# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001604950
**File Stem:** 0001193125-25-232754
**Filing Date:** 2025-10
**Character Count:** 95156
**Document Hash:** c190f007c3e7c6b2268dfec4e0858645
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001193125-25-232754.hdr.sgml**: 20251007

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001193125-25-232754

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 8-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 14

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251007

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Termination of a Material Definitive Agreement

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Completion of Acquisition or Disposition of Assets

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Notice of Delisting or Failure to Satisfy a Continued Listing Rule or Standard; Transfer of Listing

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Material Modifications to Rights of Security Holders

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Changes in Control of Registrant

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers: Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Financial Statements and Exhibits

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251007

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251007

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** scPharmaceuticals Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001604950
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 465184075
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 8-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-38293
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251378397

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 25 BURLINGTON MALL ROAD, SUITE 203
- **CITY:** BURLINGTON
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 01803
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 617-517-0730

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 25 BURLINGTON MALL ROAD, SUITE 203
- **CITY:** BURLINGTON
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 01803

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? 8-K

### UNITED STATES

### SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

#### Washington, D.C. 20549

### FORM 8-K

#### CURRENT REPORT

#### Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

#### of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

#### Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): October 7, 2025

## scPharmaceuticals Inc.

#### (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **001-38293** | **46-5184075** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction<br>of incorporation)** | **(Commission<br>File Number)** | **(I.R.S. Employer<br>Identification No.)** |

---

#### 25 Mall Road, Suite 203

#### Burlington, Massachusetts 01803

#### (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(617) 517-0730

#### (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

#### N/A

#### (Former name or former address, if changed since last report)
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

☐ Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

☐ Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading<br>Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange<br>on which registered** |
| Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share | SCPH | The Nasdaq Global Select Market |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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#### Introductory Note.
As previously disclosed in the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("**SEC**") by scPharmaceuticals Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "**Company**"), on August 25, 2025, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "**Merger Agreement**"), dated as of August 24, 2025, with MannKind Corporation, a Delaware corporation ("**Parent**") and Seacoast Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Parent ("**Purchaser**"). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on September 8, 2025, Parent, through Purchaser, commenced a tender offer to purchase all the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "**Shares**"), at a price per Share of (i) $5.35 in cash (the "**Cash Amount**"), without interest, subject to any applicable withholding taxes and (ii) one non-tradable contingent value right (each, a "**CVR**") per Share, which represents the right to receive certain contingent payments of up to an aggregate amount of $1.00 per CVR in cash, without interest, subject to any applicable withholding taxes, upon the achievement of certain regulatory and net sales milestones on or prior to the applicable milestone outside dates in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the Contingent Value Rights Agreement (the "**CVR Agreement**"), entered into with Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, LLC, a Pennsylvania limited liability company (the "**Rights Agent**") (the Cash Amount plus the CVR, collectively, the "**Offer Price**"), upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Offer to Purchase, dated September 8, 2025 (together with any amendments or supplements thereto, the "**Offer to Purchase**"), in the related Letter of Transmittal (together with any amendments or supplements thereto, the "**Letter of Transmittal**") and the related Notice of Guaranteed Delivery (together with any amendments or supplements thereto, the "**Notice of Guaranteed Delivery**" and, the Offer to Purchase, the Letter of Transmittal and the Notice of Guaranteed Delivery, collectively, the "**Offer**"). The Offer to Purchase, the Letter of Transmittal and Notice of Guaranteed Delivery were filed as Exhibits (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii), respectively, to the Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO originally filed with the SEC by Purchaser and Parent on September 8, 2025.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 1.02** | **Termination of a Material Definitive Agreement**  |

---

The information contained in the Introductory Note and under Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.02.

At the effective time of the Merger (as defined below) (the "**Effective Time**"), scPharmaceuticals Inc. (the "**Company**") terminated the Credit Agreement and Guaranty, dated as of August 9, 2024 (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified prior to the Effective Time, the "**Existing Credit Agreement**"), by and among the Company, the subsidiary guarantors from time to time party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Perceptive Credit Holdings IV, LP, as administrative agents for the lenders. The termination of the Existing Credit Agreement was effectuated following the full repayment of all outstanding obligations under the Existing Credit Agreement, in connection with the Merger.

At the Effective Time, the Company terminated the Revenue Participation Right Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of August 9, 2024 (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified prior to the Effective Time, the "**Existing RIF Agreement**"), by and among the Company and Perceptive Credit Holdings IV, LP, as buyer. The termination of the Existing RIF Agreement was effectuated following repurchase in full of the Revenue Participation Right (as defined in the Existing RIF Agreement) and repayment of all outstanding obligations under the Existing RIF Agreement, in connection with the Merger.

*Employee Stock Purchase Plan* 

In accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement, effective immediately prior to the Effective Time, the Company terminated its 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "**ESPP**"). The Company previously filed the ESPP as Exhibit 10.4 to its Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-221077), originally filed with the SEC on October 23, 2017, and declared effective on November 16, 2017.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 2.01** | **Completion of Acquisition or Disposition of Assets**  |

---

The information set forth in the Introductory Note and Items 1.02, 5.01 and 5.03 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 2.01.

------

The Offer and related withdrawal rights expired as scheduled at one minute after 11:59 p.m., Eastern time, on October 6, 2025 (such date and time, the "**Expiration Date**"). Purchaser was advised by Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, LLC, the depositary for the Offer, that, as of the Expiration Date, a total of 39,933,692 Shares (excluding any Shares tendered pursuant to guaranteed delivery procedures that have not yet been "received," as such term is defined by Section 251(h) of the DGCL) had been validly tendered (and not validly withdrawn) pursuant to the Offer, representing approximately 73.47% of the issued and outstanding Shares as of the Expiration Date. In addition, Notices of Guaranteed Delivery had been delivered for 5,930,025 Shares, representing approximately 10.91% of the issued and outstanding Shares as of the Expiration Date. As of the Expiration Date, the number of Shares validly tendered and not validly withdrawn pursuant to the Offer satisfied the Minimum Condition (as defined in the Merger Agreement), and all other conditions to the Offer were satisfied. Promptly after the Expiration Date, Purchaser irrevocably accepted for payment all Shares validly tendered and not validly withdrawn pursuant to the Offer and payment of the Offer Price for such Shares will be made promptly in accordance with the terms of the Offer and the Merger Agreement. Parent completed the acquisition of the Company on October 7, 2025 (the "**Closing Date**"), by causing Purchaser to merge with and into the Company (the "**Merger**") pursuant to the Merger Agreement without any action by the Company stockholders in accordance with Section 251(h) of the DGCL. At the Effective Time, Purchaser was merged with and into the Company, the separate existence of Purchaser ceased and the Company continued as a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (the "**Surviving Corporation**").

At the Effective Time, each Share issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than Shares owned by the Company, Parent or Purchaser or by any of their respective subsidiaries (or held in the Company's treasury), which were cancelled and ceased to exist, and no consideration was delivered in exchange therefor) was cancelled and ceased to exist, and (other than any Shares held by holders who were entitled to appraisal rights under Section 262 of the DGCL and who properly exercised and perfected such holder's respective demands for appraisal and, as of the Effective Time, had not effectively withdrawn or lost such holder's rights to such appraisal and payment under the DGCL), and was converted into the right to receive the Offer Price (the "**Merger Consideration**"), without interest, subject to any applicable withholding taxes.

In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, effective as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger, without any action on the part of the Company, Parent or the holder thereof: (i) each option to purchase Shares (each, a "**Company Option**") that was outstanding and unexercised immediately prior to the Effective Time and that did not have an exercise price per Share that is equal to or greater than the Cash Amount, whether or not then vested or exercisable, was canceled and converted into the right to receive (x) an amount in cash, without interest and subject to any applicable withholding taxes, equal to the product obtained by multiplying (A) the total number of Shares subject to such Company Option immediately prior to such cancellation by (B) the excess, if any, of (1) the Cash Amount over (2) the exercise price payable per Share underlying such Company Option and (y) one CVR in respect of each Share subject to such Company Option, and (ii) each restricted stock unit award with respect to Shares (each, a "**Company RSU Award**") that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, whether or not then vested, fully vested and was canceled and converted into the right to receive (x) an amount in cash, without interest and subject to any applicable withholding taxes, equal to the product obtained by multiplying (A) the number of Shares subject to such Company RSU Award immediately prior to such cancellation, by (B) the Cash Amount and (y) one CVR in respect of each Share subject to such Company RSU Award. All amounts payable to current or former Company employees with respect to Company Options and Company RSU Awards will be paid as soon as reasonably practicable after the Effective Time (but no later than fifteen (15) days after the Effective Time) and will be subject to deduction for any required tax withholding.

All warrants to purchase Shares ("**Company Warrants**") were exercised prior to the Effective Time, and the Shares underlying such exercised Company Warrants were treated in the same manner as each Share outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time.

The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC by the Company on August 25, 2025, which is incorporated by reference herein.

------

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 3.01** | **Notice of Delisting or Failure to Satisfy a Continued Listing Rule or Standard; Transfer of Listing**  |

---

The information set forth in Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 3.01.

On October 7, 2025, in connection with the consummation of the Offer and the Merger, the Company notified The Nasdaq Global Select Market ("**Nasdaq**") of the consummation of the Merger and requested that Nasdaq file with the SEC a notification of removal from listing and/or registration on Form 25 to effect the delisting of all Shares from Nasdaq and the deregistration of such Shares under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "**Exchange Act**"). Nasdaq is expected to file the Form 25 with the SEC on October 7, 2025, and trading of Shares was halted prior to the open of trading on October 7, 2025. The Company intends to file a certification and notice of termination of registration on Form 15 with the SEC requesting the termination of registration of the Shares under the Exchange Act and the suspension of the Company's reporting obligations under Sections 13 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act as promptly as practicable.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 3.03** | **Material Modification to Rights of Security Holders**  |

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The information set forth under Items 2.01, 3.01, 5.01, and 5.03 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 3.03.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 5.01** | **Changes in Control of Registrant**  |

---

The information set forth under Items 2.01, 5.02, and 5.03 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 5.01.

As a result of the completion of the Merger, a change of control of the Company occurred and the Company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent obtained the funds necessary to fund the acquisition through available cash on hand and debt financing.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 5.02** | **Departure of Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers**  |

---

The information set forth in Item 2.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 5.02.

On October 7, 2025, in connection with the consummation of the Merger, each of John H. Tucker, William T. Abraham, MD, Mette Kirstine Agger, Minnie V. Baylor-Henry, Sara Bonstein, Frederick Hudson, Jack A. Khattar, Leonard D. Schaeffer and Klaus Veitinger, MD, PhD resigned as members of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "**Board**") and from all committees of the Board on which such directors served, effective as of the Effective Time. The resignations of such directors from the Board were not related to any disagreement with the Company on any matter relating to the Company's operations, policies or practices. On October 7, 2025, in connection with the consummation of the Merger, Michael E. Castagna, David Thomson and Chris Prentiss became the directors of the Surviving Corporation in lieu of the Company's existing directors. Information about Michael E. Castagna, David Thomson and Chris Prentiss is contained in the Offer to Purchase, filed by Purchaser and Parent as Exhibit (a)(1)(i) to the Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO, originally filed with the SEC on September 8, 2025, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Effective as of the Effective Time, each executive officer of the Company immediately prior to the Effective Time ceased to be an officer of the Surviving Company, and (i) Michael E. Castagna was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of the Surviving Corporation, (ii) Chris Prentiss was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Surviving Corporation and (iii) David Thomson was appointed Secretary of the Surviving Corporation.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 5.03** | **Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws**  |

---

Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, on October 7, 2025, the Company's second amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws were each amended and restated in their entirety and, as so amended and restated, became the certificate of incorporation and bylaws of the Surviving Corporation. Copies of the amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws are attached as Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2, respectively, to this Current Report on Form 8-K and are incorporated herein by reference.

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---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Item 9.01** | **Financial Statements and Exhibits**  |

---

(d) Exhibits.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit<br>No.** | **Description of Exhibit** |
| 2.1 | [Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 24, 2025, by and among scPharmaceuticals Inc., Seacoast Merger Sub, Inc. and MannKind Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 on the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 25, 2025).\*](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1604950/000119312525186993/d20370dex21.htm) |
| 3.1 | [Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of scPharmaceuticals Inc. (filed herewith).](d20686dex31.htm) |
| 3.2 | [Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of scPharmaceuticals Inc. (filed herewith).](d20686dex32.htm) |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). |

---

\* Certain annexes and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted annexes and schedules upon request by the SEC; provided, however, that the Company may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act for any annexes or schedules so furnished. 

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#### SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

Dated: October 7, 2025

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **scPharmaceuticals Inc.** | **scPharmaceuticals Inc.** |
| By: | /s/ *David Thomson* |
|  | Name: David Thomson |
|  | Title: Secretary |

---

## Exhibit 3.1

**Exhibit 3.1** 

**THIRD AMENDED AND RESTATED** 

**CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION** 

**OF** 

**SCPHARMACEUTICALS INC.** 

FIRST. The name of the corporation is scPharmaceuticals Inc. (the "**Corporation**").

SECOND. The address of the registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is 251 Little Falls Drive, City of Wilmington, New Castle County, 19808. The name of the registered agent of the Corporation at such address is Corporation Service Company.

THIRD. The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "**DGCL**").

FOURTH. The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock that the Corporation shall have the authority to issue is One Thousand (1,000) shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share.

FIFTH. In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by statute, the Board of Directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation, subject to any specific limitation on such power contained in any Bylaws adopted by the stockholders. Elections of directors need not be by written ballot unless the Bylaws of the Corporation so provide.

SIXTH.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. To the fullest extent permitted by law, a director of the Corporation shall not be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director. If the DGCL or any other law of the State of Delaware is amended after approval by the stockholders of this Article Sixth to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL as so amended. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Article Sixth by the stockholders of the Corporation shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director of the Corporation existing at the time of, or increase the liability of any director of the Corporation with respect to any acts or omissions of such director occurring prior to, such repeal or modification.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation is authorized to provide indemnification of (and advancement of expenses to) directors, officers and agents of the Corporation (and any other persons to which applicable law permits the Corporation to provide indemnification) through Bylaw provisions, agreements with such agents or other persons, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise in excess of the indemnification and advancement otherwise permitted by such applicable law. If applicable law is amended after approval by the stockholders of this Article Seventh to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director to the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as so amended.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C. Any repeal or modification of this Article Seventh shall only be prospective and shall not affect the rights or protections or increase the liability of any director under this Article Seventh in effect at the time of the alleged occurrence of any act or omission to act giving rise to liability or indemnification.

SEVENTH. The Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute, and all rights conferred upon the stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation.

## Exhibit 3.2

**Exhibit 3.2** 

**Second Amended and Restated Bylaws** 

**of** 

**SCPHARMACEUTICALS INC.** 

**a Delaware corporation** 

**<u>ARTICLE I</u>**

Offices

**Section 1.1.** The registered office of scPharmaceuticals Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "***Corporation***"), shall be in the County of New Castle, State of Delaware.

**Section 1.2.** The Corporation may also have offices at such other places both within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.

**<u>ARTICLE II</u>**

Stockholders Meetings

**Section 2.1.** <u>Annual Meetings</u>. An annual meeting of stockholders shall be held for the election of directors and the transaction of such other business as may properly be brought before the meeting in accordance with these Bylaws at such date, time and place, if any, as may be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors of the Corporation from time to time. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that the meeting shall not be held at any place, but shall be held solely by means of remote communication, subject to such guidelines and procedures as the Board of Directors may adopt, as permitted by applicable law.

**Section 2.2.** <u>Special Meetings</u>. Special meetings of stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time only by the Chairman of the Board, if any, or pursuant to a resolution approved by a majority of the whole Board of Directors or by a committee of the Board of Directors authorized to call such meetings and by no other person. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that the special meeting shall not be held at any place, but shall be held solely by means of remote communication, subject to such guidelines and procedures as the Board of Directors may adopt, as permitted by applicable law. The business transacted at a special meeting of stockholders shall be limited solely to matters relating to the purpose or purposes stated in the Corporation's notice of meeting.

**Section 2.3.** <u>Notice of Meetings</u>. A written notice of each annual or special meeting of stockholders shall be given stating the place, if any, date and time of the meeting, the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxyholders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Unless otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, such notice of meeting shall be given not less than ten nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting, personally, by mail or, to the extent and in the manner permitted by applicable law, by electronic facsimile or internet transmission; provided, however, a stockholder may direct the Corporation, in a writing delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation, to not send any notices of meeting by electronic or other transmission, and agrees that if such stockholder provides the Corporation with an internet address at which the stockholder can receive electronic communications the Corporation may send all such

------

notices to such internet address unless the Stockholder advises the Corporation in writing of a change in address or that such stockholder no longer is willing to accept delivery of notices of meetings through electronic transmission. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder's address as it appears on the records of the Corporation.

**Section 2.4.** <u>Adjournments</u>. Any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be adjourned from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other place, if any, and notice need not be given of any such adjourned meeting if the date, time and place, if any, thereof and the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxyholders may be deemed present in person and vote at such adjourned meeting are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At the adjourned meeting any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than 30 days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting in accordance with Section 2.3.

**Section 2.5.** <u>Quorum</u>. Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the presence in person or by proxy of the holders of stock having a majority of the votes which could be cast by the holders of all outstanding stock entitled to vote at the meeting shall constitute a quorum at each meeting of stockholders. In the absence of a quorum, the stockholders so present may, by the affirmative vote of the holders of stock having a majority of the votes which could be cast by all such holders, adjourn the meeting from time to time in the manner provided in Section 2.4 of these Bylaws until a quorum is present. If a quorum is present when a meeting is convened, the subsequent withdrawal of stockholders, even though less than a quorum remains, shall not affect the ability of the remaining stockholders lawfully to transact business.

**Section 2.6.** <u>Conduct; Remote Communication</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Meetings of stockholders shall be presided over by the Chairman of the Board, if any, or if there is none or in his or her absence, by the President, or in his or her absence, by a chairman designated by the Board of Directors, or in the absence of such designation by a chairman chosen at the meeting. The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) If authorized by the Board of Directors in accordance with these Bylaws and applicable law, stockholders and proxyholders not physically present at a meeting of stockholders may, by means of remote communication, (1) participate in a meeting of stockholders and (2) be deemed present in person and vote at a meeting of stockholders, whether such meeting is to be held at a designated place or solely by means of remote communication, provided that (i) the Corporation shall implement reasonable measures to verify that each person deemed present and permitted to vote at the meeting by means of remote communication is a stockholder or proxyholder, (ii) the Corporation shall implement reasonable measures to provide such stockholders and proxyholders a reasonable opportunity to participate in the meeting and to vote on matters submitted to the stockholders, including an opportunity to read or hear the proceedings of the meeting substantially concurrently with such proceedings, and (iii) if any stockholder or proxyholder votes or takes other action at the meeting by means of remote communication, a record of such vote or other action shall be maintained by the Corporation.

**Section 2.7.** <u>Voting</u>.

Page 2 of 18

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, each stockholder entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be entitled to one vote for each share of stock held by such stockholder which has voting power on the matter in question.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Voting at meetings of stockholders need not be by written ballot and need not be conducted by inspectors of election unless so determined by the holders of stock having a majority of the votes which could be cast by the holders of all outstanding stock entitled to vote which are present in person or by proxy at such meeting. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast in the election of directors. Each other question shall, unless otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, be decided by the vote of the holders of stock having a majority of the votes which could be cast by the holders of all stock entitled to vote on such question which are present in person or by proxy at the meeting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Stock of the Corporation standing in the name of another corporation and entitled to vote may be voted by such officer, agent or proxy as the Bylaws or other internal regulations of such other corporation may prescribe or, in the absence of such provision, as the board of directors or comparable body of such other corporation may determine.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Stock of the Corporation standing in the name of a deceased person, a minor, an incompetent or a debtor in a case under Title 11, United States Code, and entitled to vote may be voted by an administrator, executor, guardian, conservator, debtor-in-possession or trustee, as the case may be, either in person or by proxy, without transfer of such shares into the name of the official or other person so voting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) A stockholder whose voting stock of the Corporation is pledged shall be entitled to vote such stock unless on the transfer records of the Corporation the pledgor has expressly empowered the pledgee to vote such shares, in which case only the pledgee, or such pledgee's proxy, may represent such shares and vote thereon.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) If voting stock is held of record in the names of two or more persons, whether fiduciaries, members of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, tenants by the entirety or otherwise, or if two or more persons have the same fiduciary relationship respecting the same shares, unless the Secretary is given written notice to the contrary and is furnished with a copy of the instrument or order appointing them or creating the relationship wherein it is so provided, their acts with respect to voting shall have the following effect: (i) if only one votes, such act binds all; (ii) if more than one vote, the act of the majority so voting binds all; and (iii) if more than one votes, but the vote is evenly split on any particular matter each faction may vote such stock proportionally, or any person voting the shares, or a beneficiary, if any, may apply to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or such other court as may have jurisdiction to appoint an additional person to act with the persons so voting the stock, which shall then be voted as determined by a majority of such persons and the person appointed by such court. If the instrument so filed shows that any such tenancy is held in unequal interests, a majority or even split for the purpose of this subsection shall be a majority or even split in interest.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) Stock of the Corporation belonging to the Corporation, or to another corporation a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors of which are held by the Corporation, shall not be voted at any meeting of stockholders and shall not be counted in the total number of outstanding shares for the purpose of determining whether a quorum is present. Nothing in this Section 2.7 shall limit the right of the Corporation to vote shares of stock of the Corporation held by it in a fiduciary capacity.

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**Section 2.8.** <u>Proxies</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by proxy filed with the Secretary before or at the time of the meeting. No such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A duly executed proxy shall be irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if, and only as long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A stockholder may revoke any proxy which is not irrevocable by attending the meeting and voting in person or by filing with the Secretary an instrument in writing revoking the proxy or another duly executed proxy bearing a later date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) A stockholder may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy (i) by executing a writing authorizing such person or persons to act as such, which execution may be accomplished by such stockholder or such stockholder's authorized officer, director, partner, employee or agent (or, if the stock is held in a trust or estate, by a trustee, executor or administrator thereof) signing such writing or causing his or her signature to be affixed to such writing by any reasonable means, including, but not limited to, facsimile signature, or (ii) by transmitting or authorizing the transmission of a telegram, cablegram or other means of electronic transmission (a "Transmission") to the person who will be the holder of the proxy or to a proxy solicitation firm, proxy support service organization or like agent duly authorized by the person who will be the holder of the proxy to receive such Transmission; provided that any such Transmission must either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined that such Transmission was authorized by such stockholder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Any inspector or inspectors appointed shall examine Transmissions to determine if they are valid. If no inspector or inspectors are so appointed, the Secretary or such other person or persons as shall be appointed from time to time by the Board of Directors shall examine Transmissions to determine if they are valid. If it is determined that a Transmission is valid, the person or persons making that determination shall specify the information upon which such person or persons relied. Any copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reliable reproduction of such a writing or Transmission may be substituted or used in lieu of the original writing or Transmission for any and all purposes for which the original writing or Transmission could be used; provided that such copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reproduction shall be a complete reproduction of the entire original writing or Transmission.

**Section 2.9.** <u>Fixing Date of Determination of Stockholders of Record</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled (i) to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, (ii) to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, (iii) to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, (iv) to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or (v) to take, receive or participate in any other action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which shall not be earlier than the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors and which (1) in the case of a determination of stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or adjournment thereof, shall, unless otherwise required by law, be not more than 60 nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting; (2) in the case of a determination of stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, shall be not more than ten days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors; and (3) in the case of any other action, shall be not more than 60 days before such action.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) If no record date is fixed, (i) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held; (ii) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting when no prior action of the Board of Directors is required by law, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation in accordance with applicable law, or, if prior action by the Board of Directors is required by law, shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action; and (iii) the record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting, but the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

**Section 2.10.** <u>List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote</u>. The Secretary shall prepare, at least ten days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of at least ten days prior to the meeting: (i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (ii) during ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the Corporation. In the event that the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation. If the meeting is to be held at a place, the list shall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present. If the meeting is to be held solely by means of remote communication, the list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder during the whole time thereof on a reasonably accessible electronic network, and the information required to access such list shall be provided with the notice of the meeting. The stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine the stock ledger, the list of stockholders or the books of the Corporation, or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders.

**Section 2.11.** <u>Action By Consent of Stockholders</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Unless the power of stockholders to act by consent without a meeting is restricted or eliminated by the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, is signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote on such action were present and voted.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Every written consent shall bear the date of signature of each stockholder (or his, her or its proxy) signing such consent. Prompt notice of the taking of corporate action without a meeting of stockholders by less than unanimous written consent shall be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing and who, if action had been taken at a meeting, would have been entitled to notice of the meeting if the record date for such meeting had been the date that written consents signed by a sufficient number of persons to authorize or take the action were delivered to the Corporation in the manner required by this Section 2.11. All such written consents shall be delivered to the Corporation at its registered office in the State of Delaware, at its principal place of business or to the Secretary. Delivery made to the Corporation's registered office shall be made by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) A telegram, cablegram or other electronic transmission consenting to an action to be taken and transmitted by a stockholder or proxyholder, or by a person or persons authorized to act for a stockholder or proxyholder, shall be deemed to be written, signed and dated for the purposes of these Bylaws, provided that any such telegram, cablegram or other electronic transmission sets forth or is delivered with information from which the Corporation can determine (A) that the telegram, cablegram or other electronic transmission was transmitted by the stockholder or proxyholder or by a person or persons authorized to act for the stockholder or proxyholder and (B) the date on which such stockholder or proxyholder or authorized person or persons transmitted such telegram, cablegram or electronic transmission. Any consent by means of telegram, cablegram or electronic transmission shall be deemed to have been signed on the date on which it was transmitted. No consent given by telegram, cablegram or other electronic transmission shall be deemed to have been delivered until such consent is reproduced in paper form and until such paper form shall be delivered to the Corporation by delivery to its registered office in the State of Delaware, at its principal place of business or to the Secretary. Delivery made to the Corporation's registered office shall be made by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested. Notwithstanding the foregoing limitations on delivery, consents given by telegram, cablegram or other electronic transmission may be otherwise delivered to the principal place of business of the Corporation or to the Secretary if, to the extent and in the manner provided by resolution of the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) No written consent shall be effective to authorize or take the corporate action referred to therein unless, within 60 days of the earliest dated written consent delivered to the Corporation in the manner required by this Section 2.11, written consents signed by a sufficient number of persons to authorize or take such action are delivered to the Corporation at its registered office in the State of Delaware, at its principal place of business or to the Secretary. All such written consents shall be filed with the minutes of proceedings of the stockholders, and actions authorized or taken under such written consents shall have the same force and effect as those authorized or taken pursuant to a vote of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting.

**<u>ARTICLE III</u>**

Board of Directors

**Section 3.1.** <u>Number</u>. The initial Board of Directors shall consist of two directors. Thereafter, the number of directors may be amended from time to time by resolution adopted by affirmative vote of a majority of the whole Board of Directors; provided that no such amendment may shorten the term of any incumbent director.

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**Section 3.2.** <u>Election; Resignation; Vacancies</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Unless the Certificate of Incorporation or an amendment to these Bylaws adopted by the stockholders provides for a Board of Directors divided into two or three classes, at each annual meeting of stockholders the stockholders shall elect directors each of whom shall hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders and the election and qualification of his or her successor, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. If the Board of Directors is divided into classes, at each annual meeting at which the term of office of a class of directors expires, the stockholders shall elect directors of such class each to hold office until the annual meeting at which the terms of office of such class of directors expire and the election and qualification of his or her successor, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any director may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Chairman of the Board, if any, the President or the Secretary. Unless otherwise stated in a notice of resignation, it shall take effect when received by the officer to whom it is directed, without any need for its acceptance.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Any newly created directorship or any vacancy occurring in the Board of Directors for any reason may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors (excluding any director elected by any class or series of preferred stock), although less than a quorum, or by a plurality of the votes cast in the election of directors at a meeting of stockholders. Each director elected to replace a former director shall hold office until the expiration of the term of office of the director whom he or she has replaced and the election and qualification of his or her successor, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. A director elected to fill a newly created directorship shall serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and the election and qualification of his or her successor, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.

**Section 3.3.** <u>Regular Meetings</u>. Unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors, a regular annual meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held, without call or notice, immediately after and, if the annual meeting of stockholders is held at a place, at the same place as the annual meeting of stockholders, for the purpose of organizing the Board of Directors, electing officers and transacting any other business that may properly come before such meeting. If the stockholders shall elect the directors by written consent of stockholders as permitted by Section 2.11 of these Bylaws, a special meeting of the Board of Directors shall be called as soon as practicable after such election for the purposes described in the preceding sentence. Additional regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held without call or notice at such times as shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.

**Section 3.4.** <u>Special Meetings</u>. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board, if any, the President, the Secretary or by any member of the Board of Directors. Notice of an in-person special meeting of the Board of Directors shall be given by the person or persons calling the meeting at least twenty-four hours before the special meeting. Notice of a special telephonic meeting of the Board of Directors shall be given by the person or persons calling the meeting at least two hours before the special meeting. The purpose or purposes of a special meeting need not be stated in the call or notice.

**Section 3.5.** <u>Organization</u>. Meetings of the Board of Directors shall be presided over by the Chairman of the Board, if any, or if there is none or in his or her absence, by the President, or in his or her absence, by a chairman chosen at the meeting. The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting. A majority of the directors present at a meeting, whether or not they constitute a quorum, may adjourn such meeting to any other date, time or place without notice other than announcement at the meeting.

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**Section 3.6.** <u>Quorum; Vote Required for Action</u>. At all meetings of the Board of Directors a majority of the whole Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Unless the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws otherwise provide, the vote of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors.

**Section 3.7.** <u>Committees</u>. The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board of Directors, designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more directors of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of the committee, the member or members present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent permitted by law and provided in these Bylaws or in the resolution of the Board of Directors designating such committee, or an amendment to such resolution, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it.

**Section 3.8.** <u>Telephonic Meetings</u>. Directors, or any committee of directors designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 3.8 shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

**Section 3.9.** <u>Informal Action by Directors</u>. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing (which may be in counterparts) or by electronic transmission, and the written consent or consents or electronic transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or such committee. Such filing shall be made in paper form if the minutes of the Corporation are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.

**Section 3.10.** <u>Committee Rules</u>. Unless the Board of Directors otherwise provides, each committee designated by the Board of Directors may make, alter and repeal rules for the conduct of its business. In the absence of such rules each committee shall conduct its business in the same manner as the Board of Directors conducts its business pursuant to this Article III of these Bylaws.

**Section 3.11.** <u>Reliance upon Records</u>. Every director, and every member of any committee of the Board of Directors, shall, in the performance of his or her duties, be fully protected in relying in good faith upon the records of the Corporation and upon such information, opinions, reports or statements presented to the Corporation by any of its officers or employees, or committees of the Board of Directors, or by any other person as to matters the director or member reasonably believes are within such other person's professional or expert competence and who has been selected with reasonable care by or on behalf of the Corporation, including, but not limited to, such records,

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information, opinions, reports or statements as to the value and amount of the assets, liabilities and/or net profits of the Corporation, or any other facts pertinent to the existence and amount of surplus or other funds from which dividends might properly be declared and paid, or with which the Corporation's capital stock might properly be purchased or redeemed.

**Section 3.12.** <u>Interested Directors</u>. A director who is directly or indirectly a party to a contract or transaction with the Corporation, or is a director or officer of or has a financial interest in any other corporation, partnership, association or other organization which is a party to a contract or transaction with the Corporation, may be counted in determining whether a quorum is present at any meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee thereof at which such contract or transaction is considered or authorized, and such director may participate in such meeting and vote on such authorization to the extent permitted by applicable law, including Section 144 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "***DGCL***").

**Section 3.13.** <u>Compensation</u>. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors. The directors shall be paid their reasonable expenses, if any, of attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee thereof and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each such meeting and an annual retainer or salary for services as a director or committee member. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.

**<u>ARTICLE IV</u>**

Officers

**Section 4.1.** <u>Executive Officers; Election; Qualification; Term of Office</u>. The Board of Directors shall elect a President and may, if it so determines, elect a Chairman of the Board from among its members. The Board of Directors shall also elect a Secretary and may elect one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Secretaries, a Chief Financial Officer and one or more Assistant Treasurers. Any number of offices may be held by the same person. Each officer shall hold office until the first meeting of the Board of Directors after the annual meeting of stockholders next succeeding his or her election, and until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.

**Section 4.2.** <u>Resignation; Removal; Vacancies</u>. Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Chairman of the Board, if any, the President or the Secretary. Unless otherwise stated in a notice of resignation, it shall take effect when received by the officer to whom it is directed, without any need for its acceptance. The Board of Directors may remove any officer with or without cause at any time, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the contractual rights of such officer, if any, with the Corporation. A vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation may be filled for the unexpired portion of the term thereof by the Board of Directors at any regular or special meeting.

**Section 4.3.** <u>Powers and Duties of Executive Officers</u>. The officers of the Corporation shall have such powers and duties in the management of the Corporation as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors and, to the extent not so provided, as generally pertain to their respective offices, subject to the control of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may require any officer, agent or employee to give security for the faithful performance of his or her duties.

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**Section 4.4.** <u>President</u>. The President of the Corporation shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation and shall in general supervise and control all of the business affairs of the Corporation, subject to the direction of the Board of Directors. The President may execute, in the name and on behalf of the Corporation, any deeds, mortgages, bonds, contracts or other instruments which the Board of Directors or a committee thereof has authorized to be executed, except in cases where the execution shall have been expressly delegated by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof to some other officer or agent of the Corporation.

**Section 4.5.** <u>Secretary</u>. In addition to such other duties, if any, as may be assigned to the Secretary by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, if any, or the President, the Secretary shall (i) keep the minutes of proceedings of the stockholders, the Board of Directors and any committee of the Board of Directors in one or more books provided for that purpose; (ii) see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws or as required by law; (iii) be the custodian of the records and seal of the Corporation; (iv) affix or cause to be affixed the seal of the Corporation or a facsimile thereof, and attest the seal by his or her signature, to all certificates for shares of stock of the Corporation and to all other documents the execution of which under seal is authorized by the Board of Directors; and (v) unless such duties have been delegated by the Board of Directors to a transfer agent of the Corporation, keep or cause to be kept a register of the name and address of each stockholder, as the same shall be furnished to the Secretary by such stockholder, and have general charge of the stock transfer records of the Corporation.

**Section 4.6.** <u>Chief Financial Officer</u>. The Chief Financial Officer shall perform the duties designated by the President and shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate and correct accounts of the properties and business transactions of the Corporation, including accounts of its assets, liabilities, receipts, disbursements, gains, losses, capital, surplus and shares. The Chief Financial Officer shall render to the Board of Directors, whenever requested, an account of the financial condition of the Corporation.

**<u>ARTICLE V</u>**

Stock Certificates and Transfers

**Section 5.1.** <u>Certificate</u>. Stock of the Corporation may be certificated and every holder of stock shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by or in the name of the Corporation by the Chairman of the Board, if any, or the President or a Vice President, and by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, of the Corporation, certifying the number of shares owned by such stockholder in the Corporation. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be facsimile, stamp or other imprint. In case any officer, transfer agent, or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile, stamp or other imprint signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if such officer, transfer agent, or registrar continued to be such at the date of issue.

**Section 5.2.** <u>Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates; Issuance of New Certificates</u>. The Corporation may issue a new certificate for stock in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Corporation may require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such stockholder's legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

**Section 5.3.** <u>Transfers of Stock</u>. Upon surrender to the Corporation or the transfer agent of the Corporation of a certificate for stock of the Corporation (if such stock is certificated) duly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignment or authority to transfer or, if the relevant stock certificate is claimed to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon compliance with the provisions of Section 5.2 of these Bylaws, or, if such stock is not certificated, upon delivery of a

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duly executed and endorsed stock transfer power, and upon payment of applicable taxes with respect to such transfer, and in compliance with any restrictions on transfer applicable to such stock certificate or the shares represented thereby of which the Corporation shall have notice and subject to such rules and regulations as the Board of Directors may from time to time deem advisable concerning the transfer and registration of stock certificates, the Corporation may issue a new certificate or certificates for such stock to the person entitled thereto, cancel the old certificate and, in each case, record the transaction upon its books. Transfers of stock shall be made only on the books of the Corporation by the registered holder thereof or by such holder's attorney or successor duly authorized as evidenced by documents filed with the Secretary or transfer agent of the Corporation. Whenever any transfer of stock shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, it shall be so expressed in the entry of transfer if, when the certificate or certificates representing such stock are presented to the Corporation for transfer, both the transferor and transferee request the Corporation to do so.

**Section 5.4.** <u>Stockholders of Record</u>. The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any stock of the Corporation as the holder thereof and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such stock on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise required by the laws of the State of Delaware.

**<u>ARTICLE VI</u>**

Notices

**Section 6.1.** <u>Manner of Notice</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, whenever notice is required to be given to any stockholder, director or member of any committee of the Board of Directors, such notice may be given by (i) personal delivery, (ii) depositing it, in a sealed envelope, in the United States mails, first class, postage prepaid, addressed, (iii) delivering to a company for overnight or second day mail or delivery, (iv) delivering it to a telegraph company, charges prepaid, for transmission, or by transmitting it via telecopier, or (v) any other reliable means permitted by applicable law (including, subject to Section 6.1(b), electronic transmission) to such stockholder, director or member, either at the address of such stockholder, director or member as it appears on the records of the Corporation or, in the case of such a director or member, at his or her business address; and such notice shall be deemed to be given at the time when it is thus personally delivered, deposited, delivered or transmitted, as the case may be. Such requirement for notice shall also be deemed satisfied, except in the case of stockholder meetings, if actual notice is received orally or by other writing by the person entitled thereto as far in advance of the event with respect to which notice is being given as the minimum notice period required by law or these Bylaws.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Without limiting the foregoing, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation pursuant to these Bylaws shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission consented to by the stockholder to whom the notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Corporation and shall also be deemed revoked if (1) the Corporation is unable to deliver by electronic transmission two consecutive notices given by the Corporation in accordance with such consent and (2) such inability becomes known to the Secretary of the Corporation, the transfer agent or other person responsible for the giving of notice; provided, however, that the inadvertent failure to treat such inability as a revocation shall not invalidate any meeting or other action. Notice given by a form of electronic transmission in accordance with these Bylaws shall be deemed given: (i) if by facsimile telecommunication, when directed to a number at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice; (ii) if by electronic mail, when directed to an

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electronic mail address at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice; (iii) if by a posting on an electronic network, together with separate notice to the stockholder of such specific posting, upon the later of such posting and the giving of such separate notice; and (iv) if by another form of electronic transmission, when directed to the stockholder.

**Section 6.2.** <u>Dispensation with Notice</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Whenever notice is required to be given by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws to any stockholder to whom (i) notice of two consecutive annual meetings of stockholders, and all notices of meetings of stockholders or of the taking of action by stockholders by written consent without a meeting to such stockholder during the period between such two consecutive annual meetings, or (ii) all, and at least two, payments (if sent by first class mail) of dividends or interest on securities of the Corporation during a 12-month period, have been mailed addressed to such stockholder at the address of such stockholder as shown on the records of the Corporation and have been returned undeliverable, the giving of such notice to such stockholder shall not be required. Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to such stockholder shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given. If any such stockholder shall deliver to the Corporation a written notice setting forth the then current address of such stockholder, the requirement that notice be given to such stockholder shall be reinstated.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Whenever notice is required to be given by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws to any person with whom communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required, and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or agency for a license or permit to give such notice to such person. Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given.

**Section 6.3.** <u>Waiver of Notice</u>. Any written waiver of notice, signed by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders, directors, or members of a committee or directors need be specified in any written waiver of notice.

**<u>ARTICLE VII</u>**

Indemnification

**Section 7.1.** <u>Indemnification of Directors and Officers</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Subject to the operation of Section 7.3 of these Bylaws, each Director and Officer shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment), and to the extent authorized in this Section 7.1.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) <u>Actions, Suits and Proceedings Other than By or In the Right of the Corporation.</u> Each Director and Officer shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation against any and all Expenses and Liabilities that are incurred or paid by such Director or Officer or on such Director's or Officer's behalf in connection with any Proceeding or any claim, issue or matter therein (other than an action by or in the right of the Corporation), which such Director or Officer is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or participant in by reason of such Director's or Officer's Corporate Status, if such Director or Officer acted in good faith and in a manner such Director or Officer reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) <u>Actions, Suits and Proceedings By or In the Right of the Corporation.</u> Each Director and Officer shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation against any and all Expenses that are incurred by such Director or Officer or on such Director's or Officer's behalf in connection with any Proceeding or any claim, issue or matter therein by or in the right of the Corporation, which such Director or Officer is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or participant in by reason of such Director's or Officer's Corporate Status, if such Director or Officer acted in good faith and in a manner such Director or Officer reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation; provided, however, that no indemnification shall be made under this Section 7.1(a)(2) in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such Director or Officer shall have been finally adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction to be liable to the Corporation, unless, and only to the extent that, the Court of Chancery or another court in which such Proceeding was brought shall determine upon application that, despite adjudication of liability, but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such Director or Officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification for such Expenses that such court deems proper.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) <u>Survival of Rights.</u> The rights of indemnification provided by this Section 7.1 shall continue as to a Director or Officer after he or she has ceased to be a Director or Officer and shall inure to the benefit of his or her heirs, executors, administrators and personal representatives.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) <u>Actions by Directors or Officers.</u> Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation shall indemnify any Director or Officer seeking indemnification in connection with a Proceeding initiated by such Director or Officer only if such Proceeding (including any parts of such Proceeding not initiated by such Director or Officer) was authorized in advance by the Board of Directors of the Corporation, unless such Proceeding was brought to enforce such Officer's or Director's rights to indemnification or, in the case of Directors, advancement of Expenses under these By-laws in accordance with the provisions set forth herein.

**Section 7.2.** <u>Indemnification of Non-Officer Employees.</u> Subject to the operation of Section 7.3 of these By-laws, each Non-Officer Employee may, in the discretion of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, be indemnified by the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended, against any or all Expenses and Liabilities that are incurred by such Non-Officer Employee or on such Non-Officer Employee's behalf in connection with any threatened, pending or completed Proceeding, or any claim, issue or matter therein, which such Non-Officer Employee is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or participant in by reason of such Non-Officer Employee's Corporate Status, if such Non-Officer Employee acted in good faith and in a manner such Non-Officer Employee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The rights of indemnification provided by this Section 7.2 shall exist as to a Non-Officer Employee after he or she has ceased to be a Non-Officer Employee and shall inure to the benefit of his or her heirs, personal representatives, executors and administrators. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation may indemnify any Non-Officer Employee seeking indemnification in connection with a Proceeding initiated by such Non-Officer Employee only if such Proceeding was authorized in advance by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

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**Section 7.3.** <u>Determination.</u> Unless ordered by a court, no indemnification shall be provided pursuant to this Article VII to a Director, to an Officer or to a Non-Officer Employee unless a determination shall have been made that such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation and, with respect to any criminal Proceeding, such person had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. Such determination shall be made by (a) a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors, (b) a committee comprised of Disinterested Directors, such committee having been designated by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors (even though less than a quorum), (c) if there are no such Disinterested Directors, or if a majority of Disinterested Directors so directs, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, or (d) by the stockholders of the Corporation.

**Section 7.4.** <u>Advancement of Expenses to Directors Prior to Final Disposition.</u>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The Corporation shall advance all Expenses incurred by or on behalf of any Director in connection with any Proceeding in which such Director is involved by reason of such Director's Corporate Status within thirty (30) days after the receipt by the Corporation of a written statement from such Director requesting such advance or advances from time to time, whether prior to or after final disposition of such Proceeding. Such statement or statements shall reasonably evidence the Expenses incurred by such Director and shall be preceded or accompanied by an undertaking by or on behalf of such Director to repay any Expenses so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined that such Director is not entitled to be indemnified against such Expenses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation shall advance all Expenses incurred by or on behalf of any Director seeking advancement of expenses hereunder in connection with a Proceeding initiated by such Director only if such Proceeding (including any parts of such Proceeding not initiated by such Director) was (i) authorized by the Board of Directors of the Corporation, or (ii) brought to enforce such Director's rights to indemnification or advancement of Expenses under these By-laws.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) If a claim for advancement of Expenses hereunder by a Director is not paid in full by the Corporation within thirty (30) days after receipt by the Corporation of documentation of Expenses and the required undertaking, such Director may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim and if successful in whole or in part, such Director shall also be entitled to be paid the expenses of prosecuting such claim. The failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors or any committee thereof, independent legal counsel, or stockholders) to make a determination concerning the permissibility of such advancement of Expenses under this Article VII shall not be a defense to an action brought by a Director for recovery of the unpaid amount of an advancement claim and shall not create a presumption that such advancement is not permissible. The burden of proving that a Director is not entitled to an advancement of expenses shall be on the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) In any suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that the Director has not met any applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the DGCL.

**Section 7.5.** <u>Advancement of Expenses to Officers and Non-Officer Employees Prior to Final</u> <u>Disposition.</u>

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The Corporation may, at the discretion of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, advance any or all Expenses incurred by or on behalf of any Officer or any Non-Officer Employee in connection with any Proceeding in which such person is involved by reason of his or her Corporate Status as an Officer or Non-Officer Employee upon the receipt by the Corporation of a statement or statements from such Officer or Non-Officer Employee requesting such advance or advances from time to time, whether prior to or after final disposition of such Proceeding. Such statement or statements shall reasonably evidence the Expenses incurred by such Officer or Non-Officer Employee and shall be preceded or accompanied by an undertaking by or on behalf of such person to repay any Expenses so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined that such Officer or Non-Officer Employee is not entitled to be indemnified against such Expenses.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) In any suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that the Officer or Non-Officer Employee has not met any applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the DGCL.

**Section 7.6.** <u>Contractual Nature of Rights</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The provisions of this Article VII shall be deemed to be a contract between the Corporation and each Director and Officer entitled to the benefits hereof at any time while this Article VII is in effect, in consideration of such person's past or current and any future performance of services for the Corporation. Neither amendment, repeal or modification of any provision of this Article VII nor the adoption of any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with this Article VII shall eliminate or reduce any right conferred by this Article VII in respect of any act or omission occurring, or any cause of action or claim that accrues or arises or any state of facts existing, at the time of or before such amendment, repeal, modification or adoption of an inconsistent provision (even in the case of a proceeding based on such a state of facts that is commenced after such time), and all rights to indemnification and advancement of Expenses granted herein or arising out of any act or omission shall vest at the time of the act or omission in question, regardless of when or if any proceeding with respect to such act or omission is commenced. The rights to indemnification and to advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VII shall continue notwithstanding that the person has ceased to be a director or officer of the Corporation and shall inure to the benefit of the estate, heirs, executors, administrators, legatees and distributes of such person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) If a claim for indemnification hereunder by a Director or Officer is not paid in full by the Corporation within sixty (60) days after receipt by the Corporation of a written claim for indemnification, such Director or Officer may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim, and if successful in whole or in part, such Director or Officer shall also be entitled to be paid the expenses of prosecuting such claim. The failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors or any committee thereof, independent legal counsel, or stockholders) to make a determination concerning the permissibility of such indemnification under this Article VII shall not be a defense to an action brought by a Director or Officer for recovery of the unpaid amount of an indemnification claim and shall not create a presumption that such indemnification is not permissible. The burden of proving that a Director or Officer is not entitled to indemnification shall be on the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) In any suit brought by a Director or Officer to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder, it shall be a defense that such Director or Officer has not met any applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the DGCL.

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**Section 7.7.** <u>Non-Exclusivity of Rights</u>. The rights to indemnification and to advancement of Expenses set forth in this Article VII shall not be exclusive of any other right which any Director, Officer, or Non-Officer Employee may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the Certificate or these By-laws, agreement, vote of stockholders or Disinterested Directors or otherwise.

**Section 7.8.** <u>Insurance</u>. The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any Director, Officer or Non-Officer Employee against any liability of any character asserted against or incurred by the Corporation or any such Director, Officer or Non-Officer Employee, or arising out of any such person's Corporate Status, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under the DGCL or the provisions of this Article VII.

**Section 7.9.** <u>Other Indemnification.</u> The Corporation's obligation, if any, to indemnify or provide advancement of Expenses to any person under this Article V as a result of such person serving, at the request of the Corporation, as a director, partner, trustee, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise shall be reduced by any amount such person may collect as indemnification or advancement of Expenses from such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or enterprise (the "Primary Indemnitor"). Any indemnification or advancement of Expenses under this Article V owed by the Corporation as a result of a person serving, at the request of the Corporation, as a director, partner, trustee, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise shall only be in excess of, and shall be secondary to, the indemnification or advancement of Expenses available from the applicable Primary Indemnitor(s) and any applicable insurance policies.

**Section 7.10.** <u>Certain Definitions</u>. For the purposes of this Article VII, the following definitions shall apply.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The term "***Corporate Status***" describes the status of a person who is serving or has served (i) as a Director of the Corporation, (ii) as an Officer of the Corporation, (iii) as a Non-Officer Employee of the Corporation, or (iv) as a director, partner, trustee, officer, employee or agent of any other corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan, foundation, association, organization or other legal entity which such person is or was serving at the request of the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 1(a), a Director, Officer or Non-Officer Employee of the Corporation who is serving or has served as a director, partner, trustee, officer, employee or agent of a Subsidiary shall be deemed to be serving at the request of the Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, "Corporate Status" shall not include the status of a person who is serving or has served as a director, officer, employee or agent of a constituent corporation absorbed in a merger or consolidation transaction with the Corporation with respect to such person's activities prior to said transaction, unless specifically authorized by the Board of Directors or the stockholders of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) The term "***Director***" means any person who serves or has served the Corporation as a director on the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) The term "***Disinterested Director***" means, with respect to each Proceeding in respect of which indemnification is sought hereunder, a Director of the Corporation who is not and was not a party to such Proceeding.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) The term "***Expenses***" means all attorneys' fees, retainers, court costs, transcript costs, fees of expert witnesses, private investigators and professional advisors (including, without limitation, accountants and investment bankers), travel expenses, duplicating costs, printing and binding costs, costs of preparation of demonstrative evidence and other courtroom presentation aids and devices, costs incurred in connection with document review, organization, imaging and computerization, telephone charges, postage, delivery service fees, and all other disbursements, costs or expenses of the type customarily incurred in connection with prosecuting, defending, preparing to prosecute or defend, investigating, being or preparing to be a witness in, settling or otherwise participating in, a Proceeding.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) The term "***Liabilities***" means judgments, damages, liabilities, losses, penalties, excise taxes, fines and amounts paid in settlement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) The term "***Non-Officer Employee***" means any person who serves or has served as an employee or agent of the Corporation, but who is not or was not a Director or Officer.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) The term "***Officer***" means any person who serves or has served the Corporation as an officer of the Corporation appointed by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h) The term "***Proceeding***" means any threatened, pending or completed action, suit, arbitration, alternate dispute resolution mechanism, inquiry, investigation, administrative hearing or other proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, arbitrative or investigative.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) The term "***Subsidiary***" shall mean any corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust or other entity of which the Corporation owns (either directly or through or together with another Subsidiary of the Corporation) either (i) a general partner, managing member or other similar interest or (ii) (A) fifty percent (50%) or more of the voting power of the voting capital equity interests of such corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture or other entity, or (B) fifty percent (50%) or more of the outstanding voting capital stock or other voting equity interests of such corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture or other entity.

**<u>ARTICLE VIII</u>**

General

**Section 8.1.** <u>Fiscal year</u>. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.

**Section 8.2.** <u>Seal</u>. The corporate seal, if any, shall have the name of the Corporation inscribed thereon and shall be in such form as may be approved from time to time by the Board of Directors.

**Section 8.3.** <u>Form of Records</u>. Any records maintained by the Corporation in the regular course of its business, including its stock ledger, books of account, and minute books, may be kept on, or be in the form of, punch cards, magnetic tape, photographs, microphotographs, electronic format or any other information storage device, provided that the records so kept can be converted into clearly legible form within a reasonable time. The Corporation shall so convert any records so kept upon the request of any person entitled to inspect the same.

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**Section 8.4.** <u>Definitions</u>. For purposes of these Bylaws, "electronic transmission" means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, that creates a record that may be retained, retrieved and reviewed by a recipient thereof, and that may be directly reproduced in paper form by such a recipient through an automated process.

**Section 8.5.** <u>Amendment of Bylaws</u>. These Bylaws may be altered or repealed, and new Bylaws made, by the majority vote of the whole Board of Directors, provided, however, a Bylaw adopted by the holders of stock having a majority of the votes entitled to vote thereon that prescribes the required vote for the election of directors may not be altered by the Board of Directors. The holders of stock having a majority of the votes entitled to vote thereon may make additional Bylaws and may alter and repeal any Bylaws whether adopted by them or otherwise.

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