# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000702165
**File Stem:** 0000702165-25-000028
**Filing Date:** 2025-7
**Character Count:** 189383
**Document Hash:** d5de816f9484bef088fa14be6d879945
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0000702165-25-000028.hdr.sgml**: 20250729

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0000702165-25-000028

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 76

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250630

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20250729

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20250729

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORP
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000702165
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** RAILROADS, LINE-HAUL OPERATING [4011]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 01 Energy & Transportation
- **EIN:** 521188014
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** VA
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-08339
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251157661

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 650 W PEACHTREE STREET NW
- **CITY:** ATLANTA
- **STATE:** GA
- **ZIP:** 30308
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 470-463-6807

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 650 W PEACHTREE STREET NW
- **CITY:** ATLANTA
- **STATE:** GA
- **ZIP:** 30308

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? nsc-20250630

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

**FORM 10-Q** 

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended **June 30, 2025** 

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to___________

Commission File Number: 1-8339

![nslogoq217a12.jpg](nsc-20250630_g1.jpg)

**NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION** 

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Virginia** | **52-1188014** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **650 West Peachtree Street NW** | **650 West Peachtree Street NW** | **30308-1925** |
| **Atlanta,** | **Georgia** | **30308-1925** |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |
| **(855)** | **(855)** | **667-3655** |
| (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) | (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) | (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) |

---

---

| |
|:---|
| **No change** |
| (Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) |

---

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| **Norfolk Southern Corporation Common Stock (Par Value $1.00)** | **NSC** | **New York Stock Exchange** |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **<u>Class</u>** | **<u>Outstanding at June 30, 2025</u>** | **<u>Outstanding at June 30, 2025</u>** |
| Common Stock ($1.00 par value per share) | 224614894 | (excluding 20,320,777 shares held by the registrant's |
|  | consolidated subsidiaries) | consolidated subsidiaries) |

---

------

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

**NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | Page | Page |
| **<u>[Part I.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_10)</u>** | **<u>[Financial Information:](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_10)</u>** | **<u>[Financial Information:](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_10)</u>** | |
| | <u>[Item 1.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_13)</u> | <u>[Financial Statements:](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_13)</u> | |
| | | <u>[Consolidated Statements of Income](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_16)</u><br><u>[Second Quarter](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_16)[and First Six Months](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_16)[of 2025 and 2024](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_16)</u> | <u>[3](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_16)</u> |
| | | <u>[Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_19)</u><br><u>[Second Quarter](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_19)[and First Six Months](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_19)[of 2025 and 2024](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_19)</u> | <u>[4](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_19)</u> |
| | | <u>[Consolidated Balance Sheets](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_22)</u><br><u>[At](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_22)[June](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_22)[3](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_22)[0](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_22)[, 2025 and December 31, 2024](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_22)</u> | <u>[5](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_22)</u> |
| | | <u>[Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_25)</u><br><u>[First](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_25)[Six](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_25)[Months of 2025 and 2024](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_25)</u> | <u>[6](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_25)</u> |
| | | <u>[Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_28)</u><br><u>[Second](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_28)[Quarter](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_28)[and First Six Months](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_28)[of 2025 and 2024](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_28)</u> | <u>[7](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_28)</u> |
| | | <u>[Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_31)</u> | <u>[9](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_31)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 2.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_85)</u> | <u>[Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_85)</u> | <u>[27](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_85)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 3.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_109)</u> | <u>[Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_109)</u> | <u>[38](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_109)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 4.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_112)</u> | <u>[Controls and Procedures](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_112)</u> | <u>[38](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_112)</u> |
| **<u>[Part II.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_115)</u>** | **<u>[Other Information:](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_115)</u>** | **<u>[Other Information:](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_115)</u>** | |
| | <u>[Item 1.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_118)</u> | <u>[Legal Proceedings](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_118)</u> | <u>[39](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_118)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 1A.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_121)</u> | <u>[Risk Factors](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_121)</u> | <u>[39](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_121)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 2.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_124)</u> | <u>[Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_124)</u> | <u>[39](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_124)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 3.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_127)</u> | <u>[Defaults Upon Senior Securities](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_127)</u> | <u>[39](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_127)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 4.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_130)</u> | <u>[Mine Safety Disclosures](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_130)</u> | <u>[39](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_130)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 5.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_133)</u> | <u>[Other Information](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_133)</u> | <u>[39](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_133)</u> |
| | <u>[Item 6.](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_136)</u> | <u>[Exhibits](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_136)</u> | <u>[40](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_136)</u> |
| | | <u>[Signatures](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_139)</u> | <u>[41](#i60b97e751b334331bd14042e4ccaf4fc_139)</u> |

---

------

**PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

**<u>Item 1</u>. <u>Financial Statements</u>**

**Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Consolidated Statements of Income**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| **Railway operating revenues** | $3110 | $3044 | $6103 | $6048 |
| **Railway operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Compensation and benefits | 692 | 700 | 1431 | 1436 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchased services and rents | 520 | 516 | 1018 | 1044 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fuel | 219 | 257 | 463 | 541 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation | 346 | 335 | 692 | 672 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Materials and other | 195 | 173 | 400 | 388 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring and other charges | 10 | (3) | 10 | 96 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eastern Ohio incident | (47) | (65) | (232) | 527 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total railway operating expenses | 1935 | 1913 | 3782 | 4704 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Income from railway operations** | 1175 | 1131 | 2321 | 1344 |
| Other income – net | 24 | 17 | 55 | 35 |
| Interest expense on debt | 201 | 204 | 400 | 405 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income before income taxes | 998 | 944 | 1976 | 974 |
| Income taxes | 230 | 207 | 458 | 184 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net income** | $768 | $737 | $1518 | $790 |
| **Earnings per share** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | $3.41 | $3.26 | $6.72 | $3.49 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | 3.41 | 3.25 | 6.72 | 3.48 |

---

*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| **Net income** | $768 | $737 | $1518 | $790 |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pension and other postretirement expense |  | (11) |  | (13) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income of equity investees |  | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  | (10) | 1 | (12) |
| Income tax benefit related to items of other |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;comprehensive income |  | 2 |  | 2 |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | (8) | 1 | (10) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total comprehensive income** | $768 | $729 | $1519 | $780 |

---

*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Consolidated Balance Sheets**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| **Assets** |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $1303 | $1641 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable – net | 1123 | 1069 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Materials and supplies | 313 | 277 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current assets | 168 | 201 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 2907 | 3188 |
| Investments | 4038 | 3370 |
| Properties less accumulated depreciation of $14,250 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;and $13,957, respectively | 35921 | 35831 |
| Other assets | 1289 | 1293 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total assets** | $44155 | $43682 |
| **Liabilities and stockholders' equity** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $1504 | $1704 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income and other taxes | 223 | 337 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current liabilities | 1037 | 949 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current maturities of long-term debt | 903 | 555 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 3667 | 3545 |
| Long-term debt | 16464 | 16651 |
| Other liabilities | 1708 | 1760 |
| Deferred income taxes | 7529 | 7420 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total liabilities** | 29368 | 29376 |
| Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock $1.00 per share par value, 1,350,000,000 shares |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;authorized; outstanding 224,614,894 and 226,320,894 shares, |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; respectively, net of treasury shares | 226 | 228 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 2259 | 2247 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (261) | (262) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Retained income | 12563 | 12093 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total stockholders' equity** | 14787 | 14306 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total liabilities and stockholders' equity** | $44155 | $43682 |

---

*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| **Cash flows from operating activities** |  |  |
| Net income | $1518 | $790 |
| Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation | 692 | 672 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income taxes | 109 | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gains and losses on properties | (57) | (25) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in assets and liabilities affecting operations: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | (57) | (43) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Materials and supplies | (36) | (44) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current assets | 54 | 57 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current liabilities other than debt | (106) | 596 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other – net | (90) | (133) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by operating activities | 2027 | 1875 |
| **Cash flows from investing activities** |  |  |
| Property additions | (924) | (1125) |
| Acquisition of assets of CSR |  | (1643) |
| Property sales and other transactions | 66 | 70 |
| Investment purchases | (613) | (206) |
| Investment sales and other transactions | 36 | 337 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities | (1435) | (2567) |
| **Cash flows from financing activities** |  |  |
| Dividends | (609) | (610) |
| Common stock transactions | (8) | (5) |
| Purchase and retirement of common stock | (456) |  |
| Proceeds from borrowings | 396 | 600 |
| Debt repayments | (253) | (202) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in financing activities | (930) | (217) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (338) | (909) |
| **Cash and cash equivalents** |  |  |
| At beginning of year | 1641 | 1568 |
| At end of period | $1303 | $659 |
| **Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information** |  |  |
| Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest (net of amounts capitalized) | $378 | $373 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income taxes (net of refunds) | 414 | 107 |

---

*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common<br>Stock** | **Additional<br>Paid-in<br>Capital** | **Accum. Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | **Retained<br>Income** | **Total** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $228 | $2247 | $(262) | $12093 | $14306 |
| Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net income |  |  |  | 750 | 750 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 751 |
| Dividends on common stock, |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;$1.35 per share |  |  |  | (306) | (306) |
| Share repurchases | (1) | (9) |  | (240) | (250) |
| Stock-based compensation |  | 11 |  | (1) | 10 |
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | 227 | 2249 | (261) | 12296 | 14511 |
| Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net income |  |  |  | 768 | 768 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 768 |
| Dividends on common stock, |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;$1.35 per share |  |  |  | (303) | (303) |
| Share repurchases | (1) | (8) |  | (196) | (205) |
| Stock-based compensation |  | 18 |  | (2) | 16 |
| Balance at June 30, 2025 | $226 | $2259 | $(261) | $12563 | $14787 |

---

*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common<br>Stock** | **Additional<br>Paid-in<br>Capital** | **Accum. Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | **Retained<br>Income** | **Total** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $227 | $2179 | $(320) | $10695 | $12781 |
| Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net income |  |  |  | 53 | 53 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive loss |  |  | (2) |  | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 51 |
| Dividends on common stock, |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;$1.35 per share |  |  |  | (305) | (305) |
| Stock-based compensation |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
| Balance at March 31, 2024 | 227 | 2188 | (322) | 10443 | 12536 |
| Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net income |  |  |  | 737 | 737 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive loss |  |  | (8) |  | (8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 729 |
| Dividends on common stock, |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;$1.35 per share |  |  |  | (305) | (305) |
| Stock-based compensation |  | 20 |  | (1) | 19 |
| Balance at June 30, 2024 | $227 | $2208 | $(330) | $10874 | $12979 |

---

*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries**

**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**

**(Unaudited)**

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary to present fairly Norfolk Southern Corporation (Norfolk Southern) and subsidiaries' (collectively, NS, we, us, and our) financial position at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our results of operations, comprehensive income and changes in stockholders' equity for the second quarters and first six months of 2025 and 2024, and our cash flows for the first six months of 2025 and 2024 in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in our latest Annual Report on Form 10-K.

**1. Segment Reporting**

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07 "*Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures*" which requires additional reportable segment disclosures related to significant segment expenses and information used to assess performance. We adopted the provisions of this standard and updated our segment disclosures herein.

We manage our company as one reportable operating segment, railway operations, providing rail transportation to customers. Although we provide and analyze revenues by commodity group, the overall financial and operational performance of the railroad is analyzed as one operating segment due to the nature of our integrated rail network.

The chief operating decision maker assesses performance for the railway operations segment and decides how to allocate resources based on "Net income" that is reported on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as "Total assets." Total expenditures for long-lived assets are disclosed as "Property additions" on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

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Railway operations segment revenues, expenses, and profit are disclosed below as reviewed and used by the chief operating decision maker. There are no other significant segment items or reconciling items to segment profit.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| **Railway operating revenues** (Note 2) | $3110 | $3044 | $6103 | $6048 |
| **Railway operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Compensation and benefits | 692 | 700 | 1431 | 1436 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchased services | 409 | 419 | 810 | 839 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Equipment rents | 111 | 97 | 208 | 205 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fuel | 219 | 257 | 463 | 541 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation | 346 | 335 | 692 | 672 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Materials | 98 | 92 | 198 | 190 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Claims | 59 | 50 | 125 | 98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 38 | 31 | 77 | 100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring and other charges | 10 | (3) | 10 | 96 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eastern Ohio incident | (47) | (65) | (232) | 527 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total railway operating expenses | 1935 | 1913 | 3782 | 4704 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Income from railway operations** | 1175 | 1131 | 2321 | 1344 |
| Other income – net | 24 | 17 | 55 | 35 |
| Interest expense on debt | 201 | 204 | 400 | 405 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income before income taxes | 998 | 944 | 1976 | 974 |
| Income taxes | 230 | 207 | 458 | 184 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net income** | $768 | $737 | $1518 | $790 |

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**2. Railway Operating Revenues**

The following table disaggregates our revenues by major commodity group:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| Merchandise: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Agriculture, forest and consumer products | $645 | $622 | $1281 | $1251 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chemicals | 546 | 532 | 1081 | 1059 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Metals and construction | 458 | 440 | 872 | 870 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Automotive | 323 | 310 | 601 | 587 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Merchandise | 1972 | 1904 | 3835 | 3767 |
| Intermodal | 743 | 742 | 1503 | 1487 |
| Coal | 395 | 398 | 765 | 794 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $3110 | $3044 | $6103 | $6048 |

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We recognize the amount of revenues to which we expect to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. A performance obligation is created when a customer under a transportation contract or public tariff submits a bill of lading to us for the transport of goods. These performance obligations are satisfied as the shipments move from origin to destination. As such, transportation revenues are recognized proportionally as a shipment moves, and related expenses are recognized as incurred. These performance obligations are generally short-term in nature with transit days averaging approximately one week or less for each commodity group. The customer has an unconditional obligation to pay for the service once the service has been completed. Estimated revenues associated with in-process shipments at period-end are recorded based on the estimated percentage of service completed. We had no material remaining performance obligations at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

We may provide customers ancillary services, such as switching, demurrage and other incidental activities, under their transportation contracts. The revenues associated with these distinct performance obligations are recognized when the services are performed or as contractual obligations are met. These revenues are included within each of the commodity groups and represent approximately 5% of total "Railway operating revenues" on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, and 4% for the second quarter and first six months of 2024.

Revenues related to interline transportation services that involve another railroad are reported on a net basis. Therefore, the portion of the amount that relates to another party is not reflected in revenues.

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Under the typical terms of our freight contracts, payment for services is due within fifteen days of billing the customer, thus there are no significant financing components. "Accounts receivable – net" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets includes both customer and non-customer receivables as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| Customer | $832 | $787 |
| Non-customer | 291 | 282 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable – net | $1123 | $1069 |

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Non-customer receivables include non-revenue-related amounts due from other railroads, governmental entities, insurers, and others. We do not have any material contract assets or liabilities at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

**3. Stock-Based Compensation**

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| Stock-based compensation expense | $17 | $13 | $35 | $32 |
| Total tax benefit | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 |

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During 2025, we granted stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs) pursuant to the Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP), as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **Granted** | **Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value** | **Granted** | **Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value** |
| Stock options |  | $— | 80067 | $87.33 |
| RSUs | 3204 | 220.12 | 193338 | 254.74 |
| PSUs |  |  | 66334 | 296.55 |

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**Stock Options**

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| Options exercised | 26352 | 17757 | 68904 | 114974 |
| Cash received upon exercise | $2 | $2 | $6 | $11 |
| Related tax benefits realized | 1 |  | 2 | 3 |

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**Restricted Stock Units**

RSUs granted primarily have three- and four-year ratable restriction periods and will be settled through the issuance of shares of Norfolk Southern common stock (Common Stock). Certain RSU grants include cash dividend equivalent payments during the restriction period in an amount equal to the regular quarterly dividends paid on Common Stock.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| RSUs vested | 10454 | 12494 | 163218 | 169145 |
| Common Stock issued net of tax withholding | 6225 | 9016 | 113482 | 117266 |
| Related tax benefits realized | $— | $— | $1 | $— |

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**Performance Share Units**

PSUs provide for awards based on the achievement of certain predetermined corporate performance goals at the end of a three-year cycle and are settled through the issuance of shares of Common Stock. All PSUs will earn out based on the achievement of performance conditions and some will also earn out based on a market condition. The market condition fair value was measured on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation model.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| PSUs earned | 8540 | 41580 |
| Common Stock issued net of tax withholding | 5633 | 26056 |
| Related tax benefits realized | $— | $— |

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**4. Restructuring and Other Charges**

During the second quarter of 2025, we recorded $10 million in "Restructuring and other charges" primarily related to the restructuring of certain technology functions, which includes severance costs for impacted employees and other expenses.

During the first quarter of 2024, we initiated voluntary and involuntary separation programs to reduce our management workforce. Through these programs, approximately 350 management employees were separated from service by May 2024. "Restructuring and other charges" reflects separation payments and other benefits to the impacted management employees and amounted to $61 million for the first six months of 2024. Additionally, we

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evaluated the impact of these separation programs on our pension and other postretirement benefit plans, as further discussed in Note 10.

In March 2024, we appointed John Orr as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company. "Restructuring and other charges" in the first six months of 2024 also includes $35 million of costs related to this appointment, including an agreement with his previous employer, Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC), that resulted in a $25 million payment and certain commercial considerations to CPKC in exchange for a waiver of his non-compete provisions.

**5. Earnings Per Share**

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Basic** | **Basic** | **Diluted** | **Diluted** |
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* |
| Net income | $768 | $737 | $768 | $737 |
| Dividend equivalent payments | (1) | (1) |  | (1) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income available to common stockholders | $767 | $736 | $768 | $736 |
| Weighted-average shares outstanding | 225.0 | 226.0 | 225.0 | 226.0 |
| Dilutive effect of outstanding options and share-settled awards |  |  | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding |  |  | 225.2 | 226.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Earnings per share | $3.41 | $3.26 | $3.41 | $3.25 |
|  | **Basic** | **Basic** | **Diluted** | **Diluted** |
|  | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts,<br>shares in millions)* |
| Net income | $1518 | $790 | $1518 | $790 |
| Dividend equivalent payments | (2) | (2) | (1) | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income available to common stockholders | $1516 | $788 | $1517 | $788 |
| Weighted-average shares outstanding | 225.5 | 225.9 | 225.5 | 225.9 |
| Dilutive effect of outstanding options and share-settled awards |  |  | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding |  |  | 225.8 | 226.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Earnings per share | $6.72 | $3.49 | $6.72 | $3.48 |

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During the second quarters and first six months of 2025 and 2024, dividend equivalent payments were made to certain holders of stock options and RSUs. For purposes of computing basic earnings per share, dividend equivalent payments made to holders of stock options and RSUs were deducted from net income to determine income available

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to common stockholders. For purposes of computing diluted earnings per share, we evaluate on a grant-by-grant basis those stock options and RSUs receiving dividend equivalent payments under the two-class and treasury stock methods to determine which method is more dilutive for each grant. For those grants for which the two-class method was more dilutive, net income was reduced by dividend equivalent payments to determine income available to common stockholders. The dilution calculations exclude options having exercise prices exceeding the average market price of Common Stock as follows: 0.1 million in the second quarters and first six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**6. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss**

The changes in the cumulative balances of "Accumulated other comprehensive loss" reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of the following:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Balance at <br>Beginning<br>of Year** | **Net Income** | **Reclassification<br>Adjustments** | **Balance at <br>End of Period** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| **Six months ended June 30, 2025** |  |  |  |  |
| Pensions and other postretirement liabilities | $(240) | $— | $— | $(240) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) of equity investees | (22) | 1 |  | (21) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $(262) | $1 | $— | $(261) |
| **Six months ended June 30, 2024** |  |  |  |  |
| Pensions and other postretirement liabilities | $(292) | $(7) | $(4) | $(303) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) of equity investees | (28) | 1 |  | (27) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $(320) | $(6) | $(4) | $(330) |

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**7. Stock Repurchase Program**

We repurchased and retired 1.9 million shares of Common Stock under our stock repurchase program in the first six months of 2025 at a cost of $455 million, inclusive of accrued excise taxes, while we did not repurchase any shares of Common Stock in the first six months of 2024.

**8. Investments**

**Investment in Conrail**

Through a limited liability company, we and CSX Corporation (CSX) jointly own Conrail Inc. (Conrail), whose primary subsidiary is Consolidated Rail Corporation (CRC). We have a 58% economic and 50% voting interest in the jointly-owned entity, and CSX has the remainder of the economic and voting interests. Our investment in Conrail was $1.8 billion and $1.7 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

CRC owns and operates certain properties (the Shared Assets Areas) for the joint and exclusive benefit of Norfolk Southern Railway Company (NSR) and CSX Transportation, Inc. (CSXT). The costs of operating the Shared Assets Areas are borne by NSR and CSXT based on usage. In addition, NSR and CSXT pay CRC a fee for access to the Shared Assets Areas. "Purchased services and rents" and "Fuel" include expenses payable to CRC for operation of the Shared Assets Areas totaling $44 million and $50 million for the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $93 million and $102 million for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our equity in Conrail's earnings, net of amortization, was $23 million and $22 million for the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $39 million and $43 million for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. These

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amounts partially offset the costs of operating the Shared Assets Areas and are included in "Purchased services and rents."

"Other liabilities" includes $534 million at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 for long-term advances from Conrail, maturing in 2050 that bear interest at an average rate of 1.31%.

**Investment in TTX**

We and six other North American railroads collectively own TTX Company (TTX), a railcar pooling company that provides its owner-railroads with standardized fleets of intermodal, automotive, and general use railcars at stated rates. We have a 19.78% ownership interest in TTX.

Expenses incurred for use of TTX equipment are included in "Purchased services and rents." These expenses amounted to $81 million and $74 million for the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $155 million and $148 million for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our equity in TTX's earnings partially offsets these costs and totaled $9 million and $14 million for the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $20 million and $27 million for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**9. Debt**

In May 2025, we issued $400 million of 5.10% senior notes due 2035.

In May 2025, we renewed our accounts receivable securitization program with a maximum borrowing capacity of $400 million. Amounts under our accounts receivable securitization program are borrowed and repaid from time to time in the ordinary course for general corporate and cash management purposes. The term of our accounts receivable securitization program expires in May 2026. Amounts received under this facility are accounted for as borrowings. We had no amounts outstanding under this program and our available borrowing capacity was $400 million at both June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. Our accounts receivable securitization program was supported by $841 million and $790 million in receivables at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which are included in "Accounts receivable – net".

In June 2024, we entered into an agreement that provides us the ability to issue up to $800 million of unsecured commercial paper and is backed by our credit agreement. The unsecured short-term commercial paper program provides for borrowing at prevailing rates and includes covenants. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding commercial paper.

In January 2024, we renewed and amended our $800 million credit agreement. The amended agreement expires in January 2029, and provides for borrowings at prevailing rates and includes covenants. We had no amounts outstanding under this facility at either June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024, and we are in compliance with all of its covenants.

**10. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits**

We have both funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees. We also provide specified health care benefits to eligible retired employees; these plans can be amended or terminated at our option. Under our self-insured retiree health care plan, for those participants who are not Medicare-eligible, certain health care expenses are covered for retired employees and their dependents, reduced by any deductibles, coinsurance, and, in some cases, coverage provided under other group insurance policies. Eligible retired participants and their spouses who are Medicare-eligible are not covered under the self-insured retiree health care plan, but instead are provided with an employer-funded health reimbursement account which can be used for reimbursement of health insurance premiums or eligible out-of-pocket medical expenses.

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Pension and postretirement benefit cost components were as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Pension Benefits** | **Pension Benefits** | **Other Postretirement Benefits** | **Other Postretirement Benefits** |
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| Service cost | $6 | $7 | $— | $1 |
| Interest cost | 27 | 27 | 4 | 4 |
| Expected return on plan assets | (49) | (51) | (3) | (3) |
| Amortization of net losses | 5 | 4 |  |  |
| Amortization of prior service benefit |  |  | (5) | (6) |
| Curtailment gain |  |  |  | (20) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net benefit | $(11) | $(13) | $(4) | $(24) |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Pension Benefits** | **Pension Benefits** | **Other Postretirement Benefits** | **Other Postretirement Benefits** |
| | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| Service cost | $12 | $13 | $1 | $2 |
| Interest cost | 53 | 54 | 7 | 7 |
| Expected return on plan assets | (98) | (102) | (5) | (6) |
| Amortization of net losses | 11 | 8 |  |  |
| Amortization of prior service benefit |  |  | (11) | (12) |
| Curtailment gain |  |  |  | (20) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net benefit | $(22) | $(27) | $(8) | $(29) |

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The service cost component of defined benefit pension cost and postretirement benefit cost are reported within "Compensation and benefits" and all other components are presented in "Other income – net" on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

During the first quarter of 2024, we commenced voluntary and involuntary separation programs to reduce our nonagreement workforce. Through these programs, approximately 350 employees were separated from service by May 2024. In accordance with FASB Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) Topic 715, "*Compensation-Retirement Benefits*," we evaluated whether a curtailment of our pension and other postretirement benefit plans had occurred. While the reduction in our workforce did not result in a curtailment to our pension benefit plans, a curtailment to our other postretirement benefit plan did occur as the future years of service of plan participants were reduced in excess of 10%. As a result, we recognized a curtailment gain of $20 million in the second quarter of 2024, the period in which the employees departed the Company, for the impacted portion of the prior service benefit previously recorded within accumulated other comprehensive loss.

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**11. Fair Values of Financial Instruments**

The fair values of "Cash and cash equivalents," "Accounts receivable – net," and "Accounts payable," approximate carrying values because of the short maturity of these financial instruments. The carrying value of corporate-owned life insurance (COLI) is recorded at cash surrender value and, accordingly, approximates fair value. There are no other assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. The carrying amounts and estimated fair values, based on Level 1 inputs, of long-term debt consist of the following:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30, 2025** | **June 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
| | **Carrying<br>Amount** | **Fair<br>Value** | **Carrying<br>Amount** | **Fair<br>Value** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| Long-term debt, including current maturities | $(17367) | $(16019) | $(17206) | $(15656) |

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**12. Commitments and Contingencies**

**<u>Eastern Ohio Incident</u>**

**Summary**

On February 3, 2023, a train operated by us derailed in East Palestine, Ohio. The February 3rd derailment, the associated fire, and the resulting vent and burn of the tank cars containing vinyl chloride on February 6th is hereinafter referred to as the "Incident." In response to the Incident, we have been working to clean the site safely and thoroughly, including those activities described in the Environmental Matters section below with respect to potentially impacted air, soil, and water and to monitor for any impact on public health and the environment. We are working with federal, state, and local officials to mitigate impacts from the Incident, including, among other efforts, conducting environmental monitoring and clean-up activities (as more fully described below), and operating a field office to provide support to members of East Palestine and the surrounding communities.

**Financial Impact**

Although we cannot predict the final outcome or estimate the reasonably possible range of the total loss related to the Incident with certainty, we have accrued amounts for probable and reasonably estimable liabilities for those environmental and non-environmental matters described below. Certain costs incurred and related to the Incident may be recoverable under our insurance policies in effect at the date of the Incident. For additional information about our insurance coverage, see "Insurance" below.

Amounts recorded related to the Incident, including outstanding liabilities at the end of each period, are summarized in the tables below. Our current estimates of probable and reasonably estimable liabilities principally associated with environmental matters and legal proceedings are discussed in further detail below.

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Environmental Matters** | **Legal Contingencies and Other** | **Total** | **Total Recoveries** | **Total - Net of Recoveries** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| **At December 31, 2024** | $244 | $444 | $688 | $(18) | $670 |
| Expense/(Recoveries) |  | 39 | 39 | (224) | (185) |
| (Payments)/Receipts | (17) | (47) | (64) | 122 | 58 |
| **At March 31, 2025** | 227 | 436 | 663 | (120) | 543 |
| Expense/(Recoveries) |  | 107 | 107 | (154) | (47) |
| (Payments)/Receipts | (18) | (31) | (49) | 225 | 176 |
| **At June 30, 2025** | $209 | $512 | $721 | $(49) | $672 |

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Environmental Matters** | **Legal Contingencies and Other** | **Total** | **Total Recoveries** | **Total - Net of Recoveries** |
|  | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* | *($ in millions)* |
| **At December 31, 2023** | $319 | $145 | $464 | $— | $464 |
| Expense/(Recoveries) | 60 | 640 | 700 | (108) | 592 |
| (Payments)/Receipts | (87) | (40) | (127) | 10 | (117) |
| **At March 31, 2024** | 292 | 745 | 1037 | (98) | 939 |
| Expense/(Recoveries) | 53 | 38 | 91 | (156) | (65) |
| (Payments)/Receipts | (80) | (71) | (151) | 135 | (16) |
| **At June 30, 2024** | $265 | $712 | $977 | $(119) | $858 |

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From the inception of the Incident, we have recognized a total of $1.2 billion in net expenses directly attributable to the Incident, which includes $1.1 billion of recoveries. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we have also recorded a deferred tax asset of $122 million and $211 million, respectively, related to the Incident expecting that certain expenses will be deductible for tax purposes in future periods or offset with insurance recoveries.

**Environmental Matters –** In response to the Incident, we have been working with federal, state, and local officials such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Ohio EPA, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), and the Columbiana County Health District to conduct environmental response and remediation activities, most of which have concluded and some which are continuing. The EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order (UAO) on February 21, 2023, containing various requirements, including the submission of numerous work plans to assess and remediate various environmental media and performance of certain removal actions at the affected site. On February 24, 2023, we submitted to the EPA our Notice of Intent to Comply with the UAO. We continue to conduct activities required by the UAO and the directives issued thereunder. On October 18, 2023, the U.S. EPA issued a second unilateral order under Section 311(c) of the Clean Water Act (CWA Order), requiring preparation of additional environmental work plans to address local waterways. We timely submitted our Notice of Intent to Comply with the CWA Order and continue to complete environmental assessment and remediation (if needed based on assessment results) as required by the EPA, as well as state agencies, in compliance with the CWA Order. Once approved by the court, the proposed Consent Decree (discussed below) will supersede the UAO and CWA Order.

We are also subject to the following legal proceedings that principally relate to the environmental impact of the Incident:

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a civil complaint on behalf of the U.S. EPA (the DOJ Complaint) in the Northern District of Ohio (Eastern Division) seeking injunctive relief and civil penalties for alleged violations of the CWA and cost recovery under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The Ohio Attorney General (AG) also filed a lawsuit (the Ohio Complaint) in the Northern District of Ohio (Eastern Division) seeking damages for a variety of common law and environmental statutory claims under CERCLA and various state laws. The DOJ and Ohio AG cases have been consolidated for discovery purposes. We have filed an answer, and discovery is ongoing in the Ohio AG case. On May 23, 2024, the DOJ and the Company reached a settlement to resolve all of the government's civil claims against the Company related to the Incident, and jointly lodged a proposed Consent Decree with the court. As proposed, the Consent Decree will require the Company to pay for the federal government's oversight costs of $57 million through November 30, 2023 as well as additional oversight costs from December 1, 2023 until the remediation is complete. The proposed Consent Decree also requires the Company to pay a civil penalty of $15 million for alleged violations of the CWA. Other provisions of the proposed Consent Decree relate to injunctive relief for safety, community support including medical and mental health programs, and environmental support, which provisions, if approved by the court, will be in effect between five years to twenty years. The proposed Consent Decree was subject to a mandatory public comment period, which ended on August 2, 2024, and the DOJ filed a motion on October 10, 2024 seeking entry of the Consent Decree. That motion remains pending before the Court. The Ohio AG did not join this settlement and its claims remain outstanding and are proceeding.

In accordance with FASB ASC 410-30 "*Environmental Liabilities,*" we have recognized probable and reasonably estimable liabilities in connection with the foregoing environmental matters. Our current estimate includes ongoing and future environmental cleanup activities and remediation efforts, governmental oversight costs (including those incurred by the EPA and the Ohio EPA), and other related costs, including those in connection with the proposed DOJ Consent Decree (including civil penalties related to alleged violations of the CWA). Our current estimates of future environmental cleanup and remediation liabilities related to the Incident may change over time due to various factors, including but not limited to, the nature and extent of required future cleanup and removal activities, and the extent and duration of governmental oversight, amongst other factors. As clean-up efforts progress and more information is available, we will review these estimates and revise as appropriate.

**Legal Proceedings and Claims (Non-Environmental) –** To date, numerous non-environmental legal actions have commenced with respect to the Incident, including those more specifically set forth below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• There is a consolidated putative class action pending in the Northern District of Ohio (Eastern Division) (the Ohio Class Action) in which plaintiffs allege various claims, including negligence, gross negligence, strict liability, and nuisance, and seeking as relief compensatory and punitive damages, medical monitoring and business losses. On April 26, 2024, we entered into a class action settlement with the plaintiffs to resolve the Ohio Class Action for $600 million. The settlement agreement resolves all class action claims within a 20-mile radius from the derailment and, for those residents who choose to participate, personal injury claims within a 10-mile radius from the derailment. The district court granted final approval of the settlement on September 27, 2024, which was subsequently appealed. We made a partial payment of the settlement in 2024, in the amount of $315 million. Payment of the remaining balance, including timing, is dependent upon resolution of any appeals to the settlement. Our claims against third parties were resolved during the second quarter.

Another putative class action is pending in the Western District of Pennsylvania, brought by Pennsylvania school districts and students (the Pennsylvania Class Action). On August 22, 2023, six Pennsylvania school districts and students filed a putative class action lawsuit alleging negligence, strict liability, nuisance, and trespass, and seeking damages and health monitoring. On

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December 8, 2023, the school districts amended their complaint to add additional companies as defendants in the action. On February 23, 2024, we and the other defendants filed motions to dismiss and those motions are fully briefed and currently pending before the court.

We are also named as a defendant in various other Incident-related lawsuits involving other potentially affected third parties, a number of which were filed in early 2025. We are continuing to assess the claims and their potential impact on the Company. Combined with the Ohio Class Action and the Pennsylvania Class Action, these lawsuits are collectively referred to herein as the Incident Lawsuits.

In accordance with FASB ASC 450, "*Contingencies,*" as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had accruals for probable and reasonably estimable liabilities principally associated with the Incident Lawsuits and related contingencies of $483 million and $369 million, respectively. For the reasons set forth below, our estimated loss or range of loss with respect to the Incident Lawsuits may change from time to time, and it is reasonably possible that we will incur actual losses in excess of the amounts currently accrued and such additional amounts may be material. While we continue to work with parties with respect to potential resolution, no assurance can be given that we will be successful in doing so and we cannot predict the outcome of these matters.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have received securities and derivative litigation and multiple shareholder document and litigation demand letters, including a securities class action lawsuit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) initially filed in the Southern District of Ohio alleging multiple securities law violations but since transferred to the Northern District of Georgia, a securities class action lawsuit under the Securities Act of 1933 (Securities Act) filed in the Southern District of New York alleging misstatements in association with our debt offerings, and six shareholder derivative complaints filed in Virginia state court asserting claims for breach of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment in connection with safety of the Company's operations, among other claims (collectively, the Shareholder Matters). On February 27, 2025, the district judge granted defendants' motion to dismiss the Securities Act lawsuit in its entirety, and closed the case. On March 28, 2025, plaintiffs in the Securities Act lawsuit filed a notice of appeal of the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. In the Exchange Act lawsuit, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on April 25, 2024, and the defendants filed a motion to dismiss on June 24, 2024. On March 24, 2025, the district court denied defendants' motion to dismiss, with the Exchange Act lawsuit now proceeding to discovery. No responsive pleadings have been filed yet with respect to the other Shareholder Matters.

With respect to all Incident-related litigation and regulatory matters, we record a liability for loss contingencies through a charge to earnings when we conclude that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated and disclose such liability if we conclude it to be material. Any adjustments to the recorded liability will be reflected in earnings in the periods in which such adjustments become known. Because the final outcome of any of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, developments related to the progress of such legal proceedings or other unfavorable or unexpected developments or outcomes could result in additional costs or new or additionally accrued amounts that could be material to our results of operations in a particular year or quarter. In addition, if it is reasonably possible that we will incur Incident-related losses in excess of the amounts currently recorded as a loss contingency, we disclose the potential range of loss, if reasonably estimable, or we disclose that we cannot reasonably estimate such an amount at this time. For Incident-related litigation and regulatory matters where a loss may be reasonably possible, but not probable, or probable but not reasonably estimable, no accrual is established but the matter, if potentially material, is disclosed.

Our estimates of probable losses and reasonably possible losses are based upon currently available information and involve significant judgement and a variety of assumptions, given that (1) certain legal and

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regulatory proceedings are in early stages; (2) discovery may not be completed; (3) damages sought in these legal and regulatory proceedings can be unsubstantiated or indeterminate; (4) there are often significant facts in dispute; and/or (5) there is a wide range of possible outcomes. Accordingly, our estimated range of loss with respect to these matters may change from time to time, and actual losses may exceed current estimates. At this time, we are unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss in excess of the amounts accrued with respect to the matters described above.

The amounts recorded do not include any estimate of loss for which we believe a loss is either not probable or not reasonably estimable for any fines or penalties (in excess of the liabilities established for CWA-related civil penalties) that may be imposed as a result of the Incident Inquiries and Investigations, as more specifically set forth and defined below (the outcome of which are uncertain at this time).

**Inquiries and Investigations** 

As set forth above, we are subject to inquiries and investigations by numerous federal, state, and local government authorities and regulatory agencies regarding the Incident, including but not limited to, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Ohio AG, and the Pennsylvania AG. Further details regarding the NTSB and FRA investigations are set forth below. We are cooperating with all pending inquiries and investigations, including responding to civil and criminal subpoenas and other requests for information (the aforementioned inquiries and investigations, as well as the civil and criminal subpoenas are collectively referred to herein as the Incident Inquiries and Investigations). Aside from the FRA's safety assessment and the OSHA investigation (both of which have been completed), the outcome of any current or future Incident Inquiries and Investigations is uncertain at this time, including any related fines, penalties or settlements. Therefore, our accruals for probable and reasonably estimable liabilities related to the Incident do not include estimates of the total amount that we may incur for any such fines, penalties or settlements.

Subsequent to the Incident, investigators from the NTSB examined railroad equipment and track conditions; reviewed data from the signal system, wayside defect detectors, local surveillance cameras, and the lead locomotive's event recorder and forward-facing and inward-facing image recorders; and completed certain interviews (the NTSB Investigation). The NTSB concluded the NTSB Investigation and issued a final public report in July 2024. The NTSB found that the probable cause of the derailment was the failure of a bearing which overheated and caused the axle to separate, derailing the train and leading to a post-derailment fire. The NTSB issued over 30 recommendations, of which four were issued to Norfolk Southern. The NTSB continues to work on a safety culture investigation, and a report on this part of the investigation is expected to be issued in the third quarter of 2025.

Concurrent with the NTSB Investigation, the FRA also investigated the Incident. Similar in scope to the NTSB Investigation, the FRA examined railroad equipment, track conditions, hazardous materials train placement and routing, and emergency response (the FRA Incident Investigation). The FRA Incident Investigation will likely result in the assessment of civil penalties, though the amount and materiality of these penalties cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

**<u>Other Commitments and Contingencies</u>**

**Lawsuits**

We and/or certain subsidiaries are defendants in numerous lawsuits and other claims relating principally to railroad operations. When we conclude that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated, it is accrued through a charge to earnings and, if material, disclosed below. While the ultimate amount of liability incurred in any of these lawsuits and claims is dependent on future developments, in our opinion, the recorded liability is adequate to cover the future payment of such liability and claims. However, the final outcome of any of these lawsuits and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, and unfavorable or unexpected

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outcomes could result in additional accruals that could be significant to results of operations in a particular year or quarter. Any adjustments to the recorded liability will be reflected in earnings in the periods in which such adjustments become known. For lawsuits and other claims where a loss may be reasonably possible, but not probable, or is probable but not reasonably estimable, no accrual is established but the matter, if potentially material, is disclosed below. We routinely review relevant information with respect to our lawsuits and other claims and update our accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible loss based on such reviews.

In 2007, various antitrust class actions filed against us and other Class I railroads in various Federal district courts regarding fuel surcharges were consolidated in the District of Columbia by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. In 2012, the court certified the case as a class action. The defendant railroads appealed this certification, and the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit vacated the District Court's decision and remanded the case for further consideration. On October 10, 2017, the District Court denied class certification. The decision was upheld by the Court of Appeals on August 16, 2019. Since that decision, various individual cases have been filed in multiple jurisdictions and also consolidated in the District of Columbia. On June 24, 2025, the District Court granted summary judgement dismissing the consolidated cases in full. On July 24, 2025, a majority of plaintiffs appealed this ruling to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. We intend to vigorously defend the cases through appeal and believe that we will prevail. However, given that litigation is inherently unpredictable and subject to uncertainties, there can be no assurances that the final resolution of the litigation will not be material. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the potential loss or range of loss associated with this matter.

In 2018, a lawsuit was filed against one of our subsidiaries by the minority owner in a jointly-owned terminal railroad company in which our subsidiary has the majority ownership. The lawsuit alleged violations of various state laws and federal antitrust laws. On January 3, 2023, the court granted summary judgment to us on all of the compensatory claims but denied summary judgment for all equitable relief claims. On January 18, 2023, the court dismissed the federal equitable relief claims, leaving the state equitable relief claims as the sole remaining issue under consideration. On April 19, 2023, the court disposed of all remaining state equitable relief claims. On August 29, 2024, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the opinion of the lower court. In April 2025, the U.S. Supreme Court denied to grant certiorari, exhausting all appellate rights.

**Casualty Claims** 

Casualty claims include employee personal injury and occupational claims as well as third-party claims, all exclusive of legal costs. To aid in valuing our personal injury liability and determining the amount to accrue with respect to such claims during the year, we utilize studies prepared by an independent consulting actuarial firm. Job-related personal injury and occupational claims are subject to the Federal Employer's Liability Act (FELA), which is applicable only to railroads. The variability inherent in FELA's fault-based tort system could result in actual costs being different from the liability recorded. While the ultimate amount of claims incurred is dependent on future developments, in our opinion, the recorded liability is adequate to cover the future payments of claims and is supported by the most recent actuarial study. In all cases, we record a liability when the expected loss for the claim is both probable and reasonably estimable.

**Employee personal injury claims** – Other than Incident-related matters noted above, the largest component of claims expense is employee personal injury costs. The independent actuarial firm we engage provides quarterly studies to aid in valuing our employee personal injury liability and estimating personal injury expense. The actuarial firm studies our historical patterns of reserving for claims and subsequent settlements, taking into account relevant outside influences. The actuarial firm provides the results of these analyses to aid in our estimate of the ultimate amount of liability. We adjust the liability quarterly based upon our assessment and the results of the study. The accuracy of our estimate of the liability is subject to inherent limitation given the difficulty of predicting future events such as jury decisions, court interpretations, or legislative changes. As a result, actual claim settlements may vary from the estimated liability recorded.

**Occupational claims** – Occupational claims include injuries and illnesses alleged to be caused by exposures which occur over time as opposed to injuries or illnesses caused by a specific accident or event. Types of occupational

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claims commonly seen allege exposure to asbestos and other claimed toxic substances resulting in respiratory diseases or cancer. Many such claims are being asserted by former or retired employees, some of whom have not been employed in the rail industry for decades. The independent actuarial firm provides an estimate of the occupational claims liability based upon our history of claim filings, severity, payments, and other pertinent facts. The liability is dependent upon judgments we make as to the specific case reserves as well as judgments of the actuarial firm in the quarterly studies. Our estimate of ultimate loss includes a provision for those claims that have been incurred but not reported. This provision is derived by analyzing industry data and projecting our experience. We adjust the liability quarterly based upon our assessment and the results of the study. However, it is possible that the recorded liability may not be adequate to cover the future payment of claims. Adjustments to the recorded liability are reflected in operating expenses in the periods in which such adjustments become known.

**Third-party claims** – We record a liability for third-party claims including those for highway crossing accidents, trespasser and other injuries, property damage, and lading damage. The actuarial firm assists us with the calculation of potential liability for third-party claims, except lading damage, based upon our experience including the number and timing of incidents, amount of payments, settlement rates, number of open claims, and legal defenses. We adjust the liability quarterly based upon our assessment and the results of the study. Given the inherent uncertainty in regard to the ultimate outcome of third-party claims, it is possible that the actual loss may differ from the estimated liability recorded.

**Environmental Matters**

We are subject to various jurisdictions' environmental laws and regulations. We record a liability where such liability or loss is probable and reasonably estimable. Environmental specialists regularly participate in ongoing evaluations of all known sites and in determining any necessary adjustments to liability estimates.

In addition to environmental claims associated with the Incident, our Consolidated Balance Sheets include liabilities for other environmental exposures of $63 million at June 30, 2025 and $65 million at December 31, 2024, of which $15 million is classified as a current liability at the end of both periods. At June 30, 2025, the liability represents our estimates of the probable cleanup, investigation, and remediation costs based on available information at 71 known locations and projects compared with 74 locations and projects at December 31, 2024. At June 30, 2025, eighteen sites accounted for $54 million of the liability, and no individual site was considered to be material. We anticipate that most of this liability will be paid out over five years; however, some costs will be paid out over a longer period.

At eight locations, one or more of our subsidiaries in conjunction with a number of other parties have been identified as potentially responsible parties under CERCLA or comparable state statutes that impose joint and several liability for cleanup costs. We calculate our estimated liability for these sites based on facts and legal defenses applicable to each site and not solely on the basis of the potential for joint liability.

As set forth above, with respect to known environmental sites (whether identified by us or by the U.S. EPA or comparable state authorities), estimates of our ultimate potential financial exposure for a given site or in the aggregate for all such sites can change over time because of the widely varying costs of currently available cleanup techniques, unpredictable contaminant recovery and reduction rates associated with available cleanup technologies, the likely development of new cleanup technologies, the difficulty of determining in advance the nature and full extent of contamination and each potential participant's share of any estimated loss (and that participant's ability to bear it), and evolving statutory and regulatory standards governing liability.

The risk of incurring environmental liability for acts and omissions, past, present, and future, is inherent in the railroad business. Some of the commodities we transport, particularly those classified as hazardous materials, pose special risks that we work diligently to reduce. In addition, several of our subsidiaries own, or have owned, land used as operating property, or which is leased and operated by others, or held for sale. Because environmental problems that are latent or undisclosed may exist on these properties, there can be no assurance that we will not incur environmental liabilities or costs with respect to one or more of them, the amount and materiality of which

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cannot be estimated reliably at this time. Moreover, lawsuits and claims involving these and potentially other unidentified environmental sites and matters are likely to arise from time to time. The resulting liabilities could have a significant effect on financial position, results of operations, or liquidity in a particular year or quarter.

Based on our assessment of the facts and circumstances now known, we believe we have recorded the probable and reasonably estimable costs for dealing with those environmental matters of which we are aware. Further, we believe that it is unlikely that any known matters, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

**Labor Agreements**

Approximately 80% of our railroad employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements with various labor unions. Pursuant to the Railway Labor Act (RLA), these agreements remain in effect until new agreements are reached, or until the bargaining procedures mandated by the RLA are completed. Moratorium provisions in the labor agreements govern when the railroads and unions may propose changes to the agreements. We largely bargain nationally in concert with other major railroads, represented by the National Carriers' Conference Committee (NCCC).

Under moratorium provisions from the last round of negotiations, neither party was permitted to serve notice to compel a new round of mandatory collective bargaining until November 1, 2024. In the months prior to the opening of the current national bargaining round, we engaged in voluntary local discussions with our labor unions and, as a result, reached local tentative agreements with ten of our thirteen unions. A majority of those tentative agreements were subsequently ratified by union membership and became effective January 1, 2025, foreclosing the parties from serving new notices to compel mandatory bargaining until November 1, 2029.

For those unions with whom we have not yet reached a ratified agreement, the NCCC, on behalf of Norfolk Southern, sent bargaining notices on November 1, 2024, to commence mandatory direct negotiations as prescribed under the RLA. Since then, the NCCC has reached several additional agreements on behalf of Norfolk Southern and other members of the bargaining coalition.

For unions where bargaining currently remains open, even if the parties are unable to reach voluntary ratified agreement during this first phase of RLA bargaining, self-help (e.g., a strike or other work stoppage) related to this collective-bargaining process remains prohibited by law until a lengthy series of additional procedures mandated by the RLA, including federal mediation, are exhausted.

**<u>Insurance</u>**

We purchase insurance covering legal liabilities for bodily injury and property damage to third parties. Our liability insurance provides limits for approximately 83% of covered losses above $75 million and below $734 million per occurrence and/or policy year. Above $800 million per occurrence and/or policy year, we maintain approximately $43 million additional liability insurance limits for certain types of pollution releases. We also purchase insurance for property damage to property owned by us or in our care, custody, or control. Our property insurance provides limits for approximately 77% of covered losses above $75 million and below $275 million per occurrence and/or policy year.

With respect to the Incident, we have recognized over $1.0 billion in insurance recoveries (including $74 million and $156 million during the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $298 million and $264 million during the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively), principally from excess liability (re)insurers. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $49 million and $18 million was outstanding and is included in "Accounts receivable – net" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At June 30, 2025, we have exhausted coverage under our liability insurance policies with respect to the Incident. With the exception of amounts that have been recognized, potential future recoveries under our property and other insurance coverage have not yet been recorded (given the insurers ongoing evaluation of our claims).

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**13. New Accounting Pronouncements**

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "*Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.*" This update requires additional disclosures including greater disaggregation of information in the reconciliation of the statutory rate to the effective rate and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and we did not adopt the standard early. We are currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on our disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "*Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40).*" This update requires an entity to disclose specific information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to its financial statements for interim and annual reporting periods. Entities are required to provide disaggregated information about expenses to help investors better understand performance, better assess prospects for future cash flows, and compare performance over time and with that of other entities. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. We will not early adopt the standard and are currently evaluating the effect on our financial statements.

**14. Subsequent Events**

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was signed into law. The OBBBA makes permanent or introduces certain changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including 100% bonus depreciation, the deductibility of business interest expense, and expensing of domestic research costs. FASB ASC 740 "*Income Taxes*" requires that the effect of changes in tax rates and laws be recognized in the period in which the legislation is enacted. The Company is evaluating the impact of OBBBA but expects that the primary effect will be a shift between current and deferred taxes.

As previously announced in the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on July 29, 2025, on July 28, 2025, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") with Union Pacific Corporation, a Utah corporation (Union Pacific), Ruby Merger Sub 1 Corporation, a Virginia corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Union Pacific (Merger Sub 1), and Ruby Merger Sub 2 LLC, a Virginia limited liability company and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Union Pacific (Merger Sub 2).

The Merger Agreement provides that, among other things and on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, Union Pacific will acquire the Company in a stock-and-cash transaction whereby (a) Merger Sub 1 will be merged with and into the Company (the "First Merger"), with the Company surviving the First Merger as a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Union Pacific, and (b) immediately following the First Merger, the Company will be merged with and into Merger Sub 2 (the "Second Merger" and together with the First Merger, the "Mergers"), with Merger Sub 2 surviving the Second Merger as a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Union Pacific.

Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the First Merger, each share of common stock, par value $1.00 per share, of the Company, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the First Merger, subject to certain exclusions set forth in the Merger Agreement, will be converted into the right to receive one share of common stock, par value $2.50 per share, of Union Pacific, and $88.82 in cash without interest.

The consummation of the Mergers is subject to certain conditions, including approval by the Surface Transportation Board, and termination rights. In addition, the Company and Union Pacific are required to pay the other a termination fee of $2.5 billion in cash upon termination of the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, which will be further described in the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, to be filed with the SEC.

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**<u>Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</u>**

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes.

**OVERVIEW**

Since 1827, Norfolk Southern Corporation and its predecessor companies have safely moved the goods and materials that drive the U.S. economy. Our dedicated team members deliver a wide variety of commodities annually for our customers, from agriculture products to consumer goods, and help them reduce carbon emissions by shipping via rail. We have the most extensive intermodal network in the eastern U.S. Our network serves a majority of the country's population and manufacturing base, with connections to every major container port on the Atlantic coast as well as major ports across the Gulf Coast and Great Lakes.

Throughout the first half of 2025, we have remained focused on managing what we can control, including providing safe and reliable service for our customers while continuing efforts to drive productivity in our organization. During the quarter, we delivered revenue growth that helped drive improved financial performance amid ongoing macroeconomic uncertainty. We were able to handle additional volumes while generating improvements in labor productivity and fuel efficiency. Additionally, we continued to experience recoveries related to the Eastern Ohio Incident (as defined further and described in Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements) in excess of incremental expenses, which further benefited our financial results. For the second quarter, we achieved an operating ratio (a measure of the amount of operating revenues consumed by operating expenses) of 62.2%, and an adjusted operating ratio of 63.4% (see our non-GAAP reconciliations beginning on page 28). We remain committed to being a safe, productive, resilient, and efficient railroad with industry-competitive margins.

**SUMMARIZED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| Railway operating revenues | $3110 | $3044 | 2% | $6103 | $6048 | 1% |
| Railway operating expenses | $1935 | $1913 | 1% | $3782 | $4704 | (20%) |
| Income from railway operations | $1175 | $1131 | 4% | $2321 | $1344 | 73% |
| Net income | $768 | $737 | 4% | $1518 | $790 | 92% |
| Diluted earnings per share | $3.41 | $3.25 | 5% | $6.72 | $3.48 | 93% |
| Railway operating ratio (percent) | 62.2 | 62.8 | (1%) | 62.0 | 77.8 | (20%) |

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Income from railway operations increased in both periods. Second quarter financial results rose due to higher railway operating revenues driven by increased volumes, leading to gains in income from railway operations, net income, and diluted earnings per share. For the first six months, financial results improved primarily as a result of lower railway operating expenses associated with the Eastern Ohio Incident, as insurance and other recoveries exceeded incremental Incident-related costs, in addition to lower expenses associated with restructuring activities. As a result, we improved our railway operating ratio and delivered significant increases in income from railway operations, net income, and diluted earnings per share.

The following tables adjust our GAAP financial results for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 and 2024 to exclude restructuring and other charges and the effects of the Incident. The adjusted results for the second quarter and first six months of 2024 also exclude shareholder advisory costs and a deferred income tax adjustment. The income tax effects of these non-GAAP adjustments were calculated based on the applicable tax rates to which the non-GAAP adjustments related. We use these non-GAAP financial measures internally and believe this

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information provides useful supplemental information to investors to facilitate making period-to-period comparisons by excluding these items. While we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our business, this information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as similar measures presented by other companies.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2025** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2025** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2025** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2025** |
| | **Reported (GAAP)** | **Restructuring and Other Charges** | **Eastern Ohio Incident** | **Adjusted <br>(non-GAAP)** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| Railway operating expenses | $1935 | $(10) | $47 | $1972 |
| Income from railway operations | $1175 | $10 | $(47) | $1138 |
| Net income | $768 | $8 | $(35) | $741 |
| Diluted earnings per share | $3.41 | $0.04 | $(0.16) | $3.29 |
| Railway operating ratio (percent) | 62.2 | (0.3) | 1.5 | 63.4 |

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for Second Quarter 2024** |
| | **Reported (GAAP)** | **Restructuring and Other Charges** | **Eastern Ohio Incident** | **Shareholder Advisory Costs** | **Adjusted<br>(non-GAAP)** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| Railway operating expenses | $1913 | $3 | $65 | $— | $1981 |
| Income from railway operations | $1131 | $(3) | $(65) | $— | $1063 |
| Net income | $737 | $(16) | $(49) | $22 | $694 |
| Diluted earnings per share | $3.25 | $(0.07) | $(0.22) | $0.10 | $3.06 |
| Railway operating ratio (percent) | 62.8 | 0.1 | 2.2 |  | 65.1 |

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In the table below, references to the results for the second quarters of 2025 and 2024 and related comparisons use the adjusted, non-GAAP results from the reconciliations in the tables above.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** |
| | **Adjusted 2025<br>(non-GAAP)** | **Adjusted 2024<br>(non-GAAP)** | **Adjusted 2025 <br>vs. Adjusted 2024<br>(non-GAAP)** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *% change* |
| Railway operating expenses | $1972 | $1981 | —% |
| Income from railway operations | $1138 | $1063 | 7% |
| Net income | $741 | $694 | 7% |
| Diluted earnings per share | $3.29 | $3.06 | 8% |
| Railway operating ratio (percent) | 63.4 | 65.1 | (3%) |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2025** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2025** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2025** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2025** |
| | **Reported (GAAP)** | **Restructuring and Other Charges** | **Eastern Ohio Incident** | **Adjusted <br>(non-GAAP)** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| Railway operating expenses | $3782 | $(10) | $232 | $4004 |
| Income from railway operations | $2321 | $10 | $(232) | $2099 |
| Net income | $1518 | $8 | $(176) | $1350 |
| Diluted earnings per share | $6.72 | $0.03 | $(0.78) | $5.97 |
| Railway operating ratio (percent) | 62.0 | (0.2) | 3.8 | 65.6 |

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2024** | **Non-GAAP Reconciliation for First Six Months 2024** |
| | **Reported (GAAP)** | **Restructuring and Other Charges** | **Eastern Ohio Incident** | **Shareholder Advisory Costs** | **Deferred Income Tax Adjustment** | **Adjusted<br>(non-GAAP)** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* |
| Railway operating | $4704 | $(96) | $(527) | $— | $— | $4081 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;expenses | $4704 | $(96) | $(527) | $— | $— | $4081 |
| Income from railway | $1344 | $96 | $527 | $— | $— | $1967 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;operations | $1344 | $96 | $527 | $— | $— | $1967 |
| Net income | $790 | $59 | $399 | $38 | $(27) | $1259 |
| Diluted earnings | $3.48 | $0.26 | $1.77 | $0.17 | $(0.12) | $5.56 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;per share | $3.48 | $0.26 | $1.77 | $0.17 | $(0.12) | $5.56 |
| Railway operating | 77.8 | (1.6) | (8.7) |  |  | 67.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ratio (percent) | 77.8 | (1.6) | (8.7) |  |  | 67.5 |

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In the table below, references to the results for the first six months of 2025 and 2024 and related comparisons use the adjusted, non-GAAP results from the reconciliation in the tables above.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **Adjusted 2025<br>(non-GAAP)** | **Adjusted 2024<br>(non-GAAP)** | **Adjusted 2025 <br>vs. Adjusted 2024<br>(non-GAAP)** |
|  | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *($ in millions, except per share amounts)* | *% change* |
| Railway operating expenses | $4004 | $4081 | (2%) |
| Income from railway operations | $2099 | $1967 | 7% |
| Net income | $1350 | $1259 | 7% |
| Diluted earnings per share | $5.97 | $5.56 | 7% |
| Railway operating ratio (percent) | 65.6 | 67.5 | (3%) |

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On an adjusted basis, income from railway operations increased in both periods due to higher railway operating revenues, driven by higher volumes, and lower adjusted railway operating expenses. The declines in adjusted railway operating expenses in both periods reflect lower fuel costs and purchased services.

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**DETAILED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**

**Railway Operating Revenues**

The following tables present a comparison of revenues ($ in millions), units (in thousands), and average revenue per unit ($ per unit) by commodity group.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| **Revenues** | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** |
| Merchandise: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Agriculture, forest and consumer products | $645 | $622 | 4% | $1281 | $1251 | 2% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chemicals | 546 | 532 | 3% | 1081 | 1059 | 2% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Metals and construction | 458 | 440 | 4% | 872 | 870 | —% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Automotive | 323 | 310 | 4% | 601 | 587 | 2% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Merchandise | 1972 | 1904 | 4% | 3835 | 3767 | 2% |
| Intermodal | 743 | 742 | —% | 1503 | 1487 | 1% |
| Coal | 395 | 398 | (1%) | 765 | 794 | (4%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $3110 | $3044 | 2% | $6103 | $6048 | 1% |

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Units** | | | | | | |
| Merchandise: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Agriculture, forest and consumer products | 186.4 | 181.2 | 3% | 370.0 | 365.3 | 1% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chemicals | 139.1 | 130.1 | 7% | 271.1 | 260.6 | 4% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Metals and construction | 171.1 | 167.9 | 2% | 319.4 | 328.5 | (3%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Automotive | 104.0 | 97.2 | 7% | 192.3 | 185.5 | 4% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Merchandise | 600.6 | 576.4 | 4% | 1152.8 | 1139.9 | 1% |
| Intermodal | 1010.9 | 1003.5 | 1% | 2033.8 | 1992.3 | 2% |
| Coal | 181.7 | 162.9 | 12% | 346.4 | 330.0 | 5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 1793.2 | 1742.8 | 3% | 3533.0 | 3462.2 | 2% |

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Revenue per Unit** | | | | | | |
| Merchandise: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Agriculture, forest and consumer products | $3456 | $3433 | 1% | $3461 | $3424 | 1% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chemicals | 3927 | 4090 | (4%) | 3987 | 4064 | (2%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Metals and construction | 2676 | 2620 | 2% | 2729 | 2649 | 3% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Automotive | 3104 | 3196 | (3%) | 3126 | 3166 | (1%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Merchandise | 3282 | 3304 | (1%) | 3326 | 3305 | 1% |
| Intermodal | 735 | 739 | (1%) | 739 | 746 | (1%) |
| Coal | 2173 | 2445 | (11%) | 2209 | 2407 | (8%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 1734 | 1747 | (1%) | 1727 | 1747 | (1%) |

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Railway operating revenues increased $66 million and $55 million in the second quarter and first six months, respectively. The table below reflects the components of the revenue change by major commodity group ($ in millions).

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **Merchandise** | **Intermodal** | **Coal** | **Merchandise** | **Intermodal** | **Coal** |
|  | *Increase (Decrease)* | *Increase (Decrease)* | *Increase (Decrease)* | *Increase (Decrease)* | *Increase (Decrease)* | *Increase (Decrease)* |
| Volume | $80 | $6 | $46 | $42 | $31 | $40 |
| Fuel surcharge revenue | (28) | (24) | (4) | (62) | (40) | (12) |
| Rate, mix and other | 16 | 19 | (45) | 88 | 25 | (57) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $68 | $1 | $(3) | $68 | $16 | $(29) |

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Approximately 95% of our revenue base is covered by contracts that include negotiated fuel surcharges. Revenues associated with these surcharges totaled $203 million and $259 million in the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $405 million and $519 million for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in fuel surcharge revenues is driven by lower fuel commodity prices.

For the remainder of 2025, while we acknowledge the uncertainty in the economy, we currently expect revenue to increase compared to 2024, driven by higher volume.

**Merchandise**

Merchandise revenues increased in both periods due to higher volume. Volume growth in the second quarter was partially offset by lower average revenue per unit, driven by lower fuel surcharge revenue. The first six months experienced increased average revenue per unit, driven by increased pricing and favorable mix partially offset by lower fuel surcharge revenue.

Agriculture, forest and consumer products volume rose in both periods due to increases in corn and ethanol. Higher corn volume was the result of increased rail demand. Ethanol increased due to improved terminal access and new business.

Chemicals volume rose in both periods, primarily due to increased sand and natural gas liquids shipments. Sand volume increased due to strong demand to support natural gas drilling. Natural gas liquids volume rose due to increased demand for product bound for export markets.

Metals and construction volume increased in the second quarter but decreased for the first six months. Scrap metal and iron and steel volume increased in both periods due to stronger demand. Additionally, volume increased in the second quarter due to higher empty equipment repositioning. Volume declined in aggregates and coil steel for both periods, driving the decline in the first six months. Weather-related impacts negatively impacted shipments of aggregates and coil steel volume decreased due to lower demand.

Automotive volumes increased in both periods, driven by shippers increasing volume in anticipation of potential changes to tariffs and growth with existing customers.

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**Intermodal**

Intermodal revenues were nearly flat in the second quarter and increased for the first six months. Both periods reflect higher volumes, partially offset by lower average revenue per unit primarily driven by lower fuel surcharge revenue.

Intermodal units (in thousands) by market were as follows:

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** |
| Domestic | 603.1 | 616.3 | (2%) | 1211.9 | 1206.7 | —% |
| International | 407.8 | 387.2 | 5% | 821.9 | 785.6 | 5% |
| Total | 1010.9 | 1003.5 | 1% | 2033.8 | 1992.3 | 2% |

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Domestic volume decreased in the second quarter but was flat for the first six months. While domestic volume was positively impacted during both periods by shippers increasing volume in anticipation of potential changes to tariffs, these increases were offset by reduced premium shipments related to economic uncertainties. Additionally, the second quarter was impacted by reduced traffic originating from the West coast. International volume rose in both periods primarily driven by new business with existing customers, including increased volume in anticipation of potential changes to tariffs.

**Coal**

Coal revenues declined in both periods due to lower average revenue per unit, driven by reduced pricing, adverse mix, and lower fuel surcharge revenue, partially offset by higher volume.

Coal tonnage (in thousands) by market was as follows:

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** |
| Utility | 9296 | 7555 | 23% | 16608 | 14574 | 14% |
| Export | 7504 | 7247 | 4% | 15764 | 15996 | (1%) |
| Domestic metallurgical | 2742 | 2573 | 7% | 4827 | 4766 | 1% |
| Industrial | 875 | 863 | 1% | 1735 | 1649 | 5% |
| Total | 20417 | 18238 | 12% | 38934 | 36985 | 5% |

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Utility tonnage increased in both periods due to higher electricity demand and higher natural gas prices. Export tonnage increased in the second quarter, as prior year volumes were negatively impacted by the temporary closure of the Baltimore port in 2024. Export tonnage in the second quarter and first six months of 2025 was negatively impacted by unfavorable coal pricing. Domestic metallurgical and industrial coal tonnage rose in both periods as a result of increased demand.

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**Railway Operating Expenses**

Railway operating expenses summarized by major classifications follow ($ in millions):

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **Second Quarter** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** | **First Six Months** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** | **2025** | **2024** | **% change** |
| Compensation and benefits | $692 | $700 | (1%) | $1431 | $1436 | —% |
| Purchased services | 409 | 419 | (2%) | 810 | 839 | (3%) |
| Equipment rents | 111 | 97 | 14% | 208 | 205 | 1% |
| Fuel | 219 | 257 | (15%) | 463 | 541 | (14%) |
| Depreciation | 346 | 335 | 3% | 692 | 672 | 3% |
| Materials | 98 | 92 | 7% | 198 | 190 | 4% |
| Claims | 59 | 50 | 18% | 125 | 98 | 28% |
| Other | 38 | 31 | 23% | 77 | 100 | (23%) |
| Restructuring and other charges | 10 | (3) | 433% | 10 | 96 | (90%) |
| Eastern Ohio incident | (47) | (65) | 28% | (232) | 527 | (144%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $1935 | $1913 | 1% | $3782 | $4704 | (20%) |

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**Compensation and benefits** expense decreased in both periods as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• employee activity levels (down $28 million for the quarter and $68 million for the first six months),

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• health and welfare benefits (down $11 million for the quarter and $23 million for the first six months),

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• incentive compensation (up $6 million for the quarter and $44 million for the first six months),

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pay rates (up $24 million for the quarter and $43 million for the first six months), and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other (up $1 million for the quarter but down $1 million for the first six months).

Average rail headcount for the quarter was down by approximately 970 compared with the second quarter of 2024.

**Purchased services** includes the costs of services purchased from external vendors and contractors, including the net costs of operating joint facilities with other railroads. Expense decreased in both periods driven by network performance improvements and productivity initiatives, partially offset by higher intermodal lift costs and, for the first six months, increased weather-related response costs.

**Equipment rents**, which includes our cost of using equipment (mostly freight cars) owned by other railroads or private owners less the rent paid to us for the use of our equipment, increased in both periods due to higher automotive equipment expense as a result of higher volumes, partially offset by lower short-term locomotive resource costs for the first six months.

**Fuel** expense, which includes the cost of locomotive fuel as well as other fuel used in railway operations decreased in both periods. Locomotive fuel price decreased in both periods (down 15% in the second quarter and 13% for the first six months). Locomotive fuel consumption was flat in the second quarter and down 2% for the first six months.

**Depreciation** expense increased in both periods due to a higher asset base.

**Materials** expense increased in both periods due to higher expenses related to intermodal and engineering material consumption.

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**Claims** expense includes costs related to personal injury, property damage, and environmental matters. Claims expense increased in both periods as a result of higher expenses related to personal injury case development, increased accident-related costs, and higher insurance premiums. Additionally, for the first six months, expenses incurred on environmental matters, unrelated to the Incident, were higher and included costs related to weather events in the first quarter. The increases in both periods were partially offset by a favorable third-party settlement for recovery of previously incurred costs.

**Other** expense increased in the second quarter but decreased for the first six months. The second quarter increased due to higher allowances for losses, partially offset by increased gains from operating property sales. The first six months decreased due to higher gains from operating property sales partially offset by higher allowances for losses. Gains from operating property sales totaled $34 million and $25 million for the second quarter in 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $57 million and $25 million in the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**Restructuring and other charges**

During the second quarter of 2025, we recorded $10 million in expenses primarily related to the restructuring of certain technology functions. During the first six months of 2024, we recorded $96 million in expense associated with our voluntary and involuntary separation programs that reduced our management workforce, as well as costs associated with the appointment of our new chief operating officer.

**Eastern Ohio incident**

During the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, insurance and other recoveries exceeded additional Incident-related expenses by $47 million and $65 million, respectively. For the first six months of 2025, our recoveries exceeded additional Incident-related expenses by $232 million whereas we incurred expenses of $527 million for costs associated with the Incident, net of recoveries, for the same period last year. Recoveries collected exceeded incremental cash expenditures by $234 million for the first six months of 2025, while cash expenditures attributable to the Incident, net of recovery proceeds, were $133 million for the first six months of 2024, which are presented in "Net cash provided by operating activities" on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. For further details regarding the Incident, see Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

**Other income – net** 

Other income **–** net increased $7 million in the second quarter and $20 million for the first six months. Both periods were impacted by the absence of costs associated with shareholder matters incurred in 2024 and a $20 million curtailment gain on our other postretirement benefit plan in 2024.

**Income taxes**

The effective tax rate for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 was 23.0% and 23.2% compared with 21.9% and 18.9% for the same periods last year. Both periods in 2024 reflect a $13 million deferred income tax benefit due to a change in a state corporate income tax rate, while the first six months also includes a $27 million deferred income tax benefit, which was the result of a subsidiary restructuring.

On July 4, 2025, OBBBA was signed into law. The OBBBA makes permanent or introduces certain changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including 100% bonus depreciation, the deductibility of business interest expense, and expensing of domestic research costs. FASB ASC 740 "*Income Taxes*" requires that the effect of changes in tax rates and laws be recognized in the period in which the legislation is enacted. The Company is evaluating the impact of OBBBA but expects that the primary effect will be a shift between current and deferred taxes.

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**FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY**

Cash provided by operating activities, our principal source of liquidity, was $2.0 billion for the first six months of 2025, compared with $1.9 billion for the same period of 2024. The increase reflects improved operating results. We had negative working capital of $760 million and $357 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with the increase driven in part by COLI loan repayments. Cash and cash equivalents totaled $1.3 billion at June 30, 2025.

Cash used in investing activities was $1.4 billion for the first six months of 2025, compared with $2.6 billion for the same period last year. The decrease was driven by the prior year acquisition of the assets of the Cincinnati Southern Railway (CSR), partially offset by an increase in COLI loan repayments in the current year.

Cash used in financing activities was $930 million for the first six months of 2025, compared with $217 million for the same period last year. The increase reflects increased repurchases of Common Stock and lower proceeds from borrowing. We repurchased $456 million of Common Stock, inclusive of excise taxes, during the first six months of 2025, while we did not repurchase any Common Stock during the same period last year. As of June 30, 2025, $6.4 billion remains authorized by our Board of Directors for future repurchase activity. The timing and volume of future share repurchases will be guided by our assessment of market conditions and other pertinent factors. Repurchases may be executed in the open market, through derivatives, accelerated repurchase and other negotiated transactions and through plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1(c) and Rule 10b-18 under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Any near-term purchases under the program are expected to be made with internally-generated cash, cash on hand, or proceeds from borrowings.

In May 2025, we issued $400 million of 5.10% senior notes due 2035.

In May 2025, we renewed our accounts receivable securitization program with a maximum borrowing capacity of $400 million. Amounts under our accounts receivable securitization program are borrowed and repaid from time to time in the ordinary course for general corporate and cash management purposes. The term of our accounts receivable securitization program expires in May 2026. We had no amounts outstanding under this program and our available borrowing capacity was $400 million at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

In June 2024, we entered into an agreement that provides us the ability to issue up to $800 million of unsecured commercial paper and is backed by our credit agreement. The unsecured short-term commercial paper program provides for borrowing at prevailing rates and includes covenants. At both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding commercial paper.

In January 2024, we renewed and amended our $800 million credit agreement. The amended agreement expires in January 2029, and provides for borrowings at prevailing rates and includes covenants. We had no amounts outstanding under this facility at either June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024, and we are in compliance with all of its covenants.

In addition, we have investments in general purpose COLI policies and have the ability to borrow against these policies. We had no amounts borrowed against these policies at June 30, 2025 and $605 million borrowed at December 31, 2024. Our remaining borrowing capacity was $600 million and $40 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Our debt-to-total capitalization ratio was 54.0% at June 30, 2025 and 54.6% at December 31, 2024. We expect cash on hand combined with cash provided by operating activities will be sufficient to meet our ongoing obligations. In addition, we believe our currently-available borrowing capacity, access to additional financing, and ability to decrease shareholder distributions, provide additional flexibility to meet our ongoing obligations. There have been no material changes to the information on future contractual obligations, including those that may have material cash requirements, contained in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, with the exception of

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additional senior notes (see Note 9) and over $400 million of additional unconditional purchase obligations, which extend through 2030.

**CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES**

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates and assumptions may require judgment about matters that are inherently uncertain, and future events are likely to occur that may require us to make changes to these estimates and assumptions. Accordingly, we regularly review these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, changes in the business environment, and other factors we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. There have been no significant changes to the critical accounting estimates contained in our Form 10-K at December 31, 2024.

**OTHER MATTERS**

**Labor Agreements**

Approximately 80% of our railroad employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements with various labor unions. Pursuant to the RLA, these agreements remain in effect until new agreements are reached, or until the bargaining procedures mandated by the RLA are completed. Moratorium provisions in the labor agreements govern when the railroads and unions may propose changes to the agreements. We largely bargain nationally in concert with other major railroads, represented by the NCCC.

Under moratorium provisions from the last round of negotiations, neither party was permitted to serve notice to compel a new round of mandatory collective bargaining until November 1, 2024. In the months prior to the opening of the current national bargaining round, we engaged in voluntary local discussions with our labor unions and, as a result, reached local tentative agreements with ten of our thirteen unions. A majority of those tentative agreements were subsequently ratified by union membership and became effective January 1, 2025, foreclosing the parties from serving new notices to compel mandatory bargaining until November 1, 2029.

For those unions with whom we had not yet reached a ratified agreement, the NCCC, on behalf of Norfolk Southern, sent bargaining notices on November 1, 2024, to commence mandatory direct negotiations as prescribed under the RLA. Since then, the NCCC has reached several additional agreements on behalf of Norfolk Southern and other members of the bargaining coalition.

For unions where bargaining currently remains open, even if the parties are unable to reach a voluntary ratified agreement during this first phase of RLA bargaining, self-help (e.g., a strike or other work stoppage) related to this collective-bargaining process remains prohibited by law until a lengthy series of additional procedures mandated by the RLA, including federal mediation, are exhausted.

**Inflation**

In preparing financial statements, GAAP requires the use of historical cost that disregards the effects of inflation on the replacement cost of property. As a capital-intensive company, we have most of our capital invested in long-lived assets. The replacement cost of these assets, as well as the related depreciation expense, would be substantially greater than the amounts reported on the basis of historical cost.

**FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

Certain statements in this report, including in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. These statements relate to future events or our future

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financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or our achievements or those of our industry to be materially different from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as "may," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "intend," "believe," "estimate," "project," "consider," "predict," "potential," "feel," or other comparable terminology. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates, beliefs, and projections. While we believe these expectations, assumptions, estimates, beliefs, and projections are reasonable, such forward-looking statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which involve factors or circumstances that are beyond our control. The following important factors, including those discussed under "Risk Factors" in our latest Form 10-K as well as our subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in domestic or international economic, political or business conditions, including those impacting the transportation industry;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to successfully implement our operational, productivity, and strategic initiatives;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a significant adverse event on our network, including but not limited to a mainline accident, discharge of hazardous material, or climate-related or other network outage;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the outcome of claims, litigation, governmental proceedings, and investigations involving the Company, including but not limited to the Incident Proceedings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the nature and extent of the Company's environmental remediation obligations with respect to the Incident;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• new or additional governmental regulation and/or operational changes resulting from or related to the Incident or the Incident Proceedings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a significant cybersecurity incident or other disruption to our technology infrastructure; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstance that could give rise to the right of one or both of the parties to terminate the definitive merger agreement between Union Pacific and the Company providing for the acquisition of the Company by Union Pacific (the "Transaction"); the possibility that the Transaction does not close when expected or at all because required Surface Transportation Board, shareholder or other approvals and other conditions to closing are not received or satisfied on a timely basis or at all (and the risk that such approvals may result in the imposition of conditions that could adversely affect the combined company or the expected benefits of the Transaction); the risk that the combined company will not realize expected benefits, cost savings, accretion, synergies and/or growth from the Transaction, or that such benefits may take longer to realize or be more costly to achieve than expected; disruption to the Company's business as a result of the announcement and pendency of the Transaction; the costs associated with the anticipated length of time of the pendency of the Transaction, including the restrictions contained in the definitive merger agreement on the ability of the Company to operate its business outside the ordinary course during the pendency of the Transaction; the diversion of the Company's management's attention and time from ongoing business operations and opportunities on merger-related matters; and reputational risk and potential adverse reactions of Union Pacific's or the Company's customers, suppliers, employees, labor unions or other business partners, including those resulting from the announcement or completion of the Transaction.

The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date they were first issued, and unless otherwise required by applicable securities laws, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

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**Additional Information**

Investors and others should note that we routinely use the Investor Relations, Performance Metrics, and Sustainability sections of our website (norfolksouthern.investorroom.com/key-investor-information, norfolksouthern.investorroom.com/weekly-performance-reports & norfolksouthern.com/sustainability) to post presentations to investors and other important information, including information that may be deemed material to investors. Information about us, including information that may be deemed material, may also be announced by posts on our social media channels, including X (formerly known as Twitter) (x.com/nscorp) and LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com/company/norfolk-southern). We may also use our website and social media channels for the purpose of complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. As a result, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in Norfolk Southern to review the information posted on our website and social media channels. The information posted on our website and social media channels is not incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

**<u>Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</u>**

The information required by this item is included in Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" under the heading "Financial Condition and Liquidity."

**<u>Item 4. Controls and Procedures</u>**

**Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with the assistance of management, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)) at June 30, 2025. Based on such evaluation, our officers have concluded that, at June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in alerting them on a timely basis to material information required to be included in our periodic filings under the Exchange Act.

**Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

During the second quarter of 2025, we have not identified any changes in internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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**PART II. OTHER INFORMATION**

**<u>Item 1. Legal Proceedings</u>**

For information on our legal proceedings, see Note 12 "Commitments and Contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

**<u>Item 1A. Risk Factors</u>**

The risks set forth in "Risk Factors" included in our 2024 Form 10-K could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity in a particular year or quarter, and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. Those risks remain unchanged and are incorporated herein by reference.

**<u>Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities</u>**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Period** | **(a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased** | **(b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)** | **(c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs** <sup>(1)</sup> | **(d) Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Publicly Announced Plans or Programs** <sup>(1)</sup> |
| April 1-30, 2025 | 340590 | $219.16 | 340590 | $6545349947 |
| May 1-31, 2025 | 355497 | 234.79 | 355497 | 6461883027 |
| June 1-30, 2025 | 177412 | 254.17 | 177412 | 6416789641 |
| Total | 873499 |  | 873499 |  |

---

1. On March 29, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a new program for the repurchase of up to $10.0 billion of Common Stock beginning April 1, 2022. As of June 30, 2025, $6.4 billion remains authorized for repurchase.

**<u>Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities</u>**

None.

**<u>Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>Item 5. Other Information</u>**

**Director and Officer Trading Arrangements**

None of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K) during the quarterly period covered by this report.

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**<u>Item 6. Exhibits</u>**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 4.1 | <u>[Thirteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 2, 2025, between the Registrant and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association (as successor to U.S. Bank National Association), as trustee is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 2, 2025.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/702165/000119312525111607/d39393dex41.htm)</u> |
| 10.1\*,\*\* | <u>[Norfolk Southern Executive Severance Plan as amended and restated on May 8, 2025.](a06302025exhibit101.htm)</u> |
| 31-A\* | <u>[Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) CEO Certifications.](nsc063025exhibit31a.htm)</u> |
| 31-B\* | <u>[Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) CFO Certifications.](nsc063025exhibit31b.htm)</u> |
| 32\* | <u>[Section 1350 Certifications.](nsc063025exhibit32.htm)</u> |
| 101\* | The following financial information from Norfolk Southern Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the second quarter of 2025, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) includes (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 and 2024; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 and 2024; (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the first six months of 2025 and 2024; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 and 2024; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
| 104\* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |
| *\* Filed herewith.* | *\* Filed herewith.* |
| *\*\* Management contract or compensatory arrangement.* | *\*\* Management contract or compensatory arrangement.* |

---

------

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **<u>NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION</u>**<br>Registrant |
| Date: | July 29, 2025 | /s/ Jason A. Zampi |
|  |  | Jason A. Zampi<br>Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer<br>(Principal Financial Officer) (Signature) |
| Date: | July 29, 2025 | /s/ Claiborne L. Moore |
|  |  | Claiborne L. Moore<br>Vice President and Controller<br>(Principal Accounting Officer) (Signature) |

---

## Exhibit 10.1

**Exhibit 10.1**

**NORFOLK SOUTHERN**<br>**EXECUTIVE SEVERANCE PLAN**

**(Amended and Restated Effective May 8, 2025)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1.<u>Introduction</u>.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1.1Purpose.** The purpose of the Plan is to ensure that the Company will have the continued dedication of its key employees by providing severance protection to selected individuals. The Plan is intended to be an unfunded welfare plan maintained primarily for the purpose of providing severance benefits to a select group of key management employees.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1.2Effective Date.** The Plan is hereby amended and restated effective as of May 8, 2025.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**2.<u>Definitions</u>**. When used in capitalized form in the Plan, the following words and phrases have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates that a different meaning is intended:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)*"****Administrator***" means the Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee of the Board (or any such subsequent name by which the Board committee responsible for making compensation decisions for the Company's executive officers is called).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)"***Board***" means the Board of Directors of Norfolk Southern Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)"***Cause***" means, with respect to a Participant, the occurrence of any of the following events, as determined by the Administrator in its discretion: (i) the Participant's conviction of, or plea of nolo contendere to, any felony; (ii) the Participant's commission of, or participation in, intentional acts of fraud or dishonesty; (iii) the Participant's material violation of any term of the Participant's employment agreement with the Company or any other contract or agreement between the Participant and the Company, if any, or any statutory duty the Participant owes to the Company; (iv) the Participant's gross negligence in the performance of his or her duties; (v) the Participant's refusal to follow the lawful directions of: (1) the Board, (2) the Company's Chief Executive Officer, or (3) the Participant's direct manager; or (vi) the Participant's material violation of the Company's written policies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)"***Claim Reviewer***" means a person or entity designated in writing by the Administrator as the Claim Reviewer for this Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)"***Closing Price***" means the closing price per share of the Company's stock or equivalent on the New York Stock Exchange (or if unavailable, on another U.S. stock exchange) on the date of the Qualifying Termination, or, if a stock is not traded on the date of the Qualifying Termination, on the most recent trading day immediately preceding such date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f)"***Code***" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g)"***Company***" means Norfolk Southern Corporation.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h)"***Eligible Employee***" means any employee of the Company who, on the date of a Qualifying Termination, is either: (1) employed at or above the level of Executive Vice President, (2) employed at the level of Senior Vice President and a direct report of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or President, or (3) employed at the level of Senior Vice President and designated as eligible to participate in the Plan by the Board or its designee. Notwithstanding the foregoing, employees who reach a mandatory retirement age set by the Board or its designee shall not be eligible to participate in the Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)"***Entity***" means a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(j)"***ERISA***" means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(k)"***Good Reason***" means the existence or occurrence of one or more of the following conditions or events without the Participant's prior written consent: (i) a material reduction of the Participant's base salary or target bonus opportunity (other than as part of an across-the-board, proportional salary reduction or reduction in target bonus opportunity applicable to all officers employed at the level of Executive Vice President); (ii) a sustained and material reduction in the Participant's job title or responsibilities, it being agreed that "Good Reason" shall not exist solely because the Company reorganizes one or more units of its business, its functional organization, or its reporting relationships; or (iii) a material breach by the Company of any term of the Participant's written employment agreement with the Company or of the Participant's other agreements with the Company, if any; provided, however, that, in each case under sub-clauses (i) to (iii) above, any termination of employment by the Participant will be for "Good Reason" only if: (1) the Participant gives the Company written notice, within ninety (90) days following the first occurrence of the condition(s) that the Participant believes constitute(s) "Good Reason," which notice shall describe such condition(s); (2) the Company fails to remedy such condition(s) within thirty (30) days following receipt of the written notice (such 30-day period, the "Company Cure Period"); and (3) the Participant voluntarily terminates the Participant's employment with the Company within thirty (30) days following the end of the Company Cure Period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(l)*"****LTIP****"* means the Norfolk Southern Long-Term Incentive Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(m)"***Participant***" means an Eligible Employee who participates in the Plan under Article 3.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(n)"***Plan***" means the Norfolk Southern Executive Severance Plan as set forth in this document.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(o)"***Qualifying Termination***" has the meaning provided in Section 4.1.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(p)"***Retirement***" means retirement as defined under the LTIP.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(q)*"****Retirement Plan****"* means the Retirement Plan of Norfolk Southern Corporation and Participating Subsidiary Companies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(r)*"****Section 409A***" means Section 409A of the Code.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(s)"***Severance Benefit***" has the meaning provided in Article 5.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.<u>Participation.</u>** An Eligible Employee of the Company shall become a Participant in the Plan on the date on which the Company adopts the Plan or the date the Eligible Employee is employed at the level of Executive Vice President or the level of Senior Vice President reporting to the CEO or President, whichever is later. An employee who is employed at the level of Senior Vice President but is not a direct report of the CEO or President shall become a Participant on the date the Board designates that he or she is eligible.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, an Eligible Employee must execute a participation agreement in a form to be provided by the Company, acknowledging and accepting the terms of the Plan and the specific terms and conditions set forth in the participation agreement before the Eligible Employee becomes a Participant in the Plan. An Eligible Employee will not become a Participant or be eligible for Severance Benefits if the Eligible Employee does not execute a participation agreement.

A Participant will become eligible for Severance Benefits under the Plan only after experiencing a Qualifying Termination and timely executing a release as provided in Article 7 and such release becoming irrevocable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**4.<u>Qualifying Termination and Resignation.</u>**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**4.1Qualifying Termination.** A Participant has a Qualifying Termination if his or her employment with the Company is terminated:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)by the Participant for Good Reason; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)by the Company for a reason other than for Cause, death or for disability under the Company's long-term disability plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**4.2Resignation from All Positions.** Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, to receive any Severance Benefits under the Plan upon the termination of a Participant's employment for any reason, unless otherwise requested by the Company, the Participant must immediately resign from all officer, director, and other positions that he or she may hold with the Company and any affiliate or subsidiary of the Company. Further, as a condition of receiving any Severance Benefits under the Plan, each Participant shall execute any and all documentation to effectuate such resignations upon request by the Company, but he or she shall be treated for all purposes as having so resigned upon termination of his or her employment, regardless of when or whether he or she executes any such documentation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**5.<u>Severance Benefits</u>.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**5.1Cash Severance Benefits.** A Participant who has a Qualifying Termination is eligible for a Severance Benefit in the amount described in Section 5.1(a). The Severance Benefit shall be paid in the time and form specified in Section 5.3 and shall be conditioned upon the Participant's timely execution of a release as provided in Article 7 and such release becoming irrevocable. For the avoidance of doubt, if a Participant's employment is terminated for Cause, regardless if such Participant is eligible for Retirement, the Participant will not be eligible for any Severance Benefit, including a Severance Benefit under this Section 5.1.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)**Amount.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)**Base Salary.** The Participant's Severance Benefit includes an amount equal to two times (2) the Participant's base salary, at the rate in effect immediately prior to the Participant's Qualifying Termination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event the Participant experienced a material reduction in base salary prior to his or her Qualifying Termination that would give rise to a Good Reason, then the base salary rate used in the preceding sentence shall, if greater, be the rate in effect immediately prior to such material reduction in base salary.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)**Bonus Award.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)The Participant's Severance Benefit includes an amount equal to the product of: (A) the Participant's total salary paid up to the date of the Qualifying Termination during the incentive year in which the Qualifying Termination occurs, (B) the Participant's bonus level (as defined in the Norfolk Southern Corporation Executive Management Incentive Plan, the "EMIP") for the year in which the Qualifying Termination occurs, and (C) the payout percentage for the Corporate Performance Factor (as defined in the EMIP) accrued on the books of the Company as of the quarter immediately preceding the quarter in which the Qualifying Termination occurs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for a Participant whose Qualifying Termination occurs in the first quarter of the calendar year, the Participant's Severance Benefit includes an amount equal to the product of: (X) the Participant's total salary paid up to the date of the Qualifying Termination during the incentive year in which the Qualifying Termination occurs, (Y) the Participant's bonus level as defined in the EMIP for the year in which the Qualifying Termination occurs, and (Z) the payout percentage for the Corporate Performance Factor as budgeted for the incentive year in which the Qualifying Termination occurs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)Notwithstanding the foregoing, for Participants who are eligible for Retirement, the date of the Qualifying Termination shall be established as the last day of a month. Participants who are eligible for Retirement shall not be eligible for an amount described under Section 5.1(a)(2)(i). In addition, Participants who are eligible for a bonus award in accordance with the terms of the EMIP for reasons other than Retirement shall receive a bonus award under the terms of the EMIP and shall not be eligible for an amount described under Section 5.1(a)(2)(i).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)**Outplacement Services.** The Participant shall be entitled to a lump sum of $30,000 for outplacement services.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)**Health Coverage.** The Participant shall be entitled to a lump sum of $36,000 for health coverage.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**5.2Equity Awards.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)**In General.** Provided that the Participant timely executes a release as provided in Article 7 and such release becomes irrevocable, then notwithstanding anything in the applicable stock incentive plan and/or award agreement to the contrary, upon a Participant's Qualifying Termination:

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)The Participant's stock options will be paid in cash to the extent (i) such stock options remain outstanding, and (ii) the option exercise price for any particular stock option grant made to the Participant is less than the Closing Price, in which case the amount payable for each qualifying stock option grant will be calculated by subtracting the applicable option exercise price from the Closing Price, and, provided such amount is greater than zero, multiplying such amount by the number of option shares with such exercise price.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)The Participant's restricted stock unit awards will be paid in cash equal to the Closing Price of each share of Company common stock underlying the restricted stock unit award.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)The pro-rata value of performance share units will be paid in cash, in accordance with the following formula: For each performance share unit award, the number of target units granted shall be multiplied by the total earnout percentage as reflected on the books of the Company for the quarter preceding the Qualifying Termination and multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of months worked in the 3-year award period and the denominator of which is 36. The prorated units determined under the previous sentence will then be multiplied by the Closing Price.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)**Participants Eligible for Retirement.** Notwithstanding Section 5.2(a), for a Participant who is eligible for Retirement, and who properly executes a release as provided in Article 7 and such release becomes irrevocable, then the date of the Qualifying Termination shall be established as the last day of the month of the Qualifying Termination. Thereafter, the Participant shall be entitled to treatment of long-term incentive awards as provided upon Retirement in accordance with the terms of such awards (including under the terms of the applicable award agreements as well as under the LTIP). For the avoidance of doubt, if a Participant's employment is terminated for Cause, regardless if such Participant is eligible for Retirement, the Participant will not be eligible for any Severance Benefit, including a Severance Benefit under this Section 5.2.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**5.3Time and Form of Payment.** If a Participant is entitled to a Severance Benefit, the Severance Benefit and any benefit payable under Sections 5.1 or 5.2(a) will be paid as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)**In General.** Except as otherwise provided below, the Participant's Severance Benefit and any benefit payable under Sections 5.1 or 5.2(a) will be paid in a lump sum within thirty days following the expiration of the 7-day rescission period unless a delay is required by Sections 5.3(b)(2) or 5.3(b)(3) below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)**Time of Payment under Section 409A.** To comply with Section 409A of the Code:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)Any payment under the Plan that is subject to Section 409A and that is contingent on a termination of employment is contingent on a "separation from service" within the meaning of Section 409A.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)If, upon separation from service, the Participant is a "specified employee" within the meaning of Section 409A, any payment under the Plan that is subject to Section 409A and would otherwise be paid within six months after the Participant's separation from service will instead be paid in the seventh month following the Participant's separation from service.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)If the payment or distribution of any amount or award as provided in Section 5.3(a) would violate Section 409A of the Code, then if the Participant timely executes a release as provided in Article 7 and such release becomes irrevocable, the amount or award will be paid at the earliest possible time it can be paid without violating Section 409A of the Code.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**6.<u>Covenants</u>.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**6.1Generally.** In consideration for the benefits provided under the Plan, each Participant will agree to the covenants as set forth in the release described in Article 7, which shall include the items set forth in Sections 6.2 through 6.5.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**6.2Non-disparagement.** The Participant will at no time make any derogatory, misleading or otherwise negative statement about the actions, performance or behavior of the Company or its officers, directors, employees and agents.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**6.3Cooperation.** The Participant will cooperate with the Company in order to ensure an orderly transfer of his or her duties and responsibilities. In addition, the Participant will at all times, both before and after termination of employment, (a) provide reasonable cooperation in connection with any action or proceeding (or any appeal from any action or proceeding) that relates to events occurring during the Participant's employment hereunder, provided that such cooperation does not materially interfere with the Participant's then current employment, and (b) cooperate with the Company in executing and delivering documents requested by the Company, and taking any other actions, that are necessary or requested by the Company to assist the Company in patenting, copyrighting, or registering any programs, ideas, inventions, discoveries, patented or copyrighted material, or trademarks, and to vest title thereto in the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**6.4Confidentiality and Non-Compete.** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)The Participant covenants and agrees that any confidential or proprietary information and any corporate policies, procedures and documents acquired during his or her employment with the Company is the exclusive property of the Company. The Participant acknowledges that he or she has no ownership interest or right of any kind to said property. Except as otherwise required by law, the Participant agrees that he or she will not use or directly or indirectly, disclose or divulge to any unauthorized party for his or her own benefit or to the detriment of the Company, any such information that was acquired during his or her employment with the Company, whether or not developed or compiled by the Company and whether or not the Participant was authorized to have access to such information. The Participant covenants that he or she has returned all such information to the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)The Participant further covenants that he or she will not seek or accept employment with a direct competitor of the Company for one (1) year from date of Qualifying Termination, unless Participant seeks, and is granted, a waiver from the CEO of the Company. The Participant will not disclose any trade secrets, customer lists, vendor and contractor rates, designs, information regarding product development, names of vendors and contractors, phone numbers or contact information of vendors and contractors, operating plans, strategic plans, marketing plans, sales plans, projected acquisitions or dispositions of properties, assets, or management agreements, management information (including data and other information relating to members of the Board and management), operating policies or manuals, business plans, purchasing agreements, financial records, or other financial, commercial, business or technical information relating to Company or information designated as confidential or proprietary that Company may receive belonging to suppliers, customers, or others who do business

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with Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Release does not prohibit the Participant from: (i) providing truthful testimony in response to compulsory legal process; (ii) participating in any government investigation; (iii) providing truthful statements in conjunction with any claim permitted to be brought by the employee; or (iv) providing information to the extent required by an order of a court having competent jurisdiction or under subpoena from an appropriate government agency.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**6.5Recoupment.** If the Participant breaches any of the covenants set forth in Sections 6.2 through 6.5, as specified in the release, then the Participant will be obligated to repay to the Company all benefits previously paid to, or on behalf of, the Participant under the Plan. Any payment to a Participant under this Plan is subject to reduction, forfeiture, or recoupment to the extent provided under Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or as may be provided under any other applicable law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**7.<u>Release</u>.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**7.1Generally.** A Participant will not be entitled to any benefits under the Plan unless, at the time of the Participant's Qualifying Termination, he or she executes and does not subsequently revoke a release in a form provided by the Company at the time of Participant's Qualifying Termination, releasing the Company, its affiliates, subsidiaries, shareholders, directors, officers, employees, representatives, and agents and their successors and assigns from any and all employment-related claims the Participant or his or her successors and beneficiaries might then have against them (excluding any claims the Participant might then have under the Plan or any employee benefit plan sponsored by the Company).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**7.2Time Limit for Providing Release.** A Participant will execute and submit the release to the Company within 21 days after the date the release is presented to the Participant. With respect to any payment under the Plan that is subject to Section 409A, if payment is otherwise due prior to the latest date on which the release may become irrevocable and the period between separation from service and such date spans two calendar years, payment shall be made in the second of those two years.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**8.<u>Nature of Participant's Interest in the Plan</u>.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**8.1No Right to Assets.** Participation in the Plan does not create, in favor of any Participant, any right or lien in or against any asset of the Company. Nothing contained in the Plan, and no action taken under its provisions, will create or be construed to create a trust of any kind, or a fiduciary relationship, between the Company and a Participant or any other person. The Company's promise to pay benefits under the Plan will at all times remain unfunded as to each Participant, whose rights under the Plan are limited to those of a general and unsecured creditor of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**8.2No Right to Transfer Interest.** Rights to benefits payable under the Plan are not subject in any manner to alienation, sale, transfer, assignment, pledge, or encumbrance, except as required by law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**8.3No Employment Rights.** No provisions of the Plan and no action taken by the Company or the Administrator will give any person any right to be retained in the employ of the Company, and the Company specifically reserves the right and power to dismiss or discharge any Participant for any reason or no reason and at any time.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**8.4Withholding and Tax Liabilities.** All payments under the Plan will be subject to tax withholding or other withholding required or permitted by applicable law to the extent

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deemed necessary by the Administrator. The Participant will bear the cost of any taxes not withheld on benefits provided under the Plan, regardless of whether withholding is required.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**8.5Change in Control.** Notwithstanding the provisions of this Plan, Participants who have entered into a Change in Control Agreement with the Company who are terminated following a Change in Control (as defined in such Agreement) will be entitled to benefits under that Agreement and shall not be entitled to benefits under this Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.<u>Administration, Interpretation, and Modification of Plan</u>.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.1Plan Administrator.** The Administrator will administer the Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.2Powers of the Administrator.** The Administrator's powers include, but are not limited to, the power to adopt rules consistent with the Plan; the power to decide all questions relating to the interpretation of the terms and provisions of the Plan; and the power to resolve all other questions arising under the Plan (including, without limitation, the power to remedy possible ambiguities, inconsistencies, or omissions by a general rule or particular decision). The Administrator has full discretionary authority to exercise each of the foregoing powers.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.3Death of Participant.** If a Participant dies after having a Qualifying Termination, any payment of the Participant's Severance Benefit or benefit under Article 5 remaining due to the Participant will be paid to the Participant's estate at the time such payment would otherwise be paid to the Participant but no later than 90 days after the Participant's death.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.4Amendment, Suspension, and Termination.** The Administrator has the right by written resolution to amend, suspend, or terminate the Plan at any time, subject to the terms of this Section 9.4. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator may amend the Plan at any time to the extent necessary to comply with Section 409A, provided that, to the extent possible, such amendment does not reduce the benefits of an employee who is already a Participant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.5Power to Delegate Authority.** The Administrator may, in its sole discretion, delegate to any person or persons all or part of its authority and responsibility under the Plan, including, without limitation, the authority to amend the Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.6Headings.** The headings used in this document are for convenience of reference only and may not be given any weight in interpreting any provision of the Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.7Gender and Number.** Words used in the masculine gender in the Plan are intended to include the feminine and neuter genders, where appropriate. Words used in the singular form in the Plan are intended to include the plural form, where appropriate, and vice versa.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.8Section 409A.** Payments under the Plan are intended to be exempt from, or comply with, Section 409A, and the Plan will be interpreted to achieve this result. However, in no event is the Company responsible for any tax or penalty owed by a Participant with respect to the payments under the Plan.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.9Severability.** If an arbitrator or court of competent jurisdiction determines that any term, provision, or portion of the Plan is void, illegal, or unenforceable, the other terms, provisions, and portions of the Plan will remain in full force and effect, and the terms, provisions, and portions that are determined to be void, illegal, or unenforceable will either be limited so that they will remain in effect to the extent permissible by law, or such arbitrator or court will substitute, to the extent enforceable, provisions similar thereto or other provisions, so as to provide to the Company, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the benefits intended by the Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.10Governing Law.** The Plan will be construed, administered, and regulated in accordance with the laws of Georgia (excluding any conflicts or choice of law rule or principle), except to the extent that those laws are preempted by federal law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.11Complete Statement of Plan.** The Plan contains a complete statement of its terms. The Plan may be amended, suspended, or terminated only in writing and then only as provided in Section 9.4 or 9.5. A Participant's right to any benefit of a type provided under the Plan will be determined solely in accordance with the terms of the Plan. No other evidence, whether written or oral, will be taken into account in interpreting the provisions of the Plan. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Section 9.11, for purposes of determining benefits with respect to a Participant, the Plan will be deemed to include the provisions of any other written agreement between the Company and the Participant to the extent such other agreement explicitly provides for the incorporation of some or all of its terms into the Plan. Nothing in the Plan shall supersede any Change in Control Agreement the Participant has or will enter into, and in the event of a Change in Control (as defined under that policy), benefits shall be paid under that policy in lieu of any benefits described hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.<u>Claims and Appeals</u>.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.1Application of Claims and Appeals Procedures.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)If a Participant believes that he or she did not receive the full amount of benefits under the Plan to which he or she is entitled, the Participant must file a claim under the provisions of this Article 10 to make any claim for benefits under the Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)No claim for non-payment or underpayment of benefits allegedly owed under the Plan may be filed in court until the claimant has exhausted the claims review procedures established in accordance with this Article 10.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.2Initial Claims.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)Any claim for benefits will be in writing (which may be electronic if permitted by the Administrator) and must be delivered to the Claim Reviewer within ninety (90) days of Participant's termination of employment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Each claim for benefits will be decided by the Claim Reviewer within a reasonable period of time, but not later than 90 days after such claim is received by the Claim Reviewer (without regard to whether the claim submission includes sufficient information to make a determination), unless the Claim Reviewer determines that special circumstances require an extension of time for processing the claim. If the Claim Reviewer determines that an extension of time for processing is required, the Claim Reviewer will notify the claimant in writing before the end of the initial 90-day period of the circumstances requiring an extension of time and the date by which a decision is expected.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)If any claim is denied in whole or in part, the Claim Reviewer will provide to the claimant a written decision, issued by the end of the period prescribed by Section 10.2(b) that includes the following information:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)The specific reason or reasons for denial of the claim;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)References to the specific Plan provisions upon which such denial is based;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)A description of any additional material or information necessary to perfect the claim, and an explanation of why such material or information is necessary;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)An explanation of the appeal procedures Plan's and the applicable time limits; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)A statement of the claimant's right to bring a civil action under Section 502(a) of ERISA, if his or her claim is denied upon review.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.3Appeals.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)If a claim for benefits is denied in whole or in part, the claimant may appeal the denial to the Claim Reviewer. Such appeal will be in writing (which may be electronic, if permitted by the Claim Reviewer), may include any written comments, documents, records, or other information relating to the claim for benefits, and must be delivered to the Claim Reviewer within 60 days after the claimant receives written notice that his or her claim has been denied.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)The Claim Reviewer will decide each appeal within a reasonable period of time, but not later than 60 days after such claim is received by the Claim Reviewer, unless the Claim Reviewer determines that special circumstances require an extension of time for processing the appeal.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)If the Claim Reviewer determines that an extension of time for processing is required, the Claim Reviewer will notify the claimant in writing before the end of the initial 60-day period of the circumstances requiring an extension of time and the date by which the Claim Reviewer expects to render a decision.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)If an extension of time pursuant to paragraph (1), above, is due to the claimant's failure to submit information necessary to decide the appeal, the period for deciding the appeal will be tolled from the date on which the notification of extension is sent to the claimant until the date on which the claimant responds to the request for additional information.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)In connection with any appeal, the claimant will be provided, upon request and free of charge, reasonable access to, and copies of, all documents, records, and other information relevant to his or her claim for benefits. A document, record, or other information will be considered relevant to a claim for benefits if such document, record, or other information:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)Was relied upon in making the benefit determination;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)Was submitted, considered, or generated in the course of making the benefit determination, without regard to whether such document, record, or other information was relied upon in making the benefit determination; or

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)Demonstrates compliance with processes and safeguards designed to ensure and to verify that the benefit determination was made in accordance with the terms of the Plan and that such terms of the Plan have been applied consistently with respect to similarly situated claimants.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)The Claim Reviewer review on appeal will take into account all comments, documents, records and other information submitted by the claimant, without regard to whether such information was considered in the initial benefit determination.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)If any appeal is denied in whole or in part, the Claim Reviewer will provide to the claimant a written final benefit determination, issued by the end of the period prescribed by Section 10.3(b) that includes the following information:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)The specific reason or reasons for the decision;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)References to the specific Plan provisions upon which the decision is based;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)An explanation of the claimant's right to receive, upon request and free of charge, reasonable access to, and copies of, all documents, records, and other information relevant to his or her claim for benefits (as determined pursuant to Section 10.3(c)); and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)A statement of the claimant's right to bring a civil action under Section 502(a) of ERISA.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.4Other Rules and Rights Regarding Claims and Appeals.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)A claimant may authorize a representative to pursue any claim or appeal on his or her behalf. The Claim Reviewer may establish reasonable procedures for verifying that any representative has in fact been authorized to act on his or her behalf.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Notwithstanding the deadlines prescribed by Section 10.4, the Claim Reviewer and any claimant may agree to a longer period for deciding a claim or appeal or for filing an appeal, provided that the Claim Reviewer will not extend any deadline for filing an appeal unless imposition of the deadline prescribed by Section 10.3(a) would be unreasonable under the applicable circumstances.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.5Interpretation.** The provisions of Article 10 are intended to comply with Section 503 of ERISA and will be administered and interpreted in a manner consistent with such intent.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.6Civil Action.** A claimant seeking judicial review of a benefit determination must file any legal action within twelve (12) months of the date the final benefit determination is made. A claimant who fails to file such legal action within twelve (12) months of the date of the final benefit determination. If the Participant fails to timely submit an initial claim or fails to timely submit an appeal within the deadlines provided under Sections 10.2 and 10.3, the Participant shall lose any and all rights to bring any suit or legal action thereafter and any such potential claim shall be finally determined and time barred from further judicial review.

## Ex-31.A

**Exhibit 31-A**

**CERTIFICATIONS**

I, Mark R. George, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Norfolk Southern Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: July 29, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Mark R. George |
| Mark R. George |
| President and Chief Executive Officer |

---

## Ex-31.B

**Exhibit 31-B**

**CERTIFICATIONS**

I, Jason A. Zampi, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Norfolk Southern Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: July 29, 2025

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| |
|:---|
| /s/ Jason A. Zampi |
| Jason A. Zampi |
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |

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## Ex-32

**Exhibit 32**

CERTIFICATIONS OF CEO AND CFO REQUIRED BY RULE 13a-14(b) OR RULE

15d-14(b) AND SECTION 1350 OF CHAPTER 63 OF TITLE 18 OF THE U.S. CODE

I certify, to the best of my knowledge, that the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, of Norfolk Southern Corporation fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Norfolk Southern Corporation.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Signed: | /s/ Mark R. George |
| | Mark R. George |
| | President and Chief Executive Officer |
| | Norfolk Southern Corporation |

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Dated: July 29, 2025

I certify, to the best of my knowledge, that the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, of Norfolk Southern Corporation fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Norfolk Southern Corporation.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Signed: | /s/ Jason A. Zampi |
| | Jason A. Zampi |
| | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
| | Norfolk Southern Corporation |

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Dated: July 29, 2025

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