factors](#ap_014) | 32 |
| Item 2 | [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#ap_015) | 32 |
| Item 3 | [Defaults Upon Senior Securities](#ap_016) | 32 |
| Item 4 | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#ap_017) | 32 |
| Item 5 | [Other Information](#ap_018) | 33 |
| Item 6 | [Exhibits](#ap_019) | 33 |
| [SIGNATURES](#ap_020) | [SIGNATURES](#ap_020) | 34 |

---

**NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "expect," and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the section entitled "*Risk Factors*," beginning on page 11 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the Securities & Exchange Commission ("SEC") on March 20, 2025. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make.

We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms "RLI," "Company," "we," "us," and "our" in this document refer to Rubber Leaf Inc, a Nevada corporation.

**PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

**Item 1. Financial Statements**

**RUBBER LEAF INC**

**INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| [Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024](#ap_004) | 5 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Operations and other comprehensive loss (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#ap_005) | 6 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#ap_006) | 7 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#ap_007) | 8 |
| [Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements](#ap_008) | 9 |

---

**RUBBER LEAF INC**

**CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash | $12798 | $12273 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivables, net | 135822 | 132473 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivables – related parties | 9665867 | 8295591 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advances to vendors | 43801 | 47721 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advances to vendors and other receivables - related parties | 238810 | 232922 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventories, net | 743115 | 724791 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current assets | 500823 | 486513 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current asset | 11341036 | 9932284 |
| Noncurrent assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plant and equipment, net | 9607094 | 9862914 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intangible assets, net | 1919056 | 1902930 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Assets** | $22867186 | $21698128 |
| **<u>LIABILITIES</u>** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loan Payable | $4886989 | $4766482 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Borrowings– related party | 183318 | 178797 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payables | 7560998 | 7374250 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payables – related parties | 8496245 | 7187767 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other payable - related party | 3915301 | 3769934 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advances from customers | 352975 | 344271 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current liabilities | 894517 | 574183 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 26290343 | 24195684 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Liabilities** | 26290343 | 24195684 |
| **Commitment and Contingencies** |  |  |
| **<u>STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY</u>** |  |  |
| Preferred stock: 40,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding |  |  |
| Common stock: 100,000,000 shares authorized, 41,109,458 shares and 41,109,458 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 41110 | 41110 |
| Additional paid-in capital | 2799035 | 2799035 |
| Accumulated deficit | (6350083) | (5421529) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 86781 | 83828 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stockholders' deficit | (3423157) | (2497556) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Deficit** | $22867186 | $21698128 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

**RUBBER LEAF INC**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the nine months ended**<br> **September 30,** | **For the nine months ended**<br> **September 30,** | **For the three months ended**<br> **September 30,** | **For the three months ended**<br> **September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
| Sales | $- | $2107 | $- | $2107 |
| Sales-related parties | 1144263 | 6913939 | 1144263 | 2001574 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 1144263 | 6916046 | 1144263 | 2003681 |
| Cost of sales | 1110947 | 6921186 | 1110947 | 2012707 |
| Cost of OEM |  | 9317 |  | 9317 |
| Loss on factory relocation |  | 359549 |  | 882 |
| Loss on idle capacity | 479345 | 161903 | 159616 | 161902 |
| Total cost of sales | 1590292 | 7451955 | 1270563 | 2184808 |
| Gross loss | (446029) | (535909) | (126300) | (181127) |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| Selling expenses |  | 20311 |  | 5011 |
| General & administrative expenses | 265823 | 929165 | 42400 | 213632 |
| Total operation expenses | 265823 | 949476 | 42400 | 218643 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss from operation | (711852) | (1485385) | (168700) | (399770) |
| **Other income (expense):** |  |  |  |  |
| Interest expenses | (216702) | (288385) | (72883) | (74712) |
| Other expense, net | - | (8021) | - | (20) |
| Total other expenses, net | (216702) | (296406) | (72883) | (74732) |
| **Net loss before income taxes** | $(928554) | $(1781791) | $(241583) | $(474502) |
| Income tax benefit | - | (8608) | - | (21) |
| Net loss | $(928554) | $(1773183) | $(241583) | $(474481) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation, net of tax | 2953 | (4755) | (640) | 38771 |
| Comprehensive loss | (925601) | (1777938) | (242223) | (435710) |
| **Earnings per share** |  |  |  |  |
| Basic and diluted loss per share | $(0.02) | $(0.04) | $(0.01) | $(0.01) |
| **Weighted average common shares outstanding** | 41109458 | 41109458 | 41109458 | 41109458 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

**RUBBER LEAF INC**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Preferred Stocks** | **Preferred Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional**<br> **Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated**<br> **Other**<br> **Comprehensive**<br>**income (loss)** | **Total**<br> **Stockholder'**<br>**Deficit** |
| **Balance at December 31, 2023** |  | $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - | 41109458 | $41110 | $2799035 | $(3217901) | $119651 | $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (258105) |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (1773183) |  | (1773183) |
| Foreign currency translation, net tax |  | - | - | - | - | - | (4755) | (4755) |
| **Balance at September 30, 2024 (Unaudited)** |  |  | 41109458 | $41110 | $2799035 | $(4991084) | $114896 | $(2036043) |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Preferred Stocks** | **Preferred Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional**<br> **Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated**<br> **Other**<br> **Comprehensive**<br>**income (loss)** | **Total**<br> **Stockholders'**<br>**Deficit** |
| **Balance at December 31, 2024** |  | $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - | 41109458 | $41110 | $2799035 | $(5421529) | $83828 | $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2497556) |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (928554) |  | (928554) |
| Foreign currency translation, net tax |  | - |  |  |  |  | 2953 | 2953 |
| **Balance at September 30, 2025 (Unaudited)** |  |  | 41109458 | 41110 | 2799035 | (6350083) | 86781 | (3423157) |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Preferred Stocks** | **Preferred Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional**<br> **Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated**<br> **Other**<br> **Comprehensive**<br>**income (loss)** | **Total**<br> **Stockholder'**<br>**Deficit** |
| **Balance at June 30, 2024 (Unaudited)** |  |  | 41109458 | $41110 | $2799035 | $(4516603) | $76125 | $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1600333) |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (474481) |  | (474481) |
| Foreign currency translation, net tax |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38771 | 38771 |
| **Balance at September 30, 2024** |  |  | 41109458 | $41110 | $2799035 | $(4991084) | 114896 | (2036043) |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Preferred Stocks** | **Preferred Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | **Common Stocks** | | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional**<br> **Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated**<br> **Other**<br> **Comprehensive**<br>**income (loss)** | **Total**<br> **Stockholders'**<br>**Deficit** |
| **Balance at June 30, 2025** |  |  | 41109458 | $41110 | $2799035 | (6108500) | 87421 | (3180934) |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (241583) |  | (241583) |
| Foreign currency translation, net tax |  |  |  |  |  |  | (640) | (640) |
| **Balance at September 30, 2025 (Unaudited)** |  |  | 41109458 | 41110 | 2799035 | (6350083) | 86781 | (3423157) |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

**RUBBER LEAF INC**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the nine months ended September 30** | **For the nine months ended September 30** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | **(Unaudited)** |
| **Cash flow from operating activities** |  |  |
| Net loss | (928554) | (1773183) |
| Adjustments to reconcile loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| Depreciation and amortization | 529627 | 523829 |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| Account receivables |  | (2381) |
| Account receivables – related parties | (1160544) | (3267107) |
| Advances to vendors - related party | 5000 | (27798) |
| Advance to vendors | (1977) | 2026571 |
| Other current assets |  | (10891) |
| Inventories |  | 15004 |
| Account payable | 306 | 11165 |
| Accounts payable - related parties | 1126754 | 136707 |
| Other current liabilities | 303386 | 134606 |
| Net cash used in operating activities | (126002) | (2233478) |
| **Cash flow from investing activities** |  |  |
| Loan receivable |  | (194536) |
| Purchase of equipment and factory construction | - | (41686) |
| Net cash used in investing activities |  | (236222) |
| **Cash flow from financing activities** |  |  |
| Borrowings from related parties loan payable | 125782 | 1029183 |
| Borrowings from loans payable |  | 6072312 |
| Repayments on loans payable | - | (4645697) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 125782 | 2455798 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes | 745 | 833 |
| **Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents** | 525 | (13069) |
| **Cash, beginning balance** | 12273 | 41687 |
| **Cash, ending balance** | $12798 | $28618 |
| **Supplemental disclosures of cash flow** |  |  |
| Interest paid | $- | $224479 |
| Income taxes paid | $- | $19046 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated unaudited consolidated financial statements.

**RUBBER LEAF INC**

**NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**Note 1 - Organization and Description of Business**

Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (the "RLSP") was established on July 8, 2019, and is located in Fenghua District, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, the People's Republic of China ("PRC"). It is engaged in the import and export trade, production and sales of synthetic rubber, rubber compound, car window seals, auto parts, and other related products. It has an integrated machinery production plant in the PRC. RLSP, is a first-tier supplier to certain automobile manufacturers, including Dongfeng Motor and French Renault. RLSP has a registered capital of $20 million which is required to be contributed under PRC regulations, and is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise.

Rubber Leaf Inc (the "Company" or "RLI") was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on May 18, 2021 by Ms. Xingxiu Hua, the sole shareholder of RLSP. On May 27, 2021, the Company entered a share exchange agreement with Ms. Hua, pursuant to which, the Company issued 40,000,000 shares of common stock to exchange for all of RLSP's shares. No change of control of RLSP resulted from the execution of the share exchange agreement.

Rubber Leaf Limited ("RLHK") was incorporated in Hong Kong, China on September 22, 2025, under the Companies Ordinance (Chapter 622 of the Laws of Hong Kong) as a limited liability company. RLHK is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and was formed to operate as a regional subsidiary and commercial platform of Rubber Leaf Inc., with a focus on cross-border operations, sales activities, and supply-chain coordination across Asia.

**Note 2 – Going Concern**

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), which contemplate the continuation of the Company as a going concern. The Company currently has an accumulated deficit of $(6,350,083) as of September 30, 2025. The Company has negative working capital of $(14,949,307) as of September 30, 2025. The Company has not established a stabilized source of gross profit sufficient to cover operating costs over a reasonable period of time. Therefore, there is substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. However, Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (RLSP) currently has access to a remaining unused loan facility of RMB 26 million (about USD $3.6 million) from the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Ningbo National Brand (the same branch that granted the RMB million line of credit described in Note 7) However, due to an ongoing account freeze resulting from litigation with Zhejiang Fengrong Construction Co., Ltd ("Zhejiang Fengrong", a.k.a "Ningbo Rongsen"), RLSP has not yet been able to utilize this facility. Our legal counsel is in the process of preparing an appeal to the Zhejiang Provincial High Court. We understand from our legal counsel that, under applicable procedures, once the appeal is filed, it is expected that enforcement actions, including the account freeze, may be suspended, allowing RLSP 's return to resume normal operations. Our lawyers have advised us that they believe there are reasonable grounds to seek a favorable resolution. If necessary, management intends to utilize this credit facility to meet financial obligations, thereby seeking to mitigate any potential impact on business continuity. Management also anticipates that the Company will be dependent, for the near future, on additional investment capital to fund operating expenses. The Company intends to position itself so that it will be able to raise additional funds through the capital markets. In light of management's efforts, there are no assurances that the Company will be successful in obtaining additional financing, resolving the pending litigation, or otherwise becoming financially viable and able to continue as a going concern.

**Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

**<u>Basis of Presentation</u>**

This summary of significant accounting policies is presented to assist in understanding the Company's financial statements. These accounting policies conform to accounting principles, generally accepted in the United States of America, and have been consistently applied in the preparation of the financial statements. With respect to the unaudited financial statements as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Rubber Leaf Inc, the parent company and its wholly owned subsidiary in China - Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd, and wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong - Rubber Leaf Limited. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

**<u>Use of Estimates</u>**

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary in order to make the financial statements not misleading have been included. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates are used in the collectability of accounts receivable, the useful lives and impairment of long-lived assets, the valuation of deferred tax assets, inventories reserve and provisions for income taxes, among others.

**<u>Revenue Recognition</u>**

The Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers* (ASC 606) since its inception (i.e. July 2019), which is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 creates a five-step model that requires entities to exercise judgment when considering the terms of contracts, which includes (1) identifying the contracts or agreements with a customer, (2) identifying our performance obligations in the contract or agreement, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations, and (5) recognizing revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. The Company applies the five-step model to sales contracts.

We generate revenue through selling automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips under two models of supply:

***<u>Model A (Direct Supply Model)</u>***

Following successful on-site inspections by auto OEMs, RLSP secures listing in its directories as a first-tier supplier that directly provides products to the OEM. For example, eGT is an auto OEM, and we serve as their first-tier supplier. eGT directly signs purchase or supply agreements with RLSP. This positions RLSP to independently procure raw materials, manufacture final products and directly deliver finished goods to the warehouses of the auto OEMs. RLSP fulfills its performance obligation upon the delivery of finished products to their warehouses, following a subsequent quality inspection approved by them. Simultaneously, they may request product replacements for disqualified items. Ownership and control of our finished products transfer to customers upon successful inspection and acceptance into an OEM's warehouse. Revenue recognition occurs upon the transfer of control of our products to a customer, with payments made directly by the OEM.

***<u>Model B (Indirect Supply Model)</u>***

The Company proceeds its indirect supply model through both RLSP and RLHK, whom receive the purchase orders from our related parties-Shanghai Xinsen and Xinsen Sealing Products (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd ("Hangzhou Xinsen") (collectively named as "Xinsen Group" for two companies together). The Company's Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, previously held a 90% ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Xinsen holds a 70% ownership interest in Hangzhou Xinsen. Effective October 1, 2022, Ms. Hua reduced her ownership of Shanghai Xinsen from 90% to 15%, and accordingly reduced her indirect ownership of Hangzhou Xinsen from 63% to 10.5%. The Xinsen Group serves as a certified second-tier supplier for branded Automobile Manufacturers ("Auto Manufacturers"). A second-tier supplier refers to a supplier that provides products to the first-tier suppliers of the OEM. First-tier suppliers could be suppliers of car doors, rubber and plastic components and other automobile parts. Auto Manufacturers issue consolidated purchase orders for complete sets of rubber and plastic auto parts for a particular model to their first-tier suppliers. These first-tier suppliers subcontract the production of rubber and plastic seals to second-tier suppliers. As a second-tier supplier and a facilitator of production rather than a direct manufacturer, Xinsen Group coordinates with us to fulfill orders. Upon receipt of purchase orders, RLSP procures rubber materials from our vendors. The production process involves outsourcing to third-party manufacturers for either work-in-process products ("WIP") or finished products, based on management's decisions in response to operational circumstances.

We employ two distinct forms of outsourced processing under Model B.

1) RLSP purchases raw materials and subcontracts production to third-party manufacturers for WIP. Once WIP is finished and delivered to RLSP's warehouse, RLSP performs certain manual processes, such as welding and constructing in order to meet the specification of the purchase orders. The completion of the final products is contingent upon a rigorous quality inspection conducted by RLSP, ensuring they meet the highest standards.

2) RLSP and RLHK purchases raw materials and subcontracts third party manufacturers to produce finished products. RLSP will trace and observe each step of production undertaken by third-party manufacturers, with a primary focus on the final quality control step.

The finished products are delivered to the warehouses of Xinsen Group's upstream first-tier suppliers, either from our locations or those of the third-party manufacturers. Quality inspection is carried out by assigned inspectors from Xinsen Group upon delivery. Both RLSP and RLHK fulfills their obligation when the finished products reach Xinsen Group's customers and pass the qualified quality inspection.

In the event of products that do not pass inspection, the Xinsen Group initiates a product replacement process. Upon confirmation of quality and quantity, and acceptance of finished products into Xinsen Group's customers' warehouses, invoices are provided to us as proof of delivery. The date of the invoices signifies the transfer of ownership and control of the finished products under model B from us to Xinsen Group and indirectly to its upstream first-tier suppliers. We recognize at such time as Xinsen Group's customers accept delivery of products.

We also generate revenue through contract manufacturing model or OEM supply model, which is described in the model C.

***<u>Model C (OEM Supply Model)</u>***

The contract manufacturing process begins with the customer placing an order and supplying all necessary raw materials. We provide the labor and equipment required to process the raw materials into finished products. The customer is charged a processing fee, which is calculated based on the cost per individual part and settled monthly. At the start of each month, we calculate the number of parts processed in the previous month, and both parties confirm the quantity by stamping the relevant documents. Once confirmed, we issue an invoice for the processing fee, and the customer makes payment upon receipt of the invoice.

**<u>Cost of revenue</u>**

Cost of revenues is comprised of raw materials consumed, manufacturing costs, third party logistics and distribution costs including packaging, freight, transportation, shipping and handling costs, and inventory adjustment due to the defectives and inventory count.

**<u>Cash and Cash Equivalents</u>**

Cash and cash equivalents include bank deposits and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as of the purchase date of such investments.

**<u>Concentration risk</u>**

The Company maintains cash with banks in the United States of America ("USA") and PRC. Should any bank holding cash become insolvent, or if the Company is otherwise unable to withdraw funds, the Company would lose the cash with that bank; however, the Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant risks on its cash in bank accounts. In China, a depositor has up to RMB500,000 insured by the People's Bank of China Financial Stability Bureau ("FSD"). In the United States, the standard insurance amount is $250,000 per depositor in a bank insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). In Hong Kong, a depositor has up to HKD800,000 insured by the Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board ("DPB") under the Deposit Protection Scheme ("DPS").

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk are cash and accounts receivable. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $ Nil and $Nil of the Company's cash held by financial institutions were uninsured, respectively.

*Major customers*

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, as well as the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 the Company's revenues from a major customer accounted for more than 10% of the total revenue were as following:

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2024 | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2024 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2024 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2024 |
|  | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Revenue | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Revenue | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Revenue | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Revenue |
| Customer B | $1144263 | 100% | $1144263 | 100% | $6913939 | 100% | $2001574 | 100% |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of <br> September 30, 2025 | As of <br> September 30, 2025 | As of <br> December 31, 2024 | As of <br> December 31, 2024 |
|  | Accounts Receivable | % of Total Accounts Receivable | Accounts Receivable | % of Total Accounts Receivable |
| Customer B | $9665867 | 99% | $8295591 | 98% |

---

● Customer
 B: Shanghai Xinsen Import & Export Co., Ltd ("Shanghai Xinsen"), a related party that sells RLSP's products
 to Shanghai Hongyang Sealing Co., Ltd. ("Shanghai Hongyang") and Wuhu Huichi Auto Parts Co., Ltd. ("Wuhu Huichi"),
 two unrelated parties of RLSP, RLHK and the Company, and certified first-tier suppliers of Auto Manufacturers.

*Major vendors*

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, as well as three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company made purchases from the major vendors accounted for more than 10% of the total purchases were as following:

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2025 | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2024 | Nine months ended <br> September 30, 2024 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2024 | Three months ended <br> September 30, 2024 |
|  | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Purchase | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Purchase | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Purchase | Amount | % of <br> Total <br> Purchase |
| Vendor A | $- | -% | $- | -% | $6912778 | 100% | $2011899 | 100% |
| Vendor C | $1110947 | 100% | $1110947 | 100% |  |  |  |  |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of <br> September 30, 2025 | As of <br> September 30, 2025 | As of <br> December 31, 2024 | As of <br> December 31, 2024 |
|  | Accounts payable | % of Total Accounts Payable | Accounts payable | % of Total Accounts Payable |
| Vendor A | $6021665 | 38% | $5873177 | 40% |
| Vendor C | $890730 | 6% |  | -% |

---

● Vendor
 A: Shanghai Haozong Rubber & Plastic Technology Co., Ltd. ("Shanghai Haozong"), a related party.

● Vendor C: Shanghai Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Company ("Yongliansen"),
a related party.

**<u>Accounts Receivable</u>**

Accounts receivables are reported at their net realizable value. Any value adjustments are booked directly against the relevant receivable. We have standard payment terms that generally require payment within approximately 30 to 60 days. Management performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers. An allowance for potentially uncollectible accounts is provided based on history, economic conditions, and composition of the accounts receivable aging. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 no credit risk identified by the management and no allowance for doubtful accounts.

**<u>Inventories</u>**

Inventories consist of raw materials and finished products, and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is calculated by applying the weighted -average method and physically applied first-in-first-out method (FIFO) in inventory stock in and out. The Company regularly reviews inventory quantities on hand and writes down to its net realizable value any inventory that it believes to be impaired. Management considers forecast demand in relation to the inventory on hand, competitiveness of product offerings, market conditions and product life cycles when determining excess and obsolescence and net realizable value adjustments. Once inventory is written down and a new cost basis is established, it is not written back up if demand increases.

**<u>Advances to vendors</u>**

From time to time, we paid advances to our vendors in order to secure our purchase orders or as retainers required pursuant to various purchase agreements related to production and the 2<sup>nd</sup> production lines currently under construction. The advances have no interest bearing, normally settled along with purchase transactions within 60 to 180 days depending on market condition, and around 365 days for construction projects and/or equipment purchase.

**<u>Property and equipment</u>**

Property and equipment are initially recorded at their historical cost. Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets:

● Land use rights: 50 years

● Leasehold improvement: shorter of the estimate useful life or lease term

● Factory and Building: 47 years

● Factory equipment: 3 - 20 years

● Auto vehicles: 4 years

● Office equipment and furniture: 4 - 10 years

**<u>Intangible Assets</u>**

All land in the PRC is owned by the PRC government and cannot be sold to any individual or company. The Company has recorded the amounts paid to the PRC government when acquired long-term interests of land use rights under intangible assets. This type of arrangement is common for the use of land in the PRC. The Company amortizes land use rights based on the term of the respective land use rights granted, which generally ranges from 15 to 50 years. The land use rights of Collective Lands has unlimited useful lifetime.

**<u>Impairment of Long-Lived Assets</u>**

The Company's long-lived assets mainly include property and equipment, land use right recorded under intangible assets and right-of-use assets obtained through operating lease.

In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, the Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a long-lived asset, or group of assets, as appropriate, may not be recoverable. If the aggregate undiscounted future net cash flows expected to result from the use and the eventual disposition of a long-lived asset is less than its carrying value, then the Company would recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value over the fair value.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company determined there was no impairment of the long-lived assets.

**<u>Advances from customers</u>**

From time to time, we receive advances from our customers, which are made normally under sales frame contracts, each sales transaction will be initiated by purchase orders received under the frame contracts. The advances have no interest bearing, normally settled along with purchase/sales transactions within 60 to 180 days.

**<u>Income Taxes</u>**

We are governed by the Income Tax Law of the PRC and the United States. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes. The asset and liability method provides that deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and for operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized.

The 2017 Tax Reform Act permanently reduces the U.S. corporate income tax rate to a 21% flat rate. In addition, the 2017 Tax Reform Act also creates a new requirement that certain income (i.e., Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI")) earned by controlled foreign corporations ("CFCs") must be included in the gross income of the CFCs' U.S. shareholder income. The tax law in PRC applies an income tax rate of 25% to all enterprises. Hongkong is subjected to 8.25% on the first HK $2 million of assessable profits and 16.5% on profit exceeding HK $2 million.

The Company's subsidiary does not receive any preferential tax treatment from local government.

**<u>Value Added Tax</u>**

The Company is subject to value added tax ("VAT"). The applicable VAT rate is 13% for products sold in the PRC for the years of 2024 and 2025. The amount of VAT liability is determined by applying the applicable tax rate to the amount of goods sold (output VAT) less VAT accrued on purchases made with the relevant supporting invoices (input VAT). Sales and purchases are recorded net of VAT (the amount of VAT is excluded from revenues and costs) collected and paid as the Company acts as an agent for the government.

**<u>Earnings Per Share</u>**

The Company computes basic and diluted earnings per share amounts in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options and other commitments to issue common stock were exercised or equity awards vest resulting in the issuance of common stock that could share in the earnings of the Company.

Pursuant to ASC 260-10-55, EPS computations should be based on the facts and circumstances of the transaction for reorganization. The Company calculated its EPS retrospectively akin to a normal share issuance as if the reorganization incurred from the inception.

The Company does not have any potentially dilutive instruments as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and, thus, anti-dilution issues are not applicable.

**<u>Fair Value of Financial Instruments</u>**

The Company's balance sheets include certain financial instruments. The carrying amounts of current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair value because of the relatively short period of time between the origination of these instruments and their expected realization.

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

● Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

● Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

● Level 3 - Inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

Fair value estimates discussed herein are based upon certain market assumptions and pertinent information available to management as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The respective carrying value of certain on-balance-sheet financial instruments approximated their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. These financial instruments include cash, accounts receivable, advances to vendors, inventories, other current assets, accounts payables, advances from customers and other current liabilities. For short term borrowings and notes payable, the Company concluded the carrying values are a reasonable estimate of fair values because of the short period of time between the origination and repayment and as their stated interest rates approximate current rates available.

**<u>Related Parties</u>**

Parties, which can be a corporation or individual, are considered to be related if the Company has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Companies are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or common significant influence. The Company follows ASC 850, *Related Party Disclosures,* for the identification of related parties and disclosure of related party transactions.

**<u>Foreign Currency</u>**

Amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements are stated in United States dollars, unless stated otherwise. The Company's subsidiary in the PRC uses the Chinese renminbi (RMB) and Hongkong Dollar (HKD) as their functional currency and the holding company - RLI uses the United States dollar as their functional currency. For subsidiaries that use the local currency as the functional currency, all assets and liabilities are translated to United States dollars using exchange rates in effect at the end of the respective periods and the results of operations have been translated into United States dollars at the weighted average rates during the periods the transactions were recognized. Resulting translation gains or losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).

In accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (ASC 830), the Company translates the assets and liabilities into United States dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date and the statements of operations and cash flows are translated at an average rate during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation from RMB into United States dollar are recorded in stockholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive income. Further, foreign currency transaction gains and losses are a result of the effect of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency. Gains and losses on those foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense), net for the period in which exchange rates change.

**<u>Loss on Idle Capacity</u>**

The Company accounts for the amount as the Company experienced production slowdowns, leading to underutilization of manufacturing facilities utilities and maintenance of underutilized equipment Salaries and benefits of indirect manufacturing personnel. Management continues to monitor capacity utilization and evaluate cost optimization strategies to mitigate the impact of idle capacity on financial performance.

**<u>Comprehensive Income (Loss)</u>**

The Company accounts for comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with ASC 220, *Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income* (ASC 220). Under ASC 220, the Company is required to report comprehensive income (loss), which includes net income (loss) as well as other comprehensive income (loss). The only significant component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is the currency translation adjustment.

**<u>Segment Information</u>**

Operating segments are defined as components of a company about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is the executive team, which is comprised of the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer. Based on the financial information presented to and reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate the resources and in assessing the performance, the Company has determined that it has two operating and reporting segments based on sales channels – direct supply and indirect supply as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 and for nine months ended.

**<u>Recent Accounting Standard Adopted</u>**

In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-04, "Liabilities – Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations," which requires that an entity that uses a supplier finance program in connection with the purchase of goods or services disclose information about the program's nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude. The Company adopted this standard for annual periods on a retrospective basis beginning January 1, 2023. The Company also adopted the amendment on roll forward information, which became effective prospectively for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024. The adoption of this guidance modified the Company's disclosures and will modify its annual disclosures for the roll forward information in 2024, but did not have an impact on its financial position and results of operations.

**<u>Accounting Standards Issued but Not Yet Adopted</u>**

Income Tax Disclosures - In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) released ASU No. 2023-09, titled "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Enhancements to Income Tax Disclosures" (referred to as "ASU 2023-09"). This new standard mandates the disclosure, on an annual basis, of specific categories in the rate reconciliation and the disaggregation of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for annual reporting periods starting after December 15, 2025. The Company anticipates that the adoption of this standard will not significantly impact its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) released ASU 2023-07, titled "Enhancements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-07"). This standard necessitates companies to provide additional, more comprehensive details regarding significant expenses of a reportable segment, even if there is only one such segment. Its purpose is to enhance disclosures related to a public entity's reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for fiscal years commencing after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods starting after December 15, 2024, with the option for early adoption. We are presently assessing the potential impact of adopting ASU 2023-07 on our consolidated financial statements.

**Note 4 - Inventories**

Inventories consisted of raw rubber materials, finished goods of rubber products and others, and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, inventories consisted of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**<br> **2025** | **December 31,**<br> **2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | |
| Raw materials | $11766 | $11476 |
| Finished goods | 731349 | 713315 |
| Total | 743115 | 724791 |

---

**Note 5 - Plant and equipment, net**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | |
| Equipment and machinery | $5452935 | $5318472 |
| Factory and Building | 7168510 | 6991743 |
| Furniture and office equipment | 4245 | 4140 |
| Auto vehicles | 23573 | 22991 |
| Leasehold improvement | 160446 | 156490 |
| Minus: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (3202615) | (2630922) |
| Property plant and equipment, net | $9607094 | $9862914 |

---

Upon obtained the right use of land, RLSP started to build the manufacture plant on the land. The Company capitalized the cost in related to the construction, including the interests related to the borrowings, the utilities occurred in the construction, the amortization of land use of right.

On August 5, 2022, RLSP and Zhengjiang Fengrong entered into a Construction Engineering Contract, agreeing on a project cost of $4,931,105 (RMB 35 million). The project was completed on October 25, 2023. Following the issuance of the construction fire protection acceptance by the local government, the total construction cost of $5,221,922 (RMB 37,064,159) was assessed and recorded under "Factory and Building" in plant and equipment on December 25, 2023. However, according to a civil judgment issued by the Ningbo Intermediate People's Court on December 30, 2024, the final contract price for the project was determined to be $6,764,506 (RMB 49,378,191.44). The difference of $1,686,946 (RMB 12,314,032) between the assessed amount and the final settlement was subsequently transferred to plant and equipment. Please refer to Note 11 for commitment and contingencies.

For the equipment used for manufacturing, the depreciation expense is included as part of manufacturing overhead, while the equipment used for general administrative are included in selling, general and administrative expense on the statements of operations.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the depreciation and amortization expenses were $498,091 and $490,901, respectively, and $167,675 and $159,891 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**Note 6 - Intangible asset, net**

On October 21, 2020, RLSP entered a purchase contract with the Ninbo government agency in Zhejiang Province, pursuant to which RLSP was assigned the land use rights, for 50 years useful life for land located in Chunhun Street, in Fenghua city, Zhejiang Province, for a total purchase price of $2,064,554 (RMB 13,729,900 at exchange rate of 0.1504). The land use rights are summarized as follows:

Intangible asset, net consists of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
|  | **(Unaudited)** | |
| Land use rights | $2132284 | $2079704 |
| Less: Accumulated amortization | (213228) | (176774) |
| Intangible asset, net | 1919056 | 1902930 |

---

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, the amortization of land use right was $31,536 and $32,928, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the amortization of land use rights $10,606 and $10,602 respectively.

**Note 7 – Loan Payable**

On April 30, 2021, RLSP borrowed $774,401 (RMB 5 million) short-term loan from an unrelated entity guaranteed by an individual person. The loan has a monthly interest rate of 1% with the due date on June 15, 2021. Pursuant to the loan agreement, the interest rate will increase to 2% monthly if RLSP is in default of loan terms and the lender may further obtain 5% of RLSP's ownership. On November 10, 2021, RLSP extended the maturity date of the loan till April 30, 2022 with the other loan terms remain the same and the two parties have verbally agreed to extend the due date to December 31, 2023. On June 12, 2023, a supplemental agreement entered, pursuant to which, the loans are due on demand, with the other loan terms remain the same. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the loan balance were $266,869 (RMB 1.9 million) and $260,288 (RMB 1.9 million), respectively.

On September 1, 2021, RLSP borrowed $154,832 (RMB 1 million) short-term loan from an unrelated individual. The loan has annual interest rate of 13% with due date on August 31, 2022. RLSP has had several round financing transactions with the individual since then. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the individual loan balances were $37,221 (RMB 0.26 million) and $36,303 (RMB 0.26 million) respectively. RMB265,000, (approximately USD $36,303 as of December 31, 2024) of the loan balance has no contractual maturity date. The Company may repay this portion of loan at anytime, and it no longer bear interest.

On September 1, 2021, RLSP borrowed $247,732 (RMB 1.6 million) short-term loan from an officer of RLSP. The loan has an annual interest rate of 8% with due date on August 31, 2022. RLSP borrowed $152,359 and $Nil during 2023 and 2022, and repaid $28,263 and $69,256 back during 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the loan balances were $183,318 (RMB 1.3 million) and $178,797 (RMB 1.3 million), respectively. The loan was extended to December 31, 2023 on March 11, 2023 and the officer has waived loan interest since September 2022. On September 1, 2023, a supplemental agreement entered, pursuant to which, the loans are due on demand, with the other loan terms remain the same.

On November 30, 2021, RLSP borrowed $314,857 (RMB 2 million) mortgage loan from Zhejiang Yongyin Financial leasing Co., Ltd, a subsidiary of Ningbo Fenghua Rural Commercial Bank Co., Ltd, pledged with machinery and equipment RLSP purchased and fully paid with the market value of approximately RMB2.3 million. The loan has two -year term with due date on November 19, 2023. The loan balances were $81,242 and $79,239 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

On September 14, 2023, RLSP borrowed $2,054,513 (RMB 15 million) a short-term loan from unrelated individual for temporarily fund shortage. The loan bears 2.5% monthly interest rate and has its maturity date of November 30, 2023. RLSP repaid back $1,780,578 (RMB 13 million out of RMB15 million) during September 2023. RLSP paid back $207,920 (RMB 1.5 million) for nine months ended September 30, 2024.There is no maturity date with balance of $70,229 (RMB 0.5 million) and $68,497 (RMB 0.5 million) as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. After negotiation with the unrelated individual, RLSP extends the timeline to pay off the remaining loans from May 2024 to December 2025.

On October 20 and October 30, 2023, RLSP borrowed $365,245 (RMB 2.6 million) and $353,287 (RMB 2.5 million) short-term loans with a monthly interest rate of 3% from an unrelated individual. On January 16, 2024, RLSP borrowed additional $27,826 (RMB 0.2 million) with a same interest rate of 3% in month, and paid back $519,801 (RMB 3.75 million) in April 2024. The total loan balance was $217,709 (RMB 1.55 million) and $212,340 (RMB 1.55 million) as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. After negotiation with the unrelated individual, RLSP extended the timeline to pay off the remaining loans from May 2024 to December 2025.

On March 25, 2024, RLSP secured approval for a line of credit ("LOC") from the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Ningbo National Gaoxin Branch, with a total amount of $7.75 million (RMB 56 million).RLSP used new factory building and land use right located at Qixing Road, Weng'ao Industrial Zone, Chunhu Subdistrict, Fenghua District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China as collateral pledged for this LOC. The LOC can be utilized through separate loans and has a term of two years.

Subsequently, on March 28, 2024 and April 2, 2024, RLSP obtained a one-year bank loan of $1,391,285 (RMB 10 million) and $2,772,272 RMB (20 million) from the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Ningbo National Gaoxin Branch, at an annual interest rate of 3.55%. This loan was drawn from the approved LOC. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan amounted to $4,213,720 (RMB 30 million) and $4,109,815 (RMB 30 million). On March 27, 2025, this loan was extended for another year and will be matured on April 1, 2026.

Interest expense primarily consists of the interest incurred on the bank loans, commercial & individual loans and minor bank service charges. For nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded the interest expense of $216,702 and $288,385, respectively. For three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded the interest expense of $72,883 and $74,712, respectively

**Note 8 - Other Current Liabilities**

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the components of other current liabilities included the followings:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Employee compensation and benefits | $139464 | $113099 |
| Tax payable | 226378 | 220796 |
| Interest expense | 277378 | 100376 |
| Other Payables | 251297 | 139912 |
| Other current liabilities, net | 894517 | 574183 |

---

**Note 9– Related Party Transactions**

*<u>Purchase</u>*

In order to reduce the purchase cost and enhance the purchase power, the Company purchases the main raw materials and rubber products from Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Company ("Yongliansen") and Shanghai Haozong Rubber & Plastic Technology Co., Ltd. ("Shanghai Haozong"), and also purchases equipment and rubber products under indirect supply model from Shanghai Huaxin Economic and Trade Co., Ltd. ("Shanghai Huaxin") during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company's founder holds minor equity interests of the three suppliers directly or indirectly and one of the Company directors, Mr. Jun Tong holds 30% ownership of Shanghai Haozong.

For nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company purchased rubber products from Yongliansen ("Vendor C") in the total amount of $1,110,947 and $Nil, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 the Company has $890,730 payable to Yongliansen, and as of December 31, 2024, the Company advanced Yongliansen $230,204, respectively, mainly for raw material and rubber products purchases. On November 30, 2020, RLSP advanced RMB 15 million or $2,054,907 as a deposit (the "Deposit") to Yongliansen in order to lock-down our premium customer position among all customers of Yongliansen and maintain a long-term business relationship. The Deposit bears no interest and is due on demand. Due to less procurement of raw materials made from Yongliansen in 2022, RLSP requested Yongliansen to refund the Deposit, and Yongliansen agreed to fully refund RLSP by December 31, 2022. On December 15, 2022, RLSP and Yongliansen entered into a Payment Agreement, among which Yongliansen requested to extend the repayment date of the Deposit to April 30<sup>th</sup>, 2024, and RLSP has agreed to grant such extension request. Yongliansen, and Shanghai Huaxin signed a Tripartite Payment Agreement (the "TPA") on May 6, 2024. Under the terms of the TPA, RLSP, Yongliansen, and Shanghai Huaxin ("Vendor B") have agreed that the advance of $2,054,907 or RMB 15 million from RLSP to Yongliansen will be directly remitted from Yongliansen to Shanghai Huaxin. This remittance serves as payment to settle the payable amount owed to Shanghai Huaxin by RLSP. In May 2024, the RMB 15 million or $2,054,907 has been offset with the balance due to Shanghai Huaxin, with $Nil deposit to vendor as of September 30, 2025.

For nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company purchased $Nil and $6,912,778 rubber products from Shanghai Haozong ("Vendor A") respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $6,021,665 and $5,873,177 accounts payable due to Shanghai Haozong, respectively.

For nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, RLSP purchased $Nil and $ Nil rubber products and equipment from Shanghai Huaxin ("Vendor B"), respectively.

On December 25, 2021, RLSP signed a Payment Extension Agreement with Shanghai Huaxin regarding outstanding account payable balance, which was amended on August 14, 2022. Under the amended Payment Extension Agreement, RLSP and Shanghai Huaxin both agreed that the $6,835,124 accounts payable as of June 30, 2022 shall be paid based on the agreed-upon payment schedule, of which $746,480 accounts payable should be paid before December 31, 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2023 the, Company has paid $628,003 (RMB4,440,000). The remaining balance of $4,595,380 was original scheduled to be paid by April 30, 2024 under the Payment Extension Agreement. According to the Tripartite Payment Agreement (the "TPA") entered into on May 6, 2024, the deposited to Yongliansen of RMB 15 million or (approximately $2,054,907) was offset against the balance due to Shanghai Huaxin for year ended December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $1,329,505 and $1,296,721 accounts payable due to Shanghai Huaxin, respectively.

*<u>Sales under Indirect Supply Model</u>*

In order to stabilize customer relationships and maintain long-term orders, we authorized two related parties - Shanghai Xinsen ("Customer B") and Hangzhou Xinsen ("Customer C") as our distributors. The Company's President, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, held 90% ownership of Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Xinsen holds 70% ownership of Hangzhou Xinsen, or Ms. Hua owns 63% ownership of Hangzhou Xinsen, respectively. Effective on October 1, 2022, Ms. Hua reduced her ownership of Shanghai Xinsen to 15%, and so accordingly reduced her indirect ownership of Hangzhou Xinsen to 10.5%. Xinsen Group is a rubber product trading expert with 20 years of experience in the auto parts market, who charges 1% of the total sales amount before VAT tax as sales commission before September 30, 2022, and subsequently 0.25% effective from October 1, 2022 after the renegotiation between RLSP and Xinsen Group. Sales commission incurred in each period is recorded as part of selling expense of the Company.

RLSP held advances from Hangzhou Xinsen in the amounts of $18,322 and $17,870 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 respectively.

For nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had indirect sales through Xinsen Group that were sold to two certified first-tier suppliers of the Auto Manufacturers $1,144,263 and $6,913,939 respectively. For three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the total indirect sales through Xinsen Group to the same downstream two customers were $1,144,263 and $2,001,574, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the accounts receivable due from Shanghai Xinsen were and $9,665,867 and $8,295,591 respectively. Since the end of 2021, Shanghai Xinsen received some payments from their customers in the form of bank notes with expiration period between three to six months. However, RLSP does not accept bank notes as payments and agreed to temporarily extend the payment terms to four months from two months after negotiated with Shanghai Xinsen. Due to a 2024 construction-related lawsuit with Zhejiang Fengrong that led to the freezing of our accounts, the collection of this receivable has been mutually deferred until the account freeze is lifted, which is expected to occur no later than December, 2025.

We assess the risk of this receivable becoming a bad debt as low, as the delay is due to temporary operational constraints rather than Shanghai Xinsen's creditworthiness or unwillingness to pay. Management remains confident in the full recovery of this amount upon resolution of the legal matter, supported by Shanghai Xinsen's stable financial position and ongoing communication. As a result, no bad debt provision is deemed necessary at this time.

*<u>Sales under OEM Supply Model</u>*

Starting in October 2024, the Company established an OEM supply model in collaboration with Shanghai Xinsen. Under this arrangement, Shanghai Xinsen receives OEM manufacturing orders from customers and outsources them to us. We provide the necessary labor and equipment to process raw materials into finished products. In return, we charge Shanghai Xinsen a processing fee, calculated based on the cost per individual part and settled on a monthly basis. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, RLSP's OEM supply sales through Shanghai Xinsen totaled $Nil and $2,107.

*<u>Others</u>*

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's founder and officer funded the Company and RLSP in the total amount of $3,912,515 and $3,762,422 for its daily operation, respectively. The payable amounts bear no interest rate and due on demand. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company transferred cash in the amount of $Nil and $130,000 respectively to RLSP as capital contribution for its daily operation. As a result, the unpaid registered capital of RLSP was reduced to $17,639,085 (RMB128 million) in China. The cash transfer has been approved by Agricultural Bank of China, Fenghua Branch, which is authorized by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (the "SAFE").

**Note 10 – Shareholders' Equity**

RLSP was established on July 8, 2019 with registered capital of $20 million. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, $2,230,915 and $2,230,915 cash has been transferred from the Company to RLSP as capital contribution, respectively.

Rubber Leaf Limited (the "Company" or "RLL") was incorporated in Hong Kong under the Companies Ordinance (Chapter 622 of the Laws of Hong Kong) as a limited liability company. The Company was established to serve as a regional subsidiary and commercial platform for Rubber Leaf Inc., focusing on cross-border operations, sales, and supply-chain coordination within Asia.

From May to July 2023, the Company issued 133,000 shares of common stocks at $3.00 per share pursuant to the private placements with ten individuals for cash. The total $399,000 subscriptions were fully received as of September 30, 2025. The Company relied upon Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for the sale of these securities. No commissions were paid regarding the share issuance and the share certificates were issued with a Rule 144 restrictive legend.

**Note 11 - Commitment and Contingencies**

On August 5, 2022, RLSP signed a Construction Engineering Contract (the "Project") with Zhejiang Fengrong Construction Co., Ltd ("Zhejiang Fengrong", a.k.a "Ningbo Rongsen") to construct a factory and a new production line with an annual production capacity of up to four million sets of automotive seals. The budget of the Project is around $4,931,105 (RMB 35 million), and the Project was completed on October 25, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, RLSP has paid Zhejiang Fengrong a total of $2,395,142 (RMB 17 million) for the Project. The Project was subsequently audited by Ningbo Zhongxin Engineering Management Co., Ltd., which initially appraised the Project at US $6,519,991 (RMB 46,277,593). Based on this appraisal, RLSP signed a Settlement Payment Agreement with Zhejiang Fengrong on January 7, 2024, setting the final settlement price at US $7,171,990 (RMB 50,905,352).

However, a significant discrepancy emerged following a second evaluation by Kexin United Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., which determined the Project cost to be US $5,221,922 (RMB 37,064,159), indicating a discrepancy of 26.32% compared to the price in the Settlement Payment Agreement. Citing a major misunderstanding influenced by the initial overvaluation, RLSP seeks legal action to revoke the Settlement Payment Agreement, in accordance with Article 147 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, which allows for the revocation under significant misunderstanding.

In March 2024, RLSP filed a complaint against Zhejiang Fengrong with the Ningbo Fenghua District People's Court of China, challenging the overvalued construction costs of our newly constructed factory. The case has been filed with the case number being (2024) Zhejiang 0213 Minchu No. 2289

Concurrently with the RLSP filing mentioned above, Zhejiang Fengrong also filed a complaint against RLSP with the Ningbo Fenghua District People's Court demanding RLSP to pay full construction costs, overdue penalty, attorney fees and other costs totaling US$7,163,361 (RMB50,844,103.89). The Ningbo Fenghua District People's Court accepted the case filing. Zhejiang Fengrong claimed that RLSP shall pay in accordance with the Settlement Payment Agreement and RLSP shall be responsible for the late payment.

On December 30, 2024, Ningbo Intermediate People's Court made a final ruling concerning the above dispute, ordering RLSP to pay 1) US$6,956,830.46 (RMB49,378,191.44); and 2) late payment interests incurring from March 1, 2024 to the date of full payment at an interest rate of 1% per month; and 3) other expenses of US$4,226 (RMB30,000). RLSP has decided to initiate the re-trial proceeding and will file the application with Zhejiang High People's Court of China within the statutory 6-month period upon the final ruling.

In May 2024, RLSP received a Notice of Legal Action from Taicang People's Court of China, with RLSP being the co-defendants under a goods purchase contract dispute with case number (2024)SU0585 Minchu No. 3400. This lawsuit was initiated by Hecheng Special Rubber (Taicang) Co., Ltd. ("Taicang Hecheng"), claiming that RSLP and Yongliansen, acting as co-buyers, have purchased EPDM rubber from Taicang Hecheng since April 2023 but failed to pay purchase price for an aggregate amount of US$132,836.92 (RMB942,849.86). Taicang Hecheng therefore filed a complaint against RSLP and Yongliansen for the outstanding purchase price and the late payment fee.

In August 2024, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone People's Court accepted a case initiated by eGT against RLSP for refunding of part of the prepayment at US$1,063,316 (RMB7,547,203.80). RLSP argued eGT and RLSP started a business collaboration from September 2019 and signed around 29 advance payment agreements. The contract payment model was changed to a post-payment structure in June 2022. Since then, RLSP has continued to supply goods, which have not been fully settled. RLSP seeks full settlement of all outstanding amount receivable, including such outstanding amount for the transactions after June 2022, while eGT insisted that the prepayment shall not cover such purchases after June 2022. On November 4, 2024, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone People's Court ruled that RLSP shall refund eGT US$1,045,196 (RMB7,418,594.09) plus late payment interest incurring from August 2, 2024 at the rate of 3.35% per annum and RLSP shall claim any outstanding amount receivable through a separate lawsuit. An appeal has been filed by RLSP and the case is currently under review by Wuhan Intermediate People's Court of China.

There have been no significant changes regarding the legal matters noted above during this reporting period.

Our management maintains confidence in our legal standing and is actively pursuing a resolution that will be beneficial to us. As legal proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, we cannot predict the outcome of this matter at the time of filing this Quarterly Report.

**Note 12 - Income Taxes**

The Company, RLI is a Nevada company and subject to the United States federal income tax at a tax rate of 21%. The Company's subsidiary, RLSP, is incorporated in the PRC and are subject to PRC's Enterprise Income Tax. Pursuant to the PRC Income Tax Laws, Enterprise Income Taxes ("EIT") is generally imposed at 25%. RLHK is in incorporated in Hong Kong and subjected to a profits tax rate of 8.25% on the first HK $2 million of assessable profits and 16.5% on profit exceeding HK $2 million.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the provision for income taxes was $Nil and $(8,608), respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the income tax payables were $226,378 and $220,796, respectively.

The table below summarizes the difference between the U.S. statutory federal tax rate and the Company's effective tax rate for nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine months ended September 30,** | **Nine months ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) |
| U.S. federal income tax rate | 21.0% | 21.0% |
| Tax rate difference | 4.0% | 4.0% |
| Tax except | -% | -% |
| Nontaxable items | -% | -% |
| GILTI tax | -% | -% |
| Others | -% | -% |
| Valuation allowance | (25.0)% | (25.0)% |
| Effective tax rate | -% | -% |

---

For U.S. income tax purposes, the Company has no cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiary as of September 30, 2025 after acquired RLSP on May 27, 2021. Accordingly, no provision has been made for U.S. deferred taxes related to future repatriation of these earnings, nor is it practicable to estimate the amount of income taxes that would have to be provided if we concluded that such earnings will be remitted to the U.S. in the future.

In addition, the 2017 Tax Act also creates a new requirement that certain income (i.e., Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI")) earned by controlled foreign corporations ("CFCs") must be included currently in the gross income of the CFCs' U.S. shareholder. GILTI is the excess of the shareholder's net CFC tested income over the net deemed tangible income return, which is currently defined as the excess of (1) 10 percent of the aggregate of the U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of the qualified business asset investment of each CFC with respect to which it is a U.S. shareholder over (2) the amount of certain interest expense taken into account in the determination of net CFC-tested income. The Company has elected to recognize the tax on GILTI as a period expense in the period the tax is incurred. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, no GILTI tax expense was incurred.

ASC 740 requires recognition and measurement of uncertain income tax positions using a "more-likely-than-not" approach. The management evaluated the Company's tax positions and considered that no provision for uncertainty in income taxes was necessary as of September 30, 2025.

**Note 13 - Segment Reporting**

We realize revenue primarily through the sale of synthetic rubber, rubber compound, car window seals, auto parts with two sales channels. The Company managed and reviewed its business as two operating and reporting segments: direct supply and indirect supply models.

The business line distribution of the Company's information as of and for nine months as well as three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 as following:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the nine months ended**<br> **September 30,** | **For the nine months ended**<br> **September 30,** | **For the three months ended**<br> **September 30,** | **For the three months ended**<br> **September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) |
| *Revenue:* |  |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model | $- | $— | $- |  |
| Indirect supply model | 1144263 | 6913939 | 1144263 | 2001574 |
| OEM supply model |  | 2107 |  | 2107 |
| Total | 1144263 | 6916046 | 1144263 | 2003681 |
| *Gross profit:* |  |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model | -% | -% | -% | -% |
| Indirect supply model | 3% | (1)% | 3% | (1)% |
| OEM supply model |  | (342)% |  | (342)% |
| Total | (39)% | (8)% | (11)% | (9)% |
| *Gain (Loss) from operations:* |  |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model |  | (392513) |  | (123646) |
| Indirect supply model | 33316 | (61222) | 33316 | (27584) |
| OEM supply model |  | (19151) |  | (19151) |
| Corporate | (745168) | (1012499) | (202016) | (229389) |
| Total | (711852) | (1485385) | (168700) | (399770) |
| *Net income (loss)* |  |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model |  | (688919) |  | (198378) |
| Indirect supply model | 33316 | (61222) | 33316 | (27584) |
| OEM supply model |  | (19151) |  | (19151) |
| Corporate | (961870) | (1003891) | (274899) | (229368) |
| Total | $(928554) | $(1773183) | $(241583) | $(474481) |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| *Reportable assets* |  |  |
| Direct supply model | $9373976 | $10699826 |
| Indirect supply model | 10247630 | 8863009 |
| Corporate | 2130515 | 2135293 |
| Total | $22867186 | $21698128 |

---

All long-term assets are managed under direct supply model by the chief operating decision maker.

**Note 14 - Subsequent Events**

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Based on our evaluation, no other event has occurred requiring adjustment or disclosure.

**Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations**

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, particularly those identified with the words, "anticipates," "believes," "expects," "plans," "intends," "objectives," and similar expressions. These statements reflect management's best judgment based on factors known at the time of such statements. The reader may find discussions containing such forward-looking statements in the material set forth under "*Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations*," as well as elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Actual events or results may differ materially from those discussed herein. The forward-looking statements specified in the following information have been compiled by our management on the basis of assumptions made by management and considered by management to be reasonable. Our future operating results, however, are impossible to predict and no representation, guarantee, or warranty is to be inferred from those forward-looking statements. The assumptions used for purposes of the forward-looking statements specified in the following information represent estimates of future events and are subject to uncertainty as to possible changes in economic, legislative, industry, and other circumstances. As a result, the identification and interpretation of data and other information and their use in developing and selecting assumptions from and among reasonable alternatives require the exercise of judgment. To the extent that the assumed events do not occur, the outcome may vary substantially from anticipated or projected results, and, accordingly, no opinion is expressed on the achievability of those forward-looking statements. No assurance can be given that any of the assumptions relating to the forward-looking statements specified in the following information are accurate, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.

**Overview**

Rubber Leaf Inc was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on May 18, 2021. We acquired Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. on May 27, 2021, through an equity transfer between Rubber Leaf LLC and Rubber Leaf Inc. After the acquisition, RLSP became our 100% directly controlled subsidiary and wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China. Currently, all of our business is conducted through RLSP. RLSP was established in Fenghua, Ningo, China and commenced operations in July 2019. RLSP was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Rubber Leaf LLC, a Delaware company organized on June 1, 2018, and Xingxiu Hua was the sole member of Rubber Leaf LLC. RLSP specializes in the production and sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips. We are a well-known auto parts enterprise, and we are also a first-tier supplier of well-known auto brands such as eGT and Volkswagen.

Our principal business address is located at Qixing Road, Weng'ao Industrial Zone, Chunhu Subdistrict, Fenghua District Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.

**Components of Our Results of Operations**

***Sales Revenue***

We generate revenue through selling automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips under two models of supply:

***<u>Model A (Direct Supply Model)</u>***

Following successful on-site inspections by auto OEMs, RLSP secures listing in its directories as a first-tier supplier that directly provides products to the OEM. For example, eGT is an auto OEM, and we serve as their first-tier supplier. eGT directly signs purchase or supply agreements with RLSP. This positions RLSP to independently procure raw materials, manufacture final products and directly deliver finished goods to the warehouses of the auto OEMs. RLSP fulfills its performance obligation upon the delivery of finished products to their warehouses, following a subsequent quality inspection approved by them. Simultaneously, they may request product replacements for disqualified items. Ownership and control of our finished products transfer to customers upon successful inspection and acceptance into an OEM's warehouse. Revenue recognition occurs upon the transfer of control of our products to a customer, with payments made directly by the OEM.

***<u>Model B (Indirect Supply Model)</u>***

RLSP receives the purchase orders from our related parties-Shanghai Xinsen and Xinsen Sealing Products (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd ("Hangzhou Xinsen") (collectively named as "Xinsen Group" for two companies together). The Company's Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, previously held a 90% ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Xinsen holds a 70% ownership interest in Hangzhou Xinsen. Effective October 1, 2022, Ms. Hua reduced her ownership of Shanghai Xinsen from 90% to 15%, and accordingly reduced her indirect ownership of Hangzhou Xinsen from 63% to 10.5%. The Xinsen Group is a rubber product trading expert with 20 years of experience in the auto parts market, who charges 1% of the total sales amount before VAT tax as sales commission before September 30, 2022, and subsequently 0.25% effective from October 1, 2022 after the renegotiation between RLSP and Xinsen Group. The sales commission incurred in each period is recorded as part of selling expenses of the Company. The Xinsen Group serves as a certified second-tier supplier for branded Automobile Manufacturers ("Auto Manufacturers"). A second-tier supplier refers to a supplier that provides products to the first-tier suppliers of the OEM. First-tier suppliers could be suppliers of car doors, rubber and plastic components and other automobile parts. Auto Manufacturers issue consolidated purchase orders for complete sets of rubber and plastic auto parts for a particular model to their first-tier suppliers. These first-tier suppliers subcontract the production of rubber and plastic seals to second-tier suppliers. As a second-tier supplier and a facilitator of production rather than a direct manufacturer, Xinsen Group coordinates with us to fulfill orders. Upon receipt of purchase orders, RLSP procures rubber materials from our vendors. The production process involves outsourcing to third-party manufacturers for either work-in-process products ("WIP") or finished products, based on management's decisions in response to operational circumstances.

We employ two distinct forms of outsourced processing under Model B.

1) RLSP purchases raw materials and subcontracts production to third-party manufacturers for WIP. Once WIP is finished and delivered to RLSP's warehouse, RLSP performs certain manual processes, such as welding and constructing in order to meet the specification of the purchase orders. The completion of the final products is contingent upon a rigorous quality inspection conducted by RLSP, ensuring they meet the highest standards.

2) RLSP purchases raw materials and subcontracts third party manufacturers to produce finished products. RLSP will trace and observe each step of production undertaken by third-party manufacturers, with a primary focus on the final quality control step.

The finished products are delivered to the warehouses of Xinsen Group's upstream first-tier suppliers, either from our locations or those of the third-party manufacturers. Quality inspection is carried out by assigned inspectors from Xinsen Group upon delivery. RLSP fulfills its obligation when the finished products reach Xinsen Group's customers and pass the qualified quality inspection.

In the event of products that do not pass inspection, the Xinsen Group initiates a product replacement process. Upon confirmation of quality and quantity, and acceptance of finished products into Xinsen Group's customers' warehouses, invoices are provided to us as proof of delivery. The date of the invoices signifies the transfer of ownership and control of the finished products under model B from us to Xinsen Group and indirectly to its upstream first-tier suppliers. We recognize at such time as Xinsen Group's customers accept delivery of products.

We also generate revenue through contract manufacturing model or OEM supply model, which is described in the model C.

***<u>Model C (OEM Supply Model)</u>***

The contract manufacturing process begins with the customer placing an order and supplying all necessary raw materials. We provide the labor and equipment required to process the raw materials into finished products. The customer is charged a processing fee, which is calculated based on the cost per individual part and settled monthly. At the start of each month, we calculate the number of parts processed in the previous month, and both parties confirm the quantity by stamping the relevant documents. Once confirmed, we issue an invoice for the processing fee, and the customer makes payment upon receipt of the invoice.

***Related Party Revenues***

We also generate revenue through the indirect supply model. We process the purchase orders from our related parties, subcontract them to third party suppliers, who will produce and deliver the finished products to the final customers. Specifically, we either purchase raw materials and subcontract them for manufacturing or procure the products directly in the market to supply our customers, which depends on the specific requirements of the orders.

***Cost of Revenues***

Cost of revenues is comprised of raw materials consumed, manufacturing costs, third party logistics and distribution costs including packaging, freight, transportation, shipping and handling costs, and inventory adjustment due to the defectives and inventory count.

***Selling Expense***

Selling expense principally consist of costs associated with our sales force. Our main selling cost is the commission fee from indirect supply model sales.

***General and Administrative Expense***

General and administrative expenses include the expenses for commercial support personnel, personnel in executive and other administrative functions, other commercial costs necessary to support the commercial operation of our products, professional fees for legal, consulting and accounting services. General and administrative expenses also include depreciation and impairments of office furniture and equipment.

***Interest Expense***

Interest expense primarily consists of interest expense incurred under our Revolving Loan Agreement with banks, individual third parties, and minor bank service charges.

**Income taxes**

We are governed by the Income Tax Law of the PRC, and the United States. We account for income tax using the liability method prescribed by ASC 740, "Income Taxes." Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We record a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence; it is more-likely-than-not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or loss in the period that includes the enactment date.

**Result of Operations**

***Comparison of the Three Months Ended on September 30, 2025 and 2024***

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended on September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For three months ended on September 30,** | **For three months ended on September 30,** | **For three months ended on September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Changes** |
| Sales | $- | $2107 | $(2107) |
| Sales-related parties | 1144263 | 2001574 | (857311) |
| Total | 1144263 | 2003681 | (859418) |
| Cost of sales | 1110947 | 2012707 | (901760) |
| Cost of OEM |  | 9317 | (9317) |
| Loss on factory relocation |  | 882 | (882) |
| Loss on idle capacity | 159616 | 161902 | (2286) |
| Total cost of sales | 1270563 | 2184808 | (914245) |
| Gross loss | (126300) | (181127) | 54827 |
| **Operating Expenses** |  |  |  |
| Selling expenses |  | 5011 | (5011) |
| General & administrative expenses | 42400 | 213632 | (171232) |
| Total operation expenses | 42400 | 218643 | (176243) |
| Loss from operation | (168700) | (399770) | 231070 |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (72883) | (74712) | 1829 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other expense, net | - | (20) | 20 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other expenses, net | (72883) | (74732) | 1849 |
| **Net loss before income taxes** | (241583) | (474502) | 232919 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax benefit | - | (21) | 21 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net loss** | $(241583) | $(474481) | $232898 |

---

***Sales Revenue***

Sales revenue for the period ended September 30, 2025, amounted to $1,144,263, compared to $2,003,681 for the same period in 2024, representing a decrease of $859,418, or approximately 43% decreasing year over year. The substantial decline was primarily attributable to a construction-related lawsuit with Zhejiang Fengrong, which led to the freezing of the Company's bank accounts. As a result, the Company was compelled to temporarily suspend all business operations of RLSP. During the month of September 2025, the Company began its business through the new subsidiary, RLHK with indirect supply mode, which is expected to continue handling such operations for the remainder of the year.

 ****

***Cost of Sales***

Cost of sales totaled $1,270,563 for the period ended September 30, 2025, compared to $2,184,808 for the same period in 2024, a decrease of $914,245, or 42% year over year. The decrease in cost of sales was directly linked to the suspension of business operations during the third quarter of 2025.

***Gross loss***

Gross loss were $(126,300) and $(181,127) for the three months ended on September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our revenue and gross profit margin were presented as below:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the three months ended September 30,** | **For the three months ended September 30,** | **For the three months ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **changes** |
| *Revenue:* |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model | $- | $- | $- |
| Indirect supply model | 1144263 | 2001574 | (857311) |
| OEM supply model | - | 2107 | (2107) |
| Total | 1144263 | 2003681 | (859418) |
| *Gross profit margin:* |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model | -% | -% | -% |
| Indirect supply model | 3% | (1)% | 4% |
| OEM supply model | -% | (342)% | 342% |
| Total | (11)% | (9)% | (2)% |

---

As noted above, due to the ongoing lawsuit with Zhejiang Fengrong, we were compelled to temporarily suspend all business operations of RLSP, including sales activities, during the third quarter of 2025. We are currently working with the Company's legal counsel to prepare an appeal to be submitted to the Zhejiang Provincial Higher People's Court. Once the appeal is accepted, we expect to lift these suspensions and gradually resume our business operations. In parallel, the Company's management is also evaluating alternative solutions to address the current operational challenges.

 ****

***Selling expenses***

Selling expenses were $Nil and $5,011 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing a decrease of $5,011, or 100%, year over year. This reduction was primarily attributable to the temporary suspension of major sales activities.

The absence of sales commission expense associated with the indirect supply model operated through our Hong Kong subsidiary, Rubber Leaf Limited ("RLHK"), was mainly due to the subsidiary's early-stage business development. As RLHK was newly incorporated and its commercial activities remained in the pilot phase, no commission arrangements were implemented during the period. The Company intends to assess and formalize a commission structure once the Hong Kong operations achieve a stable and recurring sales scale.

***General and administrative cost***

General and administrative expenses were $42,400 and $213,632 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing a decrease of $171,232, or 80% year over year. The decline was primarily driven by the suspension of RLSP's business operations during the third quarter of 2025. By contrast, the 2024 period included significant professional service fees incurred in connection with the Company's application for uplisting to The Nasdaq Capital Market.

***Loss from Operations***

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, loss from operations was $(168,700), as compared to loss from operations of $(399,770) for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $231,070 or 58% year over year. The reduction in operating loss was primarily attributable to the suspension of RLSP's business operations during the third quarter of 2025, resulting in significantly lower operating expenses. In contrast, the same period in 2024 was impacted by a lower gross margin and higher general and administrative expenses.

***Net loss***

As a result of the factors described above, our net loss was $(168,700) for the three months ended September 30, 2025, improved by $231,070 from the net loss of $(399,770) for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

**Comparison of the Nine Months Ended on September 30, 2025 and 2024**

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended on September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For Nine months ended on September 30,** | **For Nine months ended on September 30,** | **For Nine months ended on September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Changes** |
| Sales | $- | $2107 | $(2107) |
| Sales-related parties | 1144263 | 6913939 | (5769676) |
| Total | 1144263 | 6916046 | (5771783) |
| Cost of sales | 1110947 | 6921186 | (5810239) |
| Cost of OEM |  | 9317 | (9317) |
| Loss on factory relocation |  | 359549 | (359549) |
| Loss on idle capacity | 479345 | 161903 | 317442 |
| Total cost of sales | 1590292 | 7451955 | (5861663) |
| Gross loss | (446029) | (535909) | 89880 |
| **Operating Expenses** |  |  |  |
| Selling expenses |  | 20311 | (20311) |
| General & administrative expenses | 265823 | 929165 | (663342) |
| Total operation expenses | 265823 | 949476 | (683653) |
| Loss from operation | (711852) | (1485385) | 773533 |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (216702) | (288385) | 71683 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other expense, net | - | (8021) | 8021 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other expenses, net | (216702) | (296406) | 79704 |
| **Net loss before income taxes** | (928554) | (1781791) | 853237 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax benefit | - | (8608) | 8608 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net loss** | $(928554) | $(1773183) | $844629 |

---

***Sales Revenue***

Sales revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, amounted to $1,144,263, compared to $6,916,046 for the same period in 2024, representing a significant decrease of $5.8 million, or approximately 83% year over year. The substantial decline was primarily attributable to a construction-related lawsuit with Zhejiang Fengrong, which led to the freezing of the Company's bank accounts. As a result, the Company was compelled to temporarily suspend all business operations of RLSP. During the month of September 2025, the Company began its business through the new subsidiary, RLHK with indirect supply mode, which is expected to continue handling such operations for the remainder of the year.

***Cost of Sales***

Cost of sales totaled $1,590,292 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $7,451,955 in 2024, a decrease of $5.9 million, or 79% year over year. The decrease in cost of sales was directly linked to the suspension of RLSP's business operations during nine months ended September 30, 2025.

***Gross loss***

Gross loss were $(446,029) and $(535,909) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our revenue and gross profit margin were presented as below:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the nine months ended on September 30** | **For the nine months ended on September 30** | **For the nine months ended on September 30** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **changes** |
| *Revenue:* |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model | $- |  |  |
| Indirect supply model | 1144263 | 6913939 | (5769676) |
| OEM supply model | - | 2107 | 2107 |
| Total | 1144263 | 6916046 | (5771783) |
| *Gross profit margin:* |  |  |  |
| Direct supply model | -% | -% | -% |
| Indirect supply model | 3% | (1)% | 4% |
| OEM supply model | -% | (342)% | 342% |
| Total | (39)% | (8)% | (31)% |

---

As stated above, due to the lawsuit with Zhejiang Fengrong, we were compelled to temporarily suspend RLSP's business operations, including our sales activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

***Selling expenses***

Selling expenses were $Nil and $20,311 for nine months ended on September 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively, with a decrease of $20,311 or 100% year over year. The reduction was primarily due to the temporary suspension of RLSP's business operations.

The absence of sales commission expense associated with the indirect supply model operated through our Hong Kong subsidiary, Rubber Leaf Limited ("RLHK"), was mainly due to the subsidiary's early-stage business development. As RLHK was newly incorporated and its commercial activities remained in the pilot phase, no commission arrangements were implemented during the period. The Company intends to assess and formalize a commission structure once the Hong Kong operations achieve a stable and recurring sales scale.

***General and administrative cost***

General and administrative expenses were $265,823 and $929,165 for the nine months ended on September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, decreased by $663,342, or 71% year over year. The decrease was mainly attributable to the suspension of RLSP's business operation for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. In contrast, the 2024 period included significant professional service fees related to the Company's application for uplisting to The Nasdaq Capital Market.

***Loss from Operations***

For the nine months ended on September 30, 2025, loss from operations was $(711,852), as compared to loss from operations of $(1,485,385) for the nine months ended on September 30, 2024, an increase of $773,532 or 52% year over year. The reduction in operating loss was primarily attributable to the suspension of RLSP's business operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, resulting in significantly lower operating expenses. In contrast, the same period in 2024 was impacted by a lower gross margin and higher general and administrative expenses.

***Net Loss***

As a result of the factors described above, our net loss was $(928,554) for the nine months ended on September 30, 2025, increased by $844,629from the net loss of $(1,773,183) for the nine months ended on September 30, 2024.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

As of September 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $(6,350,083). As of September 30, 2025, we had cash of $12,798 and negative working capital of $(14,949,307), compared to cash of $12,273 and a negative working capital of $(14,263,400) on December 31, 2024. The decrease in the working capital was primarily due to the increased borrowings and other payables to related parties of the Company. These factors and our ability to raise additional capital to accomplish our objectives raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We do not believe we will have sufficient capital to fund our operations and capital expenditure requirements for the next twelve months from the date the consolidated financial statements are issued and beyond.

We did not enter into any financing agreements or arrangements or obtain funds from any financing activities for the nine month period ended September 30, 2025. During the fiscal year 2024, RLSP obtained a one-year bank loan of $1,391,285 (RMB 10 million) and $2,772,272 RMB (20 million) from the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Ningbo National Gaoxin Branch, at an annual interest rate of 3.55%. This loan matured on April 1, 2025. RLSP and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Ningbo National Gaoxin Branch entered into an extension agreement on March 27, 2025 to extend the maturity date to April 1, 2026. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan amounted to $4,213,720 (RMB 30 million) and $4,109,815 (RMB 30 million).

In addition, during the fiscal year 2024, RLSP secured approval for a line of credit ("LOC") from the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Ningbo National Gaoxin Branch, with a total amount of $7.75 million (RMB 56 million), using its new factory building and land use right located at Qixing Road, Weng'ao Industrial Zone, Chunhu Subdistrict, Fenghua District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China as collateral pledged. The LOC can be utilized through separate loans and has a term of two years. However, due to an ongoing account freeze resulting from litigation with Zhejiang Fengrong, RLSP has not yet opted to utilize this facility. Our legal counsel is in the process of preparing an appeal to the Zhejiang Provincial High Court. Once the appeal is filed, all current enforcement actions, including the account freeze, will be suspended, allowing us to resume normal operations. Per the discussion with our legal counsel, our management believes that it is probable that we will achieve a favorable resolution.

The uncertainties surrounding our ability to access capital when needed create substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Since our management anticipates that we will be dependent on additional investment capital to fund operating expenses for the next twelve months, we have included a discussion concerning the presentation of our financial statements on a going concern basis in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. We plan to raise additional capital in the future to continue and fund operations, although there are no firm arrangements in place for any such financing at this time other than any funds that may be drawn from the LOC, if and when available. In light of management's efforts, there are no assurances that we will be successful obtaining additional funds or accomplishing our endeavors, and if we fail to become financially viable, we may be unable to continue as a going concern.

**Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements**

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to stockholders.

**Critical Accounting Policies**

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires making estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

The critical accounting policies are discussed in further detail in the notes to the unaudited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Management believes that the application of these policies on a consistent basis enables us to provide useful and reliable financial information about our operating results and financial condition.

**Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk**

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"), and in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, we are electing scaled disclosure reporting obligations and therefore are not required to provide the information requested by this item.

**Item 4. Controls and Procedures.**

**Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed with an objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our periodic reports filed with the SEC, such as this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Disclosure controls are also designed with an objective of ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and President, in order to allow timely consideration regarding required disclosures.

The evaluation of our disclosure controls by our principal executive officer included a review of the controls' objectives and design, the operation of the controls, and the effect of the controls on the information presented in this report. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and President, does not expect that disclosure controls can or will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud, if any. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Also, projections of any evaluation of the disclosure controls and procedures to future periods are subject to the risk that the disclosure controls and procedures may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and President and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and President and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that there were material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025 and they were therefore not as effective as they could be to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. The material weakness in our controls and procedure were lack of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) knowledge and segregation duties. Management does not believe that any of these material weaknesses materially affected the results and accuracy of its financial statements. However, in view of this discovery of such weaknesses, management has begun a review to improve them.

**Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 under the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**PART II - OTHER INFORMATION**

**Item 1. Legal Proceedings.**

From time to time, claims are made against us in the ordinary course of business, which could result in litigation. Claims and associated litigation are subject to inherent uncertainties and unfavorable outcomes could occur, such as monetary damages, fines, penalties, or injunctions prohibiting us from selling one or more products or engaging in other activities.

The Company is currently involved in a construction-related dispute filed by the contractor under Case No. (2025) Zhe 0213 Minchu 1313. The claim arises from a decoration and renovation contract, which forms part of the broader construction agreement executed between the parties. The contractor alleges outstanding construction payments pursuant to the terms of that agreement. As the claimed amount is embedded within the overall contract value of the construction project, the specific disputed sum is included within the contractor's contractual scope. The case is presently under judicial review, and the Company intends to continue asserting its rights and defenses through the appropriate legal procedures.

Expect for the litigation event above, there were no futher reportable litigation events and there have been no material developments to litigation events previously disclosed in our SEC filings during the quarter ended September 30, 2025.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors.**

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and in item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, we are electing scaled disclosure reporting obligations and therefore are not required to provide the information requested by this item.

**Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds**

*(A) Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities*

None.

*(B) Use of Proceeds*

Not applicable.

*(C) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities*

None.

**Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities**

None.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures**

Not applicable.

**Item 5. Other Information**

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, no director or officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

**Item 6. Exhibits**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit No.** | **Description** |
| 10.1 | [English Translation of the Tripartite Payment Agreement between Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Yongliansen Import and Export Co., Ltd., and Shanghai Huaxin Trade Co., Ltd. dated May 6, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company filed on May 14, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1893657/000149315224019316/ex10-2.htm) |
| 31.1\* | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14 and Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](ex31-1.htm) |
| 31.2\* | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14 and Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](ex31-2.htm) |
| 32.1\*\* | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer and President and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ex32-1.htm) |
| 101\* | Inline Interactive Data Files |
| 101.INS\* | Inline XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH\* | Inline XBRL Schema Document |
| 101.CAL\* | Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF\* | Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB\* | Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE\* | Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104\* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

---

\* Filed herewith.

\*\* Furnished herewith and not to be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor incorporated by reference into any filing of Rubber Leaf Inc under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act whether made before or after the date of this report.

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **RUBBER LEAF INC** |
| Date: November 19, 2025 | */s/ Xingxiu Hua* |
|  | Xingxiu Hua, Chief Executive Officer |
| Date: November 19, 2025 | */s/ Hua Wang* |
|  | Hua Wang, Chief Financial Officer |

---

## Exhibit 31.1

**EXHIBIT** **31.1**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Xingxiu Hua, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-Q of Rubber Leaf Inc;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| |
|:---|
| */s/ Xingxiu Hua* |
| Xingxiu Hua |
| Chief Executive Officer and President<br> (Principal Executive Officer) |
| November 19, 2025 |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**EXHIBIT 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Hua Wang, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-Q of Rubber Leaf Inc;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| |
|:---|
| */s/ Hua Wang* |
| Hua Wang |
| Chief Financial Officer<br> (Principal Financial Officer)<br> (Principal Accounting Officer) |
| November 19, 2025 |

---

## Exhibit 32.1

**EXHIBIT 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED**

**PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Rubber Leaf Inc (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), each of the undersigned, in the capacities and on the dates indicated below, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| |
|:---|
| */s/ Xingxiu Hua* |
| Xingxiu Hua |
| Chief Executive Officer and President<br> (Principal Executive Officer) |
| November 19, 2025 |
| */s/ Hua Wang* |
| Hua Wang |
| Chief Financial Officer<br> (Principal Financial Officer)<br> (Principal Accounting Officer) |
| November 19, 2025 |

---