# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001845459
**File Stem:** 0001845459-26-000003
**Filing Date:** 2026-1
**Character Count:** 278309
**Document Hash:** 3835254d03edcf24925fee443d9a77f7
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001845459-26-000003.hdr.sgml**: 20260120

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001845459-26-000003

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 95

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250331

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260120

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260120

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** NKGen Biotech, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001845459
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS (NO DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES) [2836]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 000000000
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-40427
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26541115

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 3001 DAIMLER ST,
- **CITY:** SANTA ANA
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 92705
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (949) 396-6830

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 3001 DAIMLER ST,
- **CITY:** SANTA ANA
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 92705

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Graf Acquisition Corp. IV
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20210210

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? nkgn-20250331

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**UNITED STATES** 

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION** 

**Washington, D.C. 20549** 

**FORM 10-Q** 

☒ **QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934** 

**For the quarterly** 

**period ended March 31, 2025** 

**OR** 

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934** 

**For the transition period from to** 

**Commission File No. 001-40427NKGN**

**NKGen Biotech, Inc.** 

**(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)** 

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **86-2191918** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction of**<br>**incorporation or organization)** | **(I.R.S. Employer**<br>**Identification No.)** |

---

**3001 Daimler Street**

**Santa Ana, CA, 92705**

**(949) 396-6830** 

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading**<br>**Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange**<br>**on which registered** |
| **Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share** | **NKGN** | **OTC Expert Market** |
| **Warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share** | **NKGNW** | **OTC Expert Market** |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| ☐ | Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer |
| ☒ | Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company |
| | | ☒ | Emerging growth company |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): Yes ☐ No ☒

As of January 20, 2026, there were 130,602,230 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may contain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "**Exchange Act**"). The Company's forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the Company's or its management team's expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future, including the Company's expectations regarding the plans and strategy for our business, future financial performance, expense levels and liquidity sources. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intends," "may," "might," "plan," "possible," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "would," "goal" and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in documents incorporated herein are based on the Company's current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us taking into account information currently available to the Company. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting the Company will be those that the Company has anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (many of which are difficult to predict and beyond the Company's control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, the Company's actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include:

\*the Company's ability to raise financing in the future;

\*the Company's ability to satisfy its debt obligations when they become due or, alternatively, renegotiate the terms thereof;

\*any reclassification or accounting adjustment as a result of the Company's recent issuance of a secured promissory note to AlpineBrook Capital GP 1 Limited ("AlpineBrook") which documents and evidences certain previously undocumented cash advances made by AlpineBrook to the Company since late 2024, primarily in connection with the Company's acquisition of a majority stake in NKGen Biotech Korea Co., Ltd. (f/k/a NKMax Co., Ltd.) through the Korean bankruptcy process, together with accrued interest, fees and expenses associated with such advances, which totaled $25,540,106 immediately prior to issuance;

\*the Company's ability to service its operations and expenses and other liquidity needs and to address its ability to continue as a going concern;

\*the ability to recognize the anticipated benefits of the Business Combination;

\*residual costs and expenses related to the Business Combination and other expenses and/or payments due to third parties;

\*changes in applicable laws or regulations;

\*the Company's success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees or directors after the Business Combination;

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

\*the Company's ability to successfully commercialize any product candidates that it successfully develops and that are approved by applicable regulatory authorities;

\*the Company's expectations for the timing and results of data from clinical trials and regulatory approval applications;

\*the Company's business, operations and financial performance including:

\*the Company's history of operating losses and expectations of significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future;

\*the Company's ability to execute its business strategy;

\*the Company's ability to develop and maintain its brand and reputation;

\*the Company's ability to partner with other companies;

\*the size of the addressable markets for the Company's product candidates;

\*the Company's expectations regarding its ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection and not infringe on the rights of others;

\*the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against the Company; and

\*unfavorable conditions in the Company's industry, the global economy or global supply chain, including financial and credit market fluctuations, international trade relations, pandemics, political turmoil, natural catastrophes, warfare (such as the war between Russia and Ukraine and the armed conflict in Israel and the Gaza Strip and Israel's declaration of war against Hamas), and terrorist attacks.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in any document incorporated herein by reference should not be relied upon as representing the Company's views as of any subsequent date, and the Company does not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated herein, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and such statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | | Page |
| **PART I.** | **FINANCIAL INFORMATION** |  |
| Item 1. | <u>[Financial Statements (Unaudited)](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_16)</u> | <u>[5](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_16)</u> |
|  | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_19)</u> | <u>[5](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_19)</u> |
|  | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_22)</u> | <u>[6](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_22)</u> |
|  | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Deficit](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_25)</u> | <u>[7](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_25)</u> |
|  | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_28)</u> | <u>[8](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_28)</u> |
|  | <u>[Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_31)</u> | <u>[9](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_31)</u> |
| Item 2. | <u>[Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_100)</u> | <u>[44](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_100)</u> |
| Item 3.  | <u>[Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_133)</u> | <u>[66](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_133)</u> |
| Item 4. | <u>[Controls and Procedures](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_136)</u> | <u>[66](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_136)</u> |
| **PART II.** | **OTHER INFORMATION** |  |
| Item 1.  | <u>[Legal Proceedings](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_142)</u> | <u>[68](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_142)</u> |
| Item 1A.  | <u>[Risk Factors](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_145)</u> | <u>[68](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_145)</u> |
| Item 2. | <u>[Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_148)</u> | <u>[71](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_148)</u> |
| Item 6.  | <u>[Exhibits](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_160)</u> | <u>[72](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_160)</u> |
|  | <u>[SIGNATURES](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_163)</u> | <u>[74](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_163)</u> |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

**Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited).** 

**NKGEN BIOTECH, INC.**

**CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS**

**(In thousands, except share and par value data)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| | **(Unaudited)** | |
| **Assets** | | |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $6 | $106 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash | 23 | 129 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets  | 2352 | 2224 |
| Total current assets | 2381 | 2459 |
| Property and equipment, net | 13024 | 13297 |
| Operating lease right-of-use asset, net | 341 | 379 |
| Capitalized software, net | 96 | 96 |
| Total assets | $15842 | $16231 |
| **Liabilities and Stockholders' Deficit** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses (including related party amounts of $489 and $492 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | $16738 | $15668 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forward purchase derivative liabilities | 175 | 148 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible promissory notes  | 18303 | 32410 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Related party loans | 4000 | 4000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Revolving line of credit | 4257 | 5257 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liability, current | 154 | 154 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible bridge loans | 196 | 244 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current liabilities | 65 | 90 |
| Total current liabilities | 43888 | 57971 |
| Derivative warrant liabilities | 10995 | 17073 |
| Senior convertible promissory notes, due to related parties | 11077 | 10841 |
| Operating lease liability, non-current | 206 | 246 |
| Deferred tax liabilities | 8 | 8 |
| Total liabilities | $66174 | $86139 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |
| Stockholders' deficit: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 authorized shares as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; 51,306,712 and 44,238,754 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 5 | 4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 140911 | 136686 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subscription receivable | (182) | (182) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (191066) | (206416) |
| Total stockholders' deficit | (50332) | (69908) |
| Total liabilities and stockholders' deficit | $15842 | $16231 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**NKGEN BIOTECH, INC.**

**CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS**

**For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024**

**(In thousands, except share and per share data)**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Costs and expenses:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development expenses | $1857 | $3236 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative expenses | 2809 | 4385 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cost and expenses | 4666 | 7621 |
| **Loss from operations** | (4666) | (7621) |
| **Other income (expense):** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense (including related party amounts of $237 and $698 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively)  | (509) | (1069) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on issuance of financial instruments (including related party amounts of zero and $74 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively)  | (1050) | (729) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on amendments to financial instruments, net |  | 283 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of financial instruments (including related party amounts of $1,041 and zero for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 21575 | 3773 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other loss, net |  | (19) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income (expense) | 20016 | 2239 |
| **Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes** | 15350 | (5382) |
| Provision for income taxes |  |  |
| **Net income (loss)** | $15350 | $(5382) |
| Effect of dilutive convertible promissory notes | (14879) |  |
| Effect of dilutive senior convertible notes | 237 |  |
| Effect of dilutive convertible bridge loans | (138) |  |
| Effect of dilutive convertible promissory note warrants | (4713) |  |
| **Net loss for diluted earnings per share** | $(4143) | $(5382) |
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | 45962049 | 21935679 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | 102654719 | 21935679 |
| Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | $0.33 | $(0.25) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | $(0.04) | $(0.25) |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**NKGEN BIOTECH, INC.**

 **CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT**

**(In thousands, except share data)**

**(Unaudited)**

**Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024**

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | | | |
| | **Shares** | **Amount** |<br>**Additional<br>Paid-In<br>Capital** |<br>**Subscription<br>Receivable** |<br>**Receivable<br>from<br>Shareholder** |<br>**Accumulated<br>Deficit** |<br>**Total<br>Stockholders'<br>Deficit** |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | 44238754 | $4 | $136686 | $(182) | $- | $(206416) | $(69908) |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 707 | - | - | - | 707 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with convertible promissory notes | 599999 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Conversion of convertible promissory notes to equity | 2905200 | - | 1002 | - | - | - | 1002 |
| Conversion of warrants to common stock | 3562759 | 1 | 771 | - | - | - | 772 |
| Capital contributions | - | - | 1745 | - | - | - | 1745 |
| Net income | - | - | - | - | - | 15350 | 15350 |
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | 51306712 | $5 | $140911 | $(182) | $- | $(191066) | $(50332) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | 21888976 | $2 | $121727 | $(17792) | $(500) | $(162130) | $(58693) |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 1117 | - | - | - | 1117 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with the convertible 12% promissory notes | 500000 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Amendment of forward purchase contracts | - | - | - | 2764 | - | - | 2764 |
| Settlement of forward purchase contracts | - | - | - | 4639 | - | - | 4639 |
| Settlement of receivable from shareholder | - |  |  | - | 500 |  | 500 |
| Net loss | - | - | - | - | - | (5382) | (5382) |
| Balance as of March 31, 2024 | 22388976 | $2 | $122844 | $(10389) | $- | $(167512) | $(55055) |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**NKGEN BIOTECH, INC.**

 **CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**

**For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024**

**(In thousands)**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Operating activities** |  |  |
| Net income (loss) | $15350 | $(5382) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 341 | 295 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 707 | 1117 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of right-of-use asset | 38 | 31 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Noncash interest expense (including related party amounts of $237 and $698 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively)  | 403 | 949 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on amendments to financial instruments, net |  | (283) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on issuance of financial instruments (including related party amounts of zero and $74 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 1050 | 729 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of financial instruments (including related party amounts of $1,041 and zero for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively) | (21575) | (3773) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on sale of property and equipment, net |  | 8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (128) | 330 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 1079 | 1853 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current liabilities | (25) | 104 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liability | (40) | (11) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other, net |  | (1) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities | (2800) | (4034) |
| **Investing activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sales of property and equipment |  | 35 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of capitalized software | (52) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (52) | 35 |
| **Financing activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from amendment to and settlements of FPA agreements |  | 1823 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory notes | 1800 | 574 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of convertible bridge loans | 90 | 700 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of bridge notes |  | 200 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from amendment to the PIPE warrants |  | 250 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from conversion of warrants to common stock | 11 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from capital contributions | 1745 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of revolving line of credit | (1000) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of transaction costs |  | (40) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from repayments of receivables from shareholder |  | 500 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities | 2646 | 4007 |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (206) | 8 |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at the beginning of period | 235 | 276 |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at the end of period | $29 | $284 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $6 | $34 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash | 23 | 250 |
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $29 | $284 |
| **Supplemental cash flow information** |  |  |
| Cash paid for interest expense | $131 | $120 |
| **Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for new operating lease liability | $— | $513 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capitalized software costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $16 | $15 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of warrants to common stock | $760 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of convertible promissory notes to equity | $1002 | $— |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.*

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**NKGEN BIOTECH, INC.**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

**1. Company Information**

NKGen Biotech, Inc. ("**Company**" or "**NKGen**"), a Delaware corporation headquartered in Santa Ana, California, is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative autologous, allogeneic and CAR-NK natural killer cell therapies utilizing their proprietary SNK (Super-Natural-Killer) platform. The Company was formerly majority owned and controlled by NKGen Biotech Korea Co., Ltd. (f/k/a NKMax Co., Ltd.) ("**NKMAX**"), a company formed under the laws of the Republic of Korea.

Graf Acquisition Corp. IV ("**Graf**") was originally incorporated in Delaware on January 28, 2021, as a special-purpose acquisition company for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or engaging in any other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

On April 14, 2023, the Company entered into the Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Graf, Austria Merger Sub, Inc. ("**Merger Sub**"), a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Graf, and NKGen Biotech, Inc. ("**Merger Agreement**"). Upon consummation of the transactions under the Merger Agreement on September 29, 2023 (the "**Business Combination**"), Merger Sub merged with and into NKGen Biotech, Inc. ("**Legacy NKGen**") with Legacy NKGen surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Graf (the "**Merger**"). In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination (the "**Closing**"), Graf was renamed to "**NKGen Biotech, Inc.**" and Legacy NKGen changed its name to "**NKGen Operating Biotech, Inc.**" The common stock and warrants of the combined company began trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbols "**NKGN**" and "**NKGNW**", respectively, on October 2, 2023. The Company's securities were delisted from The Nasdaq Global Market following the suspension of trading effective March 5, 2025. Subsequently, the Company's common stock and warrants commenced trading on the OTC Pink Market on March 5, 2025 under the symbols "**NKGN**" and "**NKGNW**", respectively, and quotations were later moved to the OTC Expert Market on July 17, 2025.

Throughout the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise noted or otherwise suggested by context, the "**Company**" refers to Legacy NKGen prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, and the Company after the consummation of the Business Combination.

***Going Concern***

The Company follows Financial Accounting Standards Board ("**FASB**") Accounting Standards Codification ("**ASC**") Topic 205-40, *Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern*, which requires that management evaluate whether there are relevant conditions and events that in aggregate raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. Under the guidance, the Company must first evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern (step 1). If the Company concludes substantial doubt is raised, management also is required to consider whether its plans alleviate that doubt (step 2).

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

The Company has a limited operating history, has incurred significant operating losses since its inception, and the revenue and income potential of the Company's business and market are unproven. The Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared using the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("**US GAAP**") applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $191.1 million, cash and cash equivalents of $6 thousand, and working capital deficit of $41.5 million. To date, the Company has funded its operations primarily with the net proceeds from the issuance of senior convertible promissory notes, the issuance of related party loans, the issuance of bridge loans, the issuance of convertible bridge loans, the issuance of convertible promissory notes, draws upon a revolving line of credit, the issuance and sale of equity securities, PIPE warrants, private placements, the amendment of private placements, and proceeds from the Business Combination. The Company expects to incur substantial operating losses for the next several years and will need to obtain additional near-term financing in order to continue its research and development activities, initiate and complete clinical trials and launch and commercialize any product candidates for which it receives regulatory approval. Management has prepared cash flow forecasts which indicate that based on the Company's expected operating losses and negative cash flows, there is substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for 12 months from the issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company plans to continue to fund its losses from operations and capital funding needs through additional debt or equity financings to be received from related parties, private equity, or other sources. If the Company is not able to secure adequate additional funding, the Company may be forced to make reductions in spending, extend payment terms with suppliers, liquidate assets where possible, suspend or curtail planned programs, or may be forced to cease operations or file for bankruptcy protection. Any of these actions could materially harm the Company's business, results of operations and future prospects. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available or will be at terms acceptable to the Company. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements does not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

**2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

***Basis of Presentation***

NKMAX held a majority of the voting power of Legacy NKGen before the Business Combination and continued to hold a majority of the voting power of the Company after the Business Combination. Therefore, as there was no change in control, the Business Combination was accounted for as a common control transaction with respect to Legacy NKGen along with a reverse recapitalization of the Company. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Legacy NKGen with the Business Combination being treated as the equivalent of Legacy NKGen issuing shares for the net assets of Graf, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Graf were recognized as of the Closing at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination are presented as those of Legacy NKGen, and the accumulated deficit of Legacy NKGen has been carried forward after Closing.

Upon the consummation of the Business Combination, all of Legacy NKGen's equity was converted into equity of the Company based upon an exchange ratio ("**Exchange Ratio**"). In addition, all stock options of Legacy NKGen were converted using the Exchange Ratio into options exercisable for shares of the Company with the same terms and vesting conditions. The Exchange Ratio as of the date of September 29, 2023, the date of Closing, was approximately 0.408.

All periods prior to the Business Combination have been retrospectively adjusted using the Exchange Ratio to reflect the reverse recapitalization. In connection with the reverse recapitalization treatment of the Business Combination, all issued and outstanding securities of Graf upon Closing were treated as issuances of the Company upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("**SEC**") and US GAAP applicable to interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. The Company maintains its accounting records under the accrual method of accounting in conformity with US GAAP. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. Certain information and disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with US GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such regulations. Accordingly, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes should be read in conjunction with NKGen's financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. The results for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, of a normal recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company believes that the disclosures provided herein are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading.

***Principles of Consolidation***

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

***Use of Estimates***

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities, certain disclosures at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, accrued clinical and research and development expenses, convertible promissory notes, senior convertible promissory notes due to related parties, forward purchase derivative liabilities, derivative warrant liabilities, common stock, and equity awards. These estimates and assumptions are based upon historical experience, knowledge of current events, and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

***Segments***

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 280, *Segment Reporting*, as amended by Accounting Standards Update ("**ASU**") No. 2023-07, to determine its reportable segments. Based on management's evaluation, the Company operates as a single reportable segment, consistent with the manner in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("**CODM**") assesses financial performance and allocates resources.

The CODM, identified as the Company's Chief Executive Officer, reviews financial information on an unaudited condensed consolidated basis consistent with the Company's US GAAP financial statements and uses net loss, as reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations, to evaluate performance and make resource allocation decisions. This approach reflects the integrated nature of the Company's operations and cost management practices. As such, all required segment disclosures are included within the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. For additional information, refer to Note 15, *Segment Reporting*.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Cash and Cash Equivalents***

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximate their fair value. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes the Company has no highly liquid investments exposed to credit risk.

***Restricted Cash***

Restricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted due to a revolving line of credit, which was entered into during June 2023. In accordance with the terms of the revolving line of credit, the Company would have been required to maintain $15.0 million in cash balances with the lender from December 31, 2024 as additional collateral for the borrowings until repayment of all principal and other payables to the lender under the revolving line of credit was made. In April 2024, the lender subsequently waived the minimum cash deposit requirement in exchange for the Company's agreement to use the lender as their primary banking relationship. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, in restricted cash was recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company includes its restricted bank deposits in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

***Hybrid Instruments***

The Company follows FASB ASC 480, *Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity*, when evaluating the accounting for its hybrid instruments. A financial instrument that embodies an unconditional obligation, or a financial instrument other than an outstanding share that embodies a conditional obligation, that the issuer must or may settle by issuing a variable number of its equity shares shall be classified as a liability (or an asset in some circumstances) if, at inception, the monetary value of the obligation is based solely or predominantly on any one of the following: (a) a fixed monetary amount known at inception; (b) variations in something other than the fair value of the issuer's equity shares; or (c) variations inversely related to changes in the fair value of the issuer's equity shares. Hybrid instruments meeting these criteria are not further evaluated for any embedded derivatives and are carried as a liability at fair value at each balance sheet date.

***Derivative Instruments***

FASB ASC 815, *Derivatives and Hedging Activities*, requires companies to bifurcate certain features from their host instruments and account for them as freestanding derivative financial instruments should certain criteria be met. The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to interest rate, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates its financial instruments to determine whether such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. Embedded derivatives must be separately measured from the host contract if all the requirements for bifurcation are met. The assessment of the conditions surrounding the bifurcation of embedded derivatives depends on the nature of the host contract and the features of the derivatives. Bifurcated embedded derivatives are recognized at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations each period. Bifurcated embedded derivatives are classified with the related host contract in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period.

***Debt***

For convertible debt instruments that are not considered liabilities under ASC 480 or ASC 815, the Company applies ASC 470, *Debt*, for the accounting of such instruments, including any premiums or discounts. The Company's senior convertible promissory notes are accounted for under ASC 470. Accrued interest paid in kind is added to the carrying amount of the Company's senior convertible promissory notes.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Fair Value Option***

In lieu of bifurcation, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, the Company may elect the fair value option for certain financial instruments that meet the required criteria under ASC 825, *Financial Instruments*. The Company elected the fair value option for its convertible promissory notes, which met the required criteria under ASC 825, *Financial Instruments*. Interest expense associated with the convertible promissory notes that is accrued and unpaid is included in the change in fair value of such instruments. Issuance and modification fees incurred on instruments for which the fair value option was elected are not deferred and are recognized as an expense when incurred.

***Fair Value of Financial Instruments***

The Company accounts for the fair value of its financial instruments under the framework established by US GAAP, which defines fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision.

Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Pricing inputs that are unobservable, supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Transfers to/from Levels 1, 2, and 3 are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period. There were no transfers to/from Levels 1, 2, and 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

FASB ASC 820, *Fair Value Measurement* ("**ASC 820**"), states that in many cases, the transaction price will equal the fair value (for example, that might be the case when on the transaction date, the transaction to buy an asset takes place in the market in which the asset is sold). In determining whether a transaction price represents the fair value at initial recognition, the Company considers various factors such as whether the transaction was between related parties, is a forced transaction, or whether the unit of account for the transaction price does not represent the unit of account for the measured instrument.

The Company does not measure assets at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company's liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are its liability classified warrants, convertible promissory notes, forward purchase derivative liabilities, and obligation to issue common stock. Refer to Note 8, *Fair Value of Financial Instruments*, for further discussion regarding the Company's fair value measurements. The carrying value of the Company's related party loans approximates fair value as the stated interest rate approximates market rates for similar loans and due to the short-term nature of such loans, which are due within three years or less from issuance. The carrying value of the Company's cash, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued expenses, bridge loans, convertible bridge loans, other current liabilities, and revolving line of credit approximates fair value primarily due to the short-term nature of such accounts.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Loss on Issuances of Financial Instruments***

Select financing transactions the Company enters into may include a combination of convertible promissory notes, convertible bridge loans, warrants, tranche right derivatives, forward purchase derivative liabilities, obligations to issue common stock, and issued common stock. Pursuant to ASC 815, upon initial recognition of these bundled transactions, the proceeds received are first allocated to instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which are typically liability-classified instruments, and any residual proceeds are allocated on a relative fair value basis to securities that are not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which are typically equity-classified issued common stock. Upon initial recognition for each respective financing transaction, to the extent the total fair value of the liability-classified instruments exceeds proceeds received, a loss on issuance is recognized. When a loss on issuance is recognized and the bundled transaction includes issued common stock, such common stock is recorded at par as there are no remaining proceeds to be allocated. The fair value of tranche rights from a market participant perspective pursuant to the principles of ASC 820 may include value associated with common stock embedded in the tranche rights. When a tranche right is exercised and the value of the tranche right plus proceeds received upon exercise exceeds the fair value of liability-classified instruments issued upon exercise, a gain on issuance of financial instruments may be recognized for the value of the equity-classified shares, which were included in the then-extinguished tranche right derivative liability due to the application of ASC 820, but are not recognized at fair value upon issuance due to the absence of proceeds to allocate to the stock.

***Research and Development Expenses***

All research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of services provided by contract organizations for clinical development, salaries and related expenses for personnel, including stock-based compensation expense, outside service providers, facilities costs, fees paid to consultants and other professional services, license fees, depreciation and supplies used in research and development. Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the related goods or services are received. Costs are accrued for research performed over the service periods specified in the contracts and estimates are adjusted, if required, based upon an ongoing review of the level of effort and costs actually incurred.

***Stock-Based Compensation***

Stock-based compensation expense is comprised of stock options awarded to employees and consultants. The Company accounts for share-based awards under the fair value method prescribed by ASC 718-10, *Stock Compensation*. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of grant. This option pricing model involves a number of estimates, including the per share value of the underlying common stock, exercise price, estimate of future volatility, expected term of the stock option award, risk-free interest rate and expected annual dividend yield.

The fair value of the shares of common stock underlying the stock options has historically been determined by the Company's board of directors as there was no public market for the underlying common stock prior to October 2, 2023. The Company's board of directors determined the fair value of the Company's common stock by considering a number of objective and subjective factors including contemporaneous third-party valuations of its common stock, the valuation of comparable companies, sales of the Company's common stock to outside investors in arm's-length transactions, the Company's operating and financial performance, the lack of marketability, and general and industry specific economic outlook, and the implied fair values upon a merger transaction, amongst other factors.

The Company recognizes the expense for options with graded-vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Income Taxes***

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes net deferred tax assets to the extent the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If management determines the Company would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, management would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) management determines whether it is more likely than not the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, management recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. Any accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability. No tax liability, interest and penalties have been recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements attributed to uncertain tax positions.

***Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share***

Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period using the treasury stock or if-converted method if their inclusion is dilutive. Diluted net loss per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 is including the effect of the dilutive shares compared to the diluted net income per common share. Diluted net loss per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is the same as basic net loss per common share because the inclusion of potentially dilutive shares would be anti-dilutive to the calculation of loss per common share.

The Company has one class of shares issued and outstanding. Accordingly, basic and diluted net income (loss) per share is not allocated among multiple classes of shares. Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for all periods prior to the Closing have been retrospectively adjusted by the Exchange Ratio to affect the reverse recapitalization.

The reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the net income (loss) per share calculation is presented in Note 16, *Earnings Per Share*.

***Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements***

On December 31, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, *Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740)*. The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective for public business entities' annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this pronouncement and is evaluating the impact it will have on its upcoming annual filing on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2025; however the Company currently does not believe the adoption will have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures for that Form 10-K Filing.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted***

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, *Income Statement -Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures* (Subtopic 220-40): *Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses* ("**ASU 2024-03**"). ASU 2024-03 requires additional disclosures about the nature of expenses included in the income statement, such as purchases of inventory, employee compensation and depreciation. ASU 2024-03 is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

**3. Private Placement**

In September 2023, the Company entered into private placement agreements with certain investors, resulting in the issuance of 3,168,121 shares of common stock for a prepayment amount of $32.9 million, which was deposited into escrow. The agreements also provided for bonus shares and derivative features accounted for as a liability under ASC 815.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company executed amendments to certain forward purchase agreements, resulting in a loss on amendment of $0.4 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no amendments and no sales of FPA Shares.

The following presents a reconciliation of the subscription receivable and forward purchase derivative liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Total Subscription Receivables** | **Total Forward Purchase Derivative Liabilities** |
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $182 | $148 |
| Change in fair value of financial instruments |  | 27 |
| Ending balance at March 31, 2025 | $182 | $175 |

---

**4. Warrants**

There was a total of 599,999 warrants issued during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 23,536,583 total warrants remain outstanding at March 31, 2025 consisting of 19,104,297 liability-classified warrants and 4,432,286 equity-classified warrants.

**<u>Equity-Classified Warrants</u>**

***Public Warrants***

In connection with Graf's initial public offering ("**IPO**"), 3,432,286 warrants were issued to Graf's investors ("**Public Warrants**"). The Public Warrants, which entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of the Company's common stock, have an exercise price of $11.50 per warrant, became exercisable 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, and are set to expire five years from the completion of the Business Combination, or earlier upon redemption. Additionally, the Public Warrants are exercisable for cash or by cashless exercise under certain circumstances. The Public Warrants may be called for redemption at the sole discretion of the Company if the Company's stock price equals or exceeds $18.00 per share and other certain conditions are met. The Public Warrants are equity classified due to terms indexed to the Company's own stock and the satisfaction of other equity classification criteria. There are 3,432,286 Public Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***SPA Warrants***

Together with the issuance of the Senior Convertible Notes described in Note 5, *Convertible Notes*, 1,000,000 warrants were issued to NKMAX at an exercise price of $11.50 per warrant ("**SPA Warrants**"). The terms of the SPA Warrants are identical to the terms of the Public Warrants with redemption at the sole discretion of the Company if the Company's stock price equals or exceeds $18.00 per share and other certain conditions are met. Additionally, the SPA Warrants are exercisable for cash or by cashless exercise under certain circumstances. The SPA Warrants are equity classified due to terms indexed to the Company's own stock and the satisfaction of other equity classification criteria, including redemption in the Company's control if the Company's stock price equals or exceeds $18.00 per share. As described in Note 7, *Related Party Transactions,* the SPA Warrants are a related party financial instrument. There are 1,000,000 SPA Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

**<u>Liability-Classified Warrants</u>**

***Private Warrants***

Concurrently with Graf's IPO, Graf issued 4,721,533 warrants to Graf Acquisition Partners IV LLC ("**Private Warrants**"). The Private Warrants have an exercise price of $11.50 per warrant, became exercisable 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, and are set to expire five years from the completion of the Business Combination, or earlier upon redemption. The Private Warrants are subject to certain transfer and sale restrictions and are not optionally redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. Additionally, the Private Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis under certain in-the-money circumstances. If the Private Warrants are held by a party other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants. The Private Warrants are liability classified due to terms not indexed to the Company's own stock. As described in Note 7, *Related Party Transactions,* the Private Warrants are a related party financial instrument. Private Warrants are classified to non-current liabilities because their term ends beyond one year from the latest condensed consolidated balance sheet date. There are 4,721,533 Private Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

***Working Capital Warrants***

Prior to the Closing, Graf executed drawdowns upon a working capital loan facility. Upon Closing, the $0.8 million balance of the working capital loan facility was settled through the issuance of 523,140 warrants ("**Working Capital Warrants**"). The terms of the Working Capital Warrants are identical to the terms of the Private Warrants with an exercise price of $11.50 per warrant. The Working Capital Warrants are liability classified due to terms not indexed to the Company's own stock. As described in Note 7, *Related Party Transactions,* the Working Capital Warrants are a related party financial instrument. Working Capital Warrants are classified to non-current liabilities because their term ends beyond one year from the latest condensed consolidated balance sheet date. There are 523,140 Working Capital Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

***PIPE Warrants***

Prior to the Closing, the Company entered into warrant subscription agreements (the "**Warrant Subscription Agreements**") with certain investors ("**Warrant Investors**"), which closed on September 29, 2023. Pursuant to the Warrant Subscription Agreements, the Warrant Investors purchased an aggregate of 10,209,994 warrants, at a purchase price of $1.00 per warrant ("**PIPE Warrants**") for total proceeds of $10.2 million. The PIPE Warrants are exercisable for cash (or by "cashless" exercise under certain circumstances) during the five-year period beginning on the Closing. One-third of the PIPE Warrants are exercisable initially at $10.00 per warrant, one-third of the PIPE Warrants are exercisable initially at $12.50 per warrant, and one-third of the PIPE Warrants are exercisable initially at $15.00 per warrant. The initial exercise prices of each tranche are subject to adjustment every 180 days after the Closing based upon declines in trading prices of the Company's common stock, as well as antidilutive adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends, and the like. In addition, the PIPE Warrants contain a downside protection provision, pursuant to which the Warrant Investors may demand a cashless exchange of certain PIPE Warrants and, to the extent the relevant reference price is less than $1.50 per share, a cash payment calculated as the difference between $1.50 per share and the then-current exercise price multiplied by the applicable number of warrant shares shall be paid to the Warrant Investors ("**Downside Protection**"). On April 25,

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

2024, the Company amended their Warrant Subscription Agreements with Warrant Investors ("**Q2 2024 PIPE Warrant Amendment**") to, among other things, (i) cap the strike price at $2.00 per warrant and (ii) instate a strike price floor of $1.50 per warrant. No proceeds were received in connection with the Q2 2024 PIPE Warrant Amendment. The PIPE Warrants are liability classified due to terms not indexed to the Company's own stock and their cash settlement provisions. PIPE Warrants are classified to non-current liabilities because their term ends beyond one year from the latest condensed consolidated balance sheet date.

There were 3,315,555 PIPE warrants exercised in 2024 resulting in 6,894,441 PIPE Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

***Q1 2024 PIPE Warrant Amendment***

On February 9, 2024, the Company amended their Warrant Subscription Agreement with a Warrant Investor ("**Q1 2024 PIPE Warrant Amendment**") to, among other things, grant the Warrant Investor, (i) the right to exchange each PIPE Warrant for a newly registered share, effectively waiving the original strike price and downside protection feature, (ii) a "Most Favored Nation" right with respect to their PIPE Warrants such that they may amend the terms of their PIPE Warrants upon the Company executing a similar transaction with more favorable terms for so long as their PIPE Warrants remain outstanding, and (iii) certain registration rights with respect to the shares of Company common stock issued to the Warrant Investor in exchange for PIPE Warrants. In exchange, the Company received an upfront cash payment of $0.3 million. All other terms and conditions remained unchanged.

A gain on amendment was recognized as set forth below (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **PIPE Warrant Amendment** |
| Cash proceeds | $250 |
| Reduction in PIPE Warrant derivative liability | 429 |
| Gain on amendment of PIPE warrant agreement | $679 |

---

The reduction in the PIPE Warrant derivative liability was primarily attributable to the removal of the downside protection feature as well as the recognition of the Deferred Payment.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants***

Together with the issuance of the Convertible Bridge Loans described in Note 5, *Convertible Notes*, the Company agreed to issue 1,272,000 warrants to lenders ("**Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants**"), of which 400,000 warrants were to a related party ("**Related Party Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants**"). The Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants, which entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of the Company's common stock, have an exercise price of $1.50 to $2.00 per warrant, became exercisable on the date of the issuance of the warrant, and are set to expire five years from issuance or earlier upon redemption. Additionally, the Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis if mutually agreed upon with the Company. Some of the warrants also have most favored nation status and reset provisions with respect to new warrant issues and existing warrant restructuring. The Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants original exercise price of $2.00 per warrant was reset to an adjusted price of $0.60 per warrant as of September 16, 2024, and further reset to an adjusted price of $0.25 per warrant as of October 9, 2024. The Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants are liability classified due to terms not indexed to the Company's own stock. The Convertible Bridge Loan warrants are classified to non-current liabilities because their term ends beyond one year from the latest condensed consolidated balance sheet date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company received conversion notices of 122,000 convertible bridge loan warrants resulting in the issuance of 90,229 common shares. The Company recognized a gain on the change of the fair value of the warrant liability of $24.9 thousand upon issuance of the shares. There are no Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

During 2024, the Related Party Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants became equity classified due to the release of the sufficiency of authorized shares condition, terms indexed to the Company's common stock, and the satisfaction of other equity classification criteria. On March 27, 2025, the 400,000 equity-classified Related Party Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants were exercised in full for 290,110 shares. There are no Related Party Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

***Convertible Promissory Note Warrants***

Together with the issuance of the 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes and related Letter Agreements (as defined below), as well as the 2025 Convertible Promissory Notes (each described in Note 5*, Convertible Notes*), the Company agreed to issue warrants to lenders (collectively referred to as "**Convertible Note Warrants**").

In total, the Company issued 12,179,127 warrants in connection with the 2024 Convertible Notes (including 550,000 warrants promised to related parties) and 599,999 warrants in connection with the 2025 Convertible Notes.

The terms of all Convertible Note Warrants are identical to those of the Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants. Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company's common stock, became exercisable upon issuance, and expires five years from issuance or earlier upon redemption. Additionally, the Convertible Note Warrants are exercisable for cash or by cashless exercise under certain circumstances. Pursuant to the terms of the Convertible Note Warrants, with an original exercise price of $2.00 per warrant, was reset to an adjusted price of $0.60 per warrant as of September 16, 2024, and further reset to the adjusted price of $0.25 per warrant as of October 9, 2024.

The Convertible Note Warrants are liability classified because certain terms are not indexed to the Company's own stock. They are presented as non-current liabilities, as their contractual term extends beyond one year from the latest condensed consolidated balance sheet date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company received conversion notices for 4,360,012 warrants, resulting in the issuance of 3,182,420 common shares and recognition of a $1.8 million gain on the change in fair value of the warrant liability. As of March 31, 2025, 6,965,185 Convertible Note Warrants remain outstanding.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

The following table provides the activity for all warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Total Warrants** | **Weighted-Average Remaining Term** | **Weighted-Average Exercise Price** | **Aggregate Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 | 27818596 | 4.08 | $4.62 | $4395285 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issued | 599999 | 5.00 | 0.25 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (4882012) | 4.19 | 0.39 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expired |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding as of March 31, 2025 | 23536583 | 3.77 | $5.39 | $4395285 |

---

**5. Convertible Notes**

***Consideration Shares***

Certain Convertible Bridge Loans, 2024 Convertible Notes, 2025 Convertible Notes, and Letter Agreements, each as defined below, entitle the holders to shares of the Company's common stock ("**Consideration Shares**"). The quantity of Consideration Shares attributable to the Convertible Bridge Loans, the 2024 Convertible Notes, the 2025 Convertible Notes, and the Letter Agreements, inclusive of such Consideration Shares related to amendments to these agreements, totaled 24,001 shares, 8,124,122 shares, 2,099,999 shares, and 2,276,817 shares, respectively.

Consideration Shares are liability classified until issuance if there are insufficient authorized and unissued shares. As of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2025, the Company had sufficient authorized shares and issued common stock to satisfy all obligations. Accordingly, all Consideration Shares were equity classified.

***Convertible Bridge Loans***

On October 8, 2024, the Company entered into a short-term bridge note with Lisa Ling, a related party, in the principal amount of $0.09 million, which has been amended and restated multiple times and remained outstanding during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 (the "**Ling Note**"). The Ling Note carries a 15% premium due at maturity, resulting in a repayment amount of $0.1 million, and provides that, at Ling's option, the repayment amount may be settled in whole or in part in shares of the Company's common stock at a fixed price of $0.25 per share upon notice to the Company prior to the maturity date.

The Company elected the fair value option under ASC 825, *Financial Instruments*, for the Ling Note; as a result, the Ling Note is measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. The Ling Note permits prepayment of any amount, including the premium, without Ling's consent.

The Ling Note was reissued on November 22, 2024 and December 31, 2024. On January 31, 2025, the Company and Ms. Ling further amended and restated the note, with the Ling Note remaining in force as of March 31, 2025. Subsequent to quarter-end, on April 30, 2025, the Company and Ms. Ling executed a Fourth Amended and Restated Short-Term Bridge Note (the "**Fourth A&R Ling Note**") that, among other things, confirms the principal amount and bridge premium and sets a maturity date of December 31, 2025. Under the terms of the Fourth A&R Ling Note, an event of default results in automatic acceleration of the full repayment amount.

As of March 31, 2025, the $0.1 million short-term bridge note remains unpaid and outstanding.

On March 4, 2025, the Company entered into one short-term bridge note with Paul Y. Song, M.D., the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, for total proceeds of $0.1 million, with a 8% premium due at maturity on April 30, 2025. The convertible bridge loan matures at the earlier of (i) 45 days from the respective issuance dates, (ii) the occurrence of any event of default, or (iii) the acceleration of the short-term bridge note. The loan is convertible at any

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

time, in whole or in part, at the holder's option into the Company's common stock at a fixed price of $0.25 per share, upon notice by the holder to the Company prior to the maturity date.

On April 3, 2025, the short-term bridge note was amended to extend the maturity through December 31, 2025 with no change in terms.

The Company recognized a loss of $22.0 thousand upon issuance of the convertible bridge loan representing the excess of the $112.1 thousand initial fair value over the $90.0 thousand proceeds received. As of March 31, 2025, the $0.1 million short-term bridge note remains unpaid and outstanding. Refer to Note 8, *Fair Value of Financial Instruments*.

***Convertible Promissory Notes***

During 2024, the Company issued multiple convertible promissory note agreements, of which two were with related parties and unsecured ("**Related Party Convertible Notes**"), one was secured ("**Secured Convertible Notes**"), twenty were unsecured ("**Unsecured Convertible Notes**"), and three were unsecured containing tranche rights ("**Tranche Convertible Notes**", collectively with the Related Party Convertible Notes, Secured Convertible Notes, and Unsecured Convertible Notes, "**2024 Convertible Notes**"). During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued seven unsecured convertible promissory note agreements ("**Unsecured Convertible Notes**" and collectively, "**2025 Convertible Notes**"). Each Convertible Note was issued with Convertible Note Warrants and Consideration Shares as set forth above.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued $1.8 million in unsecured promissory notes to various lenders. The notes have an interest rate of 12%. In connection with these notes, the Company issued 599,999 warrants discussed further in Note 4, *Warrants,* and 599,999 consideration shares which resulted in the issuance of common stock. In connection with the Company's policy described in Note 2, *Summary of Significant Accounting Policies*, a loss on issuance of 2025 Convertible Notes of $1.0 million was recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The Company elected to measure the Convertible Notes, including accrued interest, using the fair value option under ASC 825. Changes in fair value are included in change in fair value of the Convertible Notes on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 8, *Fair Value of Financial Instruments*, for further information.

The Convertible Notes are convertible into shares of the Company's common stock, in full or in part, at any time at the election of the holder, at a conversion price of $0.25 ("**Adjusted Price**"). Pursuant to the terms of the Convertible Notes, the original conversion price of $2.00 per share, was reset to the adjusted price of $0.60 per shares as of September 16, 2024, and was reset again to the adjusted price of $0.25 per share as of October 9, 2024.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, an unsecured convertible note with a fair value of $0.1 million was fully converted resulting in the issuance of 492,000 shares. In addition, multiple of the unsecured convertible notes with an aggregate fair value of $0.7 million were partially converted resulting in the issuance of 2,413,200 shares. All other 2024 and 2025 Convertible Notes remained outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

The 2024 and 2025 Convertible Notes are prepayable with a negotiated premium. The Secured Convertible Notes are secured by all of the Company's assets, including a deed of trust over the Company's owned real property located in Santa Ana, California.

The Company is currently in default under the 2024 and 2025 Convertible Notes as a result of its failure to remain current in its SEC reporting obligations among other ongoing breaches. As a consequence of existing event of default, (i) all outstanding principal and accrued interest under the 2024 and 2025 Convertible Notes are immediately due and payable and, (ii) interest on the notes is accruing at the applicable default rate (as set forth below in tabular format), and (iii) the notes may be convertible at a penalty valuation.

The Tranche Rights associated with the Tranche Convertible Notes issued in May 2024 provided holders, at their sole discretion, the ability to purchase additional unsecured promissory notes together with related warrants (the "**Note Warrants**") and consideration shares (the "**Consideration Shares**") within six months of issuance. These rights were classified as liabilities and measured at fair value on a recurring basis due to their discretionary nature, the liability

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

classification of the underlying instruments, and derivative accounting requirements under ASC 815. During 2024, two tranches under the May 7, 2024 notes and one tranche under the May 9, 2024 notes were exercised. All remaining Tranche Rights expired as of December 31, 2024, and no Tranche Rights were outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

During 2024, the Company entered into multiple letter agreements with holders of its 2024 Convertible Notes investors ("**Letter Agreements**"), pursuant to which such holders agreed to waive certain previously exercisable repayment rights upon financings exceeding $5.0 million. In consideration for these agreements, the Company paid $0.1 million and issued an aggregate of issued 2,276,817 Consideration Shares and 2,648,198 Convertible Note Warrants.

The table below summarizes the terms and certain amounts (dollar amounts in thousands) with respect to the outstanding 2024 and 2025 Convertible Notes as of March 31, 2025 (inclusive of instruments issued in connection with the Letter Agreements and exercised Tranche Rights):

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Related Party Convertible Notes** | **Secured Convertible Notes** | **Unsecured Convertible Notes** | **Tranche Convertible Notes** |
| Quantity issued | 2 | 1 | 27 | 3 |
| Quantity outstanding | 2 | 1 | 21 | 3 |
| Proceeds | $500 | $5000 | $11338 | $1100 |
| Total principal | $550 | $5000 | $12220 | $1355 |
| Issuance date | May 6, 2024 and June 7, 2024 | April 5, 2024 | March 21, 2024 - June 26, 2024, August 2024, October 2024, December 2024, January 2025, February 2025, and March 2025 | May 7, 2024 - June 18, 2024 |
| Original issue discount | 10.0% | N/A | 4.0% - 23.3% | 23.2% |
| Coupon rate | 12.0% | 7.5% | 12.0% - 23.2% | 12.0% |
| Default rate | 24.0% | 12.5% | 24.0% | 24.0% |
| Maturity date | May 6, 2025 and June 7, 2025 | October 4, 2026 | March 21, 2025 - December 26, 2026, April 28, 2026, January 8, 2026 - January 15, 2025, February 14, 2027, and August 24, 2027 | May 7, 2025 - June 18, 2025 |
| Interest payment frequency | Monthly starting in the third month after issuance | Monthly | Monthly starting in the third month after issuance | Monthly starting in the third month after issuance |
| Principal payment frequency | Monthly starting in the third month after issuance | At maturity | Monthly starting in the third month after issuance | Monthly starting in the third month after issuance |
| Quantity of Convertible Note Warrants (total) | 550000 | 1000000 | 10569126 | 1210000 |
| Quantity of Convertible Note Warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025 |  | 1000000 | 5501249 |  |
| Quantity of Consideration Shares (total) | 416666 | 2797661 | 6093127 | 916667 |
| Quantity of Consideration Shares (issued during three months ended March 31, 2025) |  |  | 599999 |  |
| Repayments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 | $— | $— | $— | $— |

---

***Senior Convertible Notes***

Prior to the Closing, the Company entered into convertible note subscription agreements ("**Securities Purchase Agreement**") with NKMAX for total proceeds of $10.0 million, with a four-year term and an interest rate of 5% paid in cash semiannually or 8% paid in kind ("**Senior Convertible Notes**"), which closed on September 29, 2023. Interest began accruing at Closing and is payable semiannually in arrears, with interest that is paid in kind (if applicable) increasing the principal amount outstanding on each interest payment date. The Company currently expects to make their interest payments in-kind in lieu of periodic cash payments. The Senior Convertible Notes are convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at NKMAX's option at a conversion price of $10.00 per share of common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments in the event of stock splits and the like). The Senior Convertible Notes have a put option which may be exercised by NKMAX 2.5 years after the issuance of the Senior Convertible Notes. No less than 6 months after exercise of the put option, the Company will be required to repay all principal and accrued interest of the Senior Convertible Notes.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

Should the put option remain unexercised, the outstanding principal and accrued interest will be due and payable on September 29, 2027. Additionally, as described in Note 4, *Warrants*, together with the Securities Purchase Agreement, the SPA Warrants were issued to NKMAX. There are no financial or non-financial covenants associated with the Senior Convertible Notes. During the three months ended March, 31, 2025, the Company recorded $0.2 million of interest expense and discount amortization related to the Senior Convertible Notes, respectively. As described in Note 7, *Related Party Transactions,* the Senior Convertible Notes are a related party financial instrument.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Senior Convertible Notes (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Senior Convertible<br>Notes** |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $10841 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of discount | 16 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Paid-in-kind interest | 220 |
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $11077 |

---

**6. Debt**

***Revolving Line of Credit***

In June 2023, the Company entered into a $5.0 million revolving line of credit agreement (as amended on September 19, 2023, January 30, 2024 and April 5, 2024) with a commercial bank with a one-year term and an interest rate based on the higher of (i) the one-month secured overnight financing rate plus 2.9% or (ii) 7.5%. Issuance fees of $0.1 million were incurred in connection with this revolving line of credit. All outstanding balances under the revolving line of credit were due and payable on June 20, 2024. In April 2024, the agreement was amended to extend the maturity date of the revolving line of credit to September 18, 2024. In September 2024, the agreement was further amended, extending the maturity date of the revolving line of credit to December 16, 2024. In December 2024, the agreement was further amended, extending the maturity date of the revolving line of credit to April 15, 2025. The revolving line of credit is secured by all of the Company's assets, including a deed of trust over the Company's owned real property located in Santa Ana, California. The Company was required to maintain deposits with the lender in an amount of at least $15.0 million from a certain period of time as long as there was a debt balance outstanding. In April 2025, the lender waived a minimum cash deposit requirement set forth in a letter agreement executed in March 2025 in exchange for a $0.1 million waiver fee and the Company's agreement to use the lender as its primary banking relationship. The $0.1 million fee is amortized over the remaining term of the revolving line of credit. The Company was in compliance with its debt covenants in the Revolving Line of Credit as of March 31, 2025. Additionally, the Company is required to maintain a restricted cash balance of $0.3 million. As of March 31, 2025, the interest rate for the revolving line of credit was 7.5%.

Through March 31, 2025, the Company drew down $5.0 million upon the revolving line of credit and made repayments of $1.0 million on drawdowns. Interest expense of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million was incurred on the revolving line of credit during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. All interest was paid in cash.

Effective April 15, 2025 the terms of the revolving line of credit were amended such that the maturity date was extended to January 15, 2027 and the interest rate was increased to 10% per annum. Additionally, the amendment stipulated that the Company deposit $0.3 million into a restricted account to be drawn down for monthly interest payments. The amendment also established that principal payments shall be due as follows: 1) $1.0 million due on June 1, 2025, 2) $1.0 million due on July 15, 2025, 3) $0.5 million due on October 15, 2025, and 4) $0.5 million continuing to be due on the 15th day of each quarter thereafter until the revolving line of credit is repaid in full. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Company had made principal repayments of $2.5 million for the revolving line of credit (see Note 17, *Subsequent Events*).

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Revolving Line of Credit - Promissory Note***

On October 29, 2024, the Company executed a revolving line of credit promissory note in favor of EmpiriStat, Inc. ("**EmpiriStat**") in the principal amount of $0.3 million. The note bears interest at a fixed rate of 7.0% per annum and is payable in full upon demand at any time after November 20, 2024. The note includes a provision for a late payment charge of 5.0% of the outstanding principal if payment is not made by the maturity date. In the event of default, the note accrues interest at a default rate of 8.0% per annum. The note is unsecured. The Company may prepay the note at any time without penalty.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not received a demand for payment and is in compliance with the terms of the note.

***Related Party Loans***

From January through April 2023, the Company entered into related party loans with NKMAX ("**Related Party Loans**") for aggregate gross proceeds of $5.0 million. These Related Party Loans bear an interest rate of 4.6% and matured on December 31, 2024. There are no financial or non-financial covenants associated with the Related Party Loans. The Related Party Loans are not convertible into equity. As of the date these financials are filed, Related Party Loans are past due, and the Company is in process of re-negotiating the terms of the loans*.* During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no payments made on the loans. The outstanding balance on the Related Party Loans was $4.0 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

In connection with the Related Party Loans, interest expenses incurred were zero and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Related party interest payable amounts recorded to other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets were zero and $0.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

**7. Related Party Transactions**

***Founder Shares***

Contemporaneously with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Graf and NKGen entered into an amended and restated sponsor support and lockup agreement ("**Amended and Restated Sponsor Support and Lockup Agreement**"). In connection with the Amended and Restated Sponsor Support and Lockup Agreement, of the 4,290,375 shares of Graf formerly held by Graf's sponsor and insiders ("**Founder Shares**"), (i) 1,773,631 shares were forfeited, (ii) 1,173,631 shares became restricted shares subject to vesting conditions ("**Deferred Founder Shares**"), and (iii) the remaining 1,343,113 shares are subject to trading restrictions for up to two years and continue to be outstanding and fully vested shares.

Deferred Founder Shares do not have voting rights, do not participate in dividends and are not transferable. During the vesting period of five years from Closing ("**Vesting Period**"), if the trading price or price per share consideration upon a change in control for common stock is greater than or equal to $14.00 at any 20 trading days in a 30 consecutive trading-day period, then 873,631 Deferred Founder Shares will immediately vest; and if greater than or equal to $20.00 at any 20 trading days in a 30 consecutive trading-day period, then an additional 300,000 Deferred Founder Shares will immediately vest. In the event there is a sale of the Company, then immediately prior to the consummation of such sale, the calculated acquirer sale price, as defined in the agreement, will take into account the number of Deferred Founder Shares that will vest upon a change in control. Upon the expiration of the Vesting Period, unvested Founder Shares will be forfeited and cancelled for no consideration.

All Founder Shares, including Deferred Founder Shares, are equity classified primarily due to terms indexed to the Company's own stock, including upon a change in control.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Related Party Financial Instruments***

The Company's related party financial instruments include (i) the Founder Shares, including Deferred Founder Shares described above in this Note 7, *Related Party Transactions*, (ii) the SPA Warrants described in Note 4, *Warrants*, (iii) the Working Capital Warrants described in Note 4, *Warrants*, (iv) the Senior Convertible Notes described in Note 5, *Convertible Notes*, (v) 2024 Related Party Convertible Bridge Loan described in Note 5, *Convertible Notes,* (vi) Related Party Convertible Bridge Notes described in Note 5, *Convertible Notes,* (vii) the Related Party Loans described in Note 6, *Debt*, (viii) the Private Warrants described in Note 4, *Warrants*, (ix) 400,000 of the Convertible Bridge Warrants described in Note 4, *Warrants*, and (x) 550,000 of the Convertible Note Warrants described in Note 4, *Warrants*.

***Purchases of Laboratory Supplies***

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not record any research and development expenses associated with the purchase of laboratory supplies from NKMAX. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, less than $0.1 million remained outstanding relating to the purchase of laboratory supplies from NKMAX, which was recorded to accounts payable and accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

***Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets***

As of March 31, 2025, the Company has recorded prepaid and other current assets of approximately $1.7 million associated with deposits paid to NKMAX to secure the Company's performance of the Conditional Investment Agreement for the merger and acquisition of NKMAX Co., Ltd. dated as of September 4, 2025 (the "**Conditional Investment Agreement**"). See Note 17, *Subsequent Events*, for further information.

***Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses***

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had an accounts payable balance of approximately $0.5 million and $0.7 million respectively, owed to NKMAX for expenses paid by NKMAX on behalf of the Company.

**8. Fair Value of Financial Instruments**

The following table summarizes the liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Fair Value Measurements** | **Fair Value Measurements** | **Fair Value Measurements** | **Fair Value Measurements** |
|  | **Balance as of<br>March 31,<br>2025** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| PIPE Warrants | $9820 | $— | $— | $9820 |
| Convertible Note Warrants | 975 |  |  | 975 |
| Private Warrants | 180 |  |  | 180 |
| Working Capital Warrants | 20 |  |  | 20 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subtotal - Derivative warrant liabilities | 10995 |  |  | 10995 |
| Forward purchase derivative liabilities | 175 |  |  | 175 |
| Convertible Promissory Notes | 18303 |  |  | 18303 |
| Convertible Bridge Loans | 196 |  |  | 196 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $29669 | $— | $— | $29669 |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Fair Value Measurements** | **Fair Value Measurements** | **Fair Value Measurements** | **Fair Value Measurements** |
|  | **Balance as of<br>December 31, 2024** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| PIPE Warrants | $10210 | $— | $— | $10210 |
| Convertible Note Warrants | 6221 |  |  | 6221 |
| Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants | 70 |  |  | 70 |
| Private Warrants | 515 |  |  | 515 |
| Working Capital Warrants | 57 |  |  | 57 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subtotal - Derivative warrant liabilities | 17073 |  |  | 17073 |
| Forward purchase derivative liabilities | 148 |  |  | 148 |
| Convertible Promissory Notes | 32410 |  |  | 32410 |
| Convertible Bridge Loans | 244 |  |  | 244 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $49875 | $— | $— | $49875 |

---

In addition to items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company also has liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and therefore are not included in the tables above. Liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2025 include the Senior Convertible Notes. The Senior Convertible Notes were determined to be in scope of ASC 470, *Debt*. Accordingly, this instrument will not be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as the fair value measurement of this instrument was for purposes of the relative fair value allocation as the Senior Convertible Notes were issued together with the SPA Warrants.

***Convertible Notes***

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Convertible Notes (in thousands):

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Related Party Convertible Notes** | **Secured Convertible Notes** | **Unsecured Convertible Notes** | **Tranche Convertible Notes** | **Total Convertible Notes** |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $1842 | $4249 | $23637 | $2682 | $32410 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance |  |  | 2646 |  | 2646 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value | (1041) | (159) | (13327) | (1415) | (15942) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversions |  |  | (198) | (613) | (811) |
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $801 | $4090 | $12758 | $654 | $18303 |

---

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the Convertible Notes was measured using a probability weighted scenario model. The possible settlement outcomes were identified and a scenario for each outcome was modeled and probability weighted for the likelihood of each respective event as set forth in tabular format below. The Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, which captures all possible outcomes, was used to value the conversion right, which is added to the present-valued cash flows to calculate the fair value of the Convertible Notes. A default scenario was

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

implemented and probability weighted using Bloomberg's Default Risk function. There were no changes in valuation methodology for the Convertible Notes from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025.

The following unobservable assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the Convertible Notes:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **At March 31, 2025** | **Conversion Q1'25** | **At Issuance Dates (Q1'25 Notes)** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| Conversion | 55.0% - 70.0% | 55.0% - 70.0% | 0.0% | 41.0% - 90.0% |
| Maturity | 50.0% - 70.0% | 0.0% - 70.0% | 50.0% - 65.0% | 14.0% - 25.0% |
| Default feature | 30.0% - 50.0% | 30.0% - 45.0% | 35.0% - 50.0% | 10.0% - 35.0% |
|  | **At March 31, 2025** | **Conversion Q1'25** | **At Issuance Dates (Q1'25 Notes)** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| Dividend yield | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Volatility | 154.0% - 208.0% | 206.0% - 259.0% | 154.0% - 217.0% | 152.0% - 167.0% |
| Discount yield | 11.4% - 13.1% | 9.9% - 13.8% | 9.4% - 13.7% | 9.8% - 10.2% |

---

***Convertible Bridge Loans***

In March 2025, the Company issued Convertible Bridge Loans. The following table presents a reconciliation of the 2025 Convertible Bridge Notes (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Unsecured Convertible Bridge Notes** |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $244 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance | 112 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value | (160) |
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $196 |

---

The following unobservable assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the Convertible Bridge Loans:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2025** | **At Issuance Date (March 4, 2025)** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| Conversion | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Maturity | 70.0% | 95.0% | 95.0% |
| Default feature | 30.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2025** | **At Issuance Date (March 4, 2025)** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| Dividend yield | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Volatility | 207.0% | 247.0% | 161.0% |
| Discount yield | 13.1% | 13.1% | 10.0% |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Liability-Classified Warrants*** 

The following table represents a reconciliation of all liability-classified warrants (in thousands):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Private Warrants** | **Working Capital Warrants** | **Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants** | **Convertible Promissory Note Warrants** | **PIPE Warrants** | **Total** |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $515 | $57 | $70 | $6221 | $10210 | $17073 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuances |  |  |  | 182 |  | 182 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversions |  |  | (45) | (715) |  | (760) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value | (335) | (37) | (25) | (4713) | (390) | (5500) |
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $180 | $20 | $— | $975 | $9820 | $10995 |

---

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the Private Warrants, Working Capital Warrants, Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants, and Convertible Note Warrants was measured using a Black-Scholes model. The estimated fair value of the liability-classified warrants was determined using Level 3 inputs. There were no changes in the valuation methodology used for the Private Warrants, Working Capital Warrants, Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants, and Convertible Note Warrants between December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2025.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the PIPE Warrants was valued using Level 3 inputs and was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The average value across this range of possible scenarios, discounted to present using the risk-free rate, was used as the fair value of the PIPE Warrants. There were no changes in the valuation methodology used for the PIPE Warrants between December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2025.

The following unobservable assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the liability-classified warrants as it relates to the PIPE Warrants:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **At March 31, 2025** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| Credit spread | 7.5% | 5.3% |
| Equity volatility | 160.0% | 130.0% |

---

The following unobservable assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the liability-classified warrants as it relates to the Private Warrants and Working Capital Warrants:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **At March 31, 2025** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| Volatility | 129.3% | 95.3% |
| Dividend yield (per share) | - | - |

---

The following unobservable assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the liability-classified warrants as it relates to the Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants and Convertible Note Warrants:

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **At March 31, 2025** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| *Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants* |  |  |
| Volatility | 122.0% | 113.0% |
| Dividend yield (per share) | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| *Convertible Note Warrants* |  |  |
| Volatility | 122.0% | 113.0% |
| Dividend yield (per share) | 0.0% | 0.0% |

---

***Forward Purchase Derivative Liabilities***

The forward purchase derivative liabilities were initially recognized at Closing on September 29, 2023, and additional forward purchase derivative liabilities were initially recognized at the subsequent subscription date of April 18, 2024. The fair value of forward purchase derivative liabilities as of March 31, 2025 was $0.2 million.

Refer to Note 3, *Private Placement*, for a reconciliation of the forward purchase derivative liabilities.

The fair value of the forward purchase derivative liabilities, exclusive of the forward purchase agreement entered in April 2024 (the "**April 2024 FPA**"), was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The Company's common share price was simulated with daily time steps for a range of various possible scenarios. For the current valuation, the estimate of volatility was based on the Company's own historical equity volatility, as the Company now has sufficient trading history to support a representative lookback period. In prior periods, volatility was derived from comparable companies' historical equity volatilities due to the limited trading history available at that time. The simulated prices were compared against the settlement adjustment features of the Forward Purchase Agreements. Under each simulated scenario of future stock price, the Company calculated the value of the forward purchase derivative liability arrangement. The average value across this range of possible scenarios, discounted to present using the risk-free rate, was used as the fair value of the forward purchase derivative liabilities.

The following unobservable assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the forward purchase derivative liabilities, at the respective balance sheet dates:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **At March 31, 2025** | **At December 31, 2024** |
| Dividend yield | —% | —% |
| Equity volatility | 208.0% | 199.0% |

---

**9. Stockholders' Deficit**

***Common Stock***

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had authorized 500,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share. As of March 31, 2025, 51,306,712 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding, and 448,693,288 shares of common stock were reserved for future issuance.

***Preferred Stock***

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had authorized 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001. As of March 31, 2025, zero shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding.

***Capital Contributions***

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company received cash advances totaling $1.8 million from AlpineBrook Capital GP 1 Limited ("**AlpineBrook**"). These advances were in addition to the $3.1 million received during the year ended December 31, 2024. This funding was provided under informal arrangements, terms of the funding have not been finalized during the reporting period and the funding was personally guaranteed by Paul Y. Song, M.D. and James Graf.

At the time of funding, the Company had no written contractual obligation to repay AlpineBrook, Dr. Song, or Mr. Graf, and there were no written agreements between the Company and AlpineBrook or between the Company and Dr. Song or Mr. Graf regarding the treatment of these amounts.

Based on the understanding among the parties, these amounts will be restructured or reclassified in the future. Prior to determining the ultimate structure of the funding, the funding has been treated as capital contributions and recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of stockholders' deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2025. See Note 17, *Subsequent Events,* for further information.

***Employee Stock Purchase Plan***

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, the Company adopted an employee stock purchase plan ("**ESPP**"). The maximum number of shares of the Company's common stock that may be issued under the ESPP is 3% of the fully diluted common stock of the Company, determined as of immediately following Closing. Such maximum number of shares is subject to automatic annual increases. The Company's employees and the employees of any designated affiliates may participate in the ESPP. The purchase price of the ESPP shares is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the first day of an offering or on the applicable date of purchase. As of March 31, 2025, there were no transactions with respect to the ESPP.

***2019 Equity Incentive Plan***

The Company's 2019 equity incentive plan ("**2019 Plan**") became effective on October 23, 2019. The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock unit awards and performance share awards to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company.

Stock options granted under the 2019 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant and generally vest over a four-year period, with vesting occurring at a rate of 25% at the end of the first and thereafter in 36 equal monthly installments, or in the case of awards granted to board members, on a monthly basis over three or four years. In general, vested options expire if not exercised within three months after termination of service.

***2023 Equity Incentive Plan***

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, the Company adopted the 2023 equity incentive plan ("**2023 Plan**"). The maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2023 Plan is 12% of the fully diluted common stock of the Company, determined as of immediately following Closing. Such maximum number of shares is subject to automatic annual increases. Under the 2023 Plan, restricted shares and stock options with service or performance based conditions may be granted to employees and nonemployees.

Upon the effective date of the 2023 Plan, the Company may not grant any additional awards under the 2019 Plan. As of March 31, 2025, certain awards to executives and non-employee directors were granted under the 2023 Plan. Stock options granted under the 2023 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant and generally vest on a monthly basis over three or four years. In general, vested options expire if not exercised within three months after termination of service.

The fair value of each employee and non-employee stock option grant under the 2019 Plan and 2023 Plan is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Due to the Company's limited operating history and a lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company estimated expected volatility based on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies' shares during the equivalent period of the calculated

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

expected term of the stock-based awards. Due to the lack of historical exercise history, the expected term of the Company's stock options for employees has been determined utilizing the "simplified" method for awards. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. The expected dividend yield is zero since the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

A summary of the Company's stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 is as follows:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Stock Options Outstanding** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Exercise Price** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual**<br>**Life (Years)** | **Total**<br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic**<br>**Value (in**<br>**thousands)** |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 | 7297565 | $1.74 | 9.27 | $803 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Granted  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited  | (566208) | 3.31 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised  |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding as of March 31, 2025 | 6731357 | $1.61 | 9.08 | $803 |
| Exercisable at March 31, 2025 | 1931032 | $2.51 | 8.51 | $— |

---

Intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the estimated fair value of the common stock for the options that had exercise prices that were lower than the per share fair value of the common stock on the related measurement date. The aggregate fair value of stock options vested during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $2.8 million.

As of March 31, 2025, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation related to unvested stock option awards granted was $5.9 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a remaining weighted-average period of approximately 2.3 years.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock option grants outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Common stock fair value | $| 1.14 |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.1% | 4.1% |
| Expected volatility | 105.6% | 105.6% |
| Expected term (in years) | 6.79 | 6.79 |
| Expected dividend yield | 0.0% | 0.0% |

---

Stock-based compensation expense, recognized in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the 2019 Plan and 2023 Plan was recorded as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Research and development | $132 | $145 |
| General and administrative | 575 | 972 |
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $707 | $1117 |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**10. Property and Equipment, net**

Property and equipment, net consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Useful Life** | **March 31,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Land |  | $5025 | $5025 |
| Buildings | 40 years | 8325 | 8325 |
| Furniture and fixtures | 7 years | 749 | 749 |
| Lab equipment | 5 years | 4004 | 4004 |
| Leasehold improvements | Lesser of estimated useful life or<br>related lease term | 52 | 52 |
| Office equipment | 5 years | 17 | 17 |
| Vehicles | 5 years | 27 | 27 |
|  |  | 18199 | 18199 |
| Less: Accumulated depreciation |  | (5175) | (4902) |
| Total property and equipment |  | $13024 | $13297 |

---

Depreciation expense related to property and equipment was $0.3 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**11. Additional Balance Sheet Information**

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **March 31,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Prepaid expenses | $648 | $519 |
| Other receivables | 23 | 24 |
| Related party deposits (Note 7 - *Related Party Transactions*) | 1681 | 1681 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets  | $2352 | $2224 |

---

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Accounts payable (including related party amounts of $489 and $492 as of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | $15240 | $14391 |
| Accrued liabilities | 252 | 460 |
| Employee compensation | 1038 | 640 |
| Other | 208 | 177 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $16738 | $15668 |

---

**12. Additional Statements of Operations**

Loss on issuance of financial instruments consisted of the following (in thousands):

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Convertible Bridge Loans | $(22) | $(729) |
| Convertible Notes | (1028) |  |
| Total | $**(1050)** | $**(729)** |

---

Gain on amendments to financial instruments consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Q1 2024 FPA Amendments | $— | $(396) |
| Q1 2024 PIPE Warrant Amendment |  | 679 |
| Total | $**—** | $**283** |

---

Change in fair value of financial instruments consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Derivative warrant liabilities | $5500 | $3717 |
| FPA derivative liability | (27) | 535 |
| Convertible Notes | 15942 | (478) |
| Convertible Bridge Loans | 160 |  |
| Liability-classified common stock |  | (1) |
| Total | $**21575** | $**3773** |

---

**13. Commitments and Contingencies**

***Leases***

As of March 31, 2025, the Company recorded an aggregate ROU asset of $0.5 million with an accumulated amortization of $0.2 million in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as operating lease ROU asset, net, and an aggregate lease liability of $0.4 million in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, which is comprised of $0.2 million operating lease liability, current and $0.2 million of operating lease liability, non-current. As of March 31, 2025, the weighted-average remaining lease term is 1.8 years and the weighted-average discount rate is 22.4%.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

Future minimum lease payments under the office lease are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Lease<br>Payments** |
| 2025 (excluding the three months ended 3/31/2025) | $181 |
| 2026 | 249 |
| Total minimum lease payments | 430 |
| Less: Imputed interest | (70) |
| Present value of future minimum lease payments | $360 |
| Current operating lease liability | $154 |
| Non-current operating lease liability | $206 |

---

***Lease of Space as a Sublessor***

In March 2025, the Company entered into a non-cancelable operating lease agreement to lease office space to a third party. The lease commences on April 15, 2025, and expires on December 31, 2026. Under the terms of the agreement, aggregate lease payments of $205.0 thousand, representing monthly rental payments of $10.0 thousand and a prorated payment of $5.0 thousand for April 2025, were remitted in full upon execution of the lease. In accordance with ASC 842, *Leases*, lease income will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. No lease income was recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

***License Agreements***

The Company has entered into exclusive license agreements with NKMAX, as amended in October 2021, April 2023 and August 2023 ("**Intercompany License**"), pursuant to which the Company acquired certain intellectual property for the development of treatments for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other fields of use. Pursuant to each license agreement, as consideration for an exclusive license to the intellectual property, the Company paid an upfront fee of $1.0 million ("**Licensed Technology**").

Additionally, the Company is also required to pay onetime milestone payments for the first receipt of regulatory approval by the Company or any of its affiliates for a Licensed Technology in the following jurisdictions (and amounts): the United States ($5.0 million), the European Union ("**EU**") ($4.0 million), and four other countries ($1.0 million) each. The Company is obligated to pay a mid-single digit royalty on net sales of Licensed Technology by it, its affiliates or its sub-licensees, subject to customary reductions. The Company is also required to pay a percentage of its sublicensing revenue ranging from a low double-digit percentage to a mid-single digit percentage. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not paid any milestone payments and no sales of Licensed Technology have occurred.

***Litigation***

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims, which arise in the ordinary course of business.

The Company is not subject to any currently pending legal matters or claims that would have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company's exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future but have not yet been made. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made, and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. No amounts were accrued as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**14. Income Taxes**

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state jurisdictions. The Company is not subject to taxation in foreign countries. The Company's effective tax rate is calculated quarterly based upon current assumptions relating to the full year's estimated operating results and various tax-related items. Each quarter, an estimate of the annual effective tax rate is updated should the Company revise its forecast of earnings based upon its operating results. If there is a change in the estimated effective annual tax rate, a cumulative adjustment is made.

The difference between the effective tax rate of 0% and the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was due to changes in the valuation allowance, which entirely offsets the Company's net deferred assets. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company determined that, based on an evaluation of the Company's history of net losses and all available evidence, both positive and negative, including the Company's latest forecasts and cumulative losses in recent years, it was more likely than not that none or substantially none of the Company's deferred tax assets would be realized and, therefore, the Company continued to record a valuation allowance.

**15. Segment Reporting**

The Company conducts its business activities and reports financial results as one business segment. The presentation of financial results as one reportable segment is consistent with the way the Company operates its business and is consistent with the manner in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") evaluates performance and makes resource and operating decisions for the business. The Company's CODM is the Chief Executive Officer. Furthermore, the Company notes that monitoring financial results as one reportable segment helps the CODM manage costs on a consolidated basis, consistent with the integrated nature of the operations. The CODM uses net loss, as reported on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations, in evaluating performance of the Company and determining how to allocate resources of the Company as a whole. The CODM relies on the financial statements as presented within the annual report Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q to evaluate the Company's financial performance and make key operating decisions. The key area of focus for the Company's CODM for allocation of resources is the cash used in operations. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements provide a comprehensive view of the Company's overall financial condition, including information on expenses, assets and liabilities. The significant expense categories are consistent with those presented on the face of the statements of operations. The CODM does not receive or use any other segmented or disaggregated financial or any significant expense information for decision making purposes. As the CODM evaluates performance on a consolidated basis, all required financial segment information is included in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company's operations, revenues, and long-lived assets are all located within the United States.

**16. Earnings Per Share**

The following table reconciles the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| *(In thousands, except per share data)* | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income (loss) | $15350 | $(5382) |
| Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible promissory notes (1) | (14879) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Senior convertible notes (2) | 237 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible bridge loans (1) | (138) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible promissory note warrants (1) | (4713) |  |
| Net loss for diluted earnings per share | $(4143) | $(5382) |
| Basic weighted-average shares outstanding | 45962049 | 21935679 |
| Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible promissory notes | 52528799 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Senior convertible notes | 1000000 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible bridge loans | 511960 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible promissory note warrants | 2651911 |  |
| Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding | 102654719 | 21935679 |
| Basic earnings per share | $0.33 | $(0.25) |
| Diluted earnings per share | $(0.04) | $(0.25) |
| (1) Includes the change in fair value of financial instruments and loss on issuance of financial instruments associated with the dilutive convertible promissory notes, convertible bridge loans, and convertible promissory note warrants. | (1) Includes the change in fair value of financial instruments and loss on issuance of financial instruments associated with the dilutive convertible promissory notes, convertible bridge loans, and convertible promissory note warrants. | (1) Includes the change in fair value of financial instruments and loss on issuance of financial instruments associated with the dilutive convertible promissory notes, convertible bridge loans, and convertible promissory note warrants. |
| (2) Includes the interest expense associated with the dilutive senior convertible notes. | (2) Includes the interest expense associated with the dilutive senior convertible notes. | (2) Includes the interest expense associated with the dilutive senior convertible notes. |

---

Potentially anti-dilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 include the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Private warrants | 4721533 | 4721533 |
| Working capital warrants | 523140 | 523140 |
| Public warrants | 3432286 | 3432286 |
| PIPE warrants | 6894439 | 10209994 |
| Stock Options | 6731357 | 1969261 |
| SPA warrants | 1000000 | 1000000 |
| Senior convertible notes shares |  | 1000000 |
| Deferred founder shares (1) | 1173631 | 1173631 |
| Convertible promissory notes |  | 367850 |
| Convertible promissory note warrants |  | 660000 |
| Convertible bridge loans |  | 619146 |
| Convertible bridge loan warrants |  | 1250000 |
| Liability-classified consideration shares |  | 7334 |
| Total Anti-Dilutive Securities | 24476386 | 26934175 |

---

(1)As described in Note 7, *Related Party Transactions*, deferred founder shares do not have voting rights, do not participate in dividends and are not transferrable absent the Company's consent. Therefore, while deferred founder shares are considered outstanding for legal purposes and are included in the total quantity of outstanding shares on the

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

unaudited condensed consolidated statements of stockholders' deficit, they are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes, including basic and diluted net loss per share purposes.

 **17. Subsequent Events**

***Reverse Stock Split***

On February 25, 2025, at a special meeting of the stockholders of the Company, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the Company's Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of the Company's outstanding common stock with certain limitations, as determined by the Company's board of directors. Further, on February 25, 2025, the board of directors of the Company determined to effect a one-for-six (1-for-6) reverse stock split of the Company's common stock if such a split were eventually effected by the Company. The timing and ultimate ratio (within the stockholder-approved band) of the reverse stock split will be determined by the board without further approval or authorization of the Company's stockholders if effective before February 25, 2026. As of the date of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the reverse stock split has not been effected by the Company.

***2025 Convertible Bridge Loans***

On April 3, 2025, the Company entered into an amended and restated convertible bridge loan, reissuing a note originally issued on March 4, 2025, pursuant to which the Company agreed to borrow $90,000 with an 8% repayment premium, for a total repayment obligation of $97,200 maturing on December 31, 2025; the note permits the holder, at its sole option, to elect repayment in shares of the Company's common stock at a conversion price of $0.25 per share.

On April 30, 2025, the Company entered into a fourth amended and restated convertible bridge loan, reissuing a note originally issued on October 8, 2024 and previously reissued on November 22, 2024, December 31, 2024, and January 31, 2025, pursuant to which the Company agreed to borrow $85,000 with a 15% repayment premium, for a total repayment obligation of $97,750 maturing on December 31, 2025; the note provides the holder the option to receive repayment in shares of the Company's common stock at a conversion price of $0.25 per share.

On November 24, 2025, the Company entered into two short-term bridge notes with two related parties for a total principal amount of $0.2 million that matures on December 31, 2025 with a 15% bridge premium due at maturity, resulting in a repayment amount of $0.2 million. The bridge notes remain unpaid.

***2025 Convertible Promissory Notes***

During the quarter ended June 30, 2025, the Company received a conversion notice for the issuance of approximately 2,015,187 shares of common stock to a holder of its Convertible Notes as full repayment of an approximately $0.2 million amount due including related premiums and penalties.

***Warrant Exercises and Conversions***

During the quarter ended June 30, 2025, 2,593,775 PIPE warrants converted to shares on a cashless basis.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, 555,555 PIPE warrants converted to shares on a cashless basis and 2,786,228 other liability-classified warrants converted to shares on a cashless basis.

***Revolving Line of Credit***

Effective April 15, 2025, the terms of the revolving line of credit were amended such that the maturity date was extended to January 15, 2027 and the interest rate was increased to 10% per annum. Additionally, the amendment stipulated that the Company deposit $0.3 million into a restricted account to be drawn down for monthly interest payments. The amendment also established that principal payments shall be due as follows: 1) $1.0 million due on June 1, 2025, 2) $1.0 million due on July 15, 2025, 3) $0.5 million due on October 15, 2025, and 4) $0.5 million continuing to be due on the 15th day of each quarter thereafter until the revolving line of credit is repaid in full. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Company had made principal repayments of $2.5 million for the revolving line of credit (see Note 6, *Debt*).

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Revolving Line of Credit - Promissory Note***

As of April 30, 2025, the Company had an outstanding promissory note payable to EmpiriStat, with a principal balance and accrued interest totaling $0.3 million. The note bears interest at 7.0% through December 20, 2024, and 8.0% thereafter, and was due on April 22, 2025, with an extension granted to April 30, 2025. The note is personally guaranteed by Paul Y. Song, M.D. a significant shareholder of the Company. In addition, the Company is obligated to make a $7,500 donation to UC Davis in lieu of reimbursing EmpiriStat's legal fees. The donation of $7,500 was paid on April 29, 2025, and the outstanding balance of $0.3 million due to EmpiriStat was paid in full on May 6, 2025.

***2025 Letter Agreements***

On April 25, 2025, the Company entered into a letter agreement with an investor relating to the amended and restated Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company to the investor on April 25, 2024, which was originally issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, dated as of September 20, 2023, by and between the Company and the investor. Pursuant to the letter agreement, the investor elected to exercise Downside Protection related to 555,555 warrants, resulting in the issuance of 555,555 shares of the Company's common stock. In addition, in lieu of a cash payment of $0.5 million in Additional Downside Consideration otherwise due to the investor under the Warrant, the investor agreed to receive and the Company agreed to issue 2,038,220 shares of its common stock at a price of $0.25 per share, in full satisfaction of such amount. The letter agreement also acknowledges an outstanding amount of $0.4 million in Downside Protection Cash from a prior 2024 exercise of Downside Protection, and the investor has agreed to accept, in lieu of cash, 1,528,888 shares of the Company's common stock. On April 25, 2025, the Company issued 2,593,775 shares of common stock. The remaining 1,528,888 shares are unissued as of the date of these financial statements.

On November 28, 2025, the Company entered into a letter agreement with an investor relating to the amended and restated Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company to the investor on April 25, 2024, which was originally issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, dated September 26, 2023, by and between the Company and the investor. Pursuant to the letter agreement, the investor elected to exercise Downside Protection related to 200,000 warrants, resulting in the issuance of 200,000 shares of the Company's common stock. In addition, in lieu of a cash payment of $0.4 million in Additional Downside Consideration otherwise due to the investor under the Warrant, the investor agreed to receive and the Company agreed to issue 1,625,496 shares of its common stock at a price of $0.25 per share, in full satisfaction of such amount.

***Stock Purchase Agreements***

On May 5, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with Paul Y. Song, M.D., the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Company's board of directors. In accordance with the terms of the stock purchase agreement, the Company agreed to issue and sell 20,849,725 shares of common stock to Dr. Song at a purchase price of $0.1271 per share, the market price for the shares at the time, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.7 million. The Company also agreed to issue a common stock purchase warrant for 41,699,449 shares to Dr. Song. The exercise price of the warrant is $0.1271 per share.

On May 14, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with an existing investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 19,669,552 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.1271 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.5 million in accordance with the investor's contracted right to participate in subsequent offerings on the same terms. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor a common stock purchase warrant for 39,339,103 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the warrant is $0.1271 per share.

On June 11, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with an investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 200,000 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $50,000. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor a common stock purchase warrant for 200,000 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

On July 14, 2025 and July 15, 2025, the Company entered into stock purchase agreements with two new investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell a total of 12,000,000 shares of common stock to the investors at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $3.0 million. Additionally, the Company agreed to

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

issue the investors common stock purchase warrants for 12,000,000 shares of common stock in aggregate, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

On August 18, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement and related letter agreement with an investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell a total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $0.5 million. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor common stock purchase warrants for 2,000,000 shares of common stock in aggregate, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

On August 27, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement and related letter agreement with an investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell a total of 400,000 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $0.1 million. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor common stock purchase warrants for 400,000 shares of common stock in aggregate, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

On September 18, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement and related letter agreement with an investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell a total of 10,000,000 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.5 million. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor common stock purchase warrants for 20,000,000 shares of common stock in aggregate, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

On October 1, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement and related letter agreement with an investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell a total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $0.5 million. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor common stock purchase warrants for 2,000,000 shares of common stock in aggregate, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

On October 1, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement and related letter agreement with an investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell a total of 400,000 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $0.1 million. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor common stock purchase warrants for 400,000 shares of common stock in aggregate, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

On December 3, 2025, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement and related letter agreement with an investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell a total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock to the investor at a purchase price of $0.25 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $0.5 million. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue the investor common stock purchase warrants for 2,000,000 shares of common stock in aggregate, with an exercise price of $0.25 per share.

***Collaboration Agreement***

On July 14, 2025, the Company entered into a Collaboration Agreement (the "**HekaBio Collaboration Agreement**") with HekaBio. Under the HekaBio Collaboration Agreement, HekaBio was granted exclusive rights to develop, conduct clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture, and commercialize NKGen's autologous NK cell therapy product candidates for central nervous system and autoimmune conditions in Japan. HekaBio will lead all regulatory and clinical activities in Japan, including acting as the Marketing Authorization Holder (as defined in the Collaboration Agreement), and will be responsible for developing in-country manufacturing capacity. The collaboration is designed to accelerate the development and commercialization of NKGen's therapies in Japan, leveraging the country's favorable regulatory environment for regenerative medicine and addressing significant unmet needs in neurodegenerative diseases. In connection with the collaboration, HekaBio made a strategic investment disclosed above under stock purchase agreements.

***Investment Purchase Agreement***

The Seoul Bankruptcy Court approved the Conditional Investment Agreement between the Company and NKMAX relating to the proposed acquisition of a majority interest in NKMAX in 2024. Subsequently, the Company was

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

notified that it had been selected by the Court as the final preferred bidder for the acquisition, subject to stakeholder approval. On June 18, 2025, NKMAX stakeholders approved the Agreement, satisfying all previously disclosed requirements, subject to final notification of closing of the acquisition. On June 18, 2025, the NKMAX stakeholders approved the Conditional Investment Agreement and all previously disclosed requirements have been satisfied, subject to final notification of closing.

On September 4, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of a majority equity stake in NKMAX, a Korean biotechnology company, former parent company before de-SPAC/business combination with Graf IV Acquisition Corp, out of bankruptcy. The transaction involved the purchase of 46,400,000 common shares of NKMAX at the US dollar equivalent of approximately $0.36 per share, resulting in a 65% ownership interest. This acquisition grants the Company control over NKMAX's global manufacturing infrastructure, intellectual property, and exclusive commercialization rights.

The acquisition was financed with approximately $16.9 million, primarily funded by AlpineBrook, with the remainder provided by Paul Y. Song, M.D., the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Due to the nature of Korean bankruptcy proceedings, the acquisition was fully funded in a series of deposits from late 2024 with a final payment in June 2025 but not completed until September 2025. The parties intended to finalize terms for the funding in the interim period. However, terms and documentation of the funding were not yet finalized at the time of the completion of the acquisition, as structuring issues were outstanding related to the intersection of law, bankruptcy law and securities regulations between the United States and South Korea.

On January 5, 2026, the Company and its subsidiary entered into a secured promissory note with AlpineBrook in the original principal amount of $25.8 million, bearing interest at 12% per annum and initially maturing two months after issuance (the "**AlpineBrook Secured Note**"). The AlpineBrook Secured Note formalizes approximately $20.9 million of prior undocumented cash advances made by the Lender. Additionally, on January 12, 2026, the Company entered into an amendment to the AlpineBrook Secured Note which provides an additional $295,000 of funding with interest accruing as of January 12, 2026.

***OBBBA***

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("**OBBBA**") was signed into law, which enacts significant changes to U.S. tax and related laws. Some of the provisions of the new tax law affecting corporations include but are not limited to expensing of domestic research expenses, increasing the limit of the deduction of interest expense deduction to thirty percent of EBITDA, and one hundred percent bonus depreciation on eligible property acquired after January 19, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the new tax law will have on its financial condition and results of operations. Preliminarily, the Company does not anticipate a material change to its effective income tax rate and its net deferred federal income tax assets as the Company maintains a full valuation allowance. The impact of the tax law changes from the OBBBA will be included in the Company's financial statements beginning in the three months ending September 30, 2025.

***Common Stock Trading Status***

On July 14, 2025, the Company was notified by OTC Markets Group that, due to delays in its Exchange Act filings and the expiration of the applicable grace period, quotations for its Common Stock would be moved from the OTC Pink Market to the OTC Expert Market. Trading on the OTC Expert Market commenced on July 17, 2025, resulting in restricted public access to bid/ask prices and trading volume, and limited investor ability to trade the stock. This followed a prior delisting from The Nasdaq Global Market for non-compliance with continued listing requirements. Despite these developments, the Common Stock remains tradable and pricing information is available to brokers and market makers. The Company is actively working to regain compliance with its Exchange Act reporting obligations and has applied for listing on the OTCQB Market, with the application pending completion of required filings. Additionally, the Company intends to pursue relisting on a national securities exchange, such as Nasdaq or NYSE American, upon meeting applicable requirements. In support of these efforts, shareholders approved a reverse stock split on February 25, 2025, which may be implemented to meet minimum share price criteria.

***Sublease Agreement***

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

On March 10, 2025, the Company entered into a sublease agreement for approximately 7,400 square feet of its Irvine office space with a third party. The sublease term is expected to commence in April 2025 and expire on December 31, 2026. The sublease provides for monthly base rent of $10,000, with the full rental obligation prepaid by the sublessee. The sublease is subject to the terms of the Company's master lease and does not impact the Company's right-of-use asset or lease liability balances as of March 31, 2025.

***Consulting Agreement***

On September 25, 2025, NKGen entered a consulting agreement with Dr. Yong Man Kim, allowing him to continue as Chief Scientific Officer in a consulting capacity while serving as President of NKMAX. The agreement is indefinite and can be terminated at any time by either party, ensuring Dr. Kim remains involved in NKGen's scientific leadership and R&D strategy.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.**

*Defined terms included below have the same meaning as terms defined and included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.* 

*The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, beliefs, and expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements".*

**Overview**

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative autologous and allogeneic cell therapies utilizing a proprietary SNK platform. Our product candidates are based on a proprietary manufacturing and cryopreservation process which produces SNK cells that have increased activity as compared to the starting population of NK cells, based on the results of in vitro experiments performed by NKMAX, as defined by parameters such as cytotoxicity, cytokine production and activating receptor expression. NKGen believes that SNK cells have the potential to deliver transformational benefits to patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease ("**AD**") and Parkinson's disease ("**PD**"), and cancer.

We were originally incorporated in Delaware on January 28, 2021 under the name Graf Acquisition Corp. IV, a special-purpose acquisition company for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or engaging in any other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

On April 14, 2023, we entered into the Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Graf, Merger Sub, and Legacy NKGen. Upon consummation of the transactions under the Merger Agreement on September 29, 2023, Merger Sub merged with and into the Company with Legacy NKGen surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Graf. In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, Graf was renamed to "**NKGen Biotech, Inc.**" and Legacy NKGen changed its name to "**NKGen Operating Biotech, Inc.**" The common stock and warrants of the combined company began trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbols "**NKGN**" and "**NKGNW**", respectively, on October 2, 2023.

Throughout the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise noted or otherwise suggested by context, the "**Company**", "we", "us", "our" refers to Legacy NKGen prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, and the Company after the consummation of the Business Combination.

**The Business Combination**

In connection with the Business Combination, several financial instruments were issued. This included the Senior Convertible Notes, the SPA Warrants, the PIPE Warrants, and the Forward Purchase Agreements. In addition, several pre-existing financial instruments of Graf were deemed issued pursuant to the reverse recapitalization treatment of the Business Combination, including Graf's remaining public shares, the Private Warrants, the Public Warrants, and the Working Capital Warrants. Furthermore, we incurred transaction costs, certain Founder Shares were terminated or placed under vesting conditions, our Legacy Convertible Notes converted, all assets and liabilities of Graf were combined with the assets and liabilities of NKGen on a historical cost basis, all of Legacy NKGen's common stock and stock options were exchanged for our common stock based upon the Exchange Ratio, among other material events.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**Business Highlights**

Our goal is to bring transformative Natural Killer ("**NK**") cell therapies to patients with both neurodegenerative and oncological diseases and thereby realize the potential of our extensive NK cell expertise. On October 14, 2022, we received investigational new drug ("**IND**") clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("**FDA**") for SNK02 allogeneic NK cell therapy for solid tumors. On October 20, 2023, we received IND clearance from the FDA for SNK01 in AD. On December 21, 2023, we received the No Objection Letter from Health Canada for our clinical trial application of SNK01 in AD. On December 28, 2023, we dosed our first participant in the US on the SNK01-AD01 clinical trial. On April 26, 2024, we received IND clearance from the FDA for SNK01 in PD. During 2024 and beyond, we intend to (i) advance the clinical development of SNK01 and continue enrolling the Phase I/IIa trial in the United States and Canada for AD, and (ii) complete the Phase I trial with SNK02 in refractory solid tumors. We intend to conduct a trial in PD, to evaluate the expansion into other neurodegenerative diseases, accelerate development in oncology through strategic collaborations, and continue investment in our manufacturing technology.

NKGen presented its Phase I clinical trial data at the 16th Annual Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease conference on October 25, 2023. Ten AD patients from the first three cohorts in our ten-week Phase I dose escalation clinical trial were analyzed. NK cells were successfully activated and expanded for 100% of the patients in the trial. No treatment-related adverse events were observed. One week after the last dose (Week 11), 30% of patients showed clinical improvement on the AD composite score ("**ADCOMS**") compared to baseline, 60% of patients showed a stable ADCOMS score compared to baseline, and 50–70% of patients were stable or improved on the clinical dementia rating sum of boxes ("**CDR-SB**"), Alzheimer's Disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale ("**ADAS-Cog**") and/or mini-mental state examination ("**MMSE**") scores. One patient's score showed a switch from a moderate classification on the ADCOMS to a mild classification. Twelve weeks after the last dose (Week 22), 44–89% of patients remained stable or improved in all cognitive scores compared to Week 11, and 50% of patients' ADCOMS scores remained stable compared to Week 11. Based on the CSF biomarker data, SNK01 given via IV appears to cross the blood-brain barrier to reduce CSF pTau181 levels and neuroinflammation, as measured by GFAP; this effect appears to be persistent at Week 22. Our goal is to utilize our extensive NK cell expertise and bring transformative NK cell therapies to patients with neurodegenerative disease.

On May 20, 2024, after careful review of the Phase 1 data by a majority independent Safety Review Committee, SNK01 was cleared by an Internal Review Board ("**IRB**") to enter into the Phase 2 portion of the clinical trial. This pivotal stage will assess efficacy and further safety of SNK01 in a larger group of 30 patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease using a randomized, double-blind design (20 to receive SNK01, 10 to receive placebo). The Phase 2 trial will provide deep insights into the potential benefits and risks of SNK01 in moderate Alzheimer's Disease, helping clinical researchers to provide validation of the potential therapeutic value of SNK01.

NKGen presented its Phase I clinical interim trial data for the cryopreserved non-genetically modified allogeneic natural killer cells, SNK02, with enhanced cytotoxicity in five patients with advanced solid tumors without lymphodepletion at the 2024 American Society of Clinical Oncology ("**ASCO**") Annual Meeting and 6<sup>th</sup> Annual Allogeneic Cell Therapies Summit. Five patients with advanced refractory solid tumors (one leiomyosarcoma, one angiosarcoma, one endometrial adenocarcinoma, one undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, and one colorectal adenocarcinoma) were evaluated for the safety and tolerability of SNK02 treatment without lymphodepletion. There was one death on study, which was deemed unrelated to the investigational product (the "**IP**"). Out of the 36 doses administered through Cycle 8, there were 17 Grade 1, three Grade 2, and one Grade 3 adverse events related to the IP. The Grade 3 adverse events of increased fatigue resolved after one day with no intervention required. Antibodies appeared to develop around Cycle 5 and appeared to correlate with adverse events. The best objective response of Stable Disease was demonstrated in 100% of patients that completed the eight cycles. SNK02 was well tolerated as a monotherapy and appears to have some clinical activity against pretreated solid tumors despite the lack of lymphodepletion. SNK02 will continue to be studied as a monotherapy and in potential combination treatment regimens with monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**Factors Affecting Our Performance**

Our operations to date have been limited to business planning, raising capital, developing, and identifying NK cell therapies utilizing our SNK platform, clinical studies, and other research and development activities. We had net income of $15.4 million and a net loss of $5.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, our accumulated deficit was $191.1 million. We expect to continue incurring significant expenses and operating losses for at least the next several years associated with our ongoing activities as we:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• initiate and complete nonclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• contract to manufacture and perform additional process development for our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• continue research and development efforts to build our pipeline beyond the current product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• maintain, expand, and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• hire additional clinical, quality control, scientific, and management personnel;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• add operational and financial personnel to support our product development efforts and planned future commercialization; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• add operational and administrative capabilities applicable to operating as a public company.

We do not expect to generate any revenues from product sales unless and until we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for one or more product candidates, which will not be for many years, if ever. Accordingly, until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of our product candidates, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, including from related parties, and potentially grants, collaborations, licenses, or other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates or to our platform technologies that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

We do not currently have, and do not currently expect to have, sufficient funds to service our operations and our expenses and other liquidity needs and will require additional capital immediately. In addition, we have expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that we will be able to timely secure such additional funding on acceptable terms and conditions, or at all. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital immediately, we will not have sufficient cash and liquidity to finance our business operations and make required payments and may be required to delay, limit, curtail or terminate our product development or may be forced to cease operations or file for bankruptcy protection.

**Key Components of Results of Operations**

***Revenues***

We do not currently have any products approved for sale and have not recognized any product revenue to date. In the future, we may generate revenue from a combination of sources, including, without limitation, product sales, payments from licenses, milestone payments or collaboration arrangements. If we fail to achieve clinical success or obtain regulatory approval of any of our product candidates, our ability to generate future revenue will be limited.

There was no revenue recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Costs and Expenses***

*Research and Development Expenses*

We primarily focus our resources on research and development activities, including the conduct of preclinical studies, product development, regulatory support, and clinical trials for our product candidates. Our research and development expenses consist of:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, taxes, travel, and stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in research and development functions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• expenses related to process development and production of product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• costs associated with preclinical activities and regulatory operations, including the costs of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing research material;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• clinical trials and activities related to regulatory filings for our product candidates; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• allocation of facilities, overhead, depreciation, and amortization of laboratory equipment and other expenses.

We expect our direct and indirect research and development expenses to increase in the future as we continue to develop our platform and product candidates.

The successful development of our platform and product candidates is highly uncertain. The process of conducting the necessary preclinical and clinical research to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the nature, timing, or costs of the efforts necessary to finish developing any of our product candidates or the period in which material net cash, if any, from these product candidates may commence. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing therapeutics and will depend on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the scope, rate of progress, expense, and results of clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the scope, rate of progress and expense of process development and manufacturing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• preclinical and other research activities; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing of regulatory approvals.

Research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred while performing research and development activities to discover and develop our product candidates. Direct research and development costs include external research and development expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, consultants and other vendors that conduct our preclinical and clinical activities, expenses related to manufacturing our product candidates for preclinical and clinical studies, laboratory supplies and license fees. Indirect research and development costs include personnel-related expenses, consisting of employee salaries, payroll taxes, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation charges for those individuals involved in research and development efforts. Costs incurred in our research and development efforts are expensed as incurred.

We typically use employee, consultant, facility, equipment and certain supply resources across our research and development programs. We track outsourced development costs by product candidate or development program, but we do not allocate personnel costs, other internal costs or certain external consultant costs to specific product candidates or development programs. These costs are included in indirect research and development expenses. All direct research and development expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 relate to SNK01 and SNK02.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

*General and Administrative Expenses*

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for executives, human resources, finance, and other general and administrative employees, including salary and stock-based compensation, professional services costs and allocation of facility and overhead costs.

We anticipate that general and administrative expenses will increase in the future in connection with the ongoing costs of operating as a public company, including expanding headcount and increased fees for directors and outside advisors. We expect to incur significant costs to comply with corporate governance, internal controls, and similar requirements applicable to public companies. Additionally, we expect to incur increased costs associated with establishing sales, marketing and commercialization functions prior to any potential future regulatory approvals or commercialization of our product candidates.

*Interest Expense*

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, interest expense primarily consists of interest incurred for our revolving line of credit and Senior Convertible Notes.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, interest expense primarily consists of interest incurred for our revolving line of credit, Convertible Bridge Loans, Bridge Loans, and Senior Convertible Note.

Accrued and unpaid interest expense associated with financial instruments for which we have elected to account for at fair value is included in the change in fair value for such instruments.

*Loss on Issuance of Financial Instruments*

Losses on issuances of financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 consist of our Convertible Bridge Loans and Convertible Notes.

Losses on issuances of financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 consist of our Convertible Bridge Loans.

Select financing transactions we enter into may include a combination of convertible promissory notes, convertible bridge loans, warrants, tranche right derivatives, forward purchase derivative liabilities, obligations to issue common stock, and issued common stock. Pursuant to ASC 815, upon initial recognition of these bundled transactions, the proceeds received are first allocated to instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which are typically liability-classified instruments, and any residual proceeds are allocated on a relative fair value basis to securities that are not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which are typically equity-classified issued common stock. Upon initial recognition for each respective financing transaction, to the extent the total fair value of the liability-classified instruments exceeds proceeds received, a loss on issuance is recognized. When a loss on issuance is recognized and the bundled transaction includes issued common stock, such common stock is recorded at par as there are no remaining proceeds to be allocated. The fair value of tranche rights from a market participant perspective pursuant to the principles of ASC 820 may include value associated with common stock embedded in the tranche rights. When a tranche right is exercised and the value of the tranche right plus proceeds received upon exercise exceeds the fair value of liability-classified instruments issued upon exercise, a gain on issuance of financial instruments may be recognized for the value of the equity-classified shares, which were included in the then-extinguished tranche right derivative liability due to the application of ASC 820, but are not recognized at fair value upon issuance due to the absence of proceeds to allocate to the stock.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

*Gains on Amendment of Financial Instruments, Net*

Gains and losses on amendments to financial instruments are attributable to the Q1 2024 FPA Amendments and Q1 2024 PIPE Warrant Amendments.

In connection with amendments to financial instruments, the difference between the fair value of consideration or incremental rights provided to counterparties and us, is reflected as a gain or loss on amendments to financial instruments.

*Change in Fair Value of Financial Instruments*

Changes in fair value of financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were attributable to mark-to-market adjustments to the derivative warrant liabilities, FPA derivative liability, Convertible Notes, and Convertible Bridge Loans.

Changes in fair value of financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were attributable to mark-to-market adjustments to the derivative warrant liabilities, FPA derivative liability, Liability classified common stock, and Convertible Notes.

*Other Income (Loss), Net*

Other income (loss), net was zero and de minimus for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

*Provision for Income Taxes*

We are subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax laws.

Provision for income taxes primarily relates to changes in deferred taxes, partially offset by valuation allowances.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**Results of Operations**

***Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024***

The following tables summarize our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **Change** | **Change** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| **Costs and expenses:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development expenses | $1857 | $3236 | $(1379) | (43)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative expenses | 2809 | 4385 | (1576) | (36)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cost and expenses | 4666 | 7621 | (2955) | (39)% |
| **Loss from operations** | **(4666)** | **(7621)** | **2955** | **(39)%** |
| **Other income (expense):** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (509) | (1069) | 560 | (52)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on issuance of financial instruments | (1050) | (729) | (321) | 44% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on amendments to financial instruments, net |  | 283 | (283) | (100)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of financial instruments | 21575 | 3773 | 17802 | 472% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other loss, net |  | (19) | 19 | (100)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income (expense) | 20016 | 2239 | 17777 | 794% |
| **Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes** | **15350** | **(5382)** | **20732** | **(385)%** |
| Provision for income taxes |  |  |  | \* |
| **Net income (loss)** | $**15350** | $**(5382)** | $**20732** | **(385)%** |

---

\*Not meaningful

***Research and Development Expenses***

The following table summarizes the components of our research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31** | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31** | **Change** | **Change** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Total direct research and development expense | $148 | $185 | $(37) | (20)% |
| Indirect research and development expense by type: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Personnel-related costs | 961 | 1844 | (883) | (48)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development supplies and services | 360 | 803 | (443) | (55)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Allocated facility, equipment and other expenses | 388 | 404 | (16) | (4)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total indirect research and development expense | 1709 | 3051 | (1342) | (44)% |
| **Total research and development expense** | $**1857** | $**3236** | $**(1379)** | **(43)%** |

---

For the period ending March 31, 2025, we prioritized our AD trials and reduced costs and efforts with respect to other indications of SNK01 and SNK02. Total research and development expenses decrease by $1.4 million, or 43%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in total direct research and development expenses of $0.04 million, or 20% and a decrease in total indirect costs of $1.3 million, or 44%.

The decrease of $0.04 million in total direct research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the decrease of $0.04

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

million, or 20%, in clinical costs due to an overall decrease of the number of ongoing clinical trial phases during the first quarter of 2025.

The decrease of $1.3 million in total indirect research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a $0.9 million, or 48%, decrease in personnel-related costs, and a $0.4 million, or 55%, decrease in research and development supplies and services, and a $0.02 million, or 4%, decrease in allocated facility, equipment, and other expenses.

The decrease in personnel-related costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a $0.9 million, or 48%, decrease in compensation costs for research and development personnel due to a reduction in headcount.

The decrease in research and development supplies and services for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a $0.2 million, or 53%, decrease in laboratory supply costs due to decreased purchases of research and development materials and a $0.2 million, or 51%, decrease in professional fees due to decreased consulting and regulatory affairs costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The decrease in allocated facility, equipment, and other expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a less than $0.1 million decrease in 401K expenses for research and development personnel and in repair and maintenance costs.

***General and Administrative Expenses***

General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.6 million, or 36%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in professional fees of $0.7 million, a decrease in stock option expense of $0.4 million, a decrease in repairs and maintenance of $0.1 million, and a decrease in salaries and bonuses of $0.2 million.

***Interest Expense***

Interest expense decrease by $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to the repayments on the interest-bearing Company's debt obligations during 2025. During 2024, the Company incurred more interest expense related to new debts, including the Convertible Bridge Loans, Bridge Loans, Related Party Loans, revolving line of credit, and Senior Convertible Notes.

Interest expense associated with the Convertible Bridge Loans, Senior Convertible Notes, and revolving line of credit were zero, $0.2 million, and $0.1 million, respectively during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Interest expense associated with the Convertible Bridge Loans, Senior Convertible Notes, and revolving line of credit were $0.6 million, $0.2 million, and $0.1 million, respectively during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

***Loss on Issuance of Financial Instruments***

The following table summarizes the components of our loss on issuance of financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **Change** | **Change** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Convertible Bridge Loans | $(22) | $(729) | $707 | (97)% |
| Convertible Notes | (1028) |  | (1028) | (100)% |
| Total | $**(1050)** | $**(729)** | $**(321)** | **44%** |

---

Loss on issuance of financial instruments decreased by $0.3 million, or 44%, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The 2025 losses on issuance of financial instruments were primarily attributable to new issuances made during 2025 including the convertible bridge loans and convertible promissory notes. The 2024 loss on issuance of financial instruments was related to the issuance of convertible bridge loans.

***Gain on Amendments to Financial Instruments, Net***

The following table summarizes the components of our gain on amendments of financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **Change** | **Change** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Q1 2024 FPA Amendments | $— | $(396) | $396 | (100)% |
| Q1 2024 PIPE Warrant Amendment |  | 679 | $(679) | (100)% |
| Total | $**—** | $**283** | $**(283)** | (100)% |

---

Gain (loss) on amendments to financial instruments decreased by $0.3 million, or 100%, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. There were zero losses on amendments to the financial instruments during 2025 as there were no amendments to the financial instruments. The 2024 gain on

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

amendment to financial instruments of $0.3 million consisted of 2024 amendments to the forward purchase agreements and amendments to the PIPE warrants.

***Change in Fair Value of Financial Instruments***

The following table summarizes the components of our change in fair value of financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31,** | **Change** | **Change** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Derivative warrant liabilities | $5500 | $3717 | $1783 | 48% |
| FPA derivative liability | (27) | 535 | $(562) | (105)% |
| Convertible Notes | 15942 | (478) | $16420 | (3435)% |
| Convertible Bridge Loans | 160 |  | $160 | (100)% |
| Liability classified common stock |  | (1) | $1 | (100)% |
| Total | $**21575** | $**3773** | $**17802** | 472% |

---

Changes in fair value of financial instruments increased by $17.8 million, or 472% during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The 2025 changes in fair value of financial instruments were attributable to mark-to-market adjustments to the derivative warrant liabilities, FPA derivative liability, Convertible Notes, and Convertible Bridge Loans.

The 2024 changes in fair value of financial instruments primarily consisted of mark-to-market adjustments to the derivative warrant liabilities, FPA derivative liability, liability-classified Consideration Shares, and Convertible Notes.

***Other Income (Loss), Net***

There was no other income (loss), net for three months ended March 31, 2025. Other income (loss), net, decreased by $19 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to the disposal of fixed assets in 2024.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

***Funding Requirements and Going Concern***

We have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. We are still in our early stages of development and expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue our research and preclinical studies and clinical trials, including our Phase 1 and Phase 1/2 clinical trials and anticipated Phase 2 clinical trials, expand our pipeline or scope of our current studies for our product candidates, initiate additional preclinical or other studies or clinical trials for our product candidates, change or add additional manufacturers or suppliers, seek regulatory and marketing approvals for any of our product candidates that successfully complete clinical studies, if any, acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies, maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio, attract and retain skilled personnel, and experience any delays or encounter issues with any of the above.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

Until such time as we can generate substantial product revenue, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, or other capital sources, including with related parties. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the future sale of equity or debt, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted. The terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaboration agreements, marketing agreements, or licensing arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient funds through equity or debt financings, we may be required to delay, limit, curtail or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or may be forced to cease operations or file for bankruptcy protection. Additionally, we may never become profitable, or if we do, may not be able to sustain profitability on a recurring basis.

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6 thousand and a working capital deficit of approximately $41.5 million.

We have incurred substantial transaction expenses in connection with the Business Combination. As of March 31, 2025, we had accrued approximately $16.7 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses, including the transaction expenses from the Business Combination and our ongoing business operations. However, we continue to have substantial transaction expenses accrued and unpaid subsequent to the Business Combination. Furthermore, we have incurred and expect to incur additional expenses in connection with transitioning to, and operating as, a public company. Additionally, we had $37.8 million in outstanding debts as of March 31, 2025 inclusive of $26.8 million of debts due within less than one year following March 31, 2025 and $11.1 million of senior convertible promissory notes due to related parties, primarily NKMAX. The debts due within less than one year consist of our revolving line of credit, debts with related parties, convertible promissory notes, convertible bridge loans and convertible bridge loans.

Our revolving line of credit, as amended, with East West Bank ("**EWB**"), which is secured by all of our assets, required us to maintain a minimum cash balance of $15.0 million with the bank by a certain period as long as there was an outstanding balance under the revolving line of credit. Such cash balance requirement has been contractually waived by EWB prior to March 31, 2025, and pursuant to an amendment entered into on April 5, 2024, EWB has agreed to replace such minimum cash balance requirement with a covenant to use EWB as our only commercial bank for cash deposits and extend the maturity date to September 18, 2024. In September 2024, the agreement was further amended, extending the maturity date of the revolving line of credit to December 16, 2024. On April 21, 2025, we entered into an amendment to the EWB Loan Agreement to (i) extend the maturity date of the Note to January 15, 2027; (ii) increase the interest rate on the outstanding principal amount to a fixed rate of 10% per annum, to be paid monthly in arrears (iii) deposit $250,000 into a restricted account to be drawn down by EWB for monthly interest payments; (iv) establish an amortization schedule with principal-only payments as follows: (a) $1,000,000.00 due on June 1, 2025, (b) $1,000,000.00 due on July 15, 2025, (c) $500,000.00 due on October 15, 2025, and (d) $500,000.00 continuing to be due on the 15th day of each quarter thereafter until the Note is repaid in full; and (v) mandate a 5.000 percentage point increase in the interest rate upon the maturity date or upon acceleration due to a default under the EWB Agreement, provided that in no event will the interest rate exceed the maximum interest rate permitted under applicable law. The Company paid down $1.0 million of the balance in March 2025 with an outstanding balance of $4.0 million remaining. See "*Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Financial Position — The EWB Loan Agreement and Equity and Business Loan Agreement (as defined below) provide each lender with a security interest in all of our assets, and contain financial covenants and other restrictions on our actions that may limit our operational flexibility or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations*" for more details.

We entered into certain forward purchase arrangements with various investors in order to facilitate the consummation of the Business Combination. However, in accordance with such Forward Purchase Agreements, the funds raised in connection with such transactions were placed into escrow accounts and not received by us at the Closing of the Business Combination. As of March 31, 2025, we had not received any proceeds or settlements of the three Forward Purchase Agreements and related amendments. There is no guarantee that we will receive substantial amounts of additional funds or any in connection with the outstanding Forward Purchase Agreements. In addition, we may be required to pay cash or issue additional shares of our common stock to holders of the PIPE Warrants under certain circumstances, which could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations. See "*Risk Factors — Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities — We may not receive any cash proceeds from the exercise of certain outstanding warrants and we may be required to pay cash or issue additional shares of Common Stock under certain circumstances*" for more details.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

We have considered that our long-term operations anticipate continuing net losses and the need for potential debt or equity financing. However, there can be no assurances that additional funding or other sources of capital will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If additional capital is not secured when required, we may need to delay or curtail our operations until such funding is received. If we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We do not currently have, and do not currently expect to have, sufficient funds to service our operations and our expenses and other liquidity needs and will require additional capital immediately. In addition, we have expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that we will be able to timely secure such additional funding on acceptable terms and conditions, or at all. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital immediately, we will not have sufficient cash and liquidity to finance our business operations and make required payments and may be required to delay, limit, curtail or terminate our product development or may be forced to cease operations or file for bankruptcy protection.

Because the proceeds from our financing arrangements will not be adequate to cover our accrued and unpaid expenses and provide the cash and liquidity necessary to operate our business, we continue to seek opportunities for raising additional funds through potential alternatives, which may include, among other things, the issuance of equity, equity-linked, and/or debt securities, debt financings, forward purchase arrangements or other capital sources. However, we may not be successful in securing additional financing on a timely basis, on acceptable terms and conditions or at all. In addition, substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may cause investors or other financing sources to be unwilling to provide funding to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If sufficient funds are not available, we will have to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some of our business activities, including related operating expenses, which would adversely affect our business prospects and our ability to continue our operations and would have a negative impact on our financial condition and ability to pursue our business strategies. In addition, we may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our financial statements, and/or seek protection under Chapters 7 or 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code which could potentially cause us to cease operations and result in a complete or partial loss for our investors.

As a result of these conditions, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt over our ability to continue as a going concern as conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, indicate that we are currently unable to meet our obligations as they become due and expect to be unable to meet our obligations within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The financial information and financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional funds and financing. We will need to raise additional capital immediately to continue operations based on our current business plan, and expectations and assumptions considering current macroeconomic conditions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure such additional funding on acceptable terms and conditions, or at all. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital immediately, we will not have sufficient cash flows and liquidity to finance our business operations as currently contemplated and we may need to substantially alter, or possibly even discontinue, our operations. In the event of a bankruptcy proceeding or insolvency, or restructuring of our capital structure, our stockholders could suffer a total loss of their investment.

***Sources of Liquidity***

To date, we have funded our operations primarily with the net proceeds from the issuance of senior convertible promissory notes, the issuance of related party loans, the issuance of bridge loans, the issuance of convertible bridge loans, the issuance of convertible promissory notes, draws upon a revolving line of credit, the issuance and sale of equity securities, PIPE warrants, private placements, the amendment of private placements, and proceeds from the Business Combination. As of March 31, 2025, we have unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $6 thousand and restricted cash of $23 thousand. In the future, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, including with related parties.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

*Senior Convertible Notes*

We entered into convertible note subscription agreements with NKMAX for total proceeds of $10.0 million upon Closing with a four-year term and for which we expect to make interest payments of 8.0% paid in kind rather than 5.0% paid in cash semi-annually.

*Revolving Line of Credit*

In June 2023, we entered into a $5.0 million revolving line of credit agreement with EWB with a one year term. The revolving line of credit is secured by all of our assets, including a deed of trust over our owned real property located in Santa Ana, California. Additionally, we are required to maintain a restricted cash balance of $0.3 million following the issuance. The Company was required to maintain deposits with the lender in an amount of at least $15.0 million from a certain period of time as long as there was a debt balance outstanding. Pursuant to a letter of intent signed in March 2024, in April 2024, the lender subsequently waived the minimum cash deposit requirement in exchange for a $0.1 million payment and the Company's agreement to use the lender as their primary banking relationship. The $0.1 million fee is amortized over the remaining term of the revolving line of credit. The Company was in compliance with its debt covenants as of March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the interest rate for the revolving line of credit was 7.5%. Through March 31, 2025, we drew down $5.0 million upon the revolving line of credit and no repayments of drawdown occurred. In September 2024, the agreement was further amended, extending the maturity date of the revolving line of credit to December 16, 2024. In December 2024, the agreement was further amended, extending the maturity date of the revolving line of credit to April 15, 2025.

In January of 2025, the Company made a principal payment of $1.0 million on the revolving line of credit.

Effective April 15, 2025 the terms of the revolving line of credit were amended such that the maturity date was extended to January 15, 2027 and the interest rate was increased to 10% per annum. Additionally, the amendment stipulated that the Company deposit $0.3 million into a restricted account to be drawn down for monthly interest payments. The amendment also established that principal payments shall be due as follows: 1) $1.0 million due on June 1, 2025, 2) $1.0 million due on July 15, 2025, 3) $0.5 million due on October 15, 2025, and 4) $0.5 million continuing to be due on the 15th day of each quarter thereafter until the revolving line of credit is repaid in full. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Company had made principal repayments of $2.5 million for the revolving line of credit. See Note 6, *Debt - Revolving Line of Credit* and Note 17, *Subsequent Events* for further details.

*Revolving Line of Credit - Promissory Note*

On October 29, 2024, the Company executed a revolving line of credit promissory note in favor of EmpiriStat, Inc. in the principal amount of $0.3 million. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not received a demand for payment and is in compliance with the terms of the note. The note is personally guaranteed by Paul Song, a significant shareholder of the Company. In addition, the Company is obligated to make a $7,500 donation to UC Davis in lieu of reimbursing EmpiriStat's legal fees. The donation of $7,500 was paid on April 29, 2025, and the outstanding balance of $0.3 million due to EmpiriStat was paid in full on May 6, 2025. See Note 6, *Debt - Revolving Line of Credit* and Note 17, *Subsequent Events* for further details.

*Related Party Loans*

From January through April 2023, the Company entered into related party loans with NKMAX ("**Related Party Loans**") for aggregate gross proceeds of $5.0 million. These Related Party Loans bear an interest rate of 4.6% and matured on December 31, 2024. There are no financial or non-financial covenants associated with the Related Party Loans. The Related Party Loans are not convertible into equity. As of the date these financials are filed, Related Party Loans are past due, and the Company is in process of re-negotiating the terms of the loan*.* During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no payments made on the loan. The outstanding balance on the Related Party Loan was $4.0 million as of March 31, 2025.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

*Convertible Bridge Loans*

From February to September 2024, we issued the 2024 Convertible Bridge Loans for total proceeds of $0.7 million, inclusive of $0.4 million issued to a related party with a 20% premium due at maturity. The loans are convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the holder's option into our common stock at a 15% discount to the volume-weighted average price 10 days prior to conversion, with the conversion being limited to converting at no more than $2.00 per share. As of December 31, 2024, the loans were fully repaid.

On October 8, 2024, we issued two short-term Convertible Bridge Loans for total proceeds of $0.2 million, inclusive of with a 15% premium due at maturity. The loans are convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the holder's option into our common stock at a fixed price of $0.25 per share, upon notice by the holder to the Company prior to the maturity date.

On December 2, 2024, the Company received a conversion notice for the short-term bridge note with one holder for the issuances of approximately 460,000 shares of common stock to holders of its Convertible Note as a full repayment of an amount due totaling approximately $0.2 million.

On March 4, 2025, the Company entered into one short-term bridge note with Paul Y. Song, M.D., the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, for total proceeds of $0.1 million, respectively, with a 8% premium due at maturity on April 30, 2025. The loan is convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the holder's option into the Company's common stock at a fixed price of $0.25 per share, upon notice by the holder to the company prior to the maturity date.

*Convertible Notes*

During 2024 and 2025, we issued multiple Convertible Notes, including the Unsecured Convertible Notes, Related Party Convertible Notes, Secured Convertible Notes, and Tranche Convertible Notes for total proceeds of $17.9 million, including amounts attributable to exercised tranche rights. The Convertible Notes were issued in conjunction with the promise to issue Convertible Note Warrants as well as Consideration Shares. Refer to Note 5, *Convertible Notes*, for further information, including terms of the Convertible Notes.

**Cash Flows**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31** | **For the Three Months Ended<br>March 31** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(2800) | $(4034) |
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | $(52) | $35 |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | $2646 | $4007 |

---

*Net cash used in operating activities*

Net cash used in operating activities decreased by $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The change was primarily attributable to an increase in net income of $20.7 million, a $0.3 million decrease in gain on amendments to financial instruments, net, and a $0.3 million increase in the net loss on issuance of financial instruments, offset by a $17.8 million decrease in change in fair value of financial instruments, $0.5 million decrease in noncash interest expense, $0.4 million decrease in stock-based compensation, and a $1.4 million decrease in changes in operating assets and liabilities.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

Net cash used in operating activities of $2.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are comprised primarily of NKGen's net income of $15.4 million and changes related to our operating assets and liabilities of $0.9 million, offset by non-cash charges of $19.0 million. The non-cash charges are comprised primarily of a $1.1 million change in losses on issuances of financial instruments, $0.7 million of stock-based compensation, $0.4 million in noncash interest expense, and $0.3 million in depreciation and amortization expense, offset by $21.6 million related to changes in fair value of financial instruments. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities are comprised primarily of a $1.1 million change in accounts payable and accrued expenses and offset by $0.1 million change in prepaid expenses and other current assets, respectively.

Net cash used in operating activities of $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are comprised primarily of NKGen's net loss of $5.4 million and of non-cash charges of $0.9 million partially offset by $2.3 million in changes related to our operating assets and liabilities. The changes in our operating assets and liabilities comprise primarily of a $1.9 million change in the accounts payable and accrued expenses and $0.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

*Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities*

Net cash used in investing activities increased by less than $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to the purchases of capitalized software during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Net cash used in investing activities was less than $0.1 million for three months ended March 31, 2025, which consisted of purchases of capitalized software.

Net cash provided by investing activities was less than $0.1 million for three months ended March 31, 2024, which consisted of sales of property and equipment.

*Net cash provided by financing activities*

Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in proceeds received from the amendment to the FPA agreements of $1.8 million, a decrease due to payments on the revolving line of credit of $1.0 million, a decrease in proceeds from issuance of convertible bridge loans of $0.6 million, a decrease in proceeds from repayments of shareholder receivables of $0.5 million, a decrease in proceeds from amendment of the PIPE warrants of $0.3 million, and a $0.2 million decrease in proceeds from issuance of bridge loans, offset by a $1.2 million increase in the proceeds from the issuance of convertible promissory notes and a $1.7 million increase in proceeds from capital contributions.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, which primarily consisted of $1.7 million from the proceeds from capital contributions, $1.8 million from the proceeds from the issuance of convertible promissory notes, $0.1 million from the proceeds received from the issuance of convertible bridge loans, partially offset by $1.0 million in payments of revolving line of credit.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which primarily consisted of $1.8 million in proceeds from the amendment to the FPA agreements, $0.7 million in proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Bridge Loans, $0.6 million from the issuance of Convertible Promissory Notes, $0.5 million from repayments of receivables from shareholder, $0.3 million from the amendment to the PIPE Warrants, and $0.2 million from the issuance of bridge loans offset by less than $0.1 million in payments of transaction costs.

**Contractual Obligations and Commitments**

***Leases*** 

Our operating leases primarily consist of corporate offices. For additional information, see Note 13, *Commitments and Contingencies,* in the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Long-Term Debt*** 

We have long-term debt which matures in 2027. For additional information, see Note 5, *Convertible Notes,* and Note 6, *Debt,* in the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

**Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates**

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2, *Summary of Significant Accounting Policies*, to our financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

***Accrued Clinical and Research and Development Expenses***

All research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of services provided by contract organizations for clinical development, salaries, and related expenses for personnel, including stock-based compensation expense, outside service providers, facilities costs, fees paid to consultants and other professional services, license fees, depreciation and supplies used in research and development. Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the related goods or services are received.

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments, if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued clinical trial and research and development expenses include the costs incurred for services performed by our vendors in connection with clinical trial and research and development activities for which we have not yet been invoiced.

We determine our expenses related to clinical trial and research and development activities on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with vendors that conduct clinical trials and research and development on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the clinical trial and research and development expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future clinical trial or research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, if our estimates of the status and timing of services performed differ from the actual status and timing of services performed, it could result in our reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have been no material differences between our estimates of such expenses and the amounts actually incurred.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

***Stock-Based Compensation***

Stock-based compensation expense is comprised of stock options awarded to employees and consultants. Our stock option awards granted to date contain service based vesting conditions only and do not require the achievement of a market or performance condition in order to vest. These share-based awards are accounted for under the fair-value-based method prescribed by ASC 718-10, *Stock Compensation*. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of grant. This option pricing model involves a number of estimates, including the per share value of the underlying common stock, exercise price, estimate of future volatility, expected term of the stock option award, risk-free interest rate and expected annual dividend yield.

We recognize the expense for options with graded-vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

***Valuation of Common Shares***

Given the absence of a public trading market for our common shares prior to October 2, 2023, which was the first day of trading of our common stock following the Closing, and in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Accounting and Valuation Guide, *Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation*, the board of directors of Legacy NKGen exercised its reasonable judgment and considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of fair value of our common shares prior to Closing, including, but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• independent third-party valuations of our common shares;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• capital resources and financial condition;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the likelihood and timing of achieving a liquidity event;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• historical operating and financial performance as well as our estimates of future financial performance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• valuations of comparable companies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the status of our development;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the relative lack of marketability of our common shares prior to the October 2, 2023;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• industry information such as market growth and volume and macro-economic events;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• additional objective and subjective factors relating to our business; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• implied fair values upon a merger transaction.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

Prior to October 2, 2023, our board of directors determined the fair value of our common shares using both the income and market approach valuation methods. The income approach estimates value based on the expectation of future cash flows that a company will generate. The market approach estimates value based on a comparison of the subject company to comparable public companies in a similar line of business as well as implied fair values upon a merger transaction such as the Business Combination. Under the market approach, based on a comparison of the subject company to comparable public companies in a similar line of business, a discount for lack of marketability ("**DLOM**") was applied to arrive at a fair value of common shares. A DLOM was meant to account for the lack of marketability of shares that were not publicly traded. The valuation of common shares underlying common stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 were estimated under the market approach, based upon the implied fair value of common stock agreed upon in the Business Combination, where the fair values of our common shares as of the respective grant dates were determined using a linear interpolation between the previous valuation and the anticipated closing date of the Business Combination based on circumstances existing as of the respective grant dates. It was determined that the straight-line calculation provides the most reasonable basis for the valuation of our common stock because there was no single event that occurred during the period between the valuation dates that would have caused a material change in fair value.

Applying these valuation approaches involves the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that are highly complex and subjective, including our expected future revenue and expenses, the determination of discount rates, interpolations, valuation multiples, the selection of comparable public companies and the probability of future events. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions impact our valuation as of each valuation date. Such changes may have a material impact on the valuation of our common shares and our share-based awards.

Beginning October 2, 2023, the fair value of our common shares was based upon our publicly listed share price.

***Accounting for Select Financial Instruments***

In connection with and following the Business Combination, among other instruments, we issued Public Warrants, Private Warrants, PIPE Warrants, SPA Warrants, Working Capital Warrants, Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants, Convertible Note Warrants, Convertible Promissory Notes, Senior Convertible Notes, Deferred Founder Shares, Consideration Shares, Tranche Rights, and forward purchase derivatives (collectively, "**Select Financial Instruments**"). The accounting determinations surrounding the Select Financial Instruments has a significant effect on our reported financial position and results of operations.

We determine the accounting classification of the Select Financial Instruments by first assessing each instrument under ASC 480, *Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity*, then assessing each instrument under ASC 815, *Derivatives and Hedging Activities*. Under ASC 480, instruments are considered liability classified if they are mandatorily redeemable, obligate us to settle the warrants or the underlying shares by paying cash or other assets, and instruments that must or may require settlement by issuing variable number of shares. If instruments do not meet the liability classification under ASC 480-10, we assess the requirements under ASC 815-40, which states that contracts that require or may require the issuer to settle the contract for cash are liabilities recorded at fair value, irrespective of the likelihood of the transaction occurring that triggers the net cash settlement feature. If the financial instruments do not require liability classification under ASC 815-40, in order to conclude equity classification, we also assess whether the instruments are indexed to our own common stock and whether the instruments are classified as equity under ASC 815-40 or other GAAP. After all such assessments, we conclude whether the instruments are classified as liability or equity.

In addition, ASC 815 requires companies to bifurcate certain features from their host instruments and account for them as free-standing derivative financial instruments should certain criteria be met. We evaluate our financial instruments to determine whether such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. Embedded derivatives must be separately measured from the host contract if all the requirements for bifurcation are met. The assessment of the conditions surrounding the bifurcation of embedded derivatives depends on the nature of the host contract and the features of the derivatives. Bifurcated embedded derivatives are recognized at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations each period. Bifurcated embedded derivatives are classified with the related host contract in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

For convertible debt instruments that are not considered liabilities under ASC 480 or ASC 815, we apply ASC 470, *Debt,* for the accounting of such instruments, including any premiums or discounts.

Liability classified instruments require fair value accounting at issuance and subsequent to initial issuance with all changes in fair value after the issuance date recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Equity classified instruments only require fair value accounting at issuance with no changes recognized subsequent to the issuance date.

Based upon the application of the foregoing accounting guidance to the terms, features, and circumstances surrounding our Select Financial Instruments, the Public Warrants, SPA Warrants, and Deferred Founder Shares were determined to be equity classified instruments, and the Senior Convertible Notes, Private Warrants, PIPE Warrants, Working Capital Warrants, Legacy Convertible Notes, certain Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants, Convertible Note Warrants, Convertible Notes, Tranche Rights, unissued Consideration Shares, and forward purchase derivatives were determined to be liability classified instruments. While the Senior Convertible Notes were determined to be liability-classified, they were determined to be in-scope of ASC 470 and not in-scope of ASC 480 or ASC 815. Accordingly, Senior Convertible Notes will not be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as the fair value measurement of this instrument was for purposes of the relative fair value allocation described below as the Senior Convertible Notes were issued together with the SPA Warrants.

***Fair Value of Financial Instruments***

We account for the fair value of our financial instruments under the framework established by US GAAP which defines fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision.

Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities we have the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Pricing inputs that are unobservable, supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Transfers to/from Levels 1, 2, and 3 are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period. There were no transfers to/from Levels 1, 2, and 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

ASC 820, *Fair Value Measurement*, ("**ASC 820**") states that in many cases, the transaction price will equal the fair value (for example, that might be the case when on the transaction date the transaction to buy an asset takes place in the market in which the asset would be sold). In determining whether a transaction price represents the fair value at initial recognition, we consider various factors such as whether the transaction was between related parties, is a forced transaction, or whether the unit of account for the transaction price does not represent the unit of account for the measured instrument.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

We do not measure assets at fair value on a recurring basis. Our liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are our liability classified warrants, Convertible Notes, forward purchase derivative liabilities, tranche right derivatives, and liability-classified consideration shares. The carrying value of our related party loans approximates fair value as the stated interest rate approximates market rates for similar loans and due to the short-term nature of such loans, which are due within three years or less from issuance. The carrying value of our cash, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued expenses, other current liabilities, prepaid expenses and other current assets, capitalized software, related party loans, and revolving line of credit approximates fair value primarily due to the short-term nature of such accounts.

The fair value of equity-classified instruments are determined based on trading prices of identical securities as of the measurement date. Liability-classified instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis include the Private Warrants, Working Capital Warrants, forward purchase derivative liabilities, PIPE Warrants, Convertible Bridge Loans, Convertible Note Warrants, Convertible Notes, Legacy Convertible Notes, tranche right derivatives, and liability-classified consideration shares. Determining the fair value of the liability classified instruments requires the use of accounting estimates and assumptions. Liability-classified instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include the Senior Convertible Notes.

These estimates and assumptions are judgmental in nature and could have a significant effect on our reported financial position and results of operations.

The fair value of the Private Warrants, Working Capital Warrants, Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants, and Convertible Note Warrants were measured using a Black-Scholes model. The estimated fair value of the liability classified warrants was determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a Black-Scholes model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. We estimate the volatility of our liability classified warrants based on implied volatility from our traded warrants and from our own historical equity volatility, as we now have sufficient trading history to support a representative lookback period. In prior periods, we estimated the volatility of our liability classified warrants based on implied volatility from our traded warrants and from historical volatility of select peer company's common stock that matches the expected remaining life of each class of warrants as well as historical volatility of select peer company's traded options. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the grant date for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of each class of warrants. The expected life of each class of warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on the historical rate, which we anticipate remaining at zero.

We historically determined the carrying amount of the Legacy Convertible Notes using a scenario-based analysis that estimates the fair value of the Legacy Convertible Notes based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns by measuring the fair value of similar debt instruments that do not have the conversion feature. If no similar debt instrument existed, fair value was estimated by using assumptions that market participants would use in pricing a debt instrument, including market interest rates, credit standing, yield curves and volatilities. The fair value of Legacy Convertible Notes immediately prior to their conversion at Closing was based upon the fair value of the shares of our common stock issued upon their conversion totaling based upon the fair value of our common stock at Closing, which was the conversion date.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

The fair value of the forward purchase derivative liabilities, exclusive of the April 2024 FPA, and PIPE Warrants were estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Our common share price was simulated with daily time steps for a range of various possible scenarios. For the current valuation, the estimate of volatility was based on the Company's own historical equity volatility, as the Company now has sufficient trading history to support a representative lookback period. In prior periods, volatility was derived from comparable companies' historical equity volatilities as trading history was more limited. The simulated prices were compared against the features of the Forward Purchase Agreements and the PIPE Warrants, including the settlement adjustment and downside protection features. The average value for the forward purchase derivative liabilities and the PIPE warrants across the range of possible scenarios for the respective instrument, discounted to present using the risk-free rate, was used as the fair value of the liabilities. The fair value of the April 2024 FPA was estimated using a digital-call option pricing model due to the terms of the April 2024 FPA, which resulted in a binary settlement outcome whereby we may receive either zero dollars or an amount equal to the Reset Price (as amended pursuant to the April 2024 FPA). Inputs to the digital call option pricing model include our closing stock price as of the measurement dates, the Reset Price (as amended pursuant to the April 2024 FPA) ceiling of $1.27 as the exercise price, volatility as determined by the Company's own historical equity volatility, and the risk-free rate.

Prior to April 1, 2024, the fair value of the Convertible Notes was measured using a binomial lattice model. A binomial stock lattice model generates two probable outcomes of stock price -one up and another down -emanating at each point in time or "node", starting from the valuation date until the maturity date. This lattice generates a distribution of stock price. Based on the stock price at each corresponding node, the value of the Notes was determined by evaluating the optimal decision that a holder and/or the issuer would make to maximize its payoff (the "Decision Tree"). At maturity, the value of the notes was calculated as the maximum between the principal amount and the conversion value. At each node prior to maturity, the lattice model determines whether the notes would be (i) converted by the holder, or (ii) held by the holder, based on the payoff related to each decision. Volatility in the model was estimated from historical equity volatility, median asset volatility of comparable companies, and was adjusted using our capital structure. The cost of debt used in discounting the Notes was estimated based on (i) market yield curve corresponding to our estimated synthetic credit rating, and (ii) observed market spreads of publicly traded comparable debt with similar credit rating and industry as ours.

Commencing on April 1, 2024, the fair value of the Convertible Notes was measured using a probability weighted scenario model. The possible settlement outcomes were identified and a scenario for each outcome was modeled and probability weighted for the likelihood of each respective event as set forth in Note 8, *Fair Value of Financial Instruments*, of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 included within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The conversion feature was modeled as a call option, where the exercise price is set equal to the stated conversion price, stock price equals our closing stock price on the Valuation date, volatility uses a re-levered equity volatility estimated from the median historical asset volatility of comparable companies, and a term equal to the expected time to conversion. The Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model was used to value the conversion right, which is added to the present-valued cash flows to calculate the fair value of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes' cash flows were present valued using a market yield curves of debt instruments issued by similarly rated issuers, and adjusted based on seniority and securitization of each individual Convertible Notes. A default scenario was implemented and probability weighted using Bloomberg's Default Risk function. Our historical financial statements were utilized to estimate a probability of default over a given term and a synthetic credit rating. The default scenario value uses a recovery rate observed in instruments with similar seniority per Moody's debt data.

As set forth above, the binomial lattice model captures two probable outcomes while the probability weighted scenario model captures additional possible outcomes with the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model utilized for the conversion scenario captures all possible outcomes for that scenario. We changed our methodology for the fair value of the Convertible Notes as of April 1, 2024 because of changes in entity-specific assumptions and the volume of issuances following this date, which introduced a variety of additional types of Convertible Notes (Related Party Convertible Notes, Tranche Convertible Notes, Secured Convertible Notes) and holders of Convertible Notes, which increased the diversity of expected behaviors and potential outcomes.

The fair value of the Tranche Rights was based upon the fair value of the Convertible Notes, Convertible Note Warrants, and Consideration Shares underlying unexercised tranche rights as of the date of measurement, each measured through identical methodologies as set forth above for the respective underlying instruments.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

The Convertible Bridge Loans were issued together with the promise to issue Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants. The Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants were recorded at fair value, with the residual amount of the proceeds allocated to the convertible debt instrument. The fair value of the Convertible Bridge Loan Warrants was treated as a discount to the Convertible Bridge Loans, which will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the Convertible Bridge Loans.

The Senior Convertible Notes were issued together with the SPA Warrants. Each instrument was recorded at its fair value, limited to a relative fair value based upon the percentage of its fair value to the total fair value based on the transaction price at Closing on September 29, 2023. The relative fair value of the SPA Warrants was treated as a discount to the Senior Convertible Notes, which will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the Senior Convertible Notes.

We determined the stand-alone fair value of the Senior Convertible Notes using a binomial lattice model, which generates a distribution of stock prices over the term of the note, calculates the associated payoff for the note, and discounts the probability-weighted values from the lattice back to the valuation date. The fair value was estimated by using assumptions that market participants would use in pricing a convertible debt instrument, including market interest rates, credit rating, yield curves, and volatilities.

***Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements***

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, which requires expanded disclosures related to income taxes, including greater disaggregation of effective tax rate information and cash taxes paid. The standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Accordingly, NKGen will adopt the guidance in taxable year 2025. The adoption is not expected to have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows, as the standard relates solely to disclosure requirements.

See Note 2, *Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,* of the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

***Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted***

We describe the recently issued accounting pronouncements that apply in Note 2, *Summary of Significant Accounting Policies*, of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

***Emerging Growth Company Status***

We qualify as an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups ("***JOBS Act***") and may remain an emerging growth company for up to five years following the completion of Graf's initial public offering. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intends to rely on certain exemptions from various public company reporting requirements, including delaying adopting new or revised accounting standards issued until such time as those standards apply to private companies, not being required to have our internal control over financial reporting audited by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

Following the closing of the Business Combination, we are an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the consummation of Graf's initial public offering, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (iii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer" as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the last business day of the second fiscal quarter of such year, or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

We qualify as a "smaller reporting company," as such term is defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, meaning that the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to the Company as a result of the Business Combination is less than $700.0 million and our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company following the closing of the Business Combination if either (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

**Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.**

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

**Item 4. Controls and Procedures.**

**Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.**

We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025. Based upon the evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weaknesses described below.

The matters involving internal controls and procedures that our management considered to be material weaknesses under the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board include the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Lack of Financial Resources Impacting Timely Valuation and Compliance: During the year ended December 31, 2024 and three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company's constrained financial resources significantly impacted its ability to obtain timely third party valuations and technical accounting analyses related to its financial instruments, including convertible notes and warrant liabilities. These resource limitations contributed to delays in the preparation and review of our financial statements and related disclosures, and were a primary factor in the late filing of its Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Repeated Late Filings: The Company has a history of filing its periodic reports late, primarily due to the resource constraints described above, which indicates a recurring deficiency in our internal control environment related to timely financial reporting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Ineffective Information Technology General Controls (ITGCs): The Company did not design and maintain effective controls over information technology general controls (ITGCs) for information systems and applications that are relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Specifically, the Company did not maintain effective controls over (i) user access to ensure appropriate segregation of duties and adequately restrict user and privileged access to financial applications, programs and data to the appropriate personnel; (ii) program change management for financial applications to ensure that information technology ("IT") program and data changes affecting financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified, tested, authorized and implemented appropriately; and (iii) IT operations controls to ensure that critical interface jobs are monitored.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

As a result, our related IT dependent manual and application controls that rely upon the affected ITGC's, or information coming from IT systems with affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective.

**Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.**

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**PART II. OTHER INFORMATION**

**Item 1. Legal Proceedings.**

From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings. We are not currently a party to or aware of any active legal proceedings that we believe will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors.**

In addition to the following risk factors, you should carefully consider the risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on October 8, 2025.

***We have not been able, and may continue to be unable, to timely file periodic reports with the SEC.***

We were not able to file this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025 with the SEC within the time period specified by the Exchange Act, due in part to having insufficient funds to service our operations, expenses and other liquidity needs, including the retention of services providers necessary to assist in the preparation and review of our financial statements and periodic reports. If we are not able to file our future periodic reports in the time specified by the Exchange Act, stockholders and potential investors will not have current public information about us, which will likely have a negative effect on our ability to obtain future capital. Failure to make timely filings also impairs our ability to conduct certain kinds of public offerings on short form registration statements that provide more efficient automatic forward incorporation of future SEC filings. More broadly, our inability to maintain current public information pursuant to SEC reporting rules will have a negative impact on how we are viewed by our stockholders, potential financing sources, the investing public and strategic and commercial parties with whom we do business. Failure to maintain current public information is in circumvention of certain contractual obligations of the Company and could result in an event of default under certain of our indebtedness. Additionally, if our SEC filing delinquencies are prolonged, the SEC could institute administrative proceedings to revoke our registration under the Exchange Act and suspend the trading of our common stock. Our inability to timely file periodic reports now and in the future could materially and adversely affect our continuing business and operations, as well as our future business growth and financial condition.

***Risks related to the assets to be acquired in the NKMAX acquisition may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.*** 

The consummation of our acquisition of NKMAX involves potential risks, including, but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the failure of the NKMAX assets to perform as expected;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the failure to realize expected profitability, growth or accretion;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;environmental or regulatory compliance matters or liabilities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;risks related to operations located in areas that have historically been subject to coal mining operations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;governmental regulation of foreign exchange and cross-border currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and to transfer cash among our subsidiaries, to us, or to investors, which could adversely affect our liquidity and the value of your investment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;exchange rate fluctuations may result in significant increases or decreases in our consolidated reported revenue and other results as expressed in US Dollars, and in the reported value of our consolidated assets, liabilities, and cash flows;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the ability to retain key employees of NKMAX;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our temporary inability to encumber shares of NKMAX in connection with any financing arrangement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;diversion of managements' attention from our existing operations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the incurrence of unanticipated liabilities and costs for which indemnification is unavailable.

We previously acquired 65% stake in NKMAX on September 4, 2025 and if these risks or other anticipated or unanticipated liabilities were to materialize, any desired benefits of the NKMAX acquisition may not be fully realized, if at all, and our future business operations could be negatively impacted.

***We have never commercialized a product candidate before, and we may lack the necessary expertise, personnel and resources to successfully commercialize any products, if approved. We may be unable to establish effective marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties or related parties to market and sell our product candidates, if they are approved, and as a result, we may be unable to generate product revenues.***

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

We have little to no prior experience in, and currently have a limited commercial infrastructure for, the marketing, sale and distribution of biopharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for the product candidates which we may license to others, we will rely on the assistance and guidance of those collaborators. For product candidates for which we retain commercialization rights and marketing approval, if approved, in order to commercialize our product candidates, we must continue to build out our marketing, sales and distribution capabilities, including a comprehensive healthcare compliance program, or arrange with third parties to perform these services, which will take time and require significant financial expenditures and could delay any product launch and we may not be successful in doing so. There are significant risks involved with building and managing a commercial infrastructure.

We, or our collaborators, will have to compete with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train, manage and retain medical affairs, marketing, sales and commercial support personnel. Recruiting, training and retaining a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have incurred these commercialization expenses prematurely or unnecessarily. These efforts may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel. In the event we are unable to develop a commercial infrastructure, we may not be able to commercialize our current or future product candidates, which would limit our ability to generate product revenues. Even if we are able to effectively establish a sales force and develop a marketing and sales infrastructure, our sales force and marketing teams may not be successful in commercializing our current or future product candidates. To the extent we rely on third parties to commercialize any products for which we obtain regulatory approval, we would have less control over their sales efforts and could be held liable if they failed to comply with applicable legal or regulatory requirements.

***We are currently in default under certain of our debt arrangements; while our lenders have agreed to forbear for a limited period, they may terminate such forbearance and accelerate our indebtedness at any time, which would have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition, and ability to continue as a going concern.***

We are in default under certain of our outstanding debt arrangements as a result of covenant breaches and related events of default. Although we have obtained forbearance from our lenders, any forbearance is conditional, may be withdrawn upon the occurrence of specified events (including additional defaults), and may expire by its terms without further extension. There can be no assurance that our lenders will continue to forbear, waive existing or future defaults, or agree to any amendment, extension, or restructuring of our obligations on acceptable terms, or at all. Unless we are able to successfully extend, refinance, or restructure our indebtedness as it comes due, our lenders may, at any time and without further notice, exercise available remedies, including declaring all or a portion of the outstanding principal, accrued interest, and other amounts immediately due and payable, increasing interest rates to default levels, terminating commitments, requiring cash dominion or additional reserves, exercising setoff rights, and enforcing liens on our assets.

Any acceleration of our indebtedness or other exercise of remedies, or the mere prospect of such actions, would severely constrain our liquidity and could materially and adversely affect our operations. We may be forced to significantly curtail or delay business activities and capital expenditures, sell assets (potentially at distressed values), seek additional debt or equity capital on unfavorable terms (resulting in substantial dilution to existing stockholders), or pursue an in-court or out-of-court restructuring. Our existing defaults may also trigger cross-defaults or cross-acceleration under other financing arrangements. In addition, the existence of defaults and the uncertainty regarding continued forbearance may impair our relationships with suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders, increase our cost of capital, reduce access to trade credit, and result in the loss of key business opportunities. If we are unable to remediate the defaults and obtain necessary extensions, waivers, or restructurings, we may not have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our obligations as they come due, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and could ultimately result in a bankruptcy filing. In any such scenario, holders of our equity could lose all or a significant portion of their investment.

***Finalization of Previously Uncertain Terms and Allocation of AlpineBrook Funding Could Materially and Adversely Affect Our Stockholders and Creditors***

We have received, and expect to continue relying on, funding from AlpineBrook related to our NKMax acquisition and to support liquidity. The undocumented funding was only recently documented as debt on an interim basis with a two month term until March 2, 2026, as described below, during which time final terms, structure, and documentation will be finalized, the effects of which may be adverse to stockholders and creditors. In 2024, we received approximately $3.1 million of AlpineBrook advances for NKMax-related purposes that were informally arranged and personally guaranteed by our CEO and a director; pending final structuring, we originally recorded these amounts as capital contributions, with disclosure that the ultimate treatment may change. We subsequently acquired approximately 65% of NKMax for approximately $17.0 million, with the majority funded by AlpineBrook and the remainder by Dr. Song, but definitive terms remained under discussion until January of 2026. Thus, for the duration of 2025, given the lack of finalized terms, it was undefined whether AlpineBrook's funding would ultimately be classified as debt, equity, or hybrid, potentially with senior liens, restrictive covenants, high effective costs, or dilutive features that could be punitive to existing stockholders and creditors.

On January 5, 2026, the Company and NKGen Operating Biotech, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company Sub," and together with the Company, the "Borrowers"), entered into a secured promissory note (the "AlpineBrook Secured Note")

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

with AlpineBrook, in the original principal amount of $25,840,106, bearing interest at 12% per annum and maturing initially on the date falling two months after issuance, subject to extension at AlpineBrook's discretion. On January 12, 2026, the Company entered into an amendment to the AlpineBrook Secured Note which provides an additional $295,000 of funding with interest accruing as of January 12, 2026 (the "Amendment," together with the AlpineBrook Secured Note, the "Note").

The Note documents and evidences certain undocumented cash advances made by AlpineBrook to the Borrowers since late 2024, primarily in connection with the Company's acquisition of a majority stake in NKMAX through the Korean bankruptcy process, together with accrued interest, fees and expenses associated with such advances, which totaled $25,540,106 immediately prior to issuance. In addition, the Note reflects an incremental $300,000 advanced by AlpineBrook contemporaneously with execution, which is the only new capital funded in connection with the Note. The Note prohibits prepayment before the applicable maturity date without AlpineBrook's consent.

The Note includes a "most favored nation" provision applicable to future debt or equity financings of the Borrowers or any of their subsidiaries (including NKMAX). During the term of the Note, if either Borrower or any of its subsidiaries undertakes any subsequent debt or equity financing containing terms more favorable than those in the Note, the Borrowers must notify AlpineBrook and provide the benefit of such more favorable terms to AlpineBrook. The provision expressly covers, without limitation, economic terms (including interest rate), collateral, conversion price and related economics, warrant coverage, governance rights, information rights, director appointment rights, preemptive rights, and rights of first refusal.

Upon a Change of Control (as defined in the Note) of either Borrower, the Note requires repayment in cash of outstanding principal plus accrued but unpaid interest, together with a cash premium equal to 20% of the then-outstanding principal amount. Borrowers must provide notice at least 10 business days' advance notice of any such transaction.

If an event of default occurs and is continuing, all outstanding obligations under the Note bear default interest at a rate of 24% per annum, calculated on a 360-day year and payable on demand, and AlpineBrook may accelerate all or a portion of the outstanding principal, accrued interest and other obligations, terminate commitments, exercise setoff rights, and enforce its liens, including by foreclosing on the collateral to which it has received a security interest in (if any) at the time of the foreclosure.

The Note contains restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit additional indebtedness and the granting of liens, subject to limited customary baskets and existing liens in favor of EWB and BDW Investments LLC ("BDW"). The covenant package also restricts equity issuances and changes to the capital structure, subject to ordinary-course exceptions (including plan-based equity awards, exercises, and ministerial adjustments), and includes a negative pledge whereby the Borrowers and their subsidiaries (including NKMAX) may not grant collateral or guarantees in favor of third parties without AlpineBrook's prior written consent.

Pursuant to the Note, the Borrowers granted AlpineBrook security interests in certain collateral, subject to existing liens in favor of EWB and BDW, respectively. The security interests will not be perfected unless and until consents from said secured creditors are obtained, and all grants are subordinate to existing liens. The collateral package includes (1) a security interest in substantially all U.S. personal property of the Borrowers; (2) a deed of trust and an assignment of leases and rents with respect to U.S. real property owned or hereafter owned by the Company Sub, to be executed and delivered in agreed form following execution of the Note, subject to consents of EWB and BDW; and (3) security arrangements under Korean law relating to the Company's shares of NKMAX, and related account collateral. Additionally, the Note requires the Company to use commercially reasonable best efforts to cause NKMAX to provide an unconditional guarantee of the Borrowers' obligations and to grant a first-priority security interest over substantially all of NKMAX's assets to secure that guarantee (subject to NKMAX board approval, certain waivers/consents, and compliance with applicable law).

Additionally, the Note grants AlpineBrook a right of first refusal over any proposed transfer or other disposition by the Company of its shares of NKMAX, on terms generally consistent with the third-party offer.

Any acceleration, increase to the default interest rate, enforcement of remedies or imposition of the change-of-control premium, or the mere prospect of any of the foregoing, could significantly strain our liquidity, impair our relationships with suppliers, customers, employees and other stakeholders, increase our cost of capital, and materially and adversely affect our operations. These risks may also trigger cross-defaults or cross-acceleration under other arrangements. If we are unable to refinance, extend, or restructure the note and otherwise meet our obligations as they come due, there is a risk that we will not have sufficient liquidity to continue as a going concern and may be required to seek protection under bankruptcy or similar laws, in which case holders of our equity could lose all or a significant portion of their investment.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.**

During the period from January 1, 2025 to March 31, 2025, we have granted or issued the following securities that were not registered under the Securities Act:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• On January 22, 2025, the Company issued 83,333 shares of Common Stock to Chris Rink pursuant to a convertible loan agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• On January 22, 2025, the Company issued 83,333 shares of Common Stock to Jeff Rink pursuant to a convertible loan agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• On March 27, 2025, the Company issued 135,308 shares of Common Stock to Eric Kuwana pursuant to a cashless warrant exercise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 155,571 shares of Common Stock to Clearview Ventures LLC pursuant to cashless warrant exercise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 33,333 shares of Common Stock to Alan and Lisa Stern Family Trust pursuant to a convertible loan agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 16,667 shares of Common Stock to Anne Billie Knudsen pursuant to a convertible loan agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 696,264 shares of Common Stock to AJB Capital Investments LLC pursuant to the exercise of a common stock purchase warrant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 294,868 shares of Common Stock to Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC, Meteora Capital Partners, LP, and Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP pursuant to the exercise of a common stock purchase warrant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 33,333 shares of Common Stock to Owen Mannas pursuant to a convertible loan agreement.

None of the foregoing transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. We believe each of these transactions was exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (and Regulation D promulgated thereunder) as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer under benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701. The recipients of the securities in each of these transactions represented their intentions to acquire the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof, and appropriate legends were placed on the share certificates issued in these transactions. All recipients had adequate access, through their relationships with us, to information about us. The sales of these securities were made without any general solicitation or advertising.

**Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities**

None.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures**

Not applicable.

**Item 5. Other Information**

None.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**Item 6. Exhibits.**

(a) Exhibits.

The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** |
|<br>**Exhibit No.** |<br>**Description** | **Schedule/<br>Form** | **File No.** | **Exhibit** | **Filing Date** |
| 2.1+ | <u>[Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 14, 2023, by and among Graf Acquisition Corp. IV, Austria Merger Sub, Inc., and NKGen Biotech, Inc.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465923045840/tm2312686d1_ex2-1.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 2.1 | April 17, 2023 |
| 3.1 | <u>[Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NKGen Biotech, Inc.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465923107256/tm2327139d1_ex3-1.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 3.1 | October 5, 2023 |
| 3.2 | <u>[Amended and Restated Bylaws of NKGen Biotech, Inc.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465923107256/tm2327139d1_ex3-2.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 3.2 | October 5, 2023 |
| 4.1 | <u>[Specimen Common Stock Certificate.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465923107256/tm2327139d1_ex4-1.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | October 5, 2023 |
| 4.2 | <u>[Specimen Warrant Certificate.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465923107256/tm2327139d1_ex4-2.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.2 | October 5, 2023 |
| 4.3 | <u>[Warrant Agreement, dated May 20, 2021, by and between Graf Acquisition Corp. IV and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465921071895/tm2117433d1_ex4-1.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | May 25, 2021 |
| 4.4 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to FirstFire, dated March 21, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465924039747/tm249972d1_ex4-1.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | March 27, 2024 |
| 4.5 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to Meteora, dated March 26, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465924039747/tm249972d1_ex4-2.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.2 | March 27, 2024 |
| 4.6 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to AJB, dated April 1, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465924044244/tm2411210d1_ex4-1.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | April 5, 2024 |
| 4.7 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to Sandia, dated April 1, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465924044244/tm2411210d1_ex4-2.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.2 | April 5, 2024 |
| 4.8 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by NKGen Biotech, Inc. in favor of BDW Investments LLC, dated April 5, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000110465924046099/tm2411469d1_ex4-1.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | April 11, 2024 |
| 4.9 | <u>[Form of Amended and Restated Warrant.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024037139/ea020478401ex4-1_nkgen.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | April 29, 2024 |
| 4.10 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to Meteora, dated May 7, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024041708/ea020575101ex4-1_nkgenbio.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | May 10, 2024 |
| 4.11 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to Alpha, dated May 7, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024041708/ea020575101ex4-2_nkgenbio.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.2 | May 10, 2024 |
| 4.12 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to AJB, dated May 9, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024041708/ea020575101ex4-3_nkgenbio.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.3 | May 10, 2024 |
| 4.13 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to AJB, dated June 18, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024054778/ea020823901ex4-1_nkgen.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | June 21, 2024 |
| 4.14 | <u>[Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to the Purchaser, dated August 7, 2024.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024067225/ea021095801ex4-1_nkgen.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 4.1 | August 9, 2024 |
| 10.1 | <u>[Sixth Amendment to Forward Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 5, 2024, among NKGen and Meteora Capital Partners, LP and certain of its affiliates.](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024077779/ea0213723-8k_nkgen.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 10.1 | September 11, 2024 |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 10.2 | <u>[Conditional Investment Agreement, dated November 20, 2024, by and between NKGen Biotech, Inc. and NKMAX Co., Ltd.](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1845459/000121390024104555/ea0223210-8k_nkgen.htm)</u> | 8-K | 001-40427 | 10.1 | December 2, 2024 |
| 31.1\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](nkgenbiotechinc-ex311q12025.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  |
| 31.2\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](nkgenbiotechinc-ex312q12025.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  |
| 32.1^ | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](nkgenbiotechinc-ex321q12025.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). |  |  |  |  |

---

+ Certain of the exhibits and schedules to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the SEC upon its request.

\* Filed herewith.

^ Furnished herewith and not deemed to be "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i757b08f2c8884ef780ae6d55a07c685f_10)</u>

**SIGNATURES** 

Pursuant to the requirements of Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **NKGEN BIOTECH, INC.**<br>**(Formerly Known as GRAF ACQUISITION CORP. IV)** | **NKGEN BIOTECH, INC.**<br>**(Formerly Known as GRAF ACQUISITION CORP. IV)** |
| Date: January \*\*, 2026 | /s/ Paul Y. Song | /s/ Paul Y. Song |
|  | Name: | Paul Y. Song |
|  | Title: | Chief Executive Officer<br>*(Principal Executive Officer)* |
| Date: January \*\*, 2026 | /s/ James A. Graf | /s/ James A. Graf |
|  | Name: | James A. Graf |
|  | Title: | Interim Chief Financial Officer<br>*(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)* |

---

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**<u>CERTIFICATIONS</u>**

I, Paul Y. Song, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of NKGen Biotech, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: January 20, 2026

<u>/s/ Paul Y. Song</u> 

Paul Y. Song

Chief Executive Officer

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**<u>CERTIFICATIONS</u>**

I, James A. Graf, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of NKGen Biotech, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: January 20, 2026

<u>/s/ James A. Graf</u> 

James A. Graf

Interim Chief Financial Officer

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**<u>CERTIFICATIONS</u>**

Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act") and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Paul Y. Song, Chief Executive Officer of NKGen Biotech, Inc. (the "Company"), and James A. Graf, Interim Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

1. The Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the "Quarterly Report"), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

2. The information contained in the Quarterly Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

**In Witness Whereof**, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of the 20th day of January, 2026.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| /s/ Paul Y. Song | /s/ James A. Graf |
| Paul Y. Song | James A. Graf |
| Chief Executive Officer | Interim Chief Financial Officer |

---

<br>