# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000356037
**File Stem:** 0000356037-25-000065
**Filing Date:** 2025-12
**Character Count:** 291379
**Document Hash:** ec48fee0818fb940abcebc793f1d44fe
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0000356037-25-000065.hdr.sgml**: 20251216

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0000356037-25-000065

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 128

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251216

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251216

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** CSP INC /MA/
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000356037
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-COMPUTER INTEGRATED SYSTEMS DESIGN [7373]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 042441294
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** MA
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 0930

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 000-10843
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251576471

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 175 CABOT STREET
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 210
- **CITY:** LOWELL
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 01854
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 9789545038

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 175 CABOT STREET
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 210
- **CITY:** LOWELL
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 01854

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? CSP Inc._September 30, 2025

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

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**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-K**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **☒** | **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES** |
|  | **EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934** |
|  | **For the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2025.** |
| **☐** | **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES** |
|  | **EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934** |
|  | **For the transition period from&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; to** |

---

**Commission File Number 000-10843**

**CSP Inc.**

**(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Massachusetts** | **04-2441294** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)** | **(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)** |

---

**175 Cabot Street, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854**

**(Address of principal executive offices)**

**(978) 954-5038**

**(Registrant's telephone number including area code)**

**Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of Each Class**<br>| **Trading Symbol(s)**<br>| **Name of each exchange on which registered**<br>|
| Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share<br>| CSPI<br>| Nasdaq Global Market<br>|

---

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:**

**None**

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ◻&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ◻&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ◻.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ◻.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer ◻ | Accelerated filer ◻ |
| Non-accelerated filer ⌧ | Smaller Reporting Company ☒ |
|  | Emerging Growth Company ☐ |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $108,261,682 based on the closing sale price of $15.34 as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on March 31, 2025. This day was the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

As of December 12, 2025, the registrant had 9,904,783 shares of common stock outstanding.

**DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE**

Certain portions of the information required in Part III of this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference from the registrant's definitive proxy statement for its 2026 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of its fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

------

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### **TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | **Page** |
| [PART I.](#PARTI_116771) | [PART I.](#PARTI_116771) |  |
| [Item 1.](#Item1Business_407020) | [Business](#_Item_1._) | 2 |
| [Item 1A.](#Item1ARiskFactors_189214) | [Risk Factors](#Item1ARiskFactors_189214) | 8 |
| [Item 1C.](#Item1C) | [Cybersecurity](#Item1C) | 16 |
| [Item 2.](#Item2Properties_314174) | [Properties](#Item2Properties_314174) | 17 |
| [Item 3.](#Item3LegalProceedings_585990) | [Legal Proceedings](#Item3LegalProceedings_585990) | 17 |
| [Item 4.](#Item4MineSafetyDisclosures_857656) | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#Item4MineSafetyDisclosures_857656) | 17 |
| [PART II.](#PARTII_91990) |  |  |
| [Item 5.](#Item5MarketforRegistrantsCommonEquityRel) | [Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#Item5MarketforRegistrantsCommonEquityRel) | 17 |
| [Item 6.](#Item6Reserved) | [\[Reserved\]](#Item6Reserved) | 18 |
| [Item 7.](#Item7ManagementsDiscussionandAnalysisofF) | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#Item7ManagementsDiscussionandAnalysisofF) | 18 |
| [Item 8.](#Item8FinancialStatementsandSupplementary) | [Financial Statements and Supplementary Data](#Item8FinancialStatementsandSupplementary) | 28 |
| [Item 9.](#Item9ChangesinandDisagreementswithAccoun) | [Change in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures](#Item9ChangesinandDisagreementswithAccoun) | 29 |
| [Item 9A.](#Item9AControlsandProcedures_16617) | [Controls and Procedures](#Item9AControlsandProcedures_16617) | 29 |
| [Item 9B.](#Item9BOtherInformation_486078) | [Other Information](#Item9BOtherInformation_486078) | 31 |
| [Item 9C.](#Item9CDisclosureRegardinForeign) | [Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections](#Item9CDisclosureRegardinForeign) | 31 |
| [PART III.](#PARTIII_806257) |  |  |
| [Item 10.](#Item10DirectorsExecutiveOfficersandCorpo) | [Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance](#Item10DirectorsExecutiveOfficersandCorpo) | 31 |
| [Item 11.](#Item11ExecutiveCompensation_887658) | [Executive Compensation](#Item11ExecutiveCompensation_887658) | 31 |
| [Item 12.](#Item12SecurityOwnershipofCertainBenefici) | [Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters](#Item12SecurityOwnershipofCertainBenefici) | 31 |
| [Item 13.](#Item13CertainRelationshipsandRelatedTran) | [Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence](#Item13CertainRelationshipsandRelatedTran) | 32 |
| [Item 14.](#Item14PrincipalAccountantFeesandServices) | [Principal Accountant Fees and Services](#Item14PrincipalAccountantFeesandServices) | 32 |
| [PART IV.](#PARTIV_908498) |  |  |
| [Item 15.](#Item15ExhibitsandFinancialStatementSched) | [Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules](#Item15ExhibitsandFinancialStatementSched) | 32 |
| [Item 16.](#Item16Form10KSummary_895758) | [Form 10-K Summary](#Item16Form10KSummary_895758) | 33 |

---

Note: Items 1B and 7A are not required for Smaller Reporting Companies and therefore are not furnished.

i

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#### Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
*This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This information may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are difficult to predict and may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. The discussion below contains certain forward-looking statements related but not limited to, among others, statements concerning future revenues and future business plans. Forward-looking statements include statements in which we use words such as "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "should," "could," "may," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "will," "would" and similar expressions. Although we believe the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, the forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and thus we cannot assure you that these expectations will prove to be correct, and actual results may vary from those contained in such forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks and uncertainties in Item 1A under the heading "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report.*

*Factors that may cause such variances include, but are not limited to, our dependence on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue and intense competition in the market segments in which we operate. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this document. We have based the forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K on information available to us on the date of this Annual Report, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements, other than as required by law.*

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#### PART I

#### Item 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Business
CSP Inc. ("CSPi" or "CSPI" or "the Company" or "we" or "our") was incorporated in 1968 and is based in Lowell, Massachusetts. To meet the diverse requirements of our commercial and defense customers worldwide, CSPi and its subsidiaries develop and market IT integration solutions, advanced security products, managed IT services, cloud services, purpose built network adapters, and high-performance cluster computer systems.

#### Segments
CSPI operates in two segments: Technology Solutions ("TS") and High Performance Products ("HPP").

#### TS Segment
● The TS segment consists of our wholly-owned Modcomp, Inc. subsidiary, which operates in the United States and the United Kingdom.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· The TS segment generates product revenues by reselling third-party computer hardware and software as a value added reseller ("VAR"). The TS segment generates service revenues by the delivery of professional services for complex IT solutions, including advanced security; unified communications and collaboration; wireless and mobility; data center solutions; and network solutions as well as managed IT services ("MSP") that primarily serve the small and mid-sized business market ("SMB").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Third party products and professional services are marketed and sold through the Company's direct sales force into a variety of vertical markets, including automotive, defense, healthcare, education, federal, state and local government, and maritime.

#### HPP Segment
● The HPP segment revenue comes from three distinct product lines: (i) a cybersecurity solution marketed as ARIA™ Software-Defined Security ("SDS"), which is offered to commercial, original equipment manufacturers ("OEM") and government customers; (ii) the Myricom <sup>®</sup> network adapters and related software for commercial, government and OEM customers; and (iii) the legacy Multicomputer product portfolio for digital signal processing ("DSP") applications within the defense markets.

● The ARIA SDS solution is a software portfolio comprised of 3 products: ARIA Packet Intelligence software which is used by customers for its high-speed wire-rate in-line packet filtering, steering and policy enforcement functions. ARIA Advanced Detection and Response ("ADR") solution used by customers to find and stop threats in real-time by monitoring their entire network, device and services footprint. It is used as the basis of MDR (Managed Detection and Response) services offered by ARIA and its Managed Security Service Provider ("MSSP") partners who provide it as part of a 24x7 managed SOC (Security Operations Center) offering. The product automates the MITRE ATT&CK™ framework to find threats up to 100 times faster with fewer human resources than other solutions.

● In July of 2023 ARIA Zero Trust (AZT) PROTECT™ was introduced to the market. ARIA AZT PROTECT™ was designed to fill a gap in the market – stopping the most sophisticated attacks that are used to attack critical infrastructure applications before harm can be done. It compliments other protection technologies in place and can stop some of the most well-known attacks including the SolarWinds attack, and the recent Russian sponsored Sandworm attacks used on utilities and energy infrastructure. The product is deployed and generating revenue from its initial contracts.

● Revenue is derived from: (i) license sales of our software platform components, (ii) support packages and (iii) any required supporting services. The software licenses, the support packages, as well as supporting services

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are renewable on a recurring basis.

● The ARIA portfolio is of value to regulated industries, such as manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, financial services, energy production, utilities, transportation and healthcare, due to the rise of critical infrastructure regulations enforced at the federal, state, and international level, as well as by industry entities. In addition, due to the complexities and high costs associated with enterprise-wide security, particularly in the creation and operation of SOCs, we believe that ARIA will be attractive to organizations that desire SOC-level protections without incurring the costs of procuring disparate tools and hiring and retaining highly trained security analysts. We also have begun selling our unique solution into MSSPs that want to offer a lower cost, more effective service at detecting today's widening range of cyber-attacks.

● The Myricom SmartNIC adapters ("ARC Series" and Myricom Secure Intelligent Adapters or "SIA") are optimized for and sold into markets that require high-bandwidth and low-latency including (i) packet capture, (ii) financial transactions, (iii) machine vision and (iv) network security. The ARC series has reached end of life due to ASIC supplier problems which will significantly reduce its contribution to the HPP line of business. The focus is now supporting its applications on third party provided intelligent network interface cards.

● Multicomputer products for DSP applications are no longer actively developed but will continue to be sold into established programs through fiscal year 2025 and supported for several years via our repair services offering. The revenue from these products, as a percentage of overall Company revenue, is expected to continue to decline over time.

#### Sales Information by Industry Segment
The following table details our sales by operating segment for fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Additional segment and geographical information are set forth in *Note 17 Segment Information* to the consolidated financial statements.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Segment** | **2025** | **%** | **2024** | **%** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| TS | $56808 | 97% | $51065 | 92% |
| HPP | 1922 | 3% | 4154 | 8% |
| Total Sales | $58730 | 100% | $55219 | 100% |

---

#### TS Segment

#### Products and Services

#### Integration Solutions
The TS segment is a value-added reseller ("VAR") of third-party hardware and software technology solutions along with our advanced technology consulting, professional IT, managed IT and Cloud services. Our value proposition is our ability to support the complete IT life cycle of planning, designing, implementing and optimizing a comprehensive solution into our customers' IT environments to help achieve their expected business outcomes.

#### Third-Party Hardware and Software
We sell third-party hardware, software, and information technology products, with a strategic focus on industry-standard servers and data center infrastructure solutions, midrange data storage infrastructure products, networking and mobility products, unified communications, and advanced IT security hardware and software solutions. Our key offerings include products from Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)/Aruba, Cisco Systems, Palo Alto Networks, Nutanix, Dell EMC, Juniper Networks, Varonis, Cato Networks, Fortinet, Microsoft and Barracuda. Through our business relationships with these vendors, we are able to offer competitively priced robust products to meet our diverse customers' technology needs, providing procurement and engineering expertise in server infrastructure, storage, security, unified communications,

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mobility and networking to the small-to-medium sized businesses ("SMBs") and large enterprise businesses ("LEBs") with unique and/or complex IT environments. Many of our SMB customers have unique technological needs and may lack technical purchasing expertise or have very limited IT engineering resources on staff. We offer our customers a single point of contact for complicated multi-vendor technology purchases. We also provide installation, integration, logistical assistance and other value-added services that customers may require. We target SMB and LEB customers across all industries. Our current customers are in web and infrastructure hosting, education, travel, telecommunications, healthcare services, distribution, financial services, professional services and manufacturing.

#### Professional Services
We provide professional IT consulting services in the following areas:

● Assessments, planning, designing, implementation, migration, optimization services and project management.

● Hyper-Converged Infrastructure ("HCI"). We assist our clients with designing and implementing HCI solutions from multiple vendors including DellEMC, Nutanix, HPE and Cisco. HCI is a software-centric architecture that tightly integrates compute, storage and virtualization resources in a single system. The benefits of an HCI solution are improved performance, scalability and flexibility all in a reduced footprint.

● Virtualization. We help our customers implement virtualization solutions using products from companies such as VMWare, Nutanix and Citrix that allow one computer to do the job of multiple computers by sharing resources of a single computer across multiple environments. Virtualization eliminates physical and geographical limitations and enables users to host multiple operating systems and applications on fewer servers. Benefits include energy cost savings, lower capital expenditure requirements, high availability of resources, better desktop management, increased security and improved disaster recovery.

● Enterprise security intrusion prevention, network access control and unified threat management. Using third-party products from companies like Palo Alto, Aruba Networks, Juniper Networks, Fortinet, Barracuda and Cisco Systems, our services are designed to ensure data security and integrity through the establishment of virtual private networks, firewalls and other technologies.

● IT security compliance services. We provide services for IT security compliance with personal privacy laws such as the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ("PCI DSS"), t he Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (" HIPAA"), and internal control regulations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ("SOX").

● Unified communications, using Cisco Systems and Microsoft solutions. We are Cisco Premier Partner approved for its Cloud and Managed Services Program for Managed Business Communications and a Microsoft Gold Partner with specialties in Cloud, and Collaboration solutions.

● Wireless, routing, and switching solutions using Juniper Networks and Aruba Networks products and services.

● Custom software applications and solutions development and support. We develop custom applications to customer specifications using industry standard platforms such as Microsoft.Net, SharePoint and OnBase. We are a Microsoft Gold Partner.

● Managed IT services that include monitoring, reporting and management of alerts for the resolution and preventive general IT and IT security support tasks.

● Optimization, maintenance and technical support for third-party products including hardware and software, operating system and user support.

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#### Managed IT and Cloud Services
As consumption models continue to evolve in our industry, we have developed a robust managed and cloud services portfolio to provide alternative solutions to traditional capital expenditure investments in IT solutions and IT operations for our clients. Our value is to provide an elastic offering that will allow the client to scale and consume these offerings with monthly billing options that help control costs and provide economies of scale.

We provide managed and cloud services in the following areas:

● Proactive monitoring and remote management of IT Infrastructure that includes networks (both wired and wireless), data centers (which includes compute, storage and virtualization), desktops, unified communications platforms and security.

● Managed and Hosted Unified Communication as a Service via a Cisco Communication and Collaboration solution under an annuity program.

● Managed Security (firewall, endpoint protection, malware, anti-virus Managed Detection & Response).

● Managed BackUp and Replication.

● Cloud services that include Microsoft 365, Azure, Azure Virtual Desktop, Greencloud, Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud Platform.

#### Markets and Marketing
We are an IT systems integrator and computer hardware and software VAR. We also provide technical services to achieve a value-add to our customers. We operate within the VAR sales channels of major computer hardware and software OEMs, primarily within the geographic areas of our sales offices and across the U.S. We provide innovative IT solutions, including a myriad of infrastructure products with customized professional IT consulting services and managed services to meet the unique requirements of our customers. We market the products and services we sell through sales offices in the U.S. and the U.K. using our direct sales force.

#### Competition
Our primary competition in the TS segment is other VARs ranging from small companies that number in the thousands, to large enterprises such as CDW, PC Connection, Insight, Presidio, Dimension Data, and Computacenter Limited. In addition, we compete directly with many of the companies that manufacture the third-party products we sell, including Cisco Systems, IBM, HPE, EMC (now part of Dell) and others. In the network management, security and storage systems integration services business, our competitors are extensive and vary to a certain degree in each of the geographical markets, but they also include such national competitors as HP/EDS, IBM and Cap Gemini.

Nearly all of our product offerings are available through other channels. Favorable competitive factors for the TS segment include procurement capability, product diversity which enables the delivery of complete and custom solutions to our customers and the strength of our key business relationships with the major IT OEMs. We also consider our ability to meet the unique and/or specialized needs of the SMB and LEB markets and our strong knowledge of the IT products that we sell to be a key competitive advantage. Our ability to provide managed services through our network operations center and the professional IT services required to design and implement custom IT solutions to address our customers' IT needs are distinct competitive advantages. Unfavorable competitive factors include low name recognition, limited geographic coverage and pricing.

**Sources and Availability of Product**

No components used in our TS segment products are obtained from sole-source suppliers.

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#### Backlog
The gross backlog of customer orders and contracts for the TS segment was approximately $7.1 million as of September 30, 2025 compared to $4.9 million as of September 30, 2024. Our backlog can fluctuate greatly. These fluctuations can be due to the timing of receiving large orders for third-party products and/or IT services. It is expected that all the customer orders in backlog will ship and/or be provided during fiscal year 2026.

#### HPP Segment

#### Products and Services
The mission of the HPP team is to deliver a differentiated, smarter approach to cybersecurity. Our software-defined platform makes it easier for organizations to achieve enterprise-wide network security with a focus on the protection of critical assets, applications and devices from cyberattacks.

**Markets and Marketing** 

***Cyber Security Products Market***

The ARIA SDS and ADR solution is targeted at organizations that need to get additional functionality out of their current cybersecurity solutions to find and stop attacks, while also reducing their operating costs. At the present time, our ARIA solutions are primarily offered through our direct sales channel, however with ARIA AZT PROTECT's introduction we have begun to add channel partners such as independent resellers.

OEM vendors in the cybersecurity market can benefit from integrating the ARIA applications and leveraging them as internal solutions to allow their applications to scale and add critical functionality. OEMs are interested in running our ARIA SDS applications on their SmartNIC and other ARM-core based platforms.

As mentioned, MSSPs require simple, yet differentiated, solutions that can be deployed across their customer bases. The detection and automation capabilities found in ARIA solutions are valuable as they allow these security service providers to scale their offerings while increasing the productivity of their security operation center staff.

***Manufacturing Market***

Our focus for fiscal year 2026 and beyond is to expand from our initial successes more broadly into this market and its various sub segments.

***Energy/Utility Market***

We believe our AZT PROTECT product is well suited to address a critical security gap in this market. Noting that sales cycles can be up to 1 year.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Competition**

CSPi's competition in the cybersecurity space comes primarily from the large, traditional security vendors like Palo Alto, VMware and security services providers like Arctic Wolf.

**Manufacturing, Assembly and Testing**

Currently, products are shipped to our customers directly from our plant in Lowell, Massachusetts.

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#### Research and Development
For the year ended September 30, 2025, our expenses for R&D were $3.3 million compared to $3.0 million for the year ended September 30, 2024. Expenditures on R&D are expensed as they are incurred. Product development efforts in fiscal year 2024 and 2025 involved development of the ARIA product set, ARIA Zero Trust (AZT), and enhancements to our ARIA SDS and ARIA ADR product offering. We expect to continue to make investments related to the development of new cybersecurity software applications.

#### Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights. We have newly issued as well as pending patents for the ARIA AZT PROTECT™ software and will be pursuing additional patent rights over time.

**Sources and Availability of Product**

No components used in our HPP segment products are obtained from sole-source suppliers.

#### Backlog
The gross backlog of customer orders and contracts in the HPP segment was $1.0 million as of September 30, 2025 as compared to $0.8 million as of September 30, 2024. Our backlog can fluctuate greatly. We can experience large fluctuations due to the timing of receipt of large orders often for purchases from prime contractors for sales to the government. It is expected nearly all of the customer orders in backlog will ship and/or be provided through fiscal year 2026.

#### All Companies

#### Significant Customers
See *Note 17 Segment Information* in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for detailed information regarding customers. There were no customers which comprised more than 10% of consolidated revenues for the years ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

#### Employees
As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately 123 full time equivalent employees worldwide for our consolidated operations. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we have had no work stoppages in the last three fiscal years. We consider relations with our employees to be good.

#### Company Website
The United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") maintains an internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The Company's internet address is http://www.cspi.com. Through that address, the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. The information contained on the Company's website is not included in, nor incorporated by reference into, this annual report on Form 10-K.

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#### Financial Information about Geographic Areas
Information regarding our sales by geographic area and percentage of sales based on the location to which the products are shipped or services rendered are in *Note 17 Segment Information* of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

#### Item 1A.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Risk Factors
*If any of the risks and uncertainties set forth below actually materialize, our business, financial condition and/or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, the trading price of our common stock could decline and a stockholder could lose all or part of its, his or her investment. The risks and uncertainties set forth below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also impair our business operations.*

***Economic, Industry, and Operational Risks***

*We depend on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue and the loss of any customer could significantly affect our business.*

Both the HPP and TS segments are reliant upon a small number of significant customers, and the loss of or significant reduction in sales to any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, no one customer accounted for 10% or more of our total revenues. Our revenues are largely dependent upon the ability of our customers to continue to grow or need services or to develop and sell products that incorporate our products. No assurance can be given that our customers will not experience financial or other difficulties that could adversely affect their operations and, in turn, our results of operations.

*We depend on key personnel and skilled employees and face competition in hiring and retaining qualified employees.*

We are largely dependent upon the skills and efforts of our senior management, managerial, sales and technical employees. None of our senior management personnel or other key employees are subject to any employment contracts except Victor Dellovo, our Chief Executive Officer and President. The loss of services of any of our executives or other key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on our ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled technical professionals. Our ability to maintain and renew existing engagements and obtain new business depends, in large part, on our ability to hire and retain technical personnel with skills that keep pace with continuing changes in our industry standards and technologies. The inability to hire additional qualified personnel could impair our ability to satisfy or grow our client base. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in retaining current or future employees.

*Our success depends in part on our timely introduction of new products and technologies and our results can be impacted by the effectiveness of our significant investments in new products and technologies.*

We have made significant investments in our ARIA cyber security products and services that may not achieve expected returns. We will continue to make significant investments in research, development, and marketing for ARIA products, services, and technologies. Commercial success depends on many factors, including innovativeness, developer support, and effective distribution and marketing. If customers do not perceive our latest offerings as providing significant new functionality or other value, they may reduce their purchases of new software and hardware products or upgrades, unfavorably affecting revenue. We may not achieve significant revenue from new product, service, and distribution channel investments for several years. New products and services may not be profitable, and even if they are profitable, operating margins for some new products and businesses may not be as high as the margins we have experienced historically. Developing new technologies and products is complex. It can require long development and testing periods. Significant delays in new releases or significant problems in creating new products or services could adversely affect our revenue.

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*To be successful, we must respond to the rapid changes in technology. If we are unable to do so on a timely basis our business could be materially adversely affected.*

Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to enhance our current products and to develop new commercial products on a timely and cost-effective basis in order to respond to technological developments and changing customer needs. The design-in process is typically lengthy and expensive and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to meet the product specifications of our customers in a timely and adequate manner. In addition, if we fail to anticipate or to respond adequately to changes in technology and customer preferences, or if there is any significant delay in product developments or introductions, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including the risk of inventory obsolescence. Because of the complexity of our products, we have experienced delays from time to time in completing products on a timely basis. If we are unable to design, develop or introduce competitive new products on a timely basis, our future operating results would be adversely affected, particularly in our HPP segment. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in developing new products or enhancing our existing products on a timely or cost-effective basis, or that such new products or product enhancements will achieve market acceptance.

*The complexity of our products, particularly in the HPP segment, could result in unforeseen delays or expense or undetected defects or bugs, which could adversely affect the market acceptance of new products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, and materially and adversely affect our operating costs.*

Highly complex products, such as those we offer, may contain defects and bugs when they are first introduced or as new versions, software documentation or enhancements are released, or their release may be delayed due to unforeseen difficulties during product development. If any of our products or third-party components used in our products contain defects or bugs, or have reliability, quality or compatibility problems, we may not be able to successfully design workarounds or corrections. Furthermore, if any of these problems are not discovered until after we have commenced commercial production or deployment of a new product, we may be required to incur additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs. Significant technical challenges also arise with our software products because our customers license and deploy our products across a variety of computer platforms and integrate them with a number of third-party software applications and databases. As a result, if there is system-wide failure or an actual or perceived breach of information integrity, security or availability occurs in one of our end-user customer's system, it can be difficult to determine which product is at fault and we could ultimately be harmed by the failure of another supplier's product. Consequently, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers. To resolve these problems, we may have to invest significant capital and other resources and we would likely lose, or experience a delay in, market acceptance of the affected product or products. These problems may also result in claims against us by our customers or others. For example, if a delay in the manufacture and delivery of our products causes the delay of a customer's end-product delivery, we may be required, under the terms of our agreement with that customer, to compensate the customer for the adverse effects of such delays. As a result, our financial results could be materially adversely affected.

*Our international operation is subject to a number of risks.*

We market and sell our products in certain international markets and we have established operations in the U.K. Foreign-based revenue is determined based on the location to which the product is shipped or services are rendered and represented 10% and 12% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. If revenues generated by foreign activities are not adequate to offset the expense of establishing and maintaining these foreign activities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, there are certain risks inherent in transacting business internationally, such as changes in applicable laws and regulatory requirements, export and import restrictions, export controls relating to technology, tariffs and other trade barriers, longer payment cycles, problems in collecting accounts receivable, political instability, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, expatriation controls and potential adverse tax consequences, any of which could adversely impact the success of our international activities. In particular, it is possible activity in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe will be adversely impacted and that we will face increased regulatory and legal complexities, including those related to tax, trade, data protection, and employee relations as a result of Brexit and evolving international regulations. A portion of our revenues are from sales to foreign entities, including foreign governments, which are primarily paid in the form of foreign currencies.

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There can be no assurance that one or more of such factors will not have a material adverse effect on our future international activities and, consequently, on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

*We face competition that could adversely affect our sales and profitability.*

The markets for our products are highly competitive and are characterized by rapidly changing technology, frequent product performance improvements and evolving industry standards. Many of our competitors are substantially larger than we are and have greater access to capital and human resources and in many cases price their products and services less than ours. In addition, due to the rapidly changing nature of technology, new competitors may emerge. Competitors may be able to offer more attractive pricing or develop products that could offer performance features that are superior to our products, resulting in reduced demand for our products. Such competitors could have a negative impact on our ability to win future business opportunities. There can be no assurance that a new competitor will not attempt to penetrate the various markets for our products and services. Their entry into markets historically targeted by us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

*Pandemics, epidemics or disease outbreaks may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.* 

Pandemics, epidemics, or disease outbreaks, may cause harm to us, our employees, our clients, our vendors and supply chain partners, and financial institutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. The impact of a pandemic, epidemic, or other disease outbreak may include, but would not be limited to: (i) disruption to operations due to the unavailability of employees due to illness, quarantines, risk of illness, travel restrictions or factors that limit our existing or potential workforce; (ii) volatility in the demand for or availability of our products and services, (iii) inability to meet our customers' needs due to disruptions in the manufacture, sourcing and distribution of our products and services, or (iv) failure of third parties on which we rely, including our suppliers, clients, and external business partners, to meet their obligations to us, or significant disruptions in their ability to do so.

**Intellectual Property and Systems Risks**

*We may be unsuccessful in protecting our intellectual property rights which could result in the loss of a competitive advantage.*

Our ability to compete effectively against other companies in our industry depends, in part, on our ability to protect our current and future proprietary technology under patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and unfair competition laws. We cannot assure that our means of protecting our proprietary rights in the United States or abroad will be adequate, or that others will not develop technologies similar or superior to our technology or design around our proprietary rights. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in attempting to protect our proprietary rights.

Also, despite the steps taken by us to protect our proprietary rights, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy or reverse-engineer aspects of our products develop similar technology independently or otherwise obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary and we may be unable to successfully identify or prosecute unauthorized uses of our technology. Furthermore, with respect to our issued patents and patent applications, we cannot assure that patents from any pending patent applications (or from any future patent applications) will be issued, that the scope of any patent protection will include competitors or provide competitive advantages to us, that any of our patents will be held valid if subsequently challenged or that others will not claim rights in or ownership of the patents (and patent applications) and other proprietary rights held by us.

*If we become subject to intellectual property infringement claims, we could incur significant expenses and could be prevented from selling specific products.*

We may become subject to claims that we infringe the intellectual property rights of others in the future. We cannot assure that, if made, these claims will not be successful. Any claim of infringement could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim even if the claim is invalid and could distract management from other

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business. Any judgment against us could require substantial payment in damages and could also include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from offering certain products.

*We need to continue to expend resources on research and development ("R&D") efforts in our HPP segment, to meet the needs of our customers. If we are unable to do so, our products could become less attractive to customers and our business could be materially adversely affected.*

Our industry requires a continued investment in R&D. As a result of our need to maintain or increase our spending levels for R&D in this area and the difficulty in reducing costs associated with R&D, our operating results could be materially harmed if our revenues fall below expectations. In addition, as a result of CSPi's commitment to invest in R&D, spending as a percent of revenues may fluctuate in the future. Further, if we fail to invest sufficiently in R&D or our R&D does not produce competitive results, our products may become less attractive to our customers or potential customers, which could materially harm our business and results of operations.

*Our need for continued or increased investment in research and development may increase expenses and reduce our profitability.*

Our industry is characterized by the need for continued investment in research and development. If we fail to invest sufficiently in research and development, our products could become less attractive to potential customers and our business and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. As a result of the need to maintain or increase spending levels in this area and the difficulty in reducing costs associated with research and development, our operating results could be materially harmed if our research and development efforts fail to result in new products or if revenues fall below expectations. In addition, as a result of our commitment to invest in research and development, spending levels of research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues may fluctuate in the future.

*Our results of operations are subject to fluctuation from period to period and may not be an accurate indication of future performance.*

We have experienced fluctuations in operating results in large part due to the sale of products and services in relatively large dollar amounts to a relatively small number of customers. Customers specify delivery date requirements that coincide with their need for our products and services. Because these customers may use our products and services in connection with other projects with different sizes and durations, a customer's orders for one quarter generally do not indicate a trend for future orders by that customer. As such, we have not been able in the past to consistently predict when our customers will place orders and request shipments so that we cannot always accurately plan our manufacturing, inventory, and working capital requirements. As a result, if orders and shipments differ from what we predict, we may incur additional expenses and build excess inventory, which may require additional reserves and allowances and reduce our working capital and operational flexibility. Any significant change in our customers' purchasing patterns could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and reported earnings per share for a particular quarter. Thus, results of operations in any period should not be considered indicative of the results to be expected for any future period.

Our quarterly results may be subject to fluctuations resulting from a number of other factors, including:

● delays in completion of internal product development projects;

● delays in shipping hardware and software;

● delays in acceptance testing by customers;

● a change in the mix of products sold to our served markets;

● changes in customer order patterns;

● production delays due to quality problems with outsourced components;

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● inability to scale quick reaction capability products due to low product volume;

● shortages and costs of components;

● the timing of product line transitions;

● declines in quarterly revenues from previous generations of products following announcement of replacement products containing more advanced technology;

● inability to realize the expected benefits from acquisitions and restructurings, or delays in realizing such benefits;

● potential asset impairment, including goodwill and intangibles, write-off of deferred tax assets or restructuring charges; and

● changes in estimates of completion on fixed price service engagements.

In addition, from time to time, we have entered into contracts, referred to as development contracts, to engineer a specific solution based on modifications to standard products. Gross margins from development contract revenues are typically lower than gross margins from standard product revenues. We intend to continue to enter into development contracts and anticipate that the gross margins associated with development contract revenues will continue to be lower than gross margins from standard product sales.

Another factor contributing to fluctuations in our quarterly results is the fixed nature of expenditures on personnel, facilities and marketing programs. Expense levels for these programs are based, in significant part, on expectations of future revenues. If actual quarterly revenues are below management's expectations, our results of operations will likely be adversely affected. Further, the preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and changes in estimates in subsequent periods could cause our results of operations to fluctuate.

*If we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, we may not be able to recover successfully, which could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm, or legal liability.*

If we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as a hurricane, earthquake, terrorist attack, pandemic or other natural or human-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel, our office facilities, and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. As we grow our operations, the potential for particular types of natural or human-made disasters, political, economic or infrastructure instabilities, or other country- or region-specific business continuity risks increases.

*If we suffer any data breaches involving the designs, schematics, or source code for our products or other sensitive information, our business and financial results could be adversely affected.*

We securely store our designs, schematics, and source code for our products as they are created. A breach, whether physical, electronic or otherwise, of the systems on which this sensitive data is stored could lead to damage or piracy of our products. If we are subject to data security breaches from external sources or from an insider threat, we may have a loss in sales or increased costs arising from the restoration or implementation of additional security measures, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Other potential costs could include loss of brand value, incident response costs, loss of stock market value, regulatory inquiries, litigation, and management distraction. In addition, a security breach that involved classified information could subject us to civil or criminal penalties,

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loss of a government contract, loss of access to classified information, or debarment as a government contractor. Similarly, a breach that involved loss of customer-provided data could subject us to loss of a customer, loss of a contract, litigation costs and legal damages, and reputational harm.

*Systems failures may disrupt our business and have an adverse effect on our results of operations.*

Any systems failures, including network, software or hardware failures, whether caused by us, a third-party service provider, unauthorized intruders and hackers, computer viruses, natural disasters, power shortages or terrorist attacks, could cause loss of data or interruptions or delays in our business or that of our clients and reputational harm as a security provider. Like other companies, we have experienced cyber security threats to our data and systems, our company sensitive information, and our information technology infrastructure, including malware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, systems failures and temporary disruptions. We may experience similar security threats at customer sites that we operate and manage as a contractual requirement. Prior cyber attacks directed at us have not had a material adverse impact on our business or our financial results, and we believe that our continuing commitment toward threat detection and mitigation processes and procedures will help us minimize or avoid such impact in the future. Due to the evolving nature of these security threats, however, the impact of any future incident cannot be predicted.

In addition, the failure or disruption of our email, communications or utilities could cause us to interrupt or suspend our operations or otherwise harm our business. Our property and business interruption insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur as a result of any system or operational failure or disruption and, as a result, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated.

The systems and networks that we maintain for our clients, although highly redundant in their design, could also fail. If a system or network we maintain were to fail or experience service interruptions, we might experience loss of revenue or face claims for damages or contract termination. Our errors and omissions liability insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all the damages that we might incur and, as a result, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated.

*Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by disruptions in the global economy caused by the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.*

The global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Furthermore, governments in the United States, United Kingdom and European Union have each imposed export controls on certain products and financial and economic sanctions on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia. Although we do not have significant customers or suppliers in Russia or Ukraine, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected. Further escalation of Russian-Ukraine military conflict and geopolitical tensions related to such military conflict, including increased trade barriers or restrictions on global trade, could result in, among other things, cyber attacks, supply disruptions, lower consumer demand, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The effects of the ongoing conflict could heighten many of our known risks described in these "Risk Factors."

*Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by disruptions in the global economy caused by the conflict between Israel and Hamas.*

The global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Israel and Hamas. Although we do not have significant customers or suppliers in the Middle East region, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected. Violation of the peace process may lead to to renewed military conflict and/or escalation of the Israel and Hamas conflict and geopolitical tensions related to such military conflict and/or escalation, including increased trade barriers or restrictions on global trade, could result in, among other things, cyber attacks, supply disruptions, lower consumer demand, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The effects of the ongoing conflict could heighten many of our known risks described in these "Risk Factors."

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*Significant political, trade, regulatory developments, and other circumstances beyond our control, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.*

Significant political, trade, or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions in which we sell or purchase our products, including country of origin of such products, are difficult to predict and may create periods of volatility in such markets which may have a material adverse effect on us. Recent changes in U.S. federal policy that affect the geopolitical landscape could give rise to circumstances outside our control that could have negative impacts on our business operations. Beginning in the second quarter of 2025, new U.S. Tariffs were announced, including additional tariffs on imports from China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and the EU, among others. In response, several countries have imposed, or threatened to impose, reciprocal tariffs on imports from the U.S. and other retaliatory measures. Various modifications and delays to the U.S. Tariffs have been announced and further changes are expected to be made in the future, which may include additional sector-based tariffs or other measures. For example, the U.S. Department of Commerce has initiated an investigation under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, into, among other things, imports of semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, and their derivative products, including downstream products that contain semiconductors. These tariffs do not currently include software, services, intangibles, and other digital services; however, we cannot predict future trade policy or tariffs, including the impact or timing thereof, or whether such services will be subject to any form of tariffs or other restrictions in the future. The ultimate impact remains uncertain and will depend on several factors, including whether additional or incremental U.S. Tariffs or other measures are announced or imposed, to what extent other countries implement tariffs or other retaliatory measures in response, and the overall magnitude and duration of these measures. If disputes and conflicts further escalate, actions by governments in response could be significantly more severe and restrictive. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

***Legal and Regulatory Risks***

*Changes in regulations could materially adversely affect us.*

Our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be materially adversely affected if laws, regulations, or standards relating to us or our products are newly implemented or changed. In addition, our compliance with existing regulations may have a material adverse impact on us. Under applicable federal securities laws, we are required to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control structure and procedures. If we have a material weakness in our internal controls, our results of operations or financial condition may be materially adversely affected, or our stock price may decline.

***Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock***

*Failure to remediate and then maintain our internal control over our financial reporting could cause our financial reports to be inaccurate.*

We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to assess and report on the effectiveness of those controls. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2025. If we are not able to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our financial statements, including related disclosures, may be inaccurate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

*Failure to maintain our accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with the financial reporting and internal controls requirements for publicly traded companies.* 

As a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the related rules and regulations of the SEC. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include establishing corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial

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reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud.

Because we are a smaller reporting company and a non-accelerated filer, we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. However, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in this report and future annual reports on Form 10-K, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This requires that we incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts.

Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or if we are unable to remediate or maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed, and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.

*Our stock price may continue to be volatile.*

Historically, the market for technology stocks has been extremely volatile. Our common stock has experienced and may continue to experience substantial price volatility. The following factors could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly:

● loss of a major customer;

● loss of a major supplier;

● inflationary pressures;

● the addition or departure of key personnel;

● variations in our quarterly operating results;

● announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, new products or product enhancements;

● acquisitions, distribution partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

● regulatory changes;

● sales of our common stock or other securities in the future;

● changes in market valuations of technology companies; and

● fluctuations in stock market prices and volumes.

In addition, the stock market in general and the NASDAQ Global Market and technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of such companies. These broad market and industry factors may materially adversely affect the market price

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of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against such companies. If any shareholder were to issue a lawsuit, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of management could be diverted.

#### Item 1C.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cybersecurity
***Risk Management and Strategy***

We have implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity risk management strategy to evaluate, detect, and mitigate significant risks posed by cybersecurity threats. The Information Security Risk component of our overall Risk Management Policy outlines our approach to manage processes, people and technology to address and meet the ever-changing challenges in the global IT security landscape. Our program aims to safeguard our systems, data, and operations against cyber threats, maintain business continuity, ensure compliance with relevant privacy and other regulations, and fulfill our commitments to members, customers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders.

Our cybersecurity program is designed to align with and meet the rigorous standards set by industry frameworks such as NIST, SOC 2 Type 2, and other relevant guidelines. By adhering to these frameworks, we ensure that our security measures are robust, comprehensive, and effective in protecting our systems, data, and operations. This commitment not only helps us maintain compliance with regulatory requirements but also demonstrates our dedication to providing a secure environment for our members, customers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders.

***Risk Assessment; Third Party Assessments and Audits***

An information security Risk Assessment (RA) is conducted annually or following any significant changes to the operating or sensitive data environments to identify vulnerabilities and implement appropriate controls and risk mitigation strategies. These assessments can be conducted on any entity within CSPi or any external entity that has signed a Third-Party Agreement with CSPi, covering information systems, applications, servers, networks, and related processes. The IT Manager, along with the responsible department, oversees the execution, development, and implementation of remediation programs. The RA process involves assembling a team, defining the scope, identifying business and IT owners, conducting interviews, reviewing controls and incidents, developing a threat/risk matrix, and preparing an executive summary with recommendations. The executive team reviews and approves the recommendations, and a project is initiated to implement the necessary controls and procedures, which are tested quarterly.

***Incident Response Planning***

Our incident response policies and procedures are aligned with applicable laws and state policies. They encompass the identification of roles and responsibilities, investigation, containment and escalation procedures, documentation and preservation of evidence, communication protocols, and lessons learned.

We have established robust incident reporting policies and procedures. These include training employees and contractors to recognize and report incidents promptly upon discovery, as well as preparing and submitting follow-up written reports.

To date, no cybersecurity incident has resulted in any material impact on our business, operations or financial results or our ability to service our customers or run our business.

***Governance***

A formal process exists through our enterprise risk management matrix developed by the management team of the Company that tracks the Company's material risks, associated mitigation and remediation strategies and direct accountability which is submitted quarterly to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors for review and oversight.

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The management team includes our Vice President and General Manager of the HPP segment, who has developed cybersecurity software at the Company. In addition, he has been the Chief Technical Officer and served in various roles at several cybersecurity companies over his 40 year career. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Business and Engineering as well as a Masters of Science in Finance. Also on the team is the Vice President of Managed Services at the TS segment, who has over twenty years of technology experience including the monitoring and management of other organization's security systems.

#### Item 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Properties
Listed below are our principal facilities as of September 30, 2025. Management considers all facilities listed below to be suitable for the purpose(s) for which they are used, including manufacturing, research and development, sales, marketing, service and administration.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Location** | <br>**Principal Use** | **Owned**<br>**or**<br>**Leased** | <br>**Approximate**<br>**Floor Area** |
| **HPP Segment Properties:** |  |  |  |
| CSP Inc. | Corporate Headquarters | Leased | 8,257 S.F. |
| 175 Cabot Street, Suite 210 | Sales, Marketing and |  |  |
| Lowell, MA 01854 | Administration |  |  |
| **TS Segment Properties:** |  |  |  |
| Modcomp, Inc. | Division Headquarters | Leased | 9,900 S.F. |
| 951 Broken Sound Parkway, Suite 250 | Sales, Marketing and |  |  |
| Boca Raton, Florida 33487 | Administration |  |  |
| CSPI Ltd | Sales, Marketing and | Leased | 484 S.F. |
| Innovation House, Molly Millars Close | Administration |  |  |
| Wokingham, Berkshire RG41 2RX |  |  |  |
| United Kingdom |  |  |  |

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#### Item 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Legal Proceedings
We are currently not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.

#### Item 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable.

#### PART II

#### Item 5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
*Purchases of equity securities*. On February 8, 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to 500 thousand additional shares of the Company's outstanding common stock at market price. The plan does not expire. The stock repurchase program may be suspended, terminated, or modified at any time for any reason.

Common stock of CSP Inc. may be repurchased on the open market at the discretion of management. Open market repurchases will be made in compliance with the Securities and Exchange Commission's Rule 10b-18 in addition to

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complying with applicable legal and other considerations. Below are the purchases that have been made for the three months ended September 30, 2025.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Period** | **Total number of shares purchased** | **Average price paid per share** | **Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans** | **Maximum number that may yet be purchased under the repurchase plan** |
| July 1-31, 2025 |  |  |  | 291854 |
| August 1-30, 2025 | 11402 | $12.32 | 11402 | 280452 |
| September 1-30, 2025 | 8098 | 11.50 | 8098 | 272354 |
| Total | 19500 | $11.98 | 19500 |  |

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*Market information*. Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol CSPI. The following table provides the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market for the periods indicated.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
| <br>**Fiscal Year:** | **High** | **Low** | **High** | **Low** |
| 1st Quarter | $20.45 | $12.20 | $13.85 | $8.00 |
| 2nd Quarter | $20.82 | $15.25 | $27.95 | $9.10 |
| 3rd Quarter | $17.14 | $10.68 | $19.57 | $12.20 |
| 4th Quarter | $13.41 | $10.14 | $17.82 | $11.25 |

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*Stockholders*. We had approximately 137 holders of record of our common stock as of December 8, 2025. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in a "nominee" or "street" name. We believe the number of beneficial owners of our shares of common stock (including shares held in street name) at that date was approximately 2,558.

*Dividends*. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 the Company paid cash dividends as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Fiscal Year** | <br>**Date Declared** | <br>**Record Date** | <br>**Date Paid** | **Amount Paid**<br>**Per Share** |
| 2024 | 12/12/2023 | 12/22/2023 | 1/9/2024 | $0.020 |
| 2024 | 2/14/2024 | 2/26/2024 | 3/8/2024 | $0.025 |
| 2024 | 5/8/2024 | 5/24/2024 | 6/12/2024 | $0.030 |
| 2024 | 8/13/2024 | 8/23/2024 | 9/10/2024 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 12/20/2024 | 12/27/2024 | 1/15/2025 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 2/10/2025 | 2/24/2025 | 3/10/2025 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 5/14/2025 | 5/28/2025 | 6/11/2025 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 8/14/2025 | 8/29/2025 | 9/15/2025 | $0.030 |

---

#### Item 6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Reserved]

#### Item 7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
*This management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations and other portions of this filing contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by the forward-looking statements. You should review the "Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" sections of this annual report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements* 

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*contained in the following discussion and analysis. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this filing.*

*Recent trends affecting our financial performance* 

As of September 30, 2025, the Russian/Ukrainian military conflict and the Israeli-Hamas conflict have not had a direct or significant impact on revenue as we do not have any significant recurring customers in either region. However, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected and further escalation of both conflicts and geopolitical tensions related to such conflicts could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, by among other things, cyberattacks, supply disruptions, lower consumer demand, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets. It is not possible at this time to predict the size of the impact or consequences of the conflicts on the Company and our customers or suppliers.

***Overview of Fiscal Year 2025***

**Results of Operations**

Revenue increased by approximately $3.5 million, or 6%, to $58.7 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to $55.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Gross profit margin percentage decreased to 32% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to 34% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. We generated an operating loss of $(3.1) million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 as compared to an operating loss of $(1.9) million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Other income, net was consistent at approximately $1.5 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $(1.6) million, which reflected an effective tax rate of 94.5%, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to an income tax benefit of $(0.1) million, which reflected an effective tax rate of 22.2% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

The following table details our results of operations in dollars and as a percentage of sales for the fiscal years ended:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**September 30, 2025** | **%**<br>**of sales** | <br>**September 30, 2024** | **%**<br>**of sales** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| Sales | $58730 | 100% | $55219 | 100% |
| Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of sales | 40219 | 68% | 36364 | 66% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 3250 | 6% | 2956 | 5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Selling, general and administrative | 18370 | 31% | 17771 | 32% |
| Total costs and expenses | 61839 | 105% | 57091 | 103% |
| Operating loss | (3109) | (5)% | (1872) | (3)% |
| Other income, net | 1448 | 2% | 1453 | 2% |
| Loss before income taxes | (1661) | (3)% | (419) | (1)% |
| Income tax benefit | (1570) | (3)% | (93) | —% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(91) | —% | $(326) | (1)% |

---

#### Revenues
Revenue increased by approximately $3.5 million, or approximately 6%, to $58.7 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to $55.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

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TS segment revenue changes by products and services for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **Increase** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | $**%** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| Products | $37262 | $34194 | 9% |
| Services | 19546 | 16871 | 16% |
| Total | $56808 | $51065 | 11% |

---

Our TS segment revenue increased by approximately $5.7 million consisting of an increase of $5.5 million in our U.S. division combined with an increase of $0.2 million in our U.K. division.

The increase in TS segment products revenue of $3.0 million during the period was the result of a $2.8 million increase in the U.S. division combined with an increase of $0.2 million in the U.K. division. The increase in our U.S. division product revenue year over year was primarily associated with several existing major customers as well as one new customer. The increase in the U.K. division year over year was primarily associated with two major existing customers.

The increase in TS segment services revenue of $2.7 million as compared to the prior year was in the U.S. division due to an increase of $1.3 million in third-party maintenance revenue, an increase of $1.1 million in internal and third party services, and an increase of $0.3 million in managed services.

HPP segment revenue changes by products and services for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **Decrease** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | $**%** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| Products | $487 | $2599 | (81)% |
| Services | 1435 | 1555 | (8)% |
| Total | $1922 | $4154 | (54)% |

---

Our HPP segment revenue decreased by approximately $2.2 million or 54%.

The decrease in HPP products revenue of $2.1 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 was primarily the result of decreased ARIA AZT revenue of $1.7 million combined with decreased Myricom revenue of $0.4 million. The ARIA revenue decrease was due to one large nonrecurring ARIA AZT software license sale of $2.0 million in the prior year, partially offset by increased total ARIA AZT software license sales of $0.3 million. The decreased Myricom revenue was primarily due to one large nonrecurring transaction in the prior year.

The decrease in HPP services revenue of approximately $0.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period for the prior year was primarily the result of a $0.3 million decrease in repairs revenue and a $0.2 million decrease in royalty revenues on high-speed processing boards related to the E2D program, partially offset by an increase in Multicomputer revenue of $0.2 million and increased ARIA revenue of $0.2 million. ARIA AZT service revenue is from post contract support of the ARIA AZT software license and ARIA ADR revenue is all recorded to service revenue. The non-recurring AZT software license transaction discussed above was originally sold with annual post contract support, which was renewed in fiscal year 2025 for another year of service.

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Our total revenues by geographic area based on the location to which the products were shipped or services rendered were as follows:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **Increase (decrease)** |
|  | **2025** | **%** | **2024** | **%** | $**%** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| Americas | $57111 | 98% | $53308 | 97% | 7% |
| Europe | 1362 | 2% | 1125 | 2% | 21% |
| APAC and Africa | 257 | —% | 786 | 1% | (67)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Totals | $58730 | 100% | $55219 | 100% | 6% |

---

The $3.8 million increase in the Americas revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to increased revenue by our TS-US division of $5.8 million combined with increased revenue in our TS-UK division of $0.1 million, partially offset by decreased revenue in our HPP segment of $2.1 million. Sales to Europe increased by $0.2 million primarily due to an increase by our TS-US division of $0.1 million and an increase of $0.1 million in the TS-UK division. Sales to APAC and Africa decreased $0.5 million due to a decrease of $0.4 million by the TS-US division and a decrease of $0.1 million in the HPP segment.

#### Gross Margins
Our gross margin ("GM") decreased to $18.5 million for fiscal year 2025 as compared to GM of $18.9 million for fiscal year 2024. The total GM as a percentage of revenue decreased to 32% for fiscal year 2025 compared to 34% for fiscal year 2024.

The following table summarizes GM changes by segment for fiscal years ended September 30:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **Increase (decrease)** | **Increase (decrease)** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
|  | **GM$** | **GM%** | **GM$** | **GM%** | **GM$** | **GM%** |
| TS | $17635 | 31% | $16153 | 32% | $1482 | (1)% |
| HPP | 876 | 46% | 2702 | 65% | (1826) | (19)% |
| Total | $18511 | 32% | $18855 | 34% | $(344) | (2)% |

---

The impact of product mix within our TS segment on gross margins for the fiscal years ended September 30 was as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **Increase (decrease)** | **Increase (decrease)** |
|  | **GM$** | **GM%** | **GM$** | **GM%** | **GM$** | **GM%** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| Products | $6062 | 16% | $6130 | 18% | $(68) | (2)% |
| Services | 11573 | 59% | 10023 | 59% | 1550 | —% |
| Total | $17635 | 31% | $16153 | 32% | $1482 | (1)% |

---

The overall TS segment GM as a percentage of revenue decreased to 31% in fiscal year 2025 from 32% in fiscal year 2024. The $0.1 million product GM decrease in fiscal year 2025 as compared to the prior year resulted from a decrease in the U.S. division. Product GM as a percentage of revenue decreased 2% for fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior year due to higher volume of sales to certain customers with lower margins. The $1.6 million increase in our TS segment service GM in fiscal year 2025 as compared to the prior year resulted from an increase in GM in the U.S. division. Service GM as a percentage of revenue remained flat at 59% in fiscal year 2025 due to a proportional increase in the cost of sales compared to revenue.

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The impact of product mix on gross margins within our HPP segment for the fiscal years ended September 30 was as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |  |  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **Decrease** | **Decrease** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
|  | **GM$** | **GM%** | **GM$** | **GM%** | **GM$** | **GM%** |
| Products | $224 | 46% | $1863 | 72% | $(1639) | (26)% |
| Services | 652 | 45% | 839 | 54% | (187) | (9)% |
| Total | $876 | 46% | $2702 | 65% | $(1826) | (19)% |

---

The overall HPP segment GM as a percentage of revenue decreased to 46% in fiscal year 2025 from 65% in fiscal year 2024. The GM as a percentage of sales from products decreased 26% primarily due to a nonrecurring prior year large ARIA AZT software license sale which was nearly all GM. The GM as a percentage of sales from services decreased 9% primarily due to decreased Multicomputer royalty revenues, which is nearly all GM and recorded as service revenue.

#### Research and Development Expenses
Our research and development expenses are only in our HPP segment. These expenses increased $0.3 million from $3.0 million in fiscal year 2024 to $3.3 million in fiscal year 2025. This was primarily due to increased consulting of $0.1 million, increased stock compensation of $0.1 million, and increased salaries of $0.1 million. Fiscal year 2025 and 2024 expenses were primarily for product engineering expenses incurred in connection with the further development of the ARIA Zero Trust (AZT), ARIA SDS, and ARIA ADR cyber security products.

#### Selling, General and Administrative
The following table details our selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses by operating segment for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** | |
|  | **2025** | **% of**<br>**Total** | **2024** | **% of**<br>**Total** | $%<br>**Increase**<br>|
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| **By Operating Segment:** |  |  |  |  |  |
| TS segment | $13786 | 75% | $13179 | 74% | 5% |
| HPP segment | 4584 | 25% | 4592 | 26% | —% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $18370 | 100% | $17771 | 100% | 3% |

---

The TS segment SG&A expenses increased approximately $0.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the prior year. This increase was primarily in the TS-US division due to an increase of $0.4 million in variable compensation, an increase of $0.1 million in salaries, and an increase of $0.1 million in recruiting fees. The HPP segment SG&A expense remained flat at $4.6 million for fiscal year 2025 and 2024 without any significant changes in types of expenses.

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#### Other Income/Expenses
The following table details our other income (expense) for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended** | **Year ended** | |
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** | <br>**$ Change** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Foreign exchange gain (loss) | $33 | $(438) | $471 |
| Interest expense | (357) | (235) | (122) |
| Interest income | 1854 | 2047 | (193) |
| Other (expense) income, net | (82) | 79 | (161) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income, net | $1448 | $1453 | $(5) |

---

For the year ended September 30, 2025, there was an increase in foreign exchange gain of $0.5 million primarily due to the TS U.K. division carrying a higher U.S. dollar bank account balance earlier in fiscal year 2025 when the dollar was on average stronger than the British pound, which caused a foreign exchange gain. In the prior fiscal year the U.S. dollar significantly weakened against the British pound causing an exchange loss. Additionally, the euro strengthened relative to the British pound in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024 in which the euro weakened relative to the British pound. The U.K. division has bank accounts with U.S. dollars and euros. There are also transactions in both of these currencies in the TS U.K. division. In consolidation, U.S. dollars and euros are remeasured into the functional currency, British pounds, of our U.K. subsidiary. This non-cash remeasurement is included in foreign exchange gain or loss on the income statement and the foreign exchange gain or loss is primarily from the U.S. dollar and euro bank accounts.

Interest expense increased $0.1 million for the year ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year period primarily due to increased interest expense related to multi-year agreements with vendors in the TS U.S. division. Payments on these agreements contain both principal and interest expense. As principal payments are made the interest expense decreases. See *Note 9 Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities* in Item 15 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest income decreased $0.2 million for the year ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the prior year. This is due to lower interest income of $0.1 million from Cash and cash equivalents in fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior year due to a lower average balance and lower average interest rate during fiscal year. Additionally, there was $0.1 million decreased interest income from multi-year agreements. The prime rate has decreased since the end of fiscal year 2023 resulting in customers getting better lower interest rates meaning less interest income. These agreements have payment terms in excess of one year (see *Note 3 Financing Receivables, net* in Item 15 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details) and are only in the TS-US division.

#### Income Taxes
The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $(1.6) million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 94.5%, for the year ended September 30, 2025. The benefit was primarily driven by the U.S. pre-tax loss, windfalls for restricted stock awards that vested during the period, and the change in valuation allowance.

For the year ended September 30, 2024, the income tax benefit was approximately $(93) thousand, which resulted in an effective tax rate of a 22.2%. The benefit was primarily driven by windfalls for restricted stock awards that vested during the period, partially offset by the change in valuation allowance.

The Company undertakes a review of its valuation allowance at each financial statement period, reviewing the positive and negative evidence to help determine whether it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the future tax benefits from its deferred tax balances. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not that substantially all of its net deferred tax assets in the U.S., except for certain state tax credits, will be realized for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2025. The Company separately analyzed the realizability of its federal and state credits and determined $495 thousand (net of federal benefit) of state credits are expected to expire unutilized and maintained a

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valuation allowance against these credits. The Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against the net U.K. deferred tax assets.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

*Cash Flows*

Our primary source of liquidity and capital resources is our cash from operations and our line of credit.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased by $3.2 million to $27.4 million as of September 30, 2025 from $30.6 million as of September 30, 2024.

The following is a summary of our cash flows for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating activities | $2268 | $4213 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Investing activities | (428) | (256) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Financing activities | (5036) | 1379 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 29 | 32 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Decrease) increase in Cash and cash equivalents | $(3167) | $5368 |

---

*Operating Activities*

Cash provided by operating activities was $2.3 million for the year ended September 30, 2025 compared to $4.2 million for the prior year period. The decrease from prior year is primarily related to a decrease in Accounts receivable of $2.5 million and an increase of $7.5 in Accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset with a decrease in financing receivables of $7.7 million. The remaining differences are related to timing differences in operating assets and liabilities.

*Investing Activities*

Cash used in investing activities was $(428) thousand for the year ended September 30, 2025 compared to $(256) thousand used in investing activities for the prior year. The increase from the prior year is primarily related to increased purchases of property, equipment, and improvements during fiscal year 2025 when compared to the prior fiscal year.

*Financing Activities*

Cash used in financing activities was $(5.0) million for the year ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.4 million provided by financing activities for the prior year period. The primary difference was the timing in the net borrowing on the line-of-credit, which for the year ended September 30, 2025 we had a net repayment of $3.3 million compared to a net borrowing of $2.7 million in the prior year period. Additionally, in fiscal year 2025 there was increased repurchases of common stock of $0.9 million and increased cash dividends paid by $0.2 million compared to the prior fiscal year.

***Other Liquidity and Capital Resources Items***

Our cash held by our foreign subsidiary in the United Kingdom totaled the equivalent of approximately $4.9 million as of September 30, 2025, which consisted of 0.6 million euros, 0.4 million British pounds, and 3.6 million U.S. dollars. This cash is included in our total cash and cash equivalents reported within our financial statements. Due to the pension obligation in the U.K., we maintain a large balance of cash in the U.K. In October 2024, in connection with the planned

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termination of our defined benefit pension plan in the U.K., we paid 8.5 million British pounds to enter into a buy-in contract. This payment is subject to adjustment as a result of subsequent data cleansing activities. Under the terms of this buy-in contract, the insurer is liable to pay the benefits of the plan, but the Company still retains full legal responsibility to pay the benefits to members using the insurance payments. This agreement has contingencies and the expected timeframe of the buy-in contract turning into a buy-out contract is within fiscal year 2026.

As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company maintained a line of credit with a capacity of up to $15.0 million for inventory accessible to both the HPP and TS segments. This line of credit also includes availability of a limited cash withdrawal of up to $1.0 million. Amounts of $14.1 million and $10.8 million were available as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024 there were no cash withdrawals outstanding.

The last note payable was paid in full in fiscal year 2025 of $0.4 million and no notes remain outstanding as of September 30, 2025. There is a total of $5.3 million due to vendors with financing agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2025, including $3.5 million payments to be made in the next 12 months from September 30, 2025. Each vendor financing agreement was related to a sale and has a related financing receivable. There is a total of $16.3 million due to the Company of customer financing agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2025, including $9.9 million to be received in the next 12 months from September 30, 2025

If cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy working capital requirements, we may need to access funds through bank loans or other means. If we are unable to secure additional financing, we may not be able to complete development or enhancement of products, take advantage of future opportunities, respond to competition, retain key employees, or continue to effectively operate our business.

Based on our current plans and business conditions, management believes that the Company's available cash and cash equivalents, the cash generated from operations, and availability on our line of credit will be sufficient to provide for the Company's working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least 12 months from the date of this filing.

#### Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to income taxes, revenue recognition, and retirement plans. We base our estimates on historical performance and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: revenue recognition, valuation allowances, specifically the net deferred tax asset valuation allowance, and pension and retirement plans.

#### Revenue Recognition
See *Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies*, in the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our revenue recognition policies. The following areas involve significant judgment and estimates:

#### Allocating transaction price with agreements with multiple components including leasing and/or a financing component
A financing component exists when at contract inception the period between the transfer of a promised good and/or service to the customer differs from when the customer pays for the good and/or service. As a practical expedient,

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we have elected not to adjust the amount of consideration for effects of a significant financing component when it is anticipated the promised good or service will be transferred and the subsequent payment will be one year or less.

Certain contracts contain a financing component including managed services contracts with financing of hardware and software. The interest rate used reflects the approximate interest rate consistent with a separate financing transaction with the customer at the inception of the agreement. Revenues from arrangements which include financing are allocated considering relative standalone selling prices of lease and non-lease components within the agreement. The lease component includes hardware, which is subject to ASC 842, *Leases*. The non-lease components are subject to ASC 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers*.

When product and non-managed services are sold together, the allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation is calculated based on the estimated relative selling price or a budgeted cost-plus margin approach, as appropriate. Due to the complex nature of these contracts, there is significant judgment in allocating the transaction price. These estimates are periodically reviewed by project managers, engineers, and other staff involved to ensure estimates remain appropriate. For items sold separately, including hardware, software, professional services, maintenance contracts, other services, and third-party service contracts, there is no allocation as there is one performance obligation.

#### Professional Services Sold Without Products
The input method using labor hours expended relative to the total expected hours is used to recognize revenue for professional services. Only the hours that depict our performance toward satisfying a performance obligation are used to measure progress. An estimate of hours for each professional service agreement is made at the beginning of each contract based on prior experience and monitored throughout the performance of the services. This method is most appropriate as it depicts the measure of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation.

#### Gross versus Net Revenue
We recognize revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales depending on whether we are acting as the principal party to the transaction or acting as an agent or broker based on control and timing. We are the principal if we control the good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. For each identified performance obligation in a transaction, we evaluate the facts and circumstances present to determine whether or not we control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to, assessing indicators such as whether: (i) we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified goods or service, (ii) we have inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to a customer and (iii) we have discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service. When the evaluation indicates we control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer, we are acting as a principal. When the evaluation indicates we do not control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer, we are acting as an agent.

We record revenue as gross when we are the principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when we are acting as a broker or agent for a third party. Under gross sales recognition, the entire selling price is recorded in revenue and our cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded in cost of sales. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to revenue resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction. Third-party service contracts are sold in different combinations with hardware, software, and services. When we are an agent, revenue is typically recorded at a point in time. When we are the principal, revenue is recognized over the contract term. We have concluded we are the agent in sales of third-party maintenance, software or hardware support, and certain security software that is sold with integral third-party delivered software maintenance that includes critical updates. When CSPi sells goods and services with a financing component the strongest indicator is whether the Company has discretion in selling price as many of the agreements are brought to us at predetermined price by the manufacturer.

#### Income Taxes
We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement

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carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We also reduce deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. This methodology requires estimates and judgments in the determination of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and in the calculation of certain tax liabilities. Valuation allowances are recorded against the gross deferred tax assets that management believes, after considering all available positive and negative objective evidence, historical and prospective, with greater weight given to historical evidence, that it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized.

In addition, we are required to recognize in the consolidated financial statements, those tax positions determined to be more-likely-than-not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the positions as of the reporting date. If a tax position is not considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the position are recognized.

In addition, the calculation of the Company's tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future.

#### Pension and Retirement Plans
The funded status of pension and other post-retirement benefit plans is recognized prospectively on the consolidated balance sheet. Gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining transition amounts that have not yet been recognized through pension expense will be recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic pension/post-retirement benefits expense. Additionally, plan assets and obligations are measured as of our fiscal year-end balance sheet date (September 30).

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the U.K. and in the U.S. In the U.K., the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plans in the U.K. are closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. In the U.S., the Company provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans' obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers.

Pension expense is based on an actuarial computation of current future benefits using estimates for expected return on assets, expected compensation increases and applicable discount rates. Management has reviewed the discount rates and rates of return with our consulting actuaries and investment advisers and concluded they were reasonable. A decrease in the expected return on pension assets would increase pension expense. Expected compensation increases are estimated based on historical and expected increases in the future. Increases in estimated compensation increases would result in higher pension expense while decreases would lower pension expense. Discount rates are selected based upon rates of return on high quality fixed income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefit. A decrease in the discount rate would result in greater pension expense while an increase in the discount rate would decrease pension expense.

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The Company funds its pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. Liabilities for amounts in excess of these funding levels are accrued and reported in the consolidated balance sheets.

#### Item 8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The consolidated financial statements are included herein.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](#cbizopinion) (PCAOB ID 199) | 36 |
| [Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](#RSMOpinion) (PCAOB ID 49) | 38 |
| [Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETS_642949) | 39 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFOPERATIONS_68012) | 40 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCOMPREHENSIVEINC) | 41 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTOFSHAREHOLDERSEQUIT) | 42 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCASHFLOWS_804971) | 43 |
| [Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#NOTESTOCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTS_2) | 45 |

---

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#### Item 9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

#### None.
**Item 9A.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Controls and Procedures**

*Evaluation of Controls and Procedures*

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. Our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and other members of our senior management team supervised and participated in this evaluation. The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's ("SEC") rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

*Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting*

The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by or under the supervision of a company's principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by a company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. It includes those policies and procedures that:

● pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of a company;

● provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that receipts and expenditures of a company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the board of directors of a company; and

● provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of a company's assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in *Internal Control — Integrated Framework* issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations ("COSO") of the Treadway Commission ("2013 Framework"). Based on our evaluation under the COSO 2013 Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2025.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of the Company's independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025 was not subject to attestation by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that call for the Company to provide only management's report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

*Remediation of Previously Identified Material Weaknesses*

As reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, management identified two material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting in connection with internal controls as described below:

Corporate credit cards

Description: The control deficiencies related to the Company's business expense reimbursement and selected purchases policy and application of a legacy credit card program for Company credit cards. The control deficiencies arose out of a lack of adequate review and incomplete supporting documentation related to certain business expenses including those for reimbursement for Company credit card charges from a C level Company executive as well as undocumented compensation agreement with regards to the use of credit card points which resulted in undisclosed compensation. The Audit Committee engaged a third party to investigate and analyze certain transactions made on the corporate credit card and it was not led by management. As a result, the C-level executive returned to the Company approximately $20,000 in aggregate related to the portion of the undisclosed compensation in excess of the intended compensation agreement in fiscal year 2024.

Remediation procedures: A formal policy was introduced for all credit cards including the C-level Company executive. This formal policy requires approval on all expenses as well as certain supporting documentation.

Income tax

Description: This control deficiency for reporting income taxes related to current/non-current taxes payable, certain deferred tax assets and liabilities, and current and deferred tax expenses. We use a third-party provider to prepare our tax provision and related disclosures on a quarterly basis. The company reviews the provision and disclosures. We believe the material weakness occurred due to a lack of competency of the third-party provider and management needs to perform a more comprehensive review with the third-party preparer

Remediation procedures: A new accounting firm was hired with global expertise as our new third-party tax provider to prepare tax provisions and corporate income tax returns. This firm assisted with enhancing internal controls over financial reporting for income taxes. Quarterly meetings were held with the new third-party tax provider to discuss changes in tax law, key aspects of our quarterly/annual provisions and required updates to provisions, deciding a course of action and documenting such actions, review and approval of the tax data by senior members of our finance team and final discussion, review and approval of the third-party provider prepared provisions and returns. Income tax accounting training was provided to those involved in the review of the tax data from our third-party tax provider.

As a result of the implementation of these processes and testing these processes in fiscal year 2025, management has determined that the remediation actions discussed above were effectively designed and demonstrated effective operation for a sufficient period of time to enable the Company to conclude that the previously identified material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting have been remediated as of September 30, 2025.

*Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.*

Except as discussed above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with management's evaluation during our

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fiscal year 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

#### Item 9B.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Information
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

#### Item 9C.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable

#### PART III

#### Item 10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the sections captioned "Nominees for Election", "Our Board of Directors", "Our Executive Officers", "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" and "Corporate Governance" in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

#### Item 11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Executive Compensation
We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the sections captioned "Compensation of Executive Officers" and "Compensation of Non-Employee Directors" in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

#### Item 12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

#### Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans.
The equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders consist of the CSP Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2025 Stock Incentive Plan. In fiscal year 2025 and 2024, the Company granted certain key employees and non-employee directors shares of non-vested common stock instead of stock options. The non-vested common stock has a four-year vesting period for key employees and officers including the Chief Executive Officer. There is a one-year vesting period for the non-employee directors. The following table sets forth information as of September 30, 2025 regarding the total number of securities outstanding under these equity compensation plans.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Plan Category** | <br>**Number of securities to be**<br>**issued upon exercise**<br>**of outstanding options,** <br>**warrants and rights**<br>**(a)** | <br>**Weighted-average**<br>**exercise price of**<br>**outstanding options,**<br>**warrants and rights**<br>**(b)** | **Number of securities**<br>**remaining available for future**<br>**issuance under equity**<br>**compensation plans (excluding**<br>**securities reflected in column (a))**<br>**(c)** |
| Equity plans approved by security holders: |  |  |  |
| Stock Incentive Plan | 549855<br><sup>(1)</sup> | $—<br><sup>(2)</sup> | 549855 |
| Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  | 483262 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 549855 | $— | 1033117 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Includes only non-vested restricted stock awards issued under the 2015 and 2025 Stock Incentive Plan. The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan expired in fiscal year 2025, but does not affect restricted stock awards issued from this plan.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) There are only non-vested restricted awards outstanding, which do not require the holder to give any consideration for the awards.

We incorporate additional information required by this Item by reference to the section captioned "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

#### Item 13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the section captioned "Corporate Governance" in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

#### Item 14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Principal Accountant Fees and Services
We incorporate the information required by this Item by reference to the sections captioned "Fees for Professional Services" and "Pre-approval Policies and Procedures" in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

#### PART IV

#### Item 15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) (1) Financial statements filed as part of this report:

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Financial statement schedules

All other financial statements and schedules not listed have been omitted since the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto included in Item 8, or is not applicable, material or required.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Exhibits

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** |
| <br>**Exhibit**<br>**No.** | <br>**Description** | <br>**Filed with**<br>**this Form**<br>**10-K** | **Form** | **Filing Date** | **Exhibit**<br>**No.** |
| 3.1 | [Articles of Organization and amendments thereto](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000119312507271436/dex31.htm) |  | 10-K | December 26, 2007 | 3.1 |
| 3.2 | [Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Organization, adopted February 21, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603724000020/cspi-20240221x8k.htm) |  | 8-K | February 22, 2024 | 3.1 |

---

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---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 3.3 | [Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Organization, adopted June 26, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603724000045/cspi-20240626x8k.htm) |  | 8-K | June 27, 2024 | 3.1 |
| 3.4 | [By-laws, as amended December 13, 2012](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000143774912013044/ex3-2.htm) |  | 10-K | December 20, 2012 | 3.2 |
| 4.1 | [Description of Securities](cspi-20250930xex4d1.htm) | X |  |  |  |
| 10.1 | Form of Employee Invention and Non-Disclosure Agreement |  | 10-K | November 22, 1996 | 10.3 |
| 10.2 | [CSPI Supplemental Retirement Income Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000119312508260881/dex102.htm) |  | 10-K | December 29, 2008 | 10.2 |
| 10.3\* | [2014 Variable Compensation (Executive Bonus) and Base Programs dated November 12, 2013](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000143774910004526/ex10-10.htm) |  | 10-K | December 23, 2014 | 10.10 |
| 10.4\* | [Death Benefit and Retirement Benefit Agreement between the Company and Victor Dellovo dated September 13, 2013](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603713000072/csp_dellovodeathandretirem.htm) |  | 10-K | December 24, 2013 | 10.11 |
| 10.5\* | [Form of Change of Control Agreement with Gary W. Levine dated January 11, 2008](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000143774910004526/ex10-12.htm) |  | 10-K | December 23, 2010 | 10.12 |
| 10.6\* | [2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603714000002/csp_proxyxstatementx2014.htm) |  | DEF 14A | January 6, 2014 | A |
| 10.7\* | [2015 Stock Incentive Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603719000007/proxysupplement-v1xsupplem.htm) |  | DEF 14RA | January 25, 2019 | A |
| 10.8\* | [2025 Stock Incentive Plan](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603724000075/cspi-20250204xdef14a.htm#ExhibitA) |  | DEF 14RA | December 30, 2024 | A |
| 10.10\* | [Executive Retention and Service Agreement with Victor Dellovo, dated September 4, 2012](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603718000010/csp123117ex101.htm) |  | 10-Q | February 14, 2018 | 10.1 |
| 10.11\* | [Forms of Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603718000010/cspi123117ex102.htm) |  | 10-Q | February 14, 2018 | 10.2 |
| 19.1 | [Insider Trading Policy](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603724000070/cspi-20240930xex19d1.htm) |  | 10-K | December 20, 2024 | 19.1 |
| 21.1 | [Subsidiaries](cspi-20250930xex21d1.htm) | X |  |  |  |
| 23.1 | [Consent of RSM US LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](cspi-20250930xex23d1.htm)  | X |  |  |  |
| 23.2 | [Consent of CBIZ CPAs P.C., Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](cspi-20250930xex23d2.htm)  | X |  |  |  |
| 31.1 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](cspi-20250930xex31d1.htm) | X |  |  |  |
| 31.2 | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](cspi-20250930xex31d2.htm) | X |  |  |  |
| 32.1 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](cspi-20250930xex32d1.htm) | X |  |  |  |
| 97.1 | [Policy relating to recovery of erroneously awarded compensation](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/356037/000035603723000045/cspi-20230930xex97d1.htm) |  | 10-K | December 13, 2023 | 97.1 |
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance |  |  |  |  |
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Schema |  |  |  |  |
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation |  |  |  |  |
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition |  |  |  |  |
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels |  |  |  |  |
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation |  |  |  |  |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File |  |  |  |  |

---

\* Management contract or compensatory plan.

#### Item 16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Form 10-K Summary
None.

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#### SIGNATURES
**Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| CSP INC. | CSP INC. |
| By: | /s/ Victor Dellovo |
|  | **Victor DellovoChief Executive Officer and President** |

---

Date: December 16, 2025

**Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Title** | **Date** |
| /s/ Victor Dellovo | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director | December 16, 2025 |
| **Victor Dellovo** | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director |  |
| /s/ Gary W. Levine | Chief Financial Officer<br>(Principal Financial Officer) | December 16, 2025 |
| **Gary W. Levine** | Chief Financial Officer<br>(Principal Financial Officer) |  |
| /s/ Mike Newbanks | Vice President of Finance<br>(Chief Accounting Officer) | December 16, 2025 |
| **Mike Newbanks** | Vice President of Finance<br>(Chief Accounting Officer) |  |
| /s/ Anthony Folger | Director | December 16, 2025 |
| **Anthony Folger** |  |  |
| /s/ Stephen Webber | Director | December 16, 2025 |
| **Stephen Webber** |  |  |
| /s/ Marilyn T. Smith | Director | December 16, 2025 |
| **Marilyn T. Smith** |  |  |
| /s/ Izzy Azeri | Director | December 16, 2025 |
| **Izzy Azeri** |  |  |

---

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 **Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries (the "Company") as of September 30, 2025, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for the year ended September 30, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2025, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended September 30, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Critical Audit Matters** 

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

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/s/ CBIZ CPAs P.C.

**CBIZ CPAs P.C.**

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2025.

Tampa, Florida

December 16, 2025

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#### Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of CSP Inc.

#### Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of CSP Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows, for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

#### Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ RSM US LLP

We served as the Company's auditor from 2007 to 2025.

Coral Gables, Florida

December 20, 2024

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#### CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
**(Amounts in thousands, except par value)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,**<br>**2024** |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $27418 | $30585 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $122 and $147 | 12000 | 14494 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Financing receivables, net of allowances of $34 and $12 | 8939 | 4384 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Inventories | 1442 | 2293 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other current assets | 2521 | 3093 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 52320 | 54849 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Property, equipment and improvements, net | 539 | 429 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 1647 | 489 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Intangibles, net | 69 | 50 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Financing receivables due after one year, net of allowances of $66 and $25 | 5965 | 2922 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income taxes, net | 4559 | 2734 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash surrender value of life insurance | 5845 | 5589 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pension benefits assets | 42 | 2201 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | 177 | 173 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total assets | $71163 | $69436 |
| **LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $19508 | $12084 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Line of credit | 903 | 4169 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue and contract liabilities | 1503 | 2171 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pension and retirement plans | 77 | 76 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Income taxes payable | 192 | 182 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 22183 | 18682 |
| Pension and retirement plans | 1219 | 1306 |
| Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion | 1336 | 117 |
| Income taxes payable | 165 | 447 |
| Other noncurrent liabilities | 1709 | 1614 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | 26612 | 22166 |
| Shareholders' equity: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $.01 par value per share; authorized, 20,000 shares; issued and outstanding 9,906 and 9,776 shares, respectively | 99 | 98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 24744 | 22689 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Retained earnings | 27700 | 29848 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (7992) | (5365) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total shareholders' equity | 44551 | 47270 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $71163 | $69436 |

---

**See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.**

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#### CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
**(Amounts in thousands, except for per share data)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,** <br>**2024** |
| **Sales:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | $37749 | $36793 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Services | 20981 | 18426 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total sales | 58730 | 55219 |
| **Cost of sales:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | 31463 | 28800 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Services | 8756 | 7564 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cost of sales | 40219 | 36364 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gross profit | 18511 | 18855 |
| **Operating expenses:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 3250 | 2956 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Selling, general and administrative | 18370 | 17771 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 21620 | 20727 |
| **Operating loss** | (3109) | (1872) |
| **Other income (expense):** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign exchange gain (loss) | 33 | (438) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (357) | (235) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 1854 | 2047 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net | (82) | 79 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income, net | 1448 | 1453 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss before income taxes | (1661) | (419) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax benefit | (1570) | (93) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(91) | $(326) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $(91) | $(326) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss per common share - basic | $(0.01) | $(0.04) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic | 9297 | 9041 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss per common share - diluted | $(0.01) | $(0.04) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 9297 | 9041 |

---

**See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.**

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**CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
**(Amounts in thousands)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,** <br>**2024** |
| Net loss | $(91) | $(326) |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Actuarial (loss) gain on minimum pension liability, net of tax effect | (2723) | 6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation gain adjustments, net of tax effect | 96 | 723 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive (loss) income | (2627) | 729 |
| Total comprehensive (loss) income | $(2718) | $403 |

---

**See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.**

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#### CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
**For the Years Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:**

**(Amounts in thousands)**

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Year ended September 30, 2025:** | <br>**Shares** | <br>**Amount** | <br>**Additional**<br>**Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | <br>**Retained**<br>**Earnings** | **Accumulated**<br>**other**<br>**comprehensive**<br>**loss** | <br>**Total**<br>**Shareholders'**<br>**Equity** |
| Balance as of September 30, 2024 | 9776 | $98 | $22689 | $29848 | $(5365) | $47270 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (91) |  | (91) |
| Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  | (2627) | (2627) |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1769 |  |  | 1769 |
| Restricted stock cancellation | (3) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Restricted stock issuance | 169 | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
| Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan | 26 |  | 286 |  |  | 286 |
| Purchase of common stock | (62) | (1) |  | (869) |  | (870) |
| Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.120 per share) |  |  |  | (1188) |  | (1188) |
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 | 9906 | $99 | $24744 | $27700 | $(7992) | $44551 |
|  |  |  |  |  | **Accumulated** |  |
|  |  |  | **Additional** |  | **other** | **Total** |
|  |  |  | **Paid-in** | **Retained** | **comprehensive** | **Shareholders'** |
| **Year ended September 30, 2024:** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Capital** | **Earnings** | **loss** | **Equity** |
| Balance as of September 30, 2023 | 9456 | $94 | $20837 | $31311 | $(6094) | $46148 |
| Adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 |  |  |  | (15) |  | (15) |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (326) |  | (326) |
| Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 729 | 729 |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1579 |  |  | 1579 |
| Restricted stock cancellation | (7) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Restricted stock issuance | 305 | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |
| Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan | 30 | 1 | 273 |  |  | 274 |
| Purchase of common stock | (8) |  |  | (104) |  | (104) |
| Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.105 per share) |  |  |  | (1018) |  | (1018) |
| Balance as of September 30, 2024 | 9776 | $98 | $22689 | $29848 | $(5365) | $47270 |

---

**See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.**

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#### CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
**(Amounts in thousands)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,** <br>**2024** |
| **Operating activities** |  |  |
| Net loss | $(91) | $(326) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation | 237 | 292 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of intangibles | 7 | 6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on disposal of fixed assets, net | 1 | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign exchange (gain) loss | (33) | 438 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision (benefit) for credit losses - financing receivables | 63 | (45) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for credit losses - accounts receivable | 25 | 114 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for obsolete inventory | 182 | 354 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of lease right-of-use assets | 458 | 496 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense on restricted stock awards | 1769 | 1579 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income taxes | (1825) | (387) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance | (202) | (180) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | 2474 | (1573) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Financing receivables | (7661) | 4058 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventories | 669 | (95) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | 570 | (681) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 7477 | 1383 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities | (450) | (485) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue and contract liabilities | (668) | 273 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pension and retirement plans liabilities | (557) | 27 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income taxes payable | (272) | (798) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other noncurrent liabilities | 95 | (238) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 2268 | 4213 |
| **Investing activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Life insurance premiums paid | (54) | (50) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Additions of intangible assets | (26) | (10) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property, equipment and improvements | (348) | (196) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (428) | (256) |
| **Financing activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Dividends paid | (1188) | (1018) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net (repayment) borrowing under line-of-credit agreement | (3265) | 2654 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Repayments on note payable |  | (427) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Repurchases of common stock | (869) | (104) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of shares under equity compensation plans | 286 | 274 |
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (5036) | 1379 |
| Effects of exchange rate on cash, net | 29 | 32 |
| Net (decrease) increase in Cash and cash equivalents | (3167) | 5368 |
| Cash and cash equivalents beginning of period | 30585 | 25217 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents end of period** | $27418 | $30585 |

---

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#### CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
**(Amounts in thousands)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Supplementary cash flow information:** |  |  |
| Cash paid for income taxes | $(446) | $(1601) |
| Cash paid for interest | $(137) | $(206) |
| **Supplementary non-cash financing activities:** |  |  |
| Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for a lease liability | $1628 | $19 |
| Customer financing for inventory sold (see *Note 3 Financing receivables, net* for details) | $13723 | $5240 |
| Vendor financing for inventory purchased (see *Note 9 Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities* for details) | $4500 | $2995 |

---

**See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.**

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#### CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### FOR THE YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

#### Organization and Business
CSP Inc. ("CSPi" or "CSPI" or "the Company" or "we" or "our") was founded in 1968 and is based in Lowell, Massachusetts. To meet the diverse requirements of commercial and defense customers worldwide, CSPI and its subsidiaries develop and market IT integration solutions, advanced security products, managed IT services, purpose built network adapters, and high-performance cluster computer systems. The Company operates in two segments, its Technology Solutions ("TS") segment and its High Performance Products ("HPP") segment.

1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

*Basis of Presentation*

The accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

*Principles of Consolidation*

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

*Adopted Accounting Pronouncement in the Year Ended September 30, 2025*

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Under ASU 2023-07, the disclosures that are currently required on an annual basis under *Topic 280, Segment Reporting*, pertaining to reportable segment profit or loss and assets will also be required for interim periods. The amendments in this Update do not change how an entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company retrospectively adopted this as of and for the year ended September 30, 2025. The effects of adopting this ASU only impacted the Company's disclosures and did not have an effect on its consolidated financial statements. See *Note 17 – Segment Information* for additional information.

*Accounting Pronouncement Not Yet Adopted as of September 30, 2025*

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which provides new optional guidance relating to the estimation of expected credit losses on current accounts receivable and current contract assets under Topic 326. This ASU permits entities to apply a practical expedient when estimating credit losses and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied prospectively. We are currently evaluating the adoption of this standard and its impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires expanded disclosures in the notes to the financial statements about certain costs and expenses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this pronouncement on its disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU expands existing income tax disclosures primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The ASU is effective for all public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. Entities should apply the amendments on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its disclosures.

*Foreign Currency Translation*

The U.S. Dollar is the reporting currency for all periods presented. The financial information for entities outside the United States is measured using the local currency as the functional currency. In consolidation, foreign transactions are remeasured into the functional currency, British Pounds, of our U.K. subsidiary. This non-cash remeasurement is included in the foreign exchange gain or loss on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. After this remeasurement, assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the period. The resulting translation adjustment is reflected as accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of shareholders' equity on the consolidated balance sheets. Currency transaction gains and losses are recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

*Cash Equivalents*

For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition are considered cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions and, at times, the balance may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation federally insured limits (United States - $250,000 per depositor) or Financial Services Compensation Scheme (United Kingdom - £85,000 per depositor). The Company has never experienced any losses related to these balances.

*Research and Development Expense*

For the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, our expenses for research and development were approximately $3.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Expenditures for research and development are expensed as they are incurred.

*Impairment of Long-Lived Assets*

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Management assesses the recoverability of the long-lived assets (intangibles) by comparing the estimated undiscounted cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets against their respective carrying amounts. The amount of impairment, if any, is calculated based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets. Intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are also required to be tested annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. We did not have intangible assets with indefinite lives any time during the two years ended September 30, 2025.

Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally three to ten years, and are carried at net book value. The remaining useful lives of intangible assets are evaluated on an annual basis. Intangible assets subject to amortization are also tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the fair value of an intangible asset subject

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to amortization is determined to be less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded to write down that asset to its fair value. There was no impairment for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

*Leases as Lessee*

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement contains a lease. This includes arrangements with goods and services to determine if there is an embedded lease. An arrangement containing a lease would allow the Company the right to control an implicitly or explicitly identified asset. If there is a lease in an arrangement, the classification is determined at inception of the arrangement. Certain leases may contain transfer of ownership or an option to purchase the underlying asset. The most relevant criterion for our lease classification is transfer of ownership, which if included in the arrangement makes the lease a finance lease rather than an operating lease.

The discount rate used to assess classification is the incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date due to the implicit rate not being readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate commensurate with the lease term is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The lease term includes periods when we are reasonably certain we will exercise the renewal option. The Company has elected not to apply Subtopic *ASC 842-25* to short-term leases, which are defined as a lease that has a lease term of 12 months or less and does not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Therefore, there are no right-of-use assets or lease liabilities related to short-term leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases are typically not able to be terminated without penalty. None of our lease arrangements contain residual value guarantees, restrictions, or covenants. None of the Company's current leases are with related parties. There are no lease arrangements that we have entered into as of September 30, 2025 that have not yet commenced. See *Note 10 Leases* for additional information.

*Operating leases*

The Company has operating leases for office space, data centers, and other information technology equipment under various leases. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date using the present value of the fixed lease payments over the lease term. We do not have leases with variable consideration. The incremental borrowing rate is used in determining present value. Certain operating leases, primarily office space and IT equipment, have an option to extend the lease. Renewal periods related to certain lease agreements related to office buildings are included in the lease term for lease accounting.

The Company has operating lease agreements with lease components (e.g. fixed payments including rent) as well as nonlease components (e.g. common-area maintenance, colocation services). The Company has elected to account for lease and nonlease components as one single lease component for all classes of assets. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

*Leases as Lessor* 

The process for identifying and classifying a lease is similar to the process described above in the lessee section. Additionally, the most relevant criteria to classification is transfer of ownership and present value of the total lease payments in relation to fair value of the underlying asset. The Company as a lessor only has sales-type leases. All the Company's agreements are bundled agreements containing managed services, software, and/or other services. The fixed payments under bundled agreements are allocated based on the relative standalone selling prices of the lease and non-lease deliverables are consistent with ASC 606. The allocation of the fixed payments may be calculated using a budgeted cost-plus margin approach if there are other services in addition to managed services. Due to the complex nature of these contracts, there is significant judgment in allocating the fixed payments. There is no variable consideration in these agreements. The discount rate used as a lessor pertaining to the lease component is the implicit rate. Lease agreements transfer ownership at the end of the lease and there is no renewal option. The leases typically do not have any residual value to the Company. In the Company's agreements, the payments allocated to the lease component cannot be terminated. Revenue from sales-type leases is presented on a gross basis when the Company enters into a lease to realize value from a product that it would otherwise sell in its ordinary course of business. In addition, we have elected to account for sales

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tax and other similar taxes collected from a lessee as lessee costs and therefore we exclude these costs from contract consideration and variable consideration and present revenue net of these costs. See *Note 10 Leases* for additional information.

*Inventories*

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. The recoverability of inventories is based upon the types and levels of inventories held, forecasted demand, pricing, competition and changes in technology. We write down our inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required. As of September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, the Company maintained inventory reserves of $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

*Property, Equipment and Improvements*

The components of property, equipment and improvements are stated at cost. The Company provides for depreciation by use of the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (three to seven years). Leasehold improvements are amortized by use of the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the remaining lease term. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

*Accounts Receivable, net of Allowance for Credit Losses*

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are non-interest bearing. Accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable value, net of the allowance for credit losses. Allowances for credit losses are recorded for the estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments based on historical data as well as forecasted future conditions. The estimation of the allowance is based on an analysis of historical loss experience, management's assessment of current conditions and reasonable and supportable expectation of future conditions as well as an assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible including reviewing the current receivables aging. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Accounts receivable are charged off against the reserve when management has determined they are uncollectible.

*Financing Receivables, net of Allowance for Credit Losses*

Financing receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and are interest bearing. Financing receivables are stated at their net realizable value, net of the allowance for credit losses. Allowances for credit losses are recorded for the estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments based on historical data as well as forecasted future conditions. The Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses for financing receivables in an amount equal to the probable losses net of recoveries. A probability method for calculating credit losses is used based on historical data of defaults of Fitch ratings and remaining length of time to collect the receivable. Various factors are also assessed in the allowance for credit losses including internal historical data as well as macroeconomic forecast assumptions and management judgments applicable to and through the expected life of the portfolios. Macroeconomic conditions include the level of gross domestic product growth and unemployment rates, which directly correlate with our historical credit losses. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Financing receivables are charged off against the reserve when management has determined they are uncollectible.

*Pension and Retirement Plans*

The funded status of pension and other postretirement benefit plans is recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining transition amounts that have not yet been recognized through pension expense will be recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, until they are

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amortized as a component of net periodic pension/postretirement benefits expense. Additionally, plan assets and obligations are measured as of our fiscal year-end balance sheet date (September 30).

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the United Kingdom (the "U.K.") and in the U.S. In the U.K. the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plan in the U.K. is closed to newly hired employees and has been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. In the U.S., the Company also provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans' obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers.

Pension expense is based on an actuarial computation of current future benefits using estimates for expected return on assets, expected compensation increases and applicable discount rates. Management has reviewed the discount rates and rates of return with our consulting actuaries and investment advisor and concluded they were reasonable. A decrease in the expected return on pension assets would increase pension expense. Expected compensation increases are estimated based on historical and expected increases in the future. Increases in estimated compensation increases would result in higher pension expense while decreases would lower pension expense. Discount rates are selected based upon rates of return on high quality fixed income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefit. A decrease in the discount rate would result in greater pension expense while an increase in the discount rate would decrease pension expense.

The Company funds its pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. Liabilities for amounts in excess of these funding levels are accrued and reported in the consolidated balance sheets.

*Segment Information*

We have two operating segments: (i) Technology Solutions ("TS") and (ii) High Performance Products ("HPP"). In the TS segment, we focus on value added reseller ("VAR") integrated solutions including third party hardware, software and technical computer-related consulting and managed services. In the HPP segment, we design, manufacture and deliver products and services to customers that require specialized cyber security services, networking and signal processing products. The operations and assets of our TS segment are located in the United States and the United Kingdom, which are the two divisions that make up the TS segment. The operations and assets of our HPP segment are located in the United States.

*Revenue Recognition*

We derive revenue from the sale of integrated hardware and software, third-party service contracts, professional services, managed services, financing of hardware and software, and other services.

We recognize revenue from hardware upon transfer of control, which is at a point in time typically upon shipment when title transfers. Revenue from software is recognized at a point in time when the license is granted.

We recognize revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales depending on whether we are acting as the principal party to the transaction or acting as an agent or broker based on control and timing. We are the principal if we control the good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. For each identified performance obligation in a transaction, we evaluate the facts and circumstances present to determine whether or not we control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to,

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assessing indicators such as whether: (i) we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified goods or service, (ii) we have inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to a customer and (iii) we have discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service. When the evaluation indicates we control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer, we are acting as a principal. When the evaluation indicates we do not control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer, we are acting as an agent.

We record revenue as gross when we are the principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when we are acting as a broker or agent for a third party. Under gross sales recognition, the entire selling price is recorded in revenue and our cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded in cost of sales. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to revenue resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction. Third-party service contracts are sold in different combinations with hardware, software, and services. When we are an agent, revenue is typically recorded at a point in time. When we are the principal, revenue is recognized over the contract term. We have concluded we are the agent in sales of third-party maintenance, software or hardware support, and certain security software that is sold with integral third-party delivered software maintenance that includes critical updates. When CSPi sells goods and services with a financing component the strongest indicator is whether the Company has discretion in selling price as many of the agreements are brought to us at predetermined price by the manufacturer.

Professional services generally include implementation, installation, and training services. Professional services are considered a series of distinct services that form one performance obligation and revenue is recognized over time as services are performed.

Revenue generated from managed services is recognized over the term of the contract. Certain managed services contracts include financing of hardware and software. Revenues from arrangements which include financing are allocated considering relative standalone selling prices of lease and non-lease components within the agreement. The lease component includes hardware, which is subject to ASC 842, *Leases*. The non-lease components are subject to ASC 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers*.

Other services generally include revenue generated through our royalty, extended warranty, multicomputer repair, and maintenance contracts. Royalty revenue is sales-based and recognized on the date of subsequent sale of the product, which occurs on the date of customer shipment. Revenue from extended warranty contracts is recognized ratably over the warranty period. Multicomputer repair services revenue is recognized upon control transfer when the customer takes possession of the computer at time of shipping. Revenue generated from maintenance services is recognized evenly over the term of the contract.

Some transactions include shipping as part of the contract. The Company records shipping billed to its customers as Product revenue and the related freight costs as Product cost of sales when the underlying product revenue is recognized. For freight not billed to its customers, the Company records the freight costs as Product cost of sales. The Company considers shipping to be a fulfillment activity and not a separate performance obligation.

The right of return risk lies with the original manufacturer of the product. Managed service contracts contain the right to refund if canceled within 30 days of inception. Any products the Company manufactures, all in our HPP segment, with a standard warranty are treated as a warranty obligation under ASC 460, *Guarantees.*

The following policies are applicable to our major categories of segment revenue transactions:

#### TS Segment Revenue
TS Segment revenue is derived from the sale of hardware, software, professional services, third-party service contracts, maintenance contracts, managed services, and financing of hardware and software. Financing revenue pertaining to the portion of an arrangement containing a lease is recognized in accordance with ASC 842. Financing revenue related to the lease is recorded in revenue as equipment leasing is part of our operations.

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Third-party service contracts are evaluated to determine whether such service revenue should be recorded as gross or net sales and whether over time or at point in time.

#### HPP Segment Revenue
HPP segment revenue is derived from the sale of integrated hardware and software, maintenance, and other services through the ARIA, Multicomputer, and Myricom product lines.

ARIA ADR revenue is derived from the sale of hardware, software, and maintenance. The software licenses or hardware with integrated software are not distinct from their accompanying maintenance, as they are dependent upon regular threat updates. The software updates and upgrades are highly interdependent and highly interrelated, working together to deliver continuously updated protection from cyber threats to customers. By identifying and addressing new threats, the software updates significantly modify the licensed software and are integral to maintaining its utility given the rapid pace with which new threats are identified, the value of the licensed software diminishes rapidly without the software updates. As control transfers to the customer over time of the contract term, we therefore consider the software license and related support obligations a single, combined performance obligation with revenue recognized ratably over time as our solutions are delivered.

ARIA Zero Trust Gateway ("AZT") revenue contains two performance obligations: a software license and post contract support. The transaction price is generally fixed consideration and allocated based on relative stand-alone selling price. Software license revenue is recognized at a point in time, generally when the license is made available to the customer. Post contract support revenue is recognized ratably over the contractual period of generally one year. Myricom revenue is derived from the sale of products, which are comprised of both hardware and embedded software which is essential to the products' functionality, and post contract maintenance and support. Post contract maintenance and support is considered immaterial in the context of the contract and therefore is not a separate performance obligation. Multicomputer revenue is derived from the sale of hardware, software, extended warranties, royalties, and repair services.

In the TS US division financing of goods and services is offered to certain customers. This involves amounts due reflecting sales whose payment terms exceed one year. See *Note 3 Financing Receivables, net* for more details.

See details of timing of revenue recognition and whether CSPi acted as the principal or agent and geographic areas based on which the products were shipped or services rendered in *Note 17 Segment Information*.

#### Contract Assets and Liabilities
When we have performed work but do not have an unconditional right to payment, a contract asset is recorded. When we have the right to bill a customer, accounts receivable is recorded as an unconditional right exists. Current contract assets were $0.8 million and $1.7 million as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Current contract assets were $0.9 million as of September 30, 2023. The current portion is recorded in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2025 there was $0.1 million related to amounts billed but not paid by customers under retainage provisions included in current contract assets. All amounts are expected to be collected within one year. There were no noncurrent contract assets as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024. There were no noncurrent contract assets as of September 30, 2023. The difference in the balances is due to regular timing differences between when work is performed and having an unconditional right to payment.

Contract liabilities arise when payment is received before we transfer a good or service to the customer. Current contract liabilities were $1.5 million and $2.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Current contract liabilities were $1.9 million as of September 30, 2023. The current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in Deferred revenue and contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. There were $37 thousand of long-term contract liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and none as of September 30, 2024, respectively. There were no long-term contract liabilities as of September 30, 2023. Revenue recognized for the year ended September 30, 2025 that was included in contract liabilities as of September 30, 2024 was $1.8 million. At times, customers delay projects that were supposed to be complete within a year, which is why the full balance of Deferred revenue and contract liabilities as of

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September 30, 2024 was not recognized in the twelve months ended September 30, 2025. The Company cannot reasonably predict when delays will arise.

#### Contract Costs
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract involving customer transactions where the revenue and the related transfer of goods and services are equal to or less than a one year period, are expensed as incurred, utilizing the practical expedient in *ASC 340-40-25-4*. Incremental costs are related to commissions in the TS portion of the business. Current capitalized contract costs are within the other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024. The portion of current capitalized costs were $33 thousand and $177 thousand as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no noncurrent capitalized costs on the consolidated balance sheets as these commissions are paid annually even when the contract extends beyond a one year period. The amount of incremental costs amortized for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $217 thousand and $477 thousand, respectively. This is recorded in selling, general, and administrative expenses. There was no impairment related to incremental costs capitalized for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Costs to fulfill a contract are capitalized when the costs are related to a contract or anticipated contract, generate or enhance resources that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future, and costs are recoverable. Costs to fulfill a contract are related to the TS portion of the business and involve activities performed before managed services can be completed. Fulfillment costs are amortized consistent with the pattern of transferring the services to which the cost relates ratably over the term of the contract. Current capitalized fulfillment costs are in the other current assets and noncurrent costs are in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. There were no current capitalized costs as of September 30, 2025 and 2024. There were no noncurrent capitalized costs as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no amounts of fulfillment costs amortized for the year ended September 30, 2025. An amount of $9 thousand was amortized for the year ended September 30, 2024. These costs amortized were recorded in cost of sales. There was no impairment related to fulfillment costs capitalized for the year ended September 30, 2024.

#### Other
Projects are typically billed upon completion or at certain milestones. Products and services are typically billed when shipped or as services are being performed. Payment terms are typically 30 days to pay in full except in Europe where it could be up to 90 days. Most of our contracts are for less than one year. There are certain contracts that contain a financing component. We elected to use the optional exemption to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that have an original expected duration of one year or less. This is due to a low amount of performance obligations, which are less than one year from being unsatisfied at each period end. Most of these contracts are related to product sales.

We have certain contracts that have an original term of more than one year. The royalty agreement is longer than one year, but not included in the table below as the royalties are sales-based. Managed service contracts are generally longer than one year. For these contracts the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of September 30, 2025 is set forth in the table below:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Fiscal Year | (Amounts in thousands) |
| 2026 | $1196 |
| 2027 | 982 |
| 2028 | 899 |
| 2029 | 222 |
|  | $3299 |

---

*Product Warranty Accrual*

Our HPP product sales with hardware generally include a hardware warranty which ranges from 90 days to three years. At time of product shipment, we accrue for the estimated cost including labor and hardware to repair or replace

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potentially defective products. Estimated warranty costs are based upon prior actual warranty costs for substantially similar products.

*Research and Development Expenses*

Research and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation and other headcount-related expenses associated with product development. Research and development expenses also include third-party development and programming costs. We consider technological feasibility for our software products to be reached upon the release of the software, accordingly, no internal software development costs have been capitalized.

*Income Taxes*

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in net income in the period that includes the enactment date. We also reduce deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. This methodology requires estimates and judgments in the determination of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and in the calculation of certain tax liabilities. Valuation allowances are recorded against the gross deferred tax assets that management believes, after considering all available positive and negative objective evidence, historical and prospective, with greater weight given to historical evidence, that it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized.

In addition, we are required to recognize in the consolidated financial statements, those tax positions determined to be more-likely-than-not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the positions as of the reporting date. If a tax position is not considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the position are recognized.

In addition, the calculation of the Company's tax liabilities involves estimating uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future.

*Net loss per common share*

We are required to present earnings per share ("EPS") utilizing the two-class method because we had outstanding, non-vested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, which are considered participating securities.

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.

Diluted net loss per common share reflects the maximum dilution that would have resulted from the assumed exercise and share repurchase related to dilutive restricted stock awards. As the Company has reported losses for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and accordingly, basic net loss per common share equals diluted net loss per common share.

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Basic and diluted loss per share computations for the Company's reported net loss attributable to common stockholders are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,** <br>**2024** |
| Net loss | $(91) | $(326) |
| Less: net income attributable to nonvested common stock |  |  |
| Net loss income attributable to common shareholders | $(91) | $(326) |
| Weighted average total shares outstanding - basic | 9297 | 9041 |
| Less: weighted average non–vested shares outstanding |  |  |
| Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic | 9297 | 9041 |
| Add: potential common shares from non-vested restricted stock awards |  |  |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | $9297 | 9041 |
| Net loss per common share - basic | $(0.01) | $(0.04) |
| Net loss per common share - diluted | $(0.01) | $(0.04) |

---

All anti-dilutive securities, RSA's, are excluded from the diluted loss per share computation. Non-vested restricted stock awards of 304 thousand and 396 thousand shares were excluded from net loss per share for the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive as there was a net loss for the period.

*Use of Estimates*

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

*Stock-Based Compensation*

We measure and recognize compensation expense for nonvested stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the closing market price of our common stock as quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes stock compensation expense, net of actual forfeitures. The Company has no outstanding stock options issued as of September 30, 2025 and did not issue any for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures and will be revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 consisted of restricted stock granted pursuant to the Company's stock incentive and employee stock purchase plans of approximately $1.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

*Concentrations of Credit Risk*

The Company has bank accounts in the United States and United Kingdom, which have cash deposits in excess of federally insured limits.

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For information about other concentration of credit risk, see *Note 3 Financing receivables* and *Note 17 Segment Information*.

2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accounts Receivable, net

The Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable in an amount equal to the current expected credit losses. The estimation of the allowance is based on an analysis of historical loss experience, management's assessment of current conditions and reasonable and supportable expectation of future conditions as well as an assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible including reviewing the current receivables aging. This results in a general reserve and a specific reserve. The Company assesses collectability by pooling receivables where similar characteristics exist and evaluates receivables individually when specific customer balances no longer share those risk characteristics and are considered at risk or uncollectible. The expense associated with the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in Selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table presents the changes in the allowance for accounts receivable for the periods indicated.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  |
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| *Allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable:* |  |  |
| Balances at beginning of the period | $147 | $100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustment for adoption of new CECL standard | - | (67) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Charge-offs | (50) | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for credit losses | 25 | 114 |
| Balances at end of the period | $122 | $147 |

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3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financing Receivables, net

In the TS-US division financing of goods and services is offered to certain customers within the United States. This involves amounts due reflecting sales whose payment terms exceed one year. This financing is separate from agreements with a leasing component, see *Note 10 Leases* for financing through leases. Determining whether to offer financing involves looking at the customer's payment history, economic conditions, and capacity to pay. These financing arrangements do not contain collateral.

The Company assigns an internal risk rating to each customer at inception, which groups customers into a portfolio based on this risk rating. A risk rating is assigned by analyzing a customer's financial statements and the latest Fitch rating, if publicly available, as well as recent payment activity. The credit quality of customers is continually monitored by these items. Accounts rated low risk have the equivalent of a Fitch rating of BBB– or higher, accounts rated moderate risk have the equivalent of BB, and accounts rated high risk have the equivalent of B.

The risk characteristics of each portfolio are consistent with the Fitch rating or equivalent. According to Fitch Ratings:

'BBB' ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low

'BB' ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists that supports the servicing of financial commitments

'B' ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

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Financing receivables, net carry a weighted average interest rate of 8.7%, which reflects the approximate interest rate consistent with a separate financing transaction with the customer at the inception of the agreement.

Interest income attributable to financing receivables is recognized on the accrual basis using the effective interest method. The amount of interest income earned from sales whose payment terms exceed one year for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $641 thousand and $700 thousand, respectively. Interest income from these agreements is recorded in Interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table presents the components of the Company's Financing receivables, net segregated by portfolio (risk rating) for the periods indicated:

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2024** | **As of September 30, 2024** | **As of September 30, 2024** | **As of September 30, 2024** |
|  | **Risk Rating** | **Risk Rating** | **Risk Rating** | | **Risk Rating** | **Risk Rating** | **Risk Rating** | |
|  | **Low** | **Moderate** | **High** | <br>**Total** | **Low** | **Moderate** | **High** | <br>**Total** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| *Financing receivables, net:* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Financing receivables, gross | $13651 | $1751 | $891 | $16293 | $7153 | $874 | $- | $8027 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unearned interest income | (1038) | (156) | (95) | (1289) | (599) | (85) | - | (684) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Allowance for credit losses | (50) | (18) | (32) | (100) | (27) | (10) | - | (37) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Financing receivables, net | $12563 | $1577 | $764 | $14904 | $6527 | $779 | $- | $7306 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term | $7778 | $791 | $370 | $8939 | $4013 | $371 | $- | $4384 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term | $4785 | $786 | $394 | $5965 | $2514 | $408 | $- | $2922 |

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The following table presents the changes in Allowance for credit losses for Financing receivables, net for the periods indicated:

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  |
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  | **Risk Rating** | **Risk Rating** | **Risk Rating** | | **Risk Rating** | **Risk Rating** | | |
|  | **Low** | **Moderate** | **High** | <br>**Total** | **Low** | **Moderate** | <br>**High** | <br>**Total** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| *Allowance for credit losses for financing receivables:* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balances at beginning of the period | $27 | $10 | $- | $37 | $- | $- | $- | $- |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustment for adoption of new accounting standard | - | - | - | - | 27 | 55 | - | 82 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision (benefit) charged to Consolidated Statements of Operations | 23 | 8 | 32 | 63 | - | (45) | - | (45) |
| Balances at end of the period | $50 | $18 | $32 | $100 | $27 | $10 | $- | $37 |

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The Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses for financing receivables in an amount equal to the probable losses net of recoveries. A probability method for calculating credit losses is used based on historical data of defaults of Fitch ratings and length of time. Various factors are also assessed in the allowance for credit losses including internal historical data as well as macroeconomic forecast assumptions and management judgments applicable to and through the expected life of the portfolios. Macroeconomic conditions include the level of gross domestic product ("GDP") growth and unemployment rates, which directly correlate with our historical credit losses. The expense associated with the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in Selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Financing receivables whose payment terms exceed one year are placed on non-accrual status, meaning interest income stops being recorded, when the customer has a past due amount in excess of 30 days or reasonable doubt exists in collecting all interest and principal. A payment due in excess of 30 days is considered delinquent. If a payment is received

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for a receivable on non-accrual status the payment is first applied to interest and then principal. Recording interest income resumes once no reasonable doubt exists regarding collecting all interest and principal. There were no financing receivables placed on non-accrual status as of September 30, 2025 or September 30, 2024.

The following table presents Financing receivables, gross, including accrued interest and excluding any allowance for credit loss, by credit quality indicator segregated by risk rating and year of origination as of September 30, 2025:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** |
| | **Fiscal year of origination** | **Fiscal year of origination** | **Fiscal year of origination** |  |
| <br>**Risk Rating** | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** | **Total** |
| High | $891 | $— | $— | $891 |
| Moderate | 1268 | 369 | 114 | 1751 |
| Low | 10888 | 1507 | 1256 | 13651 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $13047 | $1876 | $1370 | $16293 |

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Contractual maturities of outstanding financing receivables are as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Fiscal year ending September 30:** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| 2026 | $9883 |
| 2027 | 5257 |
| 2028 | 1153 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total payments | $16293 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less: unearned interest income | (1289) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less: allowance for credit losses | (100) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total, net of unearned interest income and allowance for credit losses | $14904 |

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4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,**<br>**2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Raw materials | $— | $77 |
| Work-in-process | 94 | 315 |
| Finished goods | 1348 | 1901 |
| Total | $1442 | $2293 |

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We evaluate inventory for obsolescence on at least a quarterly basis or more frequently if needed. Our HPP segment has a multi-faceted approach in determining obsolescence including reviewing inventory by product line, program, and individual part. In the TS segment, we seek to minimize obsolete inventory by having nearly all of our inventory purchased in conjunction with a sales agreement. From time to time, we do purchase certain inventory in bulk to receive discounts, but only when we anticipate selling this inventory in the near-term. The inventory we purchase at the TS segment is in high demand, especially in the current environment, and has a limited risk of obsolescence. The TS-US division has many vendors it transacts with and does not have any specific agreement with any vendor that it must purchase certain products. Management believes other suppliers could provide similar products with comparable terms.

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5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Effect of**<br>**Foreign**<br>**Currency**<br>**Translation** | <br>**Minimum**<br>**Pension**<br>**Liability** | **Accumulated**<br>**Other**<br>**Comprehensive**<br>**Loss** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Balance as of September 30, 2023 | $(4829) | $(1265) | $(6094) |
| Change in period | 723 | (60) | 663 |
| Tax effect of change in period |  | 66 | 66 |
| Balance as of September 30, 2024 | $(4106) | $(1259) | $(5365) |
| Change in period | 96 | (2714) | (2618) |
| Tax effect of change in period |  | (9) | (9) |
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 | $(4010) | $(3982) | $(7992) |

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The changes in the minimum pension liability are net of an amortization loss of $243 thousand in 2025 and a loss of $185 thousand in 2024 included in net periodic pension cost.

6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income Taxes

The components of income (loss) before income tax benefit and income tax benefit are comprised of the following:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended**  | **For the Years Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Income (loss) before income tax benefit |  |  |
| U.S. | $(1620) | $74 |
| Foreign | (41) | (493) |
|  | $(1661) | $(419) |
| Income tax expense: |  |  |
| Current: |  |  |
| Federal | $— | $123 |
| State | 173 | 172 |
|  | $173 | $295 |
| Deferred: |  |  |
| Federal | $(1173) | $(372) |
| State | (570) | (15) |
|  | $(1743) | $(387) |
| Total income tax benefit | $(1570) | $(93) |

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The effective income tax rate differed from the statutory federal income tax rate due to the following:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended September 30,**  | **For the Years Ended September 30,**  | **For the Years Ended September 30,**  | **For the Years Ended September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** | **(Dollar amounts in thousands)** |
| Tax benefit at the statutory rate | $(349) | 21.0% | $(88) | 21.0% |
| Increases (reductions) in taxes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 16 | (1.0)% | (87) | 20.8% |
| Impact of non-U.S. earnings | 2 | (0.1)% |  | -% |
| Change in valuation allowance | (293) | 17.6% | 180 | (43.0)% |
| Excess stock compensation deductions | (748) | 45.0% | (189) | 45.1% |
| Permanent differences | 31 | (1.9)% | 19 | (4.5)% |
| Non-deductible executive compensation | 240 | (14.4)% |  | -% |
| Change in uncertain tax positions | (94) | 5.7% | 89 | (21.2)% |
| Tax credits | (148) | 8.9% | (90) | 21.5% |
| Return to provision and prior period assessments | (226) | 13.6% | 43 | (10.3)% |
| Other items | (1) | 0.1% | 30 | (7.2)% |
| Income tax benefit | $(1570) | 94.5% | $(93) | 22.2% |

---

Significant components of the Company's net deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,** <br>**2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
| Net operating loss carryforward | $2689 | $2558 |
| Tax credits | 669 | 829 |
| Capitalized research and development expenses | 1681 | 1155 |
| Other reserves and accruals | 881 | 975 |
| Lease liability | 423 | 121 |
| Accrued expenses | 1165 |  |
| Inventory reserve | 327 | 303 |
| Pension | 422 | 331 |
| Other temporary differences | 2 |  |
| Gross deferred tax assets | 8259 | 6272 |
| Less: valuation allowance | (3167) | (2800) |
| Net deferred tax asset | 5092 | 3472 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
| Fixed assets | (96) | (69) |
| Pension | (21) | (119) |
| ROU asset | (416) | (550) |
| Realizable deferred tax liabilities | (533) | (738) |
| Net deferred tax assets | $4559 | $2734 |

---

The Company undertakes a review of its valuation allowance at each financial statement period, reviewing the positive and negative evidence to help determine whether it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the future tax benefits from its deferred tax balances. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not that substantially all of its net deferred tax assets in the U.S., except for certain state tax credits, will be realized for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2025. The Company separately analyzed the realizability of its federal and state credits and determined $495 thousand (net of federal benefit) of state credits are expected to expire unutilized and maintained a

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valuation allowance against these credits. The Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against the net U.K. deferred tax assets.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no U.S. net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards for federal tax purposes.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had U.S. net operating loss carryforwards for state purposes of approximately $60 thousand and $60 thousand, respectively, which begin to expire in FY 2031. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had state tax credit carryforwards of $1.0 million available to reduce future state tax expense, of which $50 thousand has unlimited carryover status and the remainder of the credits begin to expire in FY 2029. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had state tax credit carryforwards of $1.1 million available to reduce future state tax expense, of which $55 thousand has unlimited carryover status and the remainder of the credits begin to expire in FY 2025.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had U.K. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $10.8 million and $10.6 million, respectively, that have an indefinite life with no expiration.

Undistributed earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $10.3 million and $10.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company is considering cash distributions of undistributed foreign earnings in the future and will continue to assess the potential impact of any future distributions on U.S. taxes. The state tax impact of a distribution of foreign earnings and profits would not be material.

In addition, the calculation of the Company's tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future.

As of September 30, 2025, uncertain tax benefits were primarily related to federal and state tax credits and were partially recorded net in deferred taxes and as a long term tax payable.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended**  | **For the Year Ended**  |
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Balance, beginning of year | $351 | $323 |
| Additions for tax positions of current year | 23 | 11 |
| Additions for tax positions of prior years | 3 | 8 |
| Reduction for lapse of the applicable statute of limitations | (77) | (13) |
| Accrued penalties and interest | 6 | 22 |
| Balance, end of period | $306 | $351 |

---

The unrecognized tax benefits of $306 thousand as of September 30, 2025, if recognized, would reduce our annual effective tax rate, subject to the valuation allowance maintained against certain state tax credits. The Company does not expect our unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has reviewed the tax positions taken on returns filed domestically and in its foreign jurisdictions for all open years, generally fiscal 2022 through 2025, and believes that any tax adjustments not currently reserved in any audited year would not be material.

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7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Property, Equipment and Improvements, net

Property, equipment and improvements, net consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,** <br>**2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Leasehold improvements | $29 | $224 |
| Equipment | 2731 | 8814 |
| Automobiles | 200 | 194 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property, equipment and improvements, gross | 2960 | 9232 |
| Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (2421) | (8803) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property, equipment and improvements, net | $539 | $429 |

---

The Company uses the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets to record depreciation expense. Depreciation expense was $237 thousand and $292 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Intangibles, net

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, intangible assets are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Amortization**<br>**Period** | <br><br><br>**Gross** | <br><br>**Accumulated**<br>**Amortization** | <br><br><br>**Net** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Amortization**<br>**Period** | <br><br><br>**Gross** | <br><br>**Accumulated**<br>**Amortization** | <br><br><br>**Net** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Patent | 7 years | $86 | $(17) | $69 | 8 years | $60 | $(10) | $50 |

---

Amortization expense on these intangible assets was $7 thousand and $6 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were additions of $26 thousand and $10 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These additions were at our HPP segment related to our ARIA cybersecurity products.

Annual amortization expense related to intangible assets for each of the following five successive fiscal years is as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Fiscal year ending September 30:** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| 2026 | 9 |
| 2027 | 9 |
| 2028 | 9 |
| 2029 | 9 |
| 2030 | 9 |
| Thereafter | 24 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $69 |

---

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9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Accounts payable | $13465 | $6953 |
| Vendor financing agreements | 3160 | 2309 |
| Commissions | 580 | 527 |
| Compensation and fringe benefits | 1421 | 1342 |
| Professional fees | 300 | 370 |
| Taxes, other than income | 198 | 170 |
| Director fees | 42 | 14 |
| Operating lease liability | 340 | 382 |
| Employee retention tax credit payable |  | 11 |
| Product warranty | 2 | 6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $19508 | $12084 |

---

The TS US division enters into certain multi-year agreements with vendors when also entering into some of the multi-year contracts the Company enters into with customers. The caption "Vendor financing agreements" above represents the interest-bearing amounts due to vendors, which are current. See *Note 3 Financing Receivables, net* for further information related to the multi-year agreements with customers.

There was not an interest rate stated explicitly in the agreements and therefore interest was imputed under *ASC 835 Interest* as the payments in the exchange represented two elements: principal and interest. The average weighted imputed interest rate for the agreements was determined to be 9.2%. The rate was determined primarily based on the rate the Company could obtain by financing from other sources at the date of the transaction.

Interest expense related to these agreements was $346 thousand and $219 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The amounts owed for these agreements are within the Consolidated balance sheets in accounts payable and other noncurrent liabilities because they are owed to a vendor rather than banks or financial institutions for borrowings. See *Note 12 Line of Credit* for amounts due to banks and other financial institutions for borrowings.

Below are details of the aforementioned agreements with the vendors that contain imputed interest:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Current | $3475 | $2553 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less: discount | (315) | (244) |
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $3160 | $2309 |
| Noncurrent | $1786 | $1677 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less: discount | (114) | (146) |
| Total within Other noncurrent liabilities | $1672 | $1531 |

---

The TS US division has many vendors it transacts with and does not have any specific agreement with any vendor that it must purchase certain products. Management believes other suppliers could provide similar products with comparable terms.

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10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Leases

Information related to both lessee and lessor

The following table specifies where the right-of-use assets, lease liabilities, and investment in lease are within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Consolidated Balance Sheets Location** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  |  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| **Assets** |  |  |  |
| Operating leases, net | Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | $1647 | $489 |
| Lease receivable - current | Other current assets | $41 | $14 |
| Lease receivable - noncurrent | Other assets | 45 | 11 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total lease receivable |  | $86 | $25 |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |  |
| Current operating lease liabilities | Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $340 | $382 |
| Non-current operating lease liabilities | Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion | 1336 | 117 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating lease liabilities |  | $1676 | $499 |

---

The components of lease costs for the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  |
|  | <br>**Consolidated Statements of Operations Location** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  |  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Operating Lease: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease cost | Selling, general, and administrative | $509 | $531 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term lease cost | Selling, general, and administrative | 73 | 34 |
| Total lease costs |  | $582 | $565 |
| Less lessor interest income | Revenue | (9) | (3) |
| Total lease costs, net of lessor interest income |  | $573 | $562 |

---

For the year ended September 30, 2025 an amount of $100 thousand was recognized in Sales: Product and $86 thousand in Cost of sales - Product for a sales-type lease. For the year ended September 30, 2024 an amount of $20 thousand was recognized in Sales: Product and $10 thousand in Cost of sales - Product related for a sales-type lease.

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Future lease payments under our non-cancellable leases and payments to be received as a lessor as of September 30, 2025 are in the following table:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Fiscal year ending September 30:** | **Operating lease**<br>**costs** | **Lessor**<br>**payments** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| 2026 | $440 | $47 |
| 2027 | 346 | 41 |
| 2028 | 296 | 6 |
| 2029 | 261 |  |
| 2030 | 266 |  |
| Thereafter | 410 |  |
| Total | $2019 | $94 |
| Less imputed interest | (343) | (8) |
| Total | $1676 | $86 |

---

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is below:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended**  | **Year ended**  |
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating cash flows paid for operating leases | $488 | $539 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating cash flows paid for short-term leases | 73 | 34 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating cash flows paid for finance leases |  | 1 |
| Cash received from lessor agreements | (48) | (15) |
| Lease assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating leases | 1628 | 19 |

---

Information as a lessee related to weighted averages of lease term and discount rate as of September 30, 2025 is below:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | **September 30, 2025** |
| Operating leases | 5.6 |
| Weighted-average discount rate | **September 30, 2025** |
| Operating leases | 6.9% |

---

11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Product Warranties

Product warranty activity for the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Balance at the beginning of the year | $6 | $22 |
| Usage for warranties for products sold in the period | (1) | (16) |
| Fulfillment of warranty obligations | (3) |  |
| Balance at the end of the year | $2 | $6 |

---

These amounts are within Accounts payable and accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Line of Credit

As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company maintained an inventory line of credit with a borrowing capacity of $15.0 million. It may be used by the TS or HPP segment in the U.S. to purchase inventory from approved vendors with payment terms which exceed those offered by the vendors. No interest accrues under the inventory line of credit when advances are paid within terms, however, late payments are subject to an interest charge of the rate published in the Wall Street Journal as the "prime rate" plus 1% or 8.25% as of September 30, 2025. The line of credit automatically renews for one year periods unless terminated by the Company with at least 60 days' notice or immediate termination by the lender. The collateral is a blanket UCC filing on Modcomp, Inc. and CSPi assets. The credit agreement for the inventory line of credit contains financial covenants which require the Company to maintain the following TS segment-specific financial ratios: (1) a minimum current ratio of 1.2, (2) tangible net worth of no less than $4.0 million, and (3) a maximum ratio of total liabilities to total net worth of less than 5.0:1. As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, Company borrowings, all from the TS segment, under the inventory line of credit were $0.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively, and the Company was in compliance with all covenants. There is no unused commitment fee. As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, this line of credit also included availability of a limited cash withdrawal option of up to $1.0 million. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no cash withdrawals outstanding.

13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pension and Retirement Plans

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the U.K. and in the U.S. In the U.K., the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plan in the U.K. is frozen to newly hired employees and has been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. In the U.S., the Company provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans' obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers.

*Defined Benefit Plans*

The Company funds its pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. Liabilities for amounts in excess of these funding levels are accrued and reported in the consolidated balance sheets. If the liabilities are below funding levels an asset is recorded.

The domestic supplemental retirement plans have life insurance policies which are not considered plan assets but were purchased by the Company as a vehicle to fund the costs of the plan. These insurance policies are included in the balance sheet in the financial statement line item "Cash surrender value of life insurance" at their cash surrender value, net of policy loans aggregating $4.0 million and $3.8 million as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The loans against the policies have been taken out by the Company to pay the premiums. The costs and benefit payments for these plans are paid through operating cash flows of the Company to the extent that they cannot be funded through the use of the cash values in the insurance policies. The Company expects that the recorded value of the insurance policies will be sufficient to fund all of the Company's obligations under these plans.

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Assumptions:

The following table provides the weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine the actuarial present value of projected benefit obligations at:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Domestic** | **Domestic** | **International** | **International** |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Discount rate: | 5.32% | 4.86% | 5.6% | 5.0% |
| Expected return on plan assets: |  |  | 5.6% | 4.7% |

---

The following table provides the weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Domestic** | **Domestic** | **International** | **International** |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Discount rate: | 4.86% | 5.62% | 5.6% | 5.0% |
| Expected return on plan assets: |  |  | 5.6% | 4.7% |

---

The periodic benefit cost and the actuarial present value of projected benefit obligations are based on actuarial assumptions that are reviewed on an annual basis. The Company revises these assumptions based on an annual evaluation of long-term trends, as well as market conditions, which may have an impact on the cost of providing retirement benefits.

For domestic plans, in making the cost assessments, a discount rate of 5.32% was used to reflect prevailing interest rates. Medical benefits are assumed to be increasing based on the Long-Term Healthcare Cost Trends Getzen Model commencing with 8.0% per year with such increase decreasing by 0.5% per year over the next several years and decreasing in accordance with the model to 4.54% in 2090. For ages 65 and beyond, the increase is 5.00% for 2025, 4.75% for 2026 and 4.54% thereafter. Life expectancy for medical benefits is based on the PRI-2012 White Collar for Males and Females Pre and Post retirement, Adjusted to 2006 projected using scale MP-2021.

For the international plan, the discount rate based on a yield curve, constructed from the iBoxx Sterling AA Corporate Index as of September 30, 2025. An assumption of a rate of increase in the Retail Price Index (RPI) is derived from the difference in the yields on fixed and index-linked UK government bonds (gilts) at the effective date published by the Bank of England. Demographic assumptions are those agreed for the funding valuation as of January 1, 2022, but using more recent mortality projections (CMI2024). The plan's main asset is now a buy-in contract. As the value of this contract is set equal to the value of the liabilities, the expected return on assets is set equal to the assumed discount rate.

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The components of net periodic benefit costs related to the U.S. and international plans are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** | **Year ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **U.K.** | **U.S.** | **Total** | **U.K.** | **U.S.** | **Total** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| **Pension:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest cost | $431 | $8 | $439 | $440 | $11 | $451 |
| Expected return on plan assets | (519) |  | (519) | (515) |  | (515) |
| Amortization of past service costs | 8 |  | 8 | 8 |  | 8 |
| Amortization of net gain |  | (2) | (2) |  | (5) | (5) |
| Net periodic (benefit) cost | $(80) | $6 | $(74) | $(67) | $6 | $(61) |
| **Post Retirement:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Service cost | $— | $26 | $26 | $— | $23 | $23 |
| Interest cost |  | 58 | 58 |  | 64 | 64 |
| Amortization of net gain |  | (119) | (119) |  | (172) | (172) |
| Net periodic benefit | $— | $(35) | $(35) | $— | $(85) | $(85) |
| ***Pension:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Increase (decrease) in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income | $2736 |  | $2736 | $(106) | $6 | $(100) |
| ***Post Retirement:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Decrease) increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income |  | (22) | (22) |  | 160 | 160 |
| ***Total:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Increase (decrease) increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income | $2736 | $(22) | $2714 | $(106) | $166 | $60 |

---

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The following table presents an analysis of the changes in 2025 and 2024 in the benefit obligation, the plan assets and the funded status of the plans:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Foreign** | **U.S.** | **Total** | **Foreign** | **U.S.** | **Total** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| ***Pension:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Change in projected benefit obligation ("PBO")** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance beginning of year | $9165 | $160 | $9325 | $8076 | $202 | $8278 |
| Interest cost | 431 | 8 | 439 | 440 | 11 | 451 |
| Changes in actuarial assumptions | (518) | (3) | (521) | 349 | 1 | 350 |
| Foreign exchange impact | 17 |  | 17 | 788 |  | 788 |
| Benefits paid | (667) | (34) | (701) | (488) | (54) | (542) |
| Projected benefit obligation at end of year | $8428 | $131 | $8559 | $9165 | $160 | $9325 |
| **Changes in fair value of plan assets:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $11366 | $— | $11366 | $10034 | $— | $10034 |
| Actual (loss) gain on plan assets | (2746) |  | (2746) | 985 |  | 985 |
| Company contributions | 720 | 34 | 754 |  | 54 | 54 |
| Foreign exchange impact | (36) |  | (36) | 978 |  | 978 |
| Administrative expenses | (167) |  | (167) | (143) |  | (143) |
| Benefits paid | (667) | (34) | (701) | (488) | (54) | (542) |
| Fair value of plan assets at end of year | $8470 | $— | $8470 | $11366 | $— | $11366 |
| Funded status \ net amount recognized | $42 | $(131) | $(89) | $2201 | $(160) | $2041 |
| ***Post Retirement:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Change in projected benefit obligation ("PBO"):** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance beginning of year | $— | $1222 | $1222 | $— | $1147 | $1147 |
| Service cost |  | 26 | 26 |  | 23 | 23 |
| Interest cost |  | 58 | 58 |  | 64 | 64 |
| Changes in actuarial assumptions |  | (141) | (141) |  | (12) | (12) |
| Projected benefit obligation at end of year | $— | $1165 | $1165 | $— | $1222 | $1222 |
| Funded status \ net amount recognized | $— | $(1165) | $(1165) | $— | $(1222) | $(1222) |

---

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The amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet consist of:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** | **Years Ended September 30** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Foreign** | **U.S.** | **Total** | **Foreign** | **U.S.** | **Total** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| ***Pension:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Accrued benefit asset (liability) | $42 | $(131) | $(89) | $2201 | $(160) | $2041 |
| Deferred tax |  | 23 | 23 |  | 23 | 23 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 3031 | 12 | 3043 | 212 | 12 | 224 |
| Net amount recognized | $3073 | $(96) | $2977 | $2413 | $(125) | $2288 |
| ***Post Retirement:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Accrued benefit liability | $— | $(1165) | $(1165) | $— | $(1222) | $(1222) |
| Deferred tax |  | 221 | 221 |  | 212 | 212 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (158) | (158) |  | (144) | (144) |
| Net amount recognized | $— | $(1102) | $(1102) | $— | $(1154) | $(1154) |
| ***Total pension and post retirement:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Accrued benefit asset (liability) | $42 | $(1296) | $(1254) | $2201 | $(1382) | $819 |
| Deferred tax |  | 244 | 244 |  | 235 | 235 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 3031 | (146) | 2885 | 212 | (132) | 80 |
| Net amount recognized | $3073 | $(1198) | $1875 | $2413 | $(1279) | $1134 |
| ***Accumulated Benefit Obligation:*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Pension | $(8428) | $(131) | $(8559) | $(9165) | $(160) | $(9325) |
| Post Retirement |  | (1165) | (1165) |  | (1222) | (1222) |
| Total accumulated benefit obligation | $(8428) | $(1296) | $(9724) | $(9165) | $(1382) | $(10547) |

---

Plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets are attributable to unfunded domestic supplemental retirement plans.

Accrued benefit assets and liabilities reported as:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Pension benefits assets | $42 | $2201 |
| Current accrued benefit liability | $77 | $76 |
| Non-current accrued benefit liability | 1219 | 1306 |
| Total accrued benefit liability | $1296 | $1382 |

---

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income, consisted of deferred net losses totaling approximately $2.9 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

The amount of net deferred loss expected to be recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost for the year ending September 30, 2026, is approximately $129 thousand.

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#### Contributions
The Company does not expect to contribute any money to its pension plans in fiscal 2026.

#### Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid (amounts in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Fiscal year ending September 30:** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| 2026 | $639 |
| 2027 | $675 |
| 2028 | $716 |
| 2029 | $716 |
| 2030 | $729 |
| Thereafter | $1273 |

---

#### Plan Assets
The Company's pension plan in the U.K. is the only pension plan with plan assets. In October 2024 the company contributed approximately 0.6 million Great British Pounds to the U.K. pension plan and all of the plan assets were converted to cash. Also in October 2024, in connection with the planned termination of our defined benefit pension plan in the U.K., we paid 8.5 million Great British Pounds to enter into a buy-in contract. This payment is subject to adjustment as a result of subsequent data cleansing activities. Under the terms of this buy-in contract, the insurer is liable to pay the benefits of the plan, but the Company still retains full legal responsibility to pay the benefits to members using the insurance payments. In accordance with US GAAP, specifically *ASC 715-30 Defined Benefit Plans – Pension*, the buy-in contract does not qualify as a significant event and therefore remeasurement was not required. The buy-in contract is treated as a plan asset. When the buy-in contract transitions to a buy-out contract the Company will no longer have legal responsibility to pay the benefits to the members. This transition is a significant event and the pension assets and liabilities will be remeasured at this time. The company's remeasurement date is September 30, 2025 and the pension assets and liabilities were remeasured as of this date in accordance with our Pension and Retirement Plans accounting policy.

Pension plan assets are managed by a fiduciary committee. Prior to the conversion of the plan assets to cash the Company's investment strategy for pension plan assets was to maximize the long-term rate of return on plan assets within an acceptable level of risk while maintaining adequate funding levels. Local regulations, local funding rules, and local financial and tax considerations were part of the funding and investment process. In deciding on the investments to be held, the trustees take into account the risk of possible fluctuations in income from, and market values of, the assets as well as the risk of departing from an asset profile which broadly matches the liability profile. The committee invested the plan assets in a single pooled fund with an authorized investment company (the "Fund"). The Fund selected by the trustees was consistent with the plan's overall investment principles and strategy described herein. There are no specific targets as to asset allocation other than those contained within the Fund that is managed by the authorized investment company.

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The fair value of the assets held by the U.K. pension plan by asset category are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Fair Values as of** | **Fair Values as of** | **Fair Values as of** | **Fair Values as of** | **Fair Values as of** | **Fair Values as of** | **Fair Values as of** | **Fair Values as of** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** | **September 30, 2024** |
| | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** | **Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as** |
| <br>**Asset Category** | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Cash on deposit | $42 | $42 | $— | $— | $65 | $65 | $— | $— |
| Fixed income |  |  |  |  | 10388 | 8714 | 1674 |  |
| Buy-in contract | 8428 |  |  | 8428 |  |  |  |  |
| Equity |  |  |  |  | 913 | 263 | 650 |  |
| Total plan assets | $8470 | $42 | $— | $8428 | $11366 | $9042 | $2324 | $— |

---

Level 1 investments represent mutual funds for which a quoted market price is available on an active market. These investments primarily hold stocks or bonds, or a combination of stocks and bonds.

Level 2 investment represents a mutual fund, which a quoted market price is not available on an active market. Significant observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets are used. This investment primarily holds stocks within developed global equity markets, excluding the UK.

Level 3 represents the buy-in contract. While the purchase of the buy-in contract does not result in an actual settlement, it can be viewed as financially equivalent to an effective settlement since the majority of the risks and rewards associated with the benefit obligation and related assets have been eliminated (especially if there has been no downgrade in the ratings of the insurance company that wrote the contract). As a result, the discount rate used in pricing the buy-in contract also represents the rate at which the obligation can be effectively settled (ASC 715-30-35-43). The fair value of the buy-in contract is equivalent to the total accumulated benefit obligation.

*Defined Contribution Plans*

The Company has defined contribution plans in domestic and international locations under which the Company matches a portion of the employees' contributions and may make discretionary contributions to the plans. The Company's contributions were $226 thousand and $212 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Stock Based Incentive Compensation

In 2015, the Company adopted the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2015 Plan") and authorized 600,000 shares of common stock to be reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2015 Plan. This plan expired on November 18, 2024. Awards issued under the 2015 Plan are not affected by expiration of the plan, but no further awards will be issued under this plan. In fiscal year 2025, the Company adopted the 2025 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2025 Plan") and authorized 600,000 shares of common stock to be reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2025 Plan. As of September 30, 2025, there were 535,595 shares available to be granted under the 2025 Plan. Under the 2025 Plan, incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock awards may be granted to officers, key employees and other people providing services to the Company. The 2025 Plan has a ten-year life and is the only effective plan as of September 30, 2025.

The Company had no awarded stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2025 or 2024. The Company issues restricted stock awards at their fair value on the date of grant. Vesting of restricted stock awards granted pursuant to the 2025 Plan is determined by the Company's compensation committee. In fiscal year 2025 and 2024, the Company granted non-employee directors, officers, and key employees shares of nonvested common stock. The vesting period for officers' and key employees' restricted stock awards is four years. The vesting for non-employee directors' restricted stock awards is one year.

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We measure and recognize compensation expense for nonvested stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the closing market price of our common stock as quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes stock compensation expense, net of actual forfeitures. Stock-based compensation expense incurred and recognized for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 related to nonvested stock granted to employees and non-employee directors under the Company's stock incentive and employee stock purchase plans totaled approximately $1.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively. The classification of the cost of stock-based compensation, in the consolidated statements of operations, is consistent with the nature of the services being rendered in exchange for the share-based payment.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Years Ended**  | **Years Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **September 30,** <br>**2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| Cost of sales | $2 | $5 |
| Research and development | 310 | 190 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 1457 | 1384 |
| Total | $1769 | $1579 |

---

For the year ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted a total of 169,205 nonvested shares including 97,705 to key employees, 54,000 to officers including 35,000 to the Chief Executive Officer, and 17,500 to non-employee directors. For the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted a total of 305,000 nonvested shares including 161,000 nonvested shares to certain key employees, 104,000 nonvested shares to certain officers including 70,000 shares granted to the Chief Executive Officer, and 40,000 nonvested shares to its non-employee directors. No cash was used to settle equity instruments granted under share-base payment arrangements in any of the years in the two-year period ended September 30, 2025.

The following table provides summary data of nonvested stock award activity:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Shares** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Grant Date**<br>**Fair**<br>**Value** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual**<br>**Term** | <br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic**<br>**Value**<br>**(in thousands)** |
| Nonvested shares outstanding as of September 30, 2023 | 590150 | $4.77 | 2.33 Years | $5164 |
| Activity in fiscal year 2024: |  |  |  |  |
| Granted | 305000 | $9.75 |  |  |
| Vested | (237175) | $4.95 |  |  |
| Forfeited | (6625) | $6.58 |  |  |
| Nonvested shares outstanding as of September 30, 2024 | 651350 | $7.01 | 2.27 Years | $8461 |
| Activity in fiscal year 2025: |  |  |  |  |
| Granted | 169205 | $12.69 |  |  |
| Vested | (268300) | $6.83 |  |  |
| Forfeited | (2400) | $8.86 |  |  |
| Nonvested shares outstanding as of September 30, 2025 | 549855 | $8.89 | 2.20 Years | $6351 |

---

As of September 30, 2025, there was $3.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation arrangements (nonvested stock awards) granted under the Company's stock incentive plans. This cost is expected to be expensed over a weighted average period of approximately 2.6 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $1.8 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

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15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In December 2013, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP") covering up to 500,000 shares of Common Stock, which was ratified by a vote of the Company's shareholders in February 2014. An additional 600,000 shares of common stock were approved by stockholders in fiscal year 2024. Under the ESPP, the Company's employees may purchase shares of common stock at a price per share that is currently 95% of the lesser of the fair value as of the beginning or end of semi-annual option periods. Pursuant to the ESPP, the Company issued 26,115 and 29,693 shares for the years ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. The weighted average purchase price was $10.96 and $9.28 per share for the years ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, 483,262 shares remain authorized to be issued under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repurchase of Common Stock

On February 8, 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the Company to purchase up to 500 thousand additional shares of the Company's outstanding common stock at market price. The plan does not expire. The Company repurchased 62,300 shares of its outstanding common stock on the open market during fiscal year 2025. There were 69,900 total shares of treasury stock with a cost basis of $972 thousand as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, 272,354 shares remain authorized to repurchase under the stock repurchase program.

17.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Segment Information

We have two reporting segments, High Performance Products and Technology Solutions, discussed below. The Company's country of domicile is the United States.

*High Performance Products (HPP)* **–** The HPP segment consists of primarily of the following product lines: ARIA, Multicomputer, and Myricom. Most of the revenue is from US customers for all product lines, but the segment has expanded into APAC and Africa regions with its ARIA product line. The segment's operations are based in Lowell, Massachusetts.

*Technology Solutions (TS)* **–** The TS segment generates revenue by reselling third-party computer hardware, software, and related support/maintenance/warranty as a value-added reseller ("VAR"). The TS segment generates service revenues by the delivery of professional services for complex IT solutions, including advanced security; unified communications and collaboration; wireless and mobility; data center solutions; and network solutions as well as managed IT services that primarily serve the small and mid-sized business market. TS has two divisions – United Kingdom and U.S. which are displayed separately and in total below. The U.S. division, located in Boca Raton, Florida, primarily has U.S. customers and the United Kingdom division, located in Wokingham, Berkshire, primarily has U.K. customers as well as other European countries.

The factors used in identifying the Company's reportable segments include geographical location of operations and the types of products and services. The accounting policies of the Company's segments are consistent with those described in *Note 1 Basis of presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies*. All intercompany revenues are eliminated in consolidation and are not reviewed when evaluating segment performance. The Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") Victor Dellovo, Chief Executive Officer, assesses segment performance and allocates resources based upon revenues and operating income before certain other nonroutine items, if any. Asset information utilized by the CODM for purposes of assessing performance and allocating resources includes Cash and cash equivalents, Accounts receivable, and Financing receivables. Cash and cash equivalents are utilized due to the HPP segment incurring losses and receiving cash from the TS-US division. Accounts and Financing receivables are regularly provided to the CODM to assess customer trends, credit policies, and operational efficiency.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

The following table presents certain operating segment information. We have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to the way we internally manage and monitor our business, for details see *Note 1 Basis of presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies*.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Technology Solutions Segment** | **Technology Solutions Segment** | **Technology Solutions Segment** | |
| <br>**Year ended September 30,** | <br>**High**<br>**Performance**<br>**Products**<br>**Segment** | <br>**United**<br>**Kingdom** | <br>**U.S.** | <br>**Total** | <br>**Consolidated**<br>**Total** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| **2025** |  |  |  |  |  |
| Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | $487 | $822 | $36440 | $37262 | $37749 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Service | 1435 | 276 | 19270 | 19546 | 20981 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total sales | 1922 | 1098 | 55710 | 56808 | 58730 |
| Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | 264 | 750 | 30449 | 31199 | 31463 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Services | 782 | 88 | 7886 | 7974 | 8756 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cost of sales | 1046 | 838 | 38335 | 39173 | 40219 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gross profit | 876 | 260 | 17375 | 17635 | 18511 |
| Research and development | 3250 |  |  |  | 3250 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 4584 | 423 | 13363 | 13786 | 18370 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 7834 | 423 | 13363 | 13786 | 21620 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating (loss) income | $(6958) | $(163) | $4012 | $3849 | $(3109) |
| Interest expense | $(12) | $— | $(345) | $(345) | $(357) |
| Interest income | $12 | $173 | $1669 | $1842 | $1854 |
| Depreciation and amortization | $(75) | $— | $(169) | $(169) | $(244) |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $200 | $4872 | $22346 | $27218 | $27418 |
| Accounts receivable, net of allowance | $215 | $356 | $11429 | $11785 | $12000 |
| Financing receivables, net of allowance | $— | $— | $14904 | $14904 | $14904 |
| Total assets | $11664 | $5446 | $54053 | $59499 | $71163 |
| Capital expenditures | $(47) | $— | $(301) | $(301) | $(348) |
| **2024** |  |  |  |  |  |
| Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | $2599 | $594 | $33600 | $34194 | $36793 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Service | 1555 | 260 | 16611 | 16871 | 18426 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total sales | 4154 | 854 | 50211 | 51065 | 55219 |
| Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | 736 | 507 | 27557 | 28064 | 28800 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Services | 716 | 104 | 6744 | 6848 | 7564 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cost of sales | 1452 | 611 | 34301 | 34912 | 36364 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gross profit | 2702 | 243 | 15910 | 16153 | 18855 |
| Research and development | 2956 |  |  |  | 2956 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 4591 | 517 | 12663 | 13180 | 17771 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 7547 | 517 | 12663 | 13180 | 20727 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating (loss) income | $(4845) | $(274) | $3247 | $2973 | $(1872) |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Interest expense | $(16) | $— | $(219) | $(219) | $(235) |
| Interest income | $38 | $218 | $1791 | $2009 | $2047 |
| Depreciation and amortization | $(99) | $— | $(199) | $(199) | $(298) |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $65 | $5442 | $25078 | $30520 | $30585 |
| Accounts receivable, net of allowance | $260 | $158 | $14076 | $14234 | $14494 |
| Financing receivables, net of allowance | $— | $— | $7306 | $7306 | $7306 |
| Total assets | $9554 | $7880 | $52002 | $59882 | $69436 |
| Capital expenditures | $(137) | $— | $(59) | $(59) | $(196) |

---

Depreciation and amortization are included in Selling, general, and administrative expenses. Operating (loss) income is not affected by either non-operating charges/income or by income taxes. Non-operating charges/income consists principally of foreign exchange gain (loss), interest income, and interest expense. Our long-lived assets are located in the United States.

See details of timing of revenue recognition and whether CSPi acted as the principal or agent below. Also see geographic areas based on where the products were shipped or services rendered.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Technology Solutions Segment** | **Technology Solutions Segment** | **Technology Solutions Segment** | |
| <br>**Year ended September 30,** | <br>**High**<br>**Performance**<br>**Products**<br>**Segment** | <br>**United**<br>**Kingdom** | <br>**U.S.** | <br>**Total** | <br>**Consolidated**<br>**Total** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |
| **2025** |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Timing of Revenue Recognition** |  |  |  |  |  |
| Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is principal  | $487 | $831 | $37220 | $38051 | $38538 |
| Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is agent |  | 79 | 8057 | 8136 | 8136 |
| Transferred over time where CSPi is principal | 1435 | 188 | 10433 | 10621 | 12056 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Revenue | $1922 | $1098 | $55710 | $56808 | $58730 |
| **Geography** |  |  |  |  |  |
| United States | $1673 | $218 | $50692 | $50910 | $52583 |
| Americas (excluding United States) | 3 |  | 4525 | 4525 | 4528 |
| Europe | 1 | 875 | 486 | 1361 | 1362 |
| APAC and Africa | 245 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 257 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Revenue | $1922 | $1098 | $55710 | $56808 | $58730 |
| **2024** |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Timing of Revenue Recognition** |  |  |  |  |  |
| Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is principal  | $3098 | $603 | $33921 | $34524 | $37622 |
| Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is agent |  | 37 | 7070 | 7107 | 7107 |
| Transferred over time where CSPi is principal | 1056 | 214 | 9220 | 9434 | 10490 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Revenue | $4154 | $854 | $50211 | $51065 | $55219 |
| **Geography** |  |  |  |  |  |
| United States | $3098 | $75 | $45611 | $45686 | $48784 |
| Americas (excluding United States) | 714 |  | 3810 | 3810 | 4524 |
| Europe | 6 | 775 | 344 | 1119 | 1125 |
| APAC and Africa | 336 | 4 | 446 | 450 | 786 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Revenue | $4154 | $854 | $50211 | $51065 | $55219 |

---

In the TS-US division financing of goods and services is offered to certain customers. This involves amounts due reflecting sales whose payment terms exceed one year. Revenue from these agreements in fiscal year 2025 was $2.5

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million, which consisted of $0.8 million with CSPi acting as the principal and $1.7 million with CSPi acting as the agent. Revenue from these agreements in fiscal year 2024 was $2.0 million, which consisted of $1.5 million with CSPi acting as the principal and $0.5 million with CSPi acting as the agent.

*Concentrations of Credit Risk*

There were no customers with 10% or more of accounts receivable as of September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Below are customers with 10% or more of financing receivables as of September 30, 2025 or 2024. All financing receivables are in the TS-US division.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2024** | **As of September 30, 2024** |
|  | **(Amounts in millions)** | **(Amounts in millions)** | **(Amounts in millions)** | **(Amounts in millions)** |
|  |  | **% of Total** |  | **% of Total** |
|  | **Financing Receivables** | **Financing Receivables** | **Financing Receivables** | **Financing Receivables** |
| Customer A | $0.7 | 5% | $3.0 | 41% |
| Customer B | $1.6 | 11% | $1.9 | 25% |
| Customer C | $2.8 | 19% | $— | -% |
| Customer E | $5.9 | 40% | $1.3 | 18% |

---

The were no customers from which the Company derived revenues of 10% or more of total revenues year ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

18.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fair Value Disclosures

Under the fair value standards fair value is based on the exit price and defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement should reflect all the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. A fair value hierarchy is established in the authoritative guidance outlined in three levels ranking from Level 1 to level 3 with Level 1 being the highest priority.

Level 1: observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets

Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly

Level 3: unobservable inputs (e.g., a reporting entity's or other entity's own data)

The Company had no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring (except our pension plan assets, see *Note 13 Pension and Retirement Plan*) or non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 or September 30, 2024.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

To estimate fair value of the financial instruments below quoted market prices are used when available and classified within Level 1. If this data is not available, we use observable market-based inputs to estimate fair value, which are classified within Level 2. If the preceding information is unavailable, we use internally generated data to estimate fair value which is classified within Level 3.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2024** | **As of September 30, 2024** | | |
|  | **Carrying Amount** | **Fair Value** | **Carrying Amount** | **Fair Value** | <br>**Fair Value Level** | <br>**Reference** |
|  | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** | **(Amounts in thousands)** |  |  |
| **Assets:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $27418 | $27418 | $30585 | $30585 | 1 | Consolidated Balance Sheets |
| Accounts receivable, net | 12000 | 12000 | 14494 | 14494 | 1 | Note 2 |
| Financing receivables, net\* | 14904 | 14904 | 7306 | 7306 | 3 | Note 3 |
| **Liabilities:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities\* | 4832 | 4832 | 3840 | 3840 | 3 | Note 9 |
| Line of Credit | 903 | 903 | 4169 | 4169 | 2 | Note 12 |

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\*Original maturity over one year

Cash and cash equivalents

Carrying amount approximated fair value.

Accounts receivable and accounts payable with original maturity of less than one year

Fair value was not materially different from their carrying values as of September 30, 2025, and 2024

Financing receivables. net

Fair value was estimated by discounting future cash flows based on the current rate with similar terms.

Line of credit

The fair value of our line of credit is based on borrowing rates currently available to a market participant for loans with similar terms or maturity. The carrying amount of our outstanding revolving line of credit approximates fair value because the base interest rate charged varies with market conditions and the credit spread is commensurate with current market spreads for issuers of similar risk. No interest accrues under the inventory line of credit when advances are paid within terms.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

19.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividend

Holders of outstanding shares of common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our Board of Directors, in its discretion, out of assets legally available, subject to any preferences that may be applicable to any preferred stock outstanding at the time. There was no outstanding preferred stock as of September 30, 2025 and or 2024. Payment of dividends on the common stock may be restricted by loan agreements, indentures and other transactions entered into by us from time to time. There were no restrictions during the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 the Company paid cash dividends on common stock below.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Fiscal Year** | <br>**Date Declared** | <br>**Record Date** | <br>**Date Paid** | **Amount Paid**<br>**Per Share** |
| 2024 | 12/12/2023 | 12/22/2023 | 1/9/2024 | $0.020 |
| 2024 | 2/14/2024 | 2/26/2024 | 3/8/2024 | $0.025 |
| 2024 | 5/8/2024 | 5/24/2024 | 6/12/2024 | $0.030 |
| 2024 | 8/13/2024 | 8/23/2024 | 9/10/2024 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 12/20/2024 | 12/27/2024 | 1/15/2025 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 2/10/2025 | 2/24/2025 | 3/10/2025 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 5/14/2025 | 5/28/2025 | 6/11/2025 | $0.030 |
| 2025 | 8/14/2025 | 8/29/2025 | 9/15/2025 | $0.030 |

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20.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Related Party Transactions

Under ASC 850 "Related Party Transactions" an entity or person is considered to be a "related party" if it has control, significant influence or is a key member of management personnel or affiliate. A transaction is considered to be a related party transaction when there is a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties. The Company, in accordance with ASC 850 presents disclosures about related party transactions and outstanding balances with related parties.

The Audit Committee has the responsibility of reviewing and approving transactions with related parties. In connection with the review of any related party transactions, the Audit Committee considers, among other matters, the nature, timing and duration of the transactions, the relationships of the parties to the transactions, whether the transactions are in the ordinary course of the Company's business, the dollar value of the transactions and whether the transactions are in the interests of the Company.

Gary Southwell, Vice President and General Manager of High Performance Products segment, is a minority shareholder in one of our vendors. He has no operational responsibilities. There were $267 thousand and $324 thousand of purchases from this vendor for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. An amount of $69 thousand was due to this vendor as of September 30, 2025. There was no balance due as of September 30, 2024.

## Exhibit 4.1

EXHIBIT 4.1

**DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT'S SECURITIES**

**REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES**

**EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

*CSP, Inc. has one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended: our common stock.*

In this Exhibit 4.1, when we refer to "CSP,", "CSPI", the "Company," "we," "us" or "our", we mean CSP, Inc., excluding, unless otherwise expressly stated or the context requires, our subsidiaries. All references to "common stock" refer only to common stock issued by CSP and not to any common stock issued by any subsidiary.

The general terms and provisions of our common stock are summarized below. This summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by express reference to, the provisions of our articles of organization and bylaws, each of which is filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.1 is a part. We encourage you to read our articles of organization and bylaws and the applicable provisions of the Massachusetts Business Corporation Act ("MBCA") for additional information.

**Authorized Shares**

Under our articles of organization, we have the authority to issue 20,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share.

**Dividends**

Holders of outstanding shares of common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our Board of Directors, in its discretion, out of assets legally available, subject to any preferences that may be applicable to any preferred stock outstanding at the time. Payment of dividends on the common stock may be restricted by loan agreements, indentures and other transactions entered into by us from time to time.

**Voting Rights**

Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters voted on generally by the stockholders, including the election of directors, and, except as otherwise required by law or except as provided with respect to any series of preferred stock, the holders of common stock possess all voting power. Our articles of organization does not provide for cumulative voting for the election of directors.

Directors are elected by a plurality of votes cast at the annual meeting of stockholders (or special meeting in lieu thereof). If an incumbent director in an uncontested election does not receive more votes "for" than "withheld", the director is expected to promptly offer the Board his or her resignation as a Director for consideration. The resignation will be considered by the Nominating Committee and acted upon by the Board within 90 days following the certification of the stockholder vote.

At any meeting of stockholders, a majority in interest of all stock issued, outstanding and entitled to vote upon a question to be considered at such meeting shall constitute a quorum. When a quorum is present at any meeting, a majority in interest of the stock present or represented and entitled to vote on a matter, (or if there are two or more classes of stock entitled to vote as separate classes, then in the case of each such class, a majority in interest of the stock of that class present or represented and entitled to vote on a matter) shall decide any matter to be voted on by the stockholders, except where a larger vote is required by law, the articles of organization or our bylaws.

CSP, by vote of a two-thirds of the stock outstanding and entitled to vote thereon (or if there are two or more classes of stock entitled to vote as separate classes, then by vote of a two-thirds of each such class of stock outstanding), may (i) authorize any amendment to our articles of organization pursuant to Section 10.03 of Chapter 156D of the MBCA, as amended from time to time, (ii) authorize the sale, lease, or exchange of all or substantially all of its property and assets, including its goodwill, pursuant to Section 12.02 of Chapter 156D of the Massachusetts General Laws, as amended from time to time, and (iii) approve an agreement of merger or consolidation pursuant to Section 11.04 of Chapter 156D of the Massachusetts General Laws, as amended from time to time.

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**Advance notice provisions for stockholder proposals and stockholder nominations of directors**

Our bylaws provide that, for nominations to the Board of Directors or for other business to be properly brought by a holder of common stock before a meeting of stockholders, the stockholder must first have given notice of the proposal in writing to the Company's Clerk within the deadlines set forth in the bylaws. Detailed requirements as to the form of the notice and information required in the notice are specified in the bylaws. If it is determined that business was not properly brought before a meeting in accordance with the bylaws, such business will not be conducted at the meeting. The bylaws may have the effect of precluding the conduct of some business at a stockholders' meeting if the proper procedures are not followed or may discourage or defer a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

**Limitations on Stockholder action without a meeting and the ability of stockholders to call a meeting.**

Although our articles of organization and bylaws allow stockholders to act by written consent, such written consent must be signed by all stockholders entitled to vote on the matter to be approved. This essentially requires that stockholders may act only at a duly called stockholders' meeting. In addition, under the bylaws, special meetings of stockholders may be called only by our President, the Board of Directors, and by our Clerk upon written application of or one or more stockholders holding at least 40% of the capital of stock entitled to vote at the meeting.

**Liquidation Rights**

Upon our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolutions, or winding up, holders of shares of common stock are entitled to share ratably in our assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preferences of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock.

**Absence of Other Rights**

Holders of common stock have no preferential, preemptive, conversion, redemption or exchange rights.

**Massachusetts Law**

If in the future the Company were to have more than 200 stockholders of record (as determined by the statute), the Company would be subject to the provisions of Chapter 110F and 110D of the Massachusetts General Laws, the so-called Business Combination Statute and Control Share Acquisition Act, respectively.

Under Chapter 110F, a Massachusetts corporation with at least 200 shareholders of record (as determined by the statute), which is otherwise subject to the statute, may not engage in a "business combination" with an "interested shareholder" for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person becomes an interested shareholder, unless (i) the interested shareholder obtains the approval of the Board of Directors of the Company prior to becoming an interested shareholder, (ii) the interested shareholder acquires 90% of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (excluding shares held by certain affiliates of the Company) at the time it becomes an interested shareholder, or (iii) the business combination is approved by both the Board of Directors of the Company and the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (excluding shares held by the interested shareholder), which in the case of the shareholder approval is authorized at an annual or special meeting of shareholders, and not by written consent.

An "interested shareholder" is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or at any time within the prior three years did own) 5% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (which 5% number is adjusted to 15% for such person so long as such person is eligible to file Schedule 13-G under the Securities Exchange Act) . A "business combination" includes a merger, a stock or asset sale, and other transactions resulting in a financial benefit to the shareholder.

Under Chapter 110D, a Massachusetts corporation with at least 200 shareholders of record (as determined by the statute), generally provides, with certain exceptions, that any person, including his, her or its affiliates who acquires shares of a corporation that are subject to the Control Share Acquisition Act, and whose shares represent one-fifth or more, one-third or more, or a majority or more of the voting power of the corporation in the election of directors cannot exercise any voting power with respect to those shares, unless those voting rights are authorized by the stockholders of the corporation. The authorization of voting rights requires the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting shares, excluding shares owned by: (i) the person making the acquisition of this

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nature, (ii) any officer of the corporation, and (iii) any employee who is also a director of the corporation. Our bylaws provide a provision which permits the Company to effect redemptions of shares acquired in a control share acquisition under certain circumstances.

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## Exhibit 21.1

**Exhibit 21.1**

**SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT**

Each of the below listed subsidiaries is 100% directly owned by CSP Inc. except as otherwise indicated, and all are included in the consolidated financial statements.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **NAME OF SUBSIDIARY**  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION OF INCORPORATION/<br>ORGANIZATION**  |
| CSP Securities Corp.<br>175 Cabot Street, Suite 210<br>Lowell, MA 01854 | Massachusetts |
| CSP Inc. Foreign Sales Corp., Ltd.<br>175 Cabot Street, Suite 210<br>Lowell, MA 01854 | U.S. Virgin Islands |
| Modcomp, Inc (1).<br>951 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 250<br>Boca Raton, FL 33487 | Delaware |
| ARIA Cybersecurity Inc.<br>175 Cabot Street, Suite 210<br>Lowell, MA 01854 | Delaware |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Modcomp has one subsidiary operating in Europe

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## Exhibit 23.1

**EXHIBIT 23.1**

**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in these Registration Statements (Nos. 333-64493, 333-124030, 333-124031, 333-151024, 333-197608, 333-207229, 333-231650, 333-263764, 333-269441, and 333-285739) on Form S-8 of CSP Inc. of our report dated December 20, 2024, relating to the consolidated financial statements of CSP Inc., appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of CSP Inc. for the year ended September 30, 2025.

/s/ RSM US LLP

Coral Gables, Florida

December 16, 2025

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## Exhibit 23.2

**EXHIBIT 23.2**

**INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM'S CONSENT**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in these Registration Statements on Form S-8 (File Nos. 333-64493, 333-124030, 333-124031, 333-151024, 333-197608, 333-207229, 333-231650, 333-263764, 333-269441, and 333-285739) of our report dated December 16, 2025 relating to the financial statements appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of CSP, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the year ended September 30, 2025.

/s/ CBIZ CPAs P.C.

Tampa, Florida <br>December 16, 2025

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## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Victor Dellovo, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CSP Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

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| |
|:---|
| December 16, 2025 |
| /s/ Victor Dellovo |
| Victor Dellovo |
| Chief Executive Officer and |
| President |

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## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Gary W. Levine, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CSP Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

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| |
|:---|
| December 16, 2025 |
| /s/Gary W. Levine |
| Gary W. Levine |
| Chief Financial Officer |

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## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**18 U.S.C. Section 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of CSP Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), each of the undersigned Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certifies, to the best knowledge and belief of the signatory, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| December 16, 2025 | By: | /s/ Victor Dellovo |
|  |  | Victor Dellovo |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer and President |
| December 16, 2025 | By: | /s/ Gary W. Levine |
|  |  | Gary W. Levine |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer |

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