# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000055067
**File Stem:** 0001193125-25-315130
**Filing Date:** 2025-12
**Character Count:** 134202
**Document Hash:** a39bba3ef5ffdadea2c49770c66ea2c2
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001193125-25-315130.hdr.sgml**: 20251211

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001193125-25-315130

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 8-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 16

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251211

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Termination of a Material Definitive Agreement

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Completion of Acquisition or Disposition of Assets

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Obligation under an Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Notice of Delisting or Failure to Satisfy a Continued Listing Rule or Standard; Transfer of Listing

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Material Modifications to Rights of Security Holders

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Changes in Control of Registrant

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers: Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Other Events

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Financial Statements and Exhibits

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251211

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251211

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** KELLANOVA
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000055067
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS [2040]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 04 Manufacturing
- **EIN:** 380710690
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1228

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 8-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-04171
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251563582

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 412 N WELLS ST
- **CITY:** CHICAGO
- **STATE:** IL
- **ZIP:** 60654
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 2699612000

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 412 N WELLS ST
- **CITY:** CHICAGO
- **STATE:** IL
- **ZIP:** 60654

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** KELLOGG CO
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 19920703

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? 8-K

### UNITED STATES

### SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

#### Washington, D.C. 20549

### FORM 8-K

#### CURRENT REPORT

#### Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

#### of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

#### Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): December 11, 2025

## Kellanova

#### (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **1-4171** | **38-0710690** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction**<br> **of incorporation)** | **(Commission**<br> **File Number)** | **(IRS Employer**<br> **Identification No.)** |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **412 N. Wells Street**<br> **Chicago, Illinois** | **60654** |
| **(Address of principal executive offices)** | **(Zip Code)** |

---

#### Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (269) 961-2000

#### Not Applicable

#### (Former name or former address, if changed since last report.)
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

☐ Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

☐ Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading**<br> **symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange**<br> **on which registered** |
| Common Stock, $.25 par value per share | K | New York Stock Exchange |
| 0.500% Senior Notes due 2029 | K29 | New York Stock Exchange |
| 3.750% Senior Notes due 2034 | K34 | New York Stock Exchange |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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#### Introductory Note
As previously announced, on August 13, 2024, Kellanova, a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") with Acquiror 10VB8, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Acquiror"), Merger Sub 10VB8, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Acquiror ("Merger Sub"), and, solely for the limited purposes specified in the Merger Agreement, Mars, Incorporated, a Delaware corporation ("Parent").

On December 11, 2025 (the "Closing Date"), pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub was merged with and into the Company (the "Merger"), with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Acquiror.

#### Item 1.01 Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.
The information set forth in the Introductory Note of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.01.

#### Credit Facilities Guarantee
On December 11, 2025, following the closing of the Merger, the Company and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. executed (i) Supplement No. 1 (the "Revolving Supplemental Guarantee") to the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, dated as of March 3, 2023 (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the "Revolving Credit Facility Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement") among the Subsidiaries of the Parent party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent pursuant to that certain Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 3, 2023 (as amended by the First Amendment, dated as of September 10, 2024 and as may be further amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the "Revolving Credit Agreement"), among the Parent, the lenders from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, which provides for $4.0 billion in revolving commitments available to be drawn in either U.S. dollars, Euro or Sterling with a final maturity date of March 3, 2028 and (ii) Supplement No. 1 (the "Term Supplemental Guarantee" and, together with the Revolving Supplemental Guarantee, the "Supplemental Guarantees") to the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, dated as of September 10, 2024 (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the "Term Loan Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement"; the Term Loan Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, together with the Revolving Credit Facility Subsidiary Guarantee Agreement, the "Subsidiary Guarantee Agreements") pursuant to that certain Term Credit Agreement, dated as of September 10, 2024 (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the "DDTL Credit Agreement"; the DDTL Credit Agreement, together with the Revolving Credit Agreement, the "Parent Senior Credit Agreements"), among the Parent, the lenders from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, which provides for $4.0 billion in delayed draw term commitments available to be drawn in U.S. dollars with a final maturity date which is five years from the Funding Date, as defined in the DDTL Credit Agreement.

Pursuant to the Supplemental Guarantees and as required under the Parent Senior Credit Agreements, the Company agreed to join as a subsidiary guarantor under the Subsidiary Guarantee Agreements and guarantee on a senior unsecured basis all of the obligations of the Parent under the Parent Senior Credit Agreements.

#### Private Placement Notes Guarantee
On December 11, 2025, following the closing of the Merger, the Company executed (i) the Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement (the "2012 Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement") to the Note Agreement, dated as of October 11, 2012 (as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Note Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2016, Amendment No. 2 to Note Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2017 and Amendment No. 3 to Note Agreement, dated as of December 18, 2024 and as may be further amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the "2012 Note Purchase Agreement"), by and among the Parent and the noteholders party thereto, relating to the Parent's:

• $395,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.99% Series K Senior Notes due October 11, 2027 (the "2012 Senior Notes");

(ii) the Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement (the "2016 Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement") to the Note Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2016 (as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Note Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2017 and Amendment No. 2 to Note Agreement, dated as of December 18, 2024 and as may be further amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the "2016 Note Purchase Agreement"), by and among the Parent and the noteholders party thereto, relating to the Parent's:

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• $400,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.42% Series N Senior Notes due 2026;

• $400,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.52% Series O Senior Notes due 2028;

• $400,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.67% Series P Senior Notes due 2031;

• $400,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.04% Series Q Senior Notes due 2036;

• $400,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.27% Series R Senior Notes due 2041; and

• $400,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.45% Series S Senior Notes due 2046 (collectively, the "2016 Senior Notes");

(iii) the Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement (the "2017 Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement") to the Note Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2017 (as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Note Agreement, dated as of December 18, 2024 and as may be further amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the "2017 Note Purchase Agreement"), by and among the Parent and the noteholders party thereto, relating to the Parent's:

• $330,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.18% Series U-1 Senior Notes due 2027;

• $20,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.18% Series U-2 Senior Notes due 2027;

• $378,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.28% Series V-1 Senior Notes due 2029;

• $22,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.28% Series V-2 Senior Notes due 2029;

• $250,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.43% Series W Senior Notes due 2032;

• $600,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.72% Series X Senior Notes due 2037;

• $550,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.92% Series Y-1 Senior Notes due 2042;

• $50,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.92% Series Y-2 Senior Notes due 2042; and

• £20,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 2.65% Series BB Senior Notes due 2027 (collectively, the "2017 Senior Notes"); and

(iv) the Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement (the "2024 Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement" and, together with the 2012 Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement, 2016 Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement and 2017 Subsidiary Guaranty Agreement, the "Subsidiary Guaranty Agreements") to the Note Agreement, dated as of December 18, 2024 (as may be further amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the "2024 Note Purchase Agreement" and, together with the 2012 Note Purchase Agreement, the 2016 Note Purchase Agreement and the 2017 Note Purchase Agreement, the "Parent Note Agreements"), by and among the Parent and the noteholders party thereto, relating to the Parent's:

• $200,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.36% Series EE Senior Notes due 2033;

• $200,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.63% Series FF Senior Notes due 2038;

• £157,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.21% Series GG Senior Notes due 2029;

• £157,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.42% Series HH Senior Notes due 2033; and

• £157,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.73% Series II Senior Notes due 2038 (collectively, the "2024 Senior Notes" and, together with the 2012 Senior Notes, 2016 Senior Notes and 2017 Senior Notes, the "Parent Private Placement Notes").

Pursuant to the Subsidiary Guaranty Agreements, the Company agreed to guarantee on a senior unsecured basis the obligations of the Parent under the Parent Note Agreements and provided a senior unsecured guarantee of the Parent Private Placement Notes.

#### Senior Notes Guarantee
On December 11, 2025, following the closing of the Merger, the Company, the Parent and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. (the "Trustee") executed (i) the First Supplemental Indenture (the "2019 Supplemental Indenture") to the indenture, dated March 29, 2019 (the "2019 Indenture") among the Parent, the guarantors from time to time party thereto and the Trustee, relating to the Parent's:

• $700,000,000 3.200% Senior Notes due 2030;

• $600,000,000 3.600% Senior Notes due 2034;

• $700,000,000 3.875% Senior Notes due 2039;

• $300,000,000 3.950% Senior Notes due 2044;

• $900,000,000 3.950% Senior Notes due 2049;

• $500,000,000 4.125% Senior Notes due 2054; and

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• $700,000,000 4.200% Senior Notes due 2059 (collectively, the "2019 Senior Notes");

(ii) the First Supplemental Indenture (the "2020 Supplemental Indenture") to the indenture, dated July 16, 2020 (the "2020 Indenture") among the Parent, the guarantors from time to time party thereto and the Trustee, relating to the Parent's:

• $500,000,000 0.875% Notes due 2026;

• $700,000,000 1.625% Notes due 2032;

• $900,000,000 2.375% Notes due 2040; and

• $400,000,000 2.450% Notes due 2050 (collectively, the "2020 Senior Notes");

(iii) the First Supplemental Indenture (the "2023 Supplemental Indenture") to the indenture, dated April 20, 2023 (the "2023 Indenture") among the Parent, the guarantors from time to time party thereto and the Trustee, relating to the Parent's:

• $1,000,000,000 4.550% Notes due 2028;

• $500,000,000 4.650% Notes due 2031; and

• $1,000,000,000 4.750% Notes due 2033 (collectively, the "2023 Senior Notes"); and

(iv) the First Supplemental Indenture (the "2025 Supplemental Indenture" and, together with the 2019 Supplemental Indenture, the 2020 Supplemental Indenture and the 2023 Supplemental Indenture, the "Supplemental Indentures") to the indenture, dated March 12, 2025 (the "2025 Indenture" and, together with the 2019 Indenture, the 2020 Indenture and the 2023 Indenture, the "Parent Indentures") among the Parent, the guarantors from time to time party thereto and the Trustee, relating to the Parent's:

• $2,000,000,000 4.450% Notes due 2027;

• $3,250,000,000 4.600% Notes due 2028;

• $4,500,000,000 4.800% Notes due 2030;

• $2,750,000,000 5.000% Notes due 2032;

• $5,000,000,000 5.200% Notes due 2035;

• $2,750,000,000 5.650% Notes due 2045;

• $4,750,000,000 5.700% Notes due 2055; and

• $1,000,000,000 5.800% Notes due 2065 (collectively, the "2025 Senior Notes" and, together with the 2019 Senior Notes, 2020 Senior Notes and 2023 Senior Notes, the "Parent Senior Notes").

Pursuant to the Supplemental Indentures, the Company agreed to guarantee on a senior unsecured basis all of the obligations of the Parent under the Parent Indentures and provided a senior unsecured guarantee of the Parent Senior Notes.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 1.02.** | **Termination of a Material Definitive Agreement.**  |

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The information set forth in Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.02.

Concurrently with the closing of the Merger, the Company terminated that certain Five-Year Credit Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2021, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, BOFA Securities, INC., Citibank, N.A., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, and Morgan Stanley MUFG Loan Partners, LLC, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, Bank of America, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, Citibank, N.A., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, and Morgan Stanley MUFG Loan Partners, LLC as co-syndication agents and the lenders named therein, in each case as the same has been amended, restated, amended and restated, supplemented or otherwise modified prior to the closing of the Merger, and repaid all indebtedness and other obligations outstanding thereunder.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 2.01.** | **Completion of Acquisition of Disposition of Assets.**  |

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The information set forth in the Introductory Note of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 2.01.

At the effective time of the Merger (the "Effective Time"), upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, each share of common stock, par value $0.25 per share, of the Company ("Company Common Stock") issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares owned by (i) the Company

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or its subsidiaries or Parent or its subsidiaries (including Acquiror and its subsidiaries) or (ii) stockholders who properly exercised and perfected appraisal rights under Delaware law) was automatically cancelled and converted into the right to receive $83.50 per share in cash, without interest (the "Merger Consideration").

In addition, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time, (1) each option to purchase shares of Company Common Stock (each, a "Company Option") that was outstanding and unexercised as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (whether vested or unvested and whether subject to service-based or performance-based vesting conditions), (i) was deemed to be fully vested (including with respect to any performance-based vesting requirements), and (ii) was converted into the right to receive an amount, in cash, without interest, equal to the product of (A) the total number of shares of Company Common Stock subject to such Company Option (after giving effect to (1)(i) of this paragraph) and (B) the excess, if any, of the Merger Consideration over the exercise price per share of Company Common Stock set forth in such Company Option, (2) with certain exceptions, each restricted stock unit of the Company ("Company Restricted Stock Unit") that was outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, (i) was deemed to be fully vested, and (ii) was converted into the right to receive an amount, in cash, without interest, equal to the sum of (A) the product of (I) the number of shares of Company Common Stock issuable pursuant to such Company Restricted Stock Unit (after giving effect to (2)(i) of this paragraph) and (II) the Merger Consideration and (B) all dividend equivalents accrued or credited with respect to such Company Restricted Stock Unit, (3) each performance stock unit of the Company ("Company Performance Stock Unit") that was outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, (i) was deemed to be vested with the number of shares of Company Common Stock issuable pursuant to such Company Performance Stock Unit determined (x) if the applicable performance period had ended prior to the Effective Time, assuming maximum level of performance, or (y) if the applicable performance period had not ended prior to the Effective Time, based on the greater of target and actual performance, and (ii) was converted into the right to receive an amount, in cash, without interest, equal to the sum of (A) the product of (I) such number of shares of Company Common Stock issuable pursuant to such Company Performance Stock Unit (after giving effect to (3)(i) of this paragraph) and (II) the Merger Consideration and (B) all dividend equivalents accrued or credited with respect to such Company Performance Stock Units, and (4) each deferred share of Company Common Stock (whether or not vested) under any Company benefit plan ("Company Deferred Stock Unit") that was outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, was converted into the right of the holder thereof to receive from Acquiror or its applicable affiliate at the time specified in the applicable Company benefit plan and in accordance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, an amount, in cash, without interest, equal to the sum of (i) the product of (A) such number of shares of Company Common Stock underlying the Company Deferred Stock Units and (B) the Merger Consideration and (ii) all dividend equivalents accrued or credited with respect to such Company Deferred Stock Units. Holders of Company Performance Stock Units that did not pay out in full at maximum level of performance upon the Effective Time also became entitled to a cash retention payment based on the difference between the value of their Company Performance Stock Units at maximum level of performance and the payment received by such holder at the Effective Time, which will be payable on the last day of the performance period applicable to such Company Performance Stock Unit, subject to continued employment through such date or, if earlier, upon a qualifying termination of employment.

The foregoing description of the Merger, the Merger Agreement and the other transactions contemplated thereby does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Merger Agreement, which was filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on August 14, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 2.03** | **Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Obligation under an Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant.**  |

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The information set forth in the Introductory Note and Item 1.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 2.03.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 3.01.** | **Notice of Delisting or Failure to Satisfy a Continued Listing Rule or Standard; Transfer of Listing.**  |

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The information set forth in the Introductory Note and Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 3.01.

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On the Closing Date, the Company notified the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") of the consummation of the Merger and requested that the NYSE file with the SEC a Notification of Removal from Listing and/or Registration on Form 25 under Section 12(b) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), to delist from the NYSE and deregister the shares of the Company Common Stock and the Company's 0.500% Senior Notes due 2029 and 3.750% Senior Notes due 2034. Upon effectiveness of the Form 25, the Company intends to file with the SEC a Certification and Notice of Termination on Form 15 to suspend the Company's reporting obligations under Sections 13 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

Trading of Company Common Stock on the NYSE was halted prior to the opening of trading on the Closing Date.

On the Closing Date, the Company also notified the Luxembourg Stock Exchange (the "LuxSE") of the consummation of the Merger and requested the delisting of the Company's 7.45% Debentures due 2031 (the "Debentures") from the official list of the LuxSE and for such Debentures to be withdrawn from trading on the Euro MTF market of the LuxSE. The Debentures are expected to be delisted and withdrawn from the LuxSE following approval by the Executive Committee of the LuxSE of such request.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 3.03.** | **Material Modification of Rights of Security Holders.**  |

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The information set forth in the Introductory Note and Items 2.01, 3.01 and 5.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 3.03.

As a result of the Merger, at the Effective Time, each share of Company Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (except as described in Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K) was converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration pursuant to the Merger Agreement. Accordingly, at the Effective Time, the holders of such shares of Company Common Stock ceased to have any rights as stockholders of the Company, other than the right to receive the Merger Consideration pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 5.01.** | **Changes in Control of Registrant.**  |

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The information set forth in the Introductory Note and Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 5.01.

As a result of the Merger, at the Effective Time, a change of control of the Company occurred, and the Company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Acquiror.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 5.02.** | **Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers.**  |

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The information set forth in the Introductory Note and Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 5.02.

As a result of the Merger, at the Effective Time, (i) each of Steven A. Cahillane, Stephanie A. Burns, Carter A. Cast, Roderick D. Gillum, G. Zachary Gund, Donald R. Knauss, Mary A. Laschinger, Erica L. Mann, J. Michael Schlotman, La June Montgomery Tabron and Carolyn M. Tastad resigned from the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") and from any and all committees of the Board on which they served and ceased to be directors of the Company, and (ii) the managers of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time were appointed as directors of the Company.

Also in connection with the Merger, following the Effective Time, (i) each of Steve Cahillane, Nicolas Amaya, Shumit Kapoor, David Lawlor, John Renwick and Kurt Forche resigned as an officer of the Company, and (ii) each of Andrew P. Clarke, Myriah Gambrell-Glenn and Ross Plagman was appointed as an officer of the Company to serve as its President, Secretary and Treasurer, respectively.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 5.03.** | **Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.**  |

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The information set forth in the Introductory Note and Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 5.03.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, promptly following the Effective Time, the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company was amended and restated in its entirety and replaced with the certificate of incorporation in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 3.1 and incorporated herein by reference. In addition, promptly following the Effective Time, the Bylaws of the Company were amended and restated in their entirety and replaced with the bylaws in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 3.2 and incorporated herein by reference.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 8.01.** | **Other Events.**  |

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On December 11, 2025, Parent issued a press release announcing the closing of the Merger. A copy of the press release is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 9.01** | **Financial Statements and Exhibits.**  |

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**(d)** **Exhibits** 

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit**<br> **No.** | **Description** |
| 2.1 | [Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 13, 2024, by and among Kellanova, Acquiror 10VB8, LLC and Merger Sub 10VB8, LLC and, solely for the limited purpose specified therein, Mars, Incorporated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 14, 2024).\*](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/55067/000119312524200233/d884455dex21.htm) |
| 3.1 | [Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Kellanova, dated December 11, 2025.](d90636dex31.htm) |
| 3.2 | [Amended and Restated Bylaws of Kellanova, dated December 11, 2025.](d90636dex32.htm) |
| 99.1 | [Press Release, dated December 11, 2025, issued by Mars, Incorporated.](d90636dex991.htm) |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). |

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\* Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules and exhibits to the SEC upon its request.

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#### SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Kellanova** | **Kellanova** |
| Dated: December 11, 2025 | /s/ Myriah Gambrell-Glenn | /s/ Myriah Gambrell-Glenn |
|  | Name: | Myriah Gambrell-Glenn |
|  | Title: | Secretary |

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## Exhibit 3.1

**Exhibit 3.1** 

AMENDED AND RESTATED

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

OF

KELLANOVA

<u>FIRST</u>: The name of the Corporation is Kellanova (the "Corporation").

<u>SECOND</u>: The address of the registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is 1209 Orange Street, in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, 19801. The name of its registered agent at that address is The Corporation Trust Company.

<u>THIRD</u>: The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which a corporation may be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware as set forth in Title 8 of the Delaware Code (as amended from time to time, the "DGCL").

<u>FOURTH</u>: The total number of shares of stock which the Corporation shall have authority to issue is ten thousand (10,000) shares of capital stock, consisting of 10,000 shares of common stock, each having a par value of $0.01 per share.

<u>FIFTH</u>: The following provisions are inserted for the management of the business and the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation, and for further definition, limitation and regulation of the powers of the Corporation and of its directors and stockholders:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the "Board of Directors").

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) The directors shall have concurrent power with the stockholders to adopt, amend or repeal the bylaws of the Corporation (the "Bylaws").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) The number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall be as from time to time fixed by, or in the manner provided in, the Bylaws. Election of directors need not be by written ballot unless the Bylaws so provide.

<u>SIXTH</u>: The following provisions of this Article SIXTH shall apply with respect to matters arising prior to or on December 11, 2025, whether asserted or claimed prior to, at or after such date, and shall continue in effect for such matters until December 11, 2031:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) No person who is or was at any time a director or officer of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer, provided, however, that unless and except to the extent otherwise permitted from time to time by applicable law, the provisions of this Article shall not eliminate or limit the liability of a director or officer (i) for any breach of the director's or officer's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the DGCL (iv) for any transaction from which the director or officer derived an improper personal benefit, (v) for any action by or in the right of the Corporation, in the case of officers only, or (vi) for any act or omission occurring prior to the date this Article becomes effective.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any repeal or modification of the foregoing paragraph by the stockholders of the Corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director or officer of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, where the basis of such proceeding is an alleged action or omission in an official capacity as such, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to amendment), against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys' fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such indemnitee in connection therewith and such indemnification shall continue as to an indemnitee who has ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the benefit of the indemnitee's heirs, executors and administrators; provided, however, that except as provided in paragraph (d) hereof with respect to proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification, the Corporation shall indemnify any such indemnitee in connection with a proceeding

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(or part thereof) initiated by such indemnitee only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors. The right to indemnification conferred in this Section shall be a contract right and shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding in advance of its final disposition (hereinafter an "advancement of expenses"); provided, however, that, if the DGCL requires, an advancement of expenses incurred by an indemnitee in his or her capacity as a director or officer shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under this Section or otherwise (hereinafter an "undertaking").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) If a claim under paragraph (c) of this Section is not paid in full by the Corporation within sixty days after a written claim has been received by the Corporation, except in the case of a claim for an advancement of expenses, in which case the applicable period shall be twenty days, the indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. If successful in whole or in part in any suit or in a suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the indemnitee shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting or defending such suit. In (i) any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to an advancement of expenses) it shall be a defense that, and (ii) any suit by the

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Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that, the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such suit that indemnification of the indemnitee is proper in the circumstances because the indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) that the indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall create a presumption that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct or, in the case of such a suit brought by the indemnitee, be a defense to such suit. In any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right hereunder, or by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the burden of proving that the indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified or to such advancement of expenses under this Section or otherwise shall be on the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) The rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred in this Section shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, this Certificate of Incorporation, by-law, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the DGCL.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, whether or not acting in his or her capacity as such or at the request of the Corporation, to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Section with respect to the indemnification and advancement of expenses of directors and officers of the Corporation.

<u>SEVENTH</u>: The following provisions of this Article SEVENTH shall apply with respect to matters arising after December 11, 2025:

No director or officer of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or any of its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer, except for liability of: (i) a director or officer for any breach of the director's or officer's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its stockholders; (ii) a director or officer for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; (iii) a director or officer for any transaction from which the director or officer derived an improper personal benefit; (iv) a director under Section 174 of the DGCL; or (v) an officer in any action by or in the right of the Corporation. Any amendment, repeal or elimination of this Article SEVENTH shall not affect its application with respect to an act or omission by a director or officer occurring before such amendment, repeal or elimination. All references in this Article SEVENTH to an "officer" shall mean only a person who, at the time of an act or omission as to which liability is asserted, falls within the meaning of the term "officer," as defined in Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL.

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<u>EIGHTH</u>: Meetings of stockholders may be held within or without the State of Delaware, as the Bylaws may provide. The books and records of the Corporation may be kept (subject to any provision contained in the DGCL) outside the State of Delaware at such place or places as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors or in the Bylaws.

<u>NINTH</u>: The Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation in the manner now or hereafter prescribed in this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Bylaws or the DGCL, and all rights conferred upon stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation.

## Exhibit 3.2

**Exhibit 3.2** 

AMENDED AND RESTATED

BYLAWS

OF

KELLANOVA

A Delaware Corporation

Effective December 11, 2025

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**TABLE OF CONTENTS** 

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | **Page** |
| ARTICLE I | ARTICLE I | ARTICLE I |
| OFFICES | OFFICES | OFFICES |
|  Section 1. | Registered Office | 1 |
|  Section 2. | Other Offices | 1 |
| ARTICLE II | ARTICLE II | ARTICLE II |
| MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS | MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS | MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS |
|  Section 1. | Place of Meetings | 1 |
|  Section 2. | Annual Meetings | 1 |
|  Section 3. | Special Meetings | 2 |
|  Section 4. | Notice | 2 |
|  Section 5. | Adjournments and Postponements | 3 |
|  Section 6. | Quorum | 4 |
|  Section 7. | Voting | 4 |
|  Section 8. | Proxies | 5 |
|  Section 9. | Consent of Stockholders in Lieu of Meeting | 6 |
|  Section 10. | List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote | 7 |
|  Section 11. | Record Date | 8 |
|  Section 12. | Stock Ledger | 10 |
|  Section 13. | Conduct of Meetings | 10 |
| ARTICLE III | ARTICLE III | ARTICLE III |
| DIRECTORS | DIRECTORS | DIRECTORS |
|  Section 1. | Number and Election of Directors | 11 |
|  Section 2. | Vacancies | 11 |
|  Section 3. | Duties and Powers | 11 |
|  Section 4. | Meetings | 12 |
|  Section 5. | Organization | 12 |
|  Section 6. | Resignations and Removals of Directors | 13 |
|  Section 7. | Quorum | 14 |
|  Section 8. | Actions of the Board by Written Consent | 14 |
|  Section 9. | Meetings by Means of Conference Telephone | 15 |
|  Section 10. | Committees | 15 |
|  Section 11. | Subcommittees | 16 |
|  Section 12. | Compensation | 16 |
|  Section 13. | Interested Directors | 17 |

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| ARTICLE IV | ARTICLE IV | ARTICLE IV |
| OFFICERS | OFFICERS | OFFICERS |
|  Section 1. | General | 17 |
|  Section 2. | Election | 18 |
|  Section 3. | Voting Securities Owned by the Corporation | 18 |
|  Section 4. | Chairman of the Board of Directors | 19 |
|  Section 5. | President | 19 |
|  Section 6. | Vice Presidents | 20 |
|  Section 7. | Secretary | 20 |
|  Section 8. | Treasurer | 21 |
|  Section 9. | Assistant Secretaries | 22 |
|  Section 10. | Assistant Treasurers | 22 |
|  Section 11. | Other Officers | 22 |
| ARTICLE V | ARTICLE V | ARTICLE V |
| STOCK | STOCK | STOCK |
|  Section 1. | Form of Certificates | 23 |
|  Section 2. | Signatures | 23 |
|  Section 3. | Lost Certificates | 23 |
|  Section 4. | Transfers | 24 |
|  Section 5. | Dividend Record Date | 24 |
|  Section 6. | Record Owners | 24 |
|  Section 7. | Transfer and Registry Agents | 25 |
| ARTICLE VI | ARTICLE VI | ARTICLE VI |
| NOTICES | NOTICES | NOTICES |
|  Section 1. | Notices | 25 |
|  Section 2. | Waivers of Notice | 26 |
| ARTICLE VII | ARTICLE VII | ARTICLE VII |
| GENERAL PROVISIONS | GENERAL PROVISIONS | GENERAL PROVISIONS |
|  Section 1. | Dividends | 27 |
|  Section 2. | Disbursements | 27 |
|  Section 3. | Fiscal Year | 28 |
|  Section 4. | Corporate Seal | 28 |

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| ARTICLE VIII | ARTICLE VIII | ARTICLE VIII |
| INDEMNIFICATION | INDEMNIFICATION | INDEMNIFICATION |
|  Section 1. | Indemnification Provisions with Respect to Historic Matters | 28 |
|  Section 2. | Indemnification Provisions with Respect to Future Matters | 32 |
| ARTICLE IX | ARTICLE IX | ARTICLE IX |
| FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF CERTAIN DISPUTES | FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF CERTAIN DISPUTES | FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF CERTAIN DISPUTES |
|  Section 1. | Forum for Adjudication of Certain Disputes | 39 |
| ARTICLE X | ARTICLE X | ARTICLE X |
| AMENDMENTS | AMENDMENTS | AMENDMENTS |
|  Section 1. | Amendments | 40 |
|  Section 2. | Entire Board of Directors | 41 |

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AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS

OF

KELLANOVA

(hereinafter called the "Corporation")

ARTICLE I

<u>OFFICES</u> 

Section 1. <u>Registered Office</u>. The registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is located at 1209 Orange Street, in the City of Wilmington, Count of Newcastle.

Section 2. <u>Other Offices</u>. The Corporation may also have offices at such other places, both within and without the State of Delaware, as the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the "Board of Directors") may from time to time determine.

ARTICLE II

<u>MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS</u> 

Section 1. <u>Place of Meetings</u>. Meetings of the stockholders for the election of directors or for any other purpose shall be held at such time and place, either within or without the State of Delaware, as shall be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of the stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication in the manner authorized by Section 211 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL").

Section 2. <u>Annual Meetings</u>. The annual meeting of stockholders for the election of directors shall be held on such date and at such time as shall be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. Any other proper business may be transacted at the annual meeting of stockholders.

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Section 3. <u>Special Meetings</u>. Unless otherwise required by law or by the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, as amended and restated from time to time (the "Certificate of Incorporation"), special meetings of stockholders, for any purpose or purposes, may be called by either (i) the Chairman of the Board of Directors, if there be one, or (ii) the President, (iii) any Vice President, if there be one, (iv) the Secretary or (v) any Assistant Secretary, if there be one, and shall be called by any such officer at the request in writing of (i) the Board of Directors, (ii) a committee of the Board of Directors that has been duly designated by the Board of Directors and whose powers and authority include the power to call such meetings or (iii) stockholders owning a majority of the capital stock of the Corporation issued and outstanding and entitled to vote on the matter for which such special meeting of stockholders is called. Such request shall state the purpose or purposes of the proposed meeting. At a special meeting of stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall be specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto).

Section 4. <u>Notice</u>. Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a notice of the meeting shall be given in accordance with Section 232 of the DGCL, and such notice shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting, the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting, if such date is different from the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of such meeting and, in the case of a Special Meeting of Stockholders, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Unless otherwise required by law, notice of any meeting shall be given not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting as of the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of such meeting.

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Section 5. <u>Adjournments</u> <u>and Postponements</u>. Any meeting of the stockholders may be adjourned or postponed from time to time by the chairman of such meeting or by the Board of Directors, without the need for approval thereof by stockholders, to reconvene or convene, respectively at the same or some other place. Notice need not be given of any such adjourned or postponed meeting (including an adjournment taken to address a technical failure to convene or continue a meeting using remote communication) if the time and place, if any, thereof, and the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned or postponed meeting are (i) with respect to an adjourned meeting, (a) announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken, (b) displayed during the time scheduled for the meeting, on the same electronic network used to enable stockholders and proxy holders to participate in the meeting by means of remote communication, or (c) set forth in the notice of meeting given in accordance with Section 4 of this Article II, or (ii) with respect to a postponed meeting, are publicly announced. At the adjourned or postponed meeting, the Corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment or postponement is for more than thirty (30) days, notice of the adjourned or postponed meeting in accordance with the requirements of Section 4 of this Article II hereof shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If, after the adjournment or postponement, a new record date for stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned or postponed meeting, the Board of Directors shall fix a new record date for notice of such adjourned or postponed meeting in accordance with Section 11 of this Article II, and shall give notice of the adjourned or postponed meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such adjourned or postponed meeting as of the record date fixed for notice of such adjourned or postponed meeting.

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Section 6. <u>Quorum</u>. Unless otherwise required by the DGCL or other applicable law or the Certificate of Incorporation, the holders of a majority of the Corporation's capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders for the transaction of business. A quorum, once established, shall not be broken by the withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than a quorum. If, however, such quorum shall not be present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, in the manner provided in Section 5 of this Article II, until a quorum shall be present or represented.

Section 7. <u>Voting</u>. Unless otherwise required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Amended and Restated Bylaws (these "<u>Bylaws</u>"), or permitted by the rules and regulations of any securities exchange or quotation system on which the securities of the Corporation are listed or quoted for trading, any question brought before any meeting of the stockholders, other than the election of directors, shall be decided by the vote of the holders of a majority of the total number of votes of the Corporation's capital stock present at the meeting in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on such question, voting as a single class. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, and subject to Section 11(a) of this Article II, each stockholder represented at a meeting of the stockholders shall be entitled to cast one (1) vote for each share of the capital stock entitled to vote thereat held by such stockholder. Such votes may be cast in person or by proxy as provided in Section 8 of this Article II. The Board of Directors, in its discretion, or the chairman of a meeting of the stockholders, in his or her discretion, may require that any votes cast at such meeting shall be cast by written ballot.

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Section 8. <u>Proxies</u>. Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of the stockholders or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted upon after three years from its date, unless such proxy provides for a longer period. Without limiting the manner in which a stockholder may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy, the following shall constitute a valid means by which a stockholder may grant such authority:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) A stockholder, or such stockholder's authorized officer, director, employee or agent, may execute a document (meaning (a) any tangible medium on which information is inscribed, and includes handwritten, typed, printed or similar instruments, and copies of such instruments; and (b) an electronic transmission) authorizing another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) A stockholder may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy by transmitting or authorizing the transmission of an electronic transmission to the person who will be the holder of the proxy or to a proxy solicitation firm, proxy support service organization or like agent duly authorized by the person who will be the holder of the proxy to receive such transmission, provided that any such transmission must either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined that the transmission was authorized by the stockholder. If it is determined that such transmissions are valid, the inspectors or, if there are no inspectors, such other persons making that determination shall specify the information on which they relied.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) The authorization of a person to act as proxy may be documented, signed and delivered in accordance with Section 116 of the DGCL, provided that such authorization shall set forth, or be delivered with information enabling the Corporation to determine, the identity of the stockholder granting such authorization.

Any copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reliable reproduction of the document (including any electronic transmission) authorizing another person or persons to act as proxy for a stockholder may be substituted or used in lieu of the original document for any and all purposes for which the original document could be used; provided, however, that such copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reproduction shall be a complete reproduction of the entire original document.

Section 9. <u>Consent of Stockholders in Lieu of Meeting</u>. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required or permitted to be taken at any Annual or Special Meeting of Stockholders of the Corporation may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or consents, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted and shall be delivered to the Corporation in accordance with Section 228(d) of the DGCL. A consent must be set forth in writing or in an electronic transmission. No consent shall be effective to take the corporate action referred to therein unless consents signed by a sufficient number of holders to take action are delivered to the Corporation in the manner required by this Section 9 of this Article II within sixty (60) days of the

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first date on which a consent is so delivered to the Corporation. Any person executing a consent may provide, whether through instruction to an agent or otherwise, that such a consent will be effective at a future time (including a time determined upon the happening of an event), no later than sixty (60) days after such instruction is given or such provision is made, if evidence of such instruction or provision is provided to the Corporation. If the person is not a stockholder of record when the consent is executed, the consent shall not be valid unless the person is a stockholder of record as of the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to the action. Unless otherwise provided, any such consent shall be revocable prior to its becoming effective. Any copy, facsimile or other reliable reproduction of a consent in writing may be substituted or used in lieu of the original writing for any and all purposes for which the original writing could be used, provided that such copy, facsimile or other reproduction shall be a complete reproduction of the entire original writing. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous consent shall be given to those stockholders who have not consented and who, if the action had been taken at a meeting, would have been entitled to notice of the meeting if the record date for notice of such meeting had been the date that consents signed by a sufficient number of holders to take the action were delivered to the Corporation as provided above in this Section 9 of this Article II.

Section 10. <u>List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote</u>. The Corporation shall prepare, not later than the tenth (10th) day before each meeting of the stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting; provided, however, if the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote is less than ten (10) days before the meeting date, the list shall reflect the stockholders entitled to vote as of the tenth (10th) day before the meeting date. Such list shall be arranged in alphabetical order, and show the address of each stockholder and the

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number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder; <u>provided</u>, that the Corporation shall not be required to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of ten (10) days ending on the day before the meeting date (i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (ii) during ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the Corporation. In the event that the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation.

Section 11. <u>Record Date</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of any meeting of the stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting. If the Board of Directors so fixes a date, such date shall also be the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting unless the Board of Directors determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting shall be the date for making such determination. If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of the stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of the stockholders shall apply

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to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix, as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting, the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Section 11 of this Article II.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action without a meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall not be more than ten (10) days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action without a meeting, when no prior action by the Board of Directors is required by applicable law, shall be the first date on which a signed consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation in accordance with Section 228(d) of the DGCL. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors and prior action by the Board of Directors is required by applicable law, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action.

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Section 12. <u>Stock Ledger</u>. The stock ledger of the Corporation shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine the list of stockholders required by Section 10 of this Article II or the books and records of the Corporation, or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders. As used herein, the stock ledger of the Corporation shall refer to one (1) or more records administered by or on behalf of the Corporation in which the names of all of the Corporation's stockholders of record, the address and number of shares registered in the name of each such stockholder, and all issuances and transfer of stock of the Corporation are recorded in accordance with Section 224 of the DGCL.

Section 13. <u>Conduct of Meetings</u>. The Board of Directors of the Corporation may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of any meeting of the stockholders as it shall deem appropriate. Meetings of stockholders shall be presided over by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, if there shall be one, or in his or her absence, or there shall not be a Chairman of the Board of Directors or in his or her absence, the President. The Board of Directors shall have the authority to appoint a temporary chairman to serve at any meeting of the stockholders if the Chairman of the Board of Directors or the President is unable to do so for any reason. Except to the extent inconsistent with any rules and regulations adopted by the Board of Directors, the chairman of any meeting of the stockholders shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairman, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations or procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the chairman of the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following: (i) the establishment of an agenda or order of business for the meeting; (ii) the determination of when the polls shall open and close for any given matter to be voted on at the meeting; (iii) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present; (iv) limitations on attendance at or participation in the meeting to stockholders of record of the Corporation, their duly authorized and constituted proxies or such other persons as the chairman of the meeting shall determine; (v) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof; and (vi) limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by stockholders.

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ARTICLE III

<u>DIRECTORS</u> 

Section 1. <u>Number and Election of Directors</u>. The Board of Directors shall consist of one or more members, each of whom shall be a natural person. The number of directors may be determined thereafter from time to time by the Board of Directors. Except as provided in Section 2 of this Article III, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast at each Annual Meeting of Stockholders and each director so elected shall hold office until the next Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until such director's successor is duly elected and qualified, or until such director's earlier death, resignation or removal. Directors need not be stockholders.

Section 2. <u>Vacancies</u>. Unless otherwise required by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, vacancies on the Board of Directors or any committee thereof resulting from the death, resignation or removal of a director, or from an increase in the number of directors constituting the Board of Directors or such committee or otherwise, may be filled only by a majority of the directors then in office, though less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director. The directors so chosen shall, in the case of the Board of Directors, hold office until the next annual election and until their successors are duly elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation or removal and, in the case of any committee of the Board of Directors, shall hold office until their successors are duly appointed by the Board of Directors or until their earlier death, resignation or removal.

Section 3. <u>Duties and Powers</u>. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors which may exercise all such powers of the Corporation except as may be otherwise provided in the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation, or these Bylaws.

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Section 4. <u>Meetings</u>. The Board of Directors and any committee thereof may hold meetings, both regular and special, either within or without the State of Delaware. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof may be held without notice at such time and at such place as may from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors or such committee, respectively. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, if there be one, the President, or by any director. Special meetings of any committee of the Board of Directors may be called by the chairman of such committee, if there be one, the President, or any director serving on such committee. Notice of any special meeting stating the place, date and hour of the meeting shall be given to each director (or, in the case of a committee, to each member of such committee) not less than twenty-four hours before the date of the meeting, by telephone, or in the form of a writing or electronic transmission, or on such shorter notice as the person or persons calling such meeting may deem necessary or appropriate in the circumstances.

Section 5. <u>Organization</u>. At each meeting of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, the Chairman of the Board of Directors or the chairman of such committee, as the case may be, or, in his or her absence or if there be none, a director chosen by a majority of the directors present, shall act as chairman of such meeting. Except as provided below, the Secretary of the Corporation shall act as secretary at each meeting of the Board of Directors and of each committee thereof. In case the Secretary shall be absent from any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof, an Assistant Secretary shall perform the duties of secretary at such meeting; and in the absence from any such meeting of the Secretary and all the Assistant

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Secretaries, the chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the members of each committee of the Board of Directors may appoint any person to act as secretary of any meeting of such committee and the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary of the Corporation may, but need not if such committee so elects, serve in such capacity.

Section 6. <u>Resignations and Removals of Directors</u>. Any director of the Corporation may resign from the Board of Directors or any committee thereof at any time, by giving notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Chairman of the Board of Directors, if there be one, the President or the Secretary of the Corporation and, in the case of a committee, to the chairman of such committee, if there be one. Such resignation shall take effect when delivered or, if such resignation specifies a later effective time or an effective time, determined upon the happening of an event or events, in which case, such resignation takes effect upon such effective time. Unless otherwise specified in such resignation, the acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. A resignation which is conditioned upon the director failing to receive a specified vote for reelection as a director may provide that it is irrevocable. Except as otherwise required by applicable law and subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of shares of preferred stock then outstanding, any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed from office at any time, with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority in voting power of the issued and outstanding capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote in the election of directors. Any director serving on a committee of the Board of Directors may be removed from such committee at any time by the Board of Directors.

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Section 7. <u>Quorum</u>. Except as otherwise required by law, or the Certificate of Incorporation, at all meetings of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, a majority of the entire Board of Directors or a majority of the directors constituting such committee, as the case may be, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and the vote of a majority of the directors or committee members, as applicable, present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the Board of Directors or such committee, as applicable. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting of the time and place of the adjourned meeting, until a quorum shall be present.

Section 8. <u>Actions of the Board by Written Consent</u>. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, (a) any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting, if all the members of the Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission and (b) a consent may be documented, signed and delivered in any manner permitted by Section 116 of the DGCL. Any person, whether or not then a director, may provide, through instruction to an agent or otherwise, that a consent to action will be effective at a future time (including a time determined upon the happening of an event) no later than sixty (60) days after such instruction is given or such provision is made and such consent shall be deemed to have been given at such effective time so long as such person is then a director and did not revoke the consent prior to such time. Any such consent shall be revocable prior to its becoming effective. After an action is taken, the consent or consents relating thereto shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Directors, or the committee thereof, in the same paper or electronic form as the minutes are maintained.

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Section 9. <u>Meetings by Means of Conference Telephone</u>. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, members of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, or any committee thereof, may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 9 of this Article III shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

Section 10. <u>Committees</u>. The Board of Directors may designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. Each member of a committee must meet the requirements for membership, if any, imposed by applicable law. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of any such committee. In the absence of a designation by the Board of Directors of an alternate member to replace the absent or disqualified member, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another qualified member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent permitted by law and provided in the resolution establishing such committee, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it; provided, however, that no such committee shall have the power or authority to (i) approve, adopt, or recommend to the stockholders any action or matter (other than the election or removal of directors) expressly required by the DGCL to be submitted to stockholders for approval, or (ii) adopt, amend, or repeal any of these Bylaws. Each committee shall keep regular minutes and report to the Board of Directors when required. Notwithstanding anything to

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the contrary contained in this Article III, the resolution of the Board of Directors establishing any committee of the Board of Directors and/or the charter of any such committee may establish requirements or procedures relating to the governance and/or operation of such committee that are different from, or in addition to, those set forth in these Bylaws and, to the extent that there is any inconsistency between these Bylaws and any such resolution or charter, the terms of such resolution or charter shall be controlling.

Section 11. <u>Subcommittees</u>. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, or the resolution of the Board of Directors designating a committee, such committee may create one or more subcommittees, each subcommittee to consist of one or more members of the committee, and delegate to a subcommittee any or all of the powers and authority of the committee. Except for references to committees and members of committees in Section 10 of this Article III, every reference in these Bylaws to a committee of the Board of Directors or a member of a committee shall be deemed to include a reference to a subcommittee or member of a subcommittee.

Section 12. <u>Compensation</u>. The directors may be paid their expenses, if any, of attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors or a stated salary for service as director, payable in cash or securities. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor. Members of special or standing committees may be allowed like compensation for service as committee members.

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Section 13. <u>Interested Directors</u>. No contract or transaction between the Corporation and one or more of its directors or officers, or between the Corporation and any other corporation, partnership, association or other organization in which one or more of its directors or officers are directors or officers or have a financial interest, shall be void or voidable solely for this reason, or solely because the director or officer is present at or participates in the meeting of the Board of Directors or committee thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction, or solely because any such director's or officer's vote is counted for such purpose if: (i) the material facts as to the director's or officer's relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the Board of Directors or the committee, and the Board of Directors or committee in good faith authorizes the contract or transaction by the affirmative votes of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors be less than a quorum; or (ii) the material facts as to the director's or officer's relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the stockholders; or (iii) the contract or transaction is fair as to the Corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified by the Board of Directors, a committee thereof or the stockholders. Common or interested directors may be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or of a committee which authorizes such contract or transaction.

ARTICLE IV

<u>OFFICERS</u> 

Section 1. <u>General</u>. The officers of the Corporation shall be chosen by the Board of Directors and shall be a President, a Treasurer and a Secretary. The Board of Directors, in its discretion, also may choose a Chairman of the Board of Directors (who must be a director) and one or more Vice Presidents, Assistant Secretaries, Assistant Treasurers and other officers. Any number of offices may be held by the same person, unless otherwise prohibited by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws. The officers of the Corporation need not be stockholders of the Corporation nor, except in the case of the Chairman of the Board of Directors, need such officers be directors of the Corporation. Any officer may be removed, with or without cause, at any time by the Board of Directors.

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Section 2. <u>Election</u>. The Board of Directors, at its first meeting held after each Annual Meeting of Stockholders (or action by written consent of stockholders in lieu of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders), shall elect the officers of the Corporation who shall hold their offices for such terms and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors; and each officer of the Corporation shall hold office until such officer's successor is elected and qualified, or until such officer's earlier death, resignation or removal. Any officer elected by the Board of Directors may be removed at any time by the Board of Directors. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation shall be filled by the Board of Directors. The salaries of all officers of the Corporation shall be fixed by the Board of Directors.

Section 3. <u>Voting Securities Owned by the Corporation</u>. Powers of attorney, proxies, waivers of notice of meeting, consents and other instruments relating to securities owned by the Corporation may be executed in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation by the President or any Vice President or any other officer authorized to do so by the Board of Directors and any such officer may, in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, take all such action as any such officer may deem advisable to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of security holders of any corporation or other entity in which the Corporation may own securities and at any such meeting shall possess and may exercise any and all rights and power incident to the ownership of such securities and which, as the owner thereof, the Corporation might have exercised and possessed if present. The Board of Directors may, by resolution, from time to time confer like powers upon any other person or persons.

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Section 4. <u>Chairman of the Board of Directors</u>. The Chairman of the Board of Directors, if there be one, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board of Directors shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, unless the Board of Directors designates the President as the Chief Executive Officer, and, except where by law the signature of the President is required, the Chairman of the Board of Directors shall possess the same power as the President to sign all contracts, certificates and other instruments of the Corporation which may be authorized by the Board of Directors. During the absence or disability of the President, the Chairman of the Board of Directors shall exercise all the powers and discharge all the duties of the President. The Chairman of the Board of Directors shall also perform such other duties and may exercise such other powers as may from time to time be assigned by these Bylaws or by the Board of Directors.

Section 5. <u>President</u>. The President shall, subject to the oversight and control of the Board of Directors and, if there be one, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, have general supervision of the business of the Corporation and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect. The President shall execute all bonds, mortgages, contracts and other instruments of the Corporation requiring a seal, under the seal of the Corporation, except where required or permitted by law to be otherwise signed and executed and except that the other officers of the Corporation may sign and execute documents when so authorized by these Bylaws, the Board of Directors or the President. In the absence or disability of the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or if there be none, the President shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and, if the President is also a director, the Board of Directors. If there be no Chairman of the Board of Directors, or if the Board of Directors shall otherwise designate, the President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. The President shall also perform such other duties and may exercise such other powers as may from time to time be assigned to such officer by these Bylaws or by the Board of Directors.

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Section 6. <u>Vice Presidents</u>. At the request of the President or in the President's absence or in the event of the President's inability or refusal to act (and if there be no Chairman of the Board of Directors), the Vice President, or the Vice Presidents if there are more than one (in the order designated by the Board of Directors), shall perform the duties of the President, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the President. Each Vice President shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors from time to time may prescribe. If there be no Chairman of the Board of Directors and no Vice President, the Board of Directors shall designate the officer of the Corporation who, in the absence of the President or in the event of the inability or refusal of the President to act, shall perform the duties of the President, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the President.

Section 7. <u>Secretary</u>. The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the Board of Directors and all meetings of the stockholders and record all the proceedings thereat in a book or books to be kept for that purpose; the Secretary shall also perform like duties for committees of the Board of Directors when required. The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors or the President, under whose supervision the Secretary shall be. If the Secretary shall be unable or shall refuse to cause to be given notice of all meetings of the stockholders and special

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meetings of the Board of Directors, and if there be no Assistant Secretary, then either the Board of Directors or the President may choose another officer to cause such notice to be given. The Secretary shall have custody of the seal of the Corporation and the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary, if there be one, shall have authority to affix the same to any instrument requiring it and when so affixed, it may be attested by the signature of the Secretary or by the signature of any such Assistant Secretary. The Board of Directors may give general authority to any other officer to affix the seal of the Corporation and to attest to the affixing by such officer's signature. The Secretary shall see that all books, reports, statements, certificates and other documents and records required by law to be kept or filed are properly kept or filed, as the case may be.

Section 8. <u>Treasurer</u>. The Treasurer shall have the custody of the Corporation's funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation and shall deposit all moneys and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors. The Treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors or the President taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the President and the Board of Directors, at its regular meetings, or when the Board of Directors so requires, an account of all transactions as Treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation. If required by the Board of Directors, the Treasurer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of the office of the Treasurer and for the restoration to the Corporation, in case of the Treasurer's death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in the Treasurer's possession or under the Treasurer's control belonging to the Corporation.

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Section 9. <u>Assistant Secretaries</u>. Assistant Secretaries, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Vice President, if there be one, or the Secretary, and in the absence of the Secretary or in the event of the Secretary's inability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Secretary, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Secretary.

Section 10. <u>Assistant Treasurers</u>. Assistant Treasurers, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Vice President, if there be one, or the Treasurer, and in the absence of the Treasurer or in the event of the Treasurer's inability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Treasurer, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Treasurer. If required by the Board of Directors, an Assistant Treasurer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of the office of Assistant Treasurer and for the restoration to the Corporation, in case of the Assistant Treasurer's death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in the Assistant Treasurer's possession or under the Assistant Treasurer's control belonging to the Corporation.

Section 11. <u>Other Officers</u>. Such other officers as the Board of Directors may choose shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may delegate to any other officer of the Corporation the power to choose such other officers and to prescribe their respective duties and powers.

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ARTICLE V

<u>STOCK</u>

Section 1. <u>Form of Certificates</u>. Every holder of stock in the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of, the Corporation by any two authorized officers of the Corporation, certifying the number of shares owned by such stockholder in the Corporation. The Corporation shall not have power to issue a certificate in bearer form.

Section 2. <u>Signatures</u>. Any or all of the signatures on a certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue.

Section 3. <u>Lost Certificates</u>. The Board of Directors may direct a new certificate to be issued in place of any certificate theretofore issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen or destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a new certificate, the Board of Directors may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such owner's legal representative, to advertise the same in such manner as the Board of Directors shall require and/or to give the Corporation a bond in such sum as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the Corporation on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

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Section 4. <u>Transfers</u>. Stock of the Corporation shall be transferable in the manner prescribed by applicable law and in these Bylaws. Transfers of stock shall be made on the books of the Corporation only by the person named in the certificate or by such person's attorney lawfully constituted in writing and upon the surrender of the certificate therefor, properly endorsed for transfer and payment of all necessary transfer taxes; provided, however, that such surrender and endorsement or payment of taxes shall not be required in any case in which the officers of the Corporation shall determine to waive such requirement. Every certificate exchanged, returned or surrendered to the Corporation shall be marked "Cancelled," with the date of cancellation, by the Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Corporation or the transfer agent thereof. No transfer of stock shall be valid as against the Corporation for any purpose until it shall have been entered in the stock records of the Corporation by an entry showing from and to whom transferred.

Section 5. <u>Dividend Record Date</u>. In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be not more than sixty (60) days prior to such action. If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

Section 6. <u>Record Owners</u>. The Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends, and to vote as such owner, and to hold liable for calls and assessments a person registered on its books as the owner of shares, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise required by law.

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Section 7. <u>Transfer and Registry Agents</u>. The Corporation may from time to time maintain one or more transfer offices or agencies and registry offices or agencies at such place or places as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors.

ARTICLE VI

<u>NOTICES</u>

Section 1. <u>Notices</u>. Whenever written notice is required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, to be given to any director, member of a committee or stockholder, such notice may be given in writing directed to such director's, committee member's or stockholder's mailing address (or by electronic transmission directed to such director's, committee member's or stockholder' electronic mail address, as applicable) as it appears on the records of the Corporation and shall be given: (a) if mailed, when the notice is deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, (b) if delivered by courier service, the earlier of when the notice is received or left at such director's, committee member's or stockholder's address or (c) if given by electronic mail, when directed to such director's, committee member's or stockholder's electronic mail address unless such director, committee member or stockholder has notified the corporation in writing or by electronic transmission of an objection to receiving notice by electronic mail or such notice is prohibited by the under applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws. Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, but subject to Section 232(e) of the DGCL, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation under applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or

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these Bylaws shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission consented to by the stockholder to whom the notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice or electronic transmission to the Corporation. The Corporation may give notice by electronic mail in accordance with the first sentence of this Section 1 of this Article VI without obtaining the consent required by the second sentence of this Section 1 of this Article VI. Notice given by electronic transmission, as described above, shall be deemed given: (i) if by facsimile telecommunication, when directed to a number at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice; (ii) if by a posting on an electronic network, together with separate notice to the stockholder of such specific posting, upon the later of (A) such posting and (B) the giving of such separate notice; and (iii) if by any other form of electronic transmission, when directed to the stockholder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a notice may not be given by an electronic transmission from and after the time that (i) the Corporation is unable to deliver by such electronic transmission two consecutive notices given by the Corporation and (ii) such inability becomes known to the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation or to the transfer agent, or other person responsible for the giving of notice, provided, however, the inadvertent failure to discover such inability shall not invalidate any meeting or other action.

Section 2. <u>Waivers of Notice</u>. Whenever any notice is required, by applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, to be given to any director, member of a committee or stockholder, a waiver thereof in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person or persons entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent thereto. Attendance of a person at a meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where the person attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the

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beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any Annual or Special Meeting of Stockholders or any regular or special meeting of the directors or members of a committee of directors need be specified in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

ARTICLE VII

<u>GENERAL PROVISIONS</u>

Section 1. <u>Dividends</u>. Dividends upon the capital stock of the Corporation, subject to the requirements of the DGCL and the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, if any, may be declared by the Board of Directors at any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors (or any action by written consent in lieu thereof in accordance with Section 8 of Article III hereof), and may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the Corporation's capital stock. Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any funds of the Corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the Board of Directors from time to time, in its absolute discretion, deems proper as a reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or for purchasing any of the shares of capital stock, warrants, rights, options, bonds, debentures, notes, scrip or other securities or evidences of indebtedness of the Corporation, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation, or for any proper purpose, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve.

Section 2. <u>Disbursements</u>. All checks or demands for money and notes of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers or such other person or persons as the Board of Directors may from time to time designate.

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Section 3. <u>Fiscal Year</u>. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.

Section 4. <u>Corporate Seal</u>. The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of the Corporation, the year of its organization and the words "Corporate Seal, Delaware". The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise.

ARTICLE VIII

<u>INDEMNIFICATION</u>

Section 1. <u>Indemnification Provisions with Respect to Historic Matters.</u> The following provisions of this Section 1 of this Article VIII shall apply with respect to matters arising prior to or on December 11, 2025, whether asserted or claimed prior to, at or after such date, and shall continue in effect for such matters until December 11, 2031:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Right to Indemnification</u>. Each person who was or is made a party, or is threatened to be made a party to, or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a "Proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he or she or a person of whom he or she is the legal representative (i) is or was a director or officer of the Corporation or (ii) is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, trustee, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans maintained or sponsored by the Corporation (hereinafter, an "indemnitee"), whether the basis of such Proceeding is an alleged action or omission in an official capacity as a director, officer, trustee, employee or agent or in any other capacity while serving as a director, officer, trustee, employee or agent, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL,

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as the same exists or may hereafter be amended, against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys' fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes, or penalties and amounts paid or to be paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such indemnitee in connection therewith, and such indemnification shall continue as to an indemnitee who has ceased to be a director, officer, trustee, employee or agent, and shall inure to the benefit of the indemnitee's heirs, executors and administrators; provided, however, that except as provided in Section 1(b) of this Article VIII with respect to proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification, the Corporation shall indemnify any such indemnitee in connection with a Proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such indemnitee only if such Proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors. The right to indemnification conferred in this Section 1(a) shall be a contract right and shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such Proceeding in advance of its final disposition (hereinafter an "Advancement of Expenses"); provided, however, that if the DGCL requires, an Advancement of Expenses incurred by an indemnitee in his or her capacity as a director or officer (and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such person while a director or officer, including, without limitation, service to an employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision, from which there is no further right to appeal, that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under this Section 1(a) or otherwise (hereinafter an "Undertaking").

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Right of Indemnitee to Bring Suit</u>. If a claim under Section 1(a) of this Article VIII is not paid in full by the Corporation within sixty days after a written claim has been received by the Corporation, except in the case of a claim for an Advancement of Expenses, in which case the applicable period shall be twenty days, the indemnitee may, at any time thereafter, bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. If successful, in whole or in part, in any suit, or in a suit brought by the Corporation to recover an Advancement of Expenses pursuant to the terms of an Undertaking, the indemnitee shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting or defending such suit. In (i), any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to an Advancement of Expenses), it shall be a defense that, and (ii) any suit by the Corporation to recover an Advancement of Expenses pursuant to the terms of an Undertaking, the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that, the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such suit that indemnification of the indemnitee is proper in the circumstances because the indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) that the indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall create a presumption that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct, or, in the case of such a suit brought by the indemnitee, be a defense to such suit. In any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right hereunder, or by the Corporation to recover an Advancement of Expenses pursuant to the terms of an Undertaking, the burden of proving that the indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified or to such Advancement of Expenses under this Section 1(b) or otherwise, shall be on the Corporation.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Non-Exclusivity of Rights; Reliance</u>. The rights to indemnification and to the Advancement of Expenses conferred in this Section 1 (i) shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, these Bylaws, the Certificate of Incorporation, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors, or otherwise and (ii) cannot be terminated by the Corporation, the Board of Directors or the stockholders of the Corporation with respect to a person's service prior to the date of such termination. The rights of an indemnitee to indemnification, advancement of expenses or otherwise under this Section 1 shall vest at the time such person is elected or appointed a director, officer, trustee, employee or agent, and no amendment, modification, alteration or repeal of this Section shall affect the rights of any indemnitee or his or her successors whose rights previously vested prior to the time of any such amendment modification, alternation or repeal without such person's written consent.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) <u>Insurance</u>. The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trustor other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the DGCL.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) <u>Other Indemnification</u>. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time-to-time by the Board of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the Advancement of Expenses to any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, whether or not acting in his or her capacity as such, or at the request of the Corporation, to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Section 1 with respect to the indemnification and Advancement of Expenses of directors and officers of the Corporation.

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Section 2. <u>Indemnification Provisions with Respect to Future Matters</u>. The following provisions of this Section 2 of this Article VIII shall apply with respect to matters arising after December 11, 2025.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Power to Indemnify in Actions, Suits or Proceedings other than Those by or in the Right of the Corporation</u>. Subject to Section 2(c) of this Article VIII, the Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the Corporation), by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was a director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person's conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that such person's conduct was unlawful.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Power to Indemnify in Actions, Suits or Proceedings by or in the Right of the Corporation</u>. Subject to Section 2(c) of this Article VIII, the Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was a

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director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Authorization of Indemnification</u>. Any indemnification under this Section 2 of this Article VIII (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification of the present or former director or officer is proper in the circumstances because such person has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 2(a) of this Article VIII or Section 2(b) of this Article VIII, as the case may be. Such determination shall be made, with respect to a person who is a director or officer of the Corporation at the time of such determination, (i) by a majority vote of the directors who are not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, even though less than a quorum, (ii) by a committee of such directors designated by a majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum, (iii) if there are no such directors, or if such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion or (iv) by the stockholders. Such determination shall be made, with respect to

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former directors and officers, by any person or persons having the authority to act on the matter on behalf of the Corporation. To the extent, however, that a present or former director or officer of the Corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding described above, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith, without the necessity of authorization in the specific case.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) <u>Good Faith Defined</u>. For purposes of any determination under Section 2(c) of this Article VIII, a person shall be deemed to have acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, or, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, to have had no reasonable cause to believe such person's conduct was unlawful, if such person's action is based on the records or books of account of the Corporation or another enterprise, or on information supplied to such person by the officers of the Corporation or another enterprise in the course of their duties, or on the advice of legal counsel for the Corporation or another enterprise or on information or records given or reports made to the Corporation or another enterprise by an independent certified public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert selected with reasonable care by the Corporation or another enterprise. The provisions of this Section 2(d) of this Article VIII shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in any way the circumstances in which a person may be deemed to have met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 2(a) of this Article VIII or Section 2(b) of this Article VIII, as the case may be.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) Indemnification by a Court. Notwithstanding any contrary determination in the specific case under Section 2(c) of this Article VIII, and notwithstanding the absence of any determination thereunder, any director or officer may apply to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or any other court of competent jurisdiction in the State of Delaware for indemnification to the extent otherwise permissible under Section 2(a) of this Article VIII or Section 2(b) of this Article VIII. The basis of such indemnification by a court shall be a determination by such court that indemnification of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because such person has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 2(a) of this Article VIII or Section 2(b) of this Article VIII, as the case may be. Neither a contrary determination in the specific case under Section 2(c) of this Article VIII nor the absence of any determination thereunder shall be a defense to such application or create a presumption that the director or officer seeking indemnification has not met any applicable standard of conduct. Notice of any application for indemnification pursuant to this Section 2(e) of this Article VIII shall be given to the Corporation promptly upon the filing of such application. If successful, in whole or in part, the director or officer seeking indemnification shall also be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such application.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) <u>Expenses Payable in Advance</u>. Expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by a director or officer of the Corporation in defending any civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding shall be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that such person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this Section 2 of this Article VIII. Such expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by former directors and officers or other employees and agents of the Corporation or by persons serving at the request of the Corporation as directors, officers, employees or agents of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the Corporation deems appropriate.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) <u>Non-Exclusivity of Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses</u>. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Section 2 of this Article VIII shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person's official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office, it being the policy of the Corporation that indemnification of the persons specified in Section 2(a) of this Article VIII and Section 2(b) of this Article VIII shall be made to the fullest extent permitted by law. A right to indemnification or to advancement of expenses arising under a provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws shall not be eliminated or impaired by an amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws after the occurrence of the act or omission that is the subject of the civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding for which indemnification or advancement of expenses is sought, unless the provision in effect at the time of such act or omission explicitly authorizes such elimination or impairment after such action or omission has occurred. The provisions of this Section 2 of this Article VIII shall not be deemed to preclude the indemnification of any person who is not specified in Section 2(a) of this Article VIII or Section 2(b) of this Article VIII but whom the Corporation has the power or obligation to indemnify, under the provisions of the DGCL, or otherwise.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h) <u>Insurance</u>. The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was a director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person's status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power or the obligation to indemnify such person against such liability under the provisions of this Section 2 of this Article VIII.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) <u>Certain Definitions</u>. For purposes of this Section 2 of this Article VIII, references to "the Corporation" shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors or officers, so that any person who is or was a director or officer of such constituent corporation, or is or was a director or officer of such constituent corporation serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this Section 2 of this Article VIII with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued. The term "another enterprise" as used in this Section 2 of this Article VIII shall mean any other corporation or any partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise of which such person is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent. For purposes of this Section 2 of this Article VIII, references to "fines" shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to "serving at the request of the Corporation" shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director or officer with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner "not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation" as referred to in this Section 2 of this Article VIII.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(j) <u>Survival of Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses</u>. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Section 2 of this Article VIII shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(k) <u>Limitation on Indemnification</u>. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Section 2 of this Article VIII to the contrary, except for proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification (which shall be governed by Section 2(e) of this Article VIII), the Corporation shall not be obligated to, under this Section 2 of this Article VIII, indemnify any director or officer (or his or her heirs, executors or personal or legal representatives) or advance expenses in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized or consented to by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(l) <u>Indemnification of Employees and Agents</u>. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, provide rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to employees and agents of the Corporation similar to those conferred in this Section 2 of this Article VIII to directors and officers of the Corporation.

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ARTICLE IX

<u>FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF CERTAIN DISPUTES</u>

Section 1. <u>Forum for Adjudication of Certain Disputes</u>. Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum (an "Alternative Forum Consent"), the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a duty (including any fiduciary duty) owed by any current or former director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of the Corporation to the Corporation or the Corporation's stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Corporation or any current or former director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of the Corporation arising out of or relating to any provision of the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws (each, as in effect from time to time), or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Corporation or any current or former director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of the Corporation governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the State of Delaware; provided, however, that, in the event that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction over any such action or proceeding, the sole and exclusive forum for such action or proceeding shall be another state or federal court located within the State of Delaware, in each such case, unless the Court of Chancery (or such other state or federal court located within the State of Delaware, as applicable) has dismissed a prior action by the same plaintiff asserting the same claims because such court lacked personal jurisdiction over an indispensable party named as a defendant therein. Unless the Corporation gives an Alternative Forum Consent, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Failure to enforce the foregoing provisions would cause the Corporation irreparable harm and the Corporation shall be entitled to equitable relief, including injunctive relief and specific performance, to enforce the foregoing provisions. Any person or entity purchasing, otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of Section 1 of this Article IX. The existence of any prior Alternative Forum Consent shall not act as a waiver of the Corporation's ongoing consent right as set forth above in Section 1 of this Article IX with respect to any current or future actions or claims.

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ARTICLE X

<u>AMENDMENTS</u>

Section 1. <u>Amendments</u>. These Bylaws may be altered, amended or repealed, in whole or in part, or new Bylaws may be adopted by the stockholders or by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that notice of such alteration, amendment, repeal or adoption of new Bylaws be contained in the notice of a meeting of the stockholders or Board of Directors, as the case may be, called for the purpose of acting upon any proposed alteration, amendment, repeal or adoption of new Bylaws. All such alterations, amendments, repeals or adoptions of new Bylaws must be approved by either the holders of a majority of the outstanding capital stock entitled to vote thereon or by a majority of the entire Board of Directors then in office. Any amendment to these Bylaws adopted by stockholders which specifies the votes that shall be necessary for the election of directors shall not be further amended or repealed by the Board of Directors.

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Section 2. <u>Entire Board of Directors</u>. As used in this Article X and in these Bylaws generally, the term "entire Board of Directors" means the total number of directors which the Corporation would have if there were no vacancies.

\* \* \*

Adopted as of: December 11, 2025

## Exhibit 99.1

**Exhibit 99.1** 

**MARS COMPLETES ACQUISITION OF KELLANOVA** 

*Transaction unites two iconic businesses with portfolios of beloved brands* 

*Mars Snacking poised to shape the future of snacking and serve more consumers globally* 

McLean, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois – (December 11, 2025) – Mars, Incorporated, a family-owned, global leader in pet care, snacking and food, is pleased to announce the successful completion of its acquisition of Kellanova, whose portfolio includes Pringles<sup>®</sup>, Cheez-It<sup>®</sup>, Pop-Tarts<sup>®</sup>, Rice Krispies Treats<sup>®</sup>, RXBAR<sup>®</sup> and Kellogg's international cereal brands. The combination brings together two iconic businesses with beloved brands, storied legacies and outstanding capabilities – now united to shape the future of snacking.

"Today marks a transformative moment and I'm excited to welcome Kellanova to Mars," said Andrew Clarke, Global President of Mars Snacking. "United by more than a century of pioneering new categories and building iconic brands, Mars and Kellanova are joining forces to shape the future of snacking. With more than 50,000 Mars Snacking Associates and partners around the world, we're now positioned to bring consumers more of the brands they love and new innovations — while continuing to advance our sustainability commitments and invest for the long term."

The new Mars Snacking will operate in attractive snacking categories, adding Kellanova's billion-dollar brands – Pringles<sup>®</sup>, Cheez-It<sup>®</sup> and Kellogg's<sup>®</sup> – to the Mars business. The existing Mars portfolio includes billion-dollar snacking and confectionery brands like SNICKERS<sup>®</sup>, M&M'S<sup>®</sup>, TWIX<sup>®</sup>, DOVE<sup>®</sup>, SKITTLES<sup>®</sup> and EXTRA<sup>®</sup>, as well as KIND<sup>®</sup> and Nature's Bakery<sup>®</sup>. The addition of Kellanova also expands the portfolio of Accelerator, a division of Mars Snacking, with complementary brands like RXBAR<sup>®</sup>, Nutri-Grain<sup>®</sup> bars and Special K<sup>®</sup> bars.

Mars, Incorporated announced on August 14, 2024, that it had entered into a definitive agreement under which Mars agreed to acquire Kellanova. The transaction received Kellanova shareowner approval on November 1, 2024. The acquisition received all required regulatory approvals as of December 8, 2025.

**About Mars, Incorporated** 

Mars, Incorporated is driven by the belief that the world we want tomorrow starts with how we do business today. As a $65bn+ family-owned business, our diverse and expanding portfolio of leading pet care products, veterinary services, and quality snacking and food products delight millions of people and support pets all around the world. With the strategic acquisition of Kellanova, we have further enhanced our capabilities and expanded our reach in the global market. We produce some of the world's best-loved brands including ROYAL CANIN<sup>®</sup>, PEDIGREE<sup>®</sup>, WHISKAS<sup>®</sup>, CESAR<sup>®</sup>, DOVE<sup>®</sup>, EXTRA<sup>®</sup>, M&M'S<sup>®</sup>, SNICKERS<sup>®</sup>, BEN'S ORIGINAL<sup>™</sup>, and now, iconic brands from Kellanova including Pringles<sup>®</sup>, Cheez-It<sup>®</sup>, Pop-Tarts<sup>®</sup>. Our international networks of pet hospitals, including BANFIELD<sup>™</sup>, BLUEPEARL<sup>™</sup>, VCA<sup>™</sup>, and ANICURA<sup>™</sup>, span preventive, general, specialty, and emergency veterinary care, and our global veterinary diagnostics business ANTECH<sup>®</sup> offers breakthrough capabilities in pet diagnostics. The Mars Five Principles — Quality, Responsibility, Mutuality, Efficiency and Freedom — inspire our more than 170,000 Associates to act every day to help create a better world for people, pets and the planet. For more information about Mars, please visit www.mars.com. Join us on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and YouTube.

**<u>Media Assets</u>**

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**<u>Contacts</u>**

Denise Young

Mars, Incorporated

denise.young@effem.com

Christi O'Brien

Mars, Incorporated

christi.obrien@effem.com