# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000903651
**File Stem:** 0001104659-25-107873
**Filing Date:** 2025-11
**Character Count:** 187035
**Document Hash:** 224dc5e8e9b7cc61bfa5c186e3b7c1ba
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001104659-25-107873.hdr.sgml**: 20251106

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001104659-25-107873

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 84

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251106

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251106

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** INNODATA INC
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000903651
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-COMPUTER PROCESSING & DATA PREPARATION [7374]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 133475943
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-35774
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251459631

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 55 CHALLENGER ROAD
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 202
- **CITY:** RIDGEFIELD PARK
- **STATE:** NJ
- **ZIP:** 07660
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 201 371 8000

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 55 CHALLENGER ROAD
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 202
- **CITY:** RIDGEFIELD PARK
- **STATE:** NJ
- **ZIP:** 07660

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** INNODATA ISOGEN INC
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20031117

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** INNODATA CORP
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 19930505

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? INNODATA INC._September 30, 2025

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

------

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

**FORM 10-Q**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ☒ | **QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934** |
|  | **For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025** |
| **OR**  | **OR**  |
| ☐ | **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**  |
| **For the transition period from &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**  | **For the transition period from &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**  |

---

Commission file number: **001-35774**

**INNODATA INC.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **13-3475943** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer |
| incorporation or organization) | Identification No.) |
| **55 Challenger Road** | **07660** |
| **Ridgefield Park, New Jersey** | (Zip Code) |
| (Address of principal executive offices) |  |

---

**(201) 371-8000**

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

**None**

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| Common Stock | INOD | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes **☑** No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes **☑** No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accelerated filer ☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-accelerated filer **☑**&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Smaller reporting company **☑**&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No **☑**

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value per share, as of October 31, 2025 was 31,860,951.

------

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
**For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2025**

#### INDEX

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | [**Part I – Financial Information**](#PartIFINANCIALINFORMATION_338266) |  |
|  |  | **Page No.** |
| [Item 1.](#Item1FinancialStatements_56898) | [Financial Statements](#Item1FinancialStatements_56898) |  |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):](#Item1FinancialStatements_56898) |  |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024](#CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETS_49937) | 2 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOF1) | 3 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#STATEMENTSOFOPERATIONS_884121) | 4 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCASHFLO) | 5 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024](#CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFSTOCKHO) | 6 |
|  | [Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements](#a1SummaryofSignificantAccountingPolicies) | 7 |
| [Item 2.](#Item2_787243) | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#Item2_787243) | 26 |
| [Item 3.](#Item3QuantitativeandQualitativeDisclosur) | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#Item3QuantitativeandQualitativeDisclosur) | 41 |
| [Item 4.](#Item4ControlsandProcedures_911168) | [Controls and Procedures](#Item4ControlsandProcedures_911168) | 42 |
|  | [**Part II – Other Information**](#PARTIIOTHERINFORMATION_397884) |  |
| [Item 1.](#Item1LegalProceedings_998786) | [Legal Proceedings](#Item1LegalProceedings_998786) | 42 |
| [Item 1A.](#Item1ARiskFactors_897710) | [Risk Factors](#Item1ARiskFactors_897710) | 42 |
| [Item 2.](#Item2UnregisteredSalesofEquitySecurities) | [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#Item2UnregisteredSalesofEquitySecurities) | 42 |
| [Item 3.](#Item3DefaultsUponSeniorSecurities_9121) | [Defaults Upon Senior Securities](#Item3DefaultsUponSeniorSecurities_9121) | 42 |
| [Item 4.](#Item4MineSafetyDisclosures_517737) | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#Item4MineSafetyDisclosures_517737) | 42 |
| [Item 5.](#Item5OtherInformation_68397) | [Other Information](#Item5OtherInformation_68397) | 42 |
| [Item 6.](#Item6Exhibits_329227) | [Exhibits](#Item6Exhibits_329227) | 43 |
| [Signatures](#signature) |  | 44 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

#### Item 1. Financial Statements

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
**(Unaudited)**

**(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |
| **Current assets:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $73859 | $46897 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses | 39440 | 28013 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 6478 | 6090 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 119777 | 81000 |
| Property and equipment, net | 7143 | 4101 |
| Right-of-use-asset, net | 4332 | 4238 |
| Other assets | 1524 | 1267 |
| Deferred income taxes, net | 4188 | 7492 |
| Intangibles, net | 13885 | 13353 |
| Goodwill | 2067 | 1998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total assets** | $152916 | $113449 |
| **LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY** |  |  |
| **Current liabilities:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $4389 | $4554 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses | 12297 | 4891 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued salaries, wages and related benefits | 15262 | 13836 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenues | 7025 | 8010 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Income and other taxes | 3205 | 5695 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term obligations - current portion | 1221 | 1643 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liability - current portion | 1122 | 877 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 44521 | 39506 |
| Deferred income taxes, net | 40 | 32 |
| Long-term obligations, net of current portion | 7560 | 6744 |
| Operating lease liability, net of current portion | 3555 | 3778 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | 55676 | 50060 |
| **Commitments and contingencies** | - | - |
| **STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY**: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Serial preferred stock; 4,998,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding  | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $.01 par value; 75,000,000 shares authorized; 35,043,000 shares issued and 31,859,000 outstanding at September 30, 2025 and 34,484,000 shares issued and 31,300,000 outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 351 | 345 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 62899 | 53085 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Retained earnings | 42325 | 18977 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1787) | (2470) |
|  | 103788 | 69937 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Less: treasury stock, 3,184,000 shares at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, at cost | (6465) | (6465) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stockholders' equity Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | 97323 | 63472 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-controlling interests | (83) | (83) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Stockholders' equity | 97240 | 63389 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total liabilities and stockholders' equity** | $152916 | $113449 |

---

See notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND**

**COMPREHENSIVE INCOME**

**(Unaudited)**

**(In thousands, except per share amounts)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended**  | **Three Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Revenues** | $62550 | $52224 |
| Direct operating costs | 37046 | 30893 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 13745 | 9910 |
| Interest income, net | (420) | (26) |
|  | 50371 | 40777 |
| **Income before provision for income taxes** | 12179 | 11447 |
| Provision for income taxes | 3837 | (5944) |
| **Consolidated net income** | 8342 | 17391 |
| **Income attributable to non-controlling interests** | - | 2 |
| **Net Income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries** | $8342 | $17389 |
| **Income per share attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | $0.26 | $0.60 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | $0.24 | $0.51 |
| **Weighted average shares outstanding:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | 31848 | 28994 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | 35266 | 34007 |
| **Comprehensive Income:** |  |  |
| **Consolidated net income** | $8342 | $17391 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pension liability adjustment, net of taxes | (1) | (1) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation adjustment | (178) | 245 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | (315) | 221 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income (loss) | (494) | 465 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total comprehensive income | 7848 | 17856 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Comprehensive income attributed to non-controlling interest | - | 2 |
| **Comprehensive income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries** | $7848 | $17854 |

---

See notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND**

**COMPREHENSIVE INCOME**

**(Unaudited)**

**(In thousands, except per share amounts)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended**  | **Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Revenues** | $179287 | $111281 |
| Direct operating costs | 107508 | 70964 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 42837 | 27235 |
| Interest income, net | (1124) | (55) |
|  | 149221 | 98144 |
| **Income before provision for income taxes** | 30066 | 13137 |
| Provision for income taxes | 6718 | (5235) |
| **Consolidated net income** | 23348 | 18372 |
| **Income attributable to non-controlling interests** | - | 8 |
| **Net Income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries** | $23348 | $18364 |
| **Income per share attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | $0.74 | $0.64 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | $0.67 | $0.55 |
| **Weighted average shares outstanding:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | 31690 | 28873 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | 34996 | 33297 |
| **Comprehensive Income:** |  |  |
| **Consolidated net income** | $23348 | $18372 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pension liability adjustment, net of taxes | (37) | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation adjustment | 513 | 37 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | 207 | 13 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income | 683 | 48 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total comprehensive income | 24031 | 18420 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Comprehensive income attributed to non-controlling interest | - | 8 |
| **Comprehensive income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries** | $24031 | $18412 |

---

See notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
**(Unaudited)**

**(In thousands)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended**  | **Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities:** |  |  |
| Consolidated net income | $23348 | $18372 |
| Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 8309 | 2881 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 4913 | 4219 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income taxes | 3201 | (6153) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pension cost | 984 | 948 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | (11167) | (8834) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (299) | (1222) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | (248) | 673 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses  | 6948 | 1892 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenues  | (985) | 2977 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued salaries, wages and related benefits  | 1397 | 1822 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income and other taxes  | (2530) | 109 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by operating activities  | 33871 | 17684 |
| **Cash flows from investing activities:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capital expenditures | (8286) | (5522) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities | (8286) | (5522) |
| **Cash flows from financing activities:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 1548 | 810 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Withholding taxes on net settlement of restricted stock units | (37) | (97) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of long-term obligations | (369) | (516) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities  | 1142 | 197 |
| **Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents** | 235 | 199 |
| **Net increase in cash and cash equivalents** | 26962 | 12558 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period** | 46897 | 13806 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents, end of period** | $73859 | $26364 |
| **Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Shares withheld for withholding taxes on net settlement for restricted stock | $37 | $97 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for income taxes | $3614 | $765 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for operating leases | $1102 | $1085 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for interest | $133 | $190 |

---

See notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
**THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024**

**(Unaudited)**

**(In thousands)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | | **Treasury Stock** | **Treasury Stock** | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | <br>**Additional**<br>**Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | <br>**Retained**<br>**Earnings** | **Accumulated** <br>**Other**<br>**Comprehensive**<br>**Loss** | **Shares** | **Amount** | <br>**Non-**<br>**Controlling** <br>**Interest** | <br>**Total** |
| **January 1, 2025** | 34484 | $345 | $53085 | $18977 | $(2470) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(83) | $63389 |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | - | - | - | 7787 | - | - | - | - | 7787 |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 2881 | - | - | - | - | - | 2881 |
| Stock option exercises | 261 | 2 | 961 | - | - | - | - | - | 963 |
| Issuance of restricted stock units | 184 | 2 | (2) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (1) | - | - | - | (1) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | 109 | - | - | - | 109 |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | 274 | - | - | - | 274 |
| **March 31, 2025** | 34929 | $349 | $56925 | $26764 | $(2088) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(83) | $75402 |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | - | - | - | 7219 | - | - | - | - | 7219 |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 2721 | - | - | - | - | - | 2721 |
| Stock option exercises | 92 | 1 | 504 | - | - | - | - | - | 505 |
| Issuance of restricted stock units | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (35) | - | - | - | (35) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | 582 | - | - | - | 582 |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | 248 | - | - | - | 248 |
| **June 30, 2025** | 35029 | $350 | $60150 | $33983 | $(1293) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(83) | $86642 |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | - | - | - | 8342 | - | - | - | - | 8342 |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 2707 | - | - | - | - | - | 2707 |
| Stock option exercises | 13 | 1 | 79 | - | - | - | - | - | 80 |
| Issuance of restricted stock units | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shares withheld for restricted stock unit net settlement  | - | - | (37) | - | - | - | - | - | (37) |
| Redemption of non-controlling interest | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (1) | - | - | - | (1) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | (178) | - | - | - | (178) |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (315) | - | - | - | (315) |
| **September 30, 2025** | 35043 | $351 | $62899 | $42325 | $(1787) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(83) | $97240 |
| **January 1, 2024** | 31937 | $320 | $43152 | $(9683) | $(1621) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(708) | $24995 |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries | - | - | - | 989 | - | - | - | - | 989 |
| Income attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 1034 | - | - | - | - | - | 1034 |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (1) | - | - | - | (1) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | (130) | - | - | - | (130) |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (34) | - | - | - | (34) |
| **March 31, 2024** | 31937 | $320 | $44186 | $(8694) | $(1786) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(707) | $26854 |
| Net loss attributable to Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | - | - | - | (14) | - | - | - | - | (14) |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 992 | - | - | - | - | - | 992 |
| Income attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 5 |
| Stock option exercises | 235 | 2 | 781 | - | - | - | - | - | 783 |
| Shares withheld for restricted stock unit net settlement  | - | - | (97) | - | - | - | - | - | (97) |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | (78) | - | - | - | (78) |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (174) | - | - | - | (174) |
| **June 30, 2024** | 32172 | $322 | $45862 | $(8708) | $(2038) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(702) | $28271 |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | - | - | - | 17389 | - | - | - | - | 17389 |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 855 | - | - | - | - | - | 855 |
| Stock option exercises | 12 | - | 27 | - | - | - | - | - | 27 |
| Income attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (1) | - | - | - | (1) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | 245 | - | - | - | 245 |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | 221 | - | - | - | 221 |
| **September 30, 2024** | 32184 | $322 | $46744 | $8681 | $(1573) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(700) | $47009 |

---

See notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

**1.** **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates**

**Basis of Presentation** - The condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods included herein are unaudited; however, they contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position of Innodata Inc. (including its subsidiaries, the "Company") as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the results of its operations and comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and stockholders' equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year.

Certain information and note disclosures normally included in or with financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") have been condensed or omitted from these condensed consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and, accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Unless otherwise noted, the accounting policies used in preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements are the same as those described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

**Principles of Consolidation** - The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Innodata Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

**Use of Estimates** - In preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements are reasonable. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include those related to the allowance for credit losses and allowance for billing adjustments, useful life of long-lived assets, useful life of intangible assets, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, valuation of deferred tax assets, valuation of stock-based compensation, pension benefit plan assumptions, litigation accruals and estimated accruals for various tax exposures.

**Concentration of Credit Risk** - The Company maintains its cash with highly rated financial institutions, located in the United States and in foreign locations where the Company has its operations. At September 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $73.9 million, of which $20.7 million was held by its foreign subsidiaries and $53.2 million was held in the United States. To the extent that such cash exceeds the maximum insurance levels, the Company is uninsured. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

**Accounts Receivable** - Accounts receivable is generally recorded at the invoiced amounts, net of an allowance for expected losses and allowance for billing adjustments. The Company establishes credit terms for new customers based upon management's review of their credit information and project terms, and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers, adjusting credit terms when management believes appropriate based upon payment history and an assessment of the customer's current creditworthiness.

The Company records an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the failure of its customers to make the required payments and an allowance for billing adjustments relating to quality issues on delivered services, service penalties, discounts and price adjustments. The allowance for credit losses is based on a review of specifically identified accounts and an overall aging analysis applied to accounts pooled based on similar risk characteristics. Judgments are made with respect to the collectability of accounts receivable within each pool based on historical experience, current payment practices, and current economic trends based on our expectations over the expected life of the receivables, generally ninety days or less. Actual credit losses could differ from those estimates.

**Revenue Recognition** - The Company's revenue is recognized when services are rendered or goods are delivered to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services or goods as per the agreement with the customer. In cases where there are agreements with multiple performance obligations, the Company identifies each performance obligation and evaluates whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the agreement at the agreement's inception. Performance obligations that are not distinct at agreement inception are combined. For agreements with distinct performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation proportionately based on the estimated standalone selling price for each performance obligation, if any, and then evaluates how the services are performed for the customer to determine the timing of revenue recognition.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

For the Digital Data Solutions segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered or resources utilized in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. Revenue from agreements billed on a time-and-materials basis is recognized as services are performed. Revenue from fixed-fee agreements, which is not significant to overall revenues, is recognized based on the proportional performance method of accounting, as services are performed, or milestones are achieved.

For the Synodex segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. Revenue from such services is recognized monthly when all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party's rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; access to the service is provided to the end user; and collection is probable.

The Agility segment derives its revenue primarily from subscription arrangements and provision of enriched media analysis services. It also derives revenue as a reseller of corporate communication solutions. Revenue from subscriptions is recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user; all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party's rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; and collection is probable. Revenue from enriched media analysis services is recognized when the services are performed, and performance conditions are satisfied. Revenue from reseller agreements is recognized at the gross amount received for the goods in accordance with the Company functioning as a principal due to the Company meeting the following criteria: the Company acts as the primary obligor in the sales transaction; assumes the credit risk; sets the price; can select suppliers; and is involved in the execution of the services, including after sales service.

Revenue includes reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses, with the corresponding out-of-pocket expenses included in direct operating costs.

Revenue associated with the services provided in one period and billed in a subsequent period is commonly referred to as unbilled revenues and is included under Accounts receivable.

The Company considers U.S. GAAP criteria for determining whether to report gross revenue as a principal versus net revenue as an agent. The Company evaluates whether it is in control of the services before the same are transferred to the customer to assess whether it is principal or agent in the arrangement.

Contract acquisition costs, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, are amortized over the term of a subscription agreement or contract that normally has a duration of 12 months or less. The Company reviews these prepaid acquisition costs on a periodic basis to determine the need to adjust the carrying values for early terminated contracts. Included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets are contract acquisition costs amounting to $1.0 million and $1.1 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. These acquisition costs relate to our Agility segment and are amortized over the term of the subscription agreement.

**Foreign Currency Translation** - The functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Israel, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and Canada (other than the Agility subsidiaries) is the U.S. dollar. Transactions denominated in Philippine pesos, Indian and Sri Lankan rupees, Israeli shekels, United Kingdom Pound Sterling and Canadian dollars are translated to U.S. dollars at rates which approximate those in effect on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and all liabilities denominated in foreign currencies on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are translated at the exchange rate in effect as of those dates. Non-monetary assets and stockholders' equity are translated at the appropriate historical rates. Included in direct operating costs were foreign exchange (gains) losses resulting from such transactions of approximately $(0.3) million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

The functional currency for the Company's subsidiary in Germany is the Euro. The functional currencies for the Company's Agility subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and Canada are the Pound Sterling and the Canadian dollar, respectively. The financial statements of these subsidiaries are prepared in their respective currencies. Financial information is translated from the applicable functional currency to the U.S. dollar (the reporting currency) for inclusion in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements. Income, expenses, and cash flows are translated at weighted-average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal period, and assets and liabilities are translated at fiscal period-end exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders' equity. Foreign exchange transaction gains or losses are included in direct operating costs in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

**Derivative Instruments -** The Company accounts for derivative transactions in accordance with the FASB's Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 825, "Financial Instruments". For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). When the amounts recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified to earnings, they are included as part of direct operating costs. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, any change in fair value is recorded directly in earnings as part of direct operating costs.

**Capitalized Developed Software -** The Company incurs development costs related to software it develops for its internal use. Qualifying costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized. These costs primarily consist of internal labor and third-party development costs and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the capitalized developed software, which generally ranges from three to ten years. All other research and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalized developed software in progress was $3.6 million for each of the periods ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The cumulative completed capitalized developed software was $22.5 million and $19.8 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

**Income Taxes -** Estimated deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates, as well as any net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards expected to reduce taxes payable in future years. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the estimated deferred tax assets will not be realized. While the Company considers future taxable income in assessing the need for the valuation allowance, in the event that the Company anticipates that it will be able to realize the estimated deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the provision for deferred tax assets would increase income in the period such determination was made. Similarly, in the event that the Company anticipates that it will not be able to realize the estimated deferred tax assets in the future considering future taxable income, an adjustment to the provision for deferred tax assets would decrease income in the period such determination was made. Changes in the valuation allowance from period to period are included in the Company's tax provision in the period of change. The Company indefinitely reinvests the foreign earnings in its foreign subsidiaries. If such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, the Company would have to accrue as a liability the applicable amount of foreign jurisdiction withholding taxes associated with such remittances.

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considered whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets of subsidiaries in Canada and Germany will be realizable or not.

The Company performed an assessment for one of its Canadian subsidiaries as of March 31, 2025 and the assessment yielded positive evidence enabling the release of the valuation allowance for the Canadian deferred tax assets of the subsidiary under "ASC Topic 740-30-22 – Accounting for Income Taxes".

The Company performed an assessment for its German subsidiary as of June 30, 2025 and the assessment yielded positive evidence enabling the release of the valuation allowance for the German deferred tax assets of the subsidiary under "ASC Topic 740 - 30 - 22 - Accounting for Income Taxes".

As the expectation of future taxable income of the second Canadian subsidiary cannot be predicted with reasonable accuracy, the Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of this subsidiary.

The Company accounts for income taxes regarding uncertain tax positions and recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

**Deferred Revenue -** Deferred revenue represents payments received from customers in advance of providing services and amounts deferred if conditions for revenue recognition have not been met. The Company expects to recognize substantially all of these performance obligations over the next 12 months. The table below summarizes the deferred revenue balances as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Deferred revenues | $7025 | $8010 |

---

The table below provides information about contract liabilities (deferred revenue) and the changes in the balances for the three and nine months ended as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended**  | **Three Months Ended**  | **Nine Months Ended**  | **Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance at the beginning of period | $6485 | $4770 | $8010 | $3523 |
| Net deferred revenue in the period | 8481 | 9673 | 21056 | 24989 |
| Revenue recognized | (7439) | (8151) | (22047) | (22108) |
| Currency translations and other adjustments | (502) | 208 | 6 | 96 |
| Balance at the end of period | $7025 | $6500 | $7025 | $6500 |

---

**Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted** - On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". The effective date of this ASU is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 will enhance quantitative and qualitative disclosures related to rate reconciliation of significant components and income tax paid. The Company does not anticipate any material impact from the adoption of this new standard.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), fourth amendment via ASU 2025-01: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses". ASU No. 2024-03 does not change or remove existing expense disclosure requirements but requires disaggregated disclosures about certain expense categories and captions, including but not limited to, purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and selling expenses. ASU No. 2024-03 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2027, and for interim financial reporting beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2028. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the Company's disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025 - 05, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets." ASU 2025 - 05 provides entities with a practical expedient related to developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, in which entities may elect to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. ASU No. 2025 - 05 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the Company's disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025 - 06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal - Use Software (Subtopic 350 - 40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal - Use Software. ASU 2025 - 06 modernizes the accounting for internal - use software costs by increasing the operability of the recognition guidance considering different methods of software development. ASU 2025 - 06, which can be applied prospectively, retrospectively, or with a modified transition approach, is effective for the Company for annual reporting as well as interim period reporting beginning in fiscal year 2029. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the Company's disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

**2.**Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consists of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Gross Accounts receivable | $41635 | $29772 |
| Allowance for credit losses | (1182) | (1256) |
| Allowance for billing adjustments | (976) | (503) |
| Allowance for volume discounts | (37) | - |
| Accounts receivable, net | $39440 | $28013 |

---

Activity in the allowance for the credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended** | **Three Months Ended** | **Nine Months Ended** | **Nine Months Ended** |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance at beginning of period | $1274 | $1081 | $1256 | $992 |
| Additions charged to expense | 31 | (18) | 110 | 88 |
| Write-offs against allowance | (118) | (128) | (189) | (145) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (5) | 7 | 5 | 7 |
| Balance at end of period | $1182 | $942 | $1182 | $942 |

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**3.**Goodwill and Intangible Assets

*Goodwill*

As of September 30, 2025, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment analysis on one of its reporting units, the Agility segment. It involved a quantitative goodwill impairment test and estimated the fair value based on a combination of the income approach (estimates of future discounted cash flows) and the market approach (market multiples for similar companies) using unobservable inputs (Level 3). The income approach uses a discounted cash flow ("DCF") method that utilizes the present value of cash flows to estimate the segment's fair value. The future cash flows of the segment were projected based on the Company's estimates of future revenues, operating income, and other factors such as working capital and capital expenditures. As part of the DCF analysis, the Company projected revenue and operating profits and assumed long - term revenue growth rates in the terminal year. The market approach utilizes multiples of revenues and earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") to estimate the segment's fair value. The market multiples used for the segment were based on a group of comparable companies' market multiples applied to the Company's revenue. The Company concluded that there is no impairment of goodwill.

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Balance - January 1, 2025 | $1998 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 69 |
| Balance - September 30, 2025 | $2067 |

---

The fair value measurement of goodwill of the Agility segment was conducted on September 30, 2025 and was classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because the Company used the income approach, which utilizes significant inputs that are unobservable in the market and the market multiple approach using comparable entities to further validate the carrying values. The Company believes it made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the fair value of the reporting unit as of the impairment test measurement date. The carrying value of Goodwill was $2.1 million and $2.0 million for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

*Intangibles*

Information regarding the Company acquired intangible assets and capitalized developed software was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** | **September 30, 2025** |
|  | **Gross**<br>**Carrying**<br> **Value** | <br>**Accumulated**<br>**Amortization** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | **Net**<br>**Carrying**<br>**Value** |
| **Acquired Intangible Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| Developed technology | $2881 | $(2810) | $3 | $74 |
| Customer relationships | 1965 | (1832) | 8 | 141 |
| Trademarks and tradenames | 840 | (828) | 1 | 13 |
| Patents | 40 | (40) | - | - |
| Media Contact Database | 3528 | (3268) | 16 | 276 |
| **Total Acquired Intangible Assets** | $**9254** | $**(8778)** | $**28** | $**504** |
| **Capitalized Developed Software** |  |  |  |  |
| Capitalized Developed Software | $22493 | $(12849) | $177 | $9821 |
| Capitalized Developed Software - in Progress | 3553 | - | 7 | 3560 |
| **Total Capitalized Developed Software** | $**26046** | $**(12849)** | $**184** | $**13381** |
| **Total** | $**35300** | $**(21627)** | $**212** | $**13885** |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
|  | **Gross**<br>**Carrying**<br>**Value** | <br>**Accumulated**<br>**Amortization** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | **Net**<br>**Carrying**<br>**Value** |
| **Acquired Intangible Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| Developed technology | $3060 | $(2911) | $(3) | $146 |
| Customer relationships | 2144 | (1856) | (29) | 259 |
| Trademarks and tradenames | 862 | (826) | - | 36 |
| Patents | 44 | (44) | - | - |
| Media Contact Database | 3546 | (3016) | (1) | 529 |
| **Total Acquired Intangible Assets** | $**9656** | $**(8653)** | $**(33)** | $**970** |
| **Capitalized Developed Software** |  |  |  |  |
| Capitalized Developed Software | $19811 | $(10507) | $(463) | $8841 |
| Capitalized Developed Software - in Progress | 3552 | - | (10) | 3542 |
| **Total Capitalized Developed Software** | $**23363** | $**(10507)** | $**(473)** | $**12383** |
| **Total** | $**33019** | $**(19160)** | $**(506)** | $**13353** |

---

Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets was $0.2 million for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets was $0.6 million for each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Amortization expense relating to capitalized developed software was $1.0 million for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Amortization expense relating to capitalized developed software was $2.9 million and $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

As of September 30, 2025, estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Year** | **Amortization** |
| Remaining for 2025 | $1575 |
| 2026 | 5359 |
| 2027 | 3895 |
| 2028 | 2298 |
| 2029 | 516 |
| Thereafter | 242 |
|  | $13885 |

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**4.**Income Taxes

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded an income tax provision of approximately $6.7 million. The provision primarily reflects Federal and State income tax expense on U.S. operations, the tax impact of IRS section 162(m) adjustments, deemed interest provision, and income tax expense attributable to the Company's subsidiaries in foreign jurisdictions in accordance with applicable local tax regulations. The tax provision was partially offset by the favorable effect of stock-based compensation, the favorable impact of withholding taxes and the release of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets of one of the Company's Canadian and the Company's German subsidiary, resulting from improved expectations of future taxable income in those jurisdictions.

Although the Company generated taxable income in the United States during the period, the related current tax liability was partially offset by the utilization of deferred tax assets arising from the net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLCOs").

The estimated effective tax rate applied to the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 is higher than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% principally due to IRS section 162(m) adjustments, state income tax provisions, deemed interest and tax effect of foreign operations offset in part by the favorable effect of stock-based compensation, withholding taxes and a change in the valuation allowance.

The estimated annual effective tax rate applied to the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% principally due to the release of the U.S. valuation allowance, state income taxes and provision on uncertain tax positions.

The Company determined on March 31, 2025 that it was more likely than not that one of the Company's subsidiaries in Canada would be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets in Canada, resulting in the release of the valuation allowance. In reaching this determination, the Company considered the growing trend of profitability over the last three years in the Canadian subsidiary, as well as expectations regarding the generation of future taxable income.

The Company determined on June 30, 2025 that it was more likely than not that the Company's subsidiary in Germany would be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets in Germany, resulting in the release of the valuation allowance. In reaching this determination, the Company considered the growing trend of profitability over the last three years in the German subsidiary, as well as expectations regarding the generation of future taxable income.

*Impact of Recent Tax Legislation*

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was enacted, amending U.S. tax law in several areas, including domestic research and development deductibility and bonus depreciation. The Company has included the estimated effect of provisions relevant to the current quarter in its reported income tax expense for the three months ending September 30, 2025. Management is continuing to evaluate the OBBBA's potential impact on future periods, particularly with respect to deferred tax assets and liabilities, the effective tax rate, and cash tax obligations. The Company will update its assessment as additional interpretive guidance or implementing regulations are issued.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

The reconciliations of the U.S. federal statutory rate with the Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, are summarized in the table below:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Nine Months** | **For the Nine Months** |
|  | **Ended September 30,**  | **Ended September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Federal income tax expense at statutory rate | 21.0% | 21.0% |
| Effect of: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Section 162 (m) | 9.3 | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State income tax net of federal benefit | 2.9 | (4.5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deemed interest  | 2.8 | (0.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tax effects of foreign operations | 1.0 | 0.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign operations permanent differences - foreign exchange gains and losses | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;GILTI provisions | 0.4 | 2.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in unrecognized tax benefits (ASC 740)  | 0.3 | (3.1) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Return to provision true up | - | (1.4) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in tax rates | (0.4) | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign rate differential | (0.4) | (0.7) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in valuation allowance | (1.2) | (54.6) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Withholding tax | (2.1) | 0.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Effect of stock-based compensation  | (11.5) | (0.4) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | (0.3) | 0.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Effective tax rate | 22.3% | (39.8)% |

---

The following table presents a roll-forward of the Company's unrecognized tax benefits and associated interest for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Unrecognized**<br>**Tax Benefits** |
| Balance - January 1, 2025 | $999 |
| Increase for current period tax positions | 250 |
| Decrease for prior year tax positions | (214) |
| Interest accrual | 44 |
| Foreign currency remeasurement | (27) |
| Balance - September 30, 2025 | $1052 |

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**5.**Operating Leases

The Company has various lease agreements for its offices and service delivery centers and has determined that the risks and benefits related to these leased properties are retained by the lessors. Accordingly, these are accounted for as operating leases. Lease agreements with a term of less than one year are treated as short-term leases and are accounted for separately as shown in the table below.

Most of these lease agreements are renewable at the mutual consent of the parties to the contract. These lease agreements are for terms ranging from two to eleven years and, in most cases, provide for rent escalations ranging from 1.75% to 15%.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

The table below summarizes the amounts recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements related to operating leases for the periods presented (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Rent expense for long-term operating leases | $337 | $314 | $966 | $943 |
| Rent expense for short-term leases | 46 | 51 | 136 | 142 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total rent expense | $383 | $365 | $1102 | $1085 |

---

The following table presents the maturity profile of the Company's operating lease liabilities based on the contractual undiscounted payments with a reconciliation of these amounts to the remaining net present value of the operating lease liability reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Year** | **Amount** |
| Remaining for 2025 | $368 |
| 2026 | 1562 |
| 2027 | 1560 |
| 2028 | 1159 |
| 2029 | 722 |
| 2030 and thereafter | 194 |
| Total lease payments | 5565 |
| Less: Interest | (888) |
| Net present value of lease liabilities | $4677 |
| Current portion | $1122 |
| Long-term portion | 3555 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $4677 |

---

The weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates for all of the Company's operating leases as of September 30, 2025 were as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Weighted-average lease term remaining  | 41 months |
| Weighted-average discount rate | 9.16% |

---

**6.**Long-term obligations

Total long-term obligations as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Pension obligations - accrued pension liability | $8670 | $7945 |
| Microsoft licenses <sup>(1)</sup> | 111 | 442 |
|  | 8781 | 8387 |
| Less: Current portion of long-term obligations | 1221 | 1643 |
| Total Non-Current portion of long-term obligations | $7560 | $6744 |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> In March 2023, the Company renewed a vendor agreement to acquire certain additional software licenses, receive technical support and future software upgrades on software licenses through February 2026. Pursuant to this agreement, the Company is contractually liable to pay approximately $0.4 million annually over the term of the agreement.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

**7.**Commitments and Contingencies

**Litigation –** In 2008, a judgment was rendered in the Philippines against a Philippine subsidiary of the Company that is no longer active and purportedly also against Innodata Inc., in favor of certain former employees of the Philippine subsidiary. The potential payment amount aggregates to approximately $5.6 million, plus legal interest that accrued at 12% per annum from August 13, 2008 to June 30, 2013, and thereafter accrued and continues to accrue legal interest at 6% per annum. The potential payment amount as expressed in U.S. dollars varies with the Philippine peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate. In December 2017, a group of 97 of the former employees of the Philippine subsidiary indicated that they proposed to record the judgment as to themselves in New Jersey. In January 2018, in response to an action initiated by Innodata Inc., the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey ("USDC") entered a preliminary injunction that enjoins these former employees from pursuing or seeking recognition or enforcement of the judgment against Innodata Inc. in the United States during the pendency of the action and until further order of the USDC. In June 2018, the USDC entered a consent order administratively closing the action subject to return of the action to the active docket upon the written request of Innodata Inc. or the former employees, with the USDC retaining jurisdiction over the matter and the preliminary injunction remaining in full force and effect.

In February 2024, David D'Agostino filed a putative class action captioned D'Agostino v. Innodata Inc., et al., in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former officers (the "Securities Class Action"). In October 2024, the presiding judge in the Securities Class Action appointed a lead plaintiff and approved the lead plaintiff's choice of counsel. The Securities Class Action complaint, as amended, asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and it alleges, among other things, that the defendants made false and misleading statements regarding the Company's artificial intelligence ("AI") technology and services. The plaintiff seeks unspecified damages, fees, interest, and costs. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously. On March 7, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Securities Class Action complaint. On April 10, 2025, the plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint to the Securities Class Action complaint (the "Second Amended Complaint") to correct purported typographical errors in the Securities Class Action complaint. On April 11, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. The motion to dismiss is fully briefed and pending with the USDC. The Company cannot predict the outcome of the action at this time and can give no assurance that the asserted claims will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations.

The Company is also subject to various other legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. While the Company believes that it has adequate reserves for those losses that it believes are probable and can be reasonably estimated, the ultimate results of legal proceedings and claims cannot be predicted with certainty.

While management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial position or overall trends in consolidated results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against the Company in the above-referenced Philippine action could have a material adverse impact on the Company, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedings described above could have a material adverse impact on the consolidated operating results in the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs. In addition, the Company's estimate of the potential impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or overall consolidated results of operations for the above referenced legal proceedings could change in the future.

The Company's legal accruals related to legal proceedings and claims are based on the Company's determination of whether or not a loss is probable. The Company reviews outstanding proceedings and claims with external counsel to assess probability and estimates of loss. The accruals are adjusted if necessary. While the Company intends to defend these matters vigorously, adverse outcomes that it estimates could reach approximately $500,000 in the aggregate beyond recorded amounts are reasonably possible. If circumstances change, the Company may be required to record adjustments that could be material to its reported consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

**8.**Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units

The stock-based compensation expense related to the Innodata Inc. 2013 Stock Plan, as amended and restated effective June 7, 2016 (the "2013 Plan") and the Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective as of April 11, 2022 (the "2021 Plan", and together with the 2013 Plan, collectively, the "Equity Plans") were allocated as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Direct operating costs | $444 | $43 | $1312 | $200 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 2263 | 812 | 6997 | 2681 |
| Total stock-based compensation | $2707 | $855 | $8309 | $2881 |

---

*Stock Options* 

*2013 Plan*

A summary of option activity under the 2013 Plan and changes during each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented below:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of Options** | <br>**Weighted - Average**<br>**Exercise Price** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Remaining Contractual** <br>**Term (years)** | <br>**Aggregate** <br>**Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 3165193 | $3.67 | 6.32 | $113458326 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | - | - | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (246742) | 4.57 | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | - | - | - | - |
| Outstanding at September 30, 2025 | 2918451 | $3.60 | 5.60 | $214423447 |
| Exercisable at September 30, 2025 | 2820116 | $3.60 | 5.55 | $207180091 |
| Vested and Expected to vest at September 30, 2025 | 2918451 | $3.60 | 5.60 | $214423447 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of Options** | <br>**Weighted - Average**<br>**Exercise Price** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Remaining Contractual**<br>**Term (years)** | <br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2024 | 5339162 | $3.22 | 6.38 | $28640009 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | - | - | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (159232) | 4.07 | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | (4001) | 6.96 | - | - |
| Outstanding at September 30, 2024 | 5175929 | $3.19 | 5.62 | $70306343 |
| Exercisable at September 30, 2024 | 3586369 | $2.45 | 4.78 | $51361592 |
| Vested and Expected to vest at September 30, 2024 | 5175929 | $3.19 | 5.62 | $70306343 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

*2021 Plan*

A summary of option activity under the 2021 Plan and changes during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented below.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of Options** | <br>**Weighted - Average**<br>**Exercise Price** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Remaining Contractual**<br>**Term (years)** | <br>**Aggregate** <br>**Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 842271 | $15.86 | 8.46 | $20847471 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | - | - | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (119739) | 3.51 | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | (22668) | 3.41 | - | - |
| Outstanding at September 30, 2025 | 699864 | $18.38 | 7.85 | $41075152 |
| Exercisable at September 30, 2025 | 194006 | $3.32 | 6.98 | $14308582 |
| Vested and Expected to vest at September 30, 2025 | 699864 | $18.38 | 7.85 | $41075152 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of Options** | <br>**Weighted - Average**<br>**Exercise Price** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Remaining Contractual**<br>**Term (years)** | <br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2024 | 923571 | $3.41 | 8.76 | $4786252 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | - | - | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (47596) | 3.41 | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | (9668) | 5.40 | - | - |
| Outstanding at September 30, 2024 | 866307 | $3.39 | 8.01 | $11591122 |
| Exercisable at September 30, 2024 | 339613 | $3.36 | 7.99 | $4554490 |
| Vested and Expected to vest at September 30, 2024 | 866307 | $3.39 | 8.01 | $11591122 |

---

There were no options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a total of 366,481 options were exercised at an average exercise price of $4.22.

The compensation cost related to non-vested stock options not yet recognized as of September 30, 2025 totaled approximately $6.4 million. The weighted-average period over which these costs will be recognized is 27 months.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

*Restricted Stock Units*

Restricted stock unit activity under the Equity Plans during each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented below:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of** <br>**Restricted Stock Units** | **Weighted-Average** <br>**Grant Date**<br> **Fair Value** |
| Unvested at January 1, 2025 | 1249079 | $20.98 |
| Granted | 39049 | 54.12 |
| Vested | (214506) | 6.43 |
| Forfeited/Expired | (555208) | 7.97 |
| Unvested at September 30, 2025 | 518414 | $43.44 |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of**<br>**Restricted Stock Units** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Grant Date**<br>**Fair Value** |
| Unvested at January 1, 2024 | 749756 | $5.77 |
| Granted | 28973 | 15.10 |
| Vested | (48761) | 8.42 |
| Forfeited/Expired | (995) | 8.29 |
| Unvested at September 30, 2024 | 728973 | $5.96 |

---

A total of 11,829 restricted stock units were granted to non-employee directors during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock units not yet recognized as of September 30, 2025 totaled approximately $17.0 million. The weighted-average period over which these costs will be recognized is 26 months.

**9.** **Comprehensive loss**

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, as reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, consists of pension liability adjustments, net of taxes, foreign currency translation adjustment and changes in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes. The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, and reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three and nine-month periods, are presented below (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Pension**<br> **Liability**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Fair Value of**<br>**Derivatives** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Accumulated Other**<br>**Comprehensive Loss** |
| Balance at July 1, 2025 | $(269) | $127 | $(1151) | $(1293) |
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of taxes | - | (378) | (178) | (556) |
| Total other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of taxes | (269) | (251) | (1329) | (1849) |
| Net amount reclassified to earnings | (1) | 63 | - | 62 |
| Balance at September 30, 2025 | $(270) | $(188) | $(1329) | $(1787) |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Pension** <br>**Liability**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Fair Value of**<br>**Derivatives** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Accumulated Other**<br>**Comprehensive Loss** |
| Balance at January 1, 2025 | $(233) | $(395) | $(1842) | $(2470) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of taxes | (37) | 8 | 513 | 484 |
| Total other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of taxes | (270) | (387) | (1329) | (1986) |
| Net amount reclassified to earnings | - | 199 | - | 199 |
| Balance at September 30, 2025 | $(270) | $(188) | $(1329) | $(1787) |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Pension**<br> **Liability**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Fair Value of**<br>**Derivatives** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Accumulated Other**<br>**Comprehensive Loss** |
| Balance at July 1, 2024 | $(413) | $(167) | $(1458) | $(2038) |
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of taxes | - | 198 | 245 | 443 |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of taxes | (413) | 31 | (1213) | (1595) |
| Net amount reclassified to earnings | (1) | 23 | - | 22 |
| Balance at September 30, 2024 | $(414) | $54 | $(1213) | $(1573) |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Pension Liability**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Fair Value of**<br>**Derivatives** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Accumulated Other**<br>**Comprehensive Loss** |
| Balance at January 1, 2024 | $(412) | $41 | $(1250) | $(1621) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of taxes | - | (8) | 37 | 29 |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of taxes | (412) | 33 | (1213) | (1592) |
| Net amount reclassified to earnings | (2) | 21 | - | 19 |
| Balance at September 30, 2024 | $(414) | $54 | $(1213) | $(1573) |

---

Taxes related to each component of other comprehensive loss were not material for each of the three and nine-month periods presented and therefore not disclosed separately.

All reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) had an impact on direct operating costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

**10.**Segment reporting and concentrations

The Company's operations are classified in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions ("DDS"), Synodex and Agility.

The DDS segment provides AI data preparation services, collecting or creating training data, annotating training data, and training AI algorithms for its customers, and AI model deployment and integration. The DDS segment also provides a range of data engineering support services including data transformation, data curation, data hygiene, data consolidation, data extraction, data compliance, and master data management.

The Synodex segment provides an industry platform that transforms medical records into useable digital data organized in accordance with its proprietary data models or customer data models.

The Agility segment provides an industry platform that provides marketing communications and public relations professionals with the ability to target and distribute content to journalists and social media influencers world-wide and to monitor and analyze global news channels (print, web, radio and TV) and social media channels.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

A significant portion of the Company's revenues is generated from its locations in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Germany, Israel, United States and the United Kingdom.

The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is the senior executive committee that includes the chief executive officer, the chief operating officer, and the chief financial officer (interim).

The U.S. GAAP measures used by the Company's CODM to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources—such as employees, property, and financial or capital resources during the annual budgeting and forecasting process, are Revenues, Gross Profit and Income before provision for income taxes. Performance results are monitored, reviewed, and measured monthly and quarterly by comparing budget and forecast to actual results for profit measures, assessing returns on investment, compensation decisions and changing strategies, if required.

The accounting policies used by the DDS, Synodex and Agility segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets shown in the table below (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024\*** |
| Total assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;DDS | $133505 | $91588 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Synodex | 5139 | 4790 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Agility<sup>(1)</sup> | 14272 | 17071 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Consolidated | $152916 | $113449 |

---

*\*Prior period segment assets of DDS, Synodex and Agility segments have been reclassified to align with the current period presentation, with no impact on the Company's consolidated results.*

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Agility assets include goodwill of $2.1 million and $2.0 million for each of the periods ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Segment assets consist of cash, receivables, prepaid and other assets, property and equipment, right of-use-assets, deferred income tax and intangibles.

The table below shows segment information for other significant income statement items (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2025** |
|  | **DDS** | **Synodex** | **Agility** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $54779 | $1653 | $6118 | $62550 |
| Direct operating costs <sup>(1) (3)</sup> | 32627 | 1536 | 2883 | 37046 |
| Gross profit | 22152 | 117 | 3235 | 25504 |
| Selling and administrative expenses <sup>(2) (4)</sup> | 10246 | 161 | 3338 | 13745 |
| Segment operating income (loss) | 11906 | (44) | (103) | 11759 |
| Interest income, net | (420) | - | - | (420) |
| Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | $12326 | $(44) | $(103) | $12179 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Three Months Ended September 30, 2024** |
|  | **DDS** | **Synodex** | **Agility** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $44694 | $1935 | $5595 | $52224 |
| Direct operating costs <sup>(1) (3)</sup> | 27084 | 1452 | 2357 | 30893 |
| Gross profit | 17610 | 483 | 3238 | 21331 |
| Selling and administrative expenses <sup>(2) (4)</sup> | 6996 | 102 | 2812 | 9910 |
| Segment operating income | 10614 | 381 | 426 | 11421 |
| Interest (income) expense, net | (27) | - | 1 | (26) |
| Income before provision for income taxes | $10641 | $381 | $425 | $11447 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025** |
|  | **DDS** | **Synodex** | **Agility** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $156186 | $5731 | $17370 | $179287 |
| Direct operating costs <sup>(1) (3)</sup> | 94905 | 4615 | 7988 | 107508 |
| Gross profit | 61281 | 1116 | 9382 | 71779 |
| Selling and administrative expenses <sup>(2) (4)</sup> | 32275 | 587 | 9975 | 42837 |
| Segment operating income (loss) | 29006 | 529 | (593) | 28942 |
| Interest (income) expense, net | (1125) | - | 1 | (1124) |
| Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | $30131 | $529 | $(594) | $30066 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** | **Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024** |
|  | **DDS** | **Synodex** | **Agility** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $89810 | $5792 | $15679 | $111281 |
| Direct operating costs <sup>(1) (3)</sup> | 59563 | 4454 | 6947 | 70964 |
| Gross profit | 30247 | 1338 | 8732 | 40317 |
| Selling and administrative expenses <sup>(2) (4)</sup> | 18988 | 365 | 7882 | 27235 |
| Segment operating income | 11259 | 973 | 850 | 13082 |
| Interest (income) expense, net | (58) | - | 3 | (55) |
| Income before provision for income taxes | $11317 | $973 | $847 | $13137 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Direct operating costs consist of direct and indirect labor costs, occupancy costs, data center hosting fees, cloud services, content acquisition costs, depreciation and amortization, travel, telecommunications, computer services and supplies, realized (gain) loss on forward contracts, foreign currency revaluation (gain) loss, recruitment costs and other direct expenses that are incurred in providing services to our customers.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Selling and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related costs including commissions, bonuses, and stock-based compensation; marketing, advertising, trade conferences and related expenses; new services research and related software development expenses, software and cloud service subscriptions, professional and consultant fees, provision for credit losses and other administrative overhead expenses.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Includes non-cash expenses which consist mainly of depreciation, amortization of capitalized software development costs and stock-based compensation expense.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) Includes non-cash expenses which consist mainly of stock-based compensation expense.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

Revenues for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 by geographic region (determined based upon customer's domicile), were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| United States | $52752 | $43237 | $150202 | $84910 |
| Canada | 3024 | 2281 | 8702 | 6791 |
| United Kingdom  | 2735 | 2586 | 7635 | 7200 |
| The Netherlands | 1864 | 1880 | 6320 | 5924 |
| Others - principally other European countries | 2175 | 2240 | 6428 | 6456 |
| Totals | $62550 | $52224 | $179287 | $111281 |

---

Long-lived assets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by geographic region were comprised of (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| United States | $12455 | $10182 |
| Foreign countries: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada | 6247 | 6265 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;United Kingdom | 707 | 806 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Philippines | 4500 | 3532 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;India | 2637 | 2251 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sri Lanka | 817 | 587 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Israel | 60 | 63 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Germany | 4 | 4 |
| Total foreign | 14972 | 13508 |
| Totals | $27427 | $23690 |

---

Long-lived assets include the unamortized balance of right-of-use assets amounting to $4.3 million and $4.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

One customer in the DDS segment generated approximately 56% and 59% of the Company's total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, revenues from non-U.S. customers accounted for 16% and 17% of the Company's total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

One customer in the DDS segment generated approximately 58% and 44% of the Company's total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, revenues from non-U.S. customers accounted for 16% and 24% of the Company's total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

As of September 30, 2025, approximately 10% of the Company's accounts receivable was due from foreign (principally European) customers and 58% of the Company's accounts receivable was due from one customer. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 16% of the Company's accounts receivable was due from foreign (principally European) customers and 61% of the Company's accounts receivable was due from two customers. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of the accounts receivable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

**11.**Income Per Share

The calculation of the dilutive effect of outstanding options is shown in the table below (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries  | $8342 | $17389 | $23348 | $18364 |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding | 31848 | 28994 | 31690 | 28873 |
| Dilutive effect of outstanding options  | 3418 | 5013 | 3306 | 4424 |
| Adjusted for dilutive computation | 35266 | 34007 | 34996 | 33297 |

---

Basic income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted income per share is computed by considering the impact of the potential issuance of common shares, using the treasury stock method, on the weighted-average number of shares outstanding. For those securities that are not convertible into a class of common stock, the "two-class" method of computing income per share is used.

Options to purchase 3.6 million shares of common stock for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were outstanding and included in the computation of diluted income per share. Also included in the computation of diluted income per share for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are 390,569 restricted stock units using the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive effect of restricted stock units outstanding as of September 30, 2025.

Options to purchase 6.0 million shares of common stock for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were outstanding and included in the computation of diluted income per share. Also included in the computation of diluted income per share for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are 199,907 restricted stock units using the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive effect of restricted stock units outstanding as of September 30, 2024.

**12.**Derivatives

The Company conducts a large portion of its operations in international markets, which subjects it to foreign currency fluctuations. The most significant foreign currency exposures occur when revenue and associated accounts receivable are collected in one currency and expenses to generate that revenue are incurred in another currency. The Company is also subject to wage inflation and other government mandated increases and operating expenses in Asian countries where the Company has the majority of its operations. The Company's primary inflation and exchange rate exposure relates to payroll, other payroll costs and operating expenses in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada and Israel.

In addition, although most of the Company's revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, a portion of total revenues is denominated in Canadian dollars, Pound Sterling and Euros.

The Company's policy is to enter derivative instrument contracts with terms that coincide with the underlying exposure being hedged for a period of up to 12 months. As such, the Company's derivative instruments are expected to be highly effective. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded to other comprehensive income (loss). Upon settlement of these contracts, the change in the fair value recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) is reclassified to earnings and included as part of direct operating costs. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, any change in fair value is recorded directly in earnings as part of direct operating costs.

The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge transactions. The Company does not hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes. All derivatives are recognized at their fair value and classified based on the instrument's maturity date. The total notional amount for outstanding derivatives designated as hedges was $13.2 million and $22.5 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Unaudited)**

The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments included within the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Balance Sheet Location** | **Fair Value** | **Fair Value** |
|  |  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
| Foreign currency forward contracts | Accrued expenses | $238 | $499 |

---

The effect of foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Three Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  | **For the Nine Months Ended**  |
|  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  | **September 30,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI<sup>(1)</sup> | $(378) | $198 | $8 | $(8) |
| Net loss reclassified from accumulated OCI into income<sup>(2)</sup> | $63 | $23 | $199 | $21 |
| Net gain recognized in income<sup>(3)</sup> | $- | $- | $- | $- |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> Net change in fair value of the effective portion classified into other comprehensive income ("OCI").

<sup>(2)</sup> Effective portion classified within direct operating costs.

<sup>(3)</sup> There were no ineffective portions for the periods presented.

**13.**Line of Credit

On April 4, 2023, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender, and Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata docGenix, LLC and Agility PR Solutions LLC as co-borrowers. On July 21, 2023, Innodata Services, LLC signed a Joinder Agreement to join the Credit Agreement as a co-borrower. On August 5, 2024, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Credit Agreement (together with the Credit Agreement, the "Amended Credit Agreement"). The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a secured revolving line of credit (the "Revolving Credit Facility") up to an amount equal to the lesser of the borrowing base and $30.0 million (the "Maximum Credit") and provides that a Borrower may request an increase to the Revolving Credit Facility's Maximum Credit of up to, but not to exceed $50.0 million, subject to the approval of the Lender. The Revolving Credit Facility's borrowing base is calculated on the basis of (i) 85% of eligible accounts (other than eligible foreign accounts and unbilled accounts), plus (ii) the lesser of (a) 80% of eligible accounts that are unbilled accounts and (b) 30% of all eligible accounts, plus (iii) the lesser of (a) 85% of eligible foreign accounts, (b) 20% of all eligible accounts and (c) $4.0 million, minus (iv) certain other reserves and adjustments. As of September 30, 2025, such borrowing base calculation equaled approximately $30.0 million. The Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant that requires the Borrowers, on a consolidated basis, to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.10 to 1.00. Except as set forth in the Credit Agreement, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to the daily simple secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus 2.25%. The Company did not utilize the Revolving Credit Facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 or during the subsequent period through the filing date of this Report.

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#### Item 2.

#### MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
**Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements**

*Disclosures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Report") contain certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning our operations, economic performance, financial condition, developmental program expansion and position in the generative AI services market. Words such as "project," "believe," "expect," "can," "continue," "could," "intend," "may," "should," "will," "anticipate," "indicate," "predict," "likely," "estimate," "plan," "potential," "possible," or the negatives thereof, and other similar expressions generally identify forward-looking statements.*

*These forward-looking statements are based on management's current expectations, assumptions and estimates and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, impacts resulting from ongoing geopolitical conflicts; investments in large language models; that contracts may be terminated by customers; projected or committed volumes of work may not materialize; pipeline opportunities and customer discussions which may not materialize into work or expected volumes of work; the likelihood of continued development of the markets, particularly new and emerging markets, that our services support; the ability and willingness of our customers and prospective customers to execute business plans that give rise to requirements for our services; continuing reliance on project-based work in the Digital Data Solutions ("DDS") segment and the primarily at-will nature of such contracts and the ability of these customers to reduce, delay or cancel projects; potential inability to replace projects that are completed, canceled or reduced; our DDS segment's revenue concentration in a limited number of customers; our dependency on content providers in our Agility segment; our ability to achieve revenue and growth targets; difficulty in integrating and deriving synergies from acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments; potential undiscovered liabilities of companies and businesses that we may acquire; potential impairment of the carrying value of goodwill and other acquired intangible assets of companies and businesses that we acquire; a continued downturn in or depressed market conditions; changes in external market factors; the potential effects of U.S. global trading and monetary policy, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve; changes in our business or growth strategy; the emergence of new, or growth in existing competitors; various other competitive and technological factors; our use of and reliance on information technology systems, including potential security breaches, cyber-attacks, privacy breaches or data breaches that result in the unauthorized disclosure of consumer, customer, employee or Company information, or service interruptions; and other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").*

*Our actual results could differ materially from the results referred to in any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, the risks discussed in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors," Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and other parts of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2025 and in our other filings that we may make with the SEC.*

*In light of these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurance that the results referred to in any forward-looking statements will occur, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof.*

*We undertake no obligation to update or review any guidance or other forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by the U.S. federal securities laws.*

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries and should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1. "Financial Statements" of this Report.

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#### Business Overview
Innodata Inc. (Nasdaq: INOD) (including its subsidiaries, the "Company," "Innodata," "we," "us" or "our") is a leading data engineering company. Our mission is to help the world's most prestigious companies deliver the promise of ethical, high-performing artificial intelligence ("AI"), which we believe will contribute to a safer and more prosperous world.

Innodata was founded on a simple idea: engineer the highest quality data so organizations across broad industry segments could make smarter decisions. Today, we believe we are delivering the highest quality data for some of the world's most innovative technology companies to use to train the AI models of the future.

AI holds the promise that computers can perceive and understand the world, enabling products and services that would have been previously unimaginable and impossible with traditional coding. AI learns from data, and the highest-performing AI will have learned from the highest-quality data. We believe that we can contribute meaningfully by harnessing our capabilities, honed over 35+ years, in collecting and annotating data at scale with consistency and high accuracy.

We are also helping companies deploy and integrate AI into their operations and products and providing innovative AI-enabled industry platforms, helping ensure that our customers' businesses are prepared for a world in which machines augment human activity in ways previously unimaginable.

We developed our capabilities and honed our approaches progressively over the last 35+ years creating high-quality data for many of the world's most demanding information companies. Approximately nine years ago, we formed Innodata Labs, a research and development center, to research, develop and apply machine learning and emerging AI to our large-scale, human-intensive data operations. In 2019, we began packaging the capabilities that emerged from our R&D efforts in order to align with several fast-growing new markets and help companies use AI and machine learning ("ML") to drive performance benefits and business insights.

Our historical core competency in high-quality data, combined with these R&D efforts in applied AI, created the foundation for the evolution of our offerings, which include AI Data Preparation, AI Model Deployment and Integration, and AI-Enabled Industry Platforms.

**AI Data Preparation**

For several of the world's large technology companies, we support their efforts at building generative AI foundation models. For these companies, we provide or are poised to provide a range of scaled data solutions and services. Our scaled data solutions include providing instruction data sets for fine-tuning large language models ("LLMs") to understand prompts, to accept instruction, to converse, to apparently reason, and to perform the myriad of incredible feats that many of us have now experienced. We also provide reinforcement learning and reward modeling, services which are critical to provide the guardrails against toxic, bias and harmful responses, and model evaluation services.

For social media companies, financial services companies, and many others, we collect or create training data, annotate training data, and train AI algorithms for working with images, text, video, audio, code and sensor data.

We utilize a variety of leading third-party tools, proprietary tools and customer tools. For text annotation, we use our proprietary data annotation platform that incorporates AI to reduce costs while improving consistency and quality of output. Our proprietary data annotation platform features auto-tagging capabilities that apply to both classical and generative AI tasks. The platform encapsulates many of the innovations we conceived of in the course of our 35+ year history of creating high-quality data.

In addition, because collecting real-world data is often impracticable (due to data privacy regulations or the rarity of cohorts and outliers), we create high-quality synthetic data that maintains all of the statistical properties of real-world data, using a combination of domain specialists and machine technologies that leverage LLMs.

**AI Model Deployment and Integration**

We help businesses leverage the latest AI technologies to achieve their goals. We develop custom AI models (where we select the appropriate algorithms, tune hyperparameters, train and validate the models, and update the models as required). We also help businesses fine-tune their own custom versions of our proprietary models and third-party foundation models to address domain-specific and customer-specific use cases.

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For our customers that provide products and solutions that require intensive text data processing and analytics, in addition to deploying and integrating AI models, we often provide a range of data engineering support services including data transformation, data curation, data hygiene, data consolidation, data extraction, data compliance, and master data management.

Our customers span a diverse range of industries and a wide range of AI use cases, benefiting from the short time-to-value and high economic returns of our AI solutions and platforms.

**AI-Enabled Industry Platforms**

Our AI-enabled industry platforms address specific, niche market requirements we believe we can innovate with AI/ML technologies. We deploy these industry platforms as software-as-a-service ("SaaS") and as managed services. These platforms benefit from our technology infrastructure, our industry-specific knowledge, our strong customer relationships and experience merging technology with the business processes of our customers. To date, we have built an industry platform for medical records data extraction and transformation (which we brand as "Synodex<sup>®</sup>") and an industry platform for public relations (which we brand as "Agility PR Solutions"). We are in the development with an additional AI-enabled industry platform to serve financial services institutions.

Our Synodex industry platform transforms medical records into useable digital data organized in accordance with our proprietary data models or customer data models.

Our Agility industry platform provides marketing communications and public relations professionals with the ability to target and distribute content to journalists and social media influencers world-wide and to monitor and analyze global news (print, web, radio and TV) and social media.

Our operations are presently classified and reported in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions, Synodex and Agility.

**Prevailing Economic Conditions and Seasonality** 

*Prevailing Economic Conditions*

With the current level of demand for our services, we believe we have existing cash and cash equivalents that provide sufficient sources of liquidity to satisfy our financial needs for at least the next 12 months from the date of the filing of this Report (refer to Item 2. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources" for additional information). In the event we experience a significant or prolonged reduction in revenues, we would seek to manage our liquidity by utilizing the Revolving Credit Facility, reducing capital expenditures, deferring investment activities, and reducing operating costs.

*Seasonality*

Our quarterly operating results are subject to certain fluctuations. We experience fluctuations in our revenue and earnings as we replace and begin new projects, which may have some normal start-up delays, or we may be unable to replace a project entirely. These and other factors may contribute to fluctuations in our operating results from quarter to quarter. In addition, as some of our Asian facilities are closed during holidays in the fourth quarter, we typically incur higher wages, due to overtime, that reduce our margins.

Our Synodex subsidiary experiences seasonal fluctuations in revenues. Typically, revenue is lowest in the third quarter of the calendar year and highest in the fourth quarter of the calendar year. The seasonality is directly linked to the number of life insurance applications received by the insurance companies.

For further information, refer to the risk factor titled "Quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations could make financial forecasting difficult and could negatively affect our stock price." in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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**Non-GAAP Financial Measures**

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP ("GAAP"), we provide certain non-GAAP financial information. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures assist investors in making comparisons of period-to-period operating results. In some respects, management believes non-GAAP financial measures are more indicative of our ongoing core operating performance than their GAAP equivalents by making adjustments that management believes are reflective of the ongoing performance of the business.

We believe that the presentation of this non-GAAP financial information provides investors with greater transparency by providing investors a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position, and prospects for the future, particularly by providing the same information that management and our Board of Directors use to evaluate our performance and manage the business. However, the non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have certain limitations in that they do not reflect all of the costs associated with the operations of our business as determined in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, investors should consider non-GAAP financial measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, or as superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Further, the non-GAAP financial measures that we present may differ from similar non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.

*Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin*

We define Adjusted Gross Profit as revenues less direct operating costs attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries in accordance with U.S. GAAP, plus depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, stock-based compensation, non-recurring severance and other one-time costs included within direct operating cost.

We define Adjusted Gross Margin by dividing Adjusted Gross Profit over total U.S. GAAP revenues.

We use Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin to evaluate results of operations and trends between fiscal periods and believe that these measures are important components of our internal performance measurement process.

The following table contains a reconciliation of Gross Profit and Gross Margin in accordance with the U.S. GAAP attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries to Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **Consolidated** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries | $25504 | $21331 | $71779 | $40317 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 1729 | 1513 | 4855 | 4147 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 444 | 43 | 1312 | 200 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**27677** | $**22887** | $**77946** | $**44664** |
| Gross Margin | 41% | 41% | 40% | 36% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 44% | 44% | 43% | 40% |

---

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---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **DDS Segment** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to DDS Segment | $22152 | $17610 | $61281 | $30247 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 800 | 648 | 2224 | 1441 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 433 | 38 | 1278 | 176 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**23385** | $**18296** | $**64783** | $**31864** |
| Gross Margin | 40% | 39% | 39% | 34% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 43% | 41% | 41% | 35% |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **Synodex Segment** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to Synodex Segment | $117 | $483 | $1116 | $1338 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 114 | 112 | 289 | 406 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**231** | $**596** | $**1406** | $**1745** |
| Gross Margin | 7% | 25% | 19% | 23% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 14% | 31% | 25% | 30% |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **Agility Segment** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to Agility Segment | $3235 | $3238 | $9382 | $8732 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 815 | 753 | 2342 | 2300 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 11 | 4 | 33 | 23 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**4061** | $**3995** | $**11757** | $**11055** |
| Gross Margin | 53% | 58% | 54% | 56% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 66% | 71% | 68% | 71% |

---

*Adjusted EBITDA*

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries in accordance with U.S. GAAP before net interest expense (income), income taxes, depreciation and amortization of intangible assets (which derives EBITDA), plus additional adjustments for loss on impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, stock-based compensation, income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests, non-recurring severance, and other one-time costs. We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate core results of operations and trends between fiscal periods and believe that these measures are important components of our internal performance measurement process.

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The following table contains a reconciliation of U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries to Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **Consolidated** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries | $8342 | $17389 | $23348 | $18364 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes  | 3837 | (5944) | 6718 | (5235) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest (income) expense, net | (420) | 21 | (1124) | 190 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 1748 | 1535 | 4913 | 4219 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 2707 | 855 | 8309 | 2881 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-controlling interests | - | 2 | - | 8 |
| Adjusted EBITDA - Consolidated | $16214 | $13858 | $42164 | $20427 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **DDS Segment** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income attributable to DDS Segment | $8458 | $16526 | $23464 | $16492 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes  | 3868 | (5887) | 6667 | (5183) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest (income) expense, net | (420) | 20 | (1125) | 187 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 819 | 670 | 2282 | 1513 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 2500 | 760 | 7694 | 2523 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-controlling interests | - | 2 | - | 8 |
| Adjusted EBITDA - DDS Segment | $15225 | $12091 | $38982 | $15540 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **Synodex Segment** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Synodex Segment | $(44) | $381 | $529 | $973 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 114 | 112 | 289 | 406 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 65 | 38 | 194 | 136 |
| Adjusted EBITDA - Synodex Segment | $135 | $531 | $1012 | $1515 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Three Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,**  |
| **Agility Segment** | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Agility Segment | $(72) | $482 | $(645) | $899 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes  | (31) | (57) | 51 | (52) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | - | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 815 | 753 | 2342 | 2300 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 142 | 57 | 421 | 222 |
| Adjusted EBITDA - Agility Segment | $854 | $1236 | $2170 | $3372 |

---

**Results of Operations**

The amounts in the MD&A below have been rounded. All percentages have been calculated using rounded amounts.

**Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024**

*Revenues*

Total revenues were $62.6 million and $52.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $10.4 million or approximately 20%.

Revenues from the DDS segment were $54.8 million and $44.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $10.1 million or approximately 23%. The increase was primarily attributable to higher volume from existing customers.

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Revenues from the Synodex segment were $1.7 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a decrease of $0.2 million or 11%. The decrease was primarily attributable to termination of a contract with one customer.

Revenues from the Agility segment were $6.1 million and $5.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $0.5 million or approximately 9%. The increase was principally attributable to higher volumes from subscriptions to our Agility AI-enabled industry platform.

One customer in the DDS segment generated approximately 56% and 59% of the Company's total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, revenues from non-U.S. customers accounted for 16% and 17% of the Company's total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

*Direct Operating Costs*

Direct operating costs consist of direct and indirect labor costs, occupancy costs, data center hosting fees, cloud services, content acquisition costs, depreciation and amortization, travel, telecommunications, computer services and supplies, realized (gain) loss on forward contracts, foreign currency revaluation (gain) loss, recruitment costs and other direct expenses that are incurred in providing services to our customers.

Direct operating costs were $37.0 million and $30.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $6.1 million or 20%. The cost increase was primarily due to increased headcount to support higher volumes from existing customers. The increase in direct operating costs includes $4.8 million from direct and indirect labor related costs primarily on account of new hires, higher incentives and salary increases; higher recruitment fees of $0.6 million; higher cloud service subscriptions of $0.6 million, higher content costs of $0.3 million, higher depreciation and amortization of capitalized developed software of $0.2 million; and an increase in other direct operating costs of $0.3 million; offset in part by a favorable impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations of $0.7 million. Direct operating costs as a percentage of total revenues were 59% for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Direct operating costs for the DDS segment were $32.6 million and $27.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $5.6 million or 21%. The cost increase was primarily due to increased headcount to support higher volumes from existing customers. The increase in direct operating costs includes $4.8 million from direct and indirect labor related costs primarily on account of new hires, higher incentives and salary increases; higher recruitment fees of $0.6 million, higher cloud service subscriptions of $0.5 million, higher depreciation and amortization of $0.1 million; and an increase in other direct operating costs of $0.3 million; offset in part by a favorable impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations of $0.7 million. Direct operating costs for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were 59% and 60% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in direct operating costs of the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues was primarily attributable to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

Direct operating costs for the Synodex segment were $1.5 million for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Direct operating costs for the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues were 88% and 79% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in direct operating costs of the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues was due to lower revenues due to the termination of a contract with one customer.

Direct operating costs for the Agility segment were $2.9 million and $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $0.5 million or 21%. The increase in direct operating costs was a result of higher content costs of $0.3 million, higher depreciation and amortization of capitalized developed software of $0.1 million and an increase in other direct operating costs of $0.1 million. Direct operating costs for the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues were 48% and 43% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The increase in direct operating costs of the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues was due to higher direct operating costs offset by higher revenues.

*Gross Profit and Gross Margin*

Gross profit is derived by revenues less direct operating costs, while the Gross margin percentage is derived by dividing gross profit over revenues.

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Gross profit was $25.5 million and $21.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $4.2 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in the DDS and Agility segments and lower revenues in the Synodex segment. Gross margin was 41% for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Gross profit for the DDS segment was $22.2 million and $17.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $4.6 million increase in gross profit for the DDS segment was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Gross margin for the DDS segment was 40% and 39% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in gross margin for the DDS segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

Gross profit for the Synodex segment was $0.1 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.4 million decrease in gross profit for the Synodex segment was due to lower revenues. Gross margin for the Synodex segment was 7% and 25% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in gross margin for the Synodex segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to lower revenues.

Gross profit for the Agility segment was $3.2 million for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Gross margin for the Agility segment was 53% and 58% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The decrease in gross margin for the Agility segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher direct operating costs, offset by higher revenues.

*Selling and Administrative Expenses*

Selling and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related costs including commissions, bonuses, and stock-based compensation; marketing, advertising, trade conferences and related expenses; new services research and related software development expenses; software and cloud service subscriptions; professional and consultant fees; provision for credit losses; and other administrative overhead expenses.

Selling and administrative expenses were $13.7 million and $9.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $3.8 million or 38%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher expenses associated with the increase in revenues. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes higher selling and administrative payroll and related expenses of $4.0 million, primarily on account of new hires, salary increases, incentives and bonuses; higher software subscriptions of $0.4 million, and an unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations of $0.2 million; offset in part by lower professional fees of $0.5 million, lower expenses for marketing-related activities of $0.1 million and a decrease in other selling and administrative expenses of $0.2 million. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues were 22% and 19% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues was primarily attributable to higher selling and administrative expenses in all segments and lower revenues in the Synodex segment, offset by higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments.

Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment were $10.2 million and $7.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $3.2 million or 46%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher expenses associated with the increase in revenues. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes higher selling and administrative payroll and related expenses of $3.4 million, primarily on account of new hires, salary increases, incentives and bonuses; higher software subscriptions of $0.3 million and an increase in other selling and administrative expenses of $0.1 million; offset in part by lower professional fees of $0.6 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were 19% and 16% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues was primarily attributable to higher selling and administrative expenses, offset by higher revenues.

Selling and administrative expenses for the Synodex segment were $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, an increase of $0.1 million or 100%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses is due to higher selling and administrative payroll and related expenses of $0.1 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues were 12% and 5% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues was primarily attributable to higher selling and administrative expenses and lower revenues.

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Selling and administrative expenses for the Agility segment were $3.3 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $0.5 million or 18%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes selling and administrative labor and related expenses of $0.5 million, primarily on account of new hires, salary increases, incentives and bonuses; an unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations of $0.2 million; higher professional fees of $0.1 million and higher software subscriptions of $0.1 million; offset by lower expenses for marketing-related activities of $0.1 million and a decrease in other selling and administrative expenses of $0.3 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues were 54% and 50% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues was primarily due to higher selling and administrative expenses, offset by higher revenues.

*Income Taxes*

We recorded a provision for income taxes of $3.8 million and a benefit from income taxes of $5.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change is due to the release of the valuation allowance in the prior period; and the effect of the following in the current period: higher Federal and State income tax expense on U.S. operations, deemed interest provision, the effect of unrecognized tax benefits, in accordance with ASC 740, the effect of stock-based compensation, and the tax impact of IRS section 162(m) adjustments; partially offset by the favorable effect of withholding taxes.

The provision for the current quarter primarily reflects Federal and State income tax expense on U.S. operations, deemed interest provision, the effect of stock-based compensation, the tax impact of IRS section 162(m) adjustments, partially offset by the favorable impact of withholding taxes.

Although the Company generated taxable income in the United States during the period, the related current tax liability was partially offset by the utilization of deferred tax assets arising from the net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLCOs").

*Net Income*

Net income was $8.3 million and $17.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $9.1 million decrease was due to a higher income tax provision, higher direct operating costs in the DDS and Agility segments, higher selling and administrative expenses in all segments and lower revenues in the Synodex segment; offset in part by higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments and higher interest income in the current quarter.

Net income for the DDS segment was $8.4 million and $16.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $8.1 million decrease was due to a higher income tax provision, higher direct operating costs and higher selling and administrative expenses, offset in part by higher revenues and higher interest income in the current quarter.

The Synodex segment was breakeven and had a net income of $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.4 million decrease is due to lower revenues, and higher selling and administrative expenses in the current quarter.

The Agility segment had a net loss of $0.1 million and a net income of $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.6 million change was due to higher selling and administrative expenses and higher direct operating costs, offset in part by higher revenues in the current quarter.

*Earnings per share*

Basic and diluted earnings per share were $0.26 and $0.24 compared to $0.60 and $0.51 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. A per share decrease of $0.34 and $0.27, respectively. The decrease in earnings per share was primarily due to the tax benefit recognized in the prior year arising from the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, which did not recur in the current period.

*Adjusted Gross Profit and Margin*

Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin are non - GAAP financial measures. For a reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, please see the description of "Non - GAAP Financial Measures - Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin" above.

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Adjusted gross profit was $27.7 million and $22.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $4.8 million increase was due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in the DDS and Agility segments and lower revenues in the Synodex segment. Adjusted gross margin was 44% for each of the three - month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Adjusted gross profit for the DDS segment was $23.4 million and $18.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $5.1 million increase in adjusted gross profit for the DDS segment was due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the DDS segment was 43% and 41% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in the adjusted gross margin for the DDS segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

Adjusted gross profit for the Synodex segment was $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.4 million decrease in adjusted gross profit in the Synodex segment was due to lower revenues. Adjusted gross margin for the Synodex segment was 14% and 31% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in the adjusted gross margin for the Synodex segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to lower revenues.

Adjusted gross profit for the Agility segment was $4.1 million and $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.1 million increase in adjusted gross profit for the Agility segment was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the Agility segment was 66% and 71% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in the adjusted gross margin for the Agility segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher direct operating costs, offset by higher revenues.

*Adjusted EBITDA*

Adjusted EBITDA is a non - GAAP financial measure. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, please see the description of "Non - GAAP Financial Measures - Adjusted EBITDA" above.

Adjusted EBITDA was $16.2 million and $13.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $2.3 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA was due to a higher income tax provision, higher stock-based compensation and higher depreciation and amortization, offset in part by lower net income and higher interest income in the current quarter.

Adjusted EBITDA for the DDS segment was $15.2 million and $12.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $3.1 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA in the DDS Segment was due to a higher income tax provision, higher stock-based compensation, and higher depreciation and amortization, offset in part by lower net income and higher interest income in the current quarter.

Adjusted EBITDA for the Synodex segment was $0.1 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The $0.4 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA in the Synodex segment was due to lower net income in the current quarter.

Adjusted EBITDA for the Agility segment was $0.9 million and $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.3 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA in the Agility segment was due to lower net income, offset in part by higher stock-based compensation and higher depreciation and amortization in the current quarter.

**Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024**

*Revenues*

Total revenues were $179.3 million and $111.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $68.0 million or approximately 61%.

Revenues from the DDS segment were $156.2 million and $89.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $66.4 million or approximately 74%. The increase was primarily attributable to higher volume from existing customers.

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Revenues from the Synodex segment were $5.7 million and $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a decrease of $0.1 million or 2%. The decrease was primarily attributable to termination of a contract with one customer.

Revenues from the Agility segment were $17.4 million and $15.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $1.7 million or approximately 11%. The increase was principally attributable to higher volumes from subscriptions to our Agility AI-enabled industry platform.

One customer in the DDS segment generated approximately 58% and 44% of the Company's total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, revenues from non-U.S. customers accounted for 16% and 24% of the Company's total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

*Direct Operating Costs*

Direct operating costs consist of direct and indirect labor costs, occupancy costs, data center hosting fees, cloud services, content acquisition costs, depreciation and amortization, travel, telecommunications, computer services and supplies, realized (gain) loss on forward contracts, foreign currency revaluation (gain) loss, recruitment costs and other direct expenses that are incurred in providing services to our customers.

Direct operating costs were $107.5 million and $71.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $36.5 million or 51%. The cost increase was primarily due to increased headcount to support higher volumes from existing customers. The increase in direct operating costs includes $34.2 million from direct and indirect labor related costs primarily on account of new hires, higher incentives and salary increases; higher cloud service subscriptions of $1.5 million, higher content costs of $0.7 million; higher depreciation and amortization of capitalized developed software of $0.7 million; an increase in travel and related costs of $0.2 million and an increase in other direct operating costs of $0.4 million; offset in part by lower recruitment fees of $1.2 million. Direct operating costs as a percentage of total revenues were 60% and 64% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in direct operating cost as a percentage of total revenues was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments.

Direct operating costs for the DDS segment were $94.9 million and $59.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $35.3 million or 59%. The cost increase was primarily due to increased headcount to support higher volumes from existing customers. The increase in direct operating costs includes $34.0 million from direct and indirect labor related costs primarily on account of new hires, higher incentives and salary increases; higher cloud service subscriptions of $1.3 million, higher depreciation and amortization of $0.8 million; an increase in travel and related costs of $0.2 million and an increase in other direct operating costs of $0.3 million; offset in part by lower recruitment fees of $1.3 million. Direct operating costs for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were 61% and 66% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in direct operating costs of the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues was primarily attributable to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

Direct operating costs for the Synodex segment were $4.6 million and $4.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $0.1 million or 2%. The increase in direct operating costs is due to higher indirect labor related costs of $0.1 million; higher cloud service subscriptions of $0.2 million; offset in part by lower depreciation and amortization of $0.1 million and a decrease in other direct operating costs of $0.1 million. Direct operating costs for the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues were 81% and 78% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in direct operating costs of the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues was due to higher direct operating costs and lower revenues.

Direct operating costs for the Agility segment were $8.0 million and $6.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $1.1 million or 16%. The increase in direct operating costs was a result of higher direct labor costs of $0.1 million, higher content costs of $0.7 million, higher recruitment fees of $0.1 million and an increase in other direct operating costs of $0.2 million. Direct operating costs for the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues were 46% and 44% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The increase in direct operating costs of the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues was due to higher direct operating costs offset by higher revenues.

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*Gross Profit and Gross Margin*

Gross profit is derived by revenues less direct operating costs, while the Gross margin percentage is derived by dividing gross profit over revenues.

Gross profit was $71.8 million and $40.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $31.5 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments. Gross margin was 40% and 36% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments.

Gross profit for the DDS segment was $61.3 million and $30.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $31.1 million increase in gross profit for the DDS segment was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Gross margin for the DDS segment was 39% and 34% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in gross margin for the DDS segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

Gross profit for the Synodex segment was $1.1 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.2 million decrease in gross profit for the Synodex segment was primarily due to lower revenues and higher direct operating cost. Gross margin for the Synodex segment was 19% and 23% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in gross margin for the Synodex segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to lower revenues and higher direct operating costs.

Gross profit for the Agility segment was $9.4 million and $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.7 million increase in gross profit for the Agility segment was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Gross margin for the Agility segment was 54% and 56% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in gross margin for the Agility segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher direct operating costs offset by higher revenues.

*Selling and Administrative Expenses*

Selling and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related costs including commissions, bonuses, and stock-based compensation; marketing, advertising, trade conferences and related expenses; new services research and related software development expenses; software and cloud service subscriptions; professional and consultant fees; provision for credit losses; and other administrative overhead expenses.

Selling and administrative expenses were $42.8 million and $27.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $15.6 million or 57%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher expenses associated with the increase in revenues. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes higher selling and administrative payroll and related expenses of $11.1 million, primarily on account of new hires, salary increases, incentives and bonuses; higher professional fees of $3.3 million, higher expenses for marketing-related activities of $0.7 million, and higher software subscriptions of $0.6 million; offset in part by a decrease in other selling and administrative expenses of $0.1 million. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues were 24% for each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment were $32.3 million and $19.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $13.3 million or 70%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes higher selling and administrative payroll and related expenses of $9.2 million, primarily on account of new hires, salary increases, incentives and bonuses; higher professional fees of $2.9 million, higher expenses for marketing-related activities of $0.6 million and higher software subscriptions of $0.4 million, and an increase in other selling and administrative expenses of $0.2 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were 21% for each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

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Selling and administrative expenses for the Synodex segment were $0.6 million and $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $0.3 million or 100%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes selling and administrative labor and related expenses of $0.1 million, primarily on account of incentives and bonuses and an increase in other selling and administrative expenses of $0.2 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues were 11% and 5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues was primarily attributable due to higher selling and administrative expenses and lower revenues.

Selling and administrative expenses for the Agility segment were $9.9 million and $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $2.0 million or 25%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes higher selling and administrative payroll and related expenses of $1.8 million, primarily on account of new hires, salary increases, incentives and bonuses; higher professional fees of $0.4 million; higher software subscriptions of $0.2 million; higher expenses for marketing-related activities of $0.1 million; offset in part by a decrease in other selling and administrative expenses of $0.5 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues were 57% and 50% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues was primarily due to higher selling and administrative expenses, offset in part by higher revenues.

*Income Taxes*

We recorded a provision for income taxes of $6.7 million and a benefit from income taxes of $5.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change in the income tax provision is mainly due to the release of the valuation allowance in the prior period; and the effect of the following in the current period, higher Federal and State income tax expense on U.S. operations, the tax impact of IRS section 162(m) adjustments, and deemed interest provision; partially offset by the favorable effect of stock-based compensation.

The provision for the current period primarily reflects Federal and State income tax expense on U.S. operations, the tax impact of IRS section 162(m) adjustments, deemed interest provision, and income tax expense attributable to the Company's subsidiaries in foreign jurisdictions in accordance with applicable local tax regulations. The tax provision was partially offset by the favorable effect of stock-based compensation, the favorable impact of withholding taxes, and the release of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets of one of the Company's Canadian and the Company's German subsidiary, resulting from improved expectations of future taxable income in those jurisdictions.

Although the Company generated taxable income in the United States during the period, the related current tax liability was partially offset by the utilization of deferred tax assets arising from the net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLCOs").

*Net Income*

Net income was $23.3 million and $18.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $4.9 million increase was a result of higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments and higher interest income, offset in part by higher direct operating costs, higher selling and administrative expenses in all segments, and an increase in the income tax provision in the current period.

Net income for the DDS segment was $23.4 million and $16.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $6.9 million increase was primarily attributable to higher revenues and higher interest income, offset in part by higher direct operating costs, higher selling and administrative expenses, and an increase in the income tax provision in the current period.

Net income for the Synodex segment was $0.5 million and $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The $0.5 million decrease was due to lower revenues, higher direct operating costs and higher selling and administrative expenses in the current period.

The Agility segment had a net loss of $0.6 million and a net income of $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $1.5 million change was due to higher selling and administrative expenses, and higher direct operating costs, offset in part by higher revenues in the current period.

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*Earnings per share*

Basic and diluted earnings per share were $0.74 and $0.67 compared to $0.64 and $0.55 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. A per share increase of $0.10 and $0.12, respectively. Despite the prior year tax benefit related to the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, earnings per share increased for the nine-month period due to improved profitability and operating leverage, reflecting higher revenues and cost efficiencies across the business.

*Adjusted Gross Profit and Margin*

Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For a reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, please see the description of "Non-GAAP Financial Measures – Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin" above.

Adjusted gross profit was $78.0 million and $44.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $33.3 million increase in adjusted gross profit was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments. Adjusted gross margin was 43% and 40% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in adjusted gross margin was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments.

Adjusted gross profit for the DDS segment was $64.8 million and $31.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $32.9 million increase in adjusted gross profit for the DDS segment was due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the DDS segment was 41% and 35% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in the adjusted gross margin for the DDS segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

Adjusted gross profit for the Synodex segment was $1.4 million and $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.3 million decrease in adjusted gross profit in the Synodex segment was due to lower revenues and higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the Synodex segment was 25% and 30% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in the adjusted gross margin for the Synodex segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to lower revenues and higher direct operating costs.

Adjusted gross profit for the Agility segment was $11.8 million and $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.7 million increase in adjusted gross profit for the Agility segment was due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the Agility segment was 68% and 71% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in the adjusted gross margin for the Agility segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher direct operating costs offset by higher revenues.

*Adjusted EBITDA*

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, please see the description of "Non-GAAP Financial Measures – Adjusted EBITDA" above.

Adjusted EBITDA was $42.2 million and $20.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $21.8 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA was due to higher net income, a higher income tax provision, higher stock-based compensation, and higher depreciation and amortization, offset in part by higher interest income in the current period.

Adjusted EBITDA for the DDS segment was $39.0 million and $15.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $23.5 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA in the DDS Segment was due to higher net income, a higher income tax provision, higher stock-based compensation, and higher depreciation and amortization, offset in part by higher interest income in the current period.

Adjusted EBITDA for the Synodex segment was $1.0 million and $1.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.5 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA in the Synodex segment was due to lower net income and lower depreciation and amortization in the current period.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Adjusted EBITDA for the Agility segment was $2.2 million and $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $1.2 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA in the Agility segment was due to lower net income, offset in part by higher stock-based compensation and a higher income tax provision in the current period.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

Selected measures of liquidity and capital resources, expressed in thousands, were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **September 30,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $73859 | $46897 |
| Working capital | 75256 | 41494 |

---

On September 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $73.9 million, of which $20.7 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries, and $53.2 million was held in the United States.

We have used, and plan to use, our cash and cash equivalents for (i) capital investments; (ii) the expansion of our operations; (iii) technology innovation; (iv) product management and strategic marketing; (v) general corporate purposes, including working capital; and (vi) possible business acquisitions. As of September 30, 2025, we had working capital of approximately $75.3 million, as compared to working capital of approximately $41.5 million as of December 31, 2024. The increase in working capital is due to increased collections from higher revenues and proceeds from stock option exercises in the period, offset by capital expenditures during the period to build future capacity.

We did not have any material commitments for capital expenditures as of September 30, 2025.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and internally generated funds will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to satisfy our financial needs for at least the next 12 months from the date of this Report.

We maintain a revolving line of credit facility. See Note 13, Line of Credit, of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated by reference herein.

On August 8, 2024, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-281379) (the "Form S-3"), as amended on September 16, 2024, and declared effective on October 10, 2024, with the SEC, which includes a base prospectus that allows us to offer and sell, from time to time, in one or more offerings, common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants or units up to an aggregate public offering price of $50.0 million. The Form S-3 is intended to preserve our flexibility to raise capital from time to time, if and when needed.

**Cash Flows**

*Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities*

Cash provided by our operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $33.9 million resulting from net income of $23.3 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $17.4 million and a decrease in working capital of $6.8 million. Refer to the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for further details.

Cash provided by our operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $17.7 million resulting from net income of $18.4 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $1.9 million and a decrease in working capital of $2.6 million. Refer to the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for further details.

Cash provided by operating activities increased to $33.9 million from $17.7 million in the prior-year period, primarily due to higher non-cash reconciling items, including a higher deferred tax provision and increased share-based compensation expense. These non-cash items were offset in part by a net use of cash in working capital, driven by change in receivables.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

*Net Cash Used in Investing Activities*

Cash used in our investing activities was $8.3 million and $5.5 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These capital expenditures were principally for the purchase of technology equipment including servers, network infrastructure and workstations, and expenditures for capitalized developed software. Capital expenditures for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 amounting to $8.3 million consisted of $5.6 million for the DDS segment, $1.8 million for the Agility segment and $0.9 million for the Synodex segment.

During the next 12 months, it is anticipated that capital expenditures for capitalized developed software and ongoing technology, equipment and infrastructure upgrades will approximate to $11.0 million, a portion of which we may finance.

*Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities*

Cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1.1 million primarily from proceeds of stock option exercises of $1.5 million, offset in part by payment of long-term obligations of $0.4 million.

Cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $0.2 million primarily from proceeds of stock option exercises of $0.8 million, offset in part by payment of long-term obligations of $0.5 million and withholding taxes on net settlement of restricted stock awards of $0.1 million.

**Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates**

Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations, liquidity and capital resources is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses and billing adjustments, long-lived assets, intangible assets, goodwill, valuation of deferred tax assets, value of securities underlying stock-based compensation, litigation accruals, pension benefits, valuation of derivative instruments and estimated accruals for various tax exposures. We base our estimates on historical and anticipated results and trends and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Actual results may differ from our estimates and could have a significant adverse effect on our condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position.

The significant accounting policies used in preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Report are the same as those described in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless otherwise noted, and we believe those critical accounting policies affect our more significant estimates and judgments in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements.

#### Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
None.

#### Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### Item 4. Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision, and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), as of September 30, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

#### PART II. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OTHER INFORMATION

#### Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See Note 7, Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated by reference herein.

#### Item 1A. Risk Factors
For information regarding Risk Factors, please refer to Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

#### Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
There were no sales of unregistered equity securities or repurchases of equity securities during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

#### Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.

#### Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.

#### Item 5. Other Information
**Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans**

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, none of the Company's directors or officers informed the Company of the adoption or termination of a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Item 6. Exhibits**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit No.** | **Description** |
| 10.1\* | [Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of July 18, 2025, to Credit Agreement dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata docGenix, LLC, Agility PR Solutions LLC, and Innodata Services, LLC as borrowers, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Lender.](inod-20250930xex10d1.htm) |
| 31.1\* | [Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](inod-20250930xex31d1.htm) |
| 31.2\* | [Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](inod-20250930xex31d2.htm) |
| 32.1\*\* | [Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](inod-20250930xex32d1.htm) |
| 32.2\*\* | [Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](inod-20250930xex32d2.htm) |
| 101 | The following materials from Innodata Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2025, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited); (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited); (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited). |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File, formatted in iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101. |

---

\* Filed herewith.

\*\* In accordance with SEC Release 33-8238, Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 are being furnished and not filed.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

INNODATA INC.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Date: | November 6, 2025 | /s/ Jack S. Abuhoff |
|  |  | Jack S. Abuhoff |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer and President |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Date: | November 6, 2025 | /s/ Marissa B. Espineli |
|  |  | Marissa B. Espineli |
|  |  | Interim Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 10.1

**Exhibit 10.1**

**THIRD AMENDMENT** 

**TO**

**CREDIT AGREEMENT**

This THIRD AMENDMENT TO CREDIT AGREEMENT (this "**Amendment**") is entered into as of July 18, 2025, by and among INNODATA INC., a Delaware corporation ("**Innodata**"), INNODATA SYNODEX, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("**Synodex**"), INNODATA DOCGENIX, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("**Docgenix**"), AGILITY PR SOLUTIONS LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("**Solutions**"), INNODATA SERVICES, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("**Services**", and together with Innodata, Synodex, Docgenix, Solutions and any entity that may hereafter become party to the Credit Agreement as a Borrower, individually, a "**Borrower**" and collectively, "**Borrowers**") and WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ("**Lender**").

WHEREAS, Borrowers and Lender have entered into financing arrangements as set forth in that certain Credit Agreement, dated April 4, 2023, by and among Borrowers and Lender (as amended, restated, renewed, extended, supplemented, substituted and otherwise modified from time to time, the "**Credit Agreement**"); and

WHEREAS, Borrowers have requested that Lender make certain amendments to the Credit Agreement in accordance with the terms hereof.

NOW, THEREFORE, upon the mutual agreements and covenants set forth herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.<u>Definitions</u>. Capitalized terms used and not defined in this Amendment shall have the respective meanings given them in the Credit Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.<u>Amendments to Credit Agreement</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)<u>Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio</u>. Section 7.1 of the Credit Agreement is deleted in its entirety and the following substituted therefor:

"**7.1 Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio**. Borrowers, on a combined basis, shall have a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.10 to 1.00, tested quarterly as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, in each case, for the four consecutive fiscal quarters then ended for which Lender has received financial statements."

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)<u>Quarterly Financial Statements</u>. Section 2 of Schedule 5.1 to the Credit Agreement is deleted in its entirety and the following substituted therefor:

"2.<u>Quarterly Financial Statements</u>. As soon as available, but in any event within 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter of Loan Parties, its consolidated and consolidating balance sheet, income statement and statement of equity as of the end of and for such fiscal quarter, all in reasonable detail, fairly presenting in all material respects the financial position and the results of the operations of Loan Parties as of the end of and through such fiscal quarter, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the corresponding period or periods of (or, in the case of the balance sheet, as of the end of) the previous fiscal year, subject to normal year-end audit adjustments and the absence of footnotes."

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.<u>Conditions to Effectiveness</u>. The effectiveness of this Amendment shall be subject to the receipt by Lender of an original (or electronic copy) of this Amendment duly authorized, executed and delivered by Borrowers.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.<u>Effect of this Amendment</u>. Except as amended pursuant hereto, no other amendments or modifications to the Credit Agreement are intended or implied and in all other respects the Credit Agreement is hereby specifically ratified, restated and confirmed by all parties hereto as of the effective date hereof. To the extent of conflict between the terms of this Amendment and the Credit Agreement, the terms of this Amendment shall control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.<u>Further Assurances</u>. Borrowers shall execute and deliver such additional documents and take such additional action as may be reasonably requested by Lender to effectuate the provisions and purposes of this Amendment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.<u>Binding Effect</u>. This Amendment shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of each of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.<u>Governing Law</u>. The rights and obligations hereunder of each of the parties hereto shall be governed by and interpreted and determined in accordance with the internal laws of the State of Texas (without giving effect to principles of conflict of laws).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.<u>Electronic Signatures</u>. This Amendment, and any notices delivered under this Amendment or the Credit Agreement, may be executed by means of (a) an electronic signature that complies with the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, state enactments of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, or any other relevant and applicable electronic signatures law; (b) an original manual signature; or (c) a faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature. Each electronic signature or faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature shall for all purposes have the same validity, legal effect, and admissibility in evidence as an original manual signature. Lender reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to accept, deny, or condition acceptance of any electronic signature on this Amendment or on any notice delivered to Lender under this Amendment or the Credit Agreement. This Amendment, and any notices delivered under this Amendment or the Credit Agreement, may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but such counterparts shall, together, constitute only one instrument. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Amendment and any notices as set forth herein or in the Credit Agreement will be as effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of the Amendment or notice.

[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

------

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed and delivered by their authorized officers as of the day and year first above written.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **BORROWERS:** | **BORROWERS:** |
| **INNODATA INC.** | **INNODATA INC.** |
| By: | /s/ Marissa Espineli |
| Name: | Marissa Espineli |
| Title: | Interim CFO |
| **INNODATA SYNODEX, LLC** | **INNODATA SYNODEX, LLC** |
| By: | /s/ Marissa Espineli |
| Name: | Marissa Espineli |
| Title: | Interim CFO Innodata Inc., Sole Member |
| **INNODATA DOCGENIX, LLC** | **INNODATA DOCGENIX, LLC** |
| By: | /s/ Marissa Espineli |
| Name: | Marissa Espineli |
| Title: | Interim CFO Innodata Inc., Sole Member |
| **AGILITY PR SOLUTIONS LLC** | **AGILITY PR SOLUTIONS LLC** |
| By: | /s/ Marissa Espineli |
| Name: | Marissa Espineli |
| Title: | Interim CFO Innodata Inc., Sole Member |
| **INNODATA SERVICES, LLC** | **INNODATA SERVICES, LLC** |
| By: | /s/ Marissa Espineli |
| Name: | Marissa Espineli |
| Title: | Interim CFO Innodata Inc., Sole Member |
| **LENDER:** | **LENDER:** |
| **WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION** | **WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION** |
| By: | /s/ Marc Zawatsky |
| Name: | Marc Zawatsky |
| Title: | VP |

---

[Signature Page to Third Amendment to Credit Agreement]

------

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER**

**PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Jack S. Abuhoff, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Innodata Inc.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Dated: November 6, 2025 |  |
|  | /s/ Jack S. Abuhoff |
|  | Jack S. Abuhoff  |
|  | Chief Executive Officer and President |

---

------

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER**

**PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Marissa B. Espineli, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Innodata Inc.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Dated: November 6, 2025 |  |
|  | /s/ Marissa B. Espineli |
|  | Marissa B. Espineli |
|  | Interim Chief Financial Officer  |

---

------

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER**

**PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Innodata Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Jack S. Abuhoff, Chief Executive Officer and President of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Jack S. Abuhoff |
| Jack S. Abuhoff |
| Chief Executive Officer and President |
| November 6, 2025 |

---

------

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER**

**PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Innodata Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Marissa B. Espineli, Interim Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Marissa B. Espineli |
| Marissa B. Espineli |
| Interim Chief Financial Officer  |
| November 6, 2025 |

---

------