# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000873463
**File Stem:** 0001193125-25-150472
**Filing Date:** 2025-6
**Character Count:** 842282
**Document Hash:** 330bc8ce7364d44a45c14c15531ddf10
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001193125-25-150472.hdr.sgml**: 20250627

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001193125-25-150472

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: S-B

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 11

**REFERENCES 429**: 333-280523

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20250627

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20250627

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** EXPORT IMPORT BANK OF KOREA
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000873463
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS [8888]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** International Corp Fin
- **EIN:** 000000000
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** S-B
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-288366
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251083656

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 460 PARK AVE 8TH FL
- **CITY:** NEW YORK
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 10022
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 12123557280

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 460 PARK AVE 8TH FL
- **CITY:** NEW YORK
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 10022
**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** REPUBLIC OF KOREA
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000873465
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS [8888]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** International Corp Fin
- **EIN:** 000000000

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** S-B
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-288366-01
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251083657

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION:** YES
- **STREET 1:** MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND FINANCE, SEJONG
- **STREET 2:** GOVERNMENT COMPLEX, 42, DOUM, 6-RO
- **CITY:** SEJONG-SI
- **PROVINCE COUNTRY:** M5
- **ZIP:** 30112
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 8225039267

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION:** YES
- **STREET 1:** MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND FINANCE, SEJONG
- **STREET 2:** GOVERNMENT COMPLEX, 42, DOUM, 6-RO
- **CITY:** SEJONG-SI
- **PROVINCE COUNTRY:** M5
- **ZIP:** 30112

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 27, 2025** 

**Registration Statement No. 333-** 

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION** 

**WASHINGTON, D.C.** 

**REGISTRATION STATEMENT** 

***UNDER***

***SCHEDULE B***

***OF***

***THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933***

## THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA
**(Name of Registrant)** 

## THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
**(Co-Registrant and Guarantor)** 

***Names and Addresses of Authorized Representatives in the United States:***

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Jin Yi**<br> **or Seyoung Kim**<br> **Duly Authorized Representatives of**<br> **The Export-Import Bank of Korea**<br> **460 Park Avenue, 8th Floor**<br> **New York, NY 10022** | **Munkyu Park**<br> **Duly Authorized Representative of**<br> **The Republic of Korea**<br> **460 Park Avenue, 9th Floor**<br> **New York, NY 10022** |

---

***Copies to:***

**Jinduk Han, Esq.** 

**Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP** 

**c/o 19F, Ferrum Tower** 

**19, Eulji-ro 5-gil, Jung-gu** 

**Seoul 04539** 

**The Republic of Korea** 

**Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:** As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

The securities registered hereby will be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to the procedures set forth in Securities Act Release Nos. 33-6240 and 33-6424.

**CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class of securities being registered** | **Amount to be<br>registered <sup>(1)</sup>** | **Amount of<br>registration fee** |
|  Debt securities with or without warrants to purchase debt securities | US$5,000,000,000 | US$765,500 |
|  Guarantees of The Republic of Korea | — <sup>(2)</sup> | — <sup>(2)</sup> |

---

(1) Or an equivalent amount in another currency or currencies or in composite currencies or as determined by
reference to an index or, if the debt securities are to be offered at a discount, the approximate proceeds to The Export-Import Bank of Korea. Includes the maximum principal amount of the obligations to be guaranteed by the Registrants under the
guarantees registered hereby.

(2) The Republic of Korea may irrevocably guarantee the debt securities being registered hereby. Pursuant to Rule
457(n) of the Securities Act of 1933, no registration fee is required with respect to the guarantees.

Pursuant to Rule 429 under the Securities Act of 1933, the Prospectus contained in this Registration Statement and supplements to such Prospectus will also be used in connection with US$2,056,498,627 of debt securities with or without warrants to purchase debt securities registered under Registration Statement No. 333-280523.

**The Registrants hereby amend this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrants shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.** 

\* This Registration Statement also constitutes Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to Registration Statement No. 333-280523.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**EXPLANATORY NOTE** 

This registration statement relates to US$5,000,000,000 aggregate amount of (i) debt securities (with or without warrants) of The Export-Import Bank of Korea to be offered from time to time as separate issues on terms and in the manner to be specified in a prospectus supplement to be delivered in connection with each such offering and (ii) guarantees that may be issued by The Republic of Korea in respect of debt securities of The Export-Import Bank of Korea on terms and in the manner to be specified in a prospectus supplement to be delivered in connection with each such issuance. The prospectus constituting a part of this registration statement relates to (i) the debt securities (with or without warrants) registered hereunder, (ii) guarantees that may be issued by The Republic of Korea, registered hereunder and (iii) US$2,056,498,627 aggregate principal amount of debt securities (with or without warrants) registered under Registration Statement No. 333-280523 (including an aggregate principal amount of US$640,000,000 of debt securities that may be sold by us from time to time in a continuous offering designated Medium-Term Notes, Series A, Due Not Less Than Nine Months From Date of Issue (the "MTNs")).

This registration statement contains a form of prospectus supplement filed as Exhibit K to this registration statement to be used in connection with the sale by us of the MTNs in a continuous offering.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.** 

**SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JUNE 27, 2025** 

**PROSPECTUS**![LOGO](g949694g03v03.jpg)

**US$7,056,498,627** 

## The Export-Import Bank of Korea
**Debt Securities** 

**Warrants to Purchase Debt Securities** 

**The Republic of Korea** 

**Guarantees** 

We will provide the specific terms of these securities in supplements to this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement carefully before you invest.

*Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.* 

This prospectus is dated , 2025.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**TABLE OF CONTENTS** 

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
|  [Certain Defined Terms and Conventions](#toc949694_1) | 1 |
|  [Use of Proceeds](#toc949694_2) | 2 |
|  [The Export-Import Bank of Korea](#toc949694_3) | 3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Overview](#toc949694_4) | 3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Capitalization](#toc949694_5) | 4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Business](#toc949694_6) | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Selected Financial Statement Data](#toc949694_7) | 7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Operations](#toc949694_8) | 10 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Description of Assets and Liabilities](#toc949694_9) | 16 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Debt](#toc949694_10) | 26 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management](#toc949694_11) | 28 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Capital Adequacy](#toc949694_12) | 29 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Overseas Operations](#toc949694_13) | 30 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Property](#toc949694_14) | 31 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Management and Employees](#toc949694_15) | 31 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Tables and Supplementary Information](#toc949694_16) | 33 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Financial Statements and the Auditors](#toc949694_17) | 41 |
|  [The Republic of Korea](#toc949694_18) | 131 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Land and History](#toc949694_19) | 131 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Government and Politics](#toc949694_20) | 133 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [The Economy](#toc949694_21) | 136 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Principal Sectors of the Economy](#toc949694_22) | 143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [The Financial System](#toc949694_23) | 150 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Monetary Policy](#toc949694_24) | 155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade](#toc949694_25) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Government Finance](#toc949694_26) | 166 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Debt](#toc949694_27) | 169 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Tables and Supplementary Information](#toc949694_28) | 172 |
|  [Description of the Securities](#toc949694_29) | 175 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Description of Debt Securities](#toc949694_30) | 175 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Description of Warrants](#toc949694_31) | 181 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Terms Applicable to Debt Securities and Warrants](#toc949694_32) | 182 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Description of Guarantees](#toc949694_33) | 183 |
|  [Limitations on Issuance of Bearer Debt Securities and Bearer Warrants](#toc949694_34) | 184 |
|  [Taxation](#toc949694_35) | 185 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Korean Taxation](#toc949694_36) | 185 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [United States Tax Considerations](#toc949694_37) | 188 |
|  [Plan of Distribution](#toc949694_38) | 197 |
|  [Legal Matters](#toc949694_39) | 198 |
|  [Authorized Representatives in the United States](#toc949694_40) | 198 |
|  [Official Statements and Documents](#toc949694_41) | 198 |
|  [Experts](#toc949694_42) | 198 |
|  [Forward-Looking Statements](#toc949694_43) | 199 |
|  [Further Information](#toc949694_44) | 201 |

---

i

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS AND CONVENTIONS** 

All references to the "Bank", "we", "our" or "us" mean The Export-Import Bank of Korea. All references to "Korea" or the "Republic" contained in this prospectus mean The Republic of Korea. All references to the "Government" mean the government of Korea.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to "won", "Won" or "W" contained in this prospectus are to the currency of Korea, references to "U.S. dollars", "Dollars", "USD", "$" or "US$" are to the currency of the United States of America, references to "Hong Kong Dollar" or "HKD" are to the currency of Hong Kong, S.A.R., references to "Mexican Peso" or "MXN" are to the currency of the United Mexican States, references to "Brazilian Real" or "BRL" are to the currency of Federative Republic of Brazil, references to "Euro", "EUR" or "€" are to the currency of the European Union, references to "Thai Baht" or "THB" are to the currency of Thailand, references to "Swiss Franc" or "CHF" are to the currency of Switzerland, references to "Australian Dollar" or "AUD" are to the currency of Australia, references to "Indian Rupee" or "INR" are to the currency of India, references to "Chinese Yuan" or "CNY" are to the currency of the People's Republic of China, references to "Indonesian Rupiah" or "IDR" are to the currency of Indonesia, references to "Peruvian Sol" or "PEN" are to the currency of Peru, references to "New Zealand Dollar" or "NZD" are to the currency of New Zealand, references to "South African Rand" or "ZAR" are to the currency of South Africa, references to "Canadian Dollar" or "CAD" are to the currency of Canada, references to "Great Britain Pound" or "GBP" are to the currency of the United Kingdom, references to "Norwegian Krone" or "NOK" are to the currency of Norway, references to "Polish Zloty" or "PLN" are to the currency of Poland, references to "Philippine Peso" or "PHP" are to the currency of the Republic of the Philippines and references to "Japanese Yen" or "JPY" are to the currency of Japan.

In this prospectus, where information has been prepared in thousands, millions or billions of units, amounts may have been rounded up or down. Accordingly, actual numbers may differ from those contained herein due to rounding. All discrepancies in any table between totals and the sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.

Our separate financial statements and information included in this prospectus were prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by Korea ("Korean IFRS" or "K-IFRS"). References in this prospectus to "separate" financial statements and information are to financial statements and information prepared on a non-consolidated basis. Unless specified otherwise, our financial and other information included in this prospectus is presented on a separate basis in accordance with Korean IFRS and does not include such information with respect to our subsidiaries.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**USE OF PROCEEDS** 

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities for our general operations.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

**Overview** 

We were established in 1976 as a special governmental financial institution pursuant to the Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, as amended, or the KEXIM Act. Since our establishment, we have been promoting the export and competitiveness of Korean goods and services in international markets. To this end, we have introduced financing facilities and implemented lending policies that are responsive to the needs of Korean exporters.

Our primary purpose, as stated in the KEXIM Act, is to "promote the sound development of the national economy and economic cooperation with foreign countries by extending the financial aid required for export and import transactions, overseas investment and the development of natural resources abroad." Over the years, we have developed various financing facilities and lending policies that are consistent with the Government's overall economic policies. In the latter part of the 1980s, as a result of changing trade conditions and the increased internationalization of the Korean economy, overseas investment credits and import credits were promoted and began to constitute an important portion of our business. In recent years, we have focused on the development of new financing facilities, including structured financing for ships and project financing for the construction of industrial plants and the development of natural resources abroad.

As of December 31, 2024, we had W91,845 billion of outstanding loans, including W38,964 billion of outstanding export credits, W37,782 billion of outstanding overseas investment credits and W12,640 billion of outstanding import credits, as compared to W90,313 billion of outstanding loans, including W35,933 billion of outstanding export credits, W36,284 billion of outstanding overseas investment credits and W11,342 billion of outstanding import credits as of December 31, 2023.

Although our management has control of our day-to-day operations, our operations are subject to the close supervision of the Government. The Government's determination each fiscal year regarding the amount of financial support to extend to us, in the form of contributions to capital or transfers of our income to reserves, plays an important role in determining our lending capacity. The Government has the power to appoint or dismiss our Chief Executive Officer, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Senior Executive Director, Independent Directors and Internal Auditor. Moreover, the Minister of Economy and Finance of the Republic has, on behalf of the Republic, signed the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

The Government supports our operations pursuant to Article 37 of the KEXIM Act. Article 37 of the KEXIM Act provides that "the annual net losses of the Export-Import Bank of Korea shall be offset each year by the reserve, and if the reserve be insufficient, the Government shall provide funds to cover the deficit." As a result of the KEXIM Act, the Government is generally responsible for our operations and is legally obligated to replenish any deficit that arises if our reserves, consisting of our surplus and capital surplus items, are insufficient to cover any of our annual net losses. In light of the above, if we have insufficient funds to make any payment under any of our obligations, including the debt securities covered by this prospectus, the Government would take appropriate steps, such as by making a capital contribution, by allocating funds or by taking other action, to enable us to make such payment when due. The provisions of Article 37 do not, however, constitute a direct guarantee by the Government of our obligations, and the provisions of the KEXIM Act, including Article 37, may be amended at any time by action of the National Assembly.

In January 2014, the Government amended the KEXIM Act to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increase our authorized capital from W 8,000 billion to W 15,000 billion;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• expand our operation scope that enables us, among other things, to invest in (i) funds intended to support
export and import transactions by small and medium-sized enterprises and (ii) special purpose companies that carry out value added overseas development projects in a flexible way; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduce restrictions on our financing and investment activities by providing additional flexibility to us to cope
with changes in market conditions.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
In March 2016, the Government amended the KEXIM Act to strengthen its enforcement powers by allowing:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Minister of Economy and Finance to impose any necessary sanctions against our officers; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Financial Services Commission to request the Minister of Economy and Finance to apply sanctions against our
employees.

In March 2024, the Government amended the KEXIM Act to increase our authorized capital from W15,000 billion to W25,000 billion in order to increase our financing of overseas large-scale projects in line with the Government's policy objectives.

**Capitalization** 

As of December 31, 2024, our authorized capital was W25,000 billion and our capitalization was as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **December 31, 2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Long-Term Debt <sup>(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)</sup>: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings in Korean Won | W |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings in Foreign Currencies |  | 3946 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Export-Import Financing Debentures |  | 59658 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Long-Term Debt | W | 63604 |
|  Capital and Reserves: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital Stock<sup>(7)</sup> | W | 16873 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Additional Paid-in Capital |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital Adjustments |  | (154) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Retained Earnings |  | 3365 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Legal Reserve<sup>(8)</sup> |  | 612 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Voluntary Reserve<sup>(8)</sup> |  | 1762 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Regulatory Reserve for Loan Losses<sup>(9)</sup> |  | 11 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Unappropriated Retained Earnings |  | 980 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Components of Equity<sup>(10)</sup> |  | 1240 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Capital and Reserves | W | 21325 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Capitalization | W | 84929 |

---

(1) Except as described in this prospectus, there has been no material adverse change in our capitalization since
December 31, 2024.

(2) Consists of borrowings and debentures with maturities of more than a year remaining.

(3) We have translated borrowings in foreign currencies as of December 31, 2024 into Won at the rate of W 1,470.00 to US$1.00, which was the market average exchange rate as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services Ltd., on December 31, 2024.

(4) As of December 31, 2024, we had contingent liabilities totaling W 63,590 billion,
which consisted of W 49,007 billion under outstanding guarantees and acceptances and W 14,583 billion under contingent guarantees and acceptances issued on behalf of our clients. For further information
relating to our contingent liabilities under outstanding guarantees as of December 31, 2024, see "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024
and 2023—Note 36."

(5) As of December 31, 2024, we had entered into 681 interest rate-related derivative contracts with a notional
amount of W 84,563 billion and 527 currency-related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W 34,677 billion in accordance with our policy to hedge interest rate and currency risks. See
"—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 20."

(6) See "—Description of Assets and Liabilities—Sources of Funding" for an explanation of these
sources of funds. All of our borrowings, whether domestic or international, are unsecured and unguaranteed.

(7) As of December 31, 2024, our authorized ordinary share capital was W 25,000 billion
and issued fully-paid ordinary share capital was W 16,873 billion. For more information, see "—Business—Government Support and Supervision."

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(8) See "—Business—Government Support and Supervision" for a description of the manner in which
annual net income is transferred to the legal reserve and may be transferred to the voluntary reserve.

(9) If the estimated allowance for credit loss determined by K-IFRS for
accounting purposes is lower than that for regulatory purposes as required by Regulation of Supervision of Banking Business, we reserve such difference as the regulatory reserve for loan losses. See "—Financial Statements and the
Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 23."

(10) See "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for
the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 22."

**Business** 

***Purpose and Authority***

We were established in 1976 as a special governmental financial institution pursuant to the KEXIM Act. The KEXIM Act, the Enforcement Decree of the KEXIM Act, or the KEXIM Decree, and our Articles of Incorporation, or the By-laws, define and regulate our powers and authority. We are treated as a special juridical entity under Korean law and are not subject to certain laws regulating the activities of commercial banks.

We were established, as stated in the KEXIM Act, to "promote the sound development of the national economy and economic cooperation with foreign countries by extending the financial aid required for export and import transactions, overseas investment and the development of natural resources abroad." As an instrument in serving the Government's public policy objectives, we do not seek to maximize our profits. We do, however, strive to maintain an adequate level of profitability to strengthen our equity base in order to support the growth in the volume of our business.

Our primary purpose has been the provision of loans and guarantees to facilitate Korean companies' exports and overseas investments and projects. Most of our activities have been carried out pursuant to this authority.

We have the authority to undertake a range of financial activities. These fall into four principal categories:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• export credits;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• overseas investment credits;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• import credits; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• guarantee facilities.

Export credits include loans to facilitate Korean exports of capital and non-capital goods and technical and non-technical services. Overseas investment credits consist of loans to finance Korean overseas investments and projects. Import credits include the extension of loans to finance Korean imports of essential materials and natural resources. Guarantee facilities are made available to support the obligations of Korean exporters and importers.

We also have the authority to administer, on behalf of the Government, the Government's Economic Development Cooperation Fund, the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund, formerly known as the South and North Korea Co-operation Fund, and the Supply Chain Resilience Fund.

We may also undertake other business activities incidental to the foregoing, including currency and interest rate swap transactions.

***Government Support and Supervision***

The Government's determination each fiscal year, regarding the amount of financial support to extend to us, plays an important role in determining our lending capacity. Such support has included contributions to capital, loans and transfers of our income to reserves.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
Our authorized capital was W30 billion when the Government enacted the KEXIM Act in 1969. The National Assembly amended the KEXIM Act and increased our authorized capital to W150 billion in 1974, W500 billion in 1977, W1,000 billion in 1986, W2,000 billion in January 1998, W4,000 billion in September 1998, W8,000 billion in January 2009, W15,000 billion in January 2014 and W25,000 billion in March 2024.

As of December 31, 1996, the capital contribution from the Government was approximately W686 billion, all in cash. Since 1997, the Government has made capital contributions not only in cash but also in the form of shares of common stock of Government-affiliated entities. Recent examples include the Government's contributions to our capital of (i) W578 billion, W110 billion, W29 billion, W160 billion, W25 billion and W100 billion in cash in July 2020, March 2021, April 2021, June 2021, June 2022 and March 2024, respectively, and (ii) W125 billion in the form of shares of Yeosu Gwangyang Port Authority in May 2017, W125 billion in the form of shares of Incheon Port Authority in May 2017, W1,167 billion in the form of shares of Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd. in June 2017 and W2,000 billion in the form of shares of Korea Land and Housing Corporation in each of March 2023 and May 2024. Taking into account these capital contributions, our total capital stock was W16,873 billion as of December 31, 2024. More recently, the Government contributed W100 billion and W200 billion in cash to our capital in January 2025 and May 2025, respectively.

Pursuant to the KEXIM Act, only the Government, The Korea Development Bank, The Bank of Korea, certain designated domestic banking institutions, exporters' associations and international financial organizations may contribute to our capital stock. As of December 31, 2024, the Government directly owned 76% of our capital stock and indirectly owned, through The Bank of Korea and The Korea Development Bank, 7% and 17%, respectively, of our capital stock. See "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 1."

In addition to contributions to our capital, the Government provides funding for our financing activities. The Government has made loans available to us for our lending activities. See "—Description of Assets and Liabilities—Sources of Funding."

The Government also supports our operation pursuant to Articles 36 and 37 of the KEXIM Act. Article 36 of the KEXIM Act and the By-laws provide that we shall apply our net income earned during each fiscal year, after deduction of depreciation expense for such fiscal year, in the following manner and in order of priority:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• first, at least 10% of such net income is transferred to our legal reserve until the total amount of our legal
reserve equals the total amount of our capital stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• second, if the Minister of Economy and Finance approves such distribution, the balance of any such net income,
after such transfer to the legal reserve, is distributed to the institutions, other than the Government, that have contributed to our capital (up to a maximum 15% annual dividend rate); and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• third, the remaining balance of any such net income is distributed in whatever manner our Operations Committee
determines and the Minister of Economy and Finance approves, such as additions to our voluntary reserve.

Article 37 of the KEXIM Act provides that "the annual net losses of the Export-Import Bank of Korea shall be offset each year by the reserve, and if the reserve be insufficient, the Government shall provide funds to cover the deficit." As a result of the KEXIM Act, the Government is generally responsible for our operations and is legally obligated to replenish any deficit that arises if our reserves are insufficient to cover any of our annual net losses. In light of this provision, if we have insufficient funds to make any payment under any of our obligations, the Government would take appropriate steps by making a capital contribution, by allocating funds or by taking other action to enable us to make such payment when due. The provisions of Article 37 do not, however, constitute a direct guarantee by the Government of our obligations, and the provisions of the KEXIM Act, including Article 37, may be amended at any time by action of the National Assembly.

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The Government closely supervises our operations including in the following ways:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the President of the Republic appoints our Chief Executive Officer upon the recommendation of the Minister of
Economy and Finance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Minister of Economy and Finance appoints our Deputy Chief Executive Officer and the Senior Executive Director
upon the recommendation of our Chief Executive Officer;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Minister of Economy and Finance appoints our Internal Auditor;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• one month prior to the beginning of each fiscal year, we must submit our proposed program of operations and
budget for the fiscal year to the Minister of Economy and Finance for his approval and immediately after the approval of the Minister of Economy and Finance, we must report such program to the National Assembly;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Minister of Economy and Finance must approve our operating manual, which sets out guidelines for all
principal operating matters, including the range of permitted financings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Board of Audit and Inspection, a Government department, examines our settlement of accounts annually;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• each of the Minister of Economy and Finance and the Financial Services Commission has broad authority to require
reports from us on any matter and to examine our books, records and other documents. On the basis of the reports and examinations, the Minister of Economy and Finance may issue any orders it deems necessary to enforce the KEXIM Act or delegate
examinations to the Financial Services Commission;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Financial Services Commission may supervise our operations to ensure managerial soundness based upon the
KEXIM Decree and the Supervisory Regulations of Banking Business legislated by the Financial Services Commission and may issue orders deemed necessary for such supervision;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we must submit our annual report to the Ministry of Economy and Finance within three months following the end of
each fiscal year and, upon request from the National Assembly during its annual audit period, to the National Assembly within ten days from the date of the request from the National Assembly, outlining our operations and analyzing our activities
during the relevant fiscal year; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we may amend our By-laws and operating manual only with the approval of
the Minister of Economy and Finance.

**Selected Financial Statement Data** 

Except where expressly indicated otherwise in this prospectus, loans in Won and loans in foreign currencies (each before deducting allowance for loan losses) are collectively referred to as "Loans"; bills bought, foreign exchange bought, advances for customers, call loans and interbank loans in foreign currencies (each before deducting allowance for loan losses) are collectively referred to as "Other Loans"; Loans and Other Loans are collectively referred to as "Loan Credits"; confirmed guarantees and acceptances are collectively referred to as "Guarantees"; and Loan Credits and Guarantees are collectively referred to as "Credit Exposure."

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You should read the following selected financial statement data together with our separate financial statements and notes included in this prospectus.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2022** | **2022** | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  **Income Statement Data** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Total Interest Income | W | 3071 | W | 5856 | W | 6062 |
|  Total Interest Expense |  | 2118 |  | 4971 |  | 5299 |
|  Net Interest Income |  | 952 |  | 885 |  | 764 |
|  Operating Income |  | 569 |  | 1061 |  | 1333 |
|  Income before Income Tax |  | 571 |  | 1061 |  | 1335 |
|  Income Tax Expense |  | 184 |  | 339 |  | 356 |
|  Net Income |  | 387 |  | 723 |  | 980 |

---

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  **Balance Sheet Data** |  |  |  |  |
|  Total Loan Credits<sup>(1)</sup> | W | 90313 | W | 91845 |
|  Total Borrowings<sup>(2)</sup> |  | 98789 |  | 100049 |
|  Total Assets |  | 125394 |  | 131340 |
|  Total Liabilities |  | 107444 |  | 110015 |
|  Total Shareholders' Equity |  | 17951 |  | 21325 |

---

(1) Gross amount, including domestic usance bills, foreign currency bills bought, advance payments on acceptances
and guarantees, call loans, interbank loans in foreign currency, private placement corporate bonds in local currency and others and before deducting allowance for loan losses and net deferred loan origination fees and costs. See
"—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 10."

(2) Includes debentures.

***2024***

We had net income of W980 billion in 2024 compared to W723 billion in 2023. The principal factors for the increase in net income included:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a change in net gain (loss) on foreign exchange transactions to a net gain of W 1,627 billion in 2024 from a net loss of W 1,063 billion in 2023, primarily due to continued volatility in exchange rates in 2024; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a change in net other operating income (expenses) to net income of W 287 billion in 2024
from net expenses of W 931 billion in 2023, primarily due to a change in net gain (loss) on fair value hedged items to a net gain of W 266 billion in 2024 from a net loss of W 928 billion in 2023 (see "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 30").

These factors were mostly offset by a change in net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets to a net loss of W1,532 billion in 2024 from a net gain of W2,013 billion in 2023, due to an increase in losses on hedging instruments to W3,120 billion in 2024 from W843 billion in 2023 and a decrease in gains on hedging instruments to W1,589 billion in 2024 from W2,856 billion in 2023, which in turn were primarily due to continued volatility in exchange rates (including USD and BRL) and interest rates (including the USD 3-Month London Interbank Offered Rate Fallback, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate and the Euro 6-Month Interbank Offered Rate) in 2024 (see "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 28").

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For a description of our strategies and policies on derivative products, which we utilize primarily to hedge our risks relating to fluctuations in various foreign currencies and interest rates, see "—Description of Assets and Liabilities—Derivatives."

As of December 31, 2024, our total assets increased by 4.7% to W131,340 billion from W125,394 billion as of December 31, 2023, primarily due to a 25.4% increase in financial investments to W19,332 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W15,413 billion as of December 31, 2023, a 38.2% increase in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss to W5,137 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W3,716 billion as of December 31, 2023 and a 1.1% increase in loans at amortized cost to W88,726 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W87,777 billion as of December 31, 2023, the effects of which were offset in small part by an 88.4% decrease in hedging derivative assets to W71 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W612 billion as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, our total liabilities increased by 2.4% to W110,015 billion from W107,444 billion as of December 31, 2023, primarily due to a 23.9% increase in borrowings to W6,854 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W5,532 billion as of December 31, 2023, a 42.0% increase in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss to W3,014 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W2,123 billion as of December 31, 2023 and a 57.1% increase in hedging derivative liabilities to W2,378 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W1,514 billion as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, our total shareholders' equity increased by 18.8% to W21,325 billion from W17,951 billion as of December 31, 2023, primarily due to a 14.2% increase in capital stock to W16,873 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W14,773 billion as of December 31, 2023, a 27.5% increase in retained earnings to W3,365 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W2,639 billion as of December 31, 2023 and an 81.8% increase in other components of equity to W1,240 billion as of December 31, 2024 from W682 billion as of December 31, 2023.

***2023***

We had net income of W723 billion in 2023 compared to W387 billion in 2022. The principal factors for the increase in net income included:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a change in net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets to a net gain of W 2,013 billion in
2023 from a net loss of W 3,224 billion in 2022, due to a decrease in losses on hedging instruments to W 843 billion in 2023 from W 3,716 billion in 2022 and an increase in gains on
hedging instruments to W 2,856 billion in 2023 from W 492 billion in 2022, which in turn was primarily due to continued volatility in exchange rates (including USD and BRL) and interest rates (including the
USD 3-Month London Interbank Offered Rate, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate and the Australia 3-Month Bank Bill Swap Rate) in 2023; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a change in net gain (loss) on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss to a net gain of W 210 billion in 2023 from a net loss of W 306 billion in 2022, primarily due to a change in valuation of trading derivatives to a net gain of W 56 billion in 2023 from a net loss of W 764 billion in 2022, which in turn resulted mainly from changes in exchange rates (including MXN, USD and EUR) and interest rates (including MXN TIIE 28D) between 2022 and 2023 that impacted the valuation of our various
interest rate swap and cross-currency swap derivative products in 2023.

These factors were in large part offset by:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a change in net other operating income (expenses) to net expenses of W 931 billion in 2023
from net income of W 3,173 billion in 2022, primarily due to change in net gain (loss) on fair value hedged items to a net loss of W 928 billion in 2023 from a net gain of W 3,165 billion in 2022; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a change in net gain (loss) on foreign exchange transactions to a net loss of W 1,063 billion in 2023 from a net gain of W 515 billion in 2022, primarily due to increased volatility in exchange rates in 2023.

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In addition, a 58.8% decrease in additional impairment loss on credit to W279 billion in 2023 from W678 billion in 2022, mainly reflecting a general improvement in the overall asset quality of our loan portfolio in 2023, in particular with regard to our large refinery project in the Middle East, contributed to the increase in net income.

For a description of our strategies and policies on derivative products, which we utilize primarily to hedge our risks relating to fluctuations in various foreign currencies and interest rates, see "—Description of Assets and Liabilities—Derivatives."

As of December 31, 2023, our total assets increased by 2.7% to W125,394 billion from W122,070 billion as of December 31, 2022, primarily due to a 26.8% increase in cash and due from financial institutions to W12,591 billion as of December 31, 2023 from W9,931 billion as of December 31, 2022 and a 15.3% increase in financial investments to W15,413 billion as of December 31, 2023 from W13,364 billion as of December 31, 2022, the effects of which were offset in part by a 1.7% decrease in loans at amortized cost to W87,777 billion as of December 31, 2023 from W89,300 billion as of December 31, 2022.

As of December 31, 2023, our total liabilities increased by 0.8% to W107,444 billion from W106,634 billion as of December 31, 2022, primarily due to a 6.2% increase in debentures to W93,257 billion as of December 31, 2023 from W87,792 billion as of December 31, 2022, the effect of which was largely offset by a 45.3% decrease in borrowings to W5,532 billion as of December 31, 2023 from W10,113 billion as of December 31, 2022.

As of December 31, 2023, our total shareholders' equity increased by 16.3% to W17,951 billion from W15,436 billion as of December 31, 2022, primarily due to a 15.7% increase in capital stock to W14,773 billion as of December 31, 2023 from W12,773 billion as of December 31, 2022 and a 28.7% increase in retained earnings to W2,639 billion as of December 31, 2023 from W2,051 billion as of December 31, 2022.

**Operations** 

***Loan Operations***

Our primary objective since our establishment has been to promote the export and competitiveness of Korean goods and services in international markets. To this end, we have introduced various financing facilities and implemented lending policies that are responsive to the needs of Korean exporters and foreign importers. Over the years, we have also developed financing facilities and lending policies that are consistent with the Government's overall economic policies. In the latter part of the 1980s, as a result of changing trade conditions and the increased internationalization of the Korean economy, overseas investment credits and import credits were promoted and began to constitute an important portion of our business. Our lending programs include (1) export credits to Korean exporters or foreign buyers of Korean goods and services, (2) overseas investment credits to Korean firms and (3) import credits to Korean importers.

Before approving a credit, we consider:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• economic benefits to the Republic;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the industry's rank in the order of priorities established by the Government's export-import policy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• credit risk associated with the loans to be extended; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the goal of diversifying our lending activities.

The KEXIM Act and the By-laws provide that we may extend credit only where repayment "is considered probable." Accordingly, we carefully investigate the financial position of each prospective borrower and the technical and financial aspects of the project to be financed, and a loan is made only if we believe there is reasonable assurance of repayment. See "—Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management—Credit Approval."

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In 2024, we provided Loans of W66,246 billion, an increase of 9% from the previous year, and our commitments of Loans amounted to W61,876 billion, an increase of 1% from the previous year. The increase in disbursements of Loans was primarily attributable to increased demand from the industrial plants industry and the increase in commitments for Loans was primarily attributable to increased demand from the automotive industry.

The following table sets out the total amounts of our outstanding Loan Credits, categorized by type of credit:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As % of<br>2024 Total** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **As % of<br>2024 Total** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Export Credits |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Industrial Plants | W | 8742 | W | 10563 | 12% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shipbuilding |  | 7020 |  | 8841 | 10% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ferrous & nonferrous metal products |  | 1642 |  | 1240 | 1% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Petrochemical products |  | 3615 |  | 2340 | 3% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Automobiles |  | 2632 |  | 2641 | 3% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electronic machineries |  | 3903 |  | 4031 | 4% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others<sup>(1)</sup> |  | 8379 |  | 9310 | 10% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sub-total |  | 35933 |  | 38964 | 42% |
|  Overseas Investment Credits |  | 36284 |  | 37782 | 41% |
|  Import Credits |  | 11342 |  | 12640 | 14% |
|  Others<sup>(2)</sup> |  | 6749 |  | 2453 | 3% |
|  Present Value Premium/Discount |  | 5 |  | 5 | 0% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Loan Credits | W | 90313 | W | 91845 | 100% |

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(1) Includes general machinery, service sector, etc.

(2) Includes call loans, loans for Inter-bank loans in foreign currency, advances for customers, etc.

*Source:* Internal accounting records

The following table sets out our new loan commitments, categorized by type of credit:

**New Loan Credit Commitments by Type of Credit** 

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As % of<br>2024 Total** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **As % of<br>2024 Total** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Export Credits |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Industrial Plants | W | 2848 | W | 3121 | 5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shipbuilding |  | 5112 |  | 5289 | 9% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ferrous & nonferrous metal products |  | 2471 |  | 1790 | 3% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Petrochemical products |  | 4972 |  | 4668 | 8% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Automobiles |  | 2898 |  | 3352 | 5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electronic machineries |  | 5200 |  | 5933 | 10% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others<sup>(1)</sup> |  | 13173 |  | 8473 | 14% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sub-total |  | 36674 |  | 32626 | 53% |
|  Overseas Investment Credits |  | 12510 |  | 15190 | 25% |
|  Import Credits |  | 11953 |  | 14061 | 23% |
|  Others |  | 0 |  | 0 | 0% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 61137 | W | 61876 | 100% |

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(1) Includes general machinery, service sector, etc.

*Source:* Internal accounting records

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*Export Credits* 

We offer export credits to either domestic suppliers or foreign buyers to finance export transactions.

Export Credits to domestic suppliers include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• export loans to Korean exporters that export capital goods such as ships, industrial plants and machinery;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pre-shipment credit to Korean exporters or manufacturers producing export
products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• technical service credit to Korean companies that export technical services abroad, including overseas
construction projects;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• short-term trade financing to Korean exporters that manufacture export goods under short-term export contracts;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• small business export credit to small and medium-sized enterprises that
manufacture export goods or supply materials needed by their primary exporters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rediscount on trade bills to domestic commercial banks for exporters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• forfaiting to Korean exporters by discounting trade bills under the usance line of credit from export
transactions on a non-recourse basis; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• export factoring to Korean exporters by discounting trade receivables that occurs from open account export
transactions on credit on a non-recourse basis.

Export credits to foreign buyers include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• direct loans to foreign buyers that purchase Korean goods and services;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• project finance to foreign companies that intend to import industrial plants, facilities and technical services
from Korea for large-scale projects, of which the cash flows from such projects are the main source for repayment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• structured finance to foreign shipping companies that purchase ships from Korean shipyards, of which the
repayment usually depends on the cash flows generated by the operation of ships; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• interbank export loans to creditworthy banks in foreign countries to help foreign buyers obtain credit for the
purchase of goods and services of Korean origin.

As of December 31, 2024, export credits in the amount of W38,964 billion represented 42% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our disbursements of export credits in 2024 amounted to W37,077 billion, an increase of 10% from the previous year, and our new commitments of export credits in 2024 amounted to W32,626 billion, a decrease of 11% from the previous year.

We offer export credits to Korean companies in order to provide them with the funds required for the manufacture or construction of capital and non-capital goods and readying of technical services designated in our operating manual for export. Capital goods eligible for export credit financings currently include ships, industrial plants, industrial machinery and overseas construction projects. With respect to eligible items supported by our export credits, ships as well as industrial plants have traditionally had some of the largest shares of our export credit operations.

We offer export loans and technical service credits to domestic suppliers at fixed (no less than the Commercial Interest Reference Rate under the OECD Arrangement (as defined below)) or floating rates of interest with maturities of up to 12 years for ships and maturities of varying terms, from two to 22 years, for financings of other eligible items. We typically require a minimum down payment of 20% of the contract amount

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for ship export financings and a minimum down payment of 15% for financings of other eligible items. When the credit rating of a prospective borrower does not meet our internal rating criteria, these export credits are secured by promissory notes issued in connection with the relevant transaction, or letters of guarantees or letters of credit issued or confirmed by a creditworthy international bank or the importer's government or central bank. Other terms and conditions under such export credit facilities must be in accordance with the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or the OECD Arrangement. We offer direct loans to foreign buyers, project finance to project companies and structured finance for ships to foreign shipping companies under similar terms and conditions as export credit financings to domestic suppliers. We offer interbank export loans to overseas banks to facilitate imports by foreign importers of Korean manufactured goods. Interbank export loans are offered at fixed or floating rates of interest with maturities of up to 15 years.

*Overseas Investment Credits* 

We extend overseas investment credits to either Korean companies or foreign companies in which a Korean company has an equity share, to finance investments in eligible overseas businesses and projects. Such financing programs include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• overseas investment credit to Korean companies that invest abroad in the form of capital subscription,
acquisition of stocks and long-term credit;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• overseas project credit to Korean companies or their overseas subsidiaries engaging in businesses outside Korea;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• major resources development credit to Korean companies for development of natural resources and acquisition of
mining rights abroad; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• overseas business credit to foreign companies in which Korean companies have an equity stake, in the form of
funds for purchasing equipment or working capital.

As of December 31, 2024, overseas investment credits amounted to W37,782 billion, representing 41% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our disbursements of overseas investment credits in 2024 amounted to W15,924 billion, an increase of 18% from the previous year, and our new commitments of overseas investment credits in 2024 amounted to W15,190 billion, an increase of 21% from the previous year.

Proposals for overseas investment credits to finance the acquisition of important materials or the development of natural resources for the Korean economy, as determined by the Government, are given priority, together with projects that promote the export of Korean goods and services. As a result, projects financed by our overseas investment credit program have been mainly in the fields of manufacturing or development of natural resources.

We offer overseas investment credits at either fixed or floating rates of interest with maturities up to 30 years. Such facilities may require security in the form of a bank guarantee, pledge or mortgage on the borrower's local assets. Depending upon the size of the project, we will provide up to 100% of the financing required for the overseas investment project.

*Import Credits* 

We offer import credits to Korean companies that directly import essential materials, natural resources and high-technology materials whose stable and timely supply is required for the growth of the national economy, maintenance of financial stability and quality of life, and promotion of exports and employment, or to Korean companies that import such items after developing them overseas.

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As of December 31, 2024, import credits in the amount of W12,640 billion represented 14% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our disbursements of import credits in 2024 amounted to W13,245 billion, a decrease of 4% from the previous year, and our new commitments of import credits in 2024 amounted to W14,061 billion, an increase of 18% from the previous year.

We offer import credits at either fixed or floating rates of interest with maturities up to ten years for equipment and machinery and shorter maturities of up to two years for other items, which may require security in the form of a bank guarantee, pledge or mortgage on the borrower's local assets. We generally provide up to 80% of the import contract amount, but provide up to 90% of the import contract amount in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises and up to 100% for transactions with a letter of credit opened by a bank.

***Guarantee Operations***

We provide guarantees in favor of Korean commercial banks and foreign banks or foreign importers in respect of the obligations of Korean exporters in order to facilitate export and import financings. Such guarantee programs for Korean exporters and importers include (1) financial guarantees to co-financing banks that provide loans for transactions that satisfy our eligibility requirements and (2) project-related guarantees to foreign importers for the performance of Korean exporters on eligible projects in the form of bid bonds, advance payment bonds, performance bonds and retention bonds. Guarantee commitments as of December 31, 2024 increased to W63,590 billion from W54,579 billion as of December 31, 2023. Of such commitments, guarantees we had confirmed as of December 31, 2024 increased to W49,007 billion from W43,061 billion as of December 31, 2023.

We mainly issue project-related guarantees, which include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• advance payment guarantees that are issued to overseas importers of Korean goods and services to support
obligations to refund down payments made to Korean exporters in the event of a failure to deliver the goods to be exported; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• performance guarantees that are issued to foreign importers to support the performance by Korean exporters of
their contractual obligations.

In 2024, we issued project-related confirmed guarantees in the amount of W9,179 billion, a decrease of 0.03% from the previous year.

We also issue letters of credit to foreign exporters to assist in the financing of projects approved in connection with import credit loans, and to Korean exporters to assist in the financing of projects approved in connection with export credit loans.

For further information regarding our guarantee and letter of credit operations, see "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 36."

***Government Account Operations***

*Economic Development Cooperation Fund* 

In 1987, the Government established the Economic Development Cooperation Fund, or the EDCF, to provide loans, at concessional interest rates, to governments or agencies of developing countries for projects that contribute to industrial development or economic stabilization of such countries. We administer the EDCF on behalf of the Government and are responsible for project appraisal, documentation and administrative work relating to the EDCF Loans. The EDCF business accounts are maintained separately from our own account on behalf of the Government, and we derive no separate income or expenditures from our operation of the EDCF

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business. Government contributions constitute the primary funding source of the EDCF. Loan disbursements by the EDCF in 2024 amounted to W1,849 billion for 152 projects in 36 countries, an increase of 32% from the previous year. As of December 31, 2024, the total outstanding loans extended by the EDCF was W13,710 billion, an increase of 16% from the previous year.

*Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund* 

In 1991, the Government established the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund, or the IKCF, to promote mutual exchanges and cooperation between the Republic and North Korea by engaging in funding and financing activities to support family reunions, cultural events, academic seminars, trade and economic cooperation between the two countries. We administer the IKCF under the initiative and policy coordination of the Ministry of Unification. The IKCF accounts are maintained separately from our own account on behalf of the Government. Government contributions are the major funding source of the IKCF. The IKCF disbursements during 2024 amounted to W33 billion for 20 projects, and the cumulative total disbursements as of December 31, 2024 were W7,241 billion, an increase of 0.5% from W7,208 billion as of December 31, 2023.

***Other Operations***

*Supply Chain Resilience Fund* 

In December 2023, the National Assembly passed the Framework Act on Supply Chain Stabilization Support for Economic Security (the "Act"), which became effective in June 2024. The Act aims to bolster national level responses to the growing risks of supply chain disruptions in the global economy, which have been intensified by geo-political conflicts in recent years. The Act mandates that a master plan on supply chain stabilization for economic security be established every three years to ensure the effective implementation of the Government's initiatives as they relate to the stabilization of supply chains. In addition, the Government has established the Supply Chain Resilience Fund, or the SCRF, which we currently administer and operate in accordance with the Act. By leveraging our expertise in international finance and export credit as well as our pre-existing commitment to supply chain stabilization, we plan to continue to coordinate closely with the Government to ensure the proper utilization of the SCRF.

We administer and operate the SCRF under the guidance and supervision of the Supply Chain Stabilization Committee and the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Korea. Furthermore, pursuant to the Act, an independent steering committee, comprised of seven members designated by the Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Korea, deliberates on and determines the direction of management and operation of the SCRF, and makes financial decisions of the SCRF based on the members' extensive experience and knowledge in finance, economics and the relevant industries. The SCRF, whose account is maintained separately from our own account, will be funded primarily through the issuances of Won-denominated and foreign currency-denominated notes, which are to be guaranteed unconditionally and irrevocably by the Government. In December 2024, the National Assembly approved a Government guarantee limit of up to W10 trillion for the notes to be issued by the SCRF during the course of 2025.

*Other Activities related to Financing* 

Other activities related to financing in which we currently engage include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• country information services performed by the Overseas Economic Research Institute, which conducts country
studies and country risk evaluation to assist in the efficient utilization of our financial resources;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• export credit advisory services, which are aimed at bringing about a larger share of overseas bidding by giving
Korean exporters a wide range of knowledge on the country, industry, market and financial situation of the importing country in the early stage of the tendering process or contract negotiations;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• consulting services by in-house professionals including lawyers,
accountants and regional experts who consult on international transactions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• management of Korea's foreign direct investment database.

**Description of Assets and Liabilities** 

***Total Credit Exposure***

We extend credits to support export and import transactions, overseas investment projects and other relevant products in various forms including loans and guarantees.

The following table sets out our Credit Exposure as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, categorized by type of exposure extended:

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| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  |  | **2023** | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  |  | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** |
| A | Loans in Won | W | 27872 | 21% | W | 28277 | 20% |
| B | Loans in Foreign Currencies |  | 54350 | 41% |  | 59724 | 43% |
| C | **Loans (A+B)** |  | 82222 | 63% |  | 88001 | 64% |
| D | Other Loans |  | 8092 | 6% |  | 3844 | 3% |
| E | **Loan Credits (C+D)** |  | 90313 | 69% |  | 91845 | 66% |
| F | Allowances for Loan Losses |  | (2051) | (2)% |  | (2665) | (2)% |
| G | **Loan Credits including allowance for loan losses (E-F)** |  | 88262 | 67% |  | 89180 | 65% |
| H | Guarantees |  | 43061 | 33% |  | 49007 | 35% |
| I | **Credit Exposure (G+H)** |  | 131323 | 100% |  | 138187 | 100% |

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***Loan Credits by Geographic Area***

The following table sets out the total amount of our outstanding Loan Credits as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, categorized by geographic area <sup>(1)</sup>:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As of December 31,<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As of December 31,<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As of December 31,<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of<br>2024 Total** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **As % of<br>2024 Total** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Asia<sup>(2)</sup> | W | 79827 | W | 77717 | 85% |
|  Europe |  | 6163 |  | 9227 | 10% |
|  America |  | 3260 |  | 3167 | 3% |
|  Africa |  | 1063 |  | 1734 | 2% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 90313 | W | 91845 | 100% |

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(1) For purposes of this table, export credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the foreign
buyers of Korean exports are located; overseas investment credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the overseas investments being financed are located; and import credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the
sellers of the imported goods are located.

(2) Includes Australia and the Middle East.

*Source:* Internal accounting records

***Economic Sanctions***

The U.S. government, including the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, administers and enforces certain laws and regulations, or U.S. primary sanctions, that prohibit or restrict dealings with or related to certain designated countries and territories, governments, entities and individuals, and entities majority-owned by such parties, that take place within U.S. jurisdiction. U.S. primary sanctions include

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territorial sanctions that broadly prohibit transactions or dealings with or in designated countries and jurisdictions (currently, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, the Crimea region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People's Republic and the so-called Luhansk People's Republic); blocking sanctions that generally prohibit transactions or dealings with or involving blocked persons or the property or interests in property of a blocked person; and non-blocking sanctions that prohibit or restrict specific kinds of transactions or dealings, including, for example, dealings in debt or equity issued by certain designated parties. For example, Iran currently is and has been subject to U.S. territorial sanctions. In addition, as a result of the ongoing conflict involving Ukraine, the United States, along with the European Union, the United Kingdom, Korea, Singapore and other major jurisdictions, has adopted new, additional and/or enhanced sanctions on Russia. Although U.S. primary sanctions generally are not applicable to non-U.S. persons (although certain U.S. primary sanctions programs do apply to the non-U.S. subsidiaries of U.S. companies), non-U.S. persons can be held liable for violations of U.S. primary sanctions to the extent they participate in prohibited transactions or dealings within U.S. jurisdiction (including, for example, transactions or dealings involving U.S. goods or services, U.S. persons, or U.S. dollar payments). Violations of U.S. primary sanctions can result in substantial civil or, in the case of willful violations, criminal penalties.

In addition to U.S. primary sanctions, the United States maintains so-called "secondary sanctions" that authorize the U.S. government to impose a variety of sanctions, including blocking sanctions, on non-U.S. parties that engage in targeted activities, including, for example, certain dealings relating to Iran and Russia or blocked persons, outside of U.S. jurisdiction. The imposition of U.S. secondary sanctions is not automatic, and instead requires specific action by the U.S. government. In practice, U.S. secondary sanctions are highly discretionary and may be strongly influenced by political considerations, and accordingly, are difficult to predict. Our business and reputation could be adversely affected, for example, if the U.S. government were to determine that our activities, or the activities of any of our counterparties, involve sanctionable activity under U.S. secondary sanctions.

In addition, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Korea, Singapore and other major jurisdictions administer and enforce their own sanctions programs that target certain countries and territories, governments, entities and individuals in varying respects that we or certain of our dealings may be subject to.

Furthermore, we are aware, through press reports and other means, of initiatives by certain governmental entities and institutions in the United States, such as universities and pension funds, to adopt laws, regulations or policies prohibiting transactions with or investment in, or requiring divestment from, entities doing business with or related to certain countries, including Iran. For the reasons discussed below, it is possible that such initiatives may result in our being unable to gain or retain entities subject to such prohibitions as customers or as investors in our debt securities. In addition, our reputation may suffer due to our association with Iran and Russia. Such a result could have significant adverse effects on our business or the price of our debt securities.

We currently have no active dealings related to Iran and did not have any loans outstanding to Iran as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024. Our business previously included activities related to Iran consisting solely of the extension of credit and financing provided in connection with the export of Korean goods and services to Iran and the disbursement of Iran-related credits directly to Korean suppliers or exporters. These transactions did not involve any U.S. jurisdictional nexus, and such transactions were subject to policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable Korean laws and regulations, including sanctions.

We engage in limited business related to Russia, including dealings with the government of the Russian Federation under a legacy loan arrangement, the extension of credit to two Russian financial institutions that have been designated for U.S. (but not Singaporean) blocking sanctions and three guarantee arrangements involving three Russian companies that are currently subject to U.S. (but not Singaporean) sanctions.

As of December 31, 2024, the government of the Russian Federation owed us approximately US$32 million pursuant to a legacy loan arrangement resulting from a commodity loan we extended to Vnesheconombank, formerly the Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the Soviet Union and now the Russian Federation state development corporation, in the early 1990s. The loan was initially guaranteed by the government of the Soviet

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Union; the guarantee was subsequently assumed by the government of the Russian Federation. Our dealings under the loan arrangement are formally with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, which has been designated for various sanctions, including U.S. sanctions. As of December 31, 2024, the government of the Russian Federation has paid back approximately 84.2% of the loan. The loan is classified as precautionary in terms of asset quality (based on previous repayment activity and our internal credit rating system). The provisioning level we established for the credit exposure as of December 31, 2024 was 7.7%. Dealings with the government of the Russian Federation under the loan arrangement have historically included payments in U.S. dollars involving U.S. financial institutions. In February 2022, we paused all dealings (including any payments under the loan arrangement) with the government of the Russian Federation. In December 2022, we accepted payments in two installments of an aggregate of US$10 million from the government of the Russian Federation under the loan arrangement that was specifically authorized by OFAC. Besides such payments, our dealings with the government of the Russian Federation remain paused. We are continuing to evaluate the loan arrangement, including compliance with applicable sanctions.

Our arrangements with two Russian financial institutions, which involve the extension of credit and have historically included dealings in U.S. dollars involving U.S. financial institutions, were all in place prior to February 2022. As of December 31, 2024, the two Russian financial institutions owed us approximately US$200 million. The provisioning level we established for that credit exposure as of December 31, 2024 was 99.9%. In 2022, we paused all dealings with the Russian financial institutions, and such dealings remain paused, meaning we have not engaged in any additional dealings (including any payments under the credit arrangements) with the Russian financial institutions since 2022 and we are currently unable to accept any payments from the Russian financial institutions under the credit arrangements. We are continuing to evaluate these credit arrangements, including compliance with applicable sanctions.

We entered into a guarantee arrangement in 2020 that involves a Russian company that became subject to U.S. blocking sanctions in 2023. To date, we have made no payments to the Russian company under such guarantee arrangement, which expired in May 2025.

Similarly, we have two legacy guarantee arrangements from 2020 and 2022 with non-sanctioned Japanese and Korean companies that involve Russian companies that subsequently became subject to U.S. blocking sanctions. Our maximum liability under each guarantee arrangement is approximately US$350 million and US$353 million, respectively. To date, we have made no payments to the Russian companies under either of the guarantee arrangements, and all transactions have been paused with respect to these agreements since the designation of the relevant Russian companies. We are continuing to evaluate the above guarantee arrangements, including compliance with applicable sanctions.

We believe that the above dealings have been conducted at all times in full compliance with applicable sanctions. We do not have any other dealings with the government of the Russian Federation, any Russian Federation government stated-owned entities, or any other sanctioned Russian parties.

***Individual Exposure***

The KEXIM Decree imposes limits on our aggregate credits extended to a single person or business group, with which requirements we are in compliance as of the date hereof. However, our large exposure to various business groups in Korea means that we are also exposed to financial difficulties experienced by our borrowers as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally. For example, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean economy, the Russia-Ukraine war and ensuing actions taken by the United States and other countries, fluctuations in policy interest rates globally (including Korea) to combat inflationary pressures, the hostilities in the Middle East following the Israel-Hamas war as well as in light of the ongoing Iran-Israel conflict and, more recently, the political situation in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025, among others, have had, and may

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continue to have, an adverse impact on the business, activities and operations of many of our borrowers, including large business groups, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the ability of our borrowers to meet existing payment or other obligations to us. See "The Republic of Korea—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties." A continued deterioration in the financial condition of our borrowers could result in a deterioration in the quality of our loan portfolio, which in turn could result in an increase in delinquency ratios, increased charge-offs and higher provisioning, as well as an increase in impairment losses on such loans, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2024, our largest Credit Exposure was to Hanwha Ocean Co., Ltd. (formerly Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., or DSME) in the amount of W8,080 billion. As of December 31, 2024, our second largest and third largest Credit Exposures, respectively, were to Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. in the amount of W4,057 billion and to HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. in the amount of W3,650 billion.

The following table sets out our five largest Credit Exposures as of December 31, 2024<sup>(1)</sup>:

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| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Rank** | **Name of Borrower** | **Loan Credits** | **Loan Credits** | **Guarantees** | **Guarantees** | **Total** | **Total** |
|  |  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
| 1 | Hanwha Ocean Co., Ltd. | W | 1885 | W | 6195 | W | 8080 |
| 2 | Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. |  | 1047 |  | 3010 |  | 4057 |
| 3 | HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. |  |  |  | 3650 |  | 3650 |
| 4 | HD Hyundai Samho Co., Ltd. |  |  |  | 2207 |  | 2207 |
| 5 | Hanwha Aerospace Co., Ltd. |  | 127 |  | 1796 |  | 1923 |

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(1) Excludes loans and guarantees extended to affiliates.

*Source*: Internal accounting records.

In recent years, DSME (now Hanwha Ocean Co., Ltd.), one of the largest shipbuilding and offshore construction companies in Korea, suffered from financial difficulties primarily due to significant losses incurred in connection with the construction of offshore plants resulting from a prolonged slowdown in the global shipbuilding industry. In October 2015, we announced that we, along with The Korea Development Bank, plan to provide financial support to DSME, including provision of liquidity support of up to W4.2 trillion. In December 2016, in a bid to improve DSME's capital structure, we exchanged a term loan in the amount of W1 trillion provided by us to DSME for perpetual bonds newly issued by DSME, while The Korea Development Bank engaged in debt-for-equity swaps amounting to W1.8 trillion. In March 2017, we and The Korea Development Bank announced a second joint plan to provide an additional W2.9 trillion in financial support to DSME, which was approved by the other creditors in April 2017. Based on such plan, we exchanged a term loan in the amount of W1.28 trillion provided by us to DSME for perpetual bonds issued by DSME and The Korea Development Bank provided additional debt-to-equity swaps of W0.3 trillion in June 2017. Other creditors also provided debt-to-equity swaps for up to 80% of their debt with DSME and rescheduled the maturities of the remainder. Subsequently, in March 2019, HHI entered into a definitive agreement with The Korea Development Bank to acquire DSME. In January 2022, however, the European Commission announced that it would not grant approval for such acquisition due to anti-competition concerns for LNG carriers. In December 2022, Hanwha Group entered into a definitive agreement with The Korea Development Bank to acquire a 49.3% equity stake in DSME for approximately W2 trillion, which has since received regulatory approval from all relevant jurisdictions. The acquisition closed in May 2023, upon which DSME became an affiliate of Hanwha Group and changed its name to Hanwha Ocean Co., Ltd.

***Asset Quality***

The Supervisory Regulation of Banking Business, or the Supervisory Regulation, legislated by the Financial Services Commission requires banks, including us, to analyze and classify their credits into one of five categories

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as normal, precautionary, substandard, doubtful or estimated loss by taking into account borrowers' repayment capacity as well as a number of other factors including the financial position, profitability, transaction history of the relevant borrower and the value of any collateral or guarantee taken as security for the extension of credit. Categorizations are applied to all loans except call loans and interbank loans, which are classified as normal. Credit categorizations are as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  **Normal** | Credits extended to customers which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, do not raise concerns regarding their ability to repay the credits. |
|  **Precautionary** | Credits extended to customers (1) which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have potential risks with respect to their ability to repay the credits in the future, although there have not occurred any immediate risks of default in repayment; or (2) which are in arrears for one month or more but less than three months. |
|  **Substandard** | (1) Credits extended to customers, which in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have incurred considerable risks for default in repayment as the customers' ability to repay has deteriorated; or (2) that portion which is expected to be collected of total credits (a) extended to customers which have been in arrears for three months or more, (b) extended to customers which are judged to have incurred serious risks due to the occurrence of final refusal to pay their promissory notes, liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings, or closure of their businesses or (c) of "Doubtful Customers" or "Estimated-loss Customers" (each as defined below). |
|  **Doubtful** | That portion of credits in excess of the amount expected to be collected of total credits extended to (1) customers, or Doubtful Customers, which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have incurred serious risks of default in repayment due to noticeable deterioration in their ability to repay; or (2) customers which have been in arrears for three months or more but less than twelve months. |
|  **Estimated Loss** | That portion of credits in excess of the amount expected to be collected of total credits extended to (1) customers, or Estimated-loss Customers, which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have to be accounted as a loss as the inability to repay became certain due to serious deterioration in their ability to repay; (2) customers which have been in arrears for twelve months or more; or (3) customers which are judged to have incurred serious risks of default in repayment due to the occurrence of final refusal to pay their promissory notes, liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings, or closure of their businesses. |

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Under K-IFRS, we establish provisions for credit losses with respect to loans using either a case-by-case or collective approach. We assess individually significant loans on a case-by-case basis and other loans on a collective basis. In addition, if we determine that no objective evidence of impairment exists for a loan, we include such loan in a group of loans with similar credit risk characteristics and assess them collectively for impairment regardless of whether such loan is significant. If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss has been incurred for individually significant loans, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the financial asset's carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at such asset's original effective interest rate. Future cash flows are estimated through a case-by-case analysis of individually assessed assets, which takes into account the benefit of any guarantee or other collateral held. The value and timing of future cash flow receipts are based on available estimates in conjunction with facts available at the time of review and reassessed on a periodic basis as new information becomes available. For collectively assessed loans, we base the level of provisions for credit losses on a portfolio basis in light of the homogenous nature of the assets included in each portfolio. The provisions are determined based on a quantitative review of

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the relevant portfolio, taking into account such factors as the level of arrears, the value of any security, and historical and projected cash recovery trends over the recovery period. For more detailed information regarding our loan loss provisioning policy, see "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 3(7)."

*Asset Classifications* 

The following table provides information on our loan loss reserves:

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31, 2023** | **As of December 31, 2023** | **As of December 31, 2023** | **As of December 31, 2023** | **As of December 31, 2024** | **As of December 31, 2024** | **As of December 31, 2024** | **As of December 31, 2024** |
|  | **Loan<br>Amount<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Loan<br>Amount<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Loan<br>Loss<br>Reserve<sup>(2)(3)</sup>** | **Loan<br>Loss<br>Reserve<sup>(2)(3)</sup>** | **Loan<br>Amount<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Loan<br>Amount<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Loan<br>Loss<br>Reserve<sup>(2)(3)</sup>** | **Loan<br>Loss<br>Reserve<sup>(2)(3)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Normal | W | 180006 | W | 2463 | W | 189747 | W | 2743 |
|  Precautionary |  | 886 |  | 291 |  | 532 |  | 95 |
|  Sub-standard |  | 1138 |  | 773 |  | 940 |  | 726 |
|  Doubtful |  | 13 |  | 13 |  | 159 |  | 143 |
|  Estimated Loss |  | 230 |  | 213 |  | 286 |  | 270 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 182274 | W | 3753 | W | 191665 | W | 3976 |

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(1) These figures include loans (excluding interbank loans and call loans), domestic usance bills, bills bought,
notes bought, advances for customers, confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees and unused loan commitments, among others.

(2) Consists of (i) allowance for loan losses, (ii) provisions for confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances
and guarantees and (iii) certain financial guarantee contract liabilities.

(3) These figures include present value discount.

*Reserves for Credit Losses* 

Non-performing assets, or NPAs, are defined as assets that are classified as substandard or below.

The following table sets out our 10 largest non-performing assets as of December 31, 2024:

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|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Borrower** | **Loans** | **Loans** | **Guarantees** | **Guarantees** | **Total** | **Total** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  YEMEN LNG COMPANY LTD. | W | 327 | W | 0 | W | 327 |
|  DAE SUN SHIPBUILDING & ENGINEERING CO., LTD. |  | 201 |  | 88 |  | 289 |
|  ACWA GUC ELEKTRIK ISLETME VE YONETIM SANAYI VE TICARET ANONIM SIRKETI |  | 147 |  | 0 |  | 147 |
|  PJSC SOVCOMBANK |  | 146 |  | 0 |  | 146 |
|  CREDIT BANK OF MOSCOW |  | 128 |  | 0 |  | 128 |
|  DYNATEC MADAGASCAR S.A. |  | 5 |  | 85 |  | 90 |
|  TAEYOUNG ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD. |  | 0 |  | 85 |  | 85 |
|  HYUNJIN MATERIALS CO., LTD. |  | 15 |  | 0 |  | 15 |
|  LEEYOUNG INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY CO., LTD. |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 11 |
|  CAPRO CORPORATION |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 10 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ***Total*** | W | 989 | W | 258 | W | 1247 |

---

We cannot provide any assurance that our current level of exposure to non-performing assets will continue in the future or that any of our borrowers (including our largest borrowers as described above) is not currently facing, or in the future will not face, material financial difficulties.

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As of December 31, 2024, the amount of our non-performing assets was W1,386 billion, an increase of 0.4% from W1,381 billion as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, our non-performing asset ratio was 0.7%, compared to 0.8% as of December 31, 2023.

The following table sets forth our reserves for possible credit losses as of December 31, 2023 and 2024:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** |
|  Loan Loss Reserve (A)<sup>(1)</sup> | W | 3753 | W | 3976 |
|  NPA (B)<sup>(2)</sup> |  | 1381 |  | 1386 |
|  Total Shareholders' Equity (C) |  | 17951 |  | 21325 |
|  Reserve to NPA (A/B) |  | 272% |  | 287% |
|  Equity at Risk (B-A)/C |  |  |  |  |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Consists of allowance for loan losses and provisions for confirmed acceptances and guarantees, excluding the
regulatory reserve for loans and guarantees.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Non-performing assets, which are defined as assets that are classified
as substandard or below.

*Source:* Internal accounting records

The following table sets forth our actual loan loss reserve ratios as of December 31, 2023 and 2024:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Classification of Loans** | **Actual Reserve Coverage<br>(as of December 31, 2023)** | **Actual Reserve Coverage<br>(as of December 31, 2024)** |
|  Normal | 1.4% | 1.4% |
|  Precautionary | 32.8% | 17.8% |
|  Substandard | 67.9% | 77.2% |
|  Doubtful | 100.0% | 89.4% |
|  Estimated Loss | 92.5% | 94.3% |

---

***Investments***

Under the KEXIM Decree, we are not allowed to hold stocks or securities of more than three years' maturity in excess of 60% of our equity capital. However, investment in the following securities is not subject to this restriction:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Government bonds;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• BOK currency stabilization bonds;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• securities acquired via contributions by the Government; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• securities acquired through investment approved by the Minister of Economy and Finance, for research related to
our operations, for our financing or pursuant to Korean statutes.

As of December 31, 2024, our total investment in securities amounted to W21,413 billion, representing 16% of our total assets. Our securities portfolio consists primarily of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, or FVOCI. Financial assets at FVOCI mainly consist of marketable securities (including equity securities in Industrial Bank of Korea which was recapitalized by the Government through us) and non-marketable securities (including equity securities in Korea Expressway Corporation and Korea Land & Housing Corporation).

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The following table sets out the composition of our securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of<br>December 31, 2023** | **As of<br>December 31, 2023** | **As of<br>December 31, 2023** | **As of<br>December 31, 2024** | **As of<br>December 31, 2024** | **As of<br>December 31, 2024** |
| **Type of Investment Securities** | **Amount** | **Amount** | **%** | **Amount** | **Amount** | **%** |
|  | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won, except for percentages)** |
|  Financial Assets at FVOCI | W | 13615 | 78% | W | 17969 | 84% |
|  Financial Assets at Amortized Cost |  | 1799 | 10 |  | 1363 | 6 |
|  Investments in Associates |  | 2006 | 12 |  | 2082 | 10 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total** | W | 17420 | 100% | W | 21414 | 100% |

---

For further information relating to the classification guidelines and methods of valuation of our financial instruments (including securities), see "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to separate financial statements and of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Notes 3 and 5."

***Guarantees and Acceptances and Contingent Liabilities***

We have credit risk factors that are not reflected on the balance sheet, which include risks associated with guarantees and acceptances. Guarantees and acceptances do not appear on the balance sheet, but rather are recorded as an off-balance sheet item in the notes to the financial statements. Guarantees and acceptances include financial guarantees, project-related guarantees, such as bid bond, advance payment bond, performance bond or retention bond, and acceptances and advances relating to trade financings such as letters of credit or import freight. Contingent liabilities, for which the guaranteed amounts were not finalized, appear as unconfirmed guarantees and acceptance items in the notes to the financial statements as off-balance sheet items. Our guarantees are classified as either confirmed or unconfirmed based on whether a determination of the amount of the "primary obligation" has been made, which refers to the amount of liability that the primary obligor bears to its counterparty in an agreement subject to our guarantee. Our unconfirmed guarantees convert into confirmed guarantees once the primary obligation, such as an advance payment or disbursement of loans, among others, has taken place and the amount of the primary obligation has been determined and recorded as the amount of our confirmed guarantees, in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Financial Services Commission of Korea. Both confirmed and unconfirmed guarantees are recorded as off-balance sheet items of contingent liabilities in "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 30."

As of December 31, 2024, we had issued a total amount of W49,007 billion in confirmed guarantees and acceptances, of which W48,690 billion, representing 99.4% of the total amount, was classified as normal, W59 billion, representing 0.1% of the total amount, was classified as precautionary, and W259 billion, representing 0.5% of the total amount, was classified as substandard or below.

***Derivatives***

The objective in our strategy and policies on derivatives is to actively manage and minimize our foreign exchange and interest rate risks. It is our policy to hedge all currency and interest rate risks wherever possible (taking into consideration the cost of hedging). We use various hedging instruments, including foreign exchange forwards and options, interest rate swaps, and cross currency swaps. These derivatives are classified as hedging instruments if hedge accounting method is applied, and if not, as trading derivatives for accounting purposes. See "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 20." Under our hedging policy, our net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets, net gain (loss) on the trading derivative components included in net gain (loss) on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, net gain (loss) on foreign exchange transaction and net gain (loss) on the fair value hedged items components included in net other operating income (expenses), all as shown in the separate statements of comprehensive income of our financial statements and the notes, generally offset one another to a substantial extent.

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Under our internal trading rules that have been submitted to the Financial Supervisory Service, our policy is to engage in derivative transactions mainly for hedging our own position. As part of our total exposure management system, we monitor our exposure to derivatives and may make real-time inquiries, which enables our Risk Management Department to check our exposure on a regular basis. Under the guidelines set by the Financial Supervisory Service, we are required to submit reports on our derivatives exposure to the Financial Supervisory Service on a quarterly basis. As a measure to reduce the risk of intentional manipulation or error, we have separated responsibility for different functions such as initiation, authorization, approval, recording, monitoring and reporting to the Financial Supervisory Service. The Risk Management Department conducts regular reviews of derivative transactions to monitor any breach of compliance with the relevant regulatory requirements.

As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding loans made at floating rates of interest totaled W68,544 billion, whereas our outstanding borrowings made at floating rates of interest totaled W65,515 billion, including those raised in Australian Dollar, Euro and Hong Kong Dollar and swapped into U.S. dollar floating rate borrowings. As a result, we are exposed to possible interest rate risks to the extent that the amount of our borrowings made at floating rates of interest exceeds the amount of our loans made at floating rates of interest. Foreign exchange risk arises because a majority of our assets and liabilities are denominated in non-Won currencies. In order to match our currency and interest rate structure, we generally enter into swap transactions.

The following table shows the unsettled notional amounts and estimated fair values of derivatives we held as of the dates indicated.

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2023** | **2023** | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Unsettled<br>Notional<br>Amount** | **Unsettled<br>Notional<br>Amount** | **Fair Value<br>of Assets** | **Fair Value<br>of Assets** | **Fair<br>Value of<br>Liabilities** | **Fair<br>Value of<br>Liabilities** | **Unsettled<br>Notional<br>Amount** | **Unsettled<br>Notional<br>Amount** | **Fair Value<br>of Assets** | **Fair Value<br>of Assets** | **Fair<br>Value of<br>Liabilities** | **Fair<br>Value of<br>Liabilities** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Currency forwards | W | 16836 | W | 160 | W | 249 | W | 6779 | W | 297 | W | 193 |
|  Currency swaps |  | 31410 |  | 1304 |  | 1164 |  | 27898 |  | 962 |  | 2314 |
|  Interest rate swaps |  | 73694 |  | 824 |  | 2225 |  | 84563 |  | 1037 |  | 2869 |
|  Total | W | 121941 | W | 2288 | W | 3637 | W | 119241 | W | 2296 | W | 5376 |

---

As of December 31, 2024, we had entered into 527 currency-related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W34,677 billion and 681 interest rate-related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W84,563 billion in accordance with our policy to hedge interest rate and currency risks. See "—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 20."

***Sources of Funding***

We obtain funds primarily through borrowings from the issuance of bonds in both domestic and international capital markets, borrowings from domestic and foreign financial institutions, capital contributions and internally generated funds. Internally generated funds result from various activities we carry on and include principal and interest payments on our loans, fees from guarantee operations and other services, and income from marketable securities we hold.

We raised a net total of W61,364 billion (new borrowings plus loan repayments by our clients less repayment of our existing debt) during 2024, a 5% decrease compared with the previous year's W64,893 billion. The total loan repayments, including prepayments by our clients, during 2024 amounted to W68,251 billion, an increase of 5% from W64,961 billion during 2023.

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Since our establishment, the Government has, from time to time, provided us with loans to support our lending to Korean exporters and provide liquidity to us. As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings from the Government. We also issued Won-denominated domestic bonds in the aggregate amounts of W24,810 billion, W24,800 billion and W26,270 billion during 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

We have diversified our funding sources by borrowing from various overseas sources and issuing long-term floating-rate notes and fixed-rate debentures in the international capital markets. These issues were in foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar, Thai Baht, Australian Dollar, Euro, Hong Kong Dollar, Singapore Dollar, Swiss Franc, Brazilian Real, Mexican Peso, Peruvian Sol, Indian Rupee, Indonesian Rupiah, Chinese Yuan, New Zealand Dollar, Philippine Peso, South African Rand, Norwegian Krone, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Japanese Yen and Polish Zloty and have original maturities ranging from one to thirty years.

During 2024, we issued Eurobonds in the aggregate principal amount of US$2,366 million in various types of currencies under our existing medium-term notes program, a 65% decrease from US$6,666 million in 2023. These bond issues consisted of offerings of US$390 million, HKD 300 million, BRL 6,369 million, CNY 310 million, AUD 135 million, EUR 100 million, GBP 300 million, INR 7,500 million, JPY 7,000 million and PLN 160 million. In addition, we issued global bonds during 2024 in the aggregate amounts of US$4,500 million under our U.S. shelf registration statement, or the U.S. Shelf Program, compared with US$5,500 million and EUR 500 million in 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding amounts of our notes and debentures were US$32,300 million, HKD 6,138 million, BRL 10,111 million, EUR 4,037 million, THB 3,580 million, CHF 600 million, AUD 4,120 million, INR 18,950 million, CNY 3,113 million, IDR 685,500 million, NZD 174 million, ZAR 2,615 million, NOK 750 million, GBP 336 million, CAD 65 million, MXN 13,000 million, PEN 68 million, PHP 2,400 million, JPY 114,745 million and PLN 160 million.

We also borrow from foreign financial institutions in the form of loans that are principally made by syndicates of commercial banks at floating or fixed interest rates and in foreign currencies, with original maturities ranging from two to five years. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding amount of such borrowings from foreign financial institutions was US$3,038 million.

Our capital stock has increased from time to time since our establishment. From January 1998 to December 2024, the Government contributed W16,003 billion to our capital. As of December 31, 2024, our total capital stock amounted to W16,873 billion, and the Government, The Bank of Korea and The Korea Development Bank owned 76%, 7% and 17%, respectively, of our capital stock.

The KEXIM Act provides that the aggregate outstanding principal amount of all of our borrowings, including the total outstanding export-import financing debentures we issued in accordance with the KEXIM Decree, may not exceed an amount equal to thirty times the sum of our capital stock plus our reserves. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of our borrowings (including export-import financing debentures), which was W100,049 billion, was equal to 17% of the authorized amount of W577,770 billion.

We are not permitted to accept demand or time deposits.

Each year we must submit to the Government for its approval an operating plan which includes our target levels for different types of funding. The following table is part of the operating plan dealing with fundraising for 2025:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Sources of Fund** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Capital Contribution |  |  |
|  Borrowings |  | 42300 |
|  Net Collection of Loans |  | 16200 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Collection of Loans |  | 53100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repayment of Debts |  | (36900) |
|  Others |  |  |
|  Total | W | 58500 |

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**Debt** 

***Debt Repayment Schedule***

The following table sets out the principal repayment schedule for our outstanding debt (consisting of borrowings and debentures) as of December 31, 2024:

**Debt Principal Repayment Schedule** 

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** | **Maturing on or before December 31,** |
| **Currency<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2025** | **2025** | **2026** | **2026** | **2027** | **2027** | **2028** | **2028** | **Thereafter** | **Thereafter** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Won | W | 20700 | W | 7440 | W | 50 | W | 200 | W | 1030 |
|  Foreign<sup>(2)</sup> |  | 18626 |  | 16260 |  | 12946 |  | 7083 |  | 19668 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Won Equivalent | W | 39326 | W | 23700 | W | 12996 | W | 7283 | W | 20698 |

---

(1) Borrowings and debentures in foreign currency have been translated into Won at the market average exchange rates
on December 31, 2024, as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services Ltd.

(2) This figure includes debentures, bank loans, commercial papers and repurchase agreements.

Normally we determine the level of our foreign currency reserves based upon an estimate, at any given time, of aggregate loan disbursements to be made over the next two to three months. Our average foreign currency reserves in 2023 and 2024 were approximately US$8,236 million and US$7,314 million, respectively.

Although we currently believe that such reserves, together with additional borrowings available under our uncommitted short-term backup credit facilities and commercial paper programs, will be sufficient to repay our outstanding debt as it becomes due, there can be no assurance that we will continue to be able to borrow under such credit facilities, or that the devaluation of the Won will not adversely affect our ability to access funds sufficient to repay our foreign currency denominated indebtedness in the future. In addition to maintaining sufficient foreign currency reserves, we monitor the maturity profile of our foreign currency assets and liabilities to ensure that there are sufficient maturing assets to meet our liabilities as they become due.

As of December 31, 2024, our foreign currency assets maturing within three months, six months and one year exceeded our foreign currency liabilities coming due within such periods by US$6,906 million, US$8,133 million and US$7,596 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, our total foreign currency liabilities exceeded our total foreign currency assets by US$2,096 million.

***Internal and External Debt of the Bank***

The following table summarizes, as of December 31 of the years indicated, the outstanding internal debt of the Bank:

**Internal Debt of the Bank** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  2020 |  | 22805 |
|  2021 |  | 22910 |
|  2022 |  | 28920 |
|  2023 |  | 29600 |
|  2024 |  | 29420 |

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The following table sets out, by currency and the equivalent amount in U.S. Dollars, the outstanding external debt of the Bank as of December 31, 2024:

**External Debt of the Bank** 

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount in<br>Original<br>Currency** | **Amount in<br>Original<br>Currency** | **Equivalent<br>Amount in<br>U.S. Dollars<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Equivalent<br>Amount in<br>U.S. Dollars<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions)** | **(billions)** | **(billions)** | **(billions)** |
|  US$ | US$ | 35.6 | US$ | 35.6 |
|  Euro (EUR) | EUR | 4.6 |  | 4.8 |
|  Brazilian real (BRL) | BRL | 10.1 |  | 1.6 |
|  Australian Dollars (AUD) | AUD | 4.9 |  | 3.0 |
|  British Pound (GBP) | GBP | 0.3 |  | 0.4 |
|  Thai Baht (THB) | THB | 3.6 |  | 0.1 |
|  Hong Kong dollar (HKD) | HKD | 6.1 |  | 0.8 |
|  Swiss franc (CHF) | CHF | 0.6 |  | 0.7 |
|  Indonesian rupiah (IDR) | IDR | 685.5 |  | 0.0 |
|  Chinese Yuan (CNY) | CNY | 3.1 |  | 0.4 |
|  Norwegian Krone (NOK) | NOK | 0.8 |  | 0.1 |
|  Mexican Peso (MXN) | MXN | 13.0 |  | 0.6 |
|  New Zealand Dollar (NZD) | NZD | 0.2 |  | 0.1 |
|  Indian Rupee (INR) | INR | 19.0 |  | 0.2 |
|  South African Rand (ZAR) | ZAR | 2.6 |  | 0.1 |
|  Peru Nuevo sol (PEN) | PEN | 0.1 |  | 0.0 |
|  Canadian Dollar (CAD) | CAD | 0.1 |  | 0.0 |
|  Polish Zloty (PLN) | PLN | 0.2 |  | 0.0 |
|  Japanese Yen (JPY) | JPY | 140.2 |  | 0.9 |
|  Philippine Peso (PHP) | PHP | 2.4 |  | 0.0 |
|  |  |  | US$ | 49.7 |

---

(1) Amounts expressed in currencies other than U.S. dollar are converted to U.S. dollar at the exchange rate
announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. in effect on December 31, 2024 or the prevailing market rate on December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes, as of December 31 of the years indicated, the outstanding external debt of the Bank:

**External Debt of the Bank** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  2020 |  | 54677 |
|  2021 |  | 59144 |
|  2022 |  | 74486 |
|  2023 |  | 71195 |
|  2024 |  | 74583 |

---

For further information on the outstanding indebtedness of the Bank, see "—Tables and Supplementary Information."

***Debt Record***

We have never defaulted in the payment of principal of, or interest on, any of our obligations.

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**Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management** 

***Credit Policies***

The Credit Policy Department functions as our centralized policy-making and planning division with respect to our lending activities. The Credit Policy Department formulates and revises our internal regulations on loan programs, sets basic lending guidelines on a country basis and gathers data from our various operating groups and produces various internal and external reports.

***Credit Approval***

We have multiple levels of loan approval authority, depending on the loan amount and other factors such as the nature of the credit, the conditions of the transaction, and whether the loan is secured. Our Board of Directors can approve loans of any amount. The Chief Executive Credit Committee, Credit Committee, Loan Officer Committee, Director Generals and Directors each have authority to approve loans up to a specified amount. The amount differs depending on the type of loan and certain other factors, for example, whether a loan is collateralized or guaranteed.

At each level of authority, loan applications are reviewed on the basis of the feasibility of the project from a technical, financial and economic point of view in addition to evaluating the probability of recovery. In conducting such a review, the following factors are considered:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• eligibility of the transaction under our financing criteria;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• country risk of the country of the borrower and the country in which the related project is located;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• credit risk of the borrower;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a supplier's ability to perform under the related supply contract;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• legal disputes over the related project and supply contract; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• availability of collateral.

***Risk Management***

Our overall risk management policy is set by the Risk Management Committee, which meets on a quarterly basis and from time to time to establish tolerance limits for various exposures, whereas the overall risk management is overseen by the Risk Management Department, which is responsible for monitoring risk exposure.

The Risk Management Department reports our loan portfolio to the Financial Supervisory Service on a quarterly basis. The Risk Management Department also monitors our operating groups' compliance with internal guidelines and procedures. To manage liquidity risk, we review the strategy for the sources and uses of funds, with each division submitting projected sources and uses to the Treasury Group. The Risk Management Department and the Treasury Group continually monitor our overall liquidity and the Treasury Group prepares both weekly and monthly cash flow forecasts. Our policy is to maintain a liquidity level, which can cover loan disbursements for a period of two to three months going forward. We protect ourselves from potential liquidity squeezes by maintaining sufficient amount of liquid assets with additional back-up of short-term credit lines.

Our core lending activities expose us to market risk, mostly in the form of interest rate and foreign currency risks. The Risk Management Department reports interest rate and foreign exchange gap positions to the Risk Management Committee on a quarterly basis. We also monitor changes in, and matches of, foreign currency assets and liabilities in order to reduce exposure to currency fluctuations. Recently, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war and ensuing actions taken by the United States and other countries, fluctuations in policy interest rates globally (including Korea) to combat inflationary pressures, the hostilities in

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the Middle East following the Israel-Hamas war as well as in light of the ongoing Iran-Israel conflict and, more recently, the political situation in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025, among others, we have closely monitored foreign currency risks that could result from the depreciation of the Won against major foreign currencies (including the U.S. dollar), which in turn may increase our cost in servicing our foreign currency denominated debt and result in foreign exchange losses.

The Risk Management Department monitors various market indicators related to foreign currency liquidity on a regular basis and has been cooperating with other departments including the Treasury Group to effectively address any potential liquidity risk which may be associated with the conflict involving Ukraine and Russia.

One of the key components of our risk management policy, which also affects our fundraising efforts, is to monitor matches of asset maturities and liability maturities. The average maturity as of December 31, 2024 for our Won- and foreign currency-denominated loans was 12 months and 44 months, respectively, and for Won- and foreign currency-denominated liabilities was 10 months and 37 months, respectively.

Our Risk Management Department also monitors and manages various operational risks that we face from time to time.

In managing our risks, we follow an overall risk management process where we:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• determine the risk management objectives;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• identify key exposures;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• measure key risks; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• monitor risk management results.

Our risk management system is a continuous system that is frequently evaluated and updated on an ongoing basis.

**Capital Adequacy** 

Under the Financial Supervisory Service's guidelines on risk-adjusted capital which were introduced in consideration of the standards set by the Bank for International Settlements, all banks in Korea, including us, are required to maintain a capital adequacy ratio (Tier I and Tier II) of at least 10.5% on a consolidated basis. To the extent that we fail to maintain this ratio, the Korean regulatory authorities may require corrective measures such as management improvement recommendations and disposal of assets.

The current capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission are derived from a new set of bank capital measures, referred to as Basel III, which the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision initially introduced in 2009 and began phasing in starting from 2013. Commencing in July 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, pursuant to which Korean banks, including us, were required to maintain a minimum ratio of Tier I common equity capital (which principally includes equity capital, capital surplus and retained earnings less reserve for credit losses) to risk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. Such requirements are in addition to the pre-existing requirement for a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, which remains unchanged. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5%, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission. In May 2024, the counter-cyclical capital buffer increased

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
from 0% to 1%. As of December 31, 2024, our capital adequacy ratio, on a consolidated basis, was 15.4%, an increase from 14.5% as of December 31, 2023, which was primarily due to our receipt of capital contributions from the Government. Additionally, in response to the growing need in recent years to ensure that banks can maintain their core functions even in the face of unexpected crisis situations triggered by rising interest rates and growing domestic and external uncertainties, financial authorities have pursued the introduction of a Stress Capital Buffer Regime, or SCB Regime. Such regime would require domestic banks to preemptively build up additional capital based on the results of stress testing, and as proposed, would subject banks to an additional capital requirement (up to 2.5%) in the form of a higher minimum capital ratio, based on the results of stress testing. Although the SCB Regime was initially scheduled for implementation by the end of 2024, its enforcement has been deferred to the second half of 2025.

The following table sets forth our capital base and capital adequacy ratios (on a consolidated basis) reported as of December 31, 2023 and 2024:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** | **(billions of Won,<br>except for percentages)** |
|  **Tier I** | W | 17805 | W | 21293 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital stock (including capital surplus and capital adjustments) |  | 14632 |  | 16722 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Retained Earnings<sup>(1)</sup> |  | 2803 |  | 3587 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | 716 |  | 1436 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deductions from Tier I Capital |  | (348) |  | (452) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital Adjustments |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deferred Tax Asset |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | (348) |  | (452) |
|  **Tier II (General Loan Loss Reserves)** |  | 2205 |  | 2287 |
|  **Total Capital** |  | 20010 |  | 23580 |
|  **Risk Adjusted Assets** |  | 138260 |  | 153597 |
|  Capital Adequacy Ratios |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tier I common equity |  | 12.9% |  | 13.9% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tier I |  | 12.9% |  | 13.9% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tier I and Tier II |  | 14.5% |  | 15.4% |

---

(1) Net amount after deducting regulatory reserve for loan losses.

*Source:* Internal accounting records

**Overseas Operations** 

We maintain an international presence through 25 overseas representative offices, which are located in New York City, Tokyo, Beijing, São Paolo, Paris, Washington D.C., Shanghai, New Delhi, Dubai, Moscow, Mexico City, Tashkent, Hanoi, Manila, Jakarta, Yangon, Bogota, Istanbul, Dar es Salaam, Dhaka, Accra, Phnom Penh, Addis Ababa, Colombo and Warsaw.

We also have four wholly-owned subsidiaries: KEXIM Bank (UK) Ltd. in London, KEXIM (Asia) Ltd. in Hong Kong, KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co., Ltd. in Ho Chi Minh City and KEXIM Global (Singapore) Ltd. in Singapore. These subsidiaries are engaged in the merchant banking and lease financing businesses, and assist us in raising overseas financing. We also own 85% of P.T. Koexim Mandiri Finance, a subsidiary in Jakarta, which is primarily engaged in the business of lease financing.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The table below sets forth brief details of our subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Principal Place<br>of Business** | **Type of Business** | **Book Value** | **Book Value** | **Bank's Holding** |
|  |  |  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(%)** |
|  Kexim Bank (UK) Ltd. | United Kingdom | Commercial Banking | W | 138 | 100% |
|  KEXIM (Asia) Ltd. | Hong Kong | Commercial Banking |  | 168 | 100 |
|  P.T. Koexim Mandiri Finance | Indonesia | Leasing and Factoring |  | 90 | 85 |
|  KEXIM Global (Singapore) Ltd. | Singapore | Commercial Banking |  | 373 | 100 |
|  Kexim Vietnam Leasing Co., Ltd. | Vietnam | Leasing and Lending |  | 58 | 100 |

---

**Property** 

Our head office is located at 38 Eunhaeng-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07242, Korea, a 45,715 square meter building on a site of 9,110 square meters and owned by us. In addition to the head office, we own a staff training center located near Seoul on a site of 47,881 square meters and a marine finance center, a 4,423 square meter building, located in Busan on a site of 556 square meters. We also maintain 13 branches in Busan, Gwangju, Daegu, Changwon, Daejeon, Suwon, Incheon, Ulsan, Cheongju, Jeonju, Gumi, Yeosu and Wonju. Our domestic branch offices and overseas representative offices are located in facilities held under long-term leases.

**Management and Employees** 

***Management***

Our governance and management is the responsibility of our Board of Directors, which has authority to decide important matters relating to our business. The Board of Directors is chaired by our Chief Executive Officer and is comprised of six members: the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, the Deputy Chief Executive Officer, the Senior Executive Director and three Independent Directors. The Internal Auditor may attend and state his/her opinion at the meetings of the Board of Directors. The President of Korea appoints our Chief Executive Officer upon the recommendation of the Minister of Economy and Finance. The Minister of Economy and Finance appoints the Deputy Chief Executive Officer, the Senior Executive Director and the Independent Directors upon the recommendation of our Chief Executive Officer. The Minister of Economy and Finance appoints the Internal Auditor. All Board members and the Internal Auditor serve for three years and are eligible for re-appointment for successive terms of office.

The members of the Board of Directors are currently as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Board Member Since** | **Position** |
|  Hee-sung Yoon | July 27, 2022 | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer |
|  Jong-Hyuck Ahn | December 30, 2023 | Deputy Chief Executive Officer |
|  Kiyeon Hwang | October 1, 2023 | Senior Executive Director |
|  Yangho Ahn | October 2, 2024 | Independent Director |
|  Haesun Park | October 2, 2024 | Independent Director |
|  Chang Huh | April 10, 2023 | Independent Director |

---

Our basic policy guidelines for activities are established by the Operations Committee. According to the By-laws, the Operations Committee is composed of officials nominated as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Chief Executive Officer of KEXIM;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• official of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, nominated by the Minister of Economy and Finance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, nominated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs;

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• official of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, nominated by the Minister of Trade,
Industry and Energy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• official of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, nominated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• official of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, nominated by the Minister of Oceans and Fisheries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• official of the Financial Services Commission, nominated by the Chairman of the Financial Services Commission;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• executive director of The Bank of Korea, nominated by the Governor of The Bank of Korea;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• executive director of the Korea Federation of Banks, nominated by the Chairman of the Korea Federation of Banks;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• representative of an exporters' association (Korea International Trade Association), nominated by the
Minister of Economy and Finance after consultation with the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• executive director of the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation established under the Trade Insurance Act, nominated
by the Chairman and President of the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• up to two persons who have extensive knowledge and experience in international economic cooperation work,
recommended by our Chief Executive Officer and appointed by the Minister of Economy and Finance.

As of December 31, 2024, the members of the Operations Committee were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Member Since** | **Position** |
|  Hee-sung Yoon | July 27, 2022 | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of KEXIM |
|  Ji-Young Choi | August 25, 2023 | Deputy Minister for International Affairs, Ministry of Economy and Finance |
|  Hee-sang Kim | March 20, 2024 | Deputy Minister for Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
|  Dae-ja Kim | September 30, 2024 | Deputy Minister for Trade and Investment, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy |
|  Young-woo Nam | December 31, 2024 | Assistant Minister for Infrastructure Affairs, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport |
|  Si-won Lee | April 8, 2024 | Director General of Shipping and Logistics Bureau**,** Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries |
|  Dae Young Kwon | January 5, 2024 | Secretary General, Financial Services Commission |
|  Jong Ryeol Lee | July 20, 2022 | Deputy Governor, The Bank of Korea |
|  Tae Hoon Lee | June 7, 2023 | Senior Executive Director, Korea Federation of Banks |
|  In-ho Lee | February 27, 2024 | Executive Vice Chairman, Korea International Trade Association |
|  Jinsik Park | September 6, 2024 | Deputy President, Korea Trade Insurance Corporation |
|  Ilkyung Moon | May 4, 2023 | Professor, Seoul National University |
|  Junghoon Park | April 4, 2024 | Chief Executive Officer, Woori Finance Research Institute |

---

***Employees***

As of December 31, 2024, we had 1,263 employees, among whom 1,036 employees were members of our labor union. We have never experienced a work stoppage of a serious nature. Every two years, the management and union negotiate and enter into a collective bargaining agreement. The most recent collective bargaining agreement was entered into in October 2024.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Tables and Supplementary Information** 

***A. External Debt of the Bank***

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(1) External Bonds of the Bank*

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Interest Rate (%)** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.60 | December 23, 2024 | December 23, 2025 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.51 | December 16, 2024 | December 16, 2025 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 4.13 | October 17, 2024 | October 17, 2027 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.82 | September 11, 2024 | September 11, 2029 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 700000000 | 4.00 | September 11, 2024 | September 11, 2027 | 700000000 |
|  USD | 800000000 | 4.00 | September 11, 2024 | September 11, 2029 | 800000000 |
|  USD | 40000000 | 0.00 | July 26, 2024 | July 26, 2054 | 40000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 5.29 | June 4, 2024 | June 4, 2025 \* | 50000000 |
|  USD | 400000000 | 4.63 | January 11, 2024 | January 11, 2034 | 400000000 |
|  USD | 800000000 | 4.50 | January 11, 2024 | January 11, 2029 | 800000000 |
|  USD | 800000000 | 4.63 | January 11, 2024 | January 11, 2027 | 800000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 0.00 | December 20, 2023 | December 20, 2043 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.72 | December 8, 2023 | December 8, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.72 | December 7, 2023 | December 7, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.88 | November 21, 2023 | November 21, 2028 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 6.03 | October 26, 2023 | October 26, 2043 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.45 | October 13, 2023 | April 14, 2025 \* | 50000000 |
|  USD | 20000000 | 5.00 | October 5, 2023 | October 5, 2026 | 20000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 5.00 | October 5, 2023 | October 5, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 5.13 | September 18, 2023 | September 18, 2033 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 1000000000 | 5.13 | September 18, 2023 | September 18, 2028 | 1000000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 5.38 | September 18, 2023 | September 18, 2025 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 15000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.75 | August 8, 2023 | August 8, 2026 | 15000000 |
|  USD | 45000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.75 | August 7, 2023 | August 7, 2026 | 45000000 |
|  USD | 40000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.75 | August 1, 2023 | August 1, 2026 | 40000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.80 | June 23, 2023 | June 23, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.80 | June 22, 2023 | June 22, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.80 | June 21, 2023 | June 21, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 4.63 | June 7, 2023 | June 7, 2033 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD Term SOFR 3M+0.90 | April 19, 2023 | April 19, 2028 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.85 | March 14, 2023 | March 14, 2028 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 5.13 | January 11, 2023 | January 11, 2033 | 50000000 |
|  USD | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1500000000 | 5.00 | January 11, 2023 | January 11, 2028 | 1500000000 |
|  USD | 950000000 | 5.13 | January 11, 2023 | January 11, 2033 | 950000000 |
|  USD | 1000000000 | 4.88 | January 11, 2023 | January 11, 2026 | 1000000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.75 | November 3, 2022 | November 3, 2025 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 40000000 | USD SOFR ON+1.20 | October 31, 2022 | October 31, 2027 | 40000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 5.24 | October 28, 2022 | October 28, 2032 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+1.06 | September 29, 2022 | September 29, 2027 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+1.06 | September 29, 2022 | September 29, 2027 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 400000000 | USD SOFR ON+1.06 | September 29, 2022 | September 29, 2027 | 400000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 5.00 | September 22, 2022 | September 22, 2042 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+1.03 | September 20, 2022 | September 20, 2027 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.96 | September 15, 2022 | September 15, 2025 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 4.50 | September 15, 2022 | September 15, 2032 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 1000000000 | 4.25 | September 15, 2022 | September 15, 2027 | 1000000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.82 | July 22, 2022 | July 22, 2027 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.82 | July 21, 2022 | July 21, 2027 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.66 | July 25, 2022 | July 25, 2052 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 200000000 | 2.45 | February 10, 2022 | February 10, 2034 | 200000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.47 | February 8, 2022 | February 8, 2027 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.47 | February 8, 2022 | February 8, 2027 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.47 | February 8, 2022 | February 8, 2027 | 50000000 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Interest Rate (%)** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
|  USD | 700000000 | 1.63 | January 18, 2022 | January 18, 2027 | 700000000 |
|  USD | 300000000 | 1.63 | January 18, 2022 | January 18, 2027 | 300000000 |
|  USD | 1000000000 | 2.13 | January 18, 2022 | January 18, 2032 | 1000000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 1.25 | January 18, 2022 | January 18, 2025 \* | 500000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 1.25 | January 18, 2022 | January 18, 2025 \* | 500000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.90 | October 27, 2021 | October 27, 2051 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 300000000 | 1.75 | October 19, 2021 | October 19, 2028 | 300000000 |
|  USD | 700000000 | 1.75 | October 19, 2021 | October 19, 2028 | 700000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.80 | October 1, 2021 | October 2, 2051 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 40000000 | 2.80 | September 16, 2021 | September 16, 2051 | 40000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 1.13 | September 10, 2021 | March 24, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 0.92 | September 9, 2021 | September 9, 2025 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 1.38 | July 13, 2021 | March 20, 2025 \* | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 2.50 | June 29, 2021 | June 29, 2041 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 750000000 | 1.13 | June 29, 2021 | December 29, 2026 | 750000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.95 | June 10, 2021 | June 10, 2051 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 200000000 | USD SOFR ON+0.47 | May 6, 2021 | May 6, 2026 | 200000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.07 | April 16, 2021 | April 16, 2051 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 300000000 | 1.13 | March 24, 2021 | March 24, 2026 | 300000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 1.38 | March 18, 2021 | March 20, 2025 \* | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 1.38 | March 9, 2021 | March 20, 2025 \* | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 0.63 | February 9, 2021 | February 9, 2026 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 300000000 | 1.38 | February 9, 2021 | February 9, 2031 | 300000000 |
|  USD | 200000000 | 0.63 | February 9, 2021 | February 9, 2026 | 200000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.60 | December 7, 2020 | December 7, 2050 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.60 | December 7, 2020 | December 7, 2050 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.30 | December 15, 2020 | December 15, 2050 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.40 | October 29, 2020 | October 29, 2050 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 1.25 | September 21, 2020 | September 21, 2030 | 500000000 |
|  USD | 400000000 | 0.75 | September 21, 2020 | September 21, 2025 | 400000000 |
|  USD | 100000000 | 1.33 | June 5, 2020 | June 5, 2025 \* | 100000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD Term SOFR 3M+1.20 | June 2, 2020 | June 2, 2025 \* | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | USD Term SOFR 3M+1.61 | April 24, 2020 | July 24, 2025 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 425000000 | 1.38 | March 20, 2020 | March 20, 2025 \* | 425000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 1.88 | February 12, 2020 | February 12, 2025 \* | 500000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.92 | February 5, 2018 | February 5, 2048 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.65 | November 27, 2017 | November 27, 2047 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.65 | November 17, 2017 | November 17, 2047 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.65 | November 17, 2017 | November 17, 2047 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.55 | November 8, 2017 | November 8, 2037 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.55 | November 8, 2017 | November 8, 2037 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.65 | October 25, 2017 | October 25, 2047 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.65 | October 25, 2017 | October 25, 2047 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 200000000 | 4.10 | October 11, 2017 | October 11, 2047 | 200000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.56 | August 18, 2017 | August 18, 2037 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.58 | August 17, 2017 | August 17, 2037 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.54 | April 24, 2017 | April 26, 2032 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.25 | April 24, 2017 | April 24, 2029 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 3.42 | January 6, 2017 | January 6, 2029 | 30000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 3.42 | January 6, 2017 | January 6, 2029 | 30000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.20 | December 14, 2016 | December 14, 2028 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.23 | December 12, 2016 | December 12, 2028 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.74 | November 17, 2016 | November 17, 2028 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 700000000 | 2.38 | October 21, 2016 | April 21, 2027 | 700000000 |
|  USD | 45000000 | 3.25 | August 19, 2016 | August 19, 2031 | 45000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 2.27 | August 16, 2016 | August 16, 2026 | 30000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.29 | August 17, 2016 | August 17, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.29 | August 3, 2016 | August 3, 2026 | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.09 | August 2, 2016 | August 2, 2031 | 50000000 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Interest Rate (%)** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.21 | August 2, 2016 | August 2, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.09 | July 22, 2016 | July 22, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.38 | July 1, 2016 | July 1, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 1000000000 | 2.63 | May 26, 2016 | May 26, 2026 |  | 1000000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.60 | February 25, 2016 | February 25, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.60 | February 25, 2016 | February 25, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 1000000000 | 3.25 | November 10, 2015 | November 10, 2025 |  | 1000000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.32 | September 3, 2015 | September 3, 2030 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.05 | September 1, 2015 | September 1, 2025 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.45 | August 4, 2015 | August 4, 2030 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 3.33 | August 4, 2015 | August 4, 2027 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 400000000 | 3.25 | June 30, 2015 | August 12, 2026 |  | 400000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.70 | April 1, 2015 | April 1, 2027 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 40000000 | 3.09 | March 10, 2015 | March 10, 2030 |  | 40000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.85 | March 10, 2015 | March 10, 2025 \* |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.80 | March 17, 2015 | March 17, 2025 \* |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 3.04 | March 6, 2015 | March 6, 2030 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 3.04 | March 6, 2015 | March 6, 2030 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 2.81 | March 6, 2015 | March 6, 2025 \* |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.02 | March 4, 2015 | March 4, 2030 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.02 | March 4, 2015 | March 4, 2030 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 1250000000 | 2.88 | January 21, 2015 | January 21, 2025 \* |  | 1250000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.35 | November 28, 2014 | November 28, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.50 | November 25, 2014 | November 26, 2029 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.53 | November 20, 2014 | November 20, 2029 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.50 | November 19, 2014 | November 19, 2029 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.50 | November 6, 2014 | November 6, 2029 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 3.46 | October 31, 2014 | October 31, 2029 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.23 | October 30, 2014 | October 30, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.40 | October 29, 2014 | October 29, 2029 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.41 | October 24, 2014 | October 24, 2029 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.41 | October 24, 2014 | October 24, 2029 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 500000000 | 3.25 | August 12, 2014 | August 12, 2026 |  | 500000000 |
|  USD | 40000000 | 4.04 | February 19, 2014 | February 19, 2026 |  | 40000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 4.00 | February 13, 2014 | February 13, 2026 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 4.00 | February 18, 2014 | February 18, 2026 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 20000000 | 4.02 | February 5, 2014 | February 5, 2026 |  | 20000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.07 | February 4, 2014 | February 4, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.06 | February 4, 2014 | February 4, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.14 | February 3, 2014 | February 3, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.14 | February 3, 2014 | February 3, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.14 | January 28, 2014 | January 28, 2026 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 4.03 | November 12, 2013 | November 12, 2025 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 20000000 | 4.03 | November 8, 2013 | November 8, 2025 |  | 20000000 |
|  USD | 30000000 | 4.03 | November 8, 2013 | November 8, 2025 |  | 30000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.03 | November 8, 2013 | November 8, 2025 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.91 | November 7, 2013 | November 7, 2025 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 40000000 | 4.00 | November 7, 2013 | November 7, 2025 |  | 40000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 3.87 | November 6, 2013 | November 6, 2025 |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 50000000 | 4.37 | August 27, 2013 | February 27, 2025 \* |  | 50000000 |
|  USD | 100000000 | 6.78 | January 27, 2012 | January 27, 2027 |  | 100000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | USD | 32300000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | W | 47481000000000 |
|  HKD | 300000000 | 4.07 | December 27, 2024 | December 27, 2025 |  | 300000000 |
|  HKD | 380000000 | 4.87 | December 5, 2023 | December 5, 2025 |  | 380000000 |
|  HKD | 385000000 | 4.80 | December 4, 2023 | December 4, 2026 |  | 385000000 |
|  HKD | 390000000 | 4.60 | November 22, 2023 | November 22, 2026 |  | 390000000 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Interest Rate (%)** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
|  HKD | 375000000 | 5.00 | November 1, 2023 | May 1, 2025 \* |  | 375000000 |
|  HKD | 380000000 | 5.00 | August 3, 2023 | February 3, 2025 \* |  | 380000000 |
|  HKD | 390000000 | 4.90 | March 15, 2023 | March 15, 2026 |  | 390000000 |
|  HKD | 390000000 | 4.84 | March 14, 2023 | March 14, 2026 |  | 390000000 |
|  HKD | 224000000 | 5.18 | October 28, 2022 | October 28, 2032 |  | 224000000 |
|  HKD | 224000000 | 5.18 | October 27, 2022 | October 27, 2032 |  | 224000000 |
|  HKD | 390000000 | 5.00 | October 27, 2022 | October 27, 2025 |  | 390000000 |
|  HKD | 320000000 | 1.00 | August 19, 2021 | August 19, 2026 |  | 320000000 |
|  HKD | 320000000 | 0.98 | August 18, 2021 | August 18, 2026 |  | 320000000 |
|  HKD | 345000000 | 0.90 | August 13, 2021 | August 13, 2026 |  | 345000000 |
|  HKD | 310000000 | 0.97 | July 21, 2021 | July 21, 2026 |  | 310000000 |
|  HKD | 310000000 | 0.70 | July 20, 2021 | July 20, 2025 |  | 310000000 |
|  HKD | 385000000 | 2.22 | April 14, 2020 | April 14, 2025 \* |  | 385000000 |
|  HKD | 320000000 | 2.34 | March 26, 2020 | March 26, 2025 \* |  | 320000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | HKD | 6138000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(2)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(2)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(2)</sup> | W | 1161923400000 |
|  MXN | 1000000000 | 10.05 | June 24, 2022 | April 28, 2025 \* |  | 1000000000 |
|  MXN | 5000000000 | TIIE 28D+0.20 | January 26, 2021 | January 20, 2026 |  | 5000000000 |
|  MXN | 7000000000 | 7.93 | August 8, 2019 | July 30, 2026 |  | 7000000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | MXN | 13000000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(3)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(3)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(3)</sup> | W | 925210000000 |
|  BRL | 2911500000 | 11.53 | December 2, 2024 | December 2, 2026 |  | 2911500000 |
|  BRL | 277000000 | 9.43 | July 25, 2024 | December 30, 2025 |  | 277000000 |
|  BRL | 525000000 | 8.77 | July 17, 2024 | July 17, 2025 |  | 525000000 |
|  BRL | 270500000 | 9.28 | July 17, 2024 | December 30, 2025 |  | 270500000 |
|  BRL | 274500000 | 9.76 | July 15, 2024 | January 6, 2026 |  | 274500000 |
|  BRL | 270500000 | 10.02 | July 2, 2024 | July 2, 2026 |  | 270500000 |
|  BRL | 545000000 | 8.79 | June 27, 2024 | June 27, 2025 \* |  | 545000000 |
|  BRL | 262000000 | 9.08 | June 7, 2024 | June 8, 2026 |  | 262000000 |
|  BRL | 260000000 | 9.07 | June 5, 2024 | June 5, 2026 |  | 260000000 |
|  BRL | 257500000 | 8.92 | June 4, 2024 | June 2, 2026 |  | 257500000 |
|  BRL | 257500000 | 9.06 | June 3, 2024 | June 3, 2026 |  | 257500000 |
|  BRL | 257500000 | 9.10 | June 3, 2024 | June 3, 2026 |  | 257500000 |
|  BRL | 243000000 | 8.93 | November 22, 2023 | November 19, 2025 |  | 243000000 |
|  BRL | 246000000 | 9.27 | November 21, 2023 | November 19, 2025 |  | 246000000 |
|  BRL | 500000000 | 9.37 | October 31, 2023 | October 30, 2025 |  | 500000000 |
|  BRL | 250000000 | 9.81 | October 27, 2023 | October 27, 2025 |  | 250000000 |
|  BRL | 250000000 | 9.73 | October 27, 2023 | October 27, 2025 |  | 250000000 |
|  BRL | 505000000 | 9.30 | October 18, 2023 | October 2, 2026 |  | 505000000 |
|  BRL | 508000000 | 9.32 | October 17, 2023 | October 1, 2026 |  | 508000000 |
|  BRL | 245500000 | 8.78 | October 4, 2023 | October 1, 2025 |  | 245500000 |
|  BRL | 242500000 | 8.70 | October 4, 2023 | September 19, 2025 |  | 242500000 |
|  BRL | 249500000 | 8.86 | August 29, 2023 | August 20, 2025 |  | 249500000 |
|  BRL | 248000000 | 8.67 | August 23, 2023 | August 14, 2025 |  | 248000000 |
|  BRL | 255000000 | 10.23 | April 4, 2023 | March 21, 2025 \* |  | 255000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | BRL | 10111000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(4)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(4)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(4)</sup> | W | 2405811340000 |
|  EUR | 40000000 | 3.19 | August 6, 2024 | August 6, 2031 |  | 40000000 |
|  EUR | 35000000 | 3.19 | August 6, 2024 | August 6, 2031 |  | 35000000 |
|  EUR | 25000000 | 3.19 | August 6, 2024 | August 6, 2031 |  | 25000000 |
|  EUR | 500000000 | 3.63 | September 18, 2023 | September 18, 2027 |  | 500000000 |
|  EUR | 45000000 | 3.75 | June 23, 2023 | June 23, 2026 |  | 45000000 |
|  EUR | 500000000 | 3.63 | June 7, 2023 | June 7, 2030 |  | 500000000 |
|  EUR | 850000000 | 3.62 | June 7, 2023 | June 7, 2026 |  | 850000000 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Interest Rate (%)** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
|  EUR | 50000000 | 1.38 | November 11, 2022 | November 24, 2025 |  | 50000000 |
|  EUR | 50000000 | 1.38 | November 11, 2022 | November 24, 2025 |  | 50000000 |
|  EUR | 950000000 | 1.38 | May 24, 2022 | November 24, 2025 |  | 950000000 |
|  EUR | 45000000 | 2.63 | April 25, 2022 | April 25, 2052 |  | 45000000 |
|  EUR | 700000000 | 0.83 | April 27, 2020 | April 27, 2025 \* |  | 700000000 |
|  EUR | 20000000 | 1.54 | August 23, 2018 | August 23, 2028 |  | 20000000 |
|  EUR | 30000000 | 1.53 | August 13, 2018 | August 13, 2028 |  | 30000000 |
|  EUR | 25000000 | 1.64 | August 6, 2018 | August 6, 2030 |  | 25000000 |
|  EUR | 25000000 | 1.64 | August 6, 2018 | August 6, 2030 |  | 25000000 |
|  EUR | 30000000 | 3.60 | July 19, 2012 | July 19, 2027 |  | 30000000 |
|  EUR | 117000000 | 3.88 | July 12, 2012 | July 12, 2032 |  | 117000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | EUR | 4037000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(5)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(5)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(5)</sup> | W | 6171483010000 |
|  THB | 1580000000 | 1.06 | June 9, 2020 | June 9, 2025 \* |  | 1580000000 |
|  THB | 500000000 | 4.78 | July 31, 2013 | July 31, 2025 |  | 500000000 |
|  THB | 1500000000 | 4.78 | July 31, 2013 | July 31, 2025 |  | 1500000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | THB | 3580000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(6)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(6)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(6)</sup> | W | 153940000000 |
|  CHF | 200000000 | 0.20 | November 14, 2023 | November 14, 2028 |  | 200000000 |
|  CHF | 150000000 | 0.00 | November 27, 2019 | May 27, 2025 \* |  | 150000000 |
|  CHF | 250000000 | 0.17 | July 18, 2017 | July 18, 2025 |  | 250000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | CHF | 600000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(7)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(7)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(7)</sup> | W | 975828000000 |
|  AUD | 75000000 | 5.30 | December 18, 2024 | December 18, 2039 |  | 75000000 |
|  AUD | 60000000 | 5.49 | June 3, 2024 | June 3, 2039 |  | 60000000 |
|  AUD | 300000000 | 5.25 | May 20, 2024 | May 20, 2031 |  | 300000000 |
|  AUD | 300000000 | 4.80 | May 20, 2024 | May 20, 2031 |  | 300000000 |
|  AUD | 400000000 | 4.80 | May 20, 2024 | May 20, 2031 |  | 400000000 |
|  AUD | 75000000 | 6.22 | December 4, 2023 | December 4, 2038 |  | 75000000 |
|  AUD | 77000000 | 6.00 | November 27, 2023 | November 27, 2043 |  | 77000000 |
|  AUD | 63000000 | 5.70 | October 6, 2023 | October 6, 2043 |  | 63000000 |
|  AUD | 60000000 | 5.56 | August 8, 2023 | August 8, 2038 |  | 60000000 |
|  AUD | 73500000 | 5.55 | August 2, 2023 | August 2, 2043 |  | 73500000 |
|  AUD | 350000000 | BBSW 3M+1.00 | June 26, 2023 | June 26, 2028 |  | 350000000 |
|  AUD | 375000000 | BBSW 3M+0.85 | June 26, 2023 | June 26, 2026 |  | 375000000 |
|  AUD | 125000000 | 5.10 | June 26, 2023 | June 26, 2026 |  | 125000000 |
|  AUD | 70000000 | 5.40 | March 14, 2023 | March 14, 2038 |  | 70000000 |
|  AUD | 65000000 | 5.46 | February 21, 2023 | February 21, 2038 |  | 65000000 |
|  AUD | 40000000 | 5.90 | November 4, 2022 | November 4, 2037 |  | 40000000 |
|  AUD | 450000000 | BBSW 3M+1 | April 7, 2022 | April 7, 2027 |  | 450000000 |
|  AUD | 200000000 | 3.55 | April 7, 2022 | April 7, 2025 \* |  | 200000000 |
|  AUD | 60000000 | 2.70 | December 22, 2021 | December 22, 2036 |  | 60000000 |
|  AUD | 55000000 | BBSW+0.80 | November 22, 2021 | November 22, 2031 |  | 55000000 |
|  AUD | 65000000 | 2.65 | April 7, 2021 | April 7, 2036 |  | 65000000 |
|  AUD | 208000000 | 3.00 | April 14, 2020 | April 16, 2035 |  | 208000000 |
|  AUD | 142900000 | 2.51 | December 6, 2019 | December 6, 2049 |  | 142900000 |
|  AUD | 60000000 | 3.98 | October 10, 2017 | October 10, 2027 |  | 60000000 |
|  AUD | 100000000 | 4.00 | February 14, 2017 | June 7, 2027 |  | 100000000 |
|  AUD | 50000000 | 4.00 | December 15, 2016 | June 7, 2027 |  | 50000000 |
|  AUD | 200000000 | 4.00 | December 7, 2016 | June 7, 2027 |  | 200000000 |
|  AUD | 21000000 | 5.15 | November 24, 2014 | November 24, 2029 |  | 21000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | AUD | 4120400000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(8)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(8)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(8)</sup> | W | 3764727072000 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Interest Rate (%)** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
|  INR | 4100000000 | 7.25 | July 25, 2024 | July 25, 2029 |  | 4100000000 |
|  INR | 3400000000 | 6.80 | July 22, 2024 | July 22, 2025 |  | 3400000000 |
|  INR | 4100000000 | 4.10 | October 16, 2023 | October 16, 2028 |  | 4100000000 |
|  INR | 4100000000 | 4.10 | October 16, 2023 | October 16, 2030 |  | 4100000000 |
|  INR | 3250000000 | 7.15 | April 18, 2018 | April 18, 2025 \* |  | 3250000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | INR | 18950000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(9)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(9)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(9)</sup> | W | 325750500000 |
|  CNY | 310000000 | 3.16 | June 3, 2024 | June 3, 2034 |  | 310000000 |
|  CNY | 355000000 | 3.00 | August 7, 2023 | August 7, 2026 |  | 355000000 |
|  CNY | 300000000 | 3.01 | June 26, 2023 | June 26, 2026 |  | 300000000 |
|  CNY | 300000000 | 2.95 | June 21, 2023 | June 21, 2026 |  | 300000000 |
|  CNY | 300000000 | 2.97 | June 20, 2023 | June 20, 2026 |  | 300000000 |
|  CNY | 340000000 | 3.27 | March 13, 2023 | March 13, 2025 \* |  | 340000000 |
|  CNY | 345000000 | 3.50 | March 13, 2023 | March 13, 2026 |  | 345000000 |
|  CNY | 340000000 | 3.52 | February 28, 2023 | February 28, 2026 |  | 340000000 |
|  CNY | 253000000 | 3.38 | March 29, 2022 | March 29, 2027 |  | 253000000 |
|  CNY | 270000000 | 3.05 | November 5, 2020 | November 5, 2025 |  | 270000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | CNY | 3113000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(10)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(10)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(10)</sup> | W | 626553510000 |
|  IDR | 685500000000 | 6.50 | March 7, 2018 | March 7, 2025 \* |  | 685500000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | IDR | 685500000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(11)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(11)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(11)</sup> | W | 62449050000 |
|  PEN | 13600000 | 7.15 | November 4, 2011 | November 4, 2041 |  | 13600000 |
|  PEN | 54500000 | 7.25 | October 25, 2011 | October 25, 2041 |  | 54500000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | PEN | 68100000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(12)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(12)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(12)</sup> | W | 26642763000 |
|  NZD | 60000000 | 3.09 | November 24, 2021 | November 24, 2026 |  | 60000000 |
|  NZD | 60000000 | 2.62 | September 15, 2021 | September 15, 2031 |  | 60000000 |
|  NZD | 54000000 | 2.65 | June 8, 2021 | June 8, 2031 |  | 54000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | NZD | 174000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(13)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(13)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(13)</sup> | W | 144118980000 |
|  ZAR | 715000000 | 8.05 | September 28, 2021 | September 28, 2031 |  | 715000000 |
|  ZAR | 600000000 | 8.20 | March 19, 2020 | March 19, 2030 |  | 600000000 |
|  ZAR | 600000000 | 8.43 | November 27, 2019 | November 27, 2026 |  | 600000000 |
|  ZAR | 700000000 | 8.50 | May 28, 2019 | May 28, 2025 \* |  | 700000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | ZAR | 2615000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(14)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(14)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(14)</sup> | W | 204493000000 |
|  CAD | 65000000 | 3.16 | February 16, 2017 | February 16, 2032 |  | 65000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | CAD | 65000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(15)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(15)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(15)</sup> | W | 66557400000 |
|  GBP | 50000000 | 4.63 | May 21, 2024 | July 22, 2027 |  | 50000000 |
|  GBP | 250000000 | 4.63 | May 21, 2024 | July 22, 2027 |  | 250000000 |
|  GBP | 36000000 | 1.93 | March 7, 2022 | March 7, 2029 |  | 36000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | GBP | 336000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(16)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(16)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(16)</sup> | W | 619473120000 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Interest Rate (%)** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
|  NOK | 250000000 | 4.55 | June 26, 2013 | June 26, 2025 \* |  | 250000000 |
|  NOK | 250000000 | 4.55 | June 26, 2013 | June 26, 2025 \* |  | 250000000 |
|  NOK | 250000000 | 4.55 | June 26, 2013 | June 26, 2025 \* |  | 250000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | NOK | 750000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(17)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(17)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(17)</sup> | W | 97215000000 |
|  PLN | 160000000 | 5.90 | August 5, 2024 | August 5, 2025 |  | 160000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | PLN | 160000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(18)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(18)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(18)</sup> | W | 57172800000 |
|  PHP | 2000000000 | 3.70 | March 23, 2021 | March 23, 2026 |  | 2400000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | PHP | 2400000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(19)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(19)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(19)</sup> | W | 60984000000 |
|  JPY | 25000000000 | 0.84 | November 28, 2024 | November 26, 2027 |  | 25000000000 |
|  JPY | 33400000000 | 1.07 | November 28, 2024 | November 28, 2029 |  | 33400000000 |
|  JPY | 6600000000 | 1.22 | November 28, 2024 | November 28, 2031 |  | 6600000000 |
|  JPY | 7000000000 | 0.33 | July 25, 2024 | July 25, 2026 |  | 7000000000 |
|  JPY | 7320000000 | 0.42 | November 7, 2022 | November 7, 2025 |  | 7320000000 |
|  JPY | 7300000000 | 0.43 | November 4, 2022 | November 4, 2025 |  | 7300000000 |
|  JPY | 7150000000 | 0.26 | September 15, 2022 | September 15, 2025 |  | 7150000000 |
|  JPY | 7000000000 | 0.26 | September 14, 2022 | September 14, 2025 |  | 7000000000 |
|  JPY | 7000000000 | 0.27 | September 13, 2022 | September 13, 2025 |  | 7000000000 |
|  JPY | 6975000000 | 0.25 | September 8, 2022 | September 8, 2025 |  | 6975000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | Subtotal in Original Currency | JPY | 114745000000 |
|  |  | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(20)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(20)</sup> | Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(20)</sup> | W | 1074563976000 |
|  | **Total External Bonds of the Bank in Equivalent Amount of Won** | **Total External Bonds of the Bank in Equivalent Amount of Won** | **Total External Bonds of the Bank in Equivalent Amount of Won** | **Total External Bonds of the Bank in Equivalent Amount of Won** | W | **66405896921000** |

---

\* Repaid on the respective maturity dates.

(1) U.S. dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of US$1.00 to Won 1,470.00, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(2) Hong Kong Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of HKD 1.00 to Won 189.30, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(3) Mexican Peso amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of MXN 1.00 to Won 71.17, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(4) Brazilian Real amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of BRL 1.00 to Won 237.94, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(5) Euro amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of EUR 1.00 to Won 1,528.73, the market average exchange
rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(6) Thai Baht amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of THB 1.00 to Won 43.00, the market average exchange
rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(7) Swiss Franc amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of CHF 1.00 to Won 1,626.38, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(8) Australian Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of AUD 1.00 to Won 913.68, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(9) Indian Rupee amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of INR 1.00 to Won 17.19, the market average
exchange rate in effect December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(10) Chinese Yuan amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of CNY 1.00 to Won 201.27, the prevailing market
rate on December 31, 2024.

(11) Indonesian Rupiah amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of IDR 100.00 to Won 9.11, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(12) Peruvian Sol amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of PEN 1.00 to Won 391.23, the prevailing market
rate on December 31, 2024.

(13) New Zealand Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of NZD 1.00 to Won 828.27, the market
average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(14) South African Rand amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of ZAR 1.00 to Won 78.20, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(15) Canadian Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of CAD 1.00 to Won 1,023.96, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(16) Great Britain Pound amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of GBP 1.00 to Won 1,843.67, the market
average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(17) Norwegian Krone amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of NOK 1.00 to Won 129.62, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(18) Polish Zloty amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of PLN 1.00 to Won 357.33, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(19) Philippine Peso amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of PHP 1.00 to Won 25.41, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(20) Japanese Yen amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of JPY 100.00 to Won 936.48, the market average
exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(2) External Borrowings of the Bank* 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Lender** | **Classifications** | **Range of Interest Rates** | **Range of<br>Years of<br>Issue** | **Range of<br>Years of<br>Maturity** | **Principal<br>Amount<br>Outstanding as<br>of December 31,<br>2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Principal<br>Amount<br>Outstanding as<br>of December 31,<br>2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  |  | **(%)** | | | **(millions of Won)** | **(millions of Won)** |
|  MUFG | Borrowings from<br> MUFG | 3M Term SOFR +0.80 | 2023 | 2026 |  | 441000 |
|  Bookook Securities | Borrowings from Bookook | 3M Term SOFR+0.78 | 2022 | 2027 |  | 588000 |
|  HSBC | Borrowings from<br> HSBC | 3M Term SOFR +0.59<br> 3M Term SOFR +0.75 | 2022<br> 2023 | 2025<br> 2026 |  | 147000<br> 294000 |
|  ANZ | Borrowings from ANZ | BBSY 3M+0.89 | 2022 | 2025 |  | 685260 |
|  BofA | Borrowings from BofA | 3M Term SOFR+0.83 | 2023 | 2026 |  | 220500 |
|  Mizuho | Borrowings from Mizuho | 3M Term SOFR+0.75<br> 3M Term SOFR+0.62 | 2024<br> 2024 | 2029<br> 2027 |  | 735000<br> 441000 |
|  ING | Borrowings from ING | Euribor 6M+0.30 | 2024 | 2026 |  | 305746 |
|  Natixis | Borrowings from Natixis | Euribor 3M+0.25 | 2024 | 2026 |  | 281286 |
|  Wells Fargo | Borrowings from Wells Fargo | 3M Term SOFR+0.55 | 2024 | 2027 |  | 220500 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term Borrowings from Foreign Financial Institution |  |  |  |  | W | 4359292 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Compulsory Loan |  |  |  |  | W | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign Currency CP |  | 3.02~5.43 | 2024 | 2025 | W | 1291336 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others (including foreign banks and Credit Support Annexes) |  |  |  |  | W | 2004291 |
|  **Total External Borrowings of the Bank** | **Total External Borrowings of the Bank** | **Total External Borrowings of the Bank** | **Total External Borrowings of the Bank** | **Total External Borrowings of the Bank** | W | 7654919 |

---

(1) Converted to Won amounts at the relevant market average exchange rates in effect on December 31, 2024 as
announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***B. Internal Debt of the Bank***

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title** | **Range of<br>Interest Rates** | **Range of<br>Years of Issue** | **Range of<br>Years<br>of Original<br>Maturity** | **Principal<br>Amounts<br>Outstanding as<br>of December 31,<br>2024** | **Principal<br>Amounts<br>Outstanding as<br>of December 31,<br>2024** |
|  | **(%)** | | | **(millions of Won)** | **(millions of Won)** |
|  **Bonds** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Short-term Won-denominated domestic bonds | 2.94~3.66 | 2024 | 2025 | W | 15390000 |
|  Long-term Won-denominated domestic bonds | 1.31~5.58 | 2015~2024 | 2025~2041 |  | 14030000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Bonds | 1.31~5.58 | 2015~2024 | 2025~2041 |  | 29420000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total Internal Debt** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total Internal Debt** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total Internal Debt** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total Internal Debt** | W | 29420000 |

---

**Financial Statements and the Auditors** 

The Minister of Economy and Finance appoints our Internal Auditor who is responsible for examining our financial operations and auditing our financial statements and accounting records. The present Internal Auditor is Soon-oh Cha, who was appointed for a three-year term on July 15, 2024.

We prepare our financial statements annually for submission to the Minister of Economy and Finance, accompanied by an opinion of the Internal Auditor. Although we are not legally required to have financial statements audited by external auditors, an independent public accounting firm has audited our separate financial statements since 1983 and consolidated financial statements since 1998. As of the date of this prospectus, our independent auditor is KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp., located at 27th Floor, Gangnam Finance Center, 152 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06236, Korea, which has audited our separate financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included in this prospectus.

Our separate financial statements and information included in this prospectus were prepared under K-IFRS. For a summary of financial statement preparation and significant accounting policies, see "—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Note 2." These principles and procedures differ in certain material respects from generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**<u>Independent Auditors' Report</u>**

The Board of Directors and shareholders of

The Export-Import Bank of Korea:

*Opinion* 

We have audited the accompanying separate financial statements of the Export-Import Bank of Korea (the "Bank"), which comprise the separate statements of financial position as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the separate statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and notes, comprising material accounting policies and other explanatory information.

In our opinion, the accompanying separate financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the separate financial position of the Bank as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and its separate financial performance and its separate cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with Korean International Financial Reporting Standards ("K-IFRS").

*Basis for Opinion* 

We conducted our audits in accordance with Korean Standards on Auditing (KSAs). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the *Auditors' Responsibilities for the Audit of the Separate Financial Statements* section of our report. We are independent of the Bank in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the separate financial statements in the Republic of Korea, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

*Other Matter* 

The procedures and practices utilized in the Republic of Korea to audit such separate financial statements may differ from those generally accepted and applied in other countries.

*Responsibilities of Management and Those Charged with Governance for the Separate Financial Statements* 

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the separate financial statements in accordance with K-IFRS, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of separate financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the separate financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Bank's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Bank or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Bank's financial reporting process.

*Auditors' Responsibilities for the Audit of the Separate Financial Statements* 

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the separate financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors' report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with KSAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these separate financial statements.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
As part of an audit in accordance with KSAs, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:

• Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the separate financial statements, whether due to fraud
or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is
higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.

• Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are
appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Bank's internal control.

• Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used in the preparation of the separate financial statements
and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.

• Conclude on the appropriateness of management's use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on
the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Bank's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are
required to draw attention in our auditors' report to the related disclosures in the separate financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the
date of our auditors' report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Bank to cease to continue as a going concern.

• Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the separate financial statements, including the
disclosures, and whether the separate financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.

We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

/s/ KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.

KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.

Seoul, Korea

March 31, 2025

This report is effective as of March 31, 2025, the audit report date. Certain subsequent events or circumstances, which may occur between the audit report date and the time of reading this report, could have a material impact on the accompanying separate financial statements and notes thereto. Accordingly, the readers of the audit report should understand that the above audit report has not been updated to reflect the impact of such subsequent events or circumstances, if any.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

**SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION** 

**AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023** 

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | December 31,<br>2024 | December 31,<br>2024 | December 31,<br>2023 | December 31,<br>2023 |
|  | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) |
|  ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cash and due from financial institutions (Notes 4, 5 and 7) | W | 12915754 | W | 12591124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL") (Notes 4, 5, 8 and 20) |  | 5137067 |  | 3715536 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets (Notes 4, 5 and 20) |  | 71450 |  | 611960 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost (Notes 4, 5, 10 and 37) |  | 88726118 |  | 87777261 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial investments (Notes 4, 5 and 9) |  | 19332216 |  | 15413465 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Investments in associates and subsidiaries (Note 11) |  | 2081780 |  | 2005626 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tangible assets, net (Note 12) |  | 326046 |  | 292735 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Intangible assets, net (Note 13) |  | 58554 |  | 46337 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deferred tax assets (Note 34) |  | 1018291 |  | 987104 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Retirement benefit assets, net (Note 18) |  | 27561 |  | 28431 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other assets (Notes 4, 5, 14 and 37) |  | 1645071 |  | 1924867 |
|  | W | 131339908 | W | 125394449 |
|  LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
|  LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL (Notes 4, 5 and 20) | W | 3013553 | W | 2122804 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities (Notes 4, 5 and 20) |  | 2377955 |  | 1514208 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings (Notes 4, 5, 15 and 35) |  | 6853985 |  | 5532198 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures (Notes 4, 5, 16 and 35) |  | 93194917 |  | 93256543 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Provisions (Note 17) |  | 1175940 |  | 1489976 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other liabilities (Notes 4, 5, 19 and 37) |  | 3398740 |  | 3527917 |
|  |  | 110015090 |  | 107443644 |
|  SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital share (Note 1 and 21) |  | 16873254 |  | 14773254 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital adjustments |  | (153539) |  | (143446) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other components of equity (Notes 20 and 22) |  | 1239756 |  | 682285 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Retained earnings (Note 23) |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Regulatory reserve for loan losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023: W11,365 million and W275,620 million) |  | 3365347 |  | 2638712 |
|  |  | 21324818 |  | 17950805 |
|  | W | 131339908 | W | 125394449 |

---

*See accompanying notes to separate financial statements.* 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

**SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME** 

**FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023** 

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) |
|  OPERATING INCOME: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net interest income (Notes 24 and 37): |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest income | W | 6062221 | W | 5856490 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest expenses |  | (5298548) |  | (4971276) |
|  |  | 763673 |  | 885214 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net commission income (Notes 25 and 37): |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission income |  | 466110 |  | 464744 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission expenses |  | (32950) |  | (30189) |
|  |  | 433160 |  | 434555 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividend income (Note 26) |  | 75691 |  | 61970 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain on financial assets at FVTPL (Note 27) |  | 77253 |  | 209808 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets (Notes 20 and 28) |  | (1531544) |  | 2013401 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain (loss) on financial investments (Note 29) |  | (804) |  | 726 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain (loss) on foreign exchange transaction |  | 1627388 |  | (1062884) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net other operating income (expenses) (Note 30) |  | 287186 |  | (931214) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Additional impairment loss on credit (Note 31 and 37) |  | (96160) |  | (279070) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General and administrative expenses (Note 32) |  | (302553) |  | (271357) |
|  Total operating income |  | 1333290 |  | 1061149 |
|  NON-OPERATING INCOME (Note 33): |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain on investments in associates and subsidiaries |  | 12935 |  | 7177 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net other non-operating income (expenses) |  | (11018) |  | (6982) |
|  |  | 1917 |  | 195 |
|  PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX |  | 1335207 |  | 1061344 |
|  INCOME TAX EXPENSES (Note 34) |  | (355609) |  | (338592) |
|  PROFIT FOR THE YEAR |  | 979598 |  | 722752 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Profit for the year adjusted for regulatory reserve for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023: W977,236 million and W987,007 million) (Note 23) |  |  |  |  |
|  OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)<br> FOR THE YEAR (Note 22) |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Items not reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain (loss) on equity securities at FVOCI |  | 846729 |  | (146524) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities |  | (17404) |  | (10329) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income tax effect |  | (191574) |  | 37512 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain (loss) on debt securities at FVOCI |  | (35814) |  | 63073 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge |  | (68581) |  | 11177 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income tax effect |  | 24115 |  | (17380) |
|  |  | 557471 |  | (62471) |
|  TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR | W | 1537069 | W | 660281 |

---

*See accompanying notes to separate financial statements.* 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

**SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY** 

**FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023** 

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | | | Other components of equity | Other components of equity | Other components of equity | Other components of equity | Other components of equity | Other components of equity | Other components of equity | Other components of equity | | | | |
|  | Capital<br>share | Capital<br>share | Capital<br>adjustments | Capital<br>adjustments | Gain (loss) on<br>valuation of<br>financial assets at<br>FVOCI | Gain (loss) on<br>valuation of<br>financial assets at<br>FVOCI | Gain (loss) on<br>valuation of cash-<br>flow hedge | Gain (loss) on<br>valuation of cash-<br>flow hedge | Remeasurement,<br>net of defined<br>benefit liabilities | Remeasurement,<br>net of defined<br>benefit liabilities | Gain (loss) on<br>disposal of<br>financial assets at<br>FVOCI | Gain (loss) on<br>disposal of<br>financial assets at<br>FVOCI | Retained<br>earnings | Retained<br>earnings | Total | Total |
|  | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) |
|  January 1, 2023 | W | 12773254 | W | (133840) | W | 662320 | W | 38805 | W | 37454 | W | 6177 | W | 2051379 | W | 15435549 |
|  Payment of dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (135419) |  | (135419) |
|  Paid-in Capital Increase |  | 2000000 |  | (9606) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1990394 |
|  Total comprehensive Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 660281 |
|  Profit for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 722752 |  | 722752 |
|  Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (62471) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  | (276705) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (276705) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain on valuation of cash flow hedge, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8646 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8646 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Remeasurement elements of defined benefit plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7894) |  |  |  |  |  | (7894) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain on disposal of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 213482 |  |  |  | 213482 |
|  December 31, 2023 | W | 14773254 | W | (143446) | W | 385615 | W | 47451 | W | 29560 | W | 219659 | W | 2638712 | W | 17950805 |
|  January 1, 2024 | W | 14773254 | W | (143446) | W | 385615 | W | 47451 | W | 29560 | W | 219659 | W | 2638712 | W | 17950805 |
|  Payment of dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (252963) |  | (252963) |
|  Paid-in Capital Increase |  | 2100000 |  | (10093) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2089907 |
|  Total comprehensive Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1537069 |
|  Profit for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 979598 |  | 979598 |
|  Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 557471 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  | 598430 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 598430 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net loss on valuation of cash flow hedge, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (52739) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (52739) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Remeasurement elements of defined benefit plans, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13384) |  |  |  |  |  | (13384) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net gain on disposal of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25164 |  |  |  | 25164 |
|  December 31, 2024 | W | 16873254 | W | (153539) | W | 984045 | W | (5288) | W | 16176 | W | 244823 | W | 3365347 | W | 21324818 |

---

*See accompanying notes to separate financial statements.* 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

**SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS** 

**FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023** 

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) |
|  CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Profit for the year | W | 979598 | W | 722752 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Adjustments for: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income tax expense |  | 355609 |  | 338591 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest income |  | (6062221) |  | (5856490) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest expenses |  | 5298548 |  | 4971276 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividend and distribution income |  | (100181) |  | (91254) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividend received from subsidiaries and associates |  | (12935) |  | (7177) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on financial assets at FVTPL |  | 33310 |  | 27367 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on financial assets at FVOCI |  | 885 |  | 532 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transfer to derivatives' credit risk provision |  | 3548 |  | 11738 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on foreign exchange transactions |  | 1241909 |  | 2678304 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Impairment loss on credit |  | 96160 |  | 279070 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on fair value hedged items |  | 578635 |  | 1210415 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Depreciation and amortization |  | 22803 |  | 20672 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on disposals of tangible, intangible and other assets |  | 4 |  | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on valuation of derivative assets for trading |  | 1731683 |  | 563390 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on valuation of derivative assets for hedging |  | 1477956 |  | 85975 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Increase in other provisions |  |  |  | 6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Retirement benefits |  | 8771 |  | 6262 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on financial assets at FVTPL |  | (101892) |  | (106707) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on financial assets at FVOCI |  | (81) |  | (1258) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reversal of derivatives' credit risk provision |  | (15331) |  | (13834) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on foreign exchange transactions |  | (2869297) |  | (1615429) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on fair value hedged items |  | (844847) |  | (282391) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on valuation of derivative assets for trading |  | (1374715) |  | (618916) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on valuation of derivative assets for hedging |  | (146425) |  | (910713) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on disposals of tangible, intangible and other assets |  | (23) |  | (44) |
|  |  | (678127) |  | 689390 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Due from financial institutions |  | (382489) |  | 855184 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL |  | (819196) |  | 199438 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative net assets |  | 15928 |  | (287439) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost |  | 6058420 |  | 2965877 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other assets |  | (246101) |  | (111967) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Provisions |  | 9221 |  | 7399 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payment of retirement benefits |  | (25305) |  | 119 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other liabilities |  | (327781) |  | (1000867) |
|  |  | 4282697 |  | 2627744 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payment of income tax |  | (7454) |  | (97220) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest received |  | 5978723 |  | 4523143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest paid |  | (4691933) |  | (3021996) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividend received |  | 113116 |  | 98431 |
|  Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 5976620 |  | 5542244 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

**SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)** 

**FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023** 

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) | (Korean won in millions) |
|  CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Disposal of financial investments | W | 3111883 | W | 3870084 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Disposal of investments in associates and subsidiaries |  |  |  | 2145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Disposal of tangible assets |  | 138 |  | 82 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Acquisition of financial investments |  | (3688603) |  | (2608149) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Acquisition of investments in associates and subsidiaries |  | (76154) |  | (71902) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Acquisition of tangible assets |  | (45655) |  | (30050) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Acquisition of intangible assets |  | (22794) |  | (13920) |
|  Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | (721185) |  | 1148290 |
|  CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Proceeds from borrowings |  | 6678099 |  | 1807700 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Proceeds from debentures |  | 36391597 |  | 41971865 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital increase |  | 100000 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Increase in deposits |  | 13 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Decrease in call money |  |  |  | (45745) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repayment of borrowings |  | (6024070) |  | (6632506) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repayment of debentures |  | (43396369) |  | (39864259) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Expense related to paid-in capital increases |  | (10093) |  | (9607) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payment of dividends |  | (252964) |  | (135419) |
|  Net cash used in financing activities |  | (6513787) |  | (2907971) |
|  NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  | (1258352) |  | 3782563 |
|  CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF THE YEAR |  | 8265319 |  | 4781957 |
|  EFFECTS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON THE BALANCE OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS IN FOREIGN CURRENCIES |  | 850307 |  | (299201) |
|  CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF THE YEAR (Note 7 and 35) | W | 7857274 | W | 8265319 |

---

*See accompanying notes to separate financial statements.* 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

**NOTES TO THE SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS** 

**AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023** 

**1.**  **<u>GENERAL:</u>** 

(1) Summary of the Export-Import Bank of Korea

The Export-Import Bank of Korea (the "Bank") was established in 1976 as a special financial institution under The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act (the "EXIM Bank Act") to grant financial facilities for overseas trade (i.e., export and import), investments and resources development activities. As of December 31, 2024, the Bank operates a head office in Seoul, ten domestic branches, three domestic offices, a domestic subsidiary, five overseas subsidiaries and twenty-five overseas offices.

The Bank's authorized capital is W25,000,000 million, and through numerous capital increases since the establishment, its paid-in capital is W16,873,254 million as of December 31, 2024. The Government of the Republic of Korea (the "Government"), the Bank of Korea("BOK"), and the Korea Development Bank hold 76.38%, 6.90%, 16.72%, respectively, of the ownership of the Bank as of December 31, 2024.

The Bank, as a trustee of the Government, has managed the Economic Development Cooperation Fund ("EDCF") since June 1987 and the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund ("IKCF") since March 1991. Additionally, the Bank has been managing and operating The Supply Chain Resilience Fund("SCRF") since September 2024. The funds are accounted for separately and are not included in separate financial statements of The Export-Import Bank of Korea. The Bank receives fees from the Government for the trustee services related to EDCF and IKCF. For the management and operation of SCRF, the Bank receives certain costs incurred from the respective fund.

(2) Summary of subsidiaries

1) The subsidiaries of the Bank as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, are as follows:

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Subsidiaries | Location | Capital share | Capital share | Main<br> business | Number of<br>shares owned | Percentage<br>of owner-<br>ship (%) | Financial<br>statements<br>as of |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | United Kingdom | GBP | 81mil. | Finance | 81283897 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance.(\*1) | Indonesia | IDR | 806,433mil. | Finance | 3065 | 97.52 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. (\*2) | Vietnam | USD | 53mil. | Finance |  | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited | Hong Kong | USD | 130mil. | Finance | 130000000 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. | Singapore | USD | 300mil. | Finance | 300000000 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. | Korea | KRW | 950mil. | Service | 190000 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2024 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Subsidiaries | Location | Capital share | Capital share | Main<br> business | Number of<br>shares owned | Percentage<br>of owner-<br>ship (%) | Financial<br>statements<br>as of |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | United Kingdom | GBP | 81mil. | Finance | 81283897 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance. (\*1) | Indonesia | IDR | 806,433mil. | Finance | 3065 | 97.52 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. (\*2) | Vietnam | USD | 53mil. | Finance |  | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited | Hong Kong | USD | 130mil. | Finance | 130000000 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. | Singapore | USD | 300mil. | Finance | 300000000 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. | Korea | KRW | 950mil. | Service | 190000 | 100.00 | Dec. 31, 2023 |

---

(\*1) This includes convertible loans recognized as capital for the Indonesian subsidiary located in Indonesia.

(\*2) This entity does not issue share certificates.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
2) Associates of the Bank as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

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| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Associates | Location | Issued capital | Issued capital | Main business | Number of<br>shares owned | Percentage<br>of owner-<br>ship (%) | Date of<br>financial<br>statements |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund | Philippines | USD | 1,158mil. | Financial service | 171400000 | 14.80 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF | Korea | KRW | 13,350mil. | Financial service | 3336768385 | 24.99 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. | Korea | KRW | 487,376mil. | Manufacturing | 25745964 | 26.41 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I | Korea | KRW | 43,198mil. | Financial service | 10045000000 | 22.73 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  WWG Green New Deal Fund | Korea | KRW | 39,700mil. | Financial service | 9925000000 | 25.00 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV | Korea | KRW | 94,815mil. | Financial service | 21048977120 | 22.20 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  HANGUK INVESTMENT SEMAINBEROBOTIKSEUSAMO INVESTMENT LIMITED PARTNERSHIP | Korea | KRW | 106,000mil. | Financial service | 25000000000 | 23.58 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  STIC K-Growth Private Equity Fund | Korea | KRW | 39,487mil. | Financial service | 8517500000 | 21.57 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  Wonik M&A 2024 Private Equity Fund | Korea | KRW | 35,800mil. | Financial service | 8950000000 | 25.00 | Dec. 31, 2024 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF V | Korea | KRW | 4,318mil. | Financial service | 950926775 | 22.02 | Dec. 31, 2024 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Associates | Location | Issued capital | Issued capital | Main business | Number of<br>shares owned | Percentage<br>of owner-<br>ship (%) | Date of<br>financial<br>statements |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund | Philippines | USD | 1,158mil. | Financial service | 171400000 | 14.80 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF | Korea | KRW | 13,350mil. | Financial service | 3336768385 | 24.99 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. | Korea | KRW | 487,376mil. | Manufacturing | 25745964 | 26.41 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I | Korea | KRW | 18,766mil. | Financial service | 4265000000 | 22.73 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  WWG Green New Deal Fund | Korea | KRW | 13,900mil. | Financial service | 3475000000 | 25.00 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV | Korea | KRW | 2,450mil. | Financial service | 543900000 | 22.20 | Dec. 31, 2023 |

---

**2.**  **<u>BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:</u>** 

(1) Basis of Financial Statement Presentation

The Bank's separate financial statements are prepared under Korean International Financial Reporting Standards ("K-IFRS").

The Bank's financial statements are separate financial statements in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1027 'Separate Financial Statements'.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Basis of measurement

The separate financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for the following material items in the statement of financial position:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Derivative financial instruments measured at fair value

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Financial assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in a fair value hedge accounting of which changes in
fair value attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Liabilities for defined benefit plans, which are recognized as net of the total present value of defined benefit
obligations less the fair value of plan assets

(3) Functional and presentation currency

These separate financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Bank operates.

(4) Significant Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of separate financial statements requires the application of accounting policies and certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions may have a significant impact on assets (liabilities) and income (expenses). The management's estimate may differ from the actual outcome if the management's estimate and assumption based on its best judgment at the reporting date are different from an actual environment.

Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and the change in an accounting estimate is recognized prospectively by including it in profit or loss in the period of the change, if the change affects that period only, or the period of the change and future periods, if the change affects both.

Uncertainty in estimates and assumptions with significant risk that will result in material adjustment are as follows:

1) Fair value of financial instruments

The fair value of financial instruments where no active market exists or where quoted prices are not otherwise available are determined by using valuation techniques. Financial instruments that are not actively traded in the market and with less transparent market price, will have less objective fair value and will require judgment in liquidity, concentration, uncertainty in market factors and assumption in price determination and other risks.

As described in the significant accounting policies 'Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments' diverse valuation techniques are used to determine the fair value of financial instruments, from general market accepted valuation model to internally developed valuation model that incorporates various types of assumptions and variables.

2) Provision of credit losses (allowances for loan losses, provisions for acceptances and guarantees, financial guarantee contracts and unused loan commitments)

The Bank recognizes credit loss allowance for expected credit losses on debt instruments, loans and receivables that are measured at amortized cost, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1109 'Financial Instruments'. The allowance is determined by techniques, assumptions and input variables used by the Bank to measure expected future cash flows of individual financial instruments and to measure expected credit losses in a collective manner.

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3) Defined benefit obligation

The present value of defined benefit obligations is measured by the independent actuaries using projected unit credit method. It is determined by actuarial assumptions and variables such as future increases in salaries, rate of retirement, discount rate and others.

4) Income taxes

The Bank has recognized current and deferred taxes that reflect tax consequences based on the best estimates in which the Bank expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. However, actual income taxes in the future may not be identical to the recognized deferred tax assets and liabilities, and this difference can affect current and deferred tax at the period when the final tax effect is determined.

5) Hedging relationship

The Bank expects a high hedge effectiveness throughout the hedging period in designating the hedging relationship and it is probable that the hedged transaction will be highly probable in the cash flow hedge.

(5) Changes in Accounting Policies

The Bank has adopted the same accounting policies that applied to the separate financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, except for the application of the amended standards first effective from January 1, 2024, which are explained below.

1) Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1001 Presentation of Financial Statements – Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current

The amendments clarify that liabilities are classified as either current or non-current, depending on the substantive rights that exist at the end of the reporting period. Classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise right to defer settlement of the liability or the expectations of management. Also, the settlement of liability includes the transfer of the entity's own equity instruments, however, it would be excluded if an option to settle them by the entity's own equity instruments if compound financial instruments is met the definition of equity instruments and recognized separately from the liability. The amendments do not have a significant impact on the financial statements.

**3.**  **<u>SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES</u>:** 

(1) General

The significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these separate financial statements after transition to K-IFRS are set out below.

(2) Investments in subsidiaries and associates

The accompanying separate financial statements have been prepared on a stand-alone basis in accordance with K-IFRS No.1027, 'Separate Financial Statements'. The Bank's investments in subsidiaries and associates are recorded at cost in accordance with K-IFRS No.1027. Dividend received from its subsidiaries and associates is recognized in profit or loss when the Bank is entitled to receive the dividend.

(3) Foreign Currency

1) Foreign currency transactions

In preparing the separate financial statements of the Bank, transactions in currencies other than the Bank's functional currency (foreign currencies) are recorded by applying the rates of exchange at the dates of the transactions.

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At the end of each reporting period foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate which is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period. Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined and non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous financial statements are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise. When gains or losses on a non-monetary item are recognized in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of those gains or losses are recognized in other comprehensive income. Conversely, when gains or losses on a non-monetary item are recognized in profit or loss, any exchange component of those gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss.

2) Foreign operations

The results and financial position of all foreign operations, whose functional currency differs from the Bank's presentation currency, are translated into the Bank's presentation currency using the following procedures;

Assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position. Income and expenses for statement of comprehensive income presented are translated at average exchange rates for the period.

Any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising from the acquisition of that foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus, they are expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and are translated into the presentation currency at the closing rate.

On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation, recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the separate component of equity, are reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when the gains or losses on disposal are recognized. On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the Bank reattributes the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income to the non-controlling interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the Bank reclassifies to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income.

(4) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, foreign currency, and highly liquid short-term investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

(5) Non-derivative Financial Assets

Financial assets are recognized when the Bank becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. In addition, a regular way purchase or sale (a purchase or sale of a financial asset under a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the market concerned) is recognized on the trade date.

A financial asset is measured initially at its fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss ("FVTPL"), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs on the financial assets at FVTPL that are directly attributable to the acquisition are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

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1) Financial assets designated at FVTPL

Financial assets can be irrevocably designated as measured at FVTPL despite of classification standards stated below, if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognizing the gains or losses on them on different bases.

2) Equity instruments

For the equity instruments that are not held for trading, at initial recognition, the Bank may make an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income. Equity instruments that are not classified as financial assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income ("FVOCI") are classified as financial assets at FVTPL.

The Bank subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Valuation gains or losses of the equity instruments that are classified as financial assets at FVOCI previously recognized as other comprehensive income is not reclassified as profit or loss on derecognition. The Bank recognizes dividends in profit or loss when the Bank's right to receive payments of the dividend is established.

Valuation gains or losses due to changes in fair value of the financial assets at FVTPL are recognized as gains or losses on financial assets at FVTPL. Impairment loss (reversal) on equity instruments at FVOCI is not recognized separately.

3) Debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Bank's business model in which the asset is managed and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset. Debt instruments are classified as financial assets at amortized cost, at FVOCI, or at FVTPL. Debt instruments are reclassified only when the Bank's business model changes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;① Financial assets at amortized cost

Assets that are held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. Impairment losses, and gains or losses on derecognition of the financial assets at amortized cost are recognized in profit or loss. Interest income on the effective interest method is included in the 'Interest income' in the separate statement of comprehensive income.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;② Financial assets at FVOCI

Assets that are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets, where the assets' cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at FVOCI. Other than impairment losses, interest income amortized using effective interest method and foreign exchange differences, gains or losses of the financial assets at FVOCI are recognized as other comprehensive income in equity. On derecognition, gains or losses accumulated in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss. The interest income on the effective interest method is included in the 'Interest income' in the separate statement of comprehensive income. Foreign exchange differences and impairment losses are included in the 'Net foreign currency transaction gain' and 'Impairment loss on credit' in the separate statement of comprehensive income, respectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;③ Financial assets at FVTPL

Debt securities other than financial assets at amortized costs or FVOCI are classified at FVTPL. Unless hedge accounting is applied, gains or losses from financial assets at FVTPL are recognized as profit or loss and are included in 'Net gain (loss) on financial assets at FVTPL' in the separate statement of comprehensive income.

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4) Embedded derivatives

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are classified regarding the entire hybrid contract, and the embedded derivatives are not separately recognized. The entire hybrid contract is considered when it is determined whether the contractual cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest.

5) Derecognition of financial assets

The Bank derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred. Any interest in transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the Bank is recognized as a separate asset or liability.

If the Bank retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred financial assets, the Bank continues to recognize the transferred financial assets and recognizes financial liabilities for the consideration received.

6) Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the separate statement of financial position only when the Bank currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts, and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

(6) Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are accounted for as described below.

1) Hedge accounting

The Bank holds forward exchange contracts, interest rate swaps, currency swaps and other derivative contracts to manage interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. The Bank designated derivatives as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities or firm commitments (a fair value hedge) and foreign currency risk of highly probable forecasted transactions or firm commitments (a cash flow hedge).

On initial designation of the hedge, the Bank formally documents the relationship between the hedging instrument(s) and hedged item(s), including the risk management objectives and strategy in undertaking the hedge transaction, together with the methods that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedging relationship.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;① Fair value hedge

Changes in the fair value of a derivative hedging instrument designated as a fair value hedge are recognized in profit or loss. The gain or loss from remeasuring the hedging instrument at fair value for a derivative hedging instrument and the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in the separate statement of comprehensive income, in net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets and net other operating income (expenses), respectively.

The Bank discontinues fair value hedge accounting if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or if the hedge no longer meets the criteria. Any adjustment arising from gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk is amortized to profit or loss from the date the hedge accounting is discontinued.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;② Cash flow hedge

When a derivative is designated to hedge the variability in cash flows attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecasted transaction that could affect profit or loss, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax, and presented in gain(loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge in equity. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets.

If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, expires or is sold, terminated, exercised, or the designation is revoked, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. The cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified to net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets in the periods during which the forecasted transaction occurs. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the balance in other comprehensive income is recognized immediately in net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;③ Net investment hedge

The portion of the change in fair value of a financial instrument designated as a hedging instrument that meets the requirements for hedge accounting for a net investment in a foreign operation is recognized in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion of the hedge is recognized in profit or loss. The portion recognized as other comprehensive income that is effective as a hedge is recognized in the statement of comprehensive income as a result of reclassification adjustments in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1021, 'Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates' at the time of disposing of its overseas operations or disposing of a portion of its overseas operations to profit or loss.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;④ Risk Management Strategy

At the inception of the hedge relationship, the Bank reviews the hedge effectiveness, and periodically reviews the effectiveness in order to confirm that economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument exists. The requirement that an economic relationship exists means that the hedging instrument and the hedged item have values that generally move in the opposite direction due to the same risk, which is the hedged risk. The Bank designates the exposure of hedged item opposite the exposure of hedging instruments in order to meet the economic relationship requirement.

The Bank designates the hedge relationship at a one-on-one ratio between the notional amount of the hedging instrument and the nominal amount of the hedged item. Hedge ineffectiveness could arise because of differences in the underlying parameters (acquisition date, credit risk, liquidity or market conditions and others) or other differences between the hedging instrument and the hedged item that the Bank accepts in order to achieve a cost-effective hedging relationship.

2) Other derivative financial instruments

Changes in the fair value of other derivative financial instrument not designated as a hedging instrument are recognized immediately in net gain on financial assets at FVTPL.

3) Unobservable valuation differences at initial recognition

Any difference between the fair value of over the counter derivatives at initial recognition and the amount that would be determined at that date using a valuation technique in a situation in which the valuation is dependent on unobservable parameters is not recognized in profit or loss but is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the instrument or immediately when the fair value becomes observable.

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(7) Impairment: Financial assets

The Bank measures expected credit loss and recognizes loss allowance at the end of the reporting period for financial assets measured at amortized cost and fair value through other comprehensive income with the exception of financial asset measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Expected credit losses are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses (i.e. the present value of all cash shortfalls) over the expected life of the financial instrument. The Bank measures expected credit losses by reflecting reasonable and supportable information that is reasonably available at the reporting date without undue cost or effort, including information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

The Bank uses the following two measurement techniques in accordance with K-IFRS:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• General approach: for financial assets and off-balance-sheet unused
credit line that are not applied below approach

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Credit-impaired approach: for purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets

Different measurement approaches are applied depending on significant increase in credit risk. 12 months expected credit losses is recognized when credit risk has not significantly increased since initial recognition. A loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses is recognized when credit risk has significantly increased since initial recognition. Lifetime is presumed to be a period to the contractual maturity date of a financial asset (the expected life of the financial asset).

One or more of the following items is deemed significant increase in credit risk. When the contractual cash flows of a financial asset are renegotiated or otherwise modified, the Bank determines whether the credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition using the following information.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• more than 30 days past due;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• decline in credit rating at period end by more than certain notches as compared to that at initial recognition;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the soundness of the assets is under precautionary from the grade table by Korean Financial Supervisory service

The Bank generally deems one or more of the following items credit-impaired:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• no less than 90 days past due

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• legal proceedings related to collection

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a borrower that has received a credit-warning from Korea Credit Information Services

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• corporate borrowers that are considered impaired (internally rating S, D, or F)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a borrower with the external auditor's opinion that is qualified or disclaimer

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• negative capital and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• debt restructuring.

1) Forward-looking information

The Bank uses forward-looking information, when it measures expected credit losses.

The Bank assumes that the probability of default (PD), one of the risk components, has a certain correlation with the business cycle, and calculates the expected credit loss by reflecting forward-looking information based on the assessment of an internal expert group that monitors macroeconomic developments.

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2) Measuring expected credit losses on financial assets at amortized cost

The amount of the loss on financial assets at amortized cost is measured as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset's original effective interest rate.

The Bank estimates expected future cash flows for financial assets that are quantitative and qualitative significant (individual assessment of impairment).

For financial assets that are not quantitative and qualitative significant, the Bank collectively estimates expected credit loss by grouping loans with homogeneous credit risk profile (collective assessment of impairment).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;① Individual assessment of impairment

Individual assessment of impairment losses is calculated using management's best estimate on present value of expected future cash flows. The Bank uses all the available information including operating cash flow of the borrower and net realizable value of any collateral held.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;② Collective assessment of impairment

Collective assessment of loss allowance involves historical loss experience along with incorporation of forward-looking information. Such process incorporates factors such as type of collateral, product and borrowers, credit rating, size of portfolio and recovery period and applies 'probability of default'(PD) on a group of assets and 'loss given default'(LGD) by type of recovery method. Also, the expected credit loss model involves certain assumption to determine input based on loss experience and forward-looking information. These models and assumptions are periodically reviewed to reduce gap between loss estimate and actual loss experience.

Lifetime expected credit loss as of the end of the reporting period is calculated by product based on the carrying amount net of expected repayment, PD for each period and LGD adjusted by change in carrying amount.

3) Measuring expected credit losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

Measuring method of expected credit losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income is equal to the method of financial assets at amortized cost, except for loss allowances that are recognized as other comprehensive income. Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income for sale or repayment of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.

(8) Tangible assets

1) Recognition and measurement

All property and equipment that qualify for recognition as an asset are measured at their cost and subsequently carried at their cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

The cost of property and equipment includes any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they prolong the useful life or enhance values of the assets but the costs of the day-to-day servicing of the assets such as repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. If part of an item of an asset has a useful life different from that of the entire asset, it is recognized as a separate asset.

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2) Depreciation

Land is not depreciated whereas other property and equipment are depreciated using the method that reflects the pattern in which the asset's future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Bank. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value.

The depreciation method is straight-line and estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Property and equipment | Estimated useful lives |
| Buildings and structures | 10–60 years |
| Leasehold Improvements | 5 years |
| Vehicles | 4 years |
| Tools, furniture and fixtures | 4–20 years |

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The residual value, the useful life and the depreciation method applied to an asset are reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates or if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the changes are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.

(9) Intangible assets

Intangible assets are measured initially at cost and subsequently carried at its cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

Intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method with no residual value over their estimated useful economic life since the assets are available for use.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Intangible assets | Estimated useful lives |
| Software | 5 years |
| System development costs | 5 years |

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The amortization period and the amortization method for intangible assets with a definite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. The useful life of an intangible asset that is not being amortized is reviewed each period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life assessment for that asset. If there is any change, it is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.

(10) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Bank assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that a non-financial asset, except for deferred tax assets, assets arising from employee benefits and non-current assets (or group of assets to be sold) classified as held for sale, may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Bank estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. However, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, the Bank tests goodwill acquired in a business combination, an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life and an intangible asset not yet available for use for impairment annually by comparing its carrying amount with its recoverable amount.

The recoverable amount is estimated for the individual asset. If it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the Bank determines the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs (the asset's cash-generating unit).

The recoverable amount of an asset is the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. If the recoverable amount of an asset is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount and such impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

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(11) Financial liabilities at FVTPL

Financial liabilities at FVTPL include contingent consideration that may be paid by an acquirer as part of a business combination to which K-IFRS No.1103, 'Business Combination' applies, short-term financial liabilities and financial liabilities recognized as financial liabilities at FVTPL initially. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in profit or loss. Otherwise, the transaction cost is recognized in current profit or loss.

(12) Provisions

A provision is recognized if the Bank has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of the past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The risks and uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and circumstances are taken into account in reaching the best estimate of a provision, and where the effect of the time value of money is material, the amount of a provision is the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation.

Provisions on confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees, and unused credit line of corporate loans are recognized using valuation model that applies the credit conversion factor, default rates, and loss given default. Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provisions are reversed.

(13) Financial guarantee contracts

A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer (the Bank) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.

Financial guarantee contracts are initially recognized at fair value and are amortized over the life of the contract. After initial recognition, financial guarantee contracts are measured at the greater of:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The amount determined in accordance with K-IFRS No.1109, 'Financial
Instruments' and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The initial amount recognized, less, when appropriate, cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with K-IFRS No.1115, 'Revenue from Contracts with Customers' **  

(14) Equity and Reserve

Equity and Reserve are any contract or agreement that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

(15) Interest income and expenses

Interest income and expenses are recognized using the effective interest method. Effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or groups of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expenses over the relevant period.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts or payments through the expected life of the financial instrument or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Bank estimates cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider future credit losses. The calculation includes all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or

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discounts. In those rare cases when it is not possible to estimate reliably the cash flows or the expected life of a financial instrument (or group of financial instruments), the Bank uses the contractual cash flows over the full contractual term of the financial instrument (or group of financial instruments).

Interest on impaired financial assets is recognized using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss.

(16) Fee and commission income

The Bank recognizes financial service fee in accordance with the accounting standard of the financial instrument related to the fees earned.

1) Fees that are an integral part of the effective interest of a financial instrument

Such fees are generally treated as adjustments of effective interest. Such fees may include compensation for activities such as evaluating the borrower's financial condition, evaluating and recording guarantees, collateral and other security arrangements, negotiating the terms of the instrument, preparing and processing documents and closing the transaction and origination fees received on issuing financial liabilities measured at amortized cost. However, fees relating to the creation or acquisition of a financial asset at FVTPL are recognized as revenue immediately.

2) Fees earned as services are provided

Such fees are recognized as revenue as the services are provided.

3) Fees that are earned on the execution of a significant act

Such fees are recognized as revenue when the significant act has been completed.

(17) Dividend income

Dividend income is recognized in profit or loss when the right to receive payment is established. Dividend income from financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments is recognized in profit or loss as part of dividend income in the separate statements of comprehensive income.

(18) Employee compensation and benefits

1) Defined contribution plans

When employees render service related to defined contribution plans, contributions related to employees services are recognized in current profit or loss without contributions included in cost of assets. Contributions which are supposed to be paid are recognized in accrued expenses after deducting any amount already paid. Also, if contributions already paid exceed contributions which would be paid at the end of period, the amount of excess is recognized in prepaid expenses.

2) Defined benefit plans

The Bank's net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

The calculation of defined benefit obligations is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Bank, the recognized asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan. To calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any applicable minimum funding requirements.

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Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognized immediately in OCI. The Bank determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in profit or loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in profit or loss. The Bank recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

3) Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service.

Short-term employee benefits are recognized in current profit and loss when employees render the related service. Short-term employee benefits are not discounted.

(19) Income taxes

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax and is recognized as profit or loss, except for taxes directly adjusted in equity or other comprehensive income and loss and for taxes that arise from business combination.

1) Current tax

Current income tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period. The difference between the taxable profit and accounting profit may arise when income or expenses are included in accounting profit in one period, but is included in taxable profit in a different period, and if there is revenue that is exempt from taxation, expenses that are not deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss). Current income tax liabilities (assets) for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be paid to (recovered from) the taxation authorities, using the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The Bank offsets current income tax assets and current income tax liabilities if, and only if, the Bank has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

2) Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized, using the asset-liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax base amount of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount in the financial statements. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary difference can be utilized. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill; deferred tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.

Deferred tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, except for deferred tax liabilities which the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Bank and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

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The carrying amount of a deferred tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period. The Bank reduces the carrying amount of a deferred tax asset to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of the deferred tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Bank expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

The Bank offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities when the Bank has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity; or different taxable entity which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

(20) New standards and interpretations not yet adopted

The following new standards and amendments to existing standards have been published and are mandatory for the Bank to adopt for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024, and the Bank has not early adopted them.

The following new standards and amendments to existing standards are not expected to significantly affect the Bank:

1) Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1021 'The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates' and K-IFRS No.1101 'First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards' – Lack of Exchangeability

The amendment defines situations where a currency is exchangeable into another currency for accounting purposes and specifies the assessment of the exchangeability between two currencies, estimation for spot exchange rates in the absence of exchangeability and disclosure requirements. If exchange into another currency is not possible, the spot exchange rate must be estimated at the measurement date, and observable exchange rates without adjustments or other estimation techniques should be used. These amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2025. Earlier application is permitted.

The Bank is in review for the impact of these amendments on the financial statements.

2) Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1109 Financial Instruments, K-IFRS No. 1107 Financial Instruments - Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments

These amendments clarify the conditions related to the settlement of financial liabilities before the settlement date when using electronic payment systems, the interest and contingent event characteristics to be considered when assessing whether contractual cash flows are consistent with basic lending arrangements, the characteristics of financial assets with non-recourse features, and the characteristics of contractually linked financial instruments. They also include additional disclosure requirements for investments in equity instruments designated at fair value through other comprehensive income and contractual terms that can change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows. The amendments should be applied retrospectively for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2026, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank is in review for the impact of these amendments on the financial statements.

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3) Annual Improvements to K-IFRS

Annual Improvements to K-IFRS-Volume 11 should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2026, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect the amendments to have a significant impact on the financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• K-IFRS No.1109 Financial Instruments: Derecognition of lease liabilities and definition of transaction price

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• K-IFRS No.1110 Financial Statements: Determination of a 'de facto agent'

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• K-IFRS No.1101 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards: Hedge accounting

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• K-IFRS No.1107 Financial Instruments: Disclosures: Gain or loss on derecognition

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• K-IFRS No.1007 Statement of Cash Flows: Cost method

**4.**  **<u>RISK MANAGEMENT:</u>** 

**4-1. Summary** 

(1) Overview of Risk Management Policy

The financial risks that the Bank is exposed to are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, interest risk, credit concentration risk, strategy/reputational risk, outsourcing risk, settlement risk and others. Credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk have been recognized as the Bank's key risks.

The Bank's risk management system focuses on increasing transparency, developing risk management environment and preemptive response to risks due to rapid changes in financial environment to support the Bank's long-term strategy and business decision efficiently.

The note regarding financial risk management provides information about the risks that the Bank is exposed to, the objective, policies and process for managing the risk, the methods used to measure the risk and capital adequacy. Additional quantitative information is disclosed throughout the separate financial statements.

(2) Risk Management Group

1) Risk Management Committee

The Risk Management Committee establishes risk management strategies in accordance with the directives of the board of directors and determines the Bank's target risk appetite, approves significant risk matters and reviews the level of risks that the Bank is exposed to and the appropriateness of the Bank's risk management operations as an ultimate decision-making authority.

2) Risk Management Council

The Risk Management Council is a consultative group that reviews and makes decisions on matters delegated by the Risk Management Committee and discusses the detailed issues relating to the Bank's risk management.

3) Risk Management Practices Committee

The Risk Management Practices Committee assists the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council. It performs practical work process relating to risk management plan, including targeted Bank for International Settlements ("BIS") ratio, risk management strategy, risk measurement, risk analysis, economic capital limit and others.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **4-2.** | **Credit risk**  |

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(1) Overview of Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk of possible losses in an asset portfolio in the events of counterparty's default, breach of contract and deterioration in the credit quality of the counterparty. For the risk management reporting purposes, the individual borrower's default risk, country risk, specific risks and other credit risk exposure components are considered as a whole.

(2) Credit Risk Management

The Bank controls the credit concentration risk exposure by applying and managing total exposure limits to prevent the excessive risk concentration to specific industry and specific borrowers. The Bank maintains allowances for loan losses associated with credit risk on loans and receivables to manage its credit risk.

(3) Maximum exposure to credit risk

The Bank's maximum exposure of financial instruments to credit risk as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, is as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Cash and due from financial institutions | W | 12915754 | W | 12591124 |
|  Financial assets at FVTPL |  | 5137067 |  | 3715536 |
|  Hedging derivative assets |  | 71450 |  | 611960 |
|  Loans at amortized cost (\*1) |  | 88726176 |  | 87779980 |
|  Financial investments |  | 6226542 |  | 4788893 |
|  Other financial assets |  | 1590204 |  | 1852213 |
|  Acceptances and guarantee contracts |  | 63589805 |  | 54579410 |
|  Commitments (\*2) |  | 38687977 |  | 44137856 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;216944975 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;210056972 |

---

(\*1) Loans at amortized cost exclude loans valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging and allowances for loan losses.

(\*2) Commitments exclude commitments on purchase of beneficiary certificates which are included in other commitments in Note 36.

(4) Credit risk of loans

The Bank maintains allowances for loan losses associated with credit risk on loans to manage its credit risk. Impairment loss on loans can be directly from the carrying amount of the asset or deducted using an allowance account.

The Bank measures the credit risk inherent in financial assets classified as loans and presents it in financial statements as Allowance for loan losses in the form of deduction from the carrying amount of the assets. The Bank writes off on non-profitable loans, non-recoverable loans, loans classified as estimated loss by asset quality category, loans requested to be written off by Financial Supervisory Service ("FSS") and others upon approval of Loan Management Committee.

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Loans categorized as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 12 months<br>expected credit<br>losses | 12 months<br>expected credit<br>losses | Lifetime<br>expected credit<br>losses | Lifetime<br>expected credit<br>losses | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Total | Total |
|  Collective assessment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Best | W | 27005545 | W | 253787 | W | 2880 | W | 27262212 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Outstanding |  | 35329426 |  |  |  | 9000 |  | 35338426 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Good |  | 24242016 |  | 976576 |  | 4566 |  | 25223158 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Below normal |  | 17640 |  | 36197 |  | 358310 |  | 412147 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 86594627 |  | 1266560 |  | 374756 |  | 88235943 |
|  Individual assessment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Best |  |  |  |  |  | 73100 |  | 73100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Outstanding |  |  |  |  |  | 5000 |  | 5000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Good |  | 423864 |  | 2063133 |  | 114800 |  | 2601797 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Below normal |  |  |  | 714477 |  | 215125 |  | 929602 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 423864 |  | 2777610 |  | 408025 |  | 3609499 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;87018491 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4044170 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;782781 | W | 91845442 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (453954) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Allowances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2665312) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;88726176 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 12 months<br>expected credit<br>losses | 12 months<br>expected credit<br>losses | Lifetime<br>expected credit<br>losses | Lifetime<br>expected credit<br>losses | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial<br>assets | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial<br>assets | Total | Total |
|  Collective assessment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Best | W | 27846916 | W | 4679 | W | 1870 | W | 27853465 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Outstanding |  | 35466990 |  |  |  | 10038 |  | 35477028 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Good |  | 23292100 |  | 928795 |  | 4046 |  | 24224941 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Below normal |  |  |  | 41847 |  | 333669 |  | 375516 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 86606006 |  | 975321 |  | 349623 |  | 87930950 |
|  Individual assessment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Best |  |  |  |  |  | 4341 |  | 4341 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Good |  |  |  | 1124100 |  | 65600 |  | 1189700 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Below normal |  |  |  | 1009968 |  | 178036 |  | 1188004 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 2134068 |  | 247977 |  | 2382045 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;86606006 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3109389 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;597600 | W | 90312995 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (481624) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Allowances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2051391) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;87779980 |

---

The above carrying amount exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(58) million and W(2,719) million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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(5) Credit quality of securities

Securities (debt securities) exposed to credit risk as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit<br>losses | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial assets | Total | Total |
|  Grade 1 | W | 6226542 | W | W | W | 6226542 |
|  Grade 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Grade 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Grade 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Grade 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6226542 | W | W | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6226542 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit<br>losses | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial assets | Total | Total |
|  Grade 1 | W | 4788893 | W | W | W | 4788893 |
|  Grade 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Grade 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Grade 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Grade 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4788893 | W | W | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4788893 |

---

(6) Concentration of credit risk

The amounts disclosed below exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(58) million and W(2,719) million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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1) Loans by country where the credit risk belongs to as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Loans in<br>local currency | Loans in<br>local currency | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Others | Others | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Allowances | Allowances |
|  Asia: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;28277489 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23441969 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1037393 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;52756851 | 57.44 | W | (40870) | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1420336) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; China |  |  |  | 210810 |  | 359908 |  | 570718 | 0.62 |  | (793) |  | (3555) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Saudi Arabia |  |  |  | 2076970 |  | 19922 |  | 2096892 | 2.28 |  | (24910) |  | (137304) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; India |  |  |  | 4001687 |  | 26815 |  | 4028502 | 4.39 |  | (24086) |  | (4000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Indonesia |  |  |  | 2771303 |  | 2849 |  | 2774152 | 3.02 |  | (84373) |  | (13072) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vietnam |  |  |  | 2411036 |  | 1129 |  | 2412165 | 2.63 |  | (18414) |  | (120512) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Australia |  |  |  | 684774 |  | 1066 |  | 685840 | 0.75 |  | (14863) |  | (1413) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Philippines |  |  |  |  |  | 2639 |  | 2639 |  |  |  |  | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qatar |  |  |  | 979258 |  | 380 |  | 979638 | 1.07 |  | (13944) |  | (4835) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Singapore |  |  |  | 1076317 |  | 92585 |  | 1168902 | 1.27 |  | (2082) |  | (3110) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oman |  |  |  | 903903 |  |  |  | 903903 | 0.98 |  | (11047) |  | (9835) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hong Kong |  |  |  | 209678 |  | 6190 |  | 215868 | 0.24 |  |  |  | (84) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The United Arab Emirates |  |  |  | 4351801 |  |  |  | 4351801 | 4.74 |  | (29546) |  | (5218) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Uzbekistan |  |  |  | 911033 |  |  |  | 911033 | 0.99 |  | (5917) |  | (14145) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 2592534 |  | 1265261 |  | 3857795 | 4.20 |  | (60418) |  | (340170) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 28277489 |  | 46623073 |  | 2816137 |  | 77716699 | 84.62 |  | (331263) |  | (2077591) |
|  Europe: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Russia |  |  |  | 339157 |  |  |  | 339157 | 0.37 |  | (202) |  | (295951) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United Kingdom |  |  |  | 1656316 |  |  |  | 1656316 | 1.80 |  | (5313) |  | (6284) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; France |  |  |  | 383914 |  | 297982 |  | 681896 | 0.74 |  | (4719) |  | (245) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Netherlands |  |  |  | 235200 |  | 49382 |  | 284582 | 0.31 |  | (94) |  | (1040) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Malta |  |  |  | 402638 |  |  |  | 402638 | 0.44 |  | (3341) |  | (816) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Greece |  |  |  | 1433827 |  |  |  | 1433827 | 1.56 |  | (7666) |  | (1420) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Turkiye |  |  |  | 1039457 |  | 4407 |  | 1043864 | 1.14 |  | (7480) |  | (46901) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Germany |  |  |  | 60500 |  |  |  | 60500 | 0.07 |  | (68) |  | (304) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 3276327 |  | 48316 |  | 3324643 | 3.62 |  | (28859) |  | (131184) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 8827336 |  | 400087 |  | 9227423 | 10.05 |  | (57742) |  | (484145) |
|  America: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Panama |  |  |  | 70166 |  | 583229 |  | 653395 | 0.71 |  | (216) |  | (906) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United States |  |  |  | 48989 |  | 44053 |  | 93042 | 0.10 |  | (227) |  | (839) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mexico |  |  |  | 171467 |  |  |  | 171467 | 0.19 |  | (2222) |  | (1337) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bermuda |  |  |  | 65836 |  |  |  | 65836 | 0.07 |  | (152) |  | (1280) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Brazil |  |  |  | 958789 |  |  |  | 958789 | 1.04 |  | (65) |  | (2432) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 1224614 |  |  |  | 1224614 | 1.33 |  | (10072) |  | (5219) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 2539861 |  | 627282 |  | 3167143 | 3.44 |  | (12954) |  | (12013) |
|  Africa: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nigeria |  |  |  | 494614 |  |  |  | 494614 | 0.54 |  | (2599) |  | (19976) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 1239563 |  |  |  | 1239563 | 1.35 |  | (49396) |  | (71587) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 1734177 |  |  |  | 1734177 | 1.89 |  | (51995) |  | (91563) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 28277489 | W | 59724447 | W | 3843506 | W | 91845442 | 100.00 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(453954) | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2665312) |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Loans in<br>local currency | Loans in<br>local currency | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Others | Others | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Allowances | Allowances |
|  Asia: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea | W | 27871602 | W | 24901341 | W | 2380121 | W | 55153064 | 61.07 | W | (46311) | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(941677) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; China |  |  |  | 346385 |  | 697606 |  | 1043991 | 1.16 |  | (914) |  | (3353) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Saudi Arabia |  |  |  | 1857355 |  | 24116 |  | 1881471 | 2.08 |  | (17988) |  | (13316) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; India |  |  |  | 3082098 |  | 34700 |  | 3116798 | 3.45 |  | (28032) |  | (3773) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Indonesia |  |  |  | 2661021 |  | 3376 |  | 2664397 | 2.95 |  | (95464) |  | (9932) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vietnam |  |  |  | 2342618 |  | 201773 |  | 2544391 | 2.82 |  | (20840) |  | (147608) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Australia |  |  |  | 596348 |  | 229 |  | 596577 | 0.66 |  | (15470) |  | (1213) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Philippines |  |  |  |  |  | 522 |  | 522 |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qatar |  |  |  | 540505 |  |  |  | 540505 | 0.60 |  | (14341) |  | (2796) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Singapore |  |  |  | 896531 |  | 81025 |  | 977556 | 1.08 |  | (2868) |  | (2688) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oman |  |  |  | 881832 |  |  |  | 881832 | 0.98 |  | (10724) |  | (10859) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hong Kong |  |  |  | 238539 |  | 777455 |  | 1015994 | 1.12 |  |  |  | (90) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The United Arab Emirates |  |  |  | 3151234 |  | 7245 |  | 3158479 | 3.50 |  | (29515) |  | (1561) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Uzbekistan |  |  |  | 913823 |  |  |  | 913823 | 1.01 |  | (6980) |  | (22757) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 2550512 |  | 2787471 |  | 5337983 | 5.91 |  | (69163) |  | (281507) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 27871602 |  | 44960142 |  | 6995639 |  | 79827383 | 88.39 |  | (358610) |  | (1443130) |
|  Europe: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Russia |  |  |  | 297490 |  |  |  | 297490 | 0.33 |  | (252) |  | (261360) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United Kingdom |  |  |  | 1554713 |  |  |  | 1554713 | 1.72 |  | (9333) |  | (9103) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; France |  |  |  | 70332 |  | 395569 |  | 465901 | 0.52 |  | (1283) |  | (4) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Netherlands |  |  |  | 206304 |  | 13044 |  | 219348 | 0.24 |  | (304) |  | (726) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Malta |  |  |  | 16602 |  |  |  | 16602 | 0.02 |  | (447) |  | (103) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Greece |  |  |  | 1404934 |  |  |  | 1404934 | 1.56 |  | (6303) |  | (234) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Turkiye |  |  |  | 1152396 |  | 29112 |  | 1181508 | 1.31 |  | (9326) |  | (172170) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Germany |  |  |  | 47772 |  | 258196 |  | 305968 | 0.34 |  | (103) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 664068 |  | 52300 |  | 716368 | 0.79 |  | (23885) |  | (11759) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 5414611 |  | 748221 |  | 6162832 | 6.83 |  | (51236) |  | (455459) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; America: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Panama |  |  |  | 68935 |  | 320566 |  | 389501 | 0.43 |  | (229) |  | (744) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United States |  |  |  | 52961 |  | 23928 |  | 76889 | 0.09 |  | (318) |  | (595) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mexico |  |  |  | 196255 |  |  |  | 196255 | 0.22 |  | (2655) |  | (471) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bermuda |  |  |  | 152413 |  |  |  | 152413 | 0.17 |  | (772) |  | (2708) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Brazil |  |  |  | 1142503 |  | 3146 |  | 1145649 | 1.26 |  |  |  | (3826) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 1299137 |  |  |  | 1299137 | 1.43 |  | (21324) |  | (11788) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 2912204 |  | 347640 |  | 3259844 | 3.60 |  | (25298) |  | (20132) |
|  Africa: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nigeria |  |  |  | 40654 |  |  |  | 40654 | 0.05 |  | (2737) |  | (1325) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  |  |  | 1022282 |  |  |  | 1022282 | 1.13 |  | (43743) |  | (131345) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 1062936 |  |  |  | 1062936 | 1.18 |  | (46480) |  | (132670) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;27871602 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;54349893 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8091500 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;90312995 | 100.00 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(481624) | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2051391) |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
2) Loans by industry as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Loans<br>in local currency | Loans<br>in local currency | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Others | Others | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Allowances | Allowances |
|  Manufacturing | W | 14306105 | W | 26434377 | W | 356173 | W | 41096655 | 44.75 | W | (224860) | W | (2130440) |
|  Transportation |  | 1215064 |  | 7410700 |  | 620075 |  | 9245839 | 10.07 |  | (53509) |  | (75449) |
|  Financial institutions |  | 10208659 |  | 9967761 |  | 2686632 |  | 22863052 | 24.89 |  | (27977) |  | (307744) |
|  Wholesale and retail |  | 990290 |  | 1310559 |  | 180626 |  | 2481475 | 2.70 |  | (437) |  | (30300) |
|  Real estate |  |  |  | 695310 |  |  |  | 695310 | 0.76 |  | (1688) |  | (45082) |
|  Construction |  | 627863 |  | 2372605 |  |  |  | 3000468 | 3.27 |  | (24131) |  | (18199) |
|  Public sector and others |  | 929508 |  | 11533135 |  |  |  | 12462643 | 13.56 |  | (121352) |  | (58098) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;28277489 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;59724447 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3843506 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;91845442 | 100.00 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(453954) | W | (2665312) |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Loans<br>in local currency | Loans<br>in local currency | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Loans in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Others | Others | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Deferred loan<br>origination<br>fees | Allowances | Allowances |
|  Manufacturing | W | 14351677 | W | 26750238 | W | 509226 | W | 41611141 | 46.07 | W | (242246) | W | (1283291) |
|  Transportation |  | 1433190 |  | 5658223 |  | 418897 |  | 7510310 | 8.32 |  | (49148) |  | (244919) |
|  Financial institutions |  | 9435219 |  | 7891197 |  | 7021834 |  | 24348250 | 26.96 |  | (28189) |  | (271822) |
|  Wholesale and retail |  | 1084170 |  | 1548102 |  | 106469 |  | 2738741 | 3.03 |  | (1469) |  | (13426) |
|  Real estate |  | 2200 |  | 631802 |  |  |  | 634002 | 0.70 |  | (1945) |  | (73463) |
|  Construction |  | 515860 |  | 2215012 |  | 2371 |  | 2733243 | 3.03 |  | (26095) |  | (18501) |
|  Public sector and others |  | 1049286 |  | 9655319 |  | 32703 |  | 10737308 | 11.89 |  | (132532) |  | (145969) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;27871602 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;54349893 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8091500 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;90312995 | 100.00 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(481624) | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2051391) |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
3) Concentration of credit risk of financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments (debt securities) by industry as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) |
|  Financial Assets at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government and government sponsored institutions | W | 319857 | 6.84 | W | 225955 | 6.63 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banking and insurance |  | 4215624 | 90.19 |  | 3132157 | 91.92 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 138555 | 2.97 |  | 49263 | 1.45 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4674036 | 100.00 |  | 3407375 | 100.00 |
|  Financial Assets at FVOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government and government sponsored institutions |  | 2040960 | 41.96 |  | 1517635 | 50.76 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banking and insurance |  | 2368667 | 48.70 |  | 1023574 | 34.23 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 453940 | 9.34 |  | 448784 | 15.01 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4863567 | 100.00 |  | 2989993 | 100.00 |
|  Securities at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government and government sponsored institutions |  | 1005200 | 73.75 |  | 1193865 | 66.37 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banking and insurance |  | 185783 | 13.63 |  | 454204 | 25.25 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 171992 | 12.62 |  | 150831 | 8.38 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 1362975 | 100.00 |  | 1798900 | 100.00 |
|  Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banking and insurance |  | 71450 | 100.00 |  | 611960 | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10972028 |  | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8808228 |  |

---

4) Concentration of credit risk of financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments (debt securities) by country as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) |
|  Financial Assets at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea | W | 4493125 | 96.13 | W | 3135028 | 92.01 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 180911 | 3.87 |  | 272347 | 7.99 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4674036 | 100.00 |  | 3407375 | 100.00 |
|  Financial Assets at FVOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea |  | 2455218 | 50.48 |  | 1371957 | 45.88 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United States |  | 1579534 | 32.48 |  | 1234828 | 41.30 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 828815 | 17.04 |  | 383208 | 12.82 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4863567 | 100.00 |  | 2989993 | 100.00 |
|  Securities at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea |  | 331752 | 24.34 |  | 865270 | 48.10 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United States |  | 811944 | 59.57 |  | 752178 | 41.81 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 219279 | 16.09 |  | 181452 | 10.09 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 1362975 | 100.00 |  | 1798900 | 100.00 |
|  Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea |  | 46677 | 65.33 |  | 249248 | 40.72 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; France |  | 20004 | 28.00 |  | 177698 | 29.04 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United States |  | 1209 | 1.69 |  | 132093 | 21.59 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 3560 | 4.98 |  | 52922 | 8.65 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 71450 | 100.00 |  | 611960 | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10972028 |  | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8808228 |  |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
5) Credit enhancement and its financial effect as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Loans (\*1) | Loans (\*1) | Acceptances<br>and guarantees | Acceptances<br>and guarantees | Unused loan<br>commitments | Unused loan<br>commitments | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) |
|  Maximum exposure to credit risk | W | 88726176 | W | 63589805 | W | 38687977 | W | 191003958 | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Credit enhancement: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposits and savings |  | 229512 |  | 52490 |  | 9060 |  | 291062 | 0.15 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Export guarantee insurance |  | 283107 |  | 1186649 |  |  |  | 1469756 | 0.77 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guarantee |  | 3396224 |  | 5676315 |  | 1885058 |  | 10957597 | 5.74 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities |  | 7881 |  | 39527 |  |  |  | 47408 | 0.02 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real estate |  | 2633063 |  | 423015 |  | 92072 |  | 3148150 | 1.65 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ships |  | 672725 |  | 77530 |  |  |  | 750255 | 0.39 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aircraft |  | 673800 |  | 271396 |  |  |  | 945196 | 0.49 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 8110 |  |  |  |  |  | 8110 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 7904422 |  | 7726922 |  | 1986190 |  | 17617534 | 9.21 |
|  Exposure to credit risk after deducting credit enhancement | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;80821754 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;55862883 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36701787 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;173386424 | 90.79 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Loans (\*1) | Loans (\*1) | Acceptances<br>and guarantees | Acceptances<br>and guarantees | Unused loan<br>commitments | Unused loan<br>commitments | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) |
|  Maximum exposure to credit risk | W | 87779980 | W | 54579410 | W | 44137856 | W | 186497246 | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Credit enhancement: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposits and savings |  | 148574 |  | 50317 |  | 11517 |  | 210408 | 0.11 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Export guarantee insurance |  | 298148 |  | 1053986 |  |  |  | 1352134 | 0.73 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guarantee |  | 1526158 |  | 1475565 |  | 3479564 |  | 6481287 | 3.48 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities |  | 14114 |  | 38658 |  |  |  | 52772 | 0.03 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real estate |  | 2463160 |  | 271351 |  | 152462 |  | 2886973 | 1.55 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ships |  | 394972 |  | 70287 |  |  |  | 465259 | 0.24 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aircraft |  | 682569 |  | 324664 |  |  |  | 1007233 | 0.54 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 25775 |  |  |  |  |  | 25775 | 0.01 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 5553470 |  | 3284828 |  | 3643543 |  | 12481841 | 6.69 |
|  Exposure to credit risk after deducting credit enhancement | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82226510 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;51294582 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40494313 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;174015405 | 93.31 |

---

(\*1) Loans exclude loan valuation adjusted related to fair value hedging.

**4-3. Liquidity risk** 

(1) Overview of liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank is unable to meet its payment obligations arising from financial liabilities as they become due. The Bank discloses all financial asset, financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items, such as loan commitments, and analysis of the contractual maturity, which are related to liquidity risk, into seven categories. The cash flows disclosed in the maturity analysis are undiscounted contractual amounts, including principal and future interest, which resulted in disagreement with the discounted cash flows included in the separate statements of financial position. However, for derivatives, each discounted cash flow consisting of current fair value is presented.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Principles of the liquidity risk management

1) Liquidity risk is managed with integration. The Bank measures, reports and controls liquidity risk by quantification with reasonable method.

2) Liquidity risk reflects financing plans and fund using plans, and the Bank reports the liquidity risk with preciseness, timeliness and consistency.

3) The Bank establishes liquidity risk managing strategy by analyzing liquidity maturity, liquidity gap structure and market environment.

(3) Liquidity risk management

Risk management department monitors changes by liquidity risk sources and compliance of risk limits. It notifies related departments to prepare countermeasures in case the measured liquidity risk is close to risk limits. Also, it analyzes crisis situations and effects of the crisis situations, and reports to the Risk Management Committee on a regular basis. Each related department monitors changes of liquidity risk sources and compliance of risk limits by itself, and if exposure to new risk is expected, it discusses the matter with the head of risk management department.

(4) Measurement of liquidity risk

The Bank measures liquidity ratio, liquidity gap ratio and others for local currency and foreign currency, and simulates analysis reflecting market environment, product features and the Bank's strategies.

(5) Analysis on remaining contractual maturity of financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items

Remaining contractual maturity and amount of financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | On demand | On demand | Within 1<br>month | Within 1<br>month | 1 to 3<br>months | 1 to 3<br>months | 3 to 6<br>months | 3 to 6<br>months | 6 to 12<br>months | 6 to 12<br>months | 1 year to<br>5 years | 1 year to<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Total | Total |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL | W | 3013553 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 3013553 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  | 953 |  | 34759 |  | 141621 |  | 252684 |  | 775199 |  | 1172739 |  | 2377955 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings |  |  |  | 509244 |  | 822632 |  | 97403 |  | 1235697 |  | 3821808 |  | 423885 |  | 6910669 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  |  |  | 5150157 |  | 6481352 |  | 9188134 |  | 17448602 |  | 49776876 |  | 18201916 |  | 106247037 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial<br> liabilities |  | 2104 |  | 1607875 |  | 477 |  |  |  | 4280 |  | 265466 |  | 796276 |  | 2676478 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 3015657 | W | 7268229 | W | 7339220 | W | 9427158 | W | 18941263 | W | 54639349 | W | 20594816 | W | 121225692 |
|  Off-balance sheet items (\*1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commitments | W | 38687977 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 38687977 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial guarantee contracts |  | 18170585 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18170585 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 56858562 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 56858562 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | On demand | On demand | Within 1<br>month | Within 1<br>month | 1 to 3<br>months | 1 to 3<br>months | 3 to 6<br>months | 3 to 6<br>months | 6 to 12<br>months | 6 to 12<br>months | 1 year to<br>5 years | 1 year to<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Total | Total |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL | W | 2122804 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 2122804 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  | 20714 |  | 54928 |  | 17989 |  | 97956 |  | 476186 |  | 846435 |  | 1514208 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings |  |  |  | 242972 |  | 523874 |  | 1375352 |  | 834734 |  | 2405711 |  | 374816 |  | 5757459 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  |  |  | 1929332 |  | 6931707 |  | 10978525 |  | 18213418 |  | 50349703 |  | 16481654 |  | 104884339 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities |  |  |  | 1888986 |  | 64 |  | 2239 |  | 1718 |  | 164052 | W | 834443 |  | 2891502 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 2122804 | W | 4082004 | W | 7510573 | W | 12374105 | W | 19147826 | W | 53395652 | W | 18537348 | W | 117170312 |
|  Off-balance sheet items (\*1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commitments | W | 44137856 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 44137856 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial guarantee contracts |  | 14372468 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14372468 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 58510324 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 58510324 |

---

(\*1) Although financial guarantees and loan commitments provided by the Bank have maturities, the Bank should fulfill the obligation immediately when the counter party requests payments.

**4-4. Market risk** 

(1) Overview of market risk

1) Definition of market risk

Market risk is the risk of possible losses that arise from the changes of market factors, such as interest rate, share price, foreign exchange rate, commodity value. The Bank classifies exposures to market risk into either foreign exchange rate risk or interest rate risk. Foreign exchange risk is the possible losses on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies due to changes of foreign exchange rate. Interest rate risk is the possible losses on assets and liabilities due to changes of interest rate.

2) Market risk management group

The Bank operates the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council for managing risks and risk limits. The Risk Management Practices Committee assists the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council for practical matters, such as managing adequate assets and liabilities by analyzing foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk and effects by initiating new product. Market risk is managed by product and currency for minimizing segments exposed to changes of foreign exchange, interest rate and securities' price. Foreign exchange risk is measured by definite method. Interest rate risk is measured by IRRBB standards, definite method and probabilistic method and definite method is used for limits management. Meanwhile, the Bank performs financial crisis analysis supposing exceptional, but possible events for evaluating latent weakness. The analysis is used for important decision making, such as risk mitigation, emergency plan development and limit setup. The results of the analysis are reported to the board of directors and management on a quarterly basis.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Foreign exchange risk

1) Management of foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk management limit is set up and a risk management division head monitors changes of foreign exchange risk by source and compliance of risk limits regularly. A finance division head also monitors changes of foreign exchange risk by source and compliance of risk limits. The finance division head needs to cooperate with the risk management division head in case it is expected that the Bank will be exposed to a new risk. The risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures in case it is apprehended that foreign exchange risk exceeds risk limit. If foreign exchange risk exceeds the risk limit, the risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures and reports to Risk Management Committee after resolving the exceeded limit problem.

2) Measurement of foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk is managed by foreign exchange VaR and foreign exchange position. Foreign exchange VaR is measured on a monthly basis and foreign exchange position is measured on a daily basis. It is measured separately by currency for assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies exceeding 5% of total assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

3) Measurement method

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g11i11.jpg) | Value at Risk (VaR)  |

---

The Bank uses a yearly VaR to measure market risk. The yearly VaR is a statistically estimated maximum amount of loss that could occur in one year under normal distribution of financial variables. The Bank calculates VaR using equal weighted-average method based on historical changes in market rates, prices and volatilities over the previous five years data and measures VaR at a 99% single tail confidence level.VaR is a commonly used market risk management technique. However, the method has some shortcomings.

VaR estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different, depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation. In addition, the time periods used for the model, generally one day or 10 days are assumed to be a sufficient holding period before liquidating the relevant underlying positions. If these holding periods are not sufficient, or too long, the VaR results may understate or overstate the potential loss.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g22i22.jpg) | Stress testing  |

---

The stress testing is carried out to analyze the abnormal market situation reflecting intrinsic volatility of foreign exchange that has significant influent on the value of portfolio.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g33i33.jpg) | Results of measurement  |

---

Results of foreign exchange VaR as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  | Average | Average | Minimum | Minimum | Maximum | Maximum | Ending | Ending | Average | Average | Minimum | Minimum | Maximum | Maximum | Ending | Ending |
|  Foreign exchange risk |  | W132,114 |  | W94,371 |  | W175,454 |  | W123,618 |  | W86,924 |  | W2,153 |  | W141,081 |  | W76,774 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(3) Interest rate risk

1) Management of interest rate risk

Interest rate risk management limit is set up and included in internal capital management limit. A risk management division head monitors changes of interest rate risk by source and compliance of risk limits regularly. A finance division head also monitors changes of interest rate risk by source and compliance of risk limits. The finance division head needs to cooperate with the risk management division head in case it is expected that the Bank will be exposed to a new risk. The risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures in case it is apprehended that interest rate risk exceeds risk limit. If interest rate risk exceeds the risk limit, the risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures and reports to Risk Management Committee after resolving the exceeded limit problem.

2) Measurement of interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is managed by measuring ΔNII (Change in Net Interest Income) and ΔEVE (Change in Economic Value of Equity) and uses interest rate sensitivity gap and duration gap as supplementary index. ΔNII and ΔEVE are measured on a monthly basis, and interest rate sensitivity gap and duration gap are measured on a daily basis. The Bank simulates analysis reflecting market environment, product features and the Bank's strategies.

3) Measurement method

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g11i11.jpg) | Change in Economic Value of Equity (ΔEVE)  |

---

The Bank uses a yearly ΔEVE to measure interest rate risk. The yearly ΔEVE is the maximum amount of loss that could occur in one year under normal distribution of financial variables. The Bank calculates the yearly ΔEVE by using variance-covariance method at a 99% single tail confidence level based on the previous five years data using equal weighted-average method.

ΔEVE estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g22i22.jpg) | Stress testing  |

---

The stress testing is carried out to analyze the abnormal market situation reflecting intrinsic volatility of interest rate that has significant influence on the value of portfolio and is performed at least once in every quarter.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g33i33.jpg) | Results of measurement  |

---

Results of interest rate VaR as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  | Average | Average | Minimum | Minimum | Maximum | Maximum | Ending | Ending | Average | Average | Minimum | Minimum | Maximum | Maximum | Ending | Ending |
|  Interest rate risk |  | W240,683 |  | W195,428 |  | W297,483 |  | W297,483 |  | W200,874 |  | W127,582 |  | W266,083 |  | W224,214 |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**4-5. Capital risk** 

The Bank follows the standard of capital adequacy established by the Financial Services Commission. The standard is based on Basel III, which was established by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in BIS. In Korea, this standard has been followed since December 2013. According to the standard, the Bank should maintain at least 8% or above of BIS capital ratio for risk-weighted asset, and quarterly report BIS capital ratio to the FSS.

According to Korean Banking Supervision rules for operations, the Bank's capitals are mainly divided into two categories:

1) Tier 1 capital (basic capital): Basic capital is composed of capital share-common and other basic capital. Capital share-common includes common share satisfied with qualifications, capital surplus, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income, other reserves and non-controlling interests among the common share of consolidated subsidiaries. Other basic capital includes securities and capital surplus satisfied with qualifications. 

2) Tier 2 capital (supplementary capital): Supplementary capital is composed of the securities and capital surplus satisfied with qualifications, non-controlling interests among the securities of consolidated subsidiaries and the amounts of less than below 1.25% of credit risk-weighted asset like allowance for credit losses in respect of credits classified as normal or precautionary. 

The risk-weighted asset includes intrinsic risks in total assets, errors of internal operation processes and loss risk from external events. It indicates a size of assets reflecting the level of risks that the Bank bears. The Bank computes the risk-weighted asset by risks (credit risk, market risk and operational risk) and uses it for calculation of BIS capital ratio.

**5.**  **<u>FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:</u>** 

**5-1. Classification and fair value** 

(1) Carrying amount and fair values of financial instruments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount | Fair value | Fair value | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount | Fair value | Fair value |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cash and due from financial institutions | W | 12915754 | W | 12915754 | W | 12591124 | W | 12591124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVTPL |  | 5137067 |  | 5137067 |  | 3715536 |  | 3715536 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  | 71450 |  | 71450 |  | 611960 |  | 611960 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost |  | 88726118 |  | 88201375 |  | 87777261 |  | 87738349 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI |  | 17969241 |  | 17969241 |  | 13614565 |  | 13614565 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities at amortized cost |  | 1362975 |  | 1285980 |  | 1798900 |  | 1714544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial assets |  | 1590204 |  | 1590204 |  | 1852213 |  | 1852213 |
|  | W | 127772809 | W | 127171071 | W | 121961559 | W | 121838291 |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL | W | 3013553 | W | 3013553 | W | 2122804 | W | 2122804 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  | 2377955 |  | 2377955 |  | 1514208 |  | 1514208 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings |  | 6853985 |  | 6485001 |  | 5532198 |  | 5401602 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  | 93194917 |  | 89525350 |  | 93256543 |  | 89014363 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities |  | 2676478 |  | 2676478 |  | 2891502 |  | 2891502 |
|  | W | 108116888 | W | 104078337 | W | 105317255 | W | 100944479 |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
Fair value is the amount at which the assets could be exchanged, or the liabilities could be settled in transection between knowledgeable and willing independent parties. For each class of financial assets and financial liabilities, the Bank discloses the fair value of that class of assets and liabilities in a way that permits them to be compared with their carrying amount at the end of each reporting period. The best estimated fair value is the published price quotation in an active market.

Methods for measuring fair value of financial instruments are as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Financial instruments** | **Method of measuring fair value** |
| Loans and receivables | As demand deposits and transferable deposits do not have maturity and are readily convertible to cash, the carrying amounts of these deposits approximate their fair values. Fair values of the deposits with the maturity of more than one year are determined by discounted cash flow model ("DCF model").<br> DCF model is also used to determine the fair value of loans. Fair value is determined by discounting the cash flows expected from each contractual period by applying the discount rates for each period. |
| Investment securities | Financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL and financial assets at FVOCI are measured at fair value using a quoted market price in an active market. If a quoted market price is not available, they are measured by using a price quoted by a third party, such as a pricing service or broker with the DCF model. |
| Derivatives | For exchange traded derivative, quoted price in active market is used to determine fair value and for OTC derivative, fair value is determined primarily using valuation techniques. The Bank uses internally developed valuation models using valuation techniques that are widely used by market participants to determine fair value of plain OTC derivatives including option, interest rate swap and currency swap based on observable market parameters. However, some complex financial instruments are valued using the results of independent pricing services, where part or all of the inputs are not observable in the market. |
| Borrowings | Fair value is determined using DCF model discounting contractual future cash flows by appropriate discount rate. |
| Debentures | Fair value of debentures denominated in local currency is determined by using the valuation of independent third-party pricing services in accordance with the market prices that are quoted in active markets.<br> Fair value of debentures denominated in foreign currencies is determined by DCF model. |

---

Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities classified as fair value Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are determined by using the valuation of independent third-party pricing services. Meanwhile, carrying amounts of other financial assets and financial liabilities are regarded as an approximation of fair values.

(2) Fair value hierarchy

1) The Bank classifies financial instruments as three level of fair value hierarchy as below:

Level 1: Financial instruments measured at quoted prices from active markets are classified as fair value Level 1. This level includes listed equity securities, derivatives, and government bonds traded in an active exchange market.

Level 2: Financial instruments measured using valuation techniques where all significant inputs are observable market data are classified as Level 2. This level includes the majority of debt and general OTC derivatives such as swap, futures and options.

Level 3: Financial instruments measured using valuation techniques where one or more significant inputs are not based on observable market data are classified as Level 3. This level includes unlisted equity securities, structured bonds and OTC derivatives.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
2) Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities, which are not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows. Fair value information for cash and deposits, whose carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value, is not included as they are not measured at fair value. (Korean won in millions): 

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Level 1 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 3 | Total | Total |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost | W |  | W |  | W | 88201375 | W | 88201375 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities at amortized cost |  | 120758 |  | 1165222 |  |  |  | 1285980 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial assets |  |  |  |  |  | 1590204 |  | 1590204 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;120758 | W | 1165222 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;89791579 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;91077559 |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings | W |  | W | 6485001 | W |  | W | 6485001 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  |  |  | 89525350 |  |  |  | 89525350 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | 2676478 |  | 2676478 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W |  | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;96010351 | W | 2676478 | W | 98686829 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Level 1 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 3 | Total | Total |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost | W |  | W |  | W | 87738349 | W | 87738349 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities at amortized cost |  | 667623 |  | 1046921 |  |  |  | 1714544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial assets |  |  |  |  |  | 1852213 |  | 1852213 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;667623 | W | 1046921 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;89590562 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;91305106 |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings | W |  | W | 5401602 | W |  | W | 5401602 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  |  |  | 89014363 |  |  |  | 89014363 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | 2891502 |  | 2891502 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W |  | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;94415965 | W | 2891502 | W | 97307467 |

---

3) Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Level 1 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 3 | Total | Total |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVTPL | W |  | W | 3502030 | W | 1635037 | W | 5137067 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  | 71183 |  | 267 |  | 71450 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI |  | 2419164 |  | 2853793 |  | 12696284 |  | 17969241 |
|  Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2419164 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6427006 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14331588 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23177758 |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL | W |  | W | 2252591 | W | 760962 | W | 3013553 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  | 1586327 |  | 791628 |  | 2377955 |
|  Total | W |  | W | 3838918 | W | 1552590 | W | 5391508 |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Level 1 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 3 | Total | Total |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVTPL | W |  | W | 2455663 | W | 1259873 | W | 3715536 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  | 602861 |  | 9099 |  | 611960 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI |  | 1409087 |  | 1990185 |  | 10215293 |  | 13614565 |
|  Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1409087 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5048709 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11484265 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17942061 |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL | W |  | W | 1535489 | W | 587315 | W | 2122804 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  | 944482 |  | 569726 |  | 1514208 |
|  Total | W |  | W | 2479971 | W | 1157041 | W | 3637012 |

---

4) The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 2 financial instruments subsequently not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value | Fair value | Valuation<br>techniques | Input variables |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities | W | 1165222 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings | W | 6485001 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;89525350 | DCF Model | Discount rate |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value | Fair value | Valuation<br>techniques | Input variables |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities | W | 1046921 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings | W | 5401602 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;89014363 | DCF Model | Discount rate |

---

5) The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 3 financial instruments subsequently not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value | Fair value | Valuation<br>techniques | Input variables |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;88201375 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial assets |  | 1590204 | Carrying amounts |  |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities | W | 2676478 | Carrying amounts |  |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value | Fair value | Valuation<br>techniques | Input variables |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;87738349 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial assets |  | 1852213 | Carrying amounts |  |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities | W | 2891502 | Carrying amounts |  |

---

6) The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 2 financial instruments subsequently measured at fair value, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value | Fair value | Valuation<br>techniques | Input variables |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities | W | 2037855 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative assets for trading |  | 1464175 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  | 71183 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities |  | 2853793 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative liabilities for trading | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2252591 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  | 1586327 | DCF Model | Discount rate |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value | Fair value | Valuation<br>techniques | Input variables |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1393663 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative assets for trading |  | 1062000 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  | 602861 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities |  | 1990185 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative liabilities for trading | W | 1535489 | DCF Model | Discount rate |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  | 944482 | DCF Model | Discount rate |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
7) The valuation techniques and significant unobservable input variables of Level 3 financial instruments subsequently measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value<br>(Korean won in<br>million) | Fair value<br>(Korean won in<br>million) | Valuation<br>techniques | Significant<br>unobservable<br>input factors | Range | Relationship between<br> unobservable input factors<br> and fair value estimates |
|  Financial assets at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Unlisted share | W | 58205 | NAV Methods |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beneficiary certificates |  | 417337 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital |  | 404826 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives |  | 754670 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
|  Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 267 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
|  Financial assets at FVOCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Unlisted share | W | 12666427 | DCF Model<br>Binomial<br>Model<br>NAV Methods<br>Discounted<br>Shareholder<br>Cash Flow<br>Methods | Discount rate<br>Growth rate<br>Volatility | 6.54% ~ 13.26%<br> 0.00%<br> 44.63% | If discount rate is decreased (increased)/ if growth rate is increased (decreased)/<br>if volatility is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital |  | 29857 | NAV Methods |  |  |  |
|  Financial liabilities at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 760962 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
|  Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 791628 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Fair value<br>(Korean won in<br>million) | Fair value<br>(Korean won in<br>million) | Valuation<br>techniques | Significant<br>unobservable<br>input factors | Range | Relationship between<br> unobservable input factors<br> and fair value estimates |
|  Financial assets at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beneficiary certificates | W | 359283 | NAV Methods |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital |  | 308161 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans |  | 3703 | T-F Model | Volatility<br> Risk free rate<br> Risk rate | 25.84%<br> 3.50%<br> 9.64% | If volatility is increased(decreased)/ if discount rate is decreased (increased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives |  | 588727 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
|  Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 9099 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
|  Financial assets at FVOCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Unlisted share | W | 10187197 | DCF Model<br> Binomial<br>Model<br> CCA Methods<br> NAV Methods | Discount rate<br>Growth rate<br>Volatility | 10.21% ~ 17.24%<br>0.00%<br>19.99% ~ 48.44% | If discount rate is decreased (increased)/ if growth rate is increased (decreased)/<br>if volatility is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital |  | 28096 | NAV Methods |  |  |  |
|  Financial liabilities at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 587315 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |
|  Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 569726 | Hull-White<br>Model | Correlation | -0.8 ~ 1 | If correlation is increased(decreased), fair value is increased (decreased). |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g11i11.jpg) | Changes in Level 3 financial assets that are measured at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):  |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Profit<br>(Loss) | Profit<br>(Loss) | Other<br>comprehensive<br>income<br>(loss) | Other<br>comprehensive<br>income<br>(loss) | Purchases /<br>Issues | Purchases /<br>Issues | Sales /<br>Settlements | Sales /<br>Settlements | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities at FVTPL | W | 667444 | W | 20814 | W |  | W | 261942 | W | (69833) | W | 880367 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at FVTPL |  | 3703 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3703) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative assets for trading |  | 588726 |  | 163041 |  |  |  | 10872 |  | (7969) |  | 754670 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  | 9099 |  | (8832) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 267 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI |  | 10086177 |  |  |  | 784085 |  | 2000962 |  | (174940) |  | 12696284 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 11355149 | W | 175023 | W | 784085 | W | 2273776 | W | (256445) | W | 14331588 |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative liabilities for trading | W | 587315 | W | 183626 | W |  | W |  | W | (9979) | W | 760962 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  | 569726 |  | 222288 |  |  |  |  |  | (386) |  | 791628 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1157041 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;405914 | W |  | W |  | W | (10365) | W | 1552590 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Profit<br>(Loss) | Profit<br>(Loss) | Other<br>comprehensive<br>income<br>(loss) | Other<br>comprehensive<br>income<br>(loss) | Purchases /<br>Issues | Purchases /<br>Issues | Sales /<br>Settlements | Sales /<br>Settlements | Transfers<br>from Level 3<br>to Level 1 | Transfers<br>from Level 3<br>to Level 1 | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities at FVTPL | W | 616601 | W | 16313 | W |  | W | 156215 | W | (121685) | W |  | W | 667444 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at FVTPL |  | 3565 |  | 138 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3703 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative assets for trading |  | 673143 |  | (84988) |  |  |  | 1414 |  | (843) |  |  |  | 588726 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  | 522 |  | 341 |  |  |  | 8236 |  |  |  |  |  | 9099 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI |  | 8482756 |  |  |  | (230250) |  | 2000107 |  | (26002) |  | (140434) |  | 10086177 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 9776587 | W | (68196) | W | (230250) | W | 2165972 | W | (148530) | W | (140434) | W | 11355149 |
|  Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivative liabilities for trading | W | 673143 | W | (85816) | W |  | W |  | W | (12) | W |  | W | 587315 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  | 628623 |  | (53518) |  |  |  | (5379) |  |  |  |  |  | 569726 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1301766 | W | (139334) | W |  | W | (5379) | W | (12) | W |  | W | 1157041 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g22i22.jpg) | In relation to changes in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss for the year and total gains or losses for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period in the separate statement of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):  |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Net gain (loss) from<br>financial investments | Net gain (loss) from<br>financial investments | Net gain (loss) from<br>financial investments | Net gain (loss) from<br>financial investments |
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Total gains (losses) on financial assets held at the end of year | W | 175024 | W | (68196) |
|  Total gains (losses) on financial liabilities held at the end of year |  | 405914 |  | (139333) |
|  Total gains (losses) included in profit or loss for the year |  | (230890) |  | 71137 |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![LOGO](g949694g33i33.jpg) | The sensitivity of fair value analysis for the Level 3 financial instruments  |

---

The Bank performed the sensitivity analysis for the Level 3 financial instruments for which fair value would be measured differently upon reasonably possible alternative assumptions. The Bank classified the effect from changes upon the alternative assumptions into favorable effect and unfavorable effect and presented the most favorable effect or the most unfavorable effect in the table hereunder. Shares are the financial instruments subject to sensitivity analysis, which are classified as Level 3 and of which changes in fair value are recognized as other comprehensive income. Meanwhile, equity instruments, which are recognized as cost among the financial instruments and are classified as Level 3 are excluded from the sensitivity analysis.

Sensitivity analysis details per market risk variable of each Level 3 financial instrument held and measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Details(\*1) | Profit or loss | Profit or loss | Other comprehensive income (loss) | Other comprehensive income (loss) | Other comprehensive income (loss) | Other comprehensive income (loss) |
| Details(\*1) | Favorable | Unfavorable | Favorable | Favorable | Unfavorable | Unfavorable |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI (\*2,3) | W | W | W | 80231 | W | (61498) |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Details(\*1) | Profit or loss | Profit or loss | Profit or loss | Profit or loss | Other comprehensive income (loss) | Other comprehensive income (loss) | Other comprehensive income (loss) | Other comprehensive income (loss) |
| Details(\*1) | Favorable | Favorable | Unfavorable | Unfavorable | Favorable | Favorable | Unfavorable | Unfavorable |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at FVTPL (\*2) | W | 19 | W | (19) | W |  | W |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at FVOCI (\*2,3) |  |  |  |  |  | 73851 |  | (55275) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 19 | W | (19) | W | 73851 | W | (55275) |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*1) | The above level 3 financial instruments exclude which are practically impossible to perform sensitivity analysis effected by input variables amounting to W6,558,310 million and W4,563,485 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.  |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*2) | Changes in fair value are computed by increasing or decreasing the volatility of the underlying asset by 10%, which are unobservable inputs.  |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*3) | Changes in fair value of shares are computed by increasing or decreasing growth rate by 0.5% and discount rate by 1%, which are unobservable inputs.  |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**5-2. Classification by categories of financial instruments** 

The carrying amounts of each category of financial assets and financial liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Financial assets at<br>fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial assets at<br>fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial assets at<br>amortized cost | Financial assets at<br>amortized cost | Financial assets<br>fair value through<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income | Financial assets<br>fair value through<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income | Hedging<br>derivative assets | Hedging<br>derivative assets | Total | Total |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cash and due from financial institutions | W |  | W | 12915754 | W |  | W |  | W | 12915754 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  | 5137067 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5137067 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71450 |  | 71450 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost |  |  |  | 88726118 |  |  |  |  |  | 88726118 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial investments |  |  |  | 1362975 |  | 17969241 |  |  |  | 19332216 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial assets |  |  |  | 1590204 |  |  |  |  |  | 1590204 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 5137067 | W | 104595051 | W | 17969241 | W | 71450 | W | 127772809 |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Financial liabilities<br>at fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial liabilities<br>at fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial liabilities<br>at amortized cost | Financial liabilities<br>at amortized cost | Hedging derivative<br>liabilities | Hedging derivative<br>liabilities | Total | Total |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss | W | 3013553 | W |  | W |  | W | 3013553 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | 2377955 |  | 2377955 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings |  |  |  | 6853985 |  |  |  | 6853985 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  |  |  | 93194917 |  |  |  | 93194917 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities |  |  |  | 2676478 |  |  |  | 2676478 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 3013553 | W | 102725380 | W | 2377955 | W | 108116888 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Financial assets at<br>fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial assets at<br>fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial assets at<br>amortized cost | Financial assets at<br>amortized cost | Financial assets<br>fair value through<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income | Financial assets<br>fair value through<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income | Hedging<br>derivative assets | Hedging<br>derivative assets | Total | Total |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cash and due from financial institutions | W |  | W | 12591124 | W |  | W |  | W | 12591124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  | 3715536 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3715536 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 611960 |  | 611960 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans at amortized cost |  |  |  | 87777261 |  |  |  |  |  | 87777261 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial investments |  |  |  | 1798900 |  | 13614565 |  |  |  | 15413465 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial assets |  |  |  | 1852213 |  |  |  |  |  | 1852213 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 3715536 | W | 104019498 | W | 13614565 | W | 611960 | W | 121961559 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Financial liabilities<br>at fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial liabilities<br>at fair value through<br>profit or loss | Financial liabilities<br>at amortized cost | Financial liabilities<br>at amortized cost | Hedging derivative<br>liabilities | Hedging derivative<br>liabilities | Total | Total |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss | W | 2122804 | W |  | W |  | W | 2122804 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hedging derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | 1514208 |  | 1514208 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings |  |  |  | 5532198 |  |  |  | 5532198 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  |  |  | 93256543 |  |  |  | 93256543 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other financial liabilities |  |  |  | 2891502 |  |  |  | 2891502 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 2122804 | W | 101680243 | W | 1514208 | W | 105317255 |

---

**5-3. Offset of financial instruments** 

The Bank holds the financial instruments which grant it the rights to offset in case of default, insolvency, or bankruptcy of the counterparties though it does not meet the criteria for offsetting of K-IFRS No. 1032. Cash collaterals do not meet the offsetting criteria in K-IFRS No. 1032, but they can be set off with net amounts of financial instruments, receivable and payable spot exchange.

The effects of netting agreements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial<br>liabilities<br>(assets) to be<br>setoff | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | | |
| | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial<br>liabilities<br>(assets) to be<br>setoff | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Financial<br>instruments | Financial<br>instruments | Cash<br>collateral | Cash<br>collateral | Net amount | Net amount |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 2295528 | W | W | 2295528 | W | (185989) | W |  | W | 2109539 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial investments |  | 540710 |  |  | 540710 |  | (521767) |  |  |  | 18943 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 2836238 | W | W | 2836238 | W | (707756) | W |  | W | 2128482 |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 5375843 | W | W | 5375843 | W | (185989) | W | (790077) | W | 4399777 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities sold under repurchase agreement |  | 521767 |  |  | 521767 |  | (521767) |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 5897610 | W | W | 5897610 | W | (707756) | W | (790077) | W | 4399777 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial<br>liabilities<br>(assets) to be<br>setoff | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | Amount that is not offset<br>in the separate statement<br>of financial position | Net amount | Net amount |
| | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) | Gross amounts<br>of recognized<br>financial<br>liabilities<br>(assets) to be<br>setoff | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Net amounts of<br>financial assets<br>(liabilities) presented<br>in the separate<br>statement of<br>financial position | Financial<br>instruments | Financial<br>instruments | Cash<br>collateral | Cash<br>collateral | Net amount | Net amount |
|  Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 2261272 | W | W | 2261272 | W | (1108583) | W |  | W | 1152689 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial investments |  | 547471 |  |  | 547471 |  | (471791) |  |  |  | 75680 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 2808743 | W | W | 2808743 | W | (1580374) | W |  | W | 1228369 |
|  Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Derivatives | W | 3637011 | W | W | 3637011 | W | (1108583) | W | (654640) | W | 1873788 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities sold under repurchase agreement |  | 471791 |  |  | 471791 |  | (471791) |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 4108802 | W | W | 4108802 | W | (1580374) | W | (654640) | W | 1873788 |

---

**5-4. Transfer of financial assets** 

The Bank continues to recognize the financial assets related to repurchase agreements on the separate statement of financial position since those transactions are not qualified for derecognition even though the Bank transfers the financial assets. Since financial assets sold under repurchase agreements is sold to be repurchased at fixed prices, the Bank retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset.

Details of carrying amounts of assets transferred and relevant liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  | Carrying<br>amount of<br>transferred<br>assets | Carrying<br>amount of<br>transferred<br>assets | Carrying<br>amount of<br>relevant<br>liabilities | Carrying<br>amount of<br>relevant<br>liabilities | Carrying<br>amount of<br>transferred<br>assets | Carrying<br>amount of<br>transferred<br>assets | Carrying<br>amount of<br>relevant<br>liabilities | Carrying<br>amount of<br>relevant<br>liabilities |
|  Securities sold under repurchase agreement | W | 540710 | W | 521767 | W | 547471 | W | 471791 |

---

**6.**  **<u>OPERATING SEGMENT:</u>** 

Though the Bank conducts business activities related to financial services, in accordance with relevant laws, such as The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, it does not report separate segment information, as management considers the Bank to be operating under one core business.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**7.**  **<u>CASH AND DUE FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:</u>** 

(1) Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Due from financial institutions in local currency | W | 1720557 | W | 3031852 |
|  Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies |  | 11195198 |  | 9559272 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 12915755 |  | 12591124 |
|  Restricted due from financial institutions |  | (3358479) |  | (2225805) |
|  Due from financial institutions with original maturities of more than three months at acquisition date |  | (1700000) |  | (2100000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | (5058479) |  | (4325805) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total (\*1) | W | 7857274 | W | 8265319 |

---

(\*1) It is equal to the due from financial institutions as presented in the separate statements of cash flows.

(2) Details of due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Detail | Amount | Amount | Interest<br>(%) | Amount | Amount | Interest<br>(%) |
|  Due from financial institutions in local currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Demand deposits | W | 1566 | 0.00~0.10 | W | 978 | 0.00~1.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Time deposits |  | 1700000 | 3.35~3.73 |  | 3000000 | 4.00~4.47 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 5900 | 1.65 |  | 6000 | 1.65 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Margin for derivatives |  | 13091 | 0.00 |  | 24874 | 0.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 1720557 |  |  | 3031852 |  |
|  Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Demand deposits |  | 43623 | 0.00 |  | 29430 | 0.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; On demand |  | 7340428 | 0.00~5.38 |  | 7173939 | 0.00~5.14 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Offshore demand deposits |  | 465759 | 0.00~5.38 |  | 154972 | 0.00~5.14 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 2565498 | 5.33 |  | 1270138 | 5.33~5.38 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Margin for derivatives |  | 765322 | 0.00 |  | 878160 | 0.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Margin for repurchase agreement |  | 14568 | 0.00 |  | 52633 | 0.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 11195198 |  |  | 9559272 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 12915755 |  | W | 12591124 |  |

---

(3) Restricted due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

<u> Detail</u> <u> Financial Institution</u> <u>Dec. 31, 2024</u> <u>Dec. 31, 2023</u> <u> Reason for restriction</u> <br> Others DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS and others W 3,358,479 W 2,225,805 Credit Support Annex (CSA) for derivative transactions

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**8.**  **<u>FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS:</u>** 

Details of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Securities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities in local currency |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital | W | 392843 | W | 296760 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beneficiary certificates |  | 2356883 |  | 1588964 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 2749726 |  | 1885724 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities in foreign currencies |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures |  | 24857 |  | 116735 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital |  | 11982 |  | 11401 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beneficiary certificates |  | 73453 |  | 47246 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 110292 |  | 175382 |
|  Equity securities in foreign currencies |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shares |  | 58205 |  |  |
|  Loans at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Privately placed corporate bonds |  |  |  | 3703 |
|  Derivative assets for trading |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shares related |  | 9374 |  | 1415 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest rates related |  | 1033970 |  | 814175 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign currencies related |  | 1175500 |  | 835137 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 2218844 |  | 1650727 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 5137067 | W | 3715536 |

---

**9.**  **<u>FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS:</u>** 

Details of financial investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities in local currency |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National and municipal bonds | W | 715502 | W | 530264 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial bonds |  | 1294272 |  | 469544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 2009774 |  | 999808 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Equity securities in local currency |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shares (\*1) |  | 13075817 |  | 10596476 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in capital |  | 29857 |  | 28096 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 13105674 |  | 10624572 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities in foreign currencies |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corporate bonds and etc. (\*2) |  | 2853792 |  | 1990185 |
|  Securities at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities in local currency |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National bond |  | 29992 |  | 168710 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial bonds |  | 90430 |  | 498897 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 120422 |  | 667607 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities in foreign currencies |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corporate bonds and etc. (\*2) |  | 1242554 |  | 1131293 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 19332216 | W | 15413465 |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*1) | The fair value option through other comprehensive income was exercised for certain equity securities due to strategic holding requirements. The cumulative gains and losses from disposals amounted to W244,823 million and W219,659 million for the  |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No reclassifications affecting cumulative gains or losses occurred during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*2) | It includes debt securities, which are pledged as collateral amounting to W782,836 million and W719,666 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.  |

---

**10.**  **<u>LOANS AT AMORTIZED COST:</u>** 

Loans as presented below exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(58) million and W(2,719) million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(1) Details of loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Detail | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Loans in local currency | Loans for export | W | 16816859 | W | 18040407 |
|  | Loans for foreign investments |  | 2101491 |  | 2241255 |
|  | Loans for import |  | 7470711 |  | 6720707 |
|  | Troubled debt Restructuring |  | 1866073 |  | 694579 |
|  | Others |  | 22355 |  | 174654 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 28277489 |  | 27871602 |
|  Loans in foreign currencies | Loans for export |  | 22194532 |  | 18182694 |
|  | Loans for foreign investments |  | 30123583 |  | 29365332 |
|  | Loans for rediscounted trading notes |  | 499800 |  | 1276506 |
|  | Loans for import |  | 4995337 |  | 4456500 |
|  | Overseas funding loans |  | 1041416 |  | 797836 |
|  | Loans for foreign economic cooperation |  | 861494 |  | 245255 |
|  | Others |  | 8285 |  | 25770 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 59724447 |  | 54349893 |
|  Others | Domestic usance bills |  | 162044 |  | 154619 |
|  | Foreign-currency bills bought |  | 1177430 |  | 1044469 |
|  | Advance payments on acceptances and guarantees |  | 18784 |  | 45687 |
|  | Call loans |  | 2286900 |  | 5270315 |
|  | Interbank loans in foreign currencies |  | 167148 |  | 1482810 |
|  | Privately placement corporate bonds in local currency |  | 31200 |  | 93600 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 3843506 |  | 8091500 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  | 91845442 |  | 90312995 |
|  Net deferred origination fees and costs | Net deferred origination fees and costs |  | (453954) |  | (481624) |
|  Allowance for doubtful account | Allowance for doubtful account |  | (2665312) |  | (2051391) |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 88726176 | W | 87779980 |

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(2) Loans classified by type of customers as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Detail | Loans in<br>local<br>currency | Loans in<br>local<br>currency | Loans in<br>foreign currencies | Loans in<br>foreign currencies | Others | Others | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) |
|  Customer | Large enterprise | W | 10814081 | W | 33950210 | W | 287260 | W | 45051551 | 60.40 |
|  | Small and medium sized enterprise |  | 7465206 |  | 6679690 |  | 286385 |  | 14431281 | 19.35 |
|  | Public sector and others |  | 3930636 |  | 10337358 |  | 833229 |  | 15101223 | 20.25 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 22209923 |  | 50967258 |  | 1406874 |  | 74584055 | 100.00 |
|  | Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  | (7216) |  | (438242) |  |  |  | (445458) |  |
|  | Allowance for loan losses |  | (1052831) |  | (1286426) |  | (24959) |  | (2364216) |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 21149876 |  | 49242590 |  | 1381915 |  | 71774381 |  |
|  Financial<br>institution | Bank |  | 5857566 |  | 2528989 |  | 2223508 |  | 10610063 | 61.47 |
|  Financial<br>institution | Others |  | 210000 |  | 6228200 |  | 213124 |  | 6651324 | 38.53 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 6067566 |  | 8757189 |  | 2436632 |  | 17261387 | 100.00 |
|  | Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  | (283) |  | (8213) |  |  |  | (8496) |  |
|  | Allowance for loan losses |  | (707) |  | (300244) |  | (145) |  | (301096) |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 6066576 |  | 8448732 |  | 2436487 |  | 16951795 |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 27216452 | W | 57691322 | W | 3818402 | W | 88726176 |  |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Detail | Loans in<br>local<br>currency | Loans in<br>local<br>currency | Loans in<br>foreign currencies | Loans in<br>foreign currencies | Others | Others | Total | Total | Ratio<br>(%) |
|  Customer | Large enterprise | W | 10227038 | W | 31697520 | W | 558825 | W | 42483383 | 58.99 |
|  | Small and medium sized enterprise |  | 8005879 |  | 6044689 |  | 163434 |  | 14214002 | 19.74 |
|  | Public sector and others |  | 4223731 |  | 10301931 |  | 797407 |  | 15323069 | 21.27 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 22456648 |  | 48044140 |  | 1519666 |  | 72020454 | 100.00 |
|  | Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  | (6494) |  | (466478) |  |  |  | (472972) |  |
|  | Allowance for loan losses |  | (592264) |  | (1147188) |  | (44770) |  | (1784222) |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 21857890 |  | 46430474 |  | 1474896 |  | 69763260 |  |
|  Financial<br>institution | Bank |  | 5354954 |  | 3215519 |  | 5346343 |  | 13916816 | 76.08 |
|  Financial<br>institution | Others |  | 60000 |  | 3090234 |  | 1225491 |  | 4375725 | 23.92 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 5414954 |  | 6305753 |  | 6571834 |  | 18292541 | 100.00 |
|  | Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  | (111) |  | (8541) |  |  |  | (8652) |  |
|  | Allowance for loan losses |  | (536) |  | (266450) |  | (183) |  | (267169) |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 5414307 |  | 6030762 |  | 6571651 |  | 18016720 |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 27272197 | W | 52461236 | W | 8046547 | W | 87779980 |  |

---

(3) Changes in allowance for doubtful account for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial<br>assets | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial<br>assets | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 325201 | W | 1272952 | W | 453238 | W | 2051391 |
|  - Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses |  | 167220 |  | (167200) |  | (20) |  |  |
|  - Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  | (13466) |  | 14279 |  | (813) |  |  |
|  - Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  | (657) |  | (335) |  | 992 |  |  |
|  Written-off |  |  |  |  |  | (9921) |  | (9921) |
|  Collection |  |  |  |  |  | 9245 |  | 9245 |
|  Loan-for-equity swap |  |  |  |  |  | (118292) |  | (118292) |
|  Unwinding effect |  |  |  |  |  | (1031) |  | (1031) |
|  Foreign exchange translation |  | 14915 |  | 101774 |  | 41325 |  | 158014 |
|  Additional provisions (reversal of provisions) |  | (59944) |  | 399839 |  | 236011 |  | 575906 |
|  Ending balance | W | 433269 | W | 1621309 | W | 610734 | W | 2665312 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial<br>assets | Credit-<br>impaired<br>financial<br>assets | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 372510 | W | 751731 | W | 888670 | W | 2012911 |
|  - Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses |  | 7129 |  | (6170) |  | (959) |  |  |
|  - Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  | (3727) |  | 571009 |  | (567282) |  |  |
|  - Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  | 4506 |  | (1904) |  | (2602) |  |  |
|  Written-off |  |  |  |  |  | (3797) |  | (3797) |
|  Collection |  |  |  |  |  | 9137 |  | 9137 |
|  Loan-for-equity swap |  |  |  |  |  | (10649) |  | (10649) |
|  Others |  | 44948 |  | (26025) |  | (17508) |  | 1415 |
|  Unwinding effect |  |  |  |  |  | (2220) |  | (2220) |
|  Foreign exchange translation |  | 3268 |  | 20217 |  | 4074 |  | 27559 |
|  Additional provisions (reversal of provisions) |  | (103433) |  | (35906) |  | 156374 |  | 17035 |
|  Ending balance | W | 325201 | W | 1272952 | W | 453238 | W | 2051391 |

---

**11.**  **<u>INVESTMENTS IN SUBSIDIARIES AND ASSOCIATES:</u>** 

(1) Details of investments in subsidiaries and associates as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Company | Detail | Location | Business | Year-end | Ownership<br>(%) | Net asset (\*1) | Net asset (\*1) | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | Subsidiary | United Kingdom | Financial service | December | 100.00 | W | 193206 | W | 138312 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance | Subsidiary | Indonesia | Financial service | December | 97.52 |  | 97411 |  | 90076 |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. | Subsidiary | Vietnam | Financial service | December | 100.00 |  | 94776 |  | 57755 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited | Subsidiary | Hong Kong | Financial service | December | 100.00 |  | 262662 |  | 167839 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. | Subsidiary | Singapore | Financial service | December | 100.00 |  | 458180 |  | 372510 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. | Subsidiary | Korea | Service | December | 100.00 |  | 1809 |  | 950 |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund (\*2) | Associate | Philippines | Financial service | December | 14.80 |  | 294882 |  | 197820 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 24.99 |  | 2642 |  | 3337 |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. | Associate | Korea | Manufacturing | December | 26.41 |  | 450565 |  | 968743 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 22.73 |  | 7284 |  | 10045 |
|  WWG Green New Deal PEF | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 25.00 |  | 9268 |  | 9925 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 22.20 |  | 20679 |  | 21049 |
|  HANGUK INVESTMENT SEMAINBEROBOTIKSEUSAMO INVESTMENT LIMITED PARTNERSHIP | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 23.58 |  | 24853 |  | 25000 |
|  STIC K-Growth Private Equity Fund | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 21.57 |  | 7882 |  | 8518 |
|  Wonik M&A 2024 Private Equity Fund | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 25.00 |  | 8588 |  | 8950 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF V | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 22.02 |  | 864 |  | 951 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | W | 2081780 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Company | Detail | Location | Business | Year-end | Ownership<br>(%) | Net asset (\*1) | Net asset (\*1) | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | Subsidiary | United Kingdom | Financial service | December | 100.00 | W | 165156 | W | 138312 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance | Subsidiary | Indonesia | Financial service | December | 97.52 |  | 85965 |  | 90076 |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. | Subsidiary | Vietnam | Financial service | December | 100.00 |  | 82158 |  | 57755 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited | Subsidiary | Hong Kong | Financial service | December | 100.00 |  | 219460 |  | 167839 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. | Subsidiary | Singapore | Financial service | December | 100.00 |  | 388676 |  | 372510 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. | Subsidiary | Korea | Service | December | 100.00 |  | 1549 |  | 950 |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund (\*2) | Associate | Philippines | Financial service | December | 14.80 |  | 248575 |  | 197820 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 24.99 |  | 2654 |  | 3337 |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. | Associate | Korea | Manufacturing | December | 26.41 |  | 427990 |  | 968743 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 22.73 |  | 3393 |  | 4265 |
|  WWG Green New Deal PEF | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 25.00 |  | 3014 |  | 3475 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV | Associate | Korea | Financial service | December | 22.20 |  | 422 |  | 544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | W | 2005626 |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*1) | In cases of associates, the amounts represent net asset after taking into account percentage of ownership.  |

---

(\*2) As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the entity is classified into an associate because the Bank has significant influence in the way of representation on the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the investee.

(2) Changes in investments in subsidiaries and associates for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are
as follows (Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Company | Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Acquisitions | Acquisitions | Disposals | Impairment<br>loss | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | Subsidiary | W | 138312 | W |  | W – W |  | W | 138312 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance | Subsidiary |  | 90076 |  |  | – |  |  | 90076 |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. | Subsidiary |  | 57755 |  |  | – |  |  | 57755 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited | Subsidiary |  | 167839 |  |  | – |  |  | 167839 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. | Subsidiary |  | 372510 |  |  | – |  |  | 372510 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. | Subsidiary |  | 950 |  |  | – |  |  | 950 |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund | Associate |  | 197820 |  |  | – |  |  | 197820 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF | Associate |  | 3337 |  |  | – |  |  | 3337 |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. | Associate |  | 968743 |  |  | – |  |  | 968743 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I | Associate |  | 4265 |  | 5780 | – |  |  | 10045 |
|  WWG Green New Deal PEF | Associate |  | 3475 |  | 6450 | – |  |  | 9925 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV | Associate |  | 544 |  | 20505 | – |  |  | 21049 |
|  HANGUK INVESTMENT SEMAINBEROBOTIKSEUSAMO INVESTMENT LIMITED PARTNERSHIP | Associate |  |  |  | 25000 | – |  |  | 25000 |
|  STIC K-Growth Private Equity Fund | Associate |  |  |  | 8518 | – |  |  | 8518 |
|  Wonik M&A 2024 Private Equity Fund | Associate |  |  |  | 8950 | – |  |  | 8950 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF V | Associate |  |  |  | 951 | – |  |  | 951 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  | W | 2005626 | W | 76154 | W – W |  | W | 2081780 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Company | Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Acquisitions | Acquisitions | Disposals | Disposals | Impairment<br>loss | Ending<br>balance |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | Subsidiary | W | 138312 | W |  | W |  | W – W | 138312 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance | Subsidiary |  | 25270 |  | 64806 |  |  | – | 90076 |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. | Subsidiary |  | 57755 |  |  |  |  | – | 57755 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited | Subsidiary |  | 167839 |  |  |  |  | – | 167839 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. | Subsidiary |  | 372510 |  |  |  |  | – | 372510 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. | Subsidiary |  | 950 |  |  |  |  | – | 950 |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund | Associate |  | 197820 |  |  |  |  | – | 197820 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF | Associate |  | 5482 |  |  |  | (2145) | – | 3337 |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. | Associate |  | 968743 |  |  |  |  | – | 968743 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I | Associate |  | 1188 |  | 3077 |  |  | – | 4265 |
|  WWG Green New Deal PEF | Associate |  |  |  | 3475 |  |  | – | 3475 |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV | Associate |  |  |  | 544 |  |  | – | 544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  | W | 1935869 | W | 71902 | W | (2145) | W – W | 2005626 |

---

(3) Summarized financial information of subsidiaries and associates as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as
follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Company | Assets | Assets | Liabilities | Liabilities | Operating<br>income (loss) | Operating<br>income (loss) | Profit (loss)<br>for the year | Profit (loss)<br>for the year | Total<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss) | Total<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss) |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 1080734 | W | 887528 | W | 6809 | W | 5055 | W | 28054 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 262145 |  | 164734 |  | 5018 |  | 3525 |  | 11436 |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 216837 |  | 122062 |  | 1496 |  | 1030 |  | 12618 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 1355010 |  | 1092348 |  | 8307 |  | 6987 |  | 43202 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 886621 |  | 428442 |  | 17124 |  | 14284 |  | 69502 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. |  | 2976 |  | 1167 |  | 135 |  | 260 |  | 260 |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund |  | 2167526 |  | 175077 |  | 66690 |  | 66690 |  | 425224 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF |  | 10571 |  | 1 |  | (48) |  | (48) |  | (48) |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  | 8018594 |  | 6291418 |  | 240718 |  | 170895 |  | 155974 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I |  | 32051 |  |  |  | (8304) |  | (8304) |  | (8304) |
|  WWG Green New Deal PEF |  | 37266 |  | 194 |  | (783) |  | (783) |  | (783) |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV |  | 94166 |  | 1017 |  | (1118) |  | (1118) |  | (1118) |
|  HANGUK INVESTMENT SEMAINBEROBOTIKSEUSAMO INVESTMENT LIMITED PARTNERSHIP |  | 105752 |  | 377 |  | (625) |  | (625) |  | (625) |
|  STIC K-Growth Private Equity Fund |  | 37894 |  | 1354 |  | (2948) |  | (2948) |  | (2948) |
|  Wonik M&A 2024 Private Equity Fund |  | 34821 |  | 467 |  | (1446) |  | (1446) |  | (1446) |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF V |  | 4318 |  | 396 |  | (396) |  | (396) |  | (396) |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Company | Assets | Assets | Liabilities | Liabilities | Operating<br>income (loss) | Operating<br>income (loss) | Profit (loss)<br>for the year | Profit (loss)<br>for the year | Total<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss) | Total<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss) |
|  KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 860604 | W | 695448 | W | 5335 | W | 3657 | W | 21823 |
|  PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 213998 |  | 128033 |  | 755 |  | 6 |  | (990) |
|  KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 207723 |  | 125565 |  | 3599 |  | 2977 |  | 4297 |
|  KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 997964 |  | 778504 |  | 5266 |  | 4295 |  | 15108 |
|  KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 463540 |  | 74865 |  | 6045 |  | 4735 |  | 11668 |
|  EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. |  | 2615 |  | 1066 |  | 97 |  | 197 |  | 197 |
|  Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund |  | 1788935 |  | 109533 |  | 58633 |  | 57428 |  | 124163 |
|  KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF |  | 10619 |  | 1 |  | 2649 |  | 2649 |  | 2649 |
|  Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  | 7148026 |  | 5527642 |  | 247510 |  | 221844 |  | 191536 |
|  KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I |  | 15600 |  | 672 |  | (2219) |  | (2219) |  | (2219) |
|  WWG Green New Deal PEF |  | 12309 |  | 254 |  | (1096) |  | (1096) |  | (1096) |
|  Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV |  | 2450 |  | 549 |  | (549) |  | (549) |  | (549) |

---

**12.**  **<u>PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT:</u>** 

(1) Details of property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Acquisition<br>cost | Acquisition<br>cost | Accumulated<br>depreciation | Accumulated<br>depreciation | Government<br>grants | Government<br>grants | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount |
|  Lands | W | 192598 | W |  | W |  | W | 192598 |
|  Buildings |  | 107000 |  | (47975) |  | (17) |  | 59008 |
|  Leasehold improvements |  | 2425 |  | (1281) |  |  |  | 1144 |
|  Vehicles |  | 4847 |  | (4119) |  | (66) |  | 662 |
|  Furniture and fixture |  | 84502 |  | (57109) |  |  |  | 27393 |
|  Construction in progress |  | 45241 |  |  |  |  |  | 45241 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 436613 | W | (110484) | W | (83) | W | 326046 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Acquisition<br>cost | Acquisition<br>cost | Accumulated<br>depreciation | Accumulated<br>depreciation | Government<br>grants | Government<br>grants | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount |
|  Lands | W | 191259 | W |  | W |  | W | 191259 |
|  Buildings |  | 102514 |  | (45972) |  | (17) |  | 56525 |
|  Leasehold improvements |  | 1670 |  | (916) |  |  |  | 754 |
|  Vehicles |  | 4763 |  | (3654) |  | (100) |  | 1009 |
|  Furniture and fixture |  | 72212 |  | (48904) |  |  |  | 23308 |
|  Construction in progress |  | 19880 |  |  |  |  |  | 19880 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 392298 | W | (99446) | W | (117) | W | 292735 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Changes in property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Acquisitions | Acquisitions | Disposals | Disposals | Depreciation | Depreciation | Others | Ending<br>balance |
|  Lands | W | 191259 | W | 1339 | W |  | W |  | W – W | 192598 |
|  Buildings |  | 56525 |  | 4486 |  |  |  | (2003) | – | 59008 |
|  Leasehold improvements |  | 754 |  | 755 |  |  |  | (365) | – | 1144 |
|  Vehicles |  | 1009 |  | 150 |  |  |  | (497) | – | 662 |
|  Furniture and fixture |  | 23308 |  | 13564 |  | (1) |  | (9478) | – | 27393 |
|  Construction in progress |  | 19880 |  | 25361 |  |  |  |  | – | 45241 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 292735 | W | 45655 | W | (1) | W | (12343) | W – W | 326046 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Acquisitions | Acquisitions | Disposals | Disposals | Depreciation | Depreciation | Others | Others | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  Lands | W | 190807 | W | 452 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 191259 |
|  Buildings |  | 56722 |  | 1736 |  |  |  | (1933) |  |  |  | 56525 |
|  Leasehold improvements |  | 1085 |  | 2 |  |  |  | (333) |  |  |  | 754 |
|  Vehicles |  | 1128 |  | 565 |  |  |  | (599) |  | (85) |  | 1009 |
|  Furniture and fixture |  | 17542 |  | 13220 |  | (3) |  | (7451) |  |  |  | 23308 |
|  Construction in progress |  | 5719 |  | 14161 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19880 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 273003 | W | 30136 | W | (3) | W | (10316) | W | (85) | W | 292735 |

---

**13.**  **<u>INTANGIBLE ASSETS:</u>** 

(1) Details of intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Acquisition<br>cost | Acquisition<br>cost | Accumulated<br>amortization | Accumulated<br>amortization | Accumulated<br>impairment<br>losses | Accumulated<br>impairment<br>losses | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount |
|  Computer software | W | 48665 | W | (34210) | W |  | W | 14455 |
|  System development fees |  | 105532 |  | (65281) |  |  |  | 40251 |
|  Memberships |  | 4014 |  |  |  | (166) |  | 3848 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 158211 | W | (99491) | W | (166) | W | 58554 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Acquisition<br>cost | Acquisition<br>cost | Accumulated<br>amortization | Accumulated<br>amortization | Accumulated<br>impairment<br>losses | Accumulated<br>impairment<br>losses | Carrying<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount |
|  Computer software | W | 41603 | W | (30481) | W |  | W | 11122 |
|  System development fees |  | 90108 |  | (58550) |  |  |  | 31558 |
|  Memberships |  | 3823 |  |  |  | (166) |  | 3657 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 135534 | W | (89031) | W | (166) | W | 46337 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Changes in intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Acquisitions | Acquisitions | Disposals | Disposals | Amortization | Amortization | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  Computer software | W | 11122 | W | 7062 | W |  | W | (3729) | W | 14455 |
|  System development fees |  | 31558 |  | 15424 |  |  |  | (6731) |  | 40251 |
|  Memberships |  | 3657 |  | 309 |  | (118) |  |  |  | 3848 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 46337 | W | 22795 | W | (118) | W | (10460) | W | 58554 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Acquisitions | Acquisitions | Disposals | Disposals | Amortization | Amortization | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  Computer software | W | 12602 | W | 2200 | W |  | W | (3680) | W | 11122 |
|  System development fees |  | 26539 |  | 11695 |  |  |  | (6676) |  | 31558 |
|  Memberships |  | 3672 |  | 25 |  | (40) |  |  |  | 3657 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 42813 | W | 13920 | W | (40) | W | (10356) | W | 46337 |

---

**14.**  **<u>OTHER ASSETS:</u>** 

(1) Details of other assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Other financial assets: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guarantee deposits | W | 45468 | W | 47565 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accounts receivable |  | 110781 |  | 492520 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accrued income |  | 1446172 |  | 1326049 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receivable spot exchange |  | 61 |  | 59 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Allowance for doubtful account on other assets |  | (12278) |  | (13980) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 1590204 |  | 1852213 |
|  Other assets: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Advance payments |  | 258 |  | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Prepaid expenses |  | 24103 |  | 40812 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Current income tax asset |  | 1859 |  | 1925 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sundry assets |  | 28647 |  | 29916 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 54867 |  | 72654 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1645071 | W | 1924867 |

---

(2) Changes in allowance for doubtful account on other assets for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023,
are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** | **2023** |
|  Beginning balance | W | 13980 | W | 24994 |
|  Written-off |  | (24) |  |  |
|  Effects of foreign exchange rate changes |  |  |  | 238 |
|  Reversal of provisions |  | (1678) |  | (11252) |
|  Ending balance | W | 12278 | W | 13980 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**15.**  **<u>BORROWINGS:</u>** 

(1) Details of borrowings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Lender | Interest rate (%) | Amount | Amount |
|  Securities sold under repurchase agreement: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities sold under repurchase agreement | ING BANK | 4.79 | W | 521767 |
|  Borrowings in foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term borrowings from foreign financial institutions | MUFG BANK SEOUL BRANCH (JP) and others | EURIBOR 3M+0.25<br>~ USD Term SOFR<br>3M+0.83 |  | 4778564 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies | JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.(US) and others | 4.58 ~ 4.63 |  | 220500 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Offshore commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies | CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS LIMITED(US) and others | 3.02 ~ 5.43 |  | 1126010 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others (Foreign banks) | THE HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION and others | 0.09 ~ 0.70 |  | 162044 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others (CSA) | UBS and others | 0.00 ~ 5.33 |  | 45100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 6332218 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  | W | 6853985 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Lender | Interest rate (%) | Amount | Amount |
|  Securities sold under repurchase agreement: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Securities sold under repurchase agreement | ING BANK | 5.61 | W | 471791 |
|  Borrowings in foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from Government | MINISTRY OF STRATEGY AND FINANCE | LIBOR 3M+0.7 |  | 193410 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term borrowings from foreign financial institutions | MUFG BANK SEOUL BRANCH (JP) and others | JPY TONA<br> ON+0.29 ~ USD<br> Term SOFR 3M+0.83 |  | 2968052 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies | CITIBANK N.A., HONG KONG(US) and others | 5.30 ~ 5.90 |  | 992838 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Offshore commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies | CITIGROUP GLOBAL Markets LIMITED(US) and others | 3.61 ~ 5.93 |  | 619737 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others (Foreign banks) | DBS BANK LTD. and others | 0.06 ~ 0.80 |  | 154619 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others (CSA) | UBS and others | 5.31 ~ 5.33 |  | 131751 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 5060407 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  | W | 5532198 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Details of the borrowings from other financial institutions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as
follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Type | Call money | Securities<br>sold under<br>repurchase<br>agreement | Borrowings in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Borrowings in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Total | Total |
|  Commercial banks | W – W | 521767 | W | 6332218 | W | 6853985 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Type | Call money | Securities<br>sold under<br>repurchase<br>agreement | Borrowings in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Borrowings in<br>foreign<br>currencies | Total | Total |
|  Commercial banks | W – W | 471791 | W | 4866997 | W | 5338788 |

---

**16.**  **<u>DEBENTURES:</u>** 

Details of debentures as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Detail | Interest rate (%) | Amount | Amount | Interest rate (%) | Amount | Amount |
|  Local currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Floating rate | 31-DayCD+0.11~<br> 31-DayCD+0.35 | W | 4560000 | 31-DayCD+0.04~<br> 31-DayCD+0.35 | W | 6120000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fixed rate | 1.11~ 7.80 |  | 24860000 | 1.11 ~ 7.80 |  | 23480000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  | 29420000 |  |  | 29600000 |
|  Fair value hedging adjusting |  |  | (2357334) |  |  | (105724) |
|  Discount on debentures |  |  | (104803) |  |  | (136598) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  | 26957863 |  |  | 29357678 |
|  Foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Floating rate | AUD BBSW<br>3M+0.8~<br>MXN TIIE 28D+0.2 |  | 5654576 | MXN TIIE<br>28D+0.2 ~<br>USD Term SOFR<br>3M + 1.61 |  | 7397267 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fixed rate | 0.00 ~ 11.90 |  | 60751479 | 0.00 ~ 12.26 |  | 58659207 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  | 66406055 |  |  | 66056474 |
|  Fair value hedging adjusting |  |  | 43 |  |  | (1988082) |
|  Discount on debentures |  |  | (169044) |  |  | (169527) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  | 66237054 |  |  | 63898865 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  | W | 93194917 |  | W | 93256543 |

---

**17.**  **<u>PROVISIONS:</u>** 

(1) Details of provisions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Provisions for acceptances and guarantees | W | 1009329 | W | 914742 |
|  Provisions for unused loan commitments |  | 141584 |  | 550207 |
|  Provisions for others |  | 25027 |  | 25027 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1175940 | W | 1489976 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Changes in provisions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees |
|  | 12 month<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 month<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 57076 | W | 717864 | W | 139802 | W | 914742 |
|  - Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses |  | 7050 |  | (7050) |  |  |  |  |
|  - Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  - Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  | (681) |  |  |  | 681 |  |  |
|  Foreign exchange translation |  | 5249 |  | 66982 |  | 10721 |  | 82952 |
|  Additional provisions (reversal of provisions) |  | (2899) |  | (40393) |  | 54927 |  | 11635 |
|  Ending balance | W | 65795 | W | 737403 | W | 206131 | W | 1009329 |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments |
|  | 12 month<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 month<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 90094 | W | 446576 | W | 13537 | W | 550207 |
|  - Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses |  | 39825 |  | (39825) |  |  |  |  |
|  - Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  | (1) |  | 5 |  | (4) |  |  |
|  - Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Foreign exchange translation |  | 4104 |  |  |  |  |  | 4104 |
|  Reversal of provisions |  | (45269) |  | (358519) |  | (8939) |  | (412727) |
|  Ending balance | W | 88753 | W | 48237 | W | 4594 | W | 141584 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees | Acceptances and guarantees |
|  | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 73774 | W | 513109 | W | 10195 | W | 597078 |
|  - Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses |  | 9709 |  | (90) |  | (9619) |  |  |
|  - Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  - Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  | (1287) |  |  |  | 1287 |  |  |
|  Foreign exchange translation |  | 1058 |  | 7150 |  | 17 |  | 8225 |
|  Additional provisions<br> (reversal of provisions) |  | (26178) |  | 197695 |  | 137922 |  | 309439 |
|  Ending balance | W | 57076 | W | 717864 | W | 139802 | W | 914742 |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments | Unused loan commitments |
|  | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | 12 months<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Lifetime<br>expected<br>credit losses | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Credit-impaired<br>financial assets | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 56929 | W | 410079 | W | 175 | W | 467183 |
|  - Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses |  | 4 |  | (4) |  |  |  |  |
|  - Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  | (828) |  | 828 |  |  |  |  |
|  - Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  |  |  | (18) |  | 18 |  |  |
|  Foreign exchange translation |  | 853 |  | 47 |  |  |  | 900 |
|  Additional provisions |  | 33136 |  | 35644 |  | 13344 |  | 82124 |
|  Ending balance | W | 90094 | W | 446576 | W | 13537 | W | 550207 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**18.**  **<u>POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLAN:</u>** 

The Bank operates both defined benefit plan and defined contribution plan.

(1) Defined benefit plan

The Bank operates defined benefit plans that have the following characteristics:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The entity has the obligation to pay the agreed benefits to all its current and past employees.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The entity is liable for actuarial risk (excess of actual payment against expected amount) and investment risk.
If actuarial or investment experience are worse than expected, the entity's obligation may be increased.

The present value of the defined benefit obligation recognized in the separate statements of financial position is calculated annually by independent actuaries in accordance with actuarial valuation method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is calculated using the PUC (Projected Unit Credit) method. The data used in the PUC, such as discount rates, future salary increase rate, mortality rate, consumer price index and expected return on plan assets, is based on observable market data and historical data, which are annually updated.

Actuarial assumptions may differ from actual results due to change in the market, economic trend and mortality trend which may affect defined benefit obligation liabilities and future payments. Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period incurred through other comprehensive income or loss.

(2) Details of defined benefit obligation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Present value of defined benefit obligations | W | 142655 | W | 116681 |
|  Fair value of plan assets |  | (170216) |  | (145112) |
|  Net defined benefit assets | W | (27561) | W | (28431) |

---

(3) Changes in net defined benefit liabilities (assets) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as
follows (Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Present value<br>of the defined<br>benefit<br>obligations | Present value<br>of the defined<br>benefit<br>obligations | Plan assets | Plan assets | Net<br>defined<br>benefit<br>liabilities<br>(assets) | Net<br>defined<br>benefit<br>liabilities<br>(assets) |
|  Beginning balance | W | 116681 | W | (145112) | W | (28431) |
|  Contributions from the employer |  |  |  | (24600) |  | (24600) |
|  Current-service cost |  | 10061 |  |  |  | 10061 |
|  Interest expense (income) |  | 5671 |  | (7141) |  | (1470) |
|  Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |  | 11034 |  | 1250 |  | 12284 |
|  Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments |  | 5120 |  |  |  | 5120 |
|  Management fees on plan assets |  |  |  | 180 |  | 180 |
|  Benefits paid |  | (5912) |  | 5207 |  | (705) |
|  Ending balance | W | 142655 | W | (170216) | W | (27561) |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Present value<br>of the defined<br>benefit<br>obligations | Present value<br>of the defined<br>benefit<br>obligations | Plan assets | Plan assets | Net<br>defined<br>benefit<br>liabilities<br>(assets) | Net<br>defined<br>benefit<br>liabilities<br>(assets) |
|  Beginning balance | W | 99458 | W | (144600) | W | (45142) |
|  Contributions from the employer |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Current-service cost |  | 8788 |  |  |  | 8788 |
|  Interest expense (income) |  | 5625 |  | (8354) |  | (2729) |
|  Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
|  Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |  | 10558 |  | 291 |  | 10849 |
|  Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments |  | (620) |  |  |  | (620) |
|  Management fees on plan assets |  |  |  | 203 |  | 203 |
|  Benefits paid |  | (7228) |  | 7348 |  | 120 |
|  Ending balance | W | 116681 | W | (145112) | W | (28431) |

---

(4) Details of plan assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Debt instruments | W | 170216 | W | 4584 |
|  Others |  |  |  | 140528 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 170216 | W | 145112 |

---

(5) Actuarial assumptions used in retirement benefit obligations assessment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Discount rate | 4.62% | 5.12% |
|  Expected wage growth rate | 5.14% | 4.80% |

---

(6) Assuming that all the other assumptions remain unchanged, the effect of changes in the significant actuarial
assumptions which were made within the reasonable limit on retirement benefit obligations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | 1%p Increase | 1%p Increase | 1%p Decrease | 1%p Decrease |
|  Change of discount rate by 1%p | W | (12838) | W | 14946 |
|  Change of future salary increase rate by 1%p |  | 15256 |  | (13307) |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | 1%p Increase | 1%p Increase | 1%p Decrease | 1%p Decrease |
|  Change of discount rate by 1%p | W | (10335) | W | 9887 |
|  Change of future salary increase rate by 1%p |  | 12366 |  | (12135) |

---

The above sensitivity analysis does not present any actual changes in the retirement benefit obligations as there is no change in actuarial assumptions which is independently made due to the correlation among the assumptions. In addition, the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits in the sensitivity analysis is determined using the projected unit credit method, which is used in the calculation of the retirement benefit obligations in the separate financial statements.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(7) Post-employment benefit costs incurred from the defined contribution plan as of December 31, 2024 and
2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

<u>2024</u> <u>2023</u> <br> Post-employment benefits W 1,046 W 1,129

**19.**  **<u>OTHER LIABILITIES:</u>** 

(1) Details of other liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Other financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial guarantee contract liabilities | W | 1069272 | W | 1002162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign exchanges payable |  | 94411 |  | 133410 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accounts payable |  | 102440 |  | 479138 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accrued expenses |  | 1409987 |  | 1276439 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guarantee deposit received |  | 368 |  | 353 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 2676478 |  | 2891502 |
|  Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Allowance for deferred day 1 profit or loss in derivatives |  | 5260 |  | 8988 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Unearned income |  | 295896 |  | 194050 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Current tax payable |  | 413735 |  | 428862 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sundry liabilities |  | 7371 |  | 4515 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 722262 |  | 636415 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 3398740 | W | 3527917 |

---

(2) Changes in financial guarantee contract liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as
follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Beginning balance | W | 1002162 | W | 1161253 |
|  Foreign exchange translation |  | 102093 |  | 32529 |
|  Reversal of financial guarantee contract liabilities |  | (77179) |  | (118023) |
|  Others(\*1) |  | 42196 |  | (73597) |
|  Ending balance | W | 1069272 | W | 1002162 |

---

(\*1) Others are the effects of the change due to newly occurrence and the arrival of maturity of financial guarantee contracts evaluated by fair value the first time and the changes in discount rates.

**20.**  **<u>DERIVATIVES:</u>** 

The Bank operates derivatives for trading and hedging instruments. Derivatives held for trading purpose are included in financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.

(1) Fair value hedge

Fair value hedge is a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment, or an identified portion of such an asset, liability or firm commitment, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect profit or loss. When applying fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk shall adjust the carrying amount of the hedged item and be recognized in profit or loss.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The Bank shall discontinue prospectively the fair value hedge if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting; or the Bank revokes the designation. Any adjustment arising from the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk to the carrying amount of a hedged financial instrument for which the effective interest method is used shall be amortized to profit or loss.

The Bank uses interest rate swaps for hedging changes of fair values in hedged items arising from changes in interest rates. The Bank also uses currency swaps for hedging changes in fair values of hedged items arising from changes in foreign exchange rates.

(2) Cash flow hedge

Cash flow hedge is a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable-rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction and could affect profit or loss. When applying cash flow hedge, the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge shall be recognized in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument are recognized in profit or loss. If a hedge of a forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a financial asset or a financial liability, the associated gains or losses that were recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecast cash flows affect profit or loss.

The Bank shall discontinue prospectively the cash flow hedge if hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting; or the Bank revokes the designation. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, any related cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in other comprehensive income from the period when the hedge was effective are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment.

The Bank uses interest rate swaps for hedging changes of cash flows in hedged items arising from changes in interest rates. The Bank also uses currency swaps for hedging changes in cash flows of hedged items arising from changes in foreign exchange rates.

(3) Details of derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won
in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) |
| Detail | Notional | Notional | Fair value<br>hedge | Fair value<br>hedge | Cash flow<br>hedge | Trading | Trading | Total | Total |
|  Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest rate swaps | W | 84563319 | W | 2577 | W | W | 1033970 | W | 1036547 |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency forwards |  | 6779397 |  |  |  |  | 296732 |  | 296732 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency swaps |  | 27897849 |  | 83481 |  |  | 878768 |  | 962249 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 34677246 |  | 83481 |  |  | 1175500 |  | 1258981 |
|  Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Share options |  | 2295088 |  |  |  |  | 9374 |  | 9374 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 121535653 | W | 86058 | W | W | 2218844 | W | 2304902 |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*1) | Credit risk adjustment amount related to derivatives is excluded.  |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities |
| Detail | Notional | Notional | Fair value<br>hedge | Fair value<br>hedge | Cash flow<br>hedge | Cash flow<br>hedge | Trading | Trading | Total | Total |
|  Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest rate swaps | W | 84563319 | W | 1044231 | W |  | W | 1824342 | W | 2868573 |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency forwards |  | 6779397 |  |  |  |  |  | 193003 |  | 193003 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency swaps |  | 27897849 |  | 1325406 |  | 8318 |  | 980543 |  | 2314267 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 34677246 |  | 1325406 |  | 8318 |  | 1173546 |  | 2507270 |
|  Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Share options |  | 2295088 |  |  |  |  |  | 15665 |  | 15665 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 121535653 | W | 2369637 | W | 8318 | W | 3013553 | W | 5391508 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) | Derivative assets(\*1) |
| Detail | Notional | Notional | Fair value<br>hedge | Fair value<br>hedge | Cash flow<br>hedge | Cash flow<br>hedge | Trading | Trading | Total | Total |
|  Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest rate swaps | W | 73694116 | W | 10002 | W |  | W | 814175 | W | 824177 |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency forwards |  | 16836450 |  |  |  |  |  | 159979 |  | 159979 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency swaps |  | 31410141 |  | 567592 |  | 60757 |  | 675157 |  | 1303506 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 48246591 |  | 567592 |  | 60757 |  | 835136 |  | 1463485 |
|  Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Share options |  | 1397 |  |  |  |  |  | 1415 |  | 1415 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 121942104 | W | 577594 | W | 60757 | W | 1650726 | W | 2289077 |

---

(\*1) Credit risk adjustments related to derivatives are excluded.

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities | Derivative liabilities |
| Detail | Notional | Notional | Fair value<br>hedge | Fair value<br>hedge | Cash flow<br>hedge | Trading | Trading | Total | Total |
|  Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest rate swaps | W | 73694116 | W | 899097 | W | W | 1325699 | W | 2224796 |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency forwards |  | 16836450 |  |  |  |  | 248563 |  | 248563 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency swaps |  | 31410141 |  | 615111 |  |  | 548542 |  | 1163653 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 48246591 |  | 615111 |  |  | 797105 |  | 1412216 |
|  Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Share options |  | 1397 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 121942104 | W | 1514208 | W | W | 2122804 | W | 3637012 |

---

(4) Gains and losses from fair value hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the
years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Fair value hedge – hedged items | W | 266212 | W | (928023) |
|  Fair value hedge – hedging instruments |  | (1531050) |  | 2013401 |

---

(5) As a result of cash flow hedge, the Bank recognized W (68,581) million and W 11,177 million as other comprehensive income (loss) (before tax effect) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023,

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
respectively. The Bank recognized W(494) million as ineffectiveness in relation to cash flow hedge for the year ended December 31, 2024, and there is no ineffectiveness for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(6) Hedge accounting

1) Purpose and strategy of risk avoidance

The Bank transacts with derivative financial instruments to hedge its interest rate risk and currency risk arising from the assets and liabilities of the Bank. The Bank applies the fair value hedge accounting which uses interest rate swaps and currency swaps for the changes in the market interest rates and the exchange rate of debentures in foreign currencies and Korean won, and loans in foreign currencies. The Bank also applies cash flow hedge accounting for currency swaps to hedge currency risk of debentures in foreign currencies.

2) Notional values and average hedge ratio for derivatives as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Within<br>1 year | Within<br>1 year | 1 to<br>2 years | 1 to<br>2 years | 2 to<br>3 years | 2 to<br>3 years | 3 to<br>4 years | 3 to<br>4 years | 4 to<br>5 years | 4 to<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Total | Total |
|  Fair value hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nominal amount of hedged items | W | 13739074 | W | 12308751 | W | 7939172 | W | 5713543 | W | 3228338 | W | 12658392 | W | 55587270 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notional amount of hedging instruments |  | 12636574 |  | 12308751 |  | 8968172 |  | 5713543 |  | 3228338 |  | 13501207 |  | 56356585 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Average hedge ratio |  | 91.98% |  | 100.00% |  | 112.96% |  | 100.00% |  | 100.00% |  | 106.66% |  | 101.38% |
|  Cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nominal amount of hedged items | W | 685260 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 685260 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notional amount of hedging instruments |  | 685260 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 685260 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Average hedge ratio |  | 100.00% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.00% |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Within<br>1 year | Within<br>1 year | 1 to<br>2 years | 1 to<br>2 years | 2 to<br>3 years | 2 to<br>3 years | 3 to<br>4 years | 3 to<br>4 years | 4 to<br>5 years | 4 to<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Over<br>5 years | Total | Total |
|  Fair value hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nominal amount of hedged items | W | 14231762 | W | 12018460 | W | 10357727 | W | 4427957 | W | 5205413 | W | 11997397 | W | 58238716 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notional amount of hedging instruments |  | 14244231 |  | 11018710 |  | 10357727 |  | 4427957 |  | 5205413 |  | 12075933 |  | 57329971 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Average hedge ratio |  | 100.09% |  | 91.68% |  | 100.00% |  | 100.00% |  | 100.00% |  | 100.65% |  | 98.44% |
|  Cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nominal amount of hedged items | W | 113211 | W | 653137 | W |  | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | 766348 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notional amount of hedging instruments |  | 113211 |  | 653137 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 766348 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Average hedge ratio |  | 100.00% |  | 100.00% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.00% |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
3) Effect of hedge accounting on separate statement of financial position, separate statement of comprehensive income, separate statement of changes in equity

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;① Effects of hedging instruments on separate statement of financial position, separate statement of comprehensive
income, separate statement of changes in equity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | | |
| Detail | Notional<br>amount | Notional<br>amount | Carrying<br>amount<br>of assets | Carrying<br>amount<br>of assets | Carrying<br>amount of<br>liabilities | Carrying<br>amount of<br>liabilities | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year |
|  Fair value hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest swap | W | 43210206 | W | 2577 | W | 1044231 | W | (82111) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency swap |  | 13146379 |  | 83481 |  | 1325406 |  | (110144) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 56356585 |  | 86058 |  | 2369637 |  | (192255) |
|  Cash flow hedges |  | 685260 |  |  |  | 8318 |  | (69074) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 57041845 | W | 86058 | W | 2377955 | W | (261329) |

---

(\*1) Credit risk adjustment amount related to derivatives is excluded.

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | Separate statement of<br>financial position (\*1) | | |
| Detail | Notional amount | Notional amount | Carrying<br>amount<br>of assets | Carrying<br>amount<br>of assets | Carrying<br>amount of<br>liabilities | Carrying<br>amount of<br>liabilities | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year |
|  Fair value hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest swap | W | 41327475 | W | 10002 | W | 899097 | W | 919829 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency swap |  | 16002496 |  | 567592 |  | 615111 |  | 168970 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 57329971 |  | 577594 |  | 1514208 |  | 1088799 |
|  Cash flow hedges |  | 766348 |  | 60757 |  |  |  | 11177 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 58096319 | W | 638351 | W | 1514208 | W | 1099976 |

---

(\*1) Credit risk adjustment amount related to derivatives is excluded.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
② Effects of fair value hedged items on separate statement of financial position, separate statement of
comprehensive income, separate statement of changes in equity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | | |
| Detail | Loan | Loan | Debenture | Debenture | Asset | Asset | Liability | Liability | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year |
|  Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in local currency | W |  | W |  | W |  | W | (93296) | W | (15589) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in foreign currencies |  |  |  | 41748294 |  |  |  | (2022157) |  | 357867 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 41748294 |  |  |  | (2115453) |  | 342278 |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Discontinuation of risk hedging loans in foreign currencies |  | 4148 |  |  |  | (1) |  |  |  | 33 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in foreign currencies |  |  |  | 13838977 |  |  |  | (240374) |  | 68244 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Discontinuation of risk hedging debentures in foreign currencies |  |  |  | 21322 |  |  |  | (1644) |  | 98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4148 |  | 13860299 |  | (1) |  | (242018) |  | 68375 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 4148 | W | 55608593 | W | (1) | W | (2357471) | W | 410653 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Separate statement of<br>financial position | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | Accumulated adjustment of<br>fair value hedging | | |
| Detail | Loan | Loan | Debenture | Debenture | Asset | Asset | Liability | Liability | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year |
|  Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in local currency | W |  | W | 874906 | W |  | W | (105724) | W | (64906) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in foreign currencies |  |  |  | 42095686 |  |  |  | (1787353) |  | (723648) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  | 42970592 |  |  |  | (1893077) |  | (788554) |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans in foreign currencies |  | 158155 |  |  |  | (2629) |  |  |  | 5732 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Discontinuation of risk hedging loans in foreign currencies |  | 11372 |  |  |  | (34) |  |  |  | 33 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in foreign currencies |  |  |  | 16077655 |  |  |  | (199166) |  | (179132) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Discontinuation of risk hedging debentures in foreign currencies |  |  |  | 19105 |  |  |  | (1743) |  | 97 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 169527 |  | 16096760 |  | (2663) |  | (200909) |  | (173270) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 169527 | W | 59067352 | W | (2663) | W | (2093986) | W | (961824) |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
③ Effects of cash flow hedged items on separate statement of financial position, separate statement of
comprehensive income, separate statement of changes in equity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Separate<br>statement of<br>financial<br>position | Separate<br>statement of<br>financial<br>position | Accumulated<br>adjustment of<br>cash flow hedging | Accumulated<br>adjustment of<br>cash flow hedging | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in foreign currencies | W | 685260 | W | (5288) | W | 68737 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Separate<br>statement of<br>financial<br>position | Separate<br>statement of<br>financial<br>position | Accumulated<br>adjustment of<br>cash flow hedging | Accumulated<br>adjustment of<br>cash flow hedging | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year | Changes of<br>fair value<br>in the year |
|  Currency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debentures in foreign currencies | W | 766348 | W | 47451 | W | (10717) |

---

4) Gains (losses) on hedged items and hedging instruments attributable to the hedged ineffectiveness for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Gains on<br>hedged<br>items | Gains on<br>hedged<br>items | Losses on<br>hedging<br>instruments | Losses on<br>hedging<br>instruments | Hedge<br>ineffectiveness<br>recognized<br>in profit (loss) | Hedge<br>ineffectiveness<br>recognized<br>in profit (loss) |
|  Fair value hedges | W | 410522 | W | (192255) | W | 218267 |
|  Cash flow hedges |  | 68737 |  | (69074) |  | (494) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 479259 | W | (261329) | W | 217773 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Gains<br>(Losses) on<br>hedged items | Gains<br>(Losses) on<br>hedged items | Gains (Losses) on<br>hedging<br>instruments | Gains (Losses) on<br>hedging<br>instruments | Hedge<br>ineffectiveness<br>recognized<br>in profit | Hedge<br>ineffectiveness<br>recognized<br>in profit |
|  Fair value hedges | W | (961954) | W | 1088799 | W | 126845 |
|  Cash flow hedges |  | (10717) |  | 11177 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | (972671) | W | 1099976 | W | 126845 |

---

**21.**  **<u>ISSUED CAPITAL:</u>** 

As of December 31, 2024, the authorized capital and issued capital of the Bank are W25,000,000 million and W16,873,254 million, respectively. The Bank does not issue share certificates.

Changes in issued capital for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Beginning balance | W | 14773254 | W | 12773254 |
|  Paid-in capital increase |  | 2100000 |  | 2000000 |
|  Ending balance | W | 16873254 | W | 14773254 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**22.**  **<u>OTHER COMPONENTS OF EQUITY:</u>** 

(1) Details of other components of equity as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Gain on equity securities at fair value through other comprehensive income | W | 1422091 | W | 770956 |
|  Loss on debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | (193223) |  | (165682) |
|  Gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge |  | (5288) |  | 47451 |
|  Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities |  | 16176 |  | 29560 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1239756 | W | 682285 |

---

(2) Changes in other components of equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Increase<br>(decrease) | Increase<br>(decrease) | Tax effect | Tax effect | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  Gain (loss) on equity securities at fair value through other comprehensive income | W | 770956 | W | 846729 | W | (195594) | W | 1422091 |
|  Gain (loss) on debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | (165682) |  | (35814) |  | 8273 |  | (193223) |
|  Gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge |  | 47451 |  | (68581) |  | 15842 |  | (5288) |
|  Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities |  | 29560 |  | (17404) |  | 4020 |  | 16176 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 682285 | W | 724930 | W | (167459) | W | 1239756 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Increase<br>(decrease) | Increase<br>(decrease) | Tax effect | Tax effect | Ending<br>balance | Ending<br>balance |
|  Gain (loss) on equity securities at fair value through other comprehensive income | W | 882404 | W | (146524) | W | 35076 | W | 770956 |
|  Gain (loss) on debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | (213907) |  | 63073 |  | (14848) |  | (165682) |
|  Gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge |  | 38805 |  | 11177 |  | (2531) |  | 47451 |
|  Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities |  | 37454 |  | (10329) |  | 2435 |  | 29560 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 744756 | W | (82603) | W | 20132 | W | 682285 |

---

**23.**  **<u>RETAINED EARNINGS:</u>** 

(1) Details of retained earnings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Legal reserve(\*1) | W | 611957 | W | 539682 |
|  Voluntary reserve(\*2) |  | 1762427 |  | 1100658 |
|  Regulatory reserve for loan losses |  | 11365 |  | 275620 |
|  Unappropriated retained earnings |  | 979598 |  | 722752 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 3365347 | W | 2638712 |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (\*1) | Pursuant to the EXIM Bank Act, the Bank appropriates 10% of separate profit for the year for each accounting period as legal reserve, until the accumulated reserve equals to its paid-in capital.  |

---

(\*2) The Bank appropriates the remaining balance of profit for the year, after the appropriation of regulatory reserve for loan losses and declaration of dividends, to voluntary reserve.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Changes in retained earnings for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Beginning balance | W | 2638712 | W | 2051379 |
|  Profit for the year |  | 979598 |  | 722752 |
|  Dividends |  | (252963) |  | (135419) |
|  Ending balance | W | 3365347 | W | 2638712 |

---

(3) Details of dividends for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  The Government | W | 173879 | W | 93083 |
|  Bank of Korea |  | 23117 |  | 12375 |
|  Korea Development Bank |  | 55967 |  | 29961 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 252963 | W | 135419 |

---

(4) Statements of appropriations of retained earnings for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as
follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024<br>(Expected<br>date of<br>appropriation:<br>April 1, 2025) | 2024<br>(Expected<br>date of<br>appropriation:<br>April 1, 2025) | 2023<br>(Date of<br>appropriation:<br>March 25, 2024) | 2023<br>(Date of<br>appropriation:<br>March 25, 2024) |
| I. Retained earnings before appropriations: | W | 979598 | W | 722752 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. Unappropriated retained earnings carried over from prior years |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Profit for the year |  | 979598 |  | 722752 |
| II. Other reserve transferred |  |  |  | 264255 |
| III. Appropriations: |  | 979598 |  | 987007 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. Legal reserve |  | 97960 |  | 72275 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Dividend |  | 370288 |  | 252963 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Other reserve |  | 508988 |  | 661769 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. Regulatory reserve for loan losses |  | 2362 |  |  |
| IV. Unappropriated retained earnings at the end of the year |  |  |  |  |

---

(5) Regulatory reserve for loan losses

Regulatory reserve for loan losses is calculated and disclosed according to Article 29 (1) and (2), Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business. In accordance with Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business, etc., if the estimated allowance for credit loss determined by K-IFRS for the accounting purpose is lower than that for the regulatory purpose required by Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business, the Bank should reserve such difference as the regulatory reserve for loan losses. Due to the fact that regulatory reserve for loan losses is a voluntary reserve, the amounts that exceed the existing regulatory reserve for loan losses over the compulsory regulatory reserve for loan losses at the year-end date are reversed in profit. In case of accumulated deficit, the Bank should recommence setting aside regulatory reserve for loan losses at the time when accumulated deficit is reduced to zero.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
1) Regulatory reserve for loan losses

Details of regulatory reserve for loan losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Regulatory reserve for loan losses | W | 11365 | W | 275620 |
|  Provision for (Reversal of) regulatory reserve for loan losses |  | 2362 |  | (264255) |
|  Expected regulatory reserve for loan losses | W | 13727 | W | 11365 |

---

2) Provision for (Reversal of) regulatory reserve for loan losses and profit for the year after adjusting regulatory reserve for loan losses

Details of provision for (reversal of) regulatory reserve for loan losses and profit for the year after adjusting the reserve for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Profit for the year | W | 979598 | W | 722752 |
|  Provision for (Reversal of) regulatory reserve for loan losses |  | 2362 |  | (264255) |
|  Profit after adjusting the regulatory reserve for loan losses (\*1) | W | 977236 | W | 987007 |

---

(\*1) Adjusted profit considering regulatory reserve for loan losses as above is not a figure based on K-IFRS and is calculated by assuming that the provision in regulatory reserve for loan losses before income tax is reflected in profit for the year.

**24.**  **<u>NET INTEREST INCOME:</u>** 

Net interest income is the amount after deduction of interest expenses from interest income, and the details are as follows:

(1) Details of interest income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Interest of due from financial institutions: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Due from financial institutions in local currency | W | 85421 | W | 74776 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies |  | 491004 |  | 381513 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 576425 |  | 456289 |
|  Interest of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of securities at fair value through profit or loss |  | 333 |  | 1520 |
|  Interest of financial investments: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of securities at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 151533 |  | 78068 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of securities at amortized cost |  | 28116 |  | 45570 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 179649 |  | 123638 |
|  Interest of loans: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of loans in local currency |  | 1208277 |  | 1202939 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of loans in foreign currencies |  | 3847012 |  | 3818865 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of bills bought |  | 59406 |  | 54917 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of Purchases and Discount |  | 353 |  | 1669 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of call loans |  | 154922 |  | 157386 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of interbank loans |  | 35793 |  | 39268 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 5305763 |  | 5275044 |
|  Other interest income |  | 51 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 6062221 | W | 5856491 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Details of interest expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Interest of borrowings: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of borrowings in foreign currencies | W | 316388 | W | 312981 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | 5971 |  | 17906 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 322359 |  | 330887 |
|  Interest of call-money |  | 155 |  | 225 |
|  Interest of debentures: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of debentures in local currency |  | 1118706 |  | 1009991 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest of debentures in foreign currencies |  | 3857328 |  | 3632008 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4976034 |  | 4641999 |
|  Other interest expense |  |  |  | (1835) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  | W5,298,548 |  | W4,971,276 |

---

**25.**  **<u>NET COMMISSION INCOME:</u>** 

Net commission income is the amount after deduction of commission expenses from commission income, and the details are as follows:

(1) Details of commission income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in
millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Commission income in local currency: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission income on management of EDCF (\*1) | W | 22929 | W | 22057 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission income on management of IKCF (\*2) |  | 2626 |  | 2182 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sundry commissions received from local currency revenue |  | 2300 |  | 815 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 27855 |  | 25054 |
|  Commission income in foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission income on letters of credit |  | 1915 |  | 2452 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission income on loan commitments |  | 80976 |  | 57540 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Management fees |  |  |  | 23 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Arrangement fees |  | 2167 |  | 6438 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Advisory fees |  | 221 |  | 483 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cancellation fees |  |  |  | 96 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Advance redemption fees |  | 8229 |  | 19676 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sundry commission income on foreign exchange |  | 250 |  | 119 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Brokerage fee for foreign currencies exchange funds |  | 95 |  | 68 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sundry commissions received from foreign currencies revenue |  | 81 |  | 25412 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 93934 |  | 112307 |
|  Others: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other commission income |  | 26272 |  | 13561 |
|  Guarantee fees in foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guarantee fees in foreign currencies |  | 187918 |  | 189333 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Premium for guarantee |  | 130131 |  | 124489 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 318049 |  | 313822 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 466110 | W | 464744 |

---

(\*1) Economic Development Cooperation Fund

(\*2) Inter Korean Cooperation Fund

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Details of commission expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won
in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Commission expenses in local currency: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission expenses on domestic transactions | W | 600 | W | 958 |
|  Commission expenses in foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commission expenses on borrowings in foreign currencies |  | 12665 |  | 3795 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sundry commission expenses on foreign exchange |  | 8426 |  | 15270 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 21091 |  | 19065 |
|  Others: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other commission expenses |  | 11259 |  | 10166 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 32950 | W | 30189 |

---

**26.**  **<u>DIVIDEND INCOME:</u>** 

Details of dividend income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss | W |  | W | 60 |
|  Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 75691 |  | 61910 |
|  Investments in associates (\*1) |  | 12935 |  | 7177 |
|  Total | W | 88626 | W | 69147 |

---

(\*1) Classified as gain on investments in associates.

**27.**  **<u>GAIN (LOSS) ON FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS:</u>** 

Details of gain (loss) on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Securities at fair value through profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on valuation | W | 33124 | W | 35945 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on valuation |  | (18954) |  | (19413) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on disposal |  | 55298 |  | 70623 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on disposal |  | (14356) |  | (7953) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 24490 |  | 29284 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 79602 |  | 108486 |
|  Loans at fair value through profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on valuation |  |  |  | 138 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on disposal |  | 147 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 147 |  | 138 |
|  Trading derivatives: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on valuation |  | 1374715 |  | 618916 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on valuation |  | (1731683) |  | (563390) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on transaction |  | 1570556 |  | 1646358 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on transaction |  | (1216083) |  | (1600700) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | (2495) |  | 101184 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 77254 | W | 209808 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**28.**  **<u>GAIN (LOSS) ON HEDGING DERIVATIVES:</u>** 

Details of gain (loss) on hedging derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Gain on hedging instruments | W | 1588884 | W | 2856110 |
|  Loss on hedging instruments |  | (3120428) |  | (842709) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | (1531544) | W | 2013401 |

---

**29.**  **<u>GAIN (LOSS) ON FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS:</u>** 

Details of gain (loss) on financial investments for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on disposal | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;81 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1258 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on disposal |  | (885) |  | (532) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | (804) | W | 726 |

---

**30.**  **<u>OTHER OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSES):</u>** 

Details of other operating income (expenses) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Other operating income: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on sale of loans | W | 10 | W |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on redemption of loans |  | 13324 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gain on fair value hedged items |  | 844847 |  | 282391 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 16706 |  | 14513 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 874887 |  | 296904 |
|  Other operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loss on fair value hedged items |  | (578635) |  | (1210415) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Contribution to miscellaneous funds |  | (3612) |  | (4876) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transfer of other provisions |  |  |  | (6) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | (5454) |  | (12821) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | (587701) |  | (1228118) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 287186 | W | (931214) |

---

**31.**  **<u>ADDITIONAL (REVERSAL OF) IMPAIRMENT LOSS ON CREDIT:</u>** 

Details of additional (reversal of) impairment loss on credit for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Loans at amortized cost | W | 575906 | W | 17035 |
|  Other financial assets |  | (1678) |  | (11252) |
|  Guarantees |  | 11635 |  | 309438 |
|  Unused loan commitments |  | (412727) |  | 82123 |
|  Financial guarantee contract |  | (77179) |  | (118023) |
|  Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 382 |  | (311) |
|  Securities at amortized cost |  | (179) |  | 60 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 96160 | W | 279070 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**32.**  **<u>GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES:</u>** 

Details of general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Detail | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  General and administrative | Short-term salaries | W | 130125 | W | 123858 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other expenses in financing department | Office expenses |  | 96415 |  | 88928 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 226540 |  | 212786 |
|  Office expenses of EDCF (\*1) |  |  | 2323 |  | 2419 |
|  General and<br>administrative - Others | Post-employment benefit (defined contributions) |  | 1046 |  | 1129 |
|  | Post-employment benefit<br> (defined benefits) |  | 8771 |  | 6262 |
|  | Depreciation of property, plant and equipment |  | 12343 |  | 10316 |
|  | Amortization of intangible assets |  | 10460 |  | 10356 |
|  | Taxes and duties |  | 39545 |  | 26089 |
|  | Donations and contributions |  | 1525 |  | 2000 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 73690 |  | 56152 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 302553 | W | 271357 |

---

(\*1) Economic Development Cooperation Fund

**33.**  **<u>NON-OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSES):</u>** 

Details of non-operating income (expenses) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Detail | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Gain on investments in Subsidiaries and associates | Dividend income | W | 12935 | W | 7177 |
|  Other incomes | Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  | 23 |  | 44 |
|  | Rent income |  | 506 |  | 531 |
|  | Damages paid for breach of contracts |  | 2 |  |  |
|  | Interest on other loans |  | 164 |  | 221 |
|  | Revenue on research project |  | 5346 |  | 10379 |
|  | Other miscellaneous income |  | 2665 |  | 1578 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 8706 |  | 12753 |
|  Other expenses | Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  | (1) |  | (1) |
|  | Loss on disposal of intangible assets |  | (3) |  | (4) |
|  | Expenses for donation |  | (14164) |  | (9455) |
|  | Court cost |  | (207) |  | (243) |
|  | Expenses on research project |  | (4899) |  | (9970) |
|  | Other miscellaneous expenses |  | (450) |  | (62) |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | (19724) |  | (19735) |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | (11018) | W | (6982) |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**34.**  **<u>INCOME TAX EXPENSE:</u>** 

(1) Details of income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won
in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Current income tax payable | W | 554254 | W | 374282 |
|  Adjustment recognized in the period for current tax of prior years |  | (2604) |  | 7432 |
|  Changes in deferred income taxes due to temporary differences |  | (28582) |  | (127266) |
|  Changes in deferred income taxes directly reflected in equity |  | (167459) |  | 84144 |
|  Income tax expense | W | 355609 | W | 338592 |

---

(2) Changes in temporary differences and deferred income tax assets (liabilities) for the years ended
December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Temporary differences | Temporary differences | Temporary differences | Temporary differences | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) |
| Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Increase<br>(decrease) | Ending<br>balance | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) |
|  Depreciation | W | 178 | 56 | 234 |  | 54 |
|  Fair value hedging loss |  | (2091087) | (266147) | (2357234) |  | (544521) |
|  Financial guarantee contract liability |  | 838420 | 29132 | 867552 |  | 200405 |
|  Loans |  | (5323) | 692 | (4631) |  | (1070) |
|  Allowance for loan losses |  | 1008419 | 538222 | 1546641 |  | 357274 |
|  Unused commitment provisions |  | 550207 | (408623) | 141584 |  | 32706 |
|  Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  | 481624 | (27670) | 453954 |  | 104863 |
|  Long-term income in advance |  | (1206) | 432 | (774) |  | (179) |
|  Provisions for acceptances and guarantees |  | 914744 | 94585 | 1009329 |  | 233155 |
|  Loan-for-equity swap |  | 260229 | 100160 | 360389 |  | 83250 |
|  Losses on valuation of derivatives |  | 108858 | (1154170) | (1045312) |  | (241467) |
|  Gains on valuation of derivatives |  | 1333611 | 1734086 | 3067697 |  | 708638 |
|  Derivatives' credit risk provision |  | 26390 | (11783) | 14607 |  | 3374 |
|  Defined benefit liability |  | (13847) | 30857 | 17010 |  | 3929 |
|  Accrued interest receivables and payables related to swap transaction |  | (211030) | 198706 | (12324) |  | (2847) |
|  Tangible assets |  | (176100) | (107) | (176207) |  | (40704) |
|  Others |  | 1837541 | (31216) | 1806325 |  | 417261 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal | W | 4861628 | 827212 | 5688840 |  | 1314121 |
|  Deferred income tax liabilities directly adjusted in equity |  |  |  |  |  | (295830) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  |  |  | W | 1018291 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Temporary differences | Temporary differences | Temporary differences | Temporary differences | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) |
| Detail | Beginning<br>balance | Beginning<br>balance | Increase<br>(decrease) | Ending<br>balance | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) | Deferred tax<br>assets<br>(liabilities) |
|  Depreciation | W | 144 | 34 | 178 |  | 41 |
|  Fair value hedging income (loss) |  | (3188331) | 1097244 | (2091087) |  | (483041) |
|  Financial guarantee contract liability |  | 970255 | (131835) | 838420 |  | 193675 |
|  Loans |  | (5672) | 349 | (5323) |  | (1230) |
|  Allowance for loan losses |  | 749617 | 258802 | 1008419 |  | 232945 |
|  Unused commitment provisions |  | 467183 | 83024 | 550207 |  | 127098 |
|  Net deferred loan origination fees and costs |  | 403461 | 78163 | 481624 |  | 111255 |
|  Long-term income in advance |  | (1715) | 509 | (1206) |  | (279) |
|  Provisions for acceptances and guarantees |  | 597078 | 317666 | 914744 |  | 211306 |
|  Loan-for-equity swap |  | 1396195 | (1135966) | 260229 |  | 60113 |
|  Losses on valuation of derivatives |  | (792034) | 900892 | 108858 |  | 25146 |
|  Gains on valuation of derivatives |  | 2741608 | (1407997) | 1333611 |  | 308064 |
|  Derivatives' credit risk provision |  |  | 26390 | 26390 |  | 6096 |
|  Defined benefit liability |  | (6969) | (6878) | (13847) |  | (3199) |
|  Accrued interest receivables and payables related to swap transaction |  | (305055) | 94025 | (211030) |  | (48748) |
|  Tangible assets |  | (176005) | (95) | (176100) |  | (40679) |
|  Others |  | 1837069 | 472 | 1837541 |  | 424472 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal | W | 4686829 | 174799 | 4861628 |  | 1123035 |
|  Deferred income tax liabilities directly adjusted in equity |  |  |  |  |  | (135931) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  |  |  |  | W | 987104 |

---

(3) Details of the reconciliation between profit before income tax expense and income tax expense for the years
ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Profit before income tax expense | W | 1335207 | W | 1061344 |
|  Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate (9.9% up to W200 million, 20.9% over W200 million to W20 billion and 23.1% over W20 billion to W300 billion, and 26.4% over W300 billion) |  | 342133 |  | 269834 |
|  Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Effect on non-taxable income |  | (80899) |  | (19880) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Effect on non-deductible expense |  | 66645 |  | 73076 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Effect on tax deduction |  |  |  | (9601) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 30334 |  | 17733 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 16080 |  | 61328 |
|  Adjustment recognized in the period for current tax of prior years |  | (2604) |  | 7430 |
|  Income tax expense | W | 355609 | W | 338592 |
|  Effective tax rate from operations |  | 26.63% |  | 31.90% |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(4) Details of deferred tax relating to items that are recognized directly in equity as of December 31, 2024
and 2023 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Dec. 31,<br>2024 | Dec. 31,<br>2024 | Dec. 31,<br>2023 | Dec. 31,<br>2023 |
|  Loss on valuation of financial investments | W | (295597) | W | (115835) |
|  Gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge |  | 1588 |  | (14254) |
|  Remeasurement of net defined benefit liability |  | (4859) |  | (8879) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | (298868) | W | (138968) |

---

(5) Unrecognized deferred tax assets and liabilities

The Bank does not recognize deferred tax liabilities for taxable temporary difference of W53,036 million related to investments in associates and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 because the Bank is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

The Bank also does not recognize deferred tax assets for deductible temporary differences of W4,469 million related to impairment loss of financial investments as of December 31, 2024 because the realizable period has already passed.

(6) Global Minimum Tax

In accordance with Global Minimum Tax legislation under the International Tax Adjustment Act, which applies starting in 2024, the Group is liable to pay additional taxes for the difference between the effective tax rate per jurisdiction and the 15% minimum tax rate. However, most jurisdictions either pass the transitional exemption regulations or have effective tax rates above 15%, so significant additional taxes are not expected. Therefore, the Group has not recognized any current tax expense related to the Global Minimum Tax. Additionally, the Group has applied the exception to the recognition and disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities related to the Global Minimum Tax, and thus has not recognized and disclosed information on deferred tax assets and liabilities related to the Global Minimum Tax.

**35.**  **<u>SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS:</u>** 

(1) Details of significant non-cash flow transactions for the years ended
December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2023** | **2023** |
|  Written-off | W | 9921 | W | 3797 |
|  Gain on valuation of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 598430 |  | 276705 |
|  Loan-for-equity swap of loans |  | 118292 |  | 10649 |
|  Remeasurement of net defined benefit obligation |  | (17404) |  | (10329) |
|  Investment in kind |  | 2000000 |  | 2000000 |

---

(2) Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023,
are as follows (Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Borrowings | Borrowings | Debentures | Debentures | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 5532198 | W | 93256543 | W | 98788741 |
|  Change in cash flows |  | 654029 |  | (7004773) |  | (6350744) |
|  Amortization of discount |  |  |  | 409587 |  | 409587 |
|  Foreign exchange transaction |  | 667758 |  | 6797144 |  | 7464902 |
|  Change in fair value hedged items |  |  |  | (263584) |  | (263584) |
|  Ending balance | W | 6853985 | W | 93194917 | W | 100048902 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Borrowings | Borrowings | Debentures | Debentures | Total | Total |
|  Beginning balance | W | 10112740 | W | 87791623 | W | 97904363 |
|  Change in cash flows |  | (4870550) |  | 2107605 |  | (2762945) |
|  Amortization of discount |  |  |  | 413826 |  | 413826 |
|  Foreign exchange transaction |  | 290008 |  | 2009734 |  | 2299742 |
|  Change in fair value hedged items |  |  |  | 933755 |  | 933755 |
|  Ending balance | W | 5532198 | W | 93256543 | W | 98788741 |

---

**36.**  **<u>CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS:</u>** 

(1) Details of contingent liabilities and commitments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean
won in millions):

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Detail | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Guarantees | Confirmed | W | 49007121 | W | 43061482 |
|  | Unconfirmed |  | 14582684 |  | 11517928 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 63589805 |  | 54579410 |
|  Loan commitments | Local currency, foreign currencies, offshore loan commitments |  | 38427669 |  | 41917506 |
|  | Others |  | 968575 |  | 2900321 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 39396244 |  | 44817827 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 102986049 | W | 99397237 |

---

(2) Details of guarantees that have been provided for others as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Detail | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2023 |
|  Confirmed guarantees | Local currency: |  |  |  |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Performance of contracts | W | 29648 | W | 45714 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repayment of advances |  | 34289 |  | 44115 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 5556 |  | 24311 |
|  | Subtotal |  | 69493 |  | 114140 |
|  | Foreign currencies: |  |  |  |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Performance of contracts |  | 8198183 |  | 8219273 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repayment of advances |  | 21428505 |  | 19186524 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Acceptances of import letter of credit |  | 10469 |  | 64670 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign liabilities |  | 15334784 |  | 11595947 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others |  | 3965687 |  | 3880928 |
|  | Subtotal |  | 48937628 |  | 42947342 |
|  Unconfirmed guarantees | Foreign liabilities |  | 3302853 |  | 1688469 |
|  | Repayment of advances |  | 11228674 |  | 9772701 |
|  | Issuance of import letter of credit |  | 51122 |  | 56722 |
|  | Others |  | 35 |  | 36 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 14582684 |  | 11517928 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 63589805 | W | 54579410 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(3) Details of guarantees classified by country as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won
in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Total | Total | Total |
| Detail | Detail | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) |
|  Asia | Korea | W | 34444129 | 70.28 | W | 11781636 | 80.79 | W | 46225765 | 72.69 |
|  | China |  | 33923 | 0.07 |  |  |  |  | 33923 | 0.05 |
|  | Saudi Arabia |  | 874774 | 1.78 |  |  |  |  | 874774 | 1.38 |
|  | India |  | 745905 | 1.52 |  |  |  |  | 745905 | 1.17 |
|  | Indonesia |  | 1470512 | 3.00 |  | 76273 | 0.52 |  | 1546785 | 2.43 |
|  | Vietnam |  | 1364403 | 2.78 |  | 205372 | 1.41 |  | 1569775 | 2.47 |
|  | Australia |  | 142497 | 0.29 |  |  |  |  | 142497 | 0.22 |
|  | Qatar |  | 156290 | 0.32 |  |  |  |  | 156290 | 0.25 |
|  | Singapore |  | 66150 | 0.13 |  |  |  |  | 66150 | 0.10 |
|  | Oman |  | 354328 | 0.72 |  | 23871 | 0.16 |  | 378199 | 0.59 |
|  | Uzbekistan |  | 193623 | 0.40 |  |  |  |  | 193623 | 0.30 |
|  | Others |  | 2482009 | 5.07 |  | 124533 | 0.86 |  | 2606542 | 4.11 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 42328543 | 86.36 |  | 12211685 | 83.74 |  | 54540228 | 85.76 |
|  Europe | United Kingdom |  | 303385 | 0.62 |  |  |  |  | 303385 | 0.48 |
|  | Belgium |  | 12690 | 0.03 |  | 7753 | 0.05 |  | 20443 | 0.03 |
|  | France |  | 448761 | 0.92 |  |  |  |  | 448761 | 0.71 |
|  | Netherlands |  | 205800 | 0.42 |  |  |  |  | 205800 | 0.32 |
|  | Others |  | 3780979 | 7.72 |  | 2190302 | 15.02 |  | 5971281 | 9.40 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4751615 | 9.71 |  | 2198055 | 15.07 |  | 6949670 | 10.94 |
|  America | United States |  | 44615 | 0.09 |  | 19110 | 0.13 |  | 63725 | 0.10 |
|  | Mexico |  | 315918 | 0.64 |  |  |  |  | 315918 | 0.50 |
|  | Others |  | 866357 | 1.77 |  | 145211 | 1.00 |  | 1011568 | 1.59 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 1226890 | 2.50 |  | 164321 | 1.13 |  | 1391211 | 2.19 |
|  Africa | Mozambique |  | 580821 | 1.19 |  |  |  |  | 580821 | 0.91 |
|  | Others |  | 119252 | 0.24 |  | 8623 | 0.06 |  | 127875 | 0.20 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 700073 | 1.43 |  | 8623 | 0.06 |  | 708696 | 1.11 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 49007121 | 100.00 | W | 14582684 | 100.00 | W | 63589805 | 100.00 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Total | Total | Total |
| Detail | Detail | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) |
|  Asia | Korea | W | 32149504 | 74.67 | W | 10165628 | 88.25 | W | 42315132 | 77.53 |
|  | China |  | 46809 | 0.11 |  |  |  |  | 46809 | 0.09 |
|  | Saudi Arabia |  | 957326 | 2.22 |  |  |  |  | 957326 | 1.75 |
|  | India |  | 359894 | 0.84 |  |  |  |  | 359894 | 0.66 |
|  | Indonesia |  | 1280567 | 2.97 |  | 291415 | 2.53 |  | 1571982 | 2.88 |
|  | Vietnam |  | 1249081 | 2.90 |  | 240363 | 2.09 |  | 1489444 | 2.73 |
|  | Australia |  | 158823 | 0.37 |  |  |  |  | 158823 | 0.29 |
|  | Qatar |  | 172174 | 0.40 |  |  |  |  | 172174 | 0.32 |
|  | Singapore |  | 58023 | 0.13 |  |  |  |  | 58023 | 0.11 |
|  | Oman |  | 363441 | 0.84 |  | 1032 | 0.01 |  | 364473 | 0.67 |
|  | Uzbekistan |  | 228409 | 0.53 |  |  |  |  | 228409 | 0.42 |
|  | Others |  | 2273845 | 5.28 |  | 121953 | 1.06 |  | 2395798 | 4.39 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 39297896 | 91.26 |  | 10820391 | 93.94 |  | 50118287 | 91.84 |
|  Europe | United Kingdom |  | 400400 | 0.93 |  |  |  |  | 400400 | 0.73 |
|  | France |  | 228903 | 0.53 |  |  |  |  | 228903 | 0.42 |
|  | Netherlands |  | 180516 | 0.42 |  |  |  |  | 180516 | 0.33 |
|  | Others |  | 1344118 | 3.12 |  | 571946 | 4.97 |  | 1916064 | 3.51 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 2153937 | 5.00 |  | 571946 | 4.97 |  | 2725883 | 4.99 |
|  America | United States |  | 48232 | 0.11 |  | 16762 | 0.15 |  | 64994 | 0.12 |
|  | Mexico |  | 10315 | 0.02 |  |  |  |  | 10315 | 0.02 |
|  | Others |  | 787707 | 1.84 |  | 108829 | 0.94 |  | 896536 | 1.64 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 846254 | 1.97 |  | 125591 | 1.09 |  | 971845 | 1.78 |
|  Africa | Madagascar |  | 95317 | 0.22 |  |  |  |  | 95317 | 0.17 |
|  | Others |  | 668078 | 1.55 |  |  |  |  | 668078 | 1.22 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 763395 | 1.77 |  |  |  |  | 763395 | 1.39 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 43061482 | 100.00 | W | 11517928 | 100.00 | W | 54579410 | 100.00 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(4) Details of guarantees classified by industry as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won
in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Total | Total | Total |
| Detail | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) |
|  Manufacturing | W | 30745306 | 62.74 | W | 11609150 | 79.61 | W | 42354456 | 66.61 |
|  Transportation |  | 2520523 | 5.14 |  | 512477 | 3.51 |  | 3033000 | 4.77 |
|  Financial institution |  | 3030797 | 6.18 |  | 1843195 | 12.64 |  | 4873992 | 7.66 |
|  Wholesale and retail |  | 1715742 | 3.50 |  | 1431 | 0.01 |  | 1717173 | 2.70 |
|  Real estate business |  | 61557 | 0.13 |  |  |  |  | 61557 | 0.10 |
|  Construction |  | 3638050 | 7.42 |  | 82967 | 0.57 |  | 3721017 | 5.85 |
|  Public sector and others |  | 7295146 | 14.89 |  | 533464 | 3.66 |  | 7828610 | 12.31 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 49007121 | 100.00 | W | 14582684 | 100.00 | W | 63589805 | 100.00 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Confirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Unconfirmed guarantees | Total | Total | Total |
| Detail | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) | Amount | Amount | Ratio (%) |
|  Manufacturing | W | 27349344 | 63.51 | W | 10232081 | 88.84 | W | 37581425 | 68.85 |
|  Transportation |  | 2217735 | 5.15 |  | 586553 | 5.09 |  | 2804288 | 5.14 |
|  Financial institution |  | 878641 | 2.04 |  | 3683 | 0.03 |  | 882324 | 1.62 |
|  Wholesale and retail |  | 1753614 | 4.07 |  | 26265 | 0.23 |  | 1779879 | 3.26 |
|  Real estate business |  | 54275 | 0.13 |  | 4641 | 0.04 |  | 58916 | 0.11 |
|  Construction |  | 4598227 | 10.68 |  | 81846 | 0.71 |  | 4680073 | 8.57 |
|  Public sector and others |  | 6209646 | 14.42 |  | 582859 | 5.06 |  | 6792505 | 12.45 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 43061482 | 100.00 | W | 11517928 | 100.00 | W | 54579410 | 100.00 |

---

(5) Global Medium-Term Note Program and CP programs

The Bank has been establishing the following programs regarding the issue of foreign currencies bonds and CPs:

1) Established on August 1, 1991, initially, and annually renewed, U.S. Shelf Registration to issue foreign bonds under the Securities and Exchange Commission rule of the United States of America with an issuance limit of USD 70 billion.

2) Established on May 14, 1997, and May 16, 1997, initially, and annually renewed, Euro and US CP programs to issue CPs with issuance limits of USD 10 billion and USD 2 billion, respectively.

3) Established on November 6, 1997, initially, and annually renewed, Global Medium-Term Note Program to issue mid-to-long-term foreign currencies bonds with an issuance limit of USD 35 billion.

4) Established in 1995, initially, and renewed every two years, Yen Shelf Registration to issue Samurai bond with an issuance limit of JPY 500 billion.

5) Established on May 31, 2010, Australian Domestic Debt Issuance Program to issue Kangaroo bond with limit of AUD 6 billion.

6) Established on January 17, 2011, initially, and renewed every two years, Uridashi Shelf Registration to issue Uridashi bond with an issuance limit of JPY 500 billion.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(6) Litigations

As of December 31, 2024, 4 lawsuits (aggregated claim amount: W4,304 million) were filed as a plaintiff and 2 pending litigations as a defendant were filed (aggregated claim amount: W24,586 million). The Bank's management expects that there is no significant impact on the separate financial statements due to these lawsuits but it is possible to make additional loss to the Bank due to the results of future litigation.

(7) Written-off loans

The Bank manages written-off loans that have claims on debtors due to the statute of limitations, uncollected after write-off, etc. The written-off loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are W1,637,615 million and W1,739,567 million, respectively. The contractual uncollected amount of financial assets, which were written off during the 2024, but are still subject to collection, is W9,921 million.

**37.**  **<u>TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES WITH RELATED PARTIES:</u>** 

Related parties consist of entities related to the Bank, postemployment benefits, a key management personnel and a close member of that person's family, an entity controlled or jointly controlled and an entity influenced significantly.

(1) Details of related parties as of December 31, 2024, are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Relationship | Ownership-<br>percentage (%) |
|  Parent: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korean government | Parent | 76.38 |
|  Subsidiaries and Associates: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | Subsidiary | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance | Subsidiary | 97.52 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. | Subsidiary | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited | Subsidiary | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. | Subsidiary | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. | Subsidiary | 100.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund | Associate | 14.80 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF | Associate | 24.99 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. | Associate | 26.41 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KB-Badgers Future Mobility ESG Fund I | Associate | 22.73 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WWG Green New Deal Fund | Associate | 25.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corporate Structure Innovation PEF IV | Associate | 22.20 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HANGUK INVESTMENT SEMAINBEROBOTIKSEUSAMO INVESTMENT LIMITED PARTNERSHIP | Associate | 23.58 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STIC K-Growth Private Equity Fund | Associate | 21.57 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wonik M&A 2024 Private Equity Fund | Associate | 25.00 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corporate Structure Innovation PEF V | Associate | 22.02 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Significant balances of receivables, payables and guarantees between the Bank and related parties

1) Receivables and payables between the Bank and related parties as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Receivables | Receivables | Allowance<br>/<br>Provisions | Allowance<br>/<br>Provisions | Payables | Payables |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 334101 | W |  | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 158989 |  | 321 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 81935 |  | 161 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 210096 |  | 133 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 257690 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 1042811 |  | 615 |  |  |
|  Associates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  |  |  | 1380 |  | 286 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1042811 | W | 1995 | W | 286 |

---

(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Receivables | Receivables | Allowance /<br>Provisions | Allowance /<br>Provisions | Payables |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 269384 | W |  | W |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 121958 |  | 212 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 105733 |  | 157 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 240647 |  | 127 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 65163 |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 802885 |  | 496 |  |
|  Associates: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  |  |  | 1431 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 802885 | W | 1927 | W |

---

2) Guarantees provided to the related parties as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2024)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Confirmed<br>guarantees | Confirmed<br>guarantees | Unconfirmed<br>guarantees | Loan<br>commitments | Loan<br>commitments | Other<br>commitments |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W |  | W | W | 511085 | W |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  |  |  |  | 61740 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  |  |  |  | 205635 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  |  |  |  | 307759 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  |  |  |  | 483579 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  |  | 1569798 |  |
|  Associates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  | 1319561 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1319561 | W | W | 1569798 | W |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(December 31, 2023)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Confirmed<br>guarantees | Confirmed<br>guarantees | Unconfirmed<br>guarantees | Loan<br>commitments | Loan<br>commitments | Other<br>commitments |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W |  | W | W | 411623 | W |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  |  |  |  | 7736 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  |  |  |  | 148042 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  |  |  |  | 219611 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  |  |  |  | 335789 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  |  |  |  | 1122801 |  |
|  Associates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  | 1375403 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 1375403 | W | W | 1122801 | W |

---

(3) Profit and loss transactions between the Bank and related parties

Profit and loss transactions between the Bank and related parties for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Revenue | Revenue | Bad debt<br>expenses | Bad debt<br>expenses | Expenses | Expenses |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 23561 | W |  | W |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 8522 |  | 108 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 4974 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 14500 |  | 1 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. |  |  |  |  |  | 7173 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 3844 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 55401 |  | 109 |  | 7173 |
|  Associates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  | 4067 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 4067 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 59468 | W | 109 | W | 7173 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Revenue | Revenue | Bad debt<br>expenses | Bad debt<br>expenses | Expenses | Expenses |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 16369 | W |  | W |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 5768 |  | (63) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 6378 |  | (12) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 10810 |  | 39 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd. |  |  |  |  |  | 6818 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 792 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 40117 |  | (36) |  | 6818 |
|  Associates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hanwha Ocean Co., Ltd. (formerly, Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.) (\*1) |  | 53642 |  | (6545) |  | 44 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd. |  | 4663 |  | (36) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subtotal |  | 58305 |  | (6581) |  | 44 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 98422 | W | (6617) | W | 6862 |

---

(\*1) Profit and loss transactions before being excluded from the related parties for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(4) Loans transactions between the Bank and related parties

Loan transactions between the Bank and related parties for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2024) ---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Financing transaction | Financing transaction | Financing transaction | Financing transaction | Investing transaction | Investing transaction |
|  | Loan | Loan | Collection | Collection | Increase | Decrease |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 1990818 | W | 1972275 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 563560 |  | 546566 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 330409 |  | 365532 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 900247 |  | 965272 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 454873 |  | 278077 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 4239907 | W | 4127722 |  |  |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2023) ---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | Financing transaction | Financing transaction | Financing transaction | Financing transaction | Investing transaction | Investing transaction | Investing transaction |
|  | Loan | Loan | Collection | Collection | Increase | Increase | Decrease |
|  Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Bank UK Limited | W | 785350 | W | 778143 | W |  | W |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance |  | 242707 |  | 265698 |  | 64805 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. |  | 401130 |  | 432696 |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Asia Limited |  | 154673 |  | 132489 |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd. |  | 69387 |  | 4534 |  |  |  |
|  Associates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hanwha Ocean Co., Ltd.<br>(formerly, Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.) (\*1) |  | 460000 |  | 461467 |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | 2113247 | W | 2075027 | W | 64805 | W |

---

(\*1) Profit and loss transactions before being excluded from the related parties for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(5) Details of compensation for key executives for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows
(Korean won in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Detail | 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2023 |
|  Short-term employee benefits | W | 3415 | W | 3321 |
|  Post-employment benefits |  | 259 |  | 241 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3674 | W | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3562 |

---

**38.**  **<u>APPROVAL OF SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:</u>** 

The separate financial statements of the Bank were approved by board of directors on March 19, 2025 and were finally approved by the Operations Committee on March 21, 2025.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA** 

**Land and History** 

***Territory and Population***

Located generally south of the 38th parallel on the Korean peninsula, The Republic of Korea covers about 38,000 square miles, approximately one-fourth of which is arable. The Republic has a population of approximately 52 million people. The country's largest city and capital, Seoul, has a population of about 9 million people.

***Map of the Republic of Korea***

![LOGO](g949694g44x00.jpg)

***Political History***

Dr. Rhee Seungman, who was elected President in each of 1948, 1952, 1956 and 1960, dominated the years after the Republic's founding in 1948. Shortly after President Rhee's resignation in 1960 in response to student-led demonstrations, a group of military leaders headed by Park Chung Hee assumed power by coup. The military leaders established a civilian government, and the country elected Mr. Park as President in October 1963. President Park served as President until his assassination in 1979 following a period of increasing strife between the Government and its critics. The Government declared martial law and formed an interim government under Prime Minister Choi Kyu Hah, who became the next President. After clashes between the Government and its critics, President Choi resigned, and General Chun Doo Hwan, who took control of the Korean army, became President in 1980.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
In late 1980, the country approved, by national referendum, a new Constitution, providing for indirect election of the President by an electoral college and for certain democratic reforms, and shortly thereafter, in early 1981, re-elected President Chun.

Responding to public demonstrations in 1987, the legislature revised the Constitution to provide for direct election of the President. In December 1987, Roh Tae Woo won the presidency by a narrow plurality, after opposition parties led by Kim Young Sam and Kim Dae Jung failed to unite behind a single candidate. In February 1990, two opposition political parties, including the one led by Kim Young Sam, merged into President Roh's ruling Democratic Liberal Party.

In December 1992, the country elected Kim Young Sam as President. The election of a civilian and former opposition party leader considerably lessened the controversy concerning the legitimacy of the political regime. President Kim's administration reformed the political sector and deregulated and internationalized the Korean economy.

In December 1997, the country elected Kim Dae Jung as President. President Kim's party, the Millennium Democratic Party (formerly known as the National Congress for New Politics), formed a coalition with the United Liberal Democrats led by Kim Jong Pil, with Kim Jong Pil becoming the first prime minister in President Kim's administration. The coalition, which temporarily ended before the election held in April 2000, continued with the appointment of Lee Han Dong of the United Liberal Democrats as the Prime Minister in June 2000. The coalition again ended in September 2001.

In December 2002, the country elected Roh Moo Hyun as President. President Roh and his supporters left the Millennium Democratic Party in 2003 and formed a new party, the Uri Party, in November 2003. On August 15, 2007, 85 members of the National Assembly, previously belonging to the Uri Party, or the Democratic Party, formed the United New Democratic Party, or the UNDP. The Uri Party merged into the UNDP on August 20, 2007. In February 2008, the UNDP merged back into the Democratic Party. In December 2011, the Democratic Party merged with the Citizens Unity Party to form the Democratic United Party, which changed its name to the Democratic Party in May 2013.

In December 2007, the country elected Lee Myung-Bak as President. He commenced his term in February 2008. In April 2018, the Korean prosecutor's office indicted former President Lee on 16 counts of corruption, including bribery, abuse of power, embezzlement and other irregularities. In October 2018, a Seoul district court sentenced him to 15 years of prison term, which decision he subsequently appealed. In October 2020, the Supreme Court ruled against such appeal and sentenced him to 17 years of prison term. Subsequently, he was released from prison pursuant to a special presidential pardon in December 2022.

In December 2012, the country elected Park Geun-hye as President. She commenced her term in February 2013. In March 2017, the Constitutional Court unanimously upheld a parliamentary vote to impeach President Park, triggering her immediate dismissal, for a number of constitutional and criminal violations, including violation of the Constitution and abuse of power by allowing her confidant to exert influence on state affairs and allowing senior presidential aides to aid in her extortion from companies. After a series of trials, former President Park was sentenced to a combined 22 years of prison term and a fine of W21.5 billion. In light of her deteriorating health, however, former President Park was granted a special pardon by President Moon, her successor, and was released from prison in December 2021.

A special election to elect a successor to former President Park was held in May 2017 and the country elected Moon Jae-in as President. His term, which commenced on May 10, 2017, ended on May 9, 2022.

In March 2022, the country elected Yoon Suk-yeol as President. His term commenced on May 10, 2022. On December 3, 2024, President Yoon declared martial law, citing an urgent need to protect the country. The National Assembly swiftly voted to rescind the declaration of martial law, which led to President Yoon's

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
revocation of the decree hours later. On December 14, 2024, the National Assembly voted in favor of President Yoon's impeachment, for his purported acts of insurrection, among others, which resulted in an immediate suspension of his presidential powers, with the prime minister simultaneously taking over the role of acting President. On April 4, 2025, the Constitutional Court unanimously upheld the National Assembly's vote to impeach President Yoon, triggering his immediate dismissal.

A special election to elect a successor to former President Yoon was held in June 2025 and the country elected Lee Jae-myung as President for a five-year term. His term commenced on June 4, 2025.

**Government and Politics** 

***Government and Administrative Structure***

Governmental authority in the Republic is centralized and concentrated in a strong presidency. The President is elected by popular vote and can only serve one term of five years. The President chairs the State Council, which consists of the President, the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, the respective heads of Government ministries and the ministers of state. The President can select the members of the State Council and appoint or remove all other Government officials, except for elected local officials.

The President can veto new legislation and take emergency measures in cases of natural disaster, serious fiscal or economic crisis, state of war or other similar circumstances. The President must promptly seek the concurrence of the National Assembly for any emergency measures taken and failing to do so automatically invalidates the emergency measures. In the case of martial law, the President may declare martial law without the consent of the National Assembly; provided, however, that the National Assembly may request the President to rescind such martial law.

The National Assembly exercises the country's legislative power. The Constitution and the Public Official Election Act provide for the direct election of about 84% of the members of the National Assembly and the distribution of the remaining seats proportionately among parties winning more than five seats in the direct election or receiving over 3% of the popular vote. National Assembly members serve four-year terms. The National Assembly enacts laws, ratifies treaties and approves the national budget. The executive branch drafts most legislation and submits it to the National Assembly for approval.

The country's judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court and lower courts of various levels. The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and appoints the other Justices of the Supreme Court upon the recommendation of the Chief Justice. All appointments to the Supreme Court require the consent of the National Assembly. The Chief Justice, with the consent of the conference of Supreme Court Justices, appoints all the other judges in Korea. Supreme Court Justices serve for six years and all other judges serve for ten years. Other than the Chief Justice, justices and judges may be reappointed to successive terms.

The President formally appoints all nine judges of the Constitutional Court, but three judges must be designated by the National Assembly and three by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Constitutional Court judges serve for six years and may be reappointed to successive terms.

Administratively, the Republic comprises six provinces (Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk and Gyeongnam), three special autonomous provinces (Jeju, Gangwon and Jeonbuk), one special city (Seoul), six metropolitan cities (Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon and Ulsan) and one special autonomous city (Sejong). From 1961 to 1995, the national government controlled the provinces and the President appointed provincial officials. Local autonomy, including the election of provincial officials, was reintroduced in June 1995.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Political Parties***

The 22nd legislative general election was held on April 10, 2024 and the term of the National Assembly members elected in the 22nd legislative general election commenced on May 30, 2024. Currently, there are three major political parties: The Democratic Party of Korea, or the DPK, the People Power Party, or the PPP, and the Rebuilding Korea Party, or the RKP.

As of March 31, 2025, the parties control the following number of seats in the National Assembly:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **DPK** | **PPP** | **RKP** | **Others** | **Total** |
|  Number of seats | 170 | 108 | 12 | 10 | 300 |

---

***Relations with North Korea***

Relations between the Republic and North Korea have been tense over most of the Republic's history. The Korean War began with the invasion of the Republic by communist forces from the north in 1950, which was repelled by the Republic and the United Nations forces led by the United States. Following a military stalemate, an armistice was reached establishing a demilitarized zone monitored by the United Nations in the vicinity of the 38th parallel in 1953.

North Korea maintains a military force estimated at more than a million regular troops, mostly concentrated near the northern side of the demilitarized zone, and approximately 7.6 million reserves. The Republic's military forces, composed of approximately 500,000 regular troops and 3.1 million reserves, maintain a state of military preparedness along the southern side of the demilitarized zone. In addition, the United States has maintained its military presence in the Republic since the signing of the armistice and currently has approximately 28,500 troops stationed in the Republic. The Republic and the United States share a joint command structure over their military forces in Korea. In October 2014, the United States and the Republic agreed to implement a conditions-based approach to the dissolution of their joint command structure at an appropriate future date, which would allow the Republic to assume the command of its own armed forces in the event of war on the Korean peninsula. Over the years, the Republic and the United States have entered into a series of Special Measures Agreements, or SMAs, which cover the Republic's contribution to the cost of maintaining the U.S. military presence in the Republic. In March 2021, the Republic and the United States reached an agreement to enter into a new six-year SMA, under which the Republic would increase its share of the cost of the American military presence in the Republic, which became effective in September 2021 upon ratification by the National Assembly.

The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, since the death of Kim Jong-il in December 2011, there has been increased uncertainty with respect to the future of North Korea's political leadership and concern regarding its implications for political and economic stability in the region. Kim Jong-il's third son, Kim Jong-un, has assumed power as his father's designated successor.

In addition, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea's nuclear weapons, ballistic missile and satellite programs as well as its hostile military and other actions against Korea. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• From time to time, North Korea has conducted ballistic missile tests. In February 2016, North Korea launched
a long-range rocket in violation of its agreement with the United States as well as United Nations sanctions barring it from conducting launches that use ballistic missile technology. Despite international condemnation, North Korea released a
statement that it intends to continue its rocket launch program and it conducted a series of ballistic missile tests in 2016 and 2017. In response, the United Nations Security Council issued unanimous statements condemning North Korea and agreeing
to continue to closely monitor the situation and to take further significant measures, and in December 2017, unanimously passed a resolution extending existing sanctions that were imposed on North Korea.

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Despite such actions, North Korea increased the frequency of its military actions since the beginning of 2022, firing numerous ballistic missiles, including intercontinental ballistic missiles, and in November 2023, successfully launched its first spy satellite.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in January 2003 and conducted three rounds of nuclear tests between October 2006 and February 2013. In January 2016, North Korea conducted a fourth nuclear test, claiming that the test involved its first hydrogen bomb. In
September 2016, North Korea conducted a fifth nuclear test, claiming to have successfully detonated a nuclear warhead that could be mounted on ballistic missiles. In September 2017, North Korea announced that it successfully conducted its sixth
nuclear test by detonating a hydrogen bomb designed to be mounted on an intercontinental ballistic missile, which resulted in increased tensions in the region and elicited strong objections worldwide. In response to such tests (as well as North
Korea's long-range ballistic missile program), the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed several rounds of resolutions condemning North Korea's actions and significantly expanding the scope of the sanctions applicable to North
Korea, while the United States and the European Union also imposed additional sanctions on North Korea.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In August 2015, two Korean soldiers were injured in a landmine explosion near the Korean demilitarized zone.
Claiming the landmines were set by North Koreans, the Korean army re-initiated its propaganda program toward North Korea utilizing loudspeakers near the demilitarized zone. In retaliation, the North Korean
army fired artillery rounds on the loudspeakers, resulting in the highest level of military readiness for both Koreas.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen
on board. The Government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea's Yeonpyeong
Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Government condemned North Korea
for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.

North Korea's economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. Although bilateral summit meetings were held between Korea and North Korea in April, May and September 2018 and between the United States and North Korea in June 2018, February 2019 and June 2019, there can be no assurance that the level of tension on the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future or that such escalation will not have a material adverse impact on the Republic's economy and us. Any further increase in tension, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between the Republic and North Korea or between the United States and North Korea break down or further military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Republic's economy and us. Over the longer term, reunification of the two Koreas could occur. Reunification may entail a significant economic commitment by the Republic.

***Foreign Relations and International Organizations***

The Republic maintains diplomatic relations with most nations of the world, most importantly with the United States with which it entered into a mutual defense treaty and several economic agreements. The Republic also has important relationships with Japan and China, its largest trading partners together with the United States.

The Republic belongs to a number of supranational organizations, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• United Nations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the International Monetary Fund, or the IMF;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the World Bank;

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Asian Development Bank, or the ADB;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the International Finance Corporation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the International Development Association;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the African Development Bank;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Bank for International Settlements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the World Health Organization, or the WHO;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the World Trade Organization, or the WTO;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the International Atomic Energy Agency, or the IAEA;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Inter-American Development Bank, or the IDB;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or the OECD; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

**The Economy** 

The following table sets forth information regarding certain of the Republic's key economic indicators for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of or for the year ended December 31,** | **As of or for the year ended December 31,** | **As of or for the year ended December 31,** | **As of or for the year ended December 31,** | **As of or for the year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of dollars and trillions of Won, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars and trillions of Won, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars and trillions of Won, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars and trillions of Won, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars and trillions of Won, except percentages)** |
|  GDP Growth (at current prices) | 0.9% | 7.9% | 4.6% | 3.7% | 6.2%<sup>(7)</sup> |
|  GDP Growth (at chained 2020 year prices) | (0.7)% | 4.6% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 2.0%<sup>(7)</sup> |
|  Inflation<sup>(1)</sup> | 0.5% | 2.5% | 5.1% | 3.6% | 2.3%<sup>(7)</sup> |
|  Unemployment<sup>(2)</sup> | 4.0% | 3.7% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 2.8%<sup>(7)</sup> |
|  Trade Surplus (Deficit)<sup>(3)</sup> | $44.9 | $29.3 | $(47.8) | $(10.4) | $51.6<sup>(7)</sup> |
|  Foreign Currency Reserves | $443.1 | $463.1 | $423.2 | $420.1 | $415.6 |
|  External Liabilities<sup>(4)</sup> | $550.6 | $630.7 | $673.3 | $672.5 | $670.0<sup>(7)</sup> |
|  Fiscal Balance | (71.2) | (30.5) | (64.6) | (36.8) | (43.5)<sup>(7)</sup> |
|  Direct Internal Debt of the Government<sup>(5)</sup> (as % of GDP<sup>(6)</sup>) | 39.3% | 43.1% | 46.2% | 48.1% | 49.2% |
|  Direct External Debt of the Government<sup>(5)</sup> (as % of GDP<sup>(6)</sup>) | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% |

---

(1) Measured by the year-on-year change in the consumer price index with base year 2020, as announced by The Bank of Korea.

(2) Average for year.

(3) Derived from customs clearance statistics on a C.I.F. basis, meaning that the price of goods includes insurance
and freight cost.

(4) Calculated under the criteria based on the sixth edition of the Balance of Payment Manual published by the
International Monetary Fund in December 2010.

(5) Does not include guarantees by the Government. See "—Debt—External and Internal Debt of the
Government—Guarantees by the Government" for information on outstanding guarantees by the Government.

(6) At chained 2020 year prices.

(7) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties***

In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the occurrence of severe health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• hostilities, political or social tensions involving Russia (including the Russia-Ukraine war and ensuing actions
that the United States and other countries have taken or may take in the future, such as the imposition of sanctions against Russia) and the resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil and other natural resources and the global financial
markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rising inflationary pressures leading to increases in the costs of goods and services and a decrease in
purchasing power;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• interest rate fluctuations as well as perceived or actual changes in policy rates, or other monetary and fiscal
policies set forth, by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• disruptions in the global supply chain for raw materials, natural resources, consumer goods, rare earth minerals,
component parts and other supplies, including as a result of health epidemics, government policies and labor shortages;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increased uncertainties in the global financial markets and industry, including difficulties faced by several
banks in the United States and Europe;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a deterioration in economic and trade relations between the United States and its trading partners, including as
a result of the imposition of significant tariffs by the United States on its trading partners;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• financial and social difficulties affecting many governments worldwide, in particular in Latin America and
Europe;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• escalations in trade protectionism globally and geopolitical tensions in East Asia and the Middle East (including
those resulting from the escalating hostilities in the Middle East following the Israel-Hamas war as well as in light of the ongoing Iran-Israel conflict);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East, including Iran, Iraq, Syria and Yemen;
and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• fluctuations in oil and commodity prices.

There has been significant volatility in global financial markets resulting from, among others, the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war and ensuing sanctions against Russia, the escalating hostilities in the Middle East following the Israel-Hamas war as well as in light of the ongoing Iran-Israel conflict, difficulties faced by several banks in the United States and Europe and significant fluctuations in policy interest rates globally, which has also led to significant volatility in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index in recent years. See "—The Financial System—Securities Markets". Declines in the index and large amounts of sales of Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in Korea, and the ability of Korean companies and banks to raise capital. Moreover, the value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has depreciated significantly in recent years. A depreciation of the Won generally increases the cost of imported goods and services and the required amount of the Won revenue for Korean companies to service foreign currency-denominated debt.

In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, any of the foregoing developments could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets. In addition, in the event of difficult conditions in the global credit markets or a deterioration of the global economy in the future, the Korean economy could be adversely affected and Korean banks may be forced to fund their operations at a higher cost or may be unable to raise as much funding as they need to support their lending and other activities.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
In addition to the global developments, domestic developments that could lead to or contribute to a material adverse effect on the Korean economy include, among other things, the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a slowdown in consumer spending and depressed consumer sentiment due to the outbreak of infectious diseases, such
as the COVID-19 pandemic;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by consumer and small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers, which may occur due to, among others, higher levels of market interest rates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• steadily rising household debt consisting of housing loans and merchandise credit, which increased to
approximately Won 1,927.3 trillion as of December 31, 2024 from Won 843.2 trillion as of December 31, 2010, primarily due to increases in mortgage loans and purchases with credit cards;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and other countries resulting from territorial or
trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a substantial increase in the Government's expenditures for pension and social welfare programs, due in part
to an aging population (defined as the population of people aged 65 years or older) that accounted for approximately 19.2% of the Republic's total population as of December 31, 2024, an increase from 7.2% as of December 31, 2000, and
is expected to surpass 22.5% in 2027;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the occurrence of severe health epidemics that affect the livestock industry.

***Gross Domestic Product***

GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country for a given period and reveals whether a country's productive output rises or falls over time. Economists present GDP in both current market prices and "real" or "inflation-adjusted" terms. In March 2009, the Republic adopted a method known as the "chain-linked" measure of GDP, replacing the previous fixed-base, or "constant" measure of GDP, to show the real growth of the aggregate economic activity, as recommended by the System of National Accounts 1993. GDP at current market prices values a country's output using the actual prices of each year, whereas the "chain-linked" measure of GDP is compiled by using "chained indices" linking volume growth between consecutive time periods. In March 2014, the Republic published a revised GDP calculation method by implementing the System of National Accounts 2008 and updating the reference year from 2005 to 2010 to align Korean national accounts statistics with the recommendations of the new international standards for compiling national economic accounts and to maintain comparability with other nations' accounts. The main components of these revisions include, among other things, (i) recognizing expenditures for research and development and creative activity for the products of entertainment, literary and artistic originals as fixed investment, (ii) incorporating a wide array of new and revised source data such as the economic census, the population and housing census and 2010 benchmark input-output tables, which provide thorough and detailed information on the structure of the Korean economy, (iii) developing supply-use tables, which provide a statistical tool for ensuring consistency among the production, expenditure and income approaches to measuring GDP and (iv) recording merchandise trade transactions based on ownership changes rather than movements of goods across the national border. The Republic updated the reference year from 2010 to 2015 in July 2019, and from 2015 to 2020 in June 2024, to better align Korean national accounts statistics with the recommendations of the previously implemented System of National Accounts 2008, to accurately reflect recent economic structural changes, and to maintain comparability with other countries' accounts.

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The following table sets out the composition of the Republic's GDP at current market and chained 2020 year prices and the annual average increase in the Republic's GDP.

**Gross Domestic Product** 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of GDP<br>2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  **Gross Domestic Product at Current Market Prices:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Private | 984088.0 | 1046772.2 | 1139397.2 | 1203106.7 | 1239725.4 | 48.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government | 349586.2 | 378268.2 | 409866.5 | 428148.6 | 447056.5 | 17.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gross Capital Formation | 648928.8 | 721964.5 | 774411.5 | 768159.8 | 766388.6 | 30.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports of Goods and Services | 712542.3 | 874074.3 | 1052553.6 | 995305.3 | 1134176.9 | 44.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Less Imports of Goods and Services | (636678.7) | (799166.2) | (1052447.3) | (986033.0) | (1030011.0) | (40.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Statistical Discrepancy | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | (479.1) | (0.0) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Expenditures on Gross Domestic Product | 2058466.5 | 2221912.9 | 2323781.5 | 2408687.4 | 2556857.4 | 100.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net Factor Income from the Rest of the World | 16943.8 | 23413.6 | 28055.4 | 34674.5 | 36904.7 | 1.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gross National Income<sup>(2)</sup> | 2075410.3 | 2245326.5 | 2351837.0 | 2443361.9 | 2593762.0 | 101.4 |
|  **Gross Domestic Product at Chained 2020 Year Prices:** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Private | 984088.0 | 1020878.4 | 1063928.5 | 1085426.6 | 1097036.0 | 47.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government | 349586.2 | 369293.7 | 384235.8 | 391677.5 | 400082.5 | 17.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gross Capital Formation | 648928.8 | 675845.0 | 676282.5 | 677134.3 | 661465.3 | 28.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports of Goods and Services | 712542.3 | 789432.2 | 820347.6 | 848332.6 | 906303.1 | 39.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Less Imports of Goods and Services | (636678.7) | (701537.0) | (730672.0) | (752696.6) | (771407.8) | (33.7) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Statistical Discrepancy | 0.0 | (489.4) | (842.9) | (221.4) | 220.2 | 0.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Expenditures on Gross Domestic Product<sup>(3)</sup> | 2058466.5 | 2153422.9 | 2212158.9 | 2247177.7 | 2292202.4 | 100.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net Factor Income from the Rest of the World in the Terms of Trade | 16943.8 | 22553.7 | 25584.2 | 31083.4 | 32301.5 | 1.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Trading Gains and Losses from Changes in the Terms of Trade | 0.0 | (21620.0) | (94623.4) | (91660.0) | (51879.6) | (2.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gross National Income<sup>(4)</sup> | 2075410.3 | 2154356.5 | 2143107.5 | 2186579.3 | 2272601.1 | 99.1 |
|  Percentage Increase (Decrease) of GDP over Previous Year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  At Current Prices | 0.9 | 7.9 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 6.2 |  |
|  At Chained 2020 Year Prices | (0.7) | 4.6 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.0 |  |

---

(1) Preliminary.

(2) GDP plus net factor income from the rest of the world is equal to the Republic's gross national income.

(3) Under the "chain-linked" measure of GDP, the components of GDP will not necessarily add up to the
total GDP.

(4) Under the "chain-linked" measure of Gross National Income, the components of Gross National Income
will not necessarily add up to the total Gross National Income.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table sets out the Republic's GDP by economic sector at current market prices:

**Gross Domestic Product by Economic Sector** 

**(at current market prices)** 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of GDP<br>2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Industrial Sectors: | 719110.4 | 773620.4 | 789147.0 | 818260.2 | 904125.1 | 35.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | 32481.6 | 36998.4 | 33656.4 | 34871.5 | 37285.4 | 1.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing, Mining and Quarrying | 530768.1 | 585053.1 | 617557.4 | 615334.3 | 682814.6 | 26.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and Quarrying | 1737.2 | 1843.5 | 1807.8 | 2199.5 | 2231.0 | 0.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing | 529030.9 | 583209.6 | 615749.6 | 613134.8 | 680583.6 | 26.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, Gas and Water Supply | 45605.3 | 37579.5 | 16493.8 | 43159.0 | 61455.6 | 2.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Construction | 110255.4 | 113989.4 | 121439.4 | 124895.4 | 122569.5 | 4.8 |
|  Services: | 1171665.8 | 1264275.9 | 1349454.4 | 1418346.5 | 1470206.0 | 57.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wholesale and Retail Trade, Accommodation and Food Services | 214871.3 | 227253.6 | 248366.2 | 257714.3 | 264793.9 | 10.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transportation and Storage | 66603.8 | 82702.3 | 95655.6 | 99398.5 | 103383.0 | 4.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Finance and Insurance | 110016.4 | 124021.2 | 136404.4 | 138480.1 | 139729.3 | 5.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real Estate | 161030.1 | 162658.9 | 158314.6 | 161757.8 | 168109.5 | 6.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Information and Communication | 89215.3 | 102319.0 | 103549.3 | 109212.6 | 114001.9 | 4.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Business Activities | 156652.6 | 166098.7 | 177636.8 | 195980.4 | 200094.9 | 7.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Public Administration, Defense and Social Security | 129850.9 | 138688.7 | 149078.6 | 155941.9 | 164768.8 | 6.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education | 90436.1 | 96862.5 | 101581.8 | 105710.7 | 109857.9 | 4.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Human Health and Social Work | 106034.6 | 114340.0 | 123519.0 | 129825.3 | 137316.8 | 5.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cultural and Other Services | 46954.8 | 49330.9 | 55348.1 | 64324.9 | 68150.0 | 2.7 |
|  Taxes Less Subsidies on Products | 167690.3 | 184016.7 | 185180.2 | 172080.7 | 182526.4 | 7.1 |
|  Gross Domestic Product at Current Market Prices | 2058466.5 | 2221912.9 | 2323781.5 | 2408687.4 | 2556857.4 | 100.0 |
|  Net Factor Income from the Rest of the World | 16943.8 | 23413.6 | 28055.4 | 34674.5 | 36904.7 | 1.4 |
|  Gross National Income at Current Market Price | 2075410.3 | 2245326.5 | 2351837.0 | 2443361.9 | 2593762.0 | 101.4 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

The following table sets out the Republic's GDP per capita:

**Gross Domestic Product per capita** 

**(at current market prices)** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  GDP per capita (thousands of Won) | 39711 | 42919 | 44971 | 46578 | 49407 |
|  GDP per capita (U.S. dollar) | 33652 | 37503 | 34809 | 35681 | 36223 |
|  Average Exchange Rate (in Won per U.S. dollar) | 1180.1 | 1144.4 | 1292.0 | 1305.4 | 1364.0 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table sets out the Republic's Gross National Income, or GNI, per capita:

**Gross National Income per capita** 

**(at current market prices)** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  GNI per capita (thousands of Won) | 40038 | 43372 | 45514 | 47249 | 50120 |
|  GNI per capita (U.S. dollar) | 33929 | 37898 | 35228 | 36195 | 36745 |
|  Average Exchange Rate (in Won per U.S. dollar) | 1180.1 | 1144.4 | 1292.0 | 1305.4 | 1364.0 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

The following table sets out the Republic's GDP by economic sector:

**Gross Domestic Product by Economic Sector** 

**(at chained 2020 year prices)** 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of GDP<br>2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Industrial Sectors: | 719110.4 | 754589.3 | 771177.9 | 777094.3 | 799717.0 | 34.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | 32481.6 | 33598.5 | 33866.3 | 33239.9 | 33452.8 | 1.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing, Mining and Quarrying | 530768.1 | 565269.6 | 579036.4 | 587525.2 | 612533.6 | 26.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and Quarrying | 1737.2 | 1974.8 | 1785.3 | 1748.2 | 1620.8 | 0.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing | 529030.9 | 563294.8 | 577227.8 | 585750.1 | 610925.5 | 26.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, Gas and Water Supply | 45605.3 | 46403.2 | 48020.4 | 46767.1 | 48309.2 | 2.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Construction | 110255.4 | 109318.0 | 110254.8 | 109562.1 | 105421.4 | 4.6 |
|  Services: | 1171665.8 | 1222603.2 | 1269070.6 | 1303096.2 | 1324200.8 | 57.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wholesale and Retail Trade, Accommodation and Food Services | 214871.3 | 219693.4 | 231974.4 | 225315.5 | 222021.2 | 9.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transportation and Storage | 66603.8 | 73634.5 | 82748.1 | 96656.7 | 105152.6 | 4.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Finance and Insurance | 110016.4 | 117411.7 | 120645.5 | 121470.6 | 125704.2 | 5.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real Estate | 161030.1 | 163741.0 | 160447.8 | 161591.7 | 164810.0 | 7.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Information and Communication | 89215.3 | 97513.5 | 99786.9 | 104404.3 | 104960.0 | 4.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Business Activities | 156652.6 | 159603.6 | 163453.3 | 170792.4 | 169644.0 | 7.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Public Administration, Defense and Social Security | 129850.9 | 134868.3 | 139003.2 | 141575.3 | 144757.3 | 6.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education | 90436.1 | 95484.0 | 98708.1 | 99980.4 | 101155.4 | 4.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Human Health and Social Work | 106034.6 | 112370.6 | 119255.3 | 122755.8 | 127459.8 | 5.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cultural and Other Services | 46954.8 | 48282.6 | 52244.1 | 56689.6 | 57543.0 | 2.5 |
|  Taxes Less Subsidies on Products | 167690.3 | 176230.4 | 172134.2 | 165969.0 | 168062.9 | 7.3 |
|  Gross Domestic Product<sup>(2)</sup> | 2058466.5 | 2153422.9 | 2212158.9 | 2247177.7 | 2292202.4 | 100.0 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

(2) Under the "chain-linked" measure of GDP, the components of GDP will not necessarily add up to the
total GDP.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

GDP in 2020 contracted by 0.7% at chained 2020 year prices, primarily due to a 4.6% decrease in private consumption expenditures and a 1.7% decrease in exports of goods and services, which were offset in significant part by a 3.3% decrease in imports of goods and services, a 5.2% increase in general government consumption expenditures and a 2.8% increase in gross domestic fixed capital formation, each compared with 2019. The contraction of the Republic's GDP in 2020 was primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
GDP growth in 2021 was 4.6% at chained 2020 year prices, as exports of goods and services increased by 10.8%, aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 4.2% and gross domestic fixed capital formation increased by 4.3%, which more than offset an increase in imports of goods and services by 10.2%, each compared with 2020.

GDP growth in 2022 was 2.7% at chained 2020 year prices, as aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 4.2% and exports of goods and services increased by 3.9%, which more than offset an increase in imports of goods and services by 4.2% and a decrease in gross fixed capital formation by 0.2%, each compared with 2021.

GDP growth in 2023 was 1.6% at chained 2020 year prices, as exports of goods and services increased by 3.4% and aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 2.0%, which was offset in significant part by a 3.0% increase in imports of goods and services, each compared with 2022.

Based on preliminary data, GDP growth in 2024 was 2.0% at chained 2020 year prices, as exports of goods and services increased by 6.8% and aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 1.4%, which was offset in part by a 2.5% increase in imports of goods and services and a 0.8% decrease in gross domestic fixed capital formation, each compared with 2023.

Based on preliminary data, GDP in the first quarter of 2025 contracted by 0.1% at chained 2020 year prices, primarily due to a 4.1% decrease in gross domestic fixed capital formation and a 1.2% increase in imports of goods and services, the effects of which were offset in part by a 0.9% increase in aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures and a 0.6% increase in exports of goods and services, each compared with the corresponding period of 2024.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Principal Sectors of the Economy** 

***Industrial Sectors***

The following table sets out production indices for the principal industrial products of the Republic and their relative contribution to total industrial production:

**Industrial Production** 

**(2020 = 100)** 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Index<br>Weight<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  Industries | 10000.0 | 100.0 | 108.2 | 108.8 | 108.8 | 113.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and Manufacturing | 9555.0 | 100.0 | 108.2 | 108.8 | 108.8 | 113.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining | 23.0 | 100.0 | 94.2 | 95.8 | 113.9 | 95.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing | 9532.0 | 100.0 | 108.2 | 108.8 | 108.8 | 113.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Food Products | 485.9 | 100.0 | 111.7 | 114.0 | 109.3 | 125.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beverage Products | 102.0 | 100.0 | 93.0 | 91.4 | 77.7 | 75.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tobacco Products | 44.7 | 100.0 | 88.4 | 93.2 | 100.9 | 114.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Textiles | 110.6 | 100.0 | 104.3 | 100.4 | 82.1 | 81.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wearing Apparel, Clothing Accessories and Fur Articles | 83.2 | 100.0 | 137.3 | 117.6 | 114.0 | 73.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tanning and Dressing of Leather, Luggage and Footwear | 17.6 | 100.0 | 92.0 | 78.7 | 49.4 | 36.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wood and Products of Wood and Cork (Except Furniture) | 31.0 | 100.0 | 80.4 | 89.5 | 94.5 | 77.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pulp, Paper and Paper Products | 133.8 | 100.0 | 97.5 | 95.1 | 93.7 | 102.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Printing and Reproduction of Recorded Media | 43.9 | 100.0 | 109.4 | 129.3 | 118.0 | 110.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products | 354.5 | 100.0 | 98.4 | 101.9 | 104.3 | 108.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chemicals and Chemical Products | 756.8 | 100.0 | 105.9 | 93.6 | 91.0 | 96.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical Products | 288.9 | 100.0 | 96.2 | 111.7 | 141.2 | 157.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Rubber and Plastic Products | 414.8 | 100.0 | 104.5 | 110.9 | 112.8 | 120.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-metallic Minerals | 213.6 | 100.0 | 107.6 | 96.4 | 84.9 | 95.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Basic Metals | 600.2 | 100.0 | 101.0 | 95.5 | 97.5 | 97.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fabricated Metal Products | 495.9 | 100.0 | 83.7 | 82.7 | 93.4 | 112.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electronic Components, Computer, Radio, Television and Communication Equipment and Apparatuses | 2402.9 | 300.0 | 342.5 | 316.7 | 329.7 | 335.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments, Watches and Clocks | 389.1 | 300.0 | 297.5 | 365.1 | 364.4 | 388.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electrical Equipment | 478.2 | 100.0 | 113.4 | 138.3 | 120.8 | 94.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Machinery and Equipment | 776.7 | 100.0 | 116.6 | 113.4 | 108.6 | 100.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Motor Vehicles, Trailers and Semitrailers | 1014.2 | 100.0 | 109.6 | 121.0 | 137.1 | 135.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Transport Equipment | 144.1 | 100.0 | 93.3 | 108.0 | 103.4 | 110.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Furniture | 43.1 | 100.0 | 72.9 | 64.1 | 52.4 | 50.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Products | 106.3 | 200.0 | 232.8 | 340.2 | 243.9 | 278.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, Gas | 445.0 | 100.0 | 104.9 | 107.5 | 103.5 | 105.1 |
|  Total Index | 10000.0 | 100.0 | 108.2 | 108.8 | 108.8 | 113.2 |

---

(1) Index weights were established on the basis of an industrial census in 2020 and reflect the average annual value
added by production in each of the classifications shown, expressed as a percentage of total value added in the mining, manufacturing and electricity and gas industries in that year.

(2) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; Korea National Statistical Office

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
Industrial production decreased by 0.3% in 2020, primarily due to decreased domestic consumption and exports resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Industrial production recovered and increased by 8.2% in 2021, primarily due to increased exports and domestic consumption. Industrial production increased by 0.6% in 2022, primarily due to increased exports and domestic consumption. Industrial production remained stable in 2023. Based on preliminary data, industrial production increased by 4.0% in 2024, primarily due to increased exports.

***Manufacturing***

The manufacturing sector decreased production by 0.4% in 2020, primarily due to decreased demand for automobiles. The manufacturing sector increased production by 8.2% in 2021, primarily due to increased demand for consumer electronics products, electronic components (including semiconductors) and machinery. The manufacturing sector increased production by 0.6% in 2022, primarily due to increased demand for electrical equipment and automobiles. Production levels for the manufacturing sector remained stable in 2023. Based on preliminary data, the manufacturing sector increased production by 4.0% in 2024, primarily due to increased demand for electronic components (including semiconductors) and pharmaceuticals.

*Automobiles.* In 2020, automobile production decreased by 11.2% and export sales volume recorded a decrease of 21.4%, compared with 2019, primarily due to a general decline in global demand for automobiles caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which outpaced a 4.7% increase in domestic sales volume from 2019 to 2020, primarily due to increased domestic demand for automobiles. In 2021, automobile production decreased by 1.3% and domestic sales volume recorded a decrease of 8.5%, compared with 2020, primarily due to the global shortage of semiconductors amid the COVID-19 pandemic, but export sales volume recorded an increase of 8.6% compared with 2020, primarily due to an increase in the market share of domestic automobile manufacturers in the global automotive market. In 2022, automobile production increased by 8.5% and export sales volume recorded an increase of 12.7%, compared with 2021, primarily due to an increase in demand for Korean automobiles in the global automotive market as well as the gradual easing of the global shortage of automotive semiconductors in the second half of 2022, but domestic sales volume recorded a decrease of 3.2% compared with 2021, primarily due to the global shortage of automotive semiconductors during the first half of 2022. In 2023, automobile production increased by 13.0%, export sales volume recorded an increase of 20.3% and domestic sales volume recorded an increase of 3.3%, compared with 2022, primarily due to the continued easing of the global shortage of automotive semiconductors and increased global and domestic demand for environmentally-friendly automobiles. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, automobile production decreased by 2.7% and domestic sales volume recorded a decrease of 6.5%, compared with 2023, primarily due to a decrease in demand for automobiles following a deterioration in domestic economic conditions, but export sales volume recorded an increase of 0.6% compared with 2023, primarily due to an increase in demand for environmentally-friendly automobiles in the global automotive market.

*Electronics*. In 2020, electronics production amounted to W329,872 billion, an increase of 2.2% from the previous year, and exports of electronics amounted to US$183.5 billion, an increase of 3.7% from the previous year, primarily due to an increase in demand for semiconductors, computers and other electronic apparatuses. In 2020, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 19.5% of the Republic's total exports. In 2021, electronics production amounted to W370,907 billion, an increase of 12.4% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$227.6 billion, an increase of 24.0% from the previous year, primarily due to an increase in demand for semiconductors, display panels, mobile devices, solid state drives and secondary cell batteries. In 2021, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 20.0% of the Republic's total exports. In 2022, electronics production amounted to W378,091 billion, an increase of 1.9% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$233.2 billion, an increase of 2.5% from the previous year, primarily due to an increase in demand for semiconductors, display panels and secondary cell batteries. In 2022, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 19.1% of the Republic's total exports. Based on preliminary data, in 2023, electronics production amounted to W327,651 billion, a decrease of 13.3% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$186.8 billion, a decrease of 19.9% from the previous year, primarily due to a decrease in demand for semiconductors, computers and other electronic apparatuses. In 2023,

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export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 15.8% of the Republic's total exports. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, electronics production amounted to W373,322 billion, an increase of 13.9% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$235.1 billion, an increase of 25.9% from the previous year, primarily due to an increase in demand for semiconductors, computers and other electronic apparatuses. In 2024, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 20.8% of the Republic's total exports.

*Iron and Steel.* In 2020, crude steel production totaled 67.1 million tons, a decrease of 6.0% from 2019, primarily due to adverse conditions in the construction and shipbuilding industries in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and export sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 5.0%, primarily due to a decrease in global demand for crude steel products resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, crude steel production totaled 70.4 million tons, an increase of 4.9% from 2020, primarily due to an increase in domestic demand for crude steel products following a gradual economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but export sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 6.1%, primarily due to an increase in the price of steel products coupled with a decrease in global demand for crude steel products resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, crude steel production totaled 65.8 million tons, a decrease of 6.5% from 2021, primarily due to disruptions in supply chain resulting from the Russia-Ukraine war and the temporary closure of steel production plants in Korea due to a typhoon during the course of 2022, and export sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 5.3%, primarily due to a decrease in global demand for crude steel products resulting from the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and a general slowdown of the global economy. In 2023, crude steel production totaled 66.7 million tons, an increase of 1.3% from 2022, primarily due to the re-opening of steel production plants in Korea following the recovery from the damage caused by a typhoon during 2022, and export sales volume of iron and steel products increased by 6.5%, primarily due to an increase in demand for crude steel products from North America and Japan. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, crude steel production totaled 63.5 million tons, a decrease of 4.8% from 2023, primarily due to a decrease in domestic demand for crude steel products resulting from adverse conditions in the construction and shipbuilding industries, although export sales volume of iron and steel products increased by 3.7%, primarily due to an increase in demand for crude steel products from export destinations in Europe, Mexico and India.

*Shipbuilding.* In 2020, the Republic's shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 8 million compensated gross tons, a decrease of 20.0% compared to 2019, primarily due to the adverse conditions in the domestic and global shipbuilding industry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the Republic's shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 17 million compensated gross tons, an increase of 112.5% compared to 2020, primarily due to increased demand for container carriers and LNG carriers. In 2022, the Republic's shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 16 million compensated gross tons, a decrease of 5.9% compared to 2021, primarily due to a decrease in demand for oil tankers and container carriers. In 2023, the Republic's shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 10 million compensated gross tons, a decrease of 37.5% compared to 2022, primarily due to decreased demand for container carriers and LNG carriers. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the Republic's shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 11 million compensated gross tons, an increase of 9.1% compared to 2023, primarily due to an increase in demand for LNG carriers, oil tankers and container carriers.

***Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries***

The Government's agricultural policy has traditionally focused on:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• grain production;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• development of irrigation systems;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• land consolidation and reclamation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• seed improvement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• mechanization measures to combat drought and flood damage; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increasing agricultural incomes.

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Recently, however, the Government has increased emphasis on cultivating profitable crops and strengthening international competitiveness as a result of the continued opening of the domestic agricultural market.

In 2020, rice production decreased 5.4% from 2019 to 3.5 million tons. In 2021, rice production increased 11.4% from 2020 to 3.9 million tons. In 2022, rice production decreased 2.6% from 2021 to 3.8 million tons. In 2023, rice production decreased 2.6% from 2022 to 3.7 million tons. In 2024, rice production decreased 2.7% from 2023 to 3.6 million tons. Due to limited crop yields resulting from geographical and physical constraints, the Republic depends on imports for certain basic foodstuffs.

The Government is seeking to develop the fishing industry by encouraging the building of large fishing vessels and modernizing fishing equipment, marketing techniques and distribution outlets.

In 2020, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry decreased by 6.7% compared to 2019, primarily due to a decrease in farming and livestock production. In 2021, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry increased by 3.4% compared to 2020, primarily due to an increase in farming and fisheries production. In 2022, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry increased by 0.8% compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in livestock production. Based on preliminary data, in 2023, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry decreased by 2.6% compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in farming and livestock production. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry increased by 0.8% compared to 2023, primarily due an increase in farming and livestock production.

***Construction***

In 2020, the construction industry decreased by 0.4% compared to 2019, primarily due to a decrease in the construction of residential buildings. In 2021, the construction industry decreased by 0.9% compared to 2020, primarily due to a decrease in the construction of residential buildings. In 2022, the construction industry increased by 0.9% compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in the construction of commercial buildings. Based on preliminary data, in 2023, the construction industry increased by 3.1% compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in the construction of commercial buildings. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the construction industry decreased by 2.8% compared to 2023, primarily due to a decrease in the construction of residential buildings.

***Electricity and Gas***

The following table sets out the Republic's dependence on imports for energy consumption:

**Dependence on Imports for Energy Consumption** 

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total Primary<br>Energy Supply** | **Imports** | **Imports Dependence<br>Ratio** |
|  | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(1)</sup>, except ratios)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(1)</sup>, except ratios)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(1)</sup>, except ratios)** |
| 2020 | 285.6 | 271.3 | 95.0 |
| 2021 | 300.6 | 285.0 | 94.8 |
| 2022 | 304.0 | 287.0 | 94.4 |
| 2023<sup>(2)</sup> | 297.6 | 279.4 | 93.9 |
| 2024<sup>(2)</sup> | 303.5 | 284.1 | 93.6 |

---

(1) Conversion to tons of oil equivalents was calculated based on energy conversion factors under the Energy Act
Enforcement Decree as amended in July 2017.

(2) Preliminary.

*Source:* Korea Energy Economics Institute; Korea National Statistical Office

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Korea has almost no domestic oil or gas production and depends on imported oil and gas to meet its energy requirements. Accordingly, the international prices of oil and gas significantly affect the Korean economy. Any significant long-term increase in the prices of oil and gas will increase inflationary pressures in Korea and adversely affect the Republic's balance of trade.

To reduce its dependence on oil and gas imports, the Government has encouraged energy conservation and energy source diversification emphasizing nuclear energy. The following table sets out the principal primary sources of energy supplied in the Republic, expressed in oil equivalents and as a percentage of total energy consumption.

**Primary Energy Supply by Source** 

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Coal** | **Coal** | **Gas** | **Gas** | **Oil** | **Oil** | **Nuclear** | **Nuclear** | **Others<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Others<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total** | **Total** |
|  | **Quantity** | **%** | **Quantity** | **%** | **Quantity** | **%** | **Quantity** | **%** | **Quantity** | **%** | **Quantity** | **%** |
|  | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** | **(millions of tons of oil equivalents<sup>(2)</sup>, except percentages)** |
| 2020 | 75983 | 26.6 | 53956 | 18.9 | 107971 | 37.8 | 34119 | 11.9 | 13524 | 4.7 | 285553 | 100.0 |
| 2021 | 76968 | 25.6 | 59628 | 19.8 | 115205 | 38.3 | 33657 | 11.2 | 15092 | 5.0 | 300550 | 100.0 |
| 2022 | 75869 | 25.0 | 59203 | 19.5 | 114676 | 37.7 | 37500 | 12.3 | 16732 | 5.5 | 303980 | 100.0 |
| 2023<sup>(3)</sup> | 73700 | 24.8 | 56648 | 19.0 | 111036 | 37.3 | 38445 | 12.9 | 17769 | 6.0 | 297598 | 100.0 |
| 2024<sup>(3)</sup> | 69682 | 23.0 | 60900 | 20.1 | 113888 | 37.5 | 40205 | 13.2 | 18859 | 6.2 | 303534 | 100.0 |

---

(1) Includes hydro-electric power, biofuels and waste-based energy, geothermal and solar power and heat.

(2) Conversion to tons of oil equivalents was calculated based on energy conversion factors under the Energy Act
Enforcement Decree as amended in July 2017.

(3) Preliminary.

*Source:* Korea Energy Economics Institute; The Bank of Korea

The Republic's first nuclear power plant went into full operation in 1978 with a rated generating capacity of 587 megawatts. As of December 31, 2024, the Republic had 26 nuclear plants with a total estimated nuclear power installed generating capacity of 26,050 megawatts and four nuclear plants under construction.

In February 2025, the Government announced the Eleventh Basic Plan of Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand for the period from 2024 to 2038, which focuses on, among other things, (i) promoting the use of scientific methods to estimate and calculate future electricity demand, (ii) pursuit of energy mix that prioritizes supply stability, efficiency and carbon neutrality, (iii) expansion of carbon-free energy sources instead of converting aging coal-fired generation plants into LNG power plants, (iv) expansion of power grid systems that take into account the construction of new facilities for renewable energy, and (v) effective utilization of the energy market to enhance supply stability and energy distribution. Furthermore, the Eleventh Basic Plan includes the following implementation measures: (i) continued utilization of nuclear power as a carbon-free energy source, (ii) systematic expansion of renewable energy sources while attaining greenhouse gas reduction goals, (iii) expansion of clean hydrogen- and ammonia-based power generation, and (iv) incorporation of district energy systems into the national electricity supply and demand management framework.

***Services Sector***

In 2020, the service industry decreased by 0.7% compared to 2019 as the arts, sports and recreation related services sector decreased by 31.9%, the accommodation and food service activities sector decreased by 17.9% and the transportation and storage sector decreased by 12.4%, each compared with 2019. In 2021, the service industry increased by 8.8% compared to 2020 as the arts, sports and recreation related services sector increased by 18.8%, the information and communications sector increased by 14.6% and the transportation and storage sector increased by 11.9%, each compared with 2020. In 2022, the service industry increased by 11.6% compared to 2021 as the arts, sports and recreation related services sector increased by 48.5%, the transportation and

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storage sector increased by 30.5% and the accommodation and food services sector increased by 25.6%, each compared with 2021. In 2023, the service industry increased by 4.8% compared to 2022 as the arts, sports and recreation related services sector increased by 9.8%, the membership organizations, repair and other personal services sector increased by 8.9% and the financial and insurance activities sector increased by 8.1%, each compared with 2022. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the service industry increased by 3.2% compared to 2023 as the transportation and storage sector increased by 7.6%, the information and communications sector increased by 6.5% and the arts, sports and recreation related services sector increased by 3.7%, each compared with 2023.

***Prices, Wages and Employment***

The following table shows selected price and wage indices and unemployment rates:

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Producer<br>Price<br>Index<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Increase<br>(Decrease)<br>Over<br>Previous<br>Year** | **Consumer<br>Price<br>Index<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Increase<br>(Decrease)<br>Over<br>Previous<br>Year** | **Wage<br>Index<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Increase<br>(Decrease)<br>Over<br>Previous<br>Year** | **Unemployment<br>Rate<sup>(1)(3)</sup>** |
|  | **(2020=100)** | **(%)** | **(2020=100)** | **(%)** | **(2015=100)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
| 2020 | 100.0 | (0.5) | 100.0 | 0.5 | 115.5 | (0.6) | 4.0 |
| 2021 | 106.4 | 6.4 | 102.5 | 2.5 | 123.5 | 6.9 | 3.7 |
| 2022 | 115.3 | 8.4 | 107.7 | 5.1 | 130.7 | 5.8 | 2.9 |
| 2023 | 117.1 | 1.6 | 111.6 | 3.6 | 134.9 | 3.2 | 2.7 |
| 2024 | 119.1 | 1.7 | 114.2 | 2.3 | N/A<sup>(4)</sup> | N/A<sup>(4)</sup> | 2.8 |

---

(1) Average for the year.

(2) Nominal wage index of average earnings in the manufacturing industry.

(3) Expressed as a percentage of the economically active population.

(4) Not available.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; Korea National Statistical Office

In 2020, the inflation rate increased to 0.5%, primarily due to increases in agricultural and livestock product prices. In 2021, the inflation rate increased to 2.5%, primarily due to increases in agricultural and livestock product prices and oil prices. In 2022, the inflation rate increased to 5.1%, primarily due to increases in agricultural and livestock product prices and oil prices. In 2023, the inflation rate decreased to 3.6%, primarily due to a slower rate of increase in the prices of agricultural and livestock products and oil. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the inflation rate decreased to 2.3% despite increases in agricultural and livestock product prices, primarily due to a slower rate of increase in the prices of personal services, electricity, gas, water and processed goods and, to a lesser extent, a decrease in oil prices. Based on preliminary data, the inflation rate was 2.1% in the first quarter of 2025.

In 2020, the unemployment rate increased to 4.0%, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the unemployment rate decreased to 3.7%, reflecting a gradual recovery of the Korean economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the unemployment rate decreased to 2.9%, reflecting a gradual recovery of the Korean economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the unemployment rate decreased to 2.7%, primarily due to an increase in the number of workers employed in the service industry. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the unemployment rate increased to 2.8%, primarily due to a decrease in the number of workers employed in the manufacturing and construction sectors. Based on preliminary data, the unemployment rate was 3.4% in the first quarter of 2025.

From 1992 to 2009, the economically active population of the Republic increased by approximately 24.8% to 24.3 million, while the number of employees increased by approximately 23.7% to 23.5 million. The economically active population over 15 years old as a percentage of the total over-15 population has remained between 62% and 65% over the past decade. Literacy among workers under 50 is almost universal. As of

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December 31, 2024, the economically active population of the Republic was 29.4 million and the number of employees was 28.6 million.

The following table shows selected employment information by industry and by gender:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** |
|  | **(all figures in percentages, except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages, except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages, except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages, except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages, except as indicated)** |
|  Labor force (in thousands of persons) | 26904 | 27273 | 28089 | 28416 | 28576 |
|  Employment by Industry: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and Manufacturing | 16.3 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 15.7 | 15.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S.O.C & Services | 78.3 | 78.6 | 78.5 | 79.0 | 79.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, Transport, Communication and Finance | 11.8 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Business, Private & Public Service and Other Services | 38.0 | 38.6 | 39.0 | 39.4 | 39.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Construction | 7.5 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants | 21.0 | 20.0 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Employed | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
|  Employment by Gender: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Male | 57.2 | 57.0 | 56.7 | 56.1 | 55.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Female | 42.8 | 43.0 | 43.3 | 43.9 | 44.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Employed | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |

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*Source:* The Bank of Korea

Pursuant to certain amendments to the Labor Standards Act that became effective on July 1, 2018, the maximum working hours of employees have been reduced from 68 hours per week to 52 hours per week, and the number of special industries that are exempt from restrictions on maximum working hours will be significantly reduced. This new maximum working hours restriction under the amended Labor Standards Act is in effect for workplaces with 300 or more workers from July 1, 2018, and has been extended to workplaces with 50 or more but fewer than 300 workers from January 1, 2020, and has been further extended to workplaces with five or more but fewer than 50 workers from July 1, 2021.

Labor unrest in connection with demands by unionized workers for better wages and working conditions and greater job security occurs from time to time in the Republic. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In October, November and December 2020, unionized workers at GM Korea went on partial strikes during wage and
collective agreement negotiations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In November and December 2020, unionized workers at Kia went on partial strikes demanding higher wages,
performance-based incentives and other benefits.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In November and December 2021, unionized workers at Hankook Tire & Technology, one of Korea's
largest tire makers, went on a full strike demanding higher wages and performance-based incentive payments.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In 2021, unionized workers at CJ Logistics, one of Korea's largest freight transportation companies, went on
a series of partial strikes and demonstrations, demanding higher wages commensurate with increases in parcel delivery fees.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In June and November 2022, unionized truck drivers across various industries went on nationwide strikes demanding
that a minimum pay system based on freight rates be made permanent and expanded in scope.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In 2022, subcontracted workers of Daewoo Shipping and Marine Engineering went on a full strike demanding higher
wages.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In September 2023, the National Railroad Workers' Union went on strike demanding improved pay and working
conditions and an expansion of the KTX bullet train services.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In November 2023, unionized Seoul subway workers went on strike in protest of the city-run Seoul Metro's bid to downsize its workforce.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In early 2024, thousands of doctors went on strike to protest the Government's plans to increase the number
of medical school admissions, and to demand higher pay and reductions in their workload, among others.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In December 2024, the National Railroad Workers' Union and Seoul Subway Workers' Union went on strike
demanding increased pay and improved working conditions.

Actions such as these by labor unions may hinder implementation of the labor reform measures and disrupt the Government's plans to create a more flexible labor market. Although much effort is being expended to resolve labor disputes in a peaceful manner, there can be no assurance that further labor unrest will not occur in the future. Continued labor unrest in key industries of the Republic may have an adverse effect on the economy.

In 1997, the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions organized a political alliance, which led to the formation of the Democratic Labor Party in January 2000. The Democratic Labor Party merged with The New People's Participation Party and changed its name to The Unified Progressive Party, or the UPP, in December 2011. In October 2012, the UPP split and seven UPP members of the National Assembly and their supporters formed a new party, the Progressive Justice Party, which changed its name to the Justice Party in July 2013. In December 2014, the Constitutional Court ordered the dissolution of the UPP and the removal of the party's five lawmakers from the National Assembly for violating the Republic's Constitution after certain of its members were convicted of trying to instigate an armed rebellion and supporting North Korea. In the legislative general election held on April 13, 2016, the Justice Party won six seats in the National Assembly, and the members-elect began their four-year terms on May 30, 2016. As of December 31, 2024, the Justice Party did not hold any seat in the National Assembly.

***Population and Birthrate***

Both the population and birthrate in the Republic have been declining for most of the recent past. The population has decreased by 1.2% from 2020 to 2024, and the birthrate has decreased by 10.7% over the same period.

The following table shows the population and birthrate of the Republic:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** |
|  Population (in thousands of persons) | 51829 | 51639 | 51439 | 51325 | 51217 |
|  Birthrate (percentage)<sup>(1)</sup> | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.75<sup>(2)</sup> |

---

(1) Represents the average number of children a woman gives birth to over her lifetime.

(2) Preliminary.

*Source:* Ministry of the Interior and Safety; Korea National Statistical Office

**The Financial System** 

***Structure of the Financial Sector***

The Republic's financial sector includes the following categories of financial institutions:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The Bank of Korea;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• banking institutions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• non-bank financial institutions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other financial entities, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• financial investment companies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• credit guarantee institutions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• venture capital companies; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• miscellaneous others.

To increase transparency in financial transactions and enhance the integrity and efficiency of the financial markets, Korean law requires that financial institutions confirm that their clients use their real names when transacting business. The Government also strengthened confidentiality protection for private financial transactions.

In July 2007, the Korean National Assembly passed the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, or the FSCMA, under which various industry-based capital markets regulatory systems were consolidated into a single regulatory system. The FSCMA, which became effective in February 2009, expands the scope of permitted investment-related financial products and activities through expansive definitions of financial instruments and function-based regulations that allow financial investment companies to offer a wider range of financial services, as well as strengthening investor protection and disclosure requirements.

Prior to the effective date of the FSCMA, separate laws regulated various types of financial institutions depending on the type of the financial institution (for example, securities companies, futures companies, trust business companies and asset management companies) and subjected financial institutions to different licensing and ongoing regulatory requirements (for example, under the Securities and Exchange Act, the Futures Trading Act and the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act). By applying one uniform set of rules to financial businesses having the same economic function, the FSCMA attempts to improve and address issues caused by the previous regulatory system under which the same economic function relating to capital markets-related business were governed by multiple regulations. To this end, the FSCMA categorizes capital markets-related businesses into six different functions as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• investment dealing (trading and underwriting of financial investment products);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• investment brokerage (brokerage of financial investment products);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• collective investment (establishment of collective investment schemes and the management thereof);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• investment advice;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• discretionary investment management; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• trusts (together with the five businesses set forth above, the Financial Investment Businesses).

Accordingly, all financial businesses relating to financial investment products are classified as one or more of the Financial Investment Businesses described above, and financial institutions are subject to the regulations applicable to their relevant Financial Investment Businesses, irrespective of what type of financial institution it is. For example, under the FSCMA, derivative businesses conducted by securities companies and future companies are subject to the same regulations, at least in principle.

The banking business and the insurance business are not subject to the FSCMA and will continue to be regulated under separate laws; provided, however, that they are subject to the FSCMA if their activities involve any Financial Investment Businesses requiring a license based on the FSCMA.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Banking Industry***

The banking industry comprises commercial banks and specialized banks. Commercial banks serve the general public and corporate sectors. They include nationwide banks, regional banks and branches of foreign banks. Regional banks provide services similar to nationwide banks, but operate in a geographically restricted region. Branches of foreign banks have operated in the Republic since 1967 but provide a relatively small proportion of the country's banking services. As of December 31, 2024, there were seven nationwide banks, five regional banks, three internet-only banks and 33 foreign banks with branches operating in the Republic.

Specialized banks meet the needs of specific sectors of the economy in accordance with Government policy; they are organized under, or chartered by, special laws. Specialized banks include (i) The Korea Development Bank, (ii) The Export-Import Bank of Korea, (iii) Industrial Bank of Korea, (iv) SuHyup Bank and (v) NongHyup Bank. The Government has made capital contributions to three of these specialized banks as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **The Korea Development Bank**: the Government owns directly all of its paid-in capital and has made capital contributions since its establishment in 1954. Recent examples include the Government's contributions to its capital of W 2,103 billion in 2020, W 1,121 billion in 2021, W 1,265 billion in 2022, W 775 billion in 2023 and W 2,185 billion in 2024.
Taking into account these capital contributions, its total paid-in capital was W 26,317 billion as of December 31, 2024.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **The Export-Import Bank of Korea**: the Government owns, directly and indirectly, all of its paid-in capital and has made capital contributions since its establishment in 1976. Recent examples include the Government's contributions to its capital of W 578 billion in 2020, W 299 billion in 2021, W 25 billion in 2022, W 2,000 billion in 2023 and W 2,100 billion in 2024. Taking into account these capital contributions, its total paid-in capital was W 16,873 billion as of December 31, 2024.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Industrial Bank of Korea**: the Government directly owned 59.5% of its total shares (including common and
preferred shares) as of December 31, 2024. The Government had owned all of the issued share capital of Industrial Bank of Korea until 1994, but the Government's minimum share ownership requirement was repealed in 1997, and the Government
has since periodically adjusted its ownership percentage in Industrial Bank of Korea through transactions involving the purchase and sale of its common shares. In 2020, Industrial Bank of Korea issued an aggregate of 161,507,381 new common shares to
the Government for a total of W 1,266 billion in cash. In November 2020, Industrial Bank of Korea acquired from the Government and cancelled an aggregate of 44,847,038 perpetual preferred shares that it had previously issued to
the Government. In May 2021, Industrial Bank of Korea issued and sold 5,636,227 new ordinary shares to the Government for an aggregate consideration of W 49 billion in cash. Taking into account such transactions, its total paid-in capital was W 4,211 billion as of December 31, 2024.

The economic difficulties in 1997 and 1998 caused an increase in Korean banks' non-performing assets and a decline in capital adequacy ratios of Korean banks. From 1998 through 2002, the Financial Services Commission amended banking regulations several times to adopt more stringent criteria for non-performing assets that more closely followed international standards.

The following table sets out the total loans (including loans in Won and loans in foreign currencies) and non-performing assets of Korean banks as of the dates indicated.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total Loans** | **Non-Performing<br>Assets<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Percentage<br>of Total** |
|  | **(trillions of won)** | **(trillions of won)** | **(percentage)** |
|  December 31, 2020 | 2171.7 | 13.9 | 0.6 |
|  December 31, 2021 | 2371.9 | 11.8 | 0.5 |
|  December 31, 2022 | 2532.4 | 10.1 | 0.4 |
|  December 31, 2023 | 2629.0 | 12.5 | 0.5 |
|  December 31, 2024<sup>(2)</sup> | 2799.1 | 14.8 | 0.5 |

---

(1) Assets classified as substandard or below.

(2) Preliminary.

*Source:* Financial Supervisory Service

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
In 2020, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W12.1 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W13.9 trillion in 2019, primarily due to increased loan loss provisions. In 2021, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W16.9 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W12.1 trillion in 2020, primarily due to the significant amount of gains recognized by The Korea Development Bank in connection with the exercise of its right to convert its convertible bonds issued by HMM Company Limited into common shares, which took place in June 2021, and to a lesser extent, increased net interest income and decreased loan loss provisions. In 2022, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W18.5 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W16.9 trillion in 2021, primarily due to increased net interest income reflecting the rise in interest rates during 2022. In 2023, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W21.2 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W18.5 trillion in 2022, primarily due to an increase in net interest income, which was offset in part by an increase in loan loss provisions. Based on preliminary data, in 2024, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W22.4 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W21.2 trillion in 2023, primarily due to a decrease in loan loss provisions, which was offset in part by an increase in non-operating expenses.

***Non-Bank Financial Institutions***

Non-bank financial institutions include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• savings institutions, including trust accounts of banks, mutual savings banks, credit unions, mutual credit
facilities, community credit cooperatives and postal savings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• life insurance institutions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• credit card companies.

As of December 31, 2024, 79 mutual savings banks, 22 life insurance institutions, which include joint venture life insurance institutions and wholly-owned subsidiaries of foreign life insurance companies, and eight credit card companies operated in the Republic.

***Money Markets***

In the Republic, the money markets consist of the call market and markets for a wide range of other short-term financial instruments, including treasury bills, monetary stabilization bonds, negotiable certificates of deposits, repurchase agreements and commercial paper.

***Securities Markets***

On January 27, 2005, the Korea Exchange was established pursuant to the now repealed Korea Securities and Futures Trading Act by consolidating the Korea Stock Exchange, the Korea Futures Exchange, the KOSDAQ Stock Market, Inc., or the KOSDAQ, and the KOSDAQ Committee of the Korea Securities Dealers Association, which had formerly managed the KOSDAQ. There are three major markets operated by the Korea Exchange: the KRX KOSPI Market, the KRX KOSDAQ Market, and the KRX Derivatives Market. The Korea Exchange has two trading floors located in Seoul, one for the KRX KOSPI Market and one for the KRX KOSDAQ Market, and one trading floor in Busan for the KRX Derivatives Market. The Korea Exchange is a joint stock company with limited liability, the shares of which are held by (i) financial investment companies that were formerly members of the Korea Futures Exchange or the Korea Stock Exchange and (ii) the stockholders of the KOSDAQ. Currently, the Korea Exchange is the only stock exchange in Korea and is operated by membership, having as its members Korean financial investment companies and some Korean branches of foreign financial investment companies.

The Korea Exchange publishes the Korea Composite Stock Price Index every ten seconds, which is an index of all equity securities listed on the Korea Exchange. The Korea Composite Stock Price Index is computed using the aggregate value method, whereby the market capitalizations of all listed companies are aggregated, subject to certain adjustments, and this aggregate is expressed as a percentage of the aggregate market capitalization of all listed companies as of the base date, January 4, 1980.

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The following table shows the value of the Korea Composite Stock Price Index as of the dates indicated:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  December 30, 2020 | 2873.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 29, 2021 | 2976.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 26, 2021 | 3013.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2021 | 3061.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 30, 2021 | 3147.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2021 | 3203.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 30, 2021 | 3296.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 30, 2021 | 3202.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 31, 2021 | 3199.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 30, 2021 | 3068.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 29, 2021 | 2970.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 30, 2021 | 2839.0 |
|  December 30, 2021 | 2977.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 28, 2022 | 2663.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 28, 2022 | 2699.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2022 | 2757.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 29, 2022 | 2695.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2022 | 2685.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 30, 2022 | 2332.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 29, 2022 | 2451.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 31, 2022 | 2472.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 30, 2022 | 2155.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 31, 2022 | 2293.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 30, 2022 | 2472.5 |
|  December 29, 2022 | 2236.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 31, 2023 | 2425.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 28, 2023 | 2412.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2023 | 2476.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 28, 2023 | 2501.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2023 | 2577.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 30, 2023 | 2564.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 31, 2023 | 2632.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 31, 2023 | 2556.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 27, 2023 | 2465.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 31, 2023 | 2278.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 30, 2023 | 2535.3 |
|  December 28, 2023 | 2655.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 31, 2024 | 2497.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 29, 2024 | 2642.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 29, 2024 | 2746.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 30, 2024 | 2692.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2024 | 2636.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 28, 2024 | 2797.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 31, 2024 | 2770.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 30, 2024 | 2674.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 30, 2024 | 2593.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 31, 2024 | 2556.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 29, 2024 | 2455.9 |
|  December 30, 2024 | 2399.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 31, 2025 | 2517.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 28, 2025 | 2532.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2025 | 2481.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 30, 2025 | 2556.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 30, 2025 | 2697.7 |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
Over the years, liquidity and credit concerns and volatility in the global financial markets have led to fluctuations in the stock prices of Korean companies. In recent years, there was significant volatility in the stock prices of Korean companies due to deteriorating market conditions domestically and abroad. The index was 3,079.6 on June 26, 2025.

***Supervision System***

The Office of Bank Supervision, the Securities Supervisory Board, the Insurance Supervisory Board and all other financial sector regulatory bodies merged in January 1999 to form the Financial Supervisory Service. The Financial Supervisory Service acts as the executive body of the Financial Services Commission. The Financial Services Commission reports to, but operates independently of, the Prime Minister's office.

The Ministry of Economy and Finance focuses on financial policy and foreign currency regulations. The Bank of Korea manages monetary policy focusing on price stabilization.

***Deposit Insurance System***

The Republic's deposit insurance system insures amounts on deposit with banks, non-bank financial institutions, securities companies and life insurance companies.

Since January 2001, deposits at any single financial institution are insured only up to W50 million per person regardless of the amount deposited, although such limit is expected to be increased to W100 million per person through an amendment to the Depositor Protection Act of Korea and the Presidential Decree thereof, which is expected to become effective by September 2025.

The Government excluded certain deposits, such as repurchase agreements, from the insurance scheme, expanded the definition of insured financial institutions to which the insurance scheme would apply and gradually increased the insurance premium rates applicable to insured financial institutions.

**Monetary Policy** 

***The Bank of Korea***

The Bank of Korea was established in 1950 as Korea's central bank and the country's sole currency issuing bank. A seven-member Monetary Policy Committee, chaired by the Governor of The Bank of Korea, formulates and controls monetary and credit policies.

Inflation targeting is the basic system of operation for Korean monetary policy. The consumer price index is used as The Bank of Korea's target indicator. To achieve its established inflation target, the Monetary Policy Committee of The Bank of Korea determines and announces the "Bank of Korea Base Rate", the reference rate applied in transactions such as repurchase agreements between The Bank of Korea and its financial institution counterparts. The Bank of Korea uses open market operations as its primary instrument to keep the call rate in line with the Monetary Policy Committee's target rate. In addition, The Bank of Korea is able to establish policies regarding its lending to banks in Korea and their reserve requirements.

***Interest Rates***

The Bank of Korea lowered its policy rate to 1.5% from 1.75% on July 18, 2019 and to 1.25% from 1.5% on October 16, 2019 to address the sluggishness of the global and domestic economy. On March 16, 2020, The Bank of Korea further lowered its policy rate to 0.75% from 1.25%, which was further lowered to 0.5% on May 28, 2020, in response to deteriorating economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as the economy began to show signs of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic starting from the second half of 2021,

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The Bank of Korea raised its policy rate from 0.50% to 0.75% on August 26, 2021, 1.00% on November 25, 2021 and 1.25% on January 14, 2022. Subsequently, in response to rising levels of household debt and inflationary pressures, The Bank of Korea continued to raise its policy rate, to 1.50% on April 14, 2022, 1.75% on May 26, 2022, 2.25% on July 13, 2022, 2.50% on August 25, 2022, 3.00% on October 12, 2022, 3.25% on November 24, 2022 and 3.50% on January 13, 2023. More recently, however, The Bank of Korea began to lower its policy rate, to 3.25% on October 11, 2024, 3.00% on November 28, 2024, 2.75% on February 25, 2025 and 2.50% on May 29, 2025 in response to weak economic conditions in the Republic.

With the deregulation of interest rates on banks' demand deposits on February 2, 2004, The Bank of Korea completed the interest rate deregulation based upon the "Four-Stage Interest Rate Liberalization Plan" announced in 1991. The prohibition on the payment of interest on ordinary checking accounts was, however, maintained.

***Money Supply***

The following table shows the volume of the Republic's money supply:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Money Supply (M1)<sup>(1)</sup> | 1197828.9 | 1372336.6 | 1236983.3 | 1246196.4 | 1297881.8 |
|  Quasi-money<sup>(2)</sup> | 2002006.8 | 2241351.0 | 2521252.2 | 2658356.2 | 2862473.9 |
|  Money Supply (M2)<sup>(3)</sup> | 3199835.7 | 3613687.6 | 3758235.5 | 3904552.6 | 4160355.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Percentage Increase Over Previous Year | 9.8% | 12.9% | 4.0% | 3.9% | 6.6% |

---

(1) Consists of currency in circulation and demand and instant access savings deposits at financial institutions.

(2) Includes time and installment savings deposits, marketable instruments, yield-based dividend instruments and
financial debentures, excluding financial instruments with a maturity of more than two years.

(3) Money Supply (M2) is the sum of Money Supply (M1) and quasi-money.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

***Exchange Controls***

Authorized foreign exchange banks, as registered with the Ministry of Economy and Finance, handle foreign exchange transactions. The ministry has designated other types of financial institutions to handle foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis.

Korean laws and regulations generally require a report to either the Ministry of Economy and Finance, The Bank of Korea or authorized foreign exchange banks, as applicable, for issuances of international bonds and other instruments, overseas investments and certain other transactions involving foreign exchange payments.

In 1993, 1994 and 1995, the Government relaxed regulations of foreign exchange position ceilings and foreign exchange transaction documentation and created free Won accounts which may be opened by non-residents at Korean foreign exchange banks. The Won funds deposited into the free Won accounts may be converted into foreign currencies and remitted outside Korea without any governmental approval. In December 1996, after joining the OECD, the Republic freed the repatriation of investment funds, dividends and profits, as well as loan repayments and interest payments. The Government continues to reduce exchange controls in response to changes in the world economy, including the new trade regime under the WTO, anticipating that such foreign exchange reform will improve the Republic's competitiveness and encourage strategic alliances between domestic and foreign entities.

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In September 1998, the National Assembly passed the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act, which became effective in April 1999 and has subsequently been amended numerous times. In principle, most currency and capital transactions, including, among others, the following transactions, have been liberalized:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the investment in real property located overseas by Korean companies and financial institutions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the establishment of overseas branches and subsidiaries by Korean companies and financial institutions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the investment by non-residents in deposits and trust products having
more than one year maturities; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the issuance of debentures by non-residents in the Korean market.

To minimize the adverse effects from further opening of the Korean capital markets, the Ministry of Economy and Finance is authorized to introduce a variable deposit requirement system to restrict the influx of short-term speculative funds.

The Government has also embarked on a second set of liberalization initiatives starting in January 2001, under which ceilings on international payments for Korean residents have been eliminated, including overseas travel expenses, overseas inheritance remittances and emigration expenses. Overseas deposits, trusts, acquisitions of foreign securities and other foreign capital transactions made by residents and the making of deposits in Korean currency by non-residents have also been liberalized. In line with the foregoing liberalization, measures will also be adopted to curb illegal foreign exchange transactions and to stabilize the foreign exchange market.

Effective as of January 1, 2006, the Government liberalized the regulations governing "capital transactions". The regulations provide that no regulatory approvals are required for any capital transactions. The capital transactions previously subject to approval requirements are now subject only to reporting requirements.

In January 2010, the Financial Supervisory Service introduced the Standards for Risk Management of Foreign Exchange Derivatives Transactions to the Enforcement Rules for Supervision of Banking Business to prevent over-hedging of foreign exchange risk by corporate investors. According to the standards as amended in October 2023, if a corporate investor, other than a financial institution or a public enterprise, wishes to enter into a currency forward, currency option, foreign exchange swap or currency swap agreement with a bank, the bank is required to verify whether the corporate investor's assets, liabilities or contracts face foreign exchange risks that could be mitigated by a currency forward, currency option, foreign exchange swap or currency swap agreement. In addition, the bank is required to ensure that the corporate investor's risk hedge ratio, which is the ratio of the aggregate notional amount to the aggregate amount of risk, does not exceed 100%.

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***Foreign Exchange***

The following table shows the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. Dollar (in Won per U.S. Dollar) as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. as of the dates indicated:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Won/U.S. Dollar<br>Exchange Rate** |
|  December 31, 2020 | 1088.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 29, 2021 | 1114.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 26, 2021 | 1108.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2021 | 1133.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 30, 2021 | 1119.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2021 | 1116.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 30, 2021 | 1130.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 30, 2021 | 1147.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 31, 2021 | 1164.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 30, 2021 | 1184.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 29, 2021 | 1171.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 30, 2021 | 1193.4 |
|  December 31, 2021 | 1185.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 28, 2022 | 1202.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 28, 2022 | 1202.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2022 | 1210.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 29, 2022 | 1269.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2022 | 1245.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 30, 2022 | 1299.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 29, 2022 | 1304.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 31, 2022 | 1347.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 30, 2022 | 1434.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 31, 2022 | 1419.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 30, 2022 | 1331.5 |
|  December 30, 2022 | 1267.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 31, 2023 | 1228.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 28, 2023 | 1317.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2023 | 1303.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 28, 2023 | 1339.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2023 | 1322.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 30, 2023 | 1312.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 31, 2023 | 1280.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 31, 2023 | 1321.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 27, 2023 | 1344.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 31, 2023 | 1352.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 30, 2023 | 1289.0 |
|  December 29, 2023 | 1289.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 31, 2024 | 1330.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 29, 2024 | 1334.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 29, 2024 | 1346.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 30, 2024 | 1378.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 31, 2024 | 1376.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June 28, 2024 | 1389.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; July 31, 2024 | 1384.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; August 30, 2024 | 1335.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; September 30, 2024 | 1319.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; October 31, 2024 | 1383.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; November 29, 2024 | 1394.7 |
|  December 31, 2024 | 1470.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; January 31, 2025 | 1433.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; February 28, 2025 | 1439.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 31, 2025 | 1466.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; April 30, 2025 | 1438.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May 30, 2025 | 1381.4 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
During the period from January 2, 2008 through April 16, 2009, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar declined by approximately 29.9%, due primarily to adverse economic conditions resulting from liquidity and credit concerns and volatility in the global credit and financial markets and repatriations by foreign investors of their investments in the Korean stock market. The exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. Dollar has fluctuated since then. In recent years, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar depreciated significantly, due primarily to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war and ensuing sanctions against Russia, the escalating hostilities in the Middle East following the Israel-Hamas war as well as in light of the ongoing Iran-Israel conflict and, more recently, the political situation in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025, among others. The market average exchange rate was Won 1,360.9 to US$1.00 on June 26, 2025.

**Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade** 

***Balance of Payments***

Balance of payments figures measure the relative flow of goods, services and capital into and out of the country as represented in the current balance and the capital balance. The current balance tracks a country's trade in goods and services and transfer payments and measures whether a country is living within its income from trading and investments. The capital balance covers all transactions involving the transfer of capital into and out of the country, including loans and investments. The overall balance represents the sum of the current and capital balances. An overall balance surplus indicates a net inflow of foreign currencies, thereby increasing demand for and strengthening the local currency. An overall balance deficit indicates a net outflow of foreign currencies, thereby decreasing demand for and weakening the local currency. The financial account mirrors the overall balance. If the overall balance is positive, the surplus, which represents the nation's savings, finances the overall deficit of the country's trading partners. Accordingly, the financial account will indicate cash outflows equal to the overall surplus. If, however, the overall balance is negative, the nation has an international deficit which must be financed. Accordingly, the financial account will indicate cash inflows equal to the overall deficit.

The following table sets out certain information with respect to the Republic's balance of payments:

**Balance of Payments<sup>(1)</sup>** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Classification** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(4)</sup>** |
|  | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** |
|  Current Account | 75902.2 | 85228.2 | 25828.6 | 32821.7 | 99042.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goods | 80604.8 | 75730.9 | 15620.0 | 37657.7 | 100126.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports<sup>(2)</sup> | 517909.3 | 649475.2 | 694324.1 | 643577.2 | 696196.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports<sup>(2)</sup> | 437304.5 | 573744.3 | 678704.1 | 605919.5 | 596069.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Services | (14670.1) | (5286.7) | (7253.1) | (26824.1) | (23701.6) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income | 13486.9 | 19444.9 | 20347.1 | 26249.3 | 26619.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Current Transfers | (3519.4) | (4660.9) | (2885.4) | (4261.2) | (4001.7) |
|  Capital and Financial Account | 80996.4 | 78335.3 | 27063.2 | 32129.1 | 95512.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital Account | (386.3) | (155.3) | 0.7 | 47.1 | 303.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial Account<sup>(3)</sup> | 81382.7 | 78490.6 | 27062.5 | 32082.0 | 95208.8 |
|  Net Errors and Omissions | 5866.8 | (6582.3) | 1233.2 | (786.8) | (4137.4) |

---

(1) Figures are prepared based on the sixth edition of the Balance of Payment Manual published by International
Monetary Fund in December 2010 and implemented by the Government in December 2013. In December 2018, The Bank of Korea revised the Republic's balance of payments information to capture new economic activities and reflect the changes in raw
data.

(2) These entries are derived from trade statistics and are valued on a free on board basis, meaning that the
insurance and freight costs are not included.

(3) Includes borrowings from the IMF, syndicated bank loans and short-term borrowings.

(4) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The current account surplus in 2023 increased to US$32.8 billion in 2023 from the current account surplus of US$25.8 billion in 2022, primarily due to an increase in surplus from the goods account, as well as an increase in surplus from the income account, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in deficit from the services account. Based on preliminary data, the current account surplus in 2024 increased to US$99.0 billion in 2024 from the current account surplus of US$32.8 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in surplus from the goods account and a decrease in deficit from the services account. Based on preliminary data, the Republic's current account surplus in the first quarter of 2025 increased to US$19.3 billion from the current account surplus of US$16.5 billion in the corresponding period of 2024, primarily due to an increase in surplus from the income account, which was offset in small part by a decrease in surplus from the goods account.

***Foreign Direct Investment***

Since 1960, the Government has adopted a broad range of related laws, administrative rules and regulations that provide a framework for the conduct and regulation of foreign investment activities. In September 1998, the Government promulgated the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, or the FIPA, which replaced previous foreign direct investment related laws, rules and regulations, to promote inbound foreign investments by providing incentives to, and facilitating investment activities in the Republic by, foreign nationals. The FIPA prescribes, among others, procedural requirements for inbound foreign investments, incentives for foreign investments such as tax reductions, and requirements relating to designation and development of foreign investment target regions. The Government believes that providing a stable and receptive environment for foreign direct investment will accelerate the inflow of foreign capital, technology and management techniques.

The following table sets forth information regarding annual foreign direct investment in the Republic for the periods indicated.

**Foreign Direct Investment** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** |
|  Contracted and Reported Investment |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Greenfield Investment<sup>(1)</sup> | 14.5 | 18.1 | 22.3 | 23.5 | 26.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Merger & Acquisition | 6.2 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 7.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | 20.7 | 29.5 | 30.4 | 32.7 | 34.6 |
|  Actual Investment | 11.5 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 19.5 | 14.8 |

---

(1) Includes building new factories and operational facilities.

(2) Preliminary.

*Source:* Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy

In 2023, the contracted and reported amount of foreign direct investment in the Republic increased to US$32.7 billion from US$30.4 billion in 2022, primarily due to an increase in foreign investment in the services sector to US$17.8 billion in 2023 from US$16.6 billion in 2022.

Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the contracted and reported amount of foreign direct investment in the Republic increased to US$34.6 billion from US$32.7 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in foreign investment in the manufacturing sector to US$14.5 billion in 2024 from US$11.9 billion in 2023.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table sets forth information regarding the source of foreign direct investment by region and country for the periods indicated:

**Foreign Direct Investment by Region and Country** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** |
|  North America |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; U.S.A. | 5.3 | 5.3 | 8.7 | 6.1 | 5.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 3.5 | 1.6 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 5.5 |
|  | 8.8 | 6.9 | 14.5 | 12.6 | 10.7 |
|  Asia |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Japan | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 6.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hong Kong | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Singapore | 2.3 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; China | 2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 5.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1 |
|  | 6.6 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 16.3 |
|  European Union |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ireland | 0 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Netherlands | 0.6 | 1 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Germany | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; France | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 2.7 | 6.2 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 3 |
|  | 4 | 12 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 5.1 |
|  Other regions and countries | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 5.3 | 2.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | 20.7 | 29.5 | 30.4 | 32.7 | 34.6 |

---

*Source:* Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy

***Trade Balance***

Trade balance figures measure the difference between a country's exports and imports. If exports exceed imports the country has a trade balance surplus while if imports exceed exports the country has a deficit. A deficit, indicating that a country's receipts from abroad fall short of its payments to foreigners, must be financed, rendering the country a debtor nation. A surplus, indicating that a country's receipts exceed its payments to foreigners, allows the country to finance its trading partners' net deficit to the extent of the surplus, rendering the country a creditor nation.

The following table summarizes the Republic's trade balance for the periods indicated:

**Trade Balance** 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Exports<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of<br>GDP<sup>(2)</sup>** | **Imports<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of<br>GDP<sup>(2)</sup>** | **Balance of<br>Trade** | **Exports as %<br>of Imports** |
|  | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** |
| 2020 | 512.5 | 29.4% | 467.6 | 26.8% | 44.9 | 109.6 |
| 2021 | 644.4 | 33.2% | 615.1 | 31.7% | 29.3 | 104.8 |
| 2022 | 683.6 | 38.0% | 731.4 | 40.7% | (47.8) | 93.5 |
| 2023 | 632.2 | 34.3% | 642.6 | 34.8% | (10.4) | 98.4 |
| 2024<sup>(3)</sup> | 683.7 | 36.5% | 632.1 | 33.7% | 51.6 | 108.2 |

---

(1) These entries are derived from customs clearance statistics on a C.I.F. basis, meaning that the price of goods
includes insurance and freight cost.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) At current market prices.

(3) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

The Republic, due to its lack of natural resources, relies on extensive trading activity for growth. The country meets virtually all domestic requirements for petroleum, wood and rubber with imports, as well as much of its coal and iron needs. Exports consistently represent a high percentage of GDP and, accordingly, the international economic environment is of crucial importance to the Republic's economy. See "—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties".

The following tables give information regarding the Republic's exports and imports by major commodity groups:

**Exports by Major Commodity Groups (C.I.F.)<sup>(1)</sup>** 

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **As % of<br>2020<br>Total** | **2021** | **As % of<br>2021<br>Total** | **2022** | **As % of<br>2022<br>Total** | **2023** | **As % of<br>2023<br>Total** | **2024<sup>(2)</sup>** | **As % of<br>2024<br>Total<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** |
|  Foods & Consumer Goods | 8.6 | 1.7 | 9.8 | 1.5 | 10.4 | 1.5 | 10.7 | 1.7 | 11.6 | 1.7 |
|  Raw Materials and Fuels | 32.1 | 6.3 | 51.4 | 8.0 | 75.1 | 11.0 | 62.6 | 9.9 | 60.9 | 8.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Petroleum & Derivatives | 24.7 | 4.8 | 38.8 | 6.0 | 63.3 | 9.3 | 52.4 | 8.3 | 50.7 | 7.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 7.4 | 1.4 | 12.6 | 2.0 | 11.8 | 1.7 | 10.2 | 1.6 | 10.2 | 1.5 |
|  Light Industrial Products | 32.4 | 6.3 | 35.3 | 5.5 | 35.2 | 5.1 | 33.4 | 5.3 | 34.2 | 5.0 |
|  Heavy & Chemical Industrial Products | 439.3 | 85.7 | 547.9 | 85.0 | 563.0 | 82.4 | 525.5 | 83.1 | 577.0 | 84.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electronic & Electronic Products | 178.5 | 34.8 | 221.8 | 34.4 | 224.2 | 32.8 | 181.1 | 28.6 | 231.0 | 33.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chemicals & Chemical Products | 66.6 | 13.0 | 91.9 | 14.3 | 98.0 | 14.3 | 86.6 | 13.7 | 83.6 | 12.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Metal Goods | 39.6 | 7.7 | 52.6 | 8.2 | 55.3 | 8.1 | 49.8 | 7.9 | 48.2 | 7.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Machinery & Precision Equipment | 63.4 | 12.4 | 70.9 | 11.0 | 70.9 | 10.4 | 72.6 | 11.5 | 72.5 | 10.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transport Equipment | 77.6 | 15.1 | 94.2 | 14.6 | 98.4 | 14.4 | 118.2 | 18.7 | 120.6 | 17.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Passenger Cars | 35.6 | 6.9 | 44.3 | 6.9 | 51.7 | 7.6 | 68.3 | 10.8 | 68.3 | 10.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ships & Boats | 19.2 | 3.7 | 22.4 | 3.5 | 17.6 | 2.6 | 20.8 | 3.3 | 24.5 | 3.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 22.8 | 4.4 | 27.5 | 4.3 | 29.2 | 4.3 | 29.1 | 4.6 | 27.8 | 4.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 13.6 | 2.7 | 16.6 | 2.6 | 16.1 | 2.4 | 17.2 | 2.7 | 21.2 | 3.1 |
|  Total | 512.5 | 100.0 | 644.4 | 100.0 | 683.6 | 100.0 | 632.2 | 100.0 | 683.7 | 100.0 |

---

(1) These entries are derived from customs clearance statistics. C.I.F. means that the price of goods includes
insurance and freight costs.

(2) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Imports by Major Commodity Groups (C.I.F.)<sup>(1)</sup>** 

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **As % of<br>2020<br>Total** | **2021** | **As % of<br>2021<br>Total** | **2022** | **As % of<br>2022<br>Total** | **2023** | **As % of<br>2023<br>Total** | **2024<sup>(2)</sup>** | **As % of<br>2024<br>Total<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(billions of dollars, except percentages)** |
|  Industrial Materials and Fuels | 206.3 | 44.1 | 302.6 | 49.2 | 393.8 | 53.8 | 328.4 | 51.1 | 308.3 | 48.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crude Petroleum | 44.5 | 9.5 | 67.0 | 10.9 | 106.0 | 14.5 | 86.2 | 13.4 | 85.4 | 13.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mineral | 21.4 | 4.6 | 33.3 | 5.4 | 31.3 | 4.3 | 27.1 | 4.2 | 25.9 | 4.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chemicals | 46.4 | 9.9 | 60.4 | 9.8 | 70.2 | 9.6 | 64.8 | 10.1 | 55.5 | 8.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Iron & Steel Products | 15.2 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 3.6 | 22.7 | 3.1 | 21.3 | 3.3 | 20.5 | 3.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-ferrous Metal | 11.7 | 2.5 | 18.4 | 3.0 | 19.5 | 2.7 | 15.9 | 2.5 | 15.9 | 2.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 67.1 | 14.3 | 101.3 | 16.5 | 144.1 | 19.7 | 113.1 | 17.6 | 105.1 | 16.6 |
|  Capital Goods | 177.1 | 37.9 | 212.8 | 34.6 | 228.9 | 31.3 | 211.5 | 32.9 | 222.3 | 35.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Machinery & Precision Equipment | 57.9 | 12.4 | 70.0 | 11.4 | 68.6 | 9.4 | 66.1 | 10.3 | 67.8 | 10.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electric & Electronic Machines | 105.1 | 22.5 | 127.6 | 20.7 | 144.8 | 19.8 | 129.3 | 20.1 | 135.7 | 21.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transport Equipment | 11.9 | 2.5 | 13.0 | 2.1 | 13.2 | 1.8 | 13.7 | 2.1 | 16.3 | 2.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 2.3 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 0.4 |
|  Consumer Goods | 84.2 | 18.0 | 99.6 | 16.2 | 108.7 | 14.9 | 102.7 | 16.0 | 101.4 | 16.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cereals | 7.1 | 1.5 | 8.9 | 1.4 | 11.3 | 1.5 | 9.8 | 1.5 | 8.7 | 1.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goods for Direct Consumption | 22.3 | 4.8 | 25.7 | 4.2 | 29.0 | 4.0 | 27.5 | 4.3 | 27.7 | 4.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Durable Consumer Goods | 34.9 | 7.5 | 42.2 | 6.9 | 42.8 | 5.9 | 40.7 | 6.3 | 40.4 | 6.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nondurable Consumer Goods | 20.0 | 4.3 | 22.8 | 3.7 | 25.6 | 3.5 | 24.7 | 3.8 | 24.6 | 3.9 |
|  Total | 467.6 | 100.0 | 615.1 | 100.0 | 731.4 | 100.0 | 642.6 | 100.0 | 632.1 | 100.0 |

---

(1) These entries are derived from customs clearance statistics. C.I.F. means that the price of goods includes
insurance and freight costs.

(2) Preliminary.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

In 2020, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$44.9 billion. Exports decreased by 5.5% to US$512.5 billion in 2020 from US$542.2 billion in 2019, primarily due to a slowdown of the global economy resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Imports decreased by 7.1% to US$467.6 billion in 2020 from US$503.3 billion in 2019, primarily due to a decrease in oil prices, which also led to decreased unit prices of other major raw materials, as well as decreased domestic consumption, which were mainly attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2021, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$29.3 billion. Exports increased by 25.7% to US$644.4 billion in 2021 from US$512.5 billion in 2020, primarily due to a recovery of the global economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. Imports increased by 31.5% to US$615.1 billion in 2021 from US$467.6 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in domestic consumption as well as an increase in oil prices, which also led to increased unit prices of other major raw materials.

In 2022, the Republic recorded a trade deficit of US$47.8 billion. Exports increased by 6.1% to US$683.6 billion in 2022 from US$644.4 billion in 2021, primarily due to an improvement in the domestic economic conditions of the Republic's major trading partners. Imports increased by 18.9% to US$731.4 billion in 2022 from US$615.1 billion in 2021, primarily due to an increase in energy and commodity prices, which also led to increased unit prices of other major raw materials.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
In 2023, the Republic recorded a trade deficit of US$10.4 billion. Exports decreased by 7.5% to US$632.2 billion in 2023 from US$683.6 billion in 2022, primarily due to a deterioration in the domestic economic conditions of the Republic's major trading partners and a downturn in the semiconductor industry. Imports decreased by 12.1% to US$642.6 billion in 2023 from US$731.4 billion in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in energy and commodity prices, which also led to decreased unit prices of other major raw materials.

Based on preliminary data, in 2024, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$51.6 billion. Exports increased by 8.1% to US$683.7 billion in 2024 from US$632.2 billion in 2023, primarily due to a substantial growth in demand for semiconductor products globally and a general improvement in the domestic economic conditions of the Republic's major trading partners. Imports decreased by 1.6% to US$632.1 billion in 2024 from US$642.6 billion in 2023, primarily due to a decrease in oil prices, which also led to decreased unit prices of other major raw materials.

Based on preliminary data, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$7.3 billion in the first quarter of 2025. Exports decreased by 2.1% to US$159.8 billion in the first quarter of 2025 from US$163.3 billion in the corresponding period of 2024, primarily due to a deterioration in the domestic economic conditions of the Republic's major trading partners. Imports decreased by 1.4% to US$152.6 billion in the first quarter of 2025 from US$154.8 billion in the corresponding period of 2024, primarily due to a decrease in energy and commodity prices, which also led to decreased unit prices of other major raw materials.

The following table sets forth the Republic's exports trading partners:

**Exports** 

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **As % of<br>2020<br>Total** | **2021** | **As % of<br>2021<br>Total** | **2022** | **As % of<br>2022<br>Total** | **2023** | **As % of<br>2023<br>Total** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of<br>2024<br>Total<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** |
|  China | 132565.4 | 25.9 | 162913.0 | 25.3 | 155789.4 | 22.8 | 124817.7 | 19.7 | 133036.3 | 19.5 |
|  United States | 74115.8 | 14.5 | 95902.0 | 14.9 | 109765.7 | 16.1 | 115696.3 | 18.3 | 127786.5 | 18.7 |
|  Japan | 25097.7 | 4.9 | 30061.8 | 4.7 | 30606.3 | 4.5 | 29000.6 | 4.6 | 29606.7 | 4.3 |
|  Hong Kong | 30653.8 | 6.0 | 37467.1 | 5.8 | 27651.2 | 4.0 | 25193.6 | 4.0 | 35022.8 | 5.1 |
|  Singapore | 9828.4 | 1.9 | 14148.5 | 2.2 | 20205.4 | 3.0 | 18752.0 | 3.0 | 18216.1 | 2.7 |
|  Vietnam | 48510.6 | 9.5 | 56728.5 | 8.8 | 60963.7 | 8.9 | 53479.5 | 8.5 | 58321.3 | 8.5 |
|  Taiwan | 16465.4 | 3.2 | 24285.3 | 3.8 | 26198.2 | 3.8 | 20178.8 | 3.2 | 33960.9 | 5.0 |
|  India | 11937.3 | 2.3 | 15603.3 | 2.4 | 18870.1 | 2.8 | 17949.6 | 2.8 | 18695.7 | 2.7 |
|  Indonesia | 6312.9 | 1.2 | 8550.3 | 1.3 | 10215.9 | 1.5 | 9140.2 | 1.4 | 7944.0 | 1.2 |
|  Mexico | 8241.0 | 1.6 | 11290.2 | 1.8 | 12654.2 | 1.9 | 12222.0 | 1.9 | 13607.2 | 2.0 |
|  Australia | 6188.5 | 1.2 | 9750.5 | 1.5 | 18753.0 | 2.7 | 17791.4 | 2.8 | 15593.1 | 2.3 |
|  Germany | 9576.1 | 1.9 | 11109.9 | 1.7 | 10067.7 | 1.5 | 10317.1 | 1.6 | 9037.9 | 1.3 |
|  Others<sup>(2)</sup> | 133005.1 | 26.0 | 166590.0 | 25.9 | 181844.0 | 26.6 | 177687.0 | 28.1 | 182863.1 | 26.7 |
|  Total | 512498.0 | 100.0 | 644400.4 | 100.0 | 683584.8 | 100.0 | 632225.8 | 100.0 | 683691.6 | 100.0 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

(2) Includes more than 200 countries and regions.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table sets forth the Republic's imports trading partners:

**Imports** 

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2020** | **As % of**<br>**2020**<br>**Total** | **2021** | **As % of**<br>**2021**<br>**Total** | **2022** | **As % of**<br>**2022**<br>**Total** | **2023** | **As % of**<br>**2023**<br>**Total** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **As % of**<br>**2024**<br>**Total<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** | **(millions of dollars, except percentages)** |
|  China | 108884.6 | 23.3 | 138628.1 | 22.5 | 154576.3 | 21.1 | 142857.3 | 22.2 | 139867.8 | 22.1 |
|  Japan | 46023.0 | 9.8 | 54642.2 | 8.9 | 54711.8 | 7.5 | 47656.5 | 7.4 | 47898.7 | 7.6 |
|  United States | 57492.2 | 12.3 | 73213.4 | 11.9 | 81784.7 | 11.2 | 71272.0 | 11.1 | 72121.4 | 11.4 |
|  Saudi Arabia | 15979.6 | 3.4 | 24271.3 | 3.9 | 41640.3 | 5.7 | 32762.5 | 5.1 | 31502.2 | 5.0 |
|  Qatar | 7562.1 | 1.6 | 11611.1 | 1.9 | 16567.2 | 2.3 | 14998.9 | 2.3 | 14211.0 | 2.2 |
|  Australia | 18707.1 | 4.0 | 32918.0 | 5.4 | 44929.4 | 6.1 | 32823.0 | 5.1 | 29956.3 | 4.7 |
|  Germany | 20680.9 | 4.4 | 21996.3 | 3.6 | 23614.9 | 3.2 | 23611.2 | 3.7 | 22301.0 | 3.5 |
|  Kuwait | 5827.9 | 1.2 | 8253.9 | 1.3 | 12401.9 | 1.7 | 9659.0 | 1.5 | 8786.8 | 1.4 |
|  Taiwan | 17837.0 | 3.8 | 23485.8 | 3.8 | 28274.6 | 3.9 | 24370.6 | 3.8 | 30222.5 | 4.8 |
|  United Arab Emirates | 5692.7 | 1.2 | 7318.7 | 1.2 | 15492.8 | 2.1 | 16422.8 | 2.6 | 17988.2 | 2.8 |
|  Indonesia | 7594.7 | 1.6 | 10725.1 | 1.7 | 15734.9 | 2.2 | 12145.9 | 1.9 | 12569.0 | 2.0 |
|  Malaysia | 8892.6 | 1.9 | 10456.2 | 1.7 | 15249.1 | 2.1 | 15237.1 | 2.4 | 13982.0 | 2.2 |
|  Others<sup>(2)</sup> | 146458.4 | 31.3 | 197573.3 | 32.1 | 226391.8 | 31.0 | 198755.3 | 30.9 | 190693.1 | 30.2 |
|  Total | 467632.8 | 100.0 | 615093.4 | 100.0 | 731369.7 | 100.0 | 642572.1 | 100.0 | 632100.0 | 100.0 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

(2) Includes more than 200 countries and regions.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

In recent years, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar has depreciated significantly, in particular due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war and ensuing sanctions against Russia and the escalating hostilities in the Middle East following the Israel-Hamas war as well as in light of the ongoing Iran-Israel conflict and, more recently, the political situation in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025, among others. See "—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties". An appreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar increases the Won value of the Republic's export sales and diminishes the price-competitiveness of export goods in foreign markets in U.S. dollar terms. However, it also decreases the cost of imported raw materials in Won terms and the cost in Won of servicing the Republic's U.S. dollar-denominated debt. In general, when the Won appreciates, export dependent sectors of the Korean economy, including automobiles, electronics and shipbuilding, suffer from the resulting pressure on the price-competitiveness of export goods, which may lead to reduced profit margins and loss in market share, more than offsetting a decrease in the cost of imported raw materials. If the export dependent sectors of the Korean economy suffer reduced profit margins or a net loss, it could result in a material adverse effect on the Korean economy.

Since the Government announced its plans to pursue free trade agreements, or FTAs, in 2003, the Republic has entered into FTAs with key trading partners. The Republic has had bilateral FTAs in effect with Chile since 2004, Singapore since 2006, India since 2010, Peru since 2011, the United States since 2012, Turkey since 2013, Australia since 2014, Canada, China, New Zealand and Vietnam since 2015, Colombia since July 2016, the United Kingdom since January 2021, Israel and Cambodia since December 2022, Indonesia since January 2023 and the Philippines since 2024. The Republic is currently in negotiations with a number of other key trading partners. In addition, the Republic has had regional FTAs in effect with the European Free Trade Association since 2006, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations since 2009, the European Union since 2011, with each of Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua since 2021 and with the Regional

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Comprehensive Economic Partnership since 2022, and is currently negotiating additional regional FTAs. The Republic and Turkey have completed revisions to their bilateral FTA, which became effective in August 2018. The Republic and the United States have also completed revisions to their bilateral FTA, which became effective in January 2019.

***Non-Commodities Trade Balance***

The Republic had non-commodities trade deficits of US$4.7 billion in 2020, non-commodities trade surpluses of US$9.5 billion in 2021 and US$10.2 billion in 2022, and non-commodities trade deficits of US$4.8 billion in 2023. Based on preliminary data, the Republic had non-commodities trade deficits of US$1.1 billion in 2024.

***Foreign Currency Reserves***

The foreign currency reserves are external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs and for other related purposes. The following table shows the Republic's total official foreign currency reserves:

**Total Official Reserves** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** |
|  | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** | **(millions of dollars)** |
|  Gold | $4794.8 | $4794.8 | $4794.8 | $4794.8 | $4794.8 |
|  Foreign Exchange<sup>(1)</sup> | 430117.2 | 438319.2 | 399043.1 | 395643.3 | 391889.9 |
|  Total Gold and Foreign Exchange | 434912.0 | 443114.0 | 403837.9 | 400438.1 | 396684.7 |
|  Reserve Position at IMF | 4815.3 | 4634.9 | 4489.5 | 4627.8 | 4204.9 |
|  Special Drawing Rights | 3370.8 | 15369.5 | 14836.3 | 15082.1 | 14714.1 |
|  Total Official Reserves | $443098.1 | $463118.4 | $423163.7 | $420147.9 | $415603.8 |

---

(1) More than 95% of the Republic's foreign currency reserves are comprised of convertible foreign currencies.

*Source:* The Bank of Korea; International Monetary Fund

The Government's foreign currency reserves increased to US$262.2 billion as of December 31, 2007 from US$8.9 billion as of December 31, 1997, primarily due to continued balance of trade surpluses and capital inflows. In 2008, the Government's foreign currency reserves decreased, falling to US$201.2 billion as of December 31, 2008, partially as a result of the Government's use of the foreign currency reserve to provide foreign currency liquidity to Korean financial institutions. The Government's foreign currency reserves increased to US$443.1 billion as of December 31, 2020 and US$463.1 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to continued trade surpluses and capital inflows. The Government's foreign currency reserves decreased to US$423.2 billion as of December 31, 2022, US$420.1 billion as of December 31, 2023 and US$415.6 billion as of December 31, 2024, however, primarily in relation to the depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar. The amount of the Government's foreign currency reserve was US$404.6 billion as of May 30, 2025.

**Government Finance** 

The Ministry of Economy and Finance prepares the Government budget and administers the Government's finances.

Under the National Finance Act, the Government's fiscal year commences on January 1. The Government must submit the budget, which is drafted by the Minister of Economy and Finance and approved by the President of the Republic, to the National Assembly not later than 120 days prior to the start of the fiscal year and may submit supplementary budgets revising the original budget at any time during the fiscal year.

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2023 budgeted revenues increased by 13.7% to W588.6 trillion from W517.7 trillion in 2022, led by an increase in budgeted tax revenues (including taxes on income, profits and capital gains). 2023 budgeted expenditures and net lending increased by 5.2% to W601.6 trillion from W571.8 trillion in 2022, led by increases in budgeted expenditures on revitalization of the economy. The 2023 budget anticipated a W13.1 trillion budget deficit.

2024 budgeted revenues decreased by 2.6% to W573.3 trillion from W588.6 trillion in 2023, led by a decrease in budgeted tax revenues (including taxes on income, profits and capital gains). 2024 budgeted expenditures and net lending increased by 2.7% to W617.7 trillion from W601.6 trillion in 2023, led by increases in budgeted expenditures on revitalization of the economy. The 2024 budget anticipated a W44.4 trillion budget deficit.

2025 budgeted revenues increased by 6.3% to W609.4 trillion from W573.3 trillion in 2024, led by increases in budgeted tax revenues (including taxes on income, profits and capital gains). 2025 budgeted expenditures and net lending increased by 2.2% to W631.1 trillion from W617.7 trillion in 2024, led by increases in budgeted expenditures on revitalization of the economy. The 2025 budget anticipated a W21.7 trillion budget deficit.

Beginning in March 2020, the National Assembly approved a series of supplementary budgets as part of the Government's efforts to mitigate adverse effects on the Korean economy resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. See "—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties". These supplementary budgets, which amounted to W66.8 trillion in 2020, W49.8 trillion in 2021 and W78.9 trillion in 2022, were some of the largest of their kind drawn up in response to an outbreak of an infectious disease in Korea. The supplementary budgets were funded through the issuance of treasury bonds by the Government, The Bank of Korea's unappropriated surplus and other surplus funds available to the Government, among others.

Any significant increase in additional spending measures may lead to a budget deficit for 2025, which could result in a deterioration in the Government's fiscal position and an increase in borrowings.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table shows consolidated Government revenues and expenditures:

**Consolidated Central Government Revenues and Expenditures** 

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Budget** | **Budget** | **Budget** |
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Total Revenues | 446628 | 537619 | 588332 | 543586 | 560088 | 588577 | 573261 | 609351 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Current Revenues | 443694 | 534999 | 585325 | 539887 | 556112 | 584672 | 569507 | 601063 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Tax Revenues | 360129 | 422182 | 479384 | 432989 | 429335 | 486573 | 459643 | 478925 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Taxes on income, profits and capital gains | 148622 | 184509 | 232319 | 196253 | 179929 | 236860 | 203425 | 215074 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Social security contributions | 74583 | 78104 | 83444 | 88918 | 92802 | 86116 | 92329 | 96496 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tax on property | 22735 | 31392 | 27696 | 25311 | 24243 | 27815 | 24149 | 22473 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Taxes on goods and services | 91047 | 99840 | 105828 | 97008 | 105610 | 107760 | 110503 | 115619 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Taxes on international trade and transaction | 7059 | 8227 | 10324 | 7288 | 6972 | 10724 | 8907 | 8409 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other tax | 16084 | 20110 | 19773 | 18211 | 19778 | 17299 | 20330 | 20855 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-Tax Revenues | 83565 | 112818 | 105941 | 106898 | 126787 | 98099 | 109864 | 122138 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Operating surpluses of departmental enterprise sales and property income | 33571 | 56664 | 47459 | 42537 | 56969 | 36492 | 41432 | 51959 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Administration fees & charges and non-industrial sales | 9929 | 10865 | 11434 | 12428 | 12787 | 12470 | 13357 | 13913 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fines and forfeits | 23583 | 26993 | 28276 | 29752 | 32997 | 27816 | 30829 | 31107 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Contributions to government employee pension fund | 13876 | 14918 | 16348 | 18149 | 19988 | 18480 | 20322 | 21196 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Current revenue of non-financial public enterprises | 2606 | 3378 | 2425 | 4032 | 4046 | 2842 | 3925 | 3964 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital Revenues | 2934 | 2620 | 3007 | 3700 | 3966 | 3905 | 3754 | 8288 |
|  Total Expenditures and Net Lending | 517781 | 568113 | 652902 | 580354 | 603609 | 601629 | 617664 | 631091 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Expenditures | 489966 | 538034 | 622997 | 559707 | 580113 | 584587 | 593643 | 615040 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Current Expenditures | 455098 | 502191 | 585593 | 523270 | 542859 | 545493 | 553669 | 576081 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Expenditure on goods and service | 79460 | 88144 | 89759 | 90389 | 93217 | 94966 | 98053 | 97971 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest payment | 14452 | 15431 | 18481 | 22362 | 26310 | 21726 | 24968 | 27530 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subsidies and other current transfers | 357295 | 395826 | 473661 | 405733 | 417643 | 424353 | 425078 | 445013 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Current expenditure of non-financial public enterprises | 3891 | 2790 | 3692 | 4785 | 5688 | 4449 | 5570 | 5567 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capital Expenditures | 34868 | 35842 | 37404 | 36437 | 37254 | 39094 | 39974 | 38959 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net Lending | 27815 | 30079 | 29905 | 20647 | 23496 | 17042 | 24021 | 16051 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

*Source:* Ministry of Economy and Finance; The Bank of Korea; Korea National Statistical Office

The consolidated Government account consists of a General Account, Special Accounts (including a non-financial public enterprise special account) and Public Funds. The Government segregates the accounts of certain functions of the Government into Special Accounts and Public Funds for more effective administration and fiscal control. The Special Accounts and Public Funds relate to business type activities, such as economic development, road and railway construction and maintenance, monopolies, and communications developments and the administration of loans received from official international financial organizations and foreign governments.

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Revenues derive mainly from national taxes and non-tax revenues. Taxes in Korea can be roughly classified into the following types:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• income tax and capital gains tax,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• property tax,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• value-added tax,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• customs duty tax, and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other taxes.

Income tax and capital gains tax are imposed on income derived from labor, business operation and ownership of assets and profits derived from capital appreciation. Income tax and capital gains tax, depending on the type of taxpayer, can be further classified into corporate income tax and individual income tax. Property tax is imposed on exchange or ownership of property and includes inheritance tax and gift tax. Value-added tax is imposed on value added to goods and services. Customs duty tax is imposed on imported goods. Other taxes include tax on certain securities transactions and a stamp tax for certain documents.

Expenditures include general administration, national defense, community service, education, health, social security, certain annuities and pensions and local finance, which involves the transfer of tax revenues to local governments.

For 2020, the Republic recorded total revenues of W446.6 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W517.8 trillion. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W71.2 trillion in 2020.

For 2021, the Republic recorded total revenues of W537.6 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W568.1 trillion. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W30.5 trillion in 2021.

For 2022, the Republic recorded total revenues of W588.3 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W652.9 trillion. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W64.6 trillion in 2022.

For 2023, the Republic recorded total revenues of W543.6 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W580.4 trillion in 2023. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W36.8 trillion in 2023.

Based on preliminary data, the Republic recorded total revenues of W560.1 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W603.6 trillion in 2024. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W43.5 trillion in 2024.

**Debt** 

The Government estimates that the total outstanding debt of the Government (including guarantees by the Government) as of December 31, 2023 amounted to approximately W1,102.1 trillion, an increase of 5.6% over the previous year.

The Government estimates that the total outstanding debt of the Government (including guarantees by the Government) as of December 31, 2024 amounted to approximately W1,150.9 trillion, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year.

The Ministry of Economy and Finance administers the national debt of the Republic.

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***External and Internal Debt of the Government***

The following table sets out, by currency and the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars, the estimated outstanding direct external debt of the Government as of December 31, 2024:

**Direct External Debt of the Government** 

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount in<br>Original<br>Currency** | **Equivalent<br>Amount in<br>U.S. Dollars<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Equivalent<br>Amount in<br>U.S. Dollars<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(millions)** | **(millions)** | **(millions)** |
|  US$ | US$6,525.0 | US$ | 6525.0 |
|  Euro (EUR) | EUR 1,400.0 |  | 1455.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total |  | US$ | 7980.9 |

---

(1) Amounts expressed in currencies other than US$ are converted to US$ at the arbitrage rate announced by the Seoul
Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. in effect on December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes, as of December 31 of the years indicated, the outstanding direct internal debt of the Republic:

**Direct Internal Debt of the Government** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  2020 |  | 808941.0 |
|  2021 |  | 927865.2 |
|  2022 |  | 1021574.4 |
|  2023 |  | 1080844.4 |
|  2024 |  | 1128191.5 |

---

The following table sets out all guarantees by the Government of indebtedness of others:

**Guarantees by the Government** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** |
|  | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** | **(billions of Won)** |
|  Domestic | 12490.0 | 10930.0 | 10620.0 | 10460.0 | 10960.0 |
|  External<sup>(1)</sup> |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | 12490.0 | 10930.0 | 10620.0 | 10460.0 | 10960.0 |

---

(1) Converted to Won at foreign exchange banks' telegraphed transfer selling rates to customers or the market
average exchange rates in effect on December 31 of each year.

For further information on the outstanding indebtedness, including guarantees, of the Republic, see "—Tables and Supplementary Information".

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***External Liabilities***

The following tables set out certain information regarding the Republic's external liabilities calculated under the criteria based on the sixth edition of the Balance of Payment Manual published by the International Monetary Fund in December 2010 and implemented by the Government in December 2013. Under BPM6, in particular, prepayments received in connection with the construction of ships are excluded from the external liabilities.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** | **(billions of dollars)** |
|  Long-term Liabilities | 390.6 | 465.6 | 499.3 | 531.9 | 523.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General Government | 119.4 | 144.4 | 153.2 | 170.8 | 160.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Monetary Authorities | 15.0 | 35.9 | 25.0 | 22.5 | 23.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banks | 112.2 | 128.1 | 146.8 | 147.6 | 137.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Sectors | 144.0 | 157.2 | 174.2 | 190.9 | 202.1 |
|  Short-term Liabilities | 160.1 | 165.1 | 174.0 | 140.7 | 146.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General Government | 2.1 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 2.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Monetary Authorities | 10.8 | 9.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 3.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banks | 122.0 | 124.3 | 129.7 | 101.9 | 107.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Sectors | 25.2 | 29.6 | 35.6 | 33.3 | 33.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total External Liabilities** | 550.6 | 630.7 | 673.3 | 672.5 | 670.0 |

---

(1) Preliminary.

***Commitments to Assume Treasury Obligations***

The Government may, if deemed necessary for recovery from disasters and calamities, make commitments to assume treasury obligations to the extent resolved by the National Assembly each fiscal year. In such cases, such commitments shall be executed in accordance with the procedures for spending reserve funds within general accounts.

***Debt Record***

The Government has always paid when due the full amount of principal of, interest on, and amortization of sinking fund requirements of, all of its indebtedness.

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**Tables and Supplementary Information** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***A. External Debt of the Government***

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(1) External Bonds of the Government* 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Series** | **Issue Date** | **Maturity Date** | **Interest<br>Rate (%)** | **Currency** | **Original<br>Principal<br>Amount** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** | **Principal Amount<br>Outstanding as of<br>December 31, 2024** |
| 2005-001 | November 2, 2005 | November 3, 2025 | 5.625 | USD | 400000000 |  | 400000000 |
| 2014-001 | June 10, 2014 | June 10, 2044 | 4.125 | USD | 1000000000 |  | 1000000000 |
| 2017-001 | January 19, 2017 | January 19, 2027 | 2.750 | USD | 1000000000 |  | 1000000000 |
| 2018-001 | September 20, 2018 | September 20, 2028 | 3.500 | USD | 500000000 |  | 500000000 |
| 2018-002 | September 20, 2018 | September 20, 2048 | 3.875 | USD | 500000000 |  | 500000000 |
| 2019-001 | June 19, 2019 | June 19, 2029 | 2.500 | USD | 1000000000 |  | 1000000000 |
| 2020-001 | September 16, 2020 | September 16, 2030 | 1.000 | USD | 625000000 |  | 625000000 |
| 2020-002 | September 16, 2020 | September 16, 2025 | 0.000 | EUR | 700000000 |  | 700000000 |
| 2021-001 | October 15, 2021 | October 15, 2026 | 0.000 | EUR | 700000000 |  | 700000000 |
| 2021-002 | October 15, 2021 | October 15, 2031 | 1.750 | USD | 500000000 |  | 500000000 |
| 2024-001 | July 3, 2024 | July 3, 2029 | 4.500 | USD | 1000000000 |  | 1000000000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Original Currencies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Original Currencies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Original Currencies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Original Currencies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Original Currencies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Original Currencies | USD | 6525000000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | EUR | 1400000000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total External Bonds in Equivalent Amount of Won<sup>(1)</sup> | W | 11731930000000 |

---

(1) U.S. dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of US$1.00 to W 1,470.0, the market
average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. Euro amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of EUR 1.00 to W 1,528.7, the market average exchange rate in effect on
December 31, 2024, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(2) External Borrowings of the Government* 

None.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***B. External Guaranteed Debt of the Government***

None.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***C. Internal Debt of the Government***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title** | **Range of<br>Interest Rates** | **Range of<br>Years of Issue** | **Range of Years<br>of Original<br>Maturity** | **Principal<br>Amounts<br>Outstanding as<br>of December 31,<br>2024** |
|  | **(%)** | | | **(billions of Won)** |
| **1. Bonds** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for Treasury Bond Management Fund | 0.750-5.750 | 2006-2024 | 2025-2074 | 1047874.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for National Housing I | 1.000-1.750 | 2015-2024 | 2020-2029 | 79100.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for National Housing II | 0 | 2009-2017 | 2019-2029 | 1.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for National Housing III |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for Contribution to International Organizations<sup>(1)</sup> | 0 | 1967-1985 |  | 9.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Bonds |  |  |  | 1126986.5 |
| **2. Borrowings** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from The Bank of Korea |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Sports Promotion Fund | 2.875-3.665 | 2023-2024 | 2025-2029 | 960 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from The Korea Foundation Fund |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Labor Welfare Promotion Fund | 2.920-2.935 | 2024 | 2025 | 50 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from Korea Technology Finance Corporation | 2.870-3.100 | 2024 | 2026 | 195 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Credit Guarantee Fund for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Suppliers |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Government Employees' Pension Fund |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Film Industry Development Fund |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borrowings from the Korea Infrastructure Credit Guarantee Fund |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Borrowings |  |  |  | 1205 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total Internal Funded Debt** |  |  |  | 1128191.5 |

---

(1) Interest Rates and Years of Original Maturity not applicable.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***D. Internal Guaranteed Debt of the Government***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title** | **Range of<br>Interest Rates** | **Range of<br>Years of Issue** | **Range of Years<br>of Original<br>Maturity** | **Principal<br>Amounts<br>Outstanding as<br>of December 31,**<br>**2024** |
|  | **(%)** | | | **(billions of Won)** |
| **1. Bonds of Government-Affiliated Corporations** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation |  |  |  | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea Student Aid Foundation | 1.230-5.480 | 2011-2024 | 2025-2044 | 10350.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Supply Chain Resilience Fund | 2.820-2.960 | 2024 | 2026-2027 | 400.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Key Industry Stabilization Fund | 1.450-2.190 | 2020-2021 | 2025 | 210.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Total Internal Guaranteed Debt** |  |  |  | 10960.0 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***E. Others***

*Commitments to Assume Treasury Obligations* 

The Government may, if deemed necessary for recovery from disasters and calamities, make commitments to assume treasury obligations to the extent resolved by the National Assembly each fiscal year. In such cases, such commitments shall be executed in accordance with the procedures for spending reserve funds within general accounts.

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**DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES** 

**Description of Debt Securities** 

We will issue debt securities under a fiscal agency agreement or agreements. The description below summarizes the material provisions of the debt securities and the fiscal agency agreement. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that may be important to you as a potential investor in the debt securities. Therefore, we urge you to read the form of fiscal agency agreement and the form of global debt security before deciding whether to invest in the debt securities. We have filed a copy of these documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. You should refer to such exhibits for more complete information.

The financial terms and other specific terms of your debt securities will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to your debt securities. The description in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description or, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

We will appoint a fiscal agent or agents in connection with debt securities whose duties will be governed by the fiscal agency agreement. We may replace the fiscal agent or appoint different fiscal agents for different series of debt securities.

***General Terms of the Debt Securities***

We may issue debt securities in separate series at various times. The Republic may irrevocably guarantee the payment of principal of, and interest on, one or more series of debt securities. The prospectus supplement that relates to your debt securities will specify some or all of the following terms:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the aggregate principal amount;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the currency of denomination and payment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any limitation on principal amount and authorized denominations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the percentage of their principal amount at which the debt securities will be issued;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the maturity date or dates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the interest rate for the debt securities and, if variable, the method by which the interest rate will be
calculated;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether any amount payable in respect of the debt securities will be determined based on an index or formula, and
how any such amount will be determined;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the dates from which interest, if any, will accrue for payment of interest and the record dates for any such
interest payments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• where and how we will pay principal and interest;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether and in what circumstances the debt securities may be redeemed before maturity;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any sinking fund or similar provision;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether any part or all of the debt securities will be in the form of a global security and the circumstances in
which a global security is exchangeable for certificated securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if issued in certificated form, whether the debt securities will be in bearer form with interest coupons, if any,
or in registered form without interest coupons, or both forms, and any restrictions on exchanges from one form to the other;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether any of the terms set out herein will differ for the debt securities;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the Republic will irrevocably guarantee the payment of principal of, and interest on, the debt
securities; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other specific provisions.

Depending on the terms of the debt securities we issue, the prospectus supplement relating to the debt securities may also describe applicable U.S. federal income tax and other considerations additional to the disclosure in this prospectus.

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will maintain at an office in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, a register for the registration of transfers of debt securities issued in registered form.

***Payments of Principal, Premium and Interest***

On every payment date specified in the relevant prospectus supplement, we will pay the principal, premium and/or interest due on that date to the registered holder of the relevant debt security at the close of business on the related record date. We will make all payments at the place and in the currency set out in the prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise specified in the relevant prospectus supplement or the debt securities, we will make payments in U.S. dollars at the New York office of the fiscal agent or, outside the United States, at the office of any paying agent. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or debt securities, we will pay interest by check, payable to the registered holder.

We will make any payments on debt securities in bearer form at the offices and agencies of the fiscal agent or any other paying agent outside the United States as we may designate. At the option of the holder of the bearer debt securities, we will make such payments by check or by transfer to an account maintained by the holder with a bank located outside of the United States. We will not make payments on bearer debt securities at the corporate trust office of the fiscal agent in the United States or at any other paying agency in the United States. In addition, we will not make any payment by mail to an address in the United States or by transfer to an account maintained by a holder of bearer debt securities with a bank in the United States. Nevertheless, we will make payments on a bearer debt security denominated and payable in U.S. dollars at an office or agency in the United States if:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• payment outside the United States is illegal or effectively precluded by exchange controls or other similar
restrictions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the payment is then permitted under United States law, without material adverse consequences to us.

If we issue bearer debt securities, we will designate the offices of at least one paying agent outside the United States as the location for payment.

***Repayment of Funds; Prescription***

If no one claims money paid by us to the fiscal agent for the payment of principal or interest in respect of any series of debt securities for two years after the payment was due and payable, the fiscal agent or paying agent will repay the money to us. After such repayment, the fiscal agent or paying agent will not be liable with respect to the amounts so repaid, and you may look only to us for any payment under the debt securities.

Under Korean laws concerning prescriptive periods for filing claims, as generally interpreted, you will not be permitted to file a claim against us for payment of principal or interest on any series of debt securities unless you do so within five years, in the case of principal, and three years, in the case of interest, from the date on which payment was due.

***Global Securities***

The prospectus supplement relating to a series of debt securities will indicate whether any of that series of debt securities will be represented by a global security. The prospectus supplement will also describe any unique

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specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to that series. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, we anticipate that the following provisions will apply to depositary arrangements.

*Registered Ownership of the Global Security* 

The global security will be registered in the name of a depositary identified in the prospectus supplement, or its nominee, and will be deposited with the depositary, its nominee or a custodian. The depositary, or its nominee, will therefore be considered the sole owner or holder of debt securities represented by the global security for all purposes under the fiscal agency agreement. Except as specified below or in the applicable prospectus supplement, beneficial owners:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• will not be entitled to have any of the debt securities represented by the global security registered in their
names;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• will not receive physical delivery of any debt securities in definitive form;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• will not be considered the owners or holders of the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• must rely on the procedures of the depositary and, if applicable, any participants (institutions that have
accounts with the depositary or a nominee of the depositary, such as securities brokers and dealers) to exercise any rights of a holder; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• will receive payments of principal and interest from the depositary or its participants rather than directly from
us.

We understand that, under existing industry practice, the depositary and participants will allow beneficial owners to take all actions required of, and exercise all rights granted to, the registered holders of the debt securities.

We will register debt securities in the name of a person other than the depositary or its nominee only if:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the depositary for a series of debt securities is unwilling or unable to continue as depositary; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we determine, in our sole discretion, not to have a series of debt securities represented by a global security.

In either such instance, an owner of a beneficial interest in a global security will be entitled to registration of a principal amount of debt securities equal to its beneficial interest in its name and to physical delivery of the debt securities in definitive form.

*Beneficial Interests in and Payments on a Global Security* 

Only participants, and persons that may hold beneficial interests through participants, can own a beneficial interest in the global security. The depositary keeps records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security by its participants. In turn, participants keep records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security by other persons (such as their customers). No other records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security will be kept.

All payments on a global security will be made to the depositary or its nominee. When the depositary receives payment of principal or interest on the global security, we expect the depositary to credit its participants' accounts with amounts that correspond to their respective beneficial interests in the global security. We also expect that, after the participants' accounts are credited, the participants will credit the accounts of the owners of beneficial interests in the global security with amounts that correspond to the owners' respective beneficial interests in the global security.

The depositary and its participants establish policies and procedures governing payments, transfers, exchanges and other important matters that affect owners of beneficial interests in a global security. The

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depositary and its participants may change these policies and procedures from time to time. We have no responsibility or liability for the records of ownership of beneficial interests in the global security, or for payments made or not made to owners of such beneficial interests. We also have no responsibility or liability for any aspect of the relationship between the depositary and its participants or for any aspect of the relationship between participants and owners of beneficial interests in the global security.

*Bearer Securities* 

We may issue debt securities in a series in the form of one or more bearer global debt securities deposited with a common depositary for the Euroclear and Clearstream, or with a nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The specific terms and procedures, including the specific terms of the depositary arrangement, with respect to any portion of a series of debt securities to be represented by a global security will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

***Additional Amounts***

We will make all payments of principal of, and premium and interest, if any, on the debt securities, without withholding or deducting any present or future taxes imposed by the Republic or any of its political subdivisions, unless required by law. If Korean law requires us to deduct or withhold taxes, we will pay additional amounts as necessary to ensure that you receive the same amount as you would have received without such withholding or deduction.

We will not pay, however, any additional amounts if you are liable for Korean tax because:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• you are connected with the Republic other than by merely owning the debt security or receiving income or payments
on the debt security;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• you failed to complete and submit a declaration of your status as a non-resident of the Republic after we or the relevant tax authority requested you to do so; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• you failed to present your debt security for payment within 30 days of when the payment is due or, if the fiscal
agent did not receive the money prior to the due date, the date notice is given to holders that the fiscal agent has received the full amount due to holders. Nevertheless, we will pay additional amounts to the extent you would have been entitled to
such amounts had you presented your debt security for payment on the last day of the 30-day period.

We will not pay any additional amounts for taxes on the debt securities except for taxes payable through deduction or withholding from payments of principal, premium or interest. Examples of the types of taxes for which we will not pay additional amounts include the following: estate or inheritance taxes, gift taxes, sales or transfer taxes, personal property or related taxes, assessments or other governmental charges. We will pay stamp or other similar taxes that may be imposed by the Republic, the United States or any political subdivision or taxing authority in one of those two countries on the fiscal agency agreement or be payable in connection with the issuance of the debt securities.

***Status of Debt Securities***

The debt securities will:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• constitute our direct, unconditional, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rank without any preference among themselves and equally with all of our other unsecured and unsubordinated
obligations. It is understood that this provision shall not be construed so as to require us to make payments under the debt securities ratably with payments being made under our any other debt securities.

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***Negative Pledge Covenant***

If any debt securities are outstanding, we will not create or permit any security interests on our assets as security for any of our Long-Term External Indebtedness or guarantees issued by us, unless the security interest also secures our obligations under the debt securities. "Long-Term External Indebtedness" means any obligation for the payment or repayment of money borrowed that is denominated in a currency other than the currency of the Republic and which has a final maturity of one year or more from its date of issuance.

We may, however, create or permit a security interest:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in favor of the Government or The Bank of Korea or any other agency or instrumentality of or controlled by the
Government;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• arising from, or any deposit or other arrangement made or entered into in connection with, the sale, assignment
or other disposition or the discounting of any of our notes or receivables, or any other transaction in the ordinary course of our business; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• on any asset (or documents of title to such asset) incurred when the asset was purchased or improved to secure
payment of the cost of the activity.

***Events of Default***

Each of the following constitutes an event of default with respect to any series of debt securities:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. *Non-Payment:* we do not pay principal or interest or premium or
deposit any sinking fund payment on any debt securities of the series when due and such failure to pay continues for 30 days.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. *Breach of Other Obligations:* we fail to observe or perform any of the covenants in
the series of debt securities (other than non-payment) for 60 days after written notice of the default is delivered to us at the corporate trust office of the fiscal agent in New York City by holders
representing at least 10% of the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of the series.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. *Cross Default and Cross Acceleration:* 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we default on any External Indebtedness, and, as a result, becomes obligated to pay an amount equal to or greater
than US$10,000,000 in aggregate principal amount prior to its due date; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we fail to pay when due, including any grace period, any of our External Indebtedness in aggregate principal
amount equal to or greater than US$10,000,000 or we fail to pay when requested and required by the terms thereof any guarantee for External Indebtedness of another person equal to or greater than US$10,000,000 in aggregate principal amount, except
in any such case where such External Indebtedness or guarantee is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. *Moratorium/Default*:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we declare a general moratorium on the payment of our External Indebtedness, including obligations under
guarantees;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Republic declares a general moratorium on the payment of its External Indebtedness, including obligations
under guarantees;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Republic becomes liable to repay prior to maturity any amount of External Indebtedness, including obligations
under guarantees, as a result of a default under such External Indebtedness or obligations; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the international monetary reserves of the Republic become subject to a security interest or segregation or other
preferential arrangement for the benefit of any creditors.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. *Bankruptcy*:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we are declared bankrupt or insolvent by any court or administrative agency with jurisdiction over us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we pass a resolution to apply for bankruptcy or to request the appointment of a receiver or trustee or similar
official in insolvency;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a substantial part of our assets are liquidated;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we are wound up or dissolved; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we cease to conduct the banking business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. *Failure of Support*: the Republic fails to provide financial support for us as required
under Article 37 of the KEXIM Act as of the date of the debt securities of such series.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7. *Control of Assets*: the Republic ceases to control us (directly or indirectly).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8. *IMF Membership/World Bank Membership*: the Republic ceases to be a member in good
standing of the IMF or the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).

For purposes of the foregoing, "External Indebtedness" means any obligation for the payment or repayment of money borrowed that is denominated in a currency other than the currency of the Republic.

If an event of default occurs, any holder may declare the principal amount of debt securities that it holds to be immediately due and payable by written notice to us and the fiscal agent.

You should note that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• despite the procedure described above, no debt securities may be declared due and payable if we cure the
applicable event of default before we receive the written notice from the debt security holder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we are not required to provide periodic evidence of the absence of defaults; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the fiscal agency agreement does not require us to notify holders of the debt securities of an event of default
or grant any debt security holder a right to examine the security register.

***Modifications and Amendments; Debt Securityholders' Meetings***

Each holder of a series of debt securities must consent to any amendment or modification of the terms of that series of debt securities or the fiscal agency agreement that would, among other things:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• change the stated maturity of the principal of the debt securities or any installment of interest;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduce the principal amount of such series of debt securities or the portion of the principal amount payable upon
acceleration of such debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• change the debt security's interest rate or premium payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• change the currency of payment of principal, interest or premium;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• amend either the procedures provided for a redemption event or the definition of a redemption event;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• shorten the period during which we are not allowed to redeem the debt securities or grant us a right to redeem
the debt securities which we previously did not have; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduce the percentage of the outstanding principal amount needed to modify or amend the fiscal agency agreement
or the terms of such series of debt securities.

We may, with the exception of the above changes, with the consent of the holders of at least 66 <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% in principal amount of the debt securities of a series that are outstanding, modify and amend other terms of that series of debt securities.

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The fiscal agency agreement and a series of debt securities may be modified or amended, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities, to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• add covenants made by us that benefit holders of the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• surrender any right or power given to us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• secure the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• permit registered securities to be exchanged for bearer securities or relax or eliminate restrictions on the
payment of principal, premium or interest on bearer securities to the extent permitted under United States Department of Treasury regulations, provided that holders of the debt securities do not suffer any adverse tax consequences as a result; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• cure any ambiguity or correct or supplement any defective provision in the fiscal agency agreement or the debt
securities, without materially and adversely affecting the interests of the holders of the debt securities.

***Fiscal Agent***

The fiscal agency agreement governs the duties of each fiscal agent. We may maintain bank accounts and a banking relationship with each fiscal agent. The fiscal agent is our agent and does not act as a trustee for the holders of the debt securities.

***Further Issues of Debt Securities***

We may, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities, create and issue additional debt securities with the same terms and conditions as any series of debt securities (or that are the same except for the amount of the first interest payment and for the interest paid on the series of debt securities prior to the issuance of the additional debt securities); provided that if any such additional debt securities are not fungible with the outstanding series of debt securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, they will be issued under a separate CUSIP or other identifying number. We may consolidate such additional debt securities with the outstanding debt securities to form a single series.

**Description of Warrants** 

The description below summarizes some of the provisions of warrants for the purchase of debt securities that we may issue from time to time and of the warrant agreement. Copies of the forms of warrants and the warrant agreement are or will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that is important to you as a potential investor in the warrants.

The description of the warrants that will be contained in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description and, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

***General Terms of the Warrants***

Each series of warrants will be issued under a warrant agreement to be entered into between us and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent. The prospectus supplement relating to the series of warrants will describe:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the terms of the debt securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants, as described above under
"Description of the Securities—Description of Debt Securities—General Terms of the Debt Securities";

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the exercise price;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the procedures and conditions for the exercise of the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants begins and expires;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether and under what conditions the warrants may be terminated or canceled by us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether and under what conditions the warrants and any debt securities issued with the warrants will be
separately transferable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the warrants will be issued in bearer or registered form;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the warrants will be exchangeable between registered and bearer form, and, if issued in registered form,
where they may be transferred and registered; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other specific provisions.

**Terms Applicable to Debt Securities and Warrants** 

***Governing Law***

The fiscal agency agreement, any warrant agreement and the debt securities and any warrants will be governed by the laws of the State of New York without regard to any principles of New York law requiring the application of the laws of another jurisdiction. Nevertheless, all matters governing our authorization, execution and delivery of the debt securities and the fiscal agency agreement and any warrants and warrant agreement by us will be governed by the laws of the Republic.

***Jurisdiction and Consent to Service***

We are owned by a foreign sovereign government and all of our board of directors and executive officers and some of the experts named in this prospectus are residents of Korea. In addition, all or most our assets and the assets of the people named in the preceding sentence are located outside of the United States. For that reason, you may have difficultly serving process on us or the individuals described above in the United States or enforcing in a U.S. court a U.S.-court judgment based on the U.S. federal securities laws. Our Korean counsel has informed us that there is doubt regarding the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for the enforcement of U.S.-court judgments, of civil liabilities based on the U.S. federal securities laws. The enforcement of U.S.-court judgments against us may be affected or limited by the general principle of good morals and other social order and the general principle of good faith and fairness provided in the Civil Code of Korea. The courts of Korea will recognize as a valid judgment and enforce any judgment obtained in a U.S. court without re-examination of the merits; provided, that (a) such judgment was finally and conclusively given by a court having valid jurisdiction in accordance with the international jurisdiction principles under Korean law and applicable treaties, (b) we were duly served with service of process (otherwise than by publication or similar means) in sufficient time to enable us to prepare our defense in conformity with applicable laws or responded to the action without being served with process, (c) in light of the substance of such judgment and the procedures of litigation, recognition of such judgment is not contrary to the public policy of Korea, and (d) judgments of the courts of Korea are accorded reciprocal treatment in the jurisdiction of the court which had issued such judgment or the requirements for the recognition of a foreign judgment in the jurisdiction of the court which had issued such judgment are neither manifestly inequitable nor substantially different in material respects from the requirements for recognition of a foreign judgment in Korea.

We have appointed the Chief Representative of our New York Representative Office, Ms. Jin Yi, and a Senior Representative of our New York Representative Office, Mr. Seyoung Kim, and each of their successors in the future, as our authorized agents to receive service of process in any suit which a holder of any series of debt securities or warrants may bring in any state or federal court in New York City and we have accepted the jurisdiction of those courts for those actions. Our New York Representative Office is located at 460 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10022. These appointments are irrevocable as long as any amounts of principal,

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premium or interest remain payable by us to the Fiscal Agent under any series of debt securities or any warrants have not expired or otherwise terminated under their terms. If for any reason either of these two men ceases to act as our authorized agent or ceases to have an address in Manhattan, we shall appoint a replacement. The appointment of agents for receipt of service of process and the acceptance of jurisdiction of state or federal courts in New York City do not, however, apply to actions brought under the United States federal securities laws. We may also be sued in courts having jurisdiction over us located in the Republic.

We will irrevocably consent to any relief and process in connection with a suit against us in relation to the debt securities or warrants, including the enforcement or execution of any order or judgment of the court. To the extent permitted by law, we will waive irrevocably any immunity from jurisdiction to which we might otherwise be entitled in any suit based on any series of debt securities or warrants.

***Foreign Exchange Controls***

Before we may issue debt securities outside the Republic, the Minister of Economy and Finance of Korea must receive a report with respect to the issuance by us of debt securities having a maturity of more than one year (if the issue amount is more than US$50 million or the equivalent thereof) in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act of Korea and the Enforcement Decree and regulations promulgated thereunder. After issuance of debt securities outside the Republic, we are required to notify the Minister of Economy and Finance of such issuance. No further approval or authorization is required for us to pay principal of or interest on the debt securities.

**Description of Guarantees** 

The description below summarizes some of the provisions of the guarantees that the Republic may issue from time to time to guarantee our debt securities. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that is important to you as a potential beneficiary of a guarantee.

The prospectus supplement relating to a guarantee to be issued by the Republic will specify other specific provisions. The description of a guarantee to be issued by the Republic that will be contained in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description and, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

***General Terms of the Guarantees***

Each guarantee will be issued by the Republic as guarantor. The prospectus supplement relating to a guarantee will specify:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the relevant obligor and the obligations guaranteed under the guarantee;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the nature and scope of the guarantee, including whether or not it is irrevocable and unconditional;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the status of the guarantee in relation to the Republic's other obligations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the governing law of the guarantee; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other relevant provisions of the guarantee.

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**LIMITATIONS ON ISSUANCE OF BEARER DEBT SECURITIES AND BEARER WARRANTS** 

Bearer securities will not be offered, sold or delivered in the United States or its possessions or to a United States person; except in certain circumstances permitted by United States tax regulations. Bearer securities will initially be represented by temporary global securities, without interest coupons, deposited with a common depositary in London for Euroclear and Clearstream for credit to designated accounts. Unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• each temporary global security will be exchangeable for definitive bearer securities on or after the date that is
40 days after issuance only upon receipt of certification of non-United States beneficial ownership of the temporary global security as provided for in United States tax regulations, provided that no bearer
security will be mailed or otherwise delivered to any location in the United States in connection with the exchange; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any interest payable on any portion of a temporary global security with respect to any interest payment date
occurring prior to the issuance of definitive bearer securities will be paid only upon receipt of certification of non-United States beneficial ownership of the temporary global security as provided for in
United States tax regulations.

Bearer securities, other than temporary global debt securities, and any related coupons will bear the following legend: "Any United States person who holds this obligation will be subject to limitations under the United States federal income tax laws, including the limitations provided in Section 165(j) and 1287(a) of the Internal Revenue Code." The sections referred to in the legend provide that, with certain exceptions, a United States person who holds a bearer security or coupon will not be allowed to deduct any loss realized on the disposition of the bearer security, and any gain, which might otherwise be characterized as capital gain, recognized on the disposition will be treated as ordinary income.

For purposes of this section, "United States person" means:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a citizen or resident of the United States;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a corporation, partnership or other entity created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any
political subdivision thereof; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• an estate or trust the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its
source.

For purposes of this section, "United States" means the United States of America, including each state and the District of Columbia, its territories, possessions and other areas subject to its jurisdiction.

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**TAXATION** 

The following discussion summarizes certain Korean and U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to you if you invest in debt securities. This summary is based on laws, regulations, rulings and decisions in effect as of the date of this prospectus. These laws, regulations, rulings and/or decisions may change; any such change could apply retroactively and could affect the continued validity of this summary.

This summary does not describe all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to you or your situation, particularly if you are subject to special tax rules. You should consult your tax adviser about the tax consequences of holding the debt securities, including the relevance to your particular situation of the considerations discussed below, as well as of state, local or other tax laws.

**Korean Taxation** 

The following summary of Korean tax considerations applies to you so long as you are not:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a resident of Korea;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a company having its head office, principal place of business or place of effective management in Korea, or a
Korean company; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• engaging in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base to which the relevant
income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected.

***Tax on Interest Payments***

Under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, or the STTCL, when we make payments of interest to you on the debt securities, no amount will be withheld from such payments for, or on account of, taxes of any kind imposed, levied, withheld or assessed by Korea or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein; provided that the debt securities are deemed to be foreign currency denominated bonds issued outside of Korea for the purpose of the STTCL.

***Tax on Capital Gains***

You will not be subject to any Korean income or withholding taxes in connection with the sale, exchange or other disposition of a debt security, provided that the disposition does not involve a transfer of the debt security to a Korean resident (or the Korean permanent establishment of a non-resident). In addition, the STTCL exempts you from Korean taxation on any capital gains that you earn from the transfer of the debt securities outside of Korea; provided that the offering of the debt securities such as foreign currency-denominated bonds is deemed to be an overseas issuance for the purpose of the STTCL. If you sell or otherwise dispose of debt securities to a Korean resident and such disposition or sale is made within Korea, any gain realized on the transaction will be taxable at ordinary Korean withholding tax rates at the lower of 22% (including local income surtax) of net gain (subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs) or 11% (including local income surtax) of gross sale proceeds with respect to transactions, unless an exemption is available under an applicable income tax treaty. For example, if you are a resident of the United States for the purposes of the income tax treaty currently in force between Korea and the United States, you are generally entitled to an exemption from Korean taxation in respect of any gain realized on a disposition of a debt security, regardless of whether the disposition is to a Korean resident. For more information regarding tax treaties, please refer to the heading "Tax Treaties" below.

With respect to computing the above-mentioned 22% withholding taxes (including local income surtax) on net gain, please note that there is no provision under relevant Korean law for offsetting gains and losses or otherwise aggregating transactions for the purpose of computing the net gain attributable to sales of the debt

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securities. The purchaser of the debt securities or, in the case of the sale of the debt securities through a securities company in Korea, the securities company through which such sale is effected, is required under Korean law to withhold the applicable amount of Korean tax and make payment thereof to the relevant Korean tax authority. Unless you, as the seller, can either claim the benefit of an exemption or a reduced rate of tax under an applicable tax treaty or produce satisfactory evidence of your acquisition cost and certain direct transaction costs in relation to the debt securities being sold, the purchaser or the securities company, as applicable, must withhold an amount equal to 11% of the gross sale proceeds. Any withheld tax must be paid no later than the tenth day of the month following the month in which the payment for the purchase of the relevant debt securities occurred. Failure to timely transmit the withheld tax to the Korean tax authorities technically subjects the purchaser or the securities company to penalties under Korean tax laws.

***Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax***

If you die while domiciled in Korea, Korean inheritance tax will be imposed upon the transfer by succession of any of the debt securities, wherever located, that you own at the time of death. Furthermore, regardless of where you are domiciled when you die, Korean inheritance tax will be imposed upon the transfer by succession of any of the debt securities you own that are located in Korea at the time of death. Similarly, if you give the debt securities as a gift to any other person, the donee will be subject to Korean gift tax, based on where the donee or you are domiciled or where the debt securities are located at the time that you make the gift. The amount, if any, of the applicable inheritance or gift tax imposed in specific cases depends on the value of the debt securities (or other property) and the identities of the parties involved.

Under Korean inheritance and gift tax laws, debt securities issued by Korean companies are deemed to be located in Korea irrespective of where they are physically located or by whom they are owned.

***Stamp Duty***

You will not be subject to any Korean stamp duty, registration duty or similar documentary tax in respect of or in connection with a transfer of any debt securities or in connection with the exercise of exchange rights or conversion rights that may be acquired with the debt securities.

***Guarantees***

Based on an administrative interpretation issued in April 2019, we believe any payments of interest on and principal amount of the debt securities (or the issued price if the debt securities were originally issued at a discount) by the Republic under the Republic's guarantee on the debt securities denominated in a foreign currency and issued by us are not subject to withholding tax, provided that the debt securities are deemed to be foreign currency denominated bonds issued outside of Korea for the purpose of the STTCL. Further details of the tax consequences of the holders of our debt securities guaranteed by the Republic may be provided in the relevant prospectus supplement.

***Tax Treaties***

At the date of this prospectus, Korea has tax treaties with, among others, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Republic of Fiji, Romania, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Vietnam under which the rate of withholding tax on interest and dividends is reduced, generally to between 5% and 16.5%, and the tax on capital gains is often eliminated.

With respect to any gains subject to Korean withholding tax, as described under the heading "Tax on Capital Gains" above, you should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of a tax treaty with Korea. It

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will be your responsibility to claim the benefits of any tax treaty that may exist between your country and Korea in respect of capital gains, and to provide to the purchaser of the debt securities, or the relevant securities company through which the transfer of the debt securities is effected, as applicable, a certificate as to your country of tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, the purchaser, or the relevant securities company, as the case may be, must withhold tax at normal rates.

In addition, subject to certain exceptions, in order to receive the benefit of a tax exemption available under any applicable tax treaty, you may also be required to submit to the payer of such Korean source income an application for tax exemption under a tax treaty, together with documents evidencing that you are a beneficial owner of such Korean source income, or the Beneficial Owner Evidencing Documents, which include, in principle, a certificate as to your country of tax residence. In the event (a) a party claiming the benefits of a tax treaty is a non-Korean corporation (excluding the instance where the payment is received by an overseas investment vehicle as described below) and (b) the total amount of tax applicable for the tax exemption under the tax treaty is W1 billion or more (including the instance where the total amount of tax previously exempted by the tax treaty is W1 billion or more for the past one year from the last day of the month in which the payment of such Korean source income is made), then such corporation will be required to submit (a) the names and addresses of the members of the board of directors, (b) the personal details of shareholders and the status of their current equity holdings (provided that, if there are more than 100 shareholders, the non-resident holder may instead provide a statement showing the total number of shareholders and the aggregate investment amount from each country) and (c) financial statements (including all accompanying schedules), tax returns or the audit reports submitted to the country of its tax residence for the immediately preceding three years (or, if the entity has been in existence for less than three years, for the period from its incorporation to the day before the date of application) to the payer of such Korean source income, in addition to the certificate of tax residency, as part of the Beneficial Owner Evidencing Documents. Subject to certain exceptions, Korean tax laws also require an overseas investment vehicle, or an OIV, (which is defined as an organization established in a foreign jurisdiction that manages funds collected through investment solicitation by way of acquiring, disposing or otherwise investing in proprietary targets and then distributes the outcome of such management to investors) to obtain the application for tax exemption from the beneficial owners together with the Beneficial Owner Evidencing Documents of the beneficial owner and submit a report of OIV to the payer, together with a detailed statement on the beneficial owner of the income and the obtained application for exemption and the Beneficial Owner Evidencing Documents from the beneficial owner. The payer of such Korean source income, in turn, will be required to submit such exemption application to the relevant district tax office in Korea by the ninth day of the month following the date of the first payment of such income. Even if the beneficial owner was unable to receive the benefit of a tax exemption due to his or her failure to timely submit such application, the beneficial owner may still receive the tax treaty benefits by claiming a tax refund with evidentiary documents to the relevant tax office within five years from the eleventh day of the month following the month during which the payment of such income occurred. Furthermore, the Corporation Income Tax Law, or the CITL, and Individual Income Tax Law, or the IITL, require the beneficial owner to submit an application for entitlement to a preferential tax rate together with evidence of tax residence (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner issued by a competent authority of the country of tax residence of the beneficial owner) to a withholding obligor paying Korean source income in order to benefit from the available reduced tax rate pursuant to the relevant tax treaty. Subject to certain exceptions, the CITL and IITL also require an OIV to obtain the application for entitlement to a preferential tax rate together with evidence of tax residence (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner issued by a competent authority of the country of tax residence of the beneficial owner) from the beneficial owners and submit a report of OIV to the withholding obligor, together with a detailed statement on the beneficial owner of the income.

Due to recent amendment to the Korean tax laws, OIVs may be regarded as beneficial owners of Korean sourced income in certain situations. Pursuant to such amendment, OIVs may be treated as beneficial owners of Korean sourced income if one of the following conditions are met: (i) the OIV is subject to taxation in the jurisdiction in which it has been established and is eligible for non-taxation, tax exemption or reduced tax rates under the relevant tax treaty on its Korean sourced income; (ii) the OIV is treated as the beneficial owner to its

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Korean sourced income under the relevant tax treaty and is eligible for non-taxation, tax exemption or reduced tax rates under the relevant tax treaty on its Korean sourced income; or (iii) the OIV is unable to confirm its list of beneficial owners investing in the OIV (if only a portion of the beneficial owners are confirmed, applies with respect to the remaining unconfirmed list of beneficial owners). OIVs that are not regarded as foreign "corporations" for purposes of the Korean tax law may be recognized as beneficial owners if one of the above conditions (ii) or (iii) are met. Further, OIVs that meet condition (iii) would be subject to the default statutory withholding tax rate under the Korean tax laws and the treaty withholding rates under relevant tax treaties would not apply even though the OIVs are deemed to be beneficial owners to Korean source income.

At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaties regarding inheritance or gift tax.

**United States Tax Considerations** 

The following discussion summarizes certain U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to you if you invest in debt securities and are a U.S. holder. You will be a U.S. holder if you are the beneficial owner of a debt security and you are an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, a U.S. domestic corporation, or any other person that is subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis in respect of its investment in a debt security. This summary deals only with U.S. holders that hold debt securities as capital assets for tax purposes. This summary does not apply to you if you are an investor that is subject to special tax rules, such as:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a bank or thrift;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a real estate investment trust;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a regulated investment company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• an insurance company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a dealer in securities or currencies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a trader in securities or commodities that elects mark-to-market treatment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a person that will hold debt securities as a hedge against currency risk or as a position in a straddle or
conversion transaction for tax purposes or as a part of a "synthetic security" or other integrated financial transaction;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• an entity taxed as a partnership or a partner therein;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a tax exempt organization;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• U.S. expatriates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• nonresident alien individuals present in the United States for more than 182 days in a taxable year; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a United States person whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar.

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations promulgated thereunder, and published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.

Any special U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to a particular issuance of debt securities will be discussed in the applicable prospectus supplement. This discussion does not address U.S. state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences, the Medicare tax on certain investment income, special timing rules prescribed under section 451(b) of the Code or any alternative minimum tax.

This summary deals only with debt securities that are properly treated as indebtedness for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This summary does not discuss tax considerations relevant to the ownership and disposal of

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bearer securities. You should consult your tax adviser about the tax consequences of holding debt securities, including the relevance to your particular situation of the considerations discussed below, as well as of state, local or other tax laws.

***Payments or Accruals of Interest and Additional Amounts***

Payments or accruals of "qualified stated interest" (as defined below) on a debt security, and additional amounts, if any (*i.e.,* without reduction for Korean withholding taxes, determined utilizing the appropriate Korean withholding tax rate applicable to you), but excluding any pre-issuance accrued interest, will be taxable to you as ordinary interest income at the time that you receive or accrue such amounts, in accordance with your regular method of tax accounting. If you use the cash method of tax accounting and you receive payments of interest pursuant to the terms of a debt security in a currency other than U.S. dollars (a "foreign currency"), the amount of interest income you will realize will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency payment based on the exchange rate in effect on the date you receive the payment regardless of whether you convert the payment into U.S. dollars. If you are an accrual method holder, the amount of interest income you will realize will be based on the average exchange rate in effect during the interest accrual period or, with respect to an interest accrual period that spans two taxable years, at the average exchange rate for the partial period within the taxable year. Alternatively, as an accrual method holder you may elect to translate all interest income on foreign currency-denominated debt securities at the spot rate on the last day of the accrual period (or the last day of the taxable year, in the case of an accrual period that spans more than one taxable year), or on the date that you receive the interest payment if that date is within five business days of the end of the accrual period. If you make this election you must apply it consistently to all debt instruments from year to year and you cannot change the election without the consent of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS. If you are an accrual method holder, you will recognize foreign currency gain or loss on the receipt of a foreign currency interest payment if the exchange rate in effect on the date the payment is received differs from the rate applicable to a previous accrual of that interest income. Amounts attributable to pre-issuance accrued interest will generally not be includable in income, except to the extent of foreign currency gain or loss attributable to any changes in exchange rates during the period between the date the U.S. Holder acquired the debt security and the first interest payment date. This foreign currency gain or loss will be treated as ordinary income or loss, but generally will not be treated as an adjustment to interest income received on the debt security.

Subject to generally applicable limitations and conditions, Korean interest withholding tax paid at the appropriate rate applicable to the U.S. holder may be eligible for credit against such U.S. holder's U.S. federal income tax liability. These generally applicable limitations and conditions include requirements adopted by the IRS in regulations promulgated in December 2021, and any Korean tax will need to satisfy these requirements in order to be eligible to be a creditable tax for a U.S. holder. In the case of a U.S. holder that consistently elects to apply a modified version of these rules under temporary guidance and complies with specific requirements set forth in such guidance, the Korean tax on interest will be treated as meeting the requirements and therefore as a creditable tax. In the case of all other U.S. holders, the application of these requirements to the Korean tax on interest is uncertain and we have not determined whether these requirements have been met. If the Korean interest tax is not a creditable tax or you do not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes, you may be able to deduct the Korean tax in computing your taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Interest and additional amounts will constitute income from sources without the United States and, if you elect to claim foreign tax credits, generally will constitute "passive category income" for foreign tax credit purposes.

The availability and calculation of foreign tax credits and deductions for foreign taxes depend on a U.S. holder's particular circumstances and involve the application of complex rules to those circumstances. The temporary guidance discussed above also indicates that the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to the December 2021 regulations and that the temporary guidance can be relied upon until additional guidance is issued that withdraws or modifies the temporary guidance. You should consult your tax advisers regarding the application of these rules to your particular situations.

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***Purchase, Sale and Retirement of Debt Securities***

Initially, your tax basis in a debt security generally will equal the cost of the debt security to you. Your basis will increase by any amounts that you are required to include in income under the rules governing original issue discount and market discount, and will decrease by the amount of any amortized premium and any payments other than qualified stated interest made on the debt security. (The rules for determining these amounts are discussed below.) If you purchase a debt security that is denominated in a foreign currency, the cost to you, and therefore generally your initial tax basis, will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency purchase price on the date of purchase calculated at the exchange rate in effect on that date. If the foreign currency-denominated debt security is traded on an established securities market and you use the cash method of tax accounting, or if you are an accrual method holder that makes a special election, then you will determine the U.S. dollar value of the cost of the debt security by translating the amount of the foreign currency that you paid for the debt security at the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of your purchase. The amount of any subsequent adjustments to your tax basis in a foreign currency-denominated debt security in respect of original issue discount, market discount and premium will be determined in the manner described below. If you convert U.S. dollars into a foreign currency and then immediately use that foreign currency to purchase a debt security, you generally will not have any taxable gain or loss as a result of the purchase.

When you sell or exchange a debt security, or if a debt security that you hold is retired, you generally will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount you realize on the transaction, less any accrued qualified stated interest, which will be subject to tax in the manner described above, and your tax basis in the debt security. If you sell or exchange a debt security for a foreign currency, or receive foreign currency on the retirement of a debt security, the amount you will realize for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency that you receive calculated at the exchange rate in effect on the date the foreign currency debt security is disposed of or retired. If you dispose of a foreign currency debt security that is traded on an established securities market and you are a cash-basis U.S. holder, or if you are an accrual-basis holder that makes a special election, then you will determine the U.S. dollar value of the amount realized by translating the amount of the foreign currency that you received on the debt security at the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of the sale, exchange or retirement.

The special election available for accrual method holders in respect of the purchase and sale of foreign currency debt securities traded on an established securities market, which is discussed in the two preceding paragraphs, must be applied consistently to all debt instruments from year to year and cannot be changed without the consent of the IRS.

Except as discussed below with respect to market discount, short-term debt securities and foreign currency gain or loss, the gain or loss that you recognize on the sale, exchange or retirement of a debt security generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if you have held the debt security for more than one year. The Code provides preferential treatment under certain circumstances for net long-term capital gains recognized by individual U.S. holders. The ability of U.S. holders to offset capital losses against ordinary income is limited.

Despite the foregoing, the gain or loss that you recognize on the sale, exchange or retirement of a foreign currency debt security generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss to the extent that the gain or loss is attributable to changes in exchange rates during the period in which you held the debt security. However, any such foreign currency gain or loss (including any foreign currency gain or loss with respect to the receipt of accrued but unpaid interest) will be realized only to the extent of total gain or loss realized on the sale or retirement. This foreign currency gain or loss will not be treated as an adjustment to interest income that you receive on the debt security.

Under the foreign tax credit requirements adopted by the IRS in regulations promulgated in December 2021, a U.S. holder generally will not be entitled to credit any Korean tax imposed on the sale or other disposition of the debt securities against such U.S. holder's U.S. federal income tax liability, except in the case of a U.S. holder

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that consistently elects to apply a modified version of the U.S. foreign tax credit rules that is permitted under temporary guidance and complies with the specific requirements set forth in such guidance. Additionally, capital gain or loss recognized by a U.S. holder on the sale or other disposition of the debt securities generally will be U.S. source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Consequently, even if the Korean tax qualifies as a creditable tax, a U.S. holder may not be able to credit the tax against its U.S. federal income tax liability unless such credit can be applied (subject to generally applicable conditions and limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. If the Korean tax is not a creditable tax, the tax would reduce the amount realized on the sale or other disposition of the debt securities even if the U.S. holder has elected to claim a foreign tax credit for other taxes in the same year. The temporary guidance discussed above also indicates that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to the December 2021 regulations and that the temporary guidance can be relied upon until additional guidance is issued that withdraws or modifies the temporary guidance. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to a sale or other disposition of the debt securities and any Korean tax imposed on such sale or disposition.

***Original Issue Discount***

If we issue debt securities at a discount from their "stated redemption price at maturity", and the discount is equal to or more than the product of one-fourth of one percent (0.25%) of the "stated redemption price at maturity" of the debt securities multiplied by the number of whole years to their maturity (the "*de minimis* threshold"), the debt securities will be "Original Issue Discount Debt Securities." The difference between the issue price and their "stated redemption price at maturity" will be the "original issue discount." The "issue price" of the debt securities will be the first price at which a substantial amount of the debt securities are sold to the public (i.e., excluding sales of debt securities to underwriters, placement agents, wholesalers, or similar persons). The "stated redemption price at maturity" will include all payments under the debt securities other than payments of qualified stated interest. The term "qualified stated interest" generally means stated interest that is unconditionally payable in cash or property, other than debt instruments issued by us, at least annually during the entire term of a debt security at a single fixed interest rate or, subject to certain conditions, based on one or more interest indices.

If you invest in Original Issue Discount Debt Securities you generally will be subject to the special tax accounting rules for original issue discount obligations provided by the Code and certain U.S. Treasury regulations, or the OID regulations. You should be aware that, as described in greater detail below, if you invest in an Original Issue Discount Debt Security you generally will be required to include original issue discount in ordinary gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes as it accrues, before you may have received the cash attributable to that income.

In general, and regardless of whether you use the cash or the accrual method of tax accounting, if you are the holder of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security with a maturity greater than one year, you will be required to include in ordinary gross income the sum of the "daily portions" of original issue discount on that Original Issue Discount Debt Security for all days during the taxable year that you own the Original Issue Discount Debt Security. The daily portions of original issue discount on an Original Issue Discount Debt Security are determined by allocating to each day in any accrual period a ratable portion of the original issue discount allocable to that period. Accrual periods may be any length and may vary in length over the term of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security, so long as no accrual period is longer than one year and each scheduled payment of principal or interest occurs on the first or last day of an accrual period. If you are the initial holder of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security, the amount of original issue discount on an Original Issue Discount Debt Security allocable to each accrual period is determined by:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) multiplying the "adjusted issue price" (as defined below) of the Original Issue Discount Debt
Security at the beginning of the accrual period by a fraction, the numerator of which is the annual yield to maturity (as defined below) of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security and the denominator of which is the number of accrual periods in a
year; and

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) subtracting from that product the amount, if any, payable as qualified stated interest allocable to that
accrual period.

In the case of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security that is a floating rate debt security, both the "annual yield to maturity" and the qualified stated interest will be determined for these purposes as though the Original Issue Discount Debt Security had borne interest in all periods at a fixed rate generally equal to the rate that would be applicable to interest payments on the Original Issue Discount Debt Security on its date of issue or, in the case of some floating rate debt securities, the rate that reflects the yield that is reasonably expected for the Original Issue Discount Debt Security. Additional rules may apply if interest on a floating rate debt security is based on more than one interest index. The "adjusted issue price" of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security at the beginning of any accrual period will generally be the sum of its issue price, including any accrued interest, and the amount of original issue discount allocable to all prior accrual periods, reduced by the amount of all payments other than any qualified stated interest payments on the Original Issue Discount Debt Security in all prior accrual periods. All payments on an Original Issue Discount Debt Security, other than qualified stated interest, will generally be viewed first as payments of previously accrued original issue discount, to the extent of the previously accrued discount, with payments considered made from the earliest accrual periods first, and then as a payment of principal. The "annual yield to maturity" of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security is the discount rate, appropriately adjusted to reflect the length of accrual periods, that causes the present value on the issue date of all payments on the Original Issue Discount Debt Security to equal the issue price. As a result of this "constant yield" method of including original issue discount income, the amounts you will be required to include in your gross income if you invest in an Original Issue Discount Debt Security denominated in U.S. dollars will generally be lesser in the early years and greater in the later years than amounts that would be includible on a straight-line basis.

You generally may make an irrevocable election to include in income your entire return on a debt security (i.e., the excess of all remaining payments to be received on the debt security, including payments of qualified stated interest, over the amount you paid for the debt security) under the constant yield method described above. For debt securities purchased at a premium or bearing market discount in your hands, if you make this election you will also be deemed to have made the election (discussed below under "—Premium and Market Discount") to amortize premium or to accrue market discount in income currently on a constant yield basis in respect of all other premium or market discount debt securities that you hold.

In the case of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security that is also a foreign currency-denominated debt security, you should determine the U.S. dollar amount includible as original issue discount for each accrual period by (i) calculating the amount of original issue discount allocable to each accrual period in the foreign currency using the constant yield method, and (ii) translating that foreign currency amount so determined at the average exchange rate in effect during that accrual period (or, with respect to an interest accrual period that spans two taxable years, at the average exchange rate for each partial period). Alternatively, you may translate the foreign currency amount so determined at the spot rate of exchange on the last day of the accrual period (or the last day of the taxable year, for an accrual period that spans two taxable years), or at the spot rate of exchange on the date of receipt, if that date is within five business days of the last day of the accrual period, provided that you have made the election described under the caption "Payments or Accruals of Interest" above. Because exchange rates may fluctuate, if you are the holder of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security that is also a foreign currency debt security you may recognize a different amount of original issue discount income in each accrual period than would be the case if you were the holder of an otherwise similar Original Issue Discount Debt Security denominated in U.S. dollars. Upon the receipt of an amount attributable to original issue discount, whether in connection with a payment of an amount that is not qualified stated interest or the sale or retirement of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security, you will recognize ordinary income or loss measured by the difference between the amount received, translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt or on the date of disposition of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security, as the case may be, and the amount accrued, using the exchange rate applicable to such previous accrual.

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If you purchase an Original Issue Discount Debt Security outside of the initial offering at a cost less than its "remaining redemption amount", or if you purchase an Original Issue Discount Debt Security in the initial offering at a price other than the Original Issue Discount Debt Security's issue price, you will also generally be required to include in gross income the daily portions of original issue discount, calculated as described above. However, if you acquire an Original Issue Discount Debt Security at a price greater than its adjusted issue price, you will be required to reduce your periodic inclusions of original issue discount to reflect the premium paid over the adjusted issue price. The remaining redemption amount for an Original Issue Discount Debt Security is the total of all future payments to be made on the debt security other than qualified stated interest.

Floating rate debt securities generally will be treated as "variable rate debt instruments" under the OID regulations. Accordingly, the stated interest on a floating rate debt security generally will be treated as qualified stated interest, and such a debt security will not have original issue discount solely as a result of the fact that it provides for interest at a variable rate. A floating rate debt security that does not qualify as a variable rate debt instrument will be subject to special rules (the "contingent payment regulations") that govern the tax treatment of debt obligations that provide for contingent payments ("contingent debt obligations"). A detailed description of the tax considerations relevant to U.S. holders of any such debt securities will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Certain of the debt securities may be redeemed prior to maturity, either at our option or at the option of the holder, or may have special repayment or interest rate reset features as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement. Debt securities containing these features may be subject to rules that differ from the general rules discussed above. If you purchase debt securities with these features, you should carefully examine the applicable prospectus supplement and consult your tax adviser about their treatment since the tax consequences with respect to original issue discount will depend, in part, on the particular terms and features of the debt securities.

If a debt security provides for a scheduled accrual period that is longer than one year (for example, as a result of a long initial period on a debt security with interest that is generally paid on an annual basis), then stated interest on the debt security will not qualify as "qualified stated interest" under the OID Regulations. As a result, the debt security would be an Original Issue Discount Debt Security. In that event, among other things, if you are a cash-method U.S. holder you will be required to accrue stated interest on the debt security under the rules for original issue discount described above, and regardless of your method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes, you will be required to accrue original issue discount that would otherwise fall under the *de minimis* threshold.

***Short-Term Debt Securities***

The rules described above will also generally apply to Original Issue Discount Debt Securities with maturities of one year or less ("short-term debt securities"), but with some modifications.

First, the original issue discount rules treat none of the interest on a short-term debt security as qualified stated interest, but treat a short-term debt security as having original issue discount. Thus, all short-term debt securities will be Original Issue Discount Debt Securities. Except as noted below, if you are a cash-basis holder of a short-term debt security and you do not identify the short-term debt security as part of a hedging transaction you will generally not be required to accrue original issue discount currently, but you will be required to treat any gain realized on a sale, exchange or retirement of the short-term debt security as ordinary income to the extent such gain does not exceed the original issue discount accrued with respect to the short-term debt security during the period you held the short-term debt security. You may not be allowed to deduct all of the interest paid or accrued on any indebtedness incurred or maintained to purchase or carry a short-term debt security until the maturity of the short-term debt security or its earlier disposition in a taxable transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are a cash-basis U.S. holder of a short-term debt security you may elect to accrue original issue discount on a current basis, in which case the limitation on the deductibility of interest described above will not apply. A U.S. holder using the accrual method of tax accounting and some cash method holders, including banks,

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securities dealers, regulated investment companies and certain trust funds, generally will be required to include original issue discount on a short-term debt security in gross income on a current basis. Original issue discount will be treated as accruing for these purposes on a ratable basis or, at the election of the holder, on a constant yield basis based on daily compounding.

Second, regardless of whether you are a cash- or accrual-basis holder, if you are the holder of a short-term debt security you can elect to accrue any "acquisition discount" with respect to the short-term debt security on a current basis. Acquisition discount is the excess of the remaining redemption amount of the short-term debt security at the time of acquisition (i.e., all amounts payable on the short-term debt security) over the purchase price. Acquisition discount will be treated as accruing ratably or, at the election of the holder, under a constant yield method based on daily compounding. If you elect to accrue acquisition discount, the original issue discount rules will not apply.

Finally, the market discount rules described below will not apply to short-term debt securities.

As described above, certain of the debt securities may be subject to special redemption features. These features may affect the determination of whether a debt security has a maturity of one year or less and thus is a short-term debt security. If you purchase debt securities with these features, you should carefully examine the prospectus supplement and consult your tax adviser about these features.

***Premium and Market Discount***

If you purchase a debt security at a cost greater than the debt security's remaining redemption amount, you will be considered to have purchased the debt security at a premium, and you may elect to amortize the premium as an offset to interest income, using a constant yield method, over the remaining term of the debt security. If you make this election, it generally will apply to all debt instruments that you hold at the time of the election, as well as any debt instruments that you subsequently acquire. In addition, you may not revoke the election without the consent of the IRS. If you elect to amortize the premium, you will be required to reduce your tax basis in the debt security by the amount of the premium amortized during your holding period. Original Issue Discount Debt Securities purchased at a premium will not be subject to the original issue discount rules described above. In the case of premium on a foreign currency debt security, you should calculate the amortization of the premium in the foreign currency. Amortization deductions attributable to a period reduce interest payments in respect of that period, and therefore are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate that you use for those interest payments. Exchange gain or loss will be realized with respect to amortized premium on a foreign currency debt security based on the difference between the exchange rate computed on the date or dates the premium is amortized against interest payments on the debt security and the exchange rate on the date when the holder acquired the debt security. For a U.S. holder that does not elect to amortize premium, the amount of premium will be included in your tax basis when the debt security matures or is disposed of. Therefore, if you do not elect to amortize premium and you hold the debt security to maturity, you generally will be required to treat the premium as capital loss when the debt security matures.

If you purchase a debt security at a price that is lower than the debt security's remaining redemption amount, or in the case of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security, the debt security's adjusted issue price, by 0.25% or more of the remaining redemption amount, or adjusted issue price, multiplied by the number of remaining whole years to maturity, the debt security will be considered to bear "market discount" in your hands. In this case, any gain that you realize on the disposition of the debt security generally will be treated as ordinary interest income to the extent of the market discount that accrued on the debt security during your holding period. In addition, you could be required to defer the deduction of a portion of the interest paid on any indebtedness that you incurred or maintained to purchase or carry the debt security. In general, market discount will be treated as accruing ratably over the term of the debt security, or, at your election, under a constant yield method. You must accrue market discount on a foreign currency debt security in the specified currency. The amount that you will be required to include in income in respect of accrued market discount will be the U.S. dollar value of the accrued amount, generally calculated at the exchange rate in effect on the date that you dispose of the debt security.

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You may elect to include market discount in gross income currently as it accrues (on either a ratable or constant yield basis), in lieu of treating a portion of any gain realized on a sale of the debt security as ordinary income. If you elect to include market discount on a current basis, the interest deduction deferral rule described above will not apply. If you do make such an election, it will apply to all market discount debt instruments that you acquire on or after the first day of the first taxable year to which the election applies. The election may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS. Any accrued market discount on a foreign currency debt security that is currently includible in income will be translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate for the accrual period (or portion thereof within your taxable year).

***Warrants***

A description of the tax consequences of an investment in warrants will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

***Guarantees***

A description of the tax consequences of an investment in guarantees will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

***Indexed Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities Providing for Contingent Payments***

The contingent payment regulations generally require accrual of interest income on a constant yield basis in respect of contingent debt obligations at a yield determined at the time of issuance of the obligation, and may require adjustments to these accruals when any contingent payments are made. In addition, special rules may apply to floating rate debt securities if the interest payable on the debt securities is based on more than one interest index. We will provide a detailed description of the tax considerations relevant to U.S. holders of any debt securities that are subject to the special rules discussed in this paragraph in the relevant prospectus supplement.

***Information Reporting and Backup Withholding***

Information returns are required to be filed with the IRS in connection with debt security payments made to certain United States persons. If you are a United States person, you generally will not be subject to U.S. backup withholding tax on such payments if you provide your taxpayer identification number to the withholding agent. You may also be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax requirements with respect to the proceeds from a sale of the debt securities. If you are not a United States person, in order to avoid information reporting and backup withholding tax requirements you may have to comply with certification procedures to establish that you are not a United States person. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a United States or non-United States person will be allowed as a credit against the holder's U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle the holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

***Information with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets***

Certain U.S. holders that own "specified foreign financial assets" with an aggregate value in excess of $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or $75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. "Specified foreign financial assets" include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer (which would include the debt securities) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on

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certain objective criteria. U.S. holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. In addition, the statute of limitations for assessment of tax would be suspended, in whole or part. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the possible application of these rules to your investment in the debt securities, including the application of the rules to your particular circumstances.

***Reportable Transactions***

A U.S. taxpayer that participates in a "reportable transaction" will be required to disclose its participation to the IRS. Under the relevant rules, if the debt securities are denominated in a foreign currency, a U.S. holder may be required to treat a foreign currency exchange loss from the debt securities as a reportable transaction if this loss exceeds the relevant threshold in the regulations ($50,000 in a single taxable year, if the U.S. holder is an individual or trust, or higher amounts for other non-individual U.S. holders), and to disclose its investment by filing IRS Form 8886 with the IRS. A penalty in the amount of $10,000 in the case of a natural person and $50,000 in all other cases is generally imposed on any taxpayer that fails to timely file an information return with the IRS with respect to a transaction resulting in a loss that is treated as a reportable transaction. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the application of these rules.

***Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act***

We or a non-U.S. financial institution through which payments are made may be required pursuant to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, to collect and provide to the IRS or another tax authority substantial information regarding investors in debt securities. As such, holders may be required to provide information and tax documentation regarding their tax identities as well as that of their direct and indirect owners. Moreover, we, any paying agents, and other financial institutions through which payments are made, may be required to withhold U.S. tax at a 30% rate on "foreign passthru payments" (a term not yet defined) paid to an investor who does not provide information sufficient for the institution to determine whether the investor is a United States person or should otherwise be treated as holding a "United States account" of the institution, or to an investor that is, or holds the debt securities directly or indirectly through, a non-U.S. financial institution that is not in compliance with FATCA. Under a grandfathering rule, this withholding tax will not apply unless the debt securities are issued or materially modified after the date that is six months after the date on which final U.S. Treasury Regulations defining the term "foreign passthru payment" are filed with the U.S. Federal Register.

By purchasing the debt securities, U.S. holders agree to provide an IRS form W-9, and whatever other information may be necessary for us to comply with these reporting obligations. If an amount of, or in respect of, U.S. withholding tax were to be deducted or withheld from payments on the debt securities as a result of an investor's failure to comply with these rules, neither we nor any paying agent nor any other person would be required to pay additional amounts with respect to any debt securities as a result of the deduction or withholding of such tax. You should consult your tax advisors on how FATCA may apply to payments you receive under the debt securities.

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**PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION** 

We and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, may sell or issue the debt securities or warrants or guarantees in any of three ways:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• through underwriters or dealers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• directly to one or more purchasers; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• through agents.

The prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of debt securities or warrants or guarantees will state:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the names of any underwriters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the purchase price of the securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the proceeds to us from the sale;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any underwriting discounts and other compensation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the initial public offering price;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any discounts or concessions allowed or paid to dealers; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any securities exchanges on which the securities will be listed.

Any underwriter involved in the sale of securities will acquire the securities for its own account. The underwriters may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices to be determined at the time of sale. The securities may be offered to the public either by underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, certain conditions must be satisfied before the underwriters become obligated to purchase securities from us and the Republic, if applicable, and they will be obligated to purchase all of the securities if any are purchased. The underwriters may change any initial public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers.

If we and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, sell any securities through agents, the prospectus supplement will identify the agent and indicate any commissions payable by us and the Republic, if applicable. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, all agents will act on a best efforts basis and will not acquire the securities for their own account.

We and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, may authorize agents, underwriters or dealers to solicit offers by certain specified entities to purchase the securities from us and the Republic, if applicable, at the public offering price set forth in a prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts. The prospectus supplement will set out the conditions of the delayed delivery contracts and the commission receivable by the agents, underwriters or dealers for soliciting the contracts.

We and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, may offer debt securities as consideration for the purchase of other of our debt securities, either in connection with a publicly announced tender offer or in privately negotiated transactions. The offer may be in addition to or in lieu of sales of debt securities directly or through underwriters or agents.

Agents and underwriters may be entitled to indemnification by us against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or to contribution from us with respect to certain payments which the agents or underwriters may be required to make. Agents and underwriters may be customers of, engage in transactions with, or perform services (including commercial and investment banking services) for, us and the Republic in the ordinary course of business.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**LEGAL MATTERS** 

The validity of any particular series of debt securities or warrants issued with debt securities will be passed upon for us and any underwriters or agents by United States and Korean counsel identified in the related prospectus supplement.

**AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES** 

Our authorized agents in the United States are Ms. Jin Yi, Chief Representative of our New York Representative Office, and Mr. Seyoung Kim, Senior Representative of our New York Representative Office. The address of our New York Representative Office is 460 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10022. The authorized representative of the Republic in the United States is Mr. Munkyu Park, Financial Attaché, Korean Consulate General in New York, located at 460 Park Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

**OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND DOCUMENTS** 

Our Chairman and President, in his official capacity, has supplied the information set forth under "The Export-Import Bank of Korea" (except for the information set out under "The Export-Import Bank of Korea—Business—Government Support and Supervision"). Such information is stated on his authority.

The Minister of Economy and Finance of The Republic of Korea, in his official capacity, has supplied the information set out under "The Export-Import Bank of Korea—Business—Government Support and Supervision" and "The Republic of Korea." Such information is stated on his authority. The documents identified in the portion of this prospectus captioned "The Republic of Korea" as the sources of financial or statistical data are official public documents of the Republic or its agencies and instrumentalities.

**EXPERTS** 

The separate financial statements of The Export-Import Bank of Korea as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 have been included in this prospectus in reliance upon the report of KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp., independent auditor, appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS** 

This prospectus includes future expectations, projections or "forward-looking statements", as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words "believe", "expect", "anticipate", "estimate", "project" and similar words identify forward-looking statements. In addition, all statements other than statements of historical facts included in this prospectus are forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove correct. This prospectus discloses important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations ("Cautionary Statements"). All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the Cautionary Statements.

Factors that could adversely affect the future performance of the Korean economy include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending including as a result of higher levels of
market interest rates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea following the declaration
of martial law by former President Yoon in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the occurrence of severe health epidemics in Korea or other parts of the world, including the COVID-19 pandemic, swine or avian flu, Ebola or Middle East respiratory syndrome;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• hostilities, political or social tensions involving Russia (including the Russia-Ukraine war and the ensuing
actions that the United States and other countries have taken or may take in the future, such as the imposition of sanctions against Russia) and the resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil and other natural resources and the global
financial markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• adverse conditions or developments in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets
for Korea, such as the United States, Europe, Japan and China, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, including as a result of the deterioration of economic and trade relations among such countries or impositions of significant
tariffs by any such country and increased uncertainties in the global financial markets and industry;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• disruptions in the global supply chain for raw materials, natural resources, consumer goods, rare earth minerals,
component parts and other supplies, including semiconductors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• interest rate fluctuations as well as perceived or actual changes in policy rates, or other monetary and fiscal
policies set forth, by the U.S. Federal Reserve, Korea and other central banks;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rising inflationary pressures leading to increases in the costs of goods and services and a decrease in
purchasing power;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices),
exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar or the Euro exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese Yuan), interest rates, inflation rates or stock markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• difficulties in the financial sectors and increased sovereign default risks in select countries and the resulting
adverse effects on the global financial markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a substantial decrease in tax revenues and a substantial increase in the Government's expenditures for
fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs, which, together, would lead to an increased Government budget deficit as well as an increase in the Government's debt;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a continuing rise in the level of household debt and increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail and
small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers in Korea;

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• substantial changes in the market prices of Korean real estate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• investigations of large Korean business groups and their senior management for possible misconduct;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or of any changes to existing free trade
agreements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the imposition of significant tariffs on the Republic's exports by any of the Republic's major export
markets, such as the imposition of a 25% tariff on the Republic's exports to the United States announced in April 2025, which has since been paused for a period of 90 days;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• shortages of imported raw materials, natural resources, rare earth minerals or component parts due to disruptions
to the global supply chain;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• social and labor unrest;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of Korean business groups, other large troubled
companies, their suppliers or the financial sector;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities or corporate governance issues at
certain Korean companies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity
due to the declining population size in Korea;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a continued decrease in the population and birthrates in Korea;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• geopolitical uncertainty and risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including
deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• natural or man-made disasters that have a significant adverse economic or
other impact on Korea or its major trading partners;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• hostilities or political or social tensions involving countries in the Middle East (including those resulting
from the hostilities in the Middle East following the Israel-Hamas war as well as in light of the ongoing Iran-Israel conflict) and Northern Africa and any material disruption in the supply of oil or sudden changes in the price of oil; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United
States.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**FURTHER INFORMATION** 

We filed a registration statement with respect to the securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and its related rules and regulations. You can find additional information concerning ourselves and the securities in the registration statement and any pre- or post-effective amendment, including its various exhibits, which may be inspected at the public reference facilities maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. These filings are also available to the public from the Securities and Exchange Commission's website at http://www.sec.gov. Our Internet address is http://www.koreaexim.go.kr/he/index.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**PART II** 

**INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS** 

**Item 11.** **Estimated Expenses.\*** <br>

It is estimated that our expenses in connection with the sale of the debt securities, warrants and guarantees hereunder, exclusive of compensation payable to underwriters and agents, will be as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  SEC Registration Fee | US$ | 765500.0 |
|  Printing Costs |  | 250000.0 |
|  Legal Fees and Expenses |  | 450000.0 |
|  Fiscal Agent Fees and Expenses |  | 50000.0 |
|  Blue Sky Fees and Expenses |  | 50000.0 |
|  Rating Agencies' Fees |  | 350000.0 |
|  Miscellaneous (including amounts to be paid to underwriters in lieu of reimbursement of certain expenses) |  | 200000.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | US$ | 2115500.0 |

---

\* Based on three underwritten offerings of the debt securities.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**UNDERTAKINGS** 

The Registrants hereby undertake:

(a) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this
Registration Statement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of this Registration
Statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereto) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in this Registration Statement; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in this
Registration Statement or any material change to such information in this Registration Statement;

(b) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective
amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; and

(c) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which
remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(d) That, for purposes of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

(e) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the
initial distribution of the securities:

The undersigned registrants undertake that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrants pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrants will be sellers to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrants relating to the offering required to be
filed pursuant to Rule 424;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrants or
used or referred to by the undersigned registrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about
the undersigned registrants or their securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrants; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrants to the purchaser.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**CONTENTS** 

This Registration Statement is comprised of:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Facing Sheet.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Explanatory Note.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Part I, consisting of the Prospectus.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) Part II, consisting of pages II-1 to II-10.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) The exhibits as listed on pages II-4 to II-5.

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**EXHIBIT INDEX** 

---

| |
|:---|
| A-1 – Form of Underwriting Agreement Standard Terms, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A-1 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| B-1 – Form of Fiscal Agency Agreement, including forms of Debt Securities, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit B-1 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| B-2 – Form of global Debt Security that bears interest at a fixed rate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit B-2 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| B-3 – Letter of successor Fiscal Agent, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit B-3 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| B-4 – Letter of 2nd successor Fiscal Agent, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit B-4 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 333-9564). |
| B-5 – Letter of 3rd successor Fiscal Agent, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit B-5 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 333-136378). |
| B-6 – Form of Guarantee to be issued by The Republic of Korea.\* |
| C – Form of Warrant Agreement, including form of Warrants.\* |
| D-1 – Consent of the Director General of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (included on page II-6). |
| D-2 – Power of Attorney of the Director General of The Export-Import Bank of Korea. |
| E-1 – Consent of the Minister of Economy and Finance of The Republic of Korea (included on Page II-7). |
| E-2 – Power of Attorney of the Minister of Economy and Finance of The Republic of Korea, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit E-2 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 333-156218). |
| F – Consent of KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. |
| G-1 – Letter appointing certain persons as authorized agents of The Export-Import Bank of Korea in the United States. |
| G-2 – Letter appointing Authorized Agents of The Republic of Korea in the United States (included in Exhibit E-2). |
| H – The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit H to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 333-280523). |
| I – The Enforcement Decree of The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit I to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 333-280523). |
| J – The Articles of Incorporation of The Export-Import Bank of Korea, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit J to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 333-280523). |
| K – Form of Prospectus Supplement relating to The Export-Import Bank of Korea's Medium-Term Notes, Series A, Due Not Less Than Nine Months From Date of Issue (the "MTNs"), incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit K to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| L – Form of Distribution Agreement between The Export-Import Bank of Korea and the Agents named therein relating to the offer and sale from time to time of the MTNs, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit L to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| M-1 – Opinion (including consent) of Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, c/o 19F, Ferrum Tower, 19, Eulji-ro 5-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, Korea, United States counsel to The Export-Import Bank of Korea, in respect of the legality of the Debt Securities (with or without Warrants). |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| |
|:---|
| M-2 – Opinion (including consent) of Yoon & Yang LLC, 19th Floor, ASEM Tower, 517, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea, Korean counsel to The Export-Import Bank of Korea, in respect of the legality of the Debt Securities (with or without Warrants) and the Guarantees to be issued by The Republic of Korea. |
| N-1 – Form of the MTNs that bears interest at a fixed rate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit N-1 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| N-2 – Form of the MTNs that bears interest at a floating rate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit N-2 to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |
| O – Form of Calculation Agency Agreement between The Export-Import Bank of Korea and the calculation agent named therein relating to the MTNs that bear interest at a floating rate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit O to the Registration Statement of The Export-Import Bank of Korea (No. 33-41654). |

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\* May be filed by amendment.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**SIGNATURE OF THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, The Export-Import Bank of Korea has duly caused this Registration Statement or amendment thereto to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Seoul, The Republic of Korea, on the 27th day of June, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** | **THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** |
| By: | JA YOUNG GU \*† |
|  | **Director General** |
| †By: | /s/ HEEWON KO |
|  | **Heewon Ko**<br> **(Attorney-in-fact)** |

---

\* Consent is hereby given to use of his name in connection with the information specified in this Registration Statement or amendment thereto to have been supplied by him and stated on his authority.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**SIGNATURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA** 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, The Republic of Korea has duly caused this Registration Statement or amendment thereto to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in The City of New York, New York, on the 27th day of June, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA** | **THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA** |
| By: | BEOMSEOK KIM \*† |
|  | **Acting Minister of Economy and Finance** |
| †By: | /s/ MUNKYU PARK |
|  | **Munkyu Park**<br> **(Attorney-in-fact)** |

---

\* Consent is hereby given to use of his name in connection with the information specified in this Registration Statement or amendment thereto to have been supplied by him and stated on his authority.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE** 

**OF THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, a duly authorized representative in the United States of The Export-Import Bank of Korea, has signed this Registration Statement or amendment thereto in The City of New York, New York, on the 27th day of June, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| †By: | /s/ JIN YI |
|  | **Jin Yi** |
|  | **New York Representative Office** |
|  | **The Export-Import Bank of Korea** |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE** 

**OF THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA** 

Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, a duly authorized representative in the United States of The Export-Import Bank of Korea, has signed this Registration Statement or amendment thereto in The City of New York, New York, on the 27th day of June, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| †By: | /s/ SEYOUNG KIM |
|  | **Seyoung Kim** |
|  | **New York Representative Office** |
|  | **The Export-Import Bank of Korea** |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE** 

**OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA** 

Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, a duly authorized representative in the United States of The Republic of Korea, has signed this Registration Statement or amendment thereto in The City of New York, New York, on the 27th day of June, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| †By: | /s/ MUNKYU PARK |
|  | **Munkyu Park** |
|  | **Financial Attaché** |
|  | **Korean Consulate General in New York** |

---

## Ex-99.(D)(2)

**Exhibit D-2** 

[The Export-Import Bank of Korea Letterhead]

**<u>POWER OF ATTORNEY</u>**

The undersigned, the duly appointed Director General of The Export-Import Bank of Korea ("KEXIM"), hereby constitutes and appoints each of Heewon Ko, Director of the Treasury Group, Jungsoo Yang, Director of the Treasury Group, In Sun Cho, Director of the Treasury Group, Jin Yi, Chief Representative of the New York Representative Office, Seyoung Kim, Senior Representative of the New York Representative Office, and any other person acting in such capacity (including any successor) with full power of substitution as an agent and attorney-in-fact of the undersigned Director General of KEXIM with full power in each of them acting alone to take the following actions on behalf of KEXIM and the undersigned Director General:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To sign a registration statement (the "Registration Statement") under Schedule B of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), relating to the registration of debt securities consisting of debentures, notes and/or other evidence of indebtedness (the "Debt Securities") with or without warrants (the "Warrants") to purchase the Debt Securities to be issued from time to time by KEXIM and the guarantees of the Debt Securities to be issued from time to time by The Republic of Korea (the "Guarantees") and one or more amendments to the Registration Statement (including, without limitation, pre-effective or post-effective amendments thereto and amendments or supplements to the prospectus contained therein), and any registration statement or amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act and to cause the same to be filed with or, where permitted, transmitted for filing to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, together with such exhibits and other documents as may be necessary or appropriate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To sign such applications, certificates, consents and other documents as may be necessary or appropriate from time to time in connection with the qualification of the Debt Securities, Warrants and Guarantees under the securities or Blue Sky laws of any of the states or other jurisdictions of the United States of America and to cause the same to be filed with the securities or Blue Sky commissions of such states or other jurisdictions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To sign such other documents (including, without limitation, one or more Underwriting Agreements, Distribution Agreements, Fiscal Agency Agreements, Warrant Agreements, documents related to the listing of any Debt Securities on a stock exchange, Paying Agency Agreements and Appointments of Process Agents relating to the Debt Securities or Warrants), to take such other actions and to do such other things as said agents and attorneys-in-fact or any of them, may deem necessary or appropriate, from time to time, in connection with the foregoing and in connection with the issuance and sale, from time to time, by KEXIM of the Debt Securities or Warrants.

The undersigned has executed this power of attorney on June 27, 2025.

---

| |
|:---|
| By: /s/ Ja Young Gu |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ja Young Gu |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Director General |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Export-Import Bank of Korea |

---

## Ex-99.(G)(1)

**Exhibit G-1** 

[The Export-Import Bank of Korea Letterhead]

June 27, 2025

Ms. Jin Yi

Chief Representative

Mr. Seyoung Kim

Senior Representative

New York Representative Office

The Export-Import Bank of Korea

460 Park Avenue, 8th floor

New York, New York 10022

United States of America

Dear Sirs:

I, Ja Young Gu, Director General of The Export-Import Bank of Korea ("KEXIM"), hereby appoint each of Jin Yi, Chief Representative, Seyoung Kim, Senior Representative, and any other person acting in such capacity (including any successor), as authorized representatives of KEXIM in the United States of America for purposes of serving as an attorney-in-fact who is authorized to sign the Registration Statement under Schedule B of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission by KEXIM relating to the registration of its debt securities consisting of debentures, notes and/or other evidence of indebtedness (the "Debt Securities") with or without warrants (the "Warrants") to purchase the Debt Securities to be issued from time to time by KEXIM and the guarantees of the Debt Securities to be issued from time to time by the Republic of Korea and one or more amendments to the Registration Statement (including, without limitation, post-effective amendments thereto and amendments or supplements to the prospectus contained therein).

I, Ja Young Gu, Director General of KEXIM, hereby also appoint each of Jin Yi, Chief Representative, Seyoung Kim, Senior Representative, and any other person acting in such capacity (including any successor), as an authorized agent of KEXIM upon whom process may be served in any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or based on (i) the Debt Securities or Warrants, (ii) any Fiscal Agency Agreement or Warrant Agreement relating to the Debt Securities or Warrants and (iii) any other agreements or documents (including any underwriting agreement), which may be instituted in any state or federal court in the City or New York.

This appointment shall remain a valid instrument of authorization until such time as (i) all amounts due and to become due in respect of the Debt Securities shall have been paid in full and (ii) the Warrants shall have been exercised or shall have expired or otherwise been terminated in accordance with their terms.

------

---

| |
|:---|
| THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA |
| By: /s/ Ja Young Gu |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ja Young Gu |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Director General |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Export-Import Bank of Korea |

---

Accepted and Acknowledged:

---

| |
|:---|
| By: /s/ Jin Yi |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jin Yi |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chief Representative |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New York Representative Office |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Export-Import Bank of Korea |

---

---

| |
|:---|
| By: /s/ Seyoung Kim |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Seyoung Kim |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Senior Representative |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New York Representative Office |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Export-Import Bank of Korea |

---

## Ex-99.(F)

**Exhibit F** 

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS** 

We consent to the use of our report dated March 31, 2025, with respect to the separate financial statements of The Export-Import Bank of Korea, included herein, and to the reference to our firm under the heading "Experts" in this prospectus.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. |
| **KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.** |

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Seoul, Korea

June 27, 2025

## Ex-99.(M)(1)

**Exhibit M-1** 

[Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP Letterhead]

June 27, 2025

The Export-Import Bank of Korea

38 Eunghaeng-ro

Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul

Republic of Korea

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as special United States counsel to The Export-Import Bank of Korea, a statutory juridical entity established in the Republic of Korea under The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act of 1969, as amended (the "KEXIM"), and The Republic of Korea (the "ROK", and together with the KEXIM, the "Registrants") in connection with the preparation and filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), of the Registrants' registration statement under Schedule B (the "Registration Statement") relating to the offering from time to time, as set forth in the Registration Statement, the form of prospectus contained therein (the "Prospectus") and one or more supplements to the Prospectus, of (1) the KEXIM's unsecured debt securities (the "Securities") and (2) any guarantees by the ROK of the Securities (the "Guarantees"). The Registration Statement relates to the Securities and the Guarantees having an aggregate initial public offering price or purchase price of up to US$7,056,498,627 or the equivalent thereof. The Securities are to be issued in one or more series pursuant to a fiscal agency agreement dated as of August 1, 1991 (the "Fiscal Agency Agreement") between the KEXIM and The Bank of New York (the "Fiscal Agent").

We have reviewed the originals or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction of such instruments and other documents, and we have made such investigations of law, as we have deemed appropriate as a basis for the opinion expressed below.

Based on the foregoing, and subject to the further assumptions and qualifications set forth below, it is our opinion that the Securities will be valid, binding and enforceable obligations of the KEXIM, entitled to the benefits of the Fiscal Agency Agreement.

Insofar as the foregoing opinion relates to the validity, binding effect or enforceability of any agreement or obligation of the KEXIM, (a) we have assumed that the KEXIM and each other party to such agreement or obligation have satisfied those legal requirements that are applicable to it to the extent necessary to make such agreement or obligation enforceable against it (except that no such assumption is made as to the KEXIM regarding matters of the federal law of the United States of America or the law of the State of New York that in our experience normally would be applicable with respect to such agreement or obligation); (b) such opinion is subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally and to general principles of equity; and (c) such opinion is subject to the effect of judicial application of foreign laws or foreign governmental actions affecting creditors' rights. In addition, we note that the enforceability of the waiver of immunities by the KEXIM set forth in the Securities and Section 15 of the Fiscal Agency Agreement is subject to the limitations imposed by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976.

In rendering the opinion expressed above, we have assumed that each series of Securities will be issued with an original aggregate principal amount (or, in the case of any Securities issued at original issue discount, an aggregate issue price) of US$2,500,000 or more.

We have further assumed that (i) the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto (including post-effective amendments) will have become effective and comply with all applicable laws, (ii) the Registration Statement will be effective and will comply with all applicable laws at the time the Securities are offered or issued as contemplated by the Registration Statement, (iii) the terms of all Securities will conform to the forms thereof contained in the Fiscal Agency Agreement and will not violate any applicable law, result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon or violate any requirement or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the KEXIM, (iv) the Securities will be issued, sold and delivered to, and paid for by, the purchasers at the price specified in, and in accordance with the terms of, an agreement or agreements duly authorized, executed and delivered by the parties thereto, (v) the KEXIM will authorize the offering and issuance of the Securities and will authorize, approve and establish the final terms and conditions thereof and will enter together with the Fiscal Agent into any necessary supplemental fiscal agency agreement relating to the Securities and will take any other appropriate additional action, and (vi) certificates, if required, representing the Securities will be duly executed and delivered and, to the extent required by the Fiscal Agency Agreement, duly authenticated and countersigned.

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We express no opinion (i) as to the subject matter jurisdiction of any United States federal court to adjudicate any action relating to the Fiscal Agency Agreement where jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. §1332 does not exist; or (ii) as to the provisions of the last sentence of Section 4(b) and the second sentence of Section 8(a) of the Fiscal Agency Agreement. We note that the designation in Section 15 of the Fiscal Agency Agreement of the United States federal courts sitting in The City of New York as the venue for actions or proceedings relating to the Fiscal Agency Agreement is (notwithstanding the waiver in Section 15 of the Fiscal Agency Agreement) subject to the power of such courts to transfer actions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1404(a) or to dismiss such actions or proceedings on the grounds that such a federal court is an inconvenient forum for such an action or proceeding.

With respect to any Securities that may be issued in a currency other than U.S. dollars, we note that by statute New York provides that a judgment or decree rendered in a currency other than the currency of the United States shall be converted into U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date of entry of the judgment or decree. There is no corresponding Federal statute and no controlling Federal court decision on this issue. Accordingly, we express no opinion as to whether a Federal court would award a judgment in a currency other than U.S. dollars or, if it did so, whether it would order conversion of the judgment into U.S. dollars.

The foregoing opinion is limited to the federal law of the United States of America and the law of the State of New York.

We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, to the incorporation by reference of this opinion in any registration statement relating thereto filed by the Registrants with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act and to the references to us under the heading "Legal Matters" in the Prospectus and any prospectus relating to any such other registration statement. In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Very truly yours, | Very truly yours, |
| CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP | CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP |
| By: | /s/ Jinduk Han  |
|  | **Jinduk Han, a Partner** |

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## Ex-99.(M)(2)

**Exhibit M-2** 

[Yoon & Yang LLC Letterhead]

June 27, 2025

The Export-Import Bank of Korea

38 Eunghaeng-ro

Youngdeungpo-gu,

Seoul, Republic of Korea

Ladies and Gentlemen:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. We have acted as Korean counsel for The Export-Import Bank of Korea (the "**Issuer** "), a
statutory juridical entity established pursuant to the Export-Import Bank of Korea Act (the "**KEXIM Act "**) and validly existing under the laws of the Republic of Korea ()"**Korea**") in connection with the
Issuer's offering pursuant to a registration statement under Schedule B of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "**Securities Act**") when it became effective (the "**Registration Statement**") of (i) the
Issuer's debt securities in the aggregate principal amount up to US$7,056,498,627 (the "**Notes** "), to be issued under the Fiscal Agency Agreement dated August 1, 1991 and made by the Issuer and the Fiscal Agent (the
" **Fiscal Agent**") named therein (the "**Fiscal Agency Agreement**") and (ii) any guarantee by Korea of the Notes (the "**Guarantee** ").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. We have reviewed the originals or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction of such
instruments and other documents, and we have made such investigations of law, as we have deemed appropriate as a basis for the opinion expressed below. As to any facts material to this opinion that we did not independently establish or verify, we
have relied upon statements and representations of officers and other representatives of the Issuer.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. In addition, and without prejudice to the generality of the immediately preceding paragraph, in arriving at the
opinion expressed below, we have reviewed the following specific documents relating to the Notes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) the Registration Statement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) the form of Prospectus contained in the Registration Statement (the "**Prospectus** ");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) an executed copy of the Fiscal Agency Agreement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) a copy of the Issuer's Articles of Incorporation as last amended on June 27, 2024, and in effect from
June 27, 2024; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) a copy of the commercial registry extracts of the Issuer dated June 11, 2025.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. For the purpose of this opinion we have assumed that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) all seals and signatures are genuine, that all documents submitted to us as originals are authentic, and all
documents submitted to us as copies conform to the originals;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) the parties of the Fiscal Agency Agreement other than the Issuer are companies duly formed and validly existing
as separate legal entities under the laws and regulations of their respective jurisdictions and have full power, authority and legal right to own their respective assets and carry on their respective businesses as they are now being conducted, and
have the corporate power and legal capacity to enter into, sign, or, as appropriate, otherwise execute or deliver such agreements, to perform and comply with the respective obligations thereunder, and have taken all necessary corporate action to
authorize the execution, delivery and performance thereof; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) the copies of the Articles of Incorporation of the Issuer and the commercial registry extracts referred to in
paragraphs (4) and (5) above are true, complete, accurate and up-to-date.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. We are admitted to practice law in Korea, and the legal opinions provided herein are confined to and given on
the basis of the laws of Korea in effect as at the date hereof. We do not represent ourselves to be familiar with the laws of any jurisdiction other than Korea, and we do not pass upon nor express any opinion in respect of those matters that are
governed by or construed in accordance with any of such laws.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. Based upon the foregoing, and subject to further reservations and qualifications set forth below, we are of the
opinion that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The Issuer is a statutory juridical entity established under the KEXIM Act and validly existing under the laws
of Korea, with power and authority to own its properties and conduct its business as described in the Prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) The Fiscal Agency Agreement has been duly authorized and executed by the Issuer;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) The statements in the Prospectus concerning matters of Korean law (except for the financial statements and
related schedules and other financial and statistical data contained therein as to which we express no opinion) are accurate and up-to-date as of the date hereof in all
material respects;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) When the Notes are duly authorized by all necessary actions by the Issuer and issued by the Issuer as
contemplated in the Registration Statement and have been duly paid for by the purchasers thereof, the Notes will constitute legal, valid, binding and enforceable obligations of the Issuer; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) When the Guarantee is duly authorized and approved by all necessary actions by Korea and the Issuer and issued
by Korea in accordance with the KEXIM Act, the State Finance Act, the State Guarantee Obligation Management Rule, and other relevant regulations then in effect, the Guarantee will constitute legal, valid, binding and enforceable obligations of
Korea.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7. Our opinion is subject to the following reservations and qualifications that obligations and enforcement
thereof may be limited or affected generally by (i) the bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, reorganization, rehabilitation or the restructuring of the Issuer pursuant to the laws of Korea now in force or subsequently enacted which generally
affect the enforcement of creditors' rights, (ii) certain restrictions that may be imposed by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (the "**MOEF** "), such as temporary suspension of payment or requiring KEXIM to
obtain prior approval from the MOEF for repatriation of any amount payable under the Note, in the event of emergency circumstances including but not limited to grave and sudden changes in domestic and foreign economic conditions or serious
difficulty in international balance of payment, and (iii) the general principles of good morals and public order as provided in the Civil Code of Korea.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8. This opinion is limited to the matters addressed herein and is not to be read as an opinion with respect to any
other matter. This opinion is given with respect to the laws of Korea as currently in effect and we do not pass upon and we express no opinion in respect of those matters governed by or construed in accordance with the laws of any jurisdiction other
than Korea. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the reference to us under the heading "Legal Matters" in the Registration Statement, without thereby admitting that we are
"experts" under the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Securities Exchange Commission thereunder for the purpose of any part of the Registration Statement, including the exhibit as which this opinion is filed.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | Very truly yours, |
| By: | /s/ Yoon & Yang LLC |
|  | **Yoon & Yang LLC** |

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