# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001650575
**File Stem:** 0001213900-26-057706
**Filing Date:** 2026-5
**Character Count:** 529771
**Document Hash:** 38dcaf2f5074bf5e5658cc56961d7fbc
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001213900-26-057706.hdr.sgml**: 20260515

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001213900-26-057706

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 20-F

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 120

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260515

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260515

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Borqs Technologies, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001650575
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-COMPUTER INTEGRATED SYSTEMS DESIGN [7373]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 000000000
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** D8
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 20-F
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-37593
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26987162

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** OFFICE B, 21/F, LEGEND TOWER
- **STREET 2:** 7 SHING YIP STREET, KWUN TONG
- **CITY:** KOWLOON
- **STATE:** K3
- **ZIP:** 999077
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 86 10-5975-6336

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** OFFICE B, 21/F, LEGEND TOWER
- **STREET 2:** 7 SHING YIP STREET, KWUN TONG
- **CITY:** KOWLOON
- **STATE:** K3
- **ZIP:** 999077

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Pacific Special Acquisition Corp.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20150810

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**WASHINGTON, DC 20549**

**FORM 20-F**

**(Mark One)**

☐ **REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

OR

☒ **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

For the fiscal year ended **December 31, 2025**

OR

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

OR

☐ **SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

Date of event requiring this shell company report: Not applicable

**For the transition period from _______ to _______**

Commission file number: 001-37593

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

(Translation of Registrant's name into English)

British Virgin Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Office B, 21/F, Legend Tower, 7 Shing Yip Street

Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

(Address of principal executive offices)

Pat Sek Yuen Chan, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer

Office B, 21/F, Legend Tower, 7 Shing Yip Street

Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Telephone: +852 5188 1864, Fax: +852 2114 0183

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: Ordinary shares, no par value

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or ordinary shares as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: As of December 31, 2025, there were 45,470,079 shares of the registrant's ordinary shares, no par value, issued and outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ <br> Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

☐ Yes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ☐ No

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | **Page** |
| [PART I](#a_001) |  | 1 |
| ITEM 1. | [IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS](#a_002) | 1 |
| ITEM 2. | [OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE](#a_003) | 1 |
| ITEM 3. | [KEY INFORMATION](#a_004) | 1 |
| ITEM 4. | [INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY](#a_005) | 30 |
| ITEM 4A. | [UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS](#a_006) | 36 |
| ITEM 5. | [OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS](#a_007) | 36 |
| ITEM 6. | [DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES](#a_008) | 54 |
| ITEM 7. | [MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS](#a_009) | 62 |
| ITEM 8. | [FINANCIAL INFORMATION](#a_010) | 63 |
| ITEM 9. | [THE OFFER AND LISTING](#a_011) | 65 |
| ITEM 10. | [ADDITIONAL INFORMATION](#a_012) | 65 |
| ITEM 11. | [QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK](#a_013) | 69 |
| ITEM 12. | [DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES](#a_014) | 69 |
| [PART II](#a_015) |  | 70 |
| ITEM 13. | [DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES](#a_016) | 70 |
| ITEM 14. | [MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS](#a_017) | 70 |
| ITEM 15. | [CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES](#a_018) | 70 |
| ITEM 16. | [RESERVED](#a_019) | 72 |
| ITEM 16A. | [AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT](#a_020) | 72 |
| ITEM 16B. | [CODE OF ETHICS](#a_021) | 72 |
| ITEM 16C. | [PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES](#a_022) | 72 |
| ITEM 16D. | [EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES](#a_023) | 72 |
| ITEM 16E. | [PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS](#a_024) | 72 |
| ITEM 16F. | [CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT](#a_025) | 73 |
| ITEM 16G. | [CORPORATE GOVERNANCE](#a_026) | 73 |
| ITEM 16H. | [MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE](#a_027) | 73 |
| ITEM 16I. | [DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.](#a_029) | 73 |
| ITEM 16J. | [INSIDER TRADING POLICY](#a_030) | 73 |
| ITEM 16K. | [CYBERSECURITY](#a_031) | 74 |
| [PART III](#a_032) |  | 75 |
| ITEM 17. | [FINANCIAL STATEMENTS](#a_033) | 75 |
| ITEM 18. | [FINANCIAL STATEMENTS](#a_034) | 75 |
| ITEM 19. | [EXHIBITS](#a_035) | 75 |
| [SIGNATURES](#a_036) | [SIGNATURES](#a_036) | 81 |

---

i

**CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This annual report contains forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and such forward-looking statements may appear in the sections captioned "*Business*," "*Risk Factors*," "*Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Plan of Operations*" and elsewhere. Any statements contained in this report that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed forward-looking statements. Terms such as "may," "might," "would," "should," "could," "project," "estimate," "pro-forma," "predict," "potential," "strategy," "anticipate," "attempt," "develop," "plan," "help," "believe," "continue," "intend," "expect," "future," and terms of similar import (including the negative of any of these terms) may identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements may contain one or more of these identifying terms. Forward-looking statements in this report may include, without limitation, statements regarding the plans, forecasts and objectives of management for future operations, earnings or loss per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure or other financial items, our future financial performance, including any such statement contained in a discussion and analysis of financial condition by management or in the results of operations included under the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and the assumptions underlying or relating to any such statement.

The forward-looking statements are not meant to predict or guarantee actual results, performance, events or circumstances and may not be realized because they are based upon our current projections, plans, objectives, beliefs, expectations, estimates and assumptions and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties and other influences, many of which we have no control over and are described more fully in the sections discussing "Risk Factors". Actual results and the timing of certain events and circumstances may differ materially from those described by the forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties. Factors that may influence or contribute to the accuracy of the forward-looking statements or cause actual results to differ materially from expected or desired results may include, without limitation:

● Market acceptance of our products and services;

● Competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

● The implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and our products;

● Estimates of our future revenue, expenses, capital requirements and our need for financing;

● The timing of recognition of revenues under US GAAP;

● Our financial performance;

● Current and future government regulations;

● Developments relating to our competitors;

● The impact of the Holu Hou Energy divestiture on our business and operations; and

● Other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under the section titled "*Risk Factors*."

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because of the risks and uncertainties related to them and to the risk factors. We disclaim any obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this report to reflect any new information or future events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law. Readers should read this report in conjunction with the discussion under the caption "*Risk Factors*," our financial statements and the related notes thereto in this report, and other documents which we may file from time to time with the SEC.

ii

**PART I**

*Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this annual report, the terms "Company", "Borqs", "we", "us", the "Group", and "our" refer to Borqs Technologies, Inc. and any or all of its subsidiaries. Unless otherwise noted, all industry and market data in this annual report is presented in U.S. dollars. Unless otherwise noted, all financial and other data related to the Company in this annual report is presented in U.S. dollars. All references to "$" or "US" in this annual report refer to U.S. dollars. All references to "RMB" in this annual report refer to the Chinese Renminbi Yuan.*

**ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION**

**A.** **Selected Financial Data** 

The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and our consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the years in the three years ended December 31, 2025, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and notes which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The Company opted for the rule that only three years of operating results are required to be presented in accordance with the applicable regulations of the British Virgin Islands.

Holu Hou Energy LLC ("HHE"), which identified the innovative clean energy business, a separate segment was reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, for the carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale, and revenues and expenses related to HHE have been reclassified as discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 until it has been deconsolidated.

On November 11, 2024, the Company announced that Sasken Technologies Limited ("Sasken"), a leading global product engineering and digital transformation services company based in India, signed a Letter of Intent with the Company to acquire the Group's certain hardware and software services business. On April 8, 2025, the Company signed a Share Purchase Agreement ("SPA") with Sasken Design Solutions Pte. Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sasken. The SPA provided for Sasken's acquisition of the Company's core business through the purchase of BORQS International Holding Corp, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary. The transactions contemplated by the SPA (the "Sale") were consummated on April 9, 2025. Included in the Sale are all of the Company's embedded software design and customized hardware manufacturing of products for the Internet of Things (IoT) activities, customer contracts, technology licenses, intellectual property, employment agreements with key personnel and assets required for the Company's operations. Sasken agreed to pay the Company an aggregate purchase price of $40 million, subject to adjustments for working capital and certain earnout payments linked to performance in 2025. As such, for the years ended December 31, 2024, the Group classified related assets and liabilities as held for sale and reported in discontinued operation for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** |
| <br>**Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income Data:** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| Net revenues | 20567 | 27713 | 13602 |
| Gross profit | 3870 | 5786 | 500 |
| Operating expenses\* | (15236) | (9320) | (17894) |
| Other operating income | 22 | 396 |  |
| Operating loss | (11344) | (3138) | (17394) |
| (Loss) income from continuing operations, before income taxes | (30295) | 17470 | (741) |
| Income tax (expense) benefit | 2084) | (8) | (5) |
| **Net (loss) income from continuing operations** | (28211) | 17462 | (746) |
| Discontinued operations |  |  |  |
| (Loss) income from discontinued operations, before income taxes | 2368 | (4) | (4999) |
| Income tax benefit (expense) | (1078) | (135) | 945 |
| **(Loss) income from operations of discontinued entities** | 1290 | (139) | (4054) |
| **Net (loss) income** | (26921) | 17323 | (4800) |

---

\* (Operating expenses for 2023 included stock-based compensation of $7.8 million and reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.50 million)

\* (Operating expenses for 2024 included stock-based compensation of $0.05 million and provision of allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.02 million)

\* (Operating expenses for 2025 included stock-based compensation of $2.44 million and provision of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1.12 million)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** |
| <br>**Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 2032 | 2615 |
| Restricted cash | 26 |  |
| Time deposits | 3377 |  |
| Short term investments |  | 4888 |
| Accounts receivable, net | 116 | 156 |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net | 6747 | 847 |
| **Total assets** | 25409 | 8554 |
| **Total liabilities** | 29007 | 1608 |
| **Total shareholders' (deficit) equity** | (3598) | 6946 |

---

**B.** **Capitalization and Indebtedness** 

Not applicable.

**C.** **Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds** 

Not applicable.

**D.** **Risk Factors** 

**Summary Risk Factors**

The principal factors and uncertainties that make investing in our ordinary shares risky, include, among others:

***Risks Related to our Business and Industry***

● There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and share price.

● We have sold a substantial portion of our operating business, and we may not be able to successfully execute our future strategy or generate meaningful revenue going forward.

● Although our previously defaulted loans were completely paid off as of February 17, 2021, we may become in default with loans in the future and the following risks will reappear. As of the filing of this Annual Report, the Company has no short-term or long-term loans.

● If alternative mobile operating system platforms become more widely used or accepted, or mobile chipset manufacturers, mobile device Original Equipment Manufacturers ("OEMs" and each an "OEM") and mobile operators do not continue to make product and service offerings compatible with the Android platform, our business could be materially harmed. As of April 9, 2025 we completed the sale of our core businesses to Sasken (the "Sale"); and according to the non-compete clauses in the Sale, the Company and its key executives are restricted from participating in similar ODM and IoT business activities for a period of 5 years after the Sale. Hence, this particular risk was applicable to the Company prior to the completion of the Sale on April 9, 2025. Thereafter for 5 years, the Company and its key executives will not participate in such activities.

● Due to intense competition for highly skilled personnel, we may fail to attract and retain qualified personnel to support our operations; as a result, our ability to bid for and obtain new projects may be adversely affected.

● As mandated by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS"), we have terminated our ownership in Holu Hou Energy LLC ("HHE") and completed our divestiture of HHE as of March 6, 2024.

● As of April 9, 2025 we completed the sale of all of our core businesses to Sasken. We currently do not have a viable business activity unless we initiate and/or acquire another non-competing activity in the future. The new business activities, if we are successful in starting or acquiring, will have new and different risk factors in additional to the risk factors as described herein.

● We are subject to various anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and PRC and Indian anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws; any determination that we have violated such laws could damage our business and reputation, limit our ability to bid for certain business opportunities, and subject us to significant criminal and civil penalties, civil litigation (such as shareholder derivative suits), and commercial liabilities.

● Trading on the OTC Markets is volatile and sporadic, which could depress the market price of the Company's ordinary shares and make it difficult for the Company's shareholders to resell their shares.

● Global economic and political conditions may adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

● We may, from time to time, be involved in future litigation in which substantial monetary damages are sought.

● If we fail to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ordinary shares may be adversely impacted.

***Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China***

● The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we may conduct our business activities, and if we are unable to substantially comply with any PRC rules and regulations, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

● The recent PRC government intervention into business activities by U.S.-listed Chinese companies may indicate an expansion of the PRC's authority that could negatively impact our existing and future operations in Hong Kong and China.

● Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

● Uncertainties and quick change in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations with little advance notice could result in a material and negative impact our business operation, decrease the value of our ordinary shares and limit the legal protections available to us.

● Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of any new PRC laws, rules and regulations relating to foreign investment and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and our business operations.

● If the Chinese government were to impose new requirements for permission or approval from the PRC Authorities including China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC") or CAC, or any other entity that is required to approve the trading of our shares on the OTCQB Venture Market ("OTCQB"), to issue our ordinary shares to foreign investors or list on a foreign exchange, such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

● Risks related to a future determination that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the "PCAOB") is unable to inspect or investigate our auditor completely.

● There are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities.

● China's economic, political and social conditions, as well as changes in any government policies, laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

● Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could harm us.

● Recent trade policy initiatives announced by the United States administration against the PRC may adversely affect our business.

● Our subsidiaries in China are subject to restrictions on making dividends and other payments to it or any other affiliated company.

● The discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatments currently available to our PRC subsidiaries could materially increase our tax liabilities.

● We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

● We may not be able to obtain certain treaty benefits on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiary to us through our Hong Kong Subsidiary.

● PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our securities offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

● Restrictions on foreign currency may limit our ability to receive and use our revenue effectively.

● Fluctuations in the value of the RMB may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

● PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore holding companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

● Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

● PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions conducted by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

● Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

● The enforcement of the labor laws and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our results of operations.

● Our failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

● If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities or misappropriate or misuse those assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.

***Risks Related to Our Securities***

 

● If equity research analysts publish unfavorable commentary or downgrade our ordinary shares, the price and trading volume of our ordinary shares could decline.

● Future equity issuances could result in dilution, which could cause our ordinary shares price to decline.

● Future sales of our ordinary shares by existing shareholders may cause our ordinary shares price to decline.

● We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.

*Investing in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," before deciding whether to invest in our ordinary shares. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material may also impair our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.*

**Risks Related to our Business and Industry**

***Summary of Risks Associated with Our Business Due to Changing PRC Rules and Regulations***

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects that you should consider before making a decision to invest in our ordinary share and warrants, including risks and uncertainties, among others, the following:

● The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we may conduct our business activities, and if we are unable to substantially comply with any PRC rules and regulations, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● Uncertainties and quick change in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations with little advance notice could result in a material and negative impact on our business operation, decrease the value of our ordinary shares and warrants and limit the legal protections available to us. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● Any change of regulations and rules by Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time and any additional control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China- based issuers could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares and could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer our ordinary shares to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information.* 

● Our ordinary shares may be delisted or prohibited from being traded under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act ("HFCAA") if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB") were unable to fully inspect our auditor. The delisting or the cessation of trading of our ordinary shares, or the threat of them being delisted or prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market, may materially and adversely affect the value and/or liquidity of your investment. Additionally, if the PCAOB were unable to conduct full inspections of our auditor, it would deprive our investors of the benefits of such inspections. Pursuant to the HFCAA, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the PRC, and (2) Hong Kong. In addition, the PCAOB's report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations. Our auditor, Summit Group CPAs, P.C. ("SG CPA", formerly known as "Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C."), is headquartered in New York, New York, and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. Our auditor is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in this report as a firm subject to the PCAOB's determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the PCAOB is not able to fully conduct inspections of our auditor's work papers in China, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities may be prohibited under the HFCA Act. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China*" for additional information.

● Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● Regulatory bodies of the United States may be limited in their ability to conduct investigations or inspections of our operations in China. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, business operations and financial results. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● It will be difficult to acquire jurisdiction and enforce liabilities against our officers, directors and assets based in Hong Kong. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information.

● The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could negatively affect our trading on the OTCQB and limit the legal protections available to you and us. See "*Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China"* for additional information *.* 

● Since 2020 and continuing into 2025, the Chinese government has been implementing increasingly stringent rules and regulations on its domestic business activities, particularly for companies whose shares are listed on U.S. exchanges. Such policy changes have caused profound impact on the value of the affected companies' equities and resulted in significant drop in market valuation for their shareholders. The recent regulatory changes in China have focused on the following industries:

1) Cryptocurrency mining and coin offerings

2) Social media and cyber security

3) Online gaming

4) Ride-hailing

5) Extra-curriculum education and tutoring

6) Variable interest entity structures

The Company does not participate in any of the above six categories, and particularly our division that operated a MVNO business under a variable interest entity structure in China was sold as of October 29, 2020. Also, as indicated in this 2025 Annual Report filed on Form 20-F, our revenues recognized from activities in China represent 50.6%, 50.6% and 31.2% of our total net revenues for the years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. However, as the rules and regulations in China continue to evolve, the Company may become affected in future periods causing the public market valuation of our shares to decline.

● We are incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Our principal executive offices are located in Hong Kong. We are a global leader in software, development services and products providing customizable, differentiated and scalable Android-based smart connected devices and cloud service solutions. We are also a leading provider of commercial grade Android platform software for mobile chipset manufacturers, mobile device OEMs and mobile operators, as well as complete product solutions of mobile connected devices for enterprise and consumer applications We are not a Critical Information Infrastructure Operator ("CIIO") or a Data Processing Operator ("DPO") as defined in Cybersecurity Review Measures (Revised Draft for Public Comments) published by Cyberspace Administration of China or the CAC on July 10, 2021. The subsidiary Beijing Big Cloud Century Technology Ltd ("BC-Tech") used to operate a mobile virtual network operator ("MVNO") business in China with a VIE structure. The VIE entity was a holding company known as Beijing Big Cloud Network Technology Co. Ltd ("BC-NW") which owned the operating company known as Yuantel (Beijing) Telecommunications Technology Co., Ltd ("Yuantel"). Yuantel was sold as of October 29, 2020. BC-NW was re-organized with the VIE structure dismantled and became directly owned by BC-Tech, and therefore BC-NW remains on the Company's organization chart. Therefore, we are not covered by the permission and requirements from the China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC"), CAC or any other entity that is required to approve of the VIE's operations, and we have received all requisite permissions to operate our business in China and no permission has been denied.

● We do not believe we are required to obtain any permission from any PRC governmental authorities to offer securities to foreign investors. We have been closely monitoring regulatory developments in China regarding any necessary approvals from the CSRC and other PRC governmental authorities required for overseas listings, on the U.S. exchanges or on a foreign exchange other than the U.S., including the trading of our shares on the OTCQB. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to our trading on the OTCQB from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities. However, there remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. If we inadvertently conclude that the approvals of the CSRC, or any other regulatory authority are not required for our trading on the OTCQB, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain approvals in the future, obtaining such approvals could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities, including the ordinary shares, to significantly decline or be worthless. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities. In addition, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from any overseas securities offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. The CSRC, or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt any of our securities offerings before settlement and delivery of our ordinary shares. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. *See "Risk Factors –Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China".* 

***There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and share price.***

As of December 31, 2025, we had total current assets of $8.5 million including cash and cash equivalents of approximately $2.6 million and generated a net income from continuing operations of approximately $9.7 million and net decrease in cash of approximately $0.9 million for the year then ended. However, despite these results, we have a history of significant operating losses, recurring net cash outflows, and a deteriorated net current asset position. Our independent auditors issued an unqualified opinion on our consolidated financial statements, but included an emphasis of matter paragraph stating that these conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

The consolidated financial statements included in this annual report have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not reflect any adjustments that might result from our inability to continue as a going concern. Management's assessment of our ability to continue as a going concern involved material judgment and estimation, particularly with respect to projected cash flows, planned capital expenditures, expected financing activities, and the timing and realization of revenue. If we are unable to execute our plans or if our assumptions prove to be inaccurate, our ability to meet our financial obligations may be compromised.

Our continued operations depend on our ability to meet working capital requirements and to obtain sufficient funding, including through short-term supply chain financing, customer advances, and financing from financial institutions. There is no assurance that such funding will be available when needed or on terms acceptable to us. In addition, on April 9, 2025, we disposed of certain hardware and software services business, which represented a significant portion of our operations and may adversely affect our financial position and future results.

If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may be forced to significantly curtail or cease operations, liquidate our assets, or seek protection under applicable bankruptcy laws. Any such outcome could materially reduce the value of our assets and harm our shareholders' interests. In addition, our ability to raise additional capital could be significantly impaired, and the market price of our shares may decline.

***We have sold a substantial portion of our operating business, and we may not be able to successfully execute our future strategy or generate meaningful revenue going forward.***

 ****

On April 9, 2025, we completed the sale of our core operating business to Sasken Design Solutions Pte. Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Sasken Technologies Limited, pursuant to the SPA signed on April 8, 2025. The sale included substantially all of our embedded software design and customized hardware manufacturing activities for IoT products, along with related customer contracts, technology licenses, intellectual property, key personnel employment agreements, and other operating assets.

Following the transaction, our future strategy and business model remain uncertain and subject to change. We may seek to redeploy the proceeds of the sale in new lines of business, pursue acquisitions, or return capital to shareholders. There can be no assurance that we will be able to identify or successfully execute on any such strategy, or that any such strategy will create value for our shareholders. Until and unless we implement a new business plan, we may have limited operations and no material sources of revenue, which could adversely affect our financial condition and market price of our securities.

***We may undertake acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances in the future, which could expose us to new operational, regulatory and market risks. In addition, such future and past undertakings may not be successful, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.***

Since the sale of our core businesses to Sasken in April 2025 and the completion of our divestiture of HHE in March 2024, we may start or acquire other business activities, participate in investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances if the appropriate opportunities arise. These potential business plans, acquisitions, investments, joint ventures and strategic alliances may expose us to new operational, regulatory and market risks, as well as risks associated with additional capital requirements. In addition, we may not be able to identify suitable future acquisition or investment candidates or joint venture or alliance partners. Even if we identify suitable candidates or partners, we may be unable to complete an acquisition, investment or alliance on terms commercially acceptable to us.

In addition, our ability to successfully integrate acquired companies and their operations may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including, among others, the ability to capitalize on anticipated synergies, diversion of resources and management's attention, difficulties in retaining personnel of the acquired companies, unanticipated problems or legal liabilities and tax and accounting issues. If we fail to integrate any acquired company efficiently, our earnings, revenues, gross margins, operating margins and business operations could be adversely affected. The integration of acquired companies is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process.

***As mandated by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS"), we have terminated our ownership in Holu Hou Energy LLC.***

On December 13, 2022, Borqs Technologies received a letter from the Department of the Treasury on behalf of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) stating that the Company is required to fully divest its ownership interests and rights in HHE due to HHE's solar energy storage system and EnergyShare technology for Multi-Dwelling Residential Units being deemed a potential national security risk.

On December 31, 2022, the Company resolved that in order to comply fully with the requirements of the CFIUS Letter which involve multiple steps that the Company must adhere to, including: (i) Entering into a National Security Agreement with various departments of the US government with a plan that is effective, monitorable and verifiable to divest Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE; (ii) Selection of a trustee and entering into a Divestment Trust Agreement, and assigning the Company's interest in HHE to the trustee; and, (iii) Selection of a nationally recognized investment bank as the exclusive agent for the divestment of HHE. Besides, the Group also resolved that as of December 31, 2022, terminates its control of HHE by (i) removal of all of the Group's representatives from HHE's Board of Directors, (ii) relinquishment of Class A Membership Unit voting rights, and (iii) reduction of the Group's ownership of HHE from 51% down to 49% by assigning 2% of the ownership back to HHE. By taking the above actions, the Company no longer has a controlling interest in HHE and resulting in the deconsolidation of HHE as of December 31, 2022.

On March 16, 2023, the Company and HHE entered into a National Security Agreement ("NSA") with the Department of Defense and the Department of the Treasury. The NSA provides that the divestment shall occur within six months unless extended by the U.S. Government. The NSA also contains standstill provisions which provide that the Company shall not acquire any additional ownership interest in HHE, merge with or into HHE, effect any changes to the rights held by the Company, except as necessary to effect its obligations under the NSA, or acquire or take possession of any assets of HHE. Further, upon the completion of the Divestment, the Company shall terminate or irrevocably waive any information, consent, board appointment, board observer, or other governance rights held by the Company, except for any rights that are determined by the U.S. Government to be necessary to effect the provisions of the NSA. The NSA outlines the steps to be taken concerning the Divestment: engaging a nationally recognized investment bank with experience in administering competitive sales and auction processes; assigning and hiring of security and monitoring personnel to directly communicate with the U.S. Government; removing all of Borqs' administrative and technical influence over HHE; and creating a plan to divest all of Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE. Pursuant to the requirement of the NSA, Borqs has assigned its interests in HHE into a Divestment Trust according to a Divestment Trust Agreement ("DTA") dated March 20, 2023 entered into between Borqs, HHE, and a trustee.

In May 2023, the Company engaged Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. ("Cantor Fitzgerald") as its exclusive financial advisor concerning the divestment of the Company's ownership in HHE.

The divestment of the Company's ownership in Holu Hou Energy LLC has been completed as of March 6, 2024. The Company received a letter dated September 4, 2024, from the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Defense (the "CFIUS Monitoring Agencies" or "CMAs") notifying the Company that the CMAs were satisfied that the Divestment required by the NSA had been effectuated and that the NSA was terminated.

***Our success depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our senior executives and other key personnel, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.***

Our future success heavily depends upon the continued services of our senior executives and other key employees. In particular, we rely on the expertise, experience, customer relationships, and reputation of Pat Chan, our founder, chairman, and chief executive officer. We currently do not maintain key man life insurance for any of the senior members of our management team or other key employees. If one or more of our senior executives or key employees are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, it could disrupt our business operations, and we may not be able to replace them easily or at all. In addition, competition for senior executives and key employees in our industry is intense, and we may be unable to retain our senior executives and key employees or attract and retain new senior executive and key employees in the future, in which case our business may be severely disrupted, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If any of our senior executives or key employees join a competitor or form a competing company, we may lose customers, know-how, and other key employees and staff members to them. Also, if any of our business development managers, who generally keep a close relationship with our customers, join a competitor or form a competing company, we may lose customers, and our net revenues may be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, there could be unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge, practices or procedures by such employees. All of our executives and key employees have entered into employment agreements with us that contain non-competition provisions, non-solicitation, and nondisclosure covenants. However, if any dispute arises between our executive officers or key employees and us, such non-competition, non-solicitation, and nondisclosure provisions might not provide effective protection to us, especially in China, where most of these executive officers and key employees reside, in light of the uncertainties with China's legal system. See "Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties for the PRC legal system could harm us."

***We are subject to various anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and PRC and Indian anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws; any determination that we have violated such laws could damage our business and reputation, limit our ability to bid for certain business opportunities, and subject us to significant criminal and civil penalties, civil litigation (such as shareholder derivative suits), and commercial liabilities.***

We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws in the United States, United Kingdom, China, and India that prohibit certain improper payments made directly or indirectly to government departments, agencies, and instrumentalities; officials of those government departments, agencies, and instrumentalities; political parties and their officials; candidates for political office; officials of public international organizations; persons acting on behalf of the foregoing; and commercial counterparties. These laws include the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, the PRC Criminal Law, the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law, the Indian Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, the Indian Penal Code, and anti-corruption laws in various Indian states.

We are engaged in business in a number of countries that are regarded as posing significant risks of corruption. Of particular note, we conduct operations, have agreements with state-controlled enterprises and other third parties, and make sales in the PRC, and we have research and development activities in India, each of which may be exposed to corruption risk. It is our policy to implement safeguards and procedures to prohibit these practices by our employees, officers, directors, or by third parties acting on our behalf. However, we cannot rule out the risk that any of our employees, officers, directors, or third parties acting on our behalf may engage in breaches of our policies or anti-corruption laws, for which we might be held responsible.

Allegations of violations of these anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, and investigations into such allegations, could negatively affect our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition. The violation of these laws may result in substantial monetary and even criminal sanctions, follow-on civil litigation (such as shareholder derivative suits), and monitoring of our compliance program by the United States or other governments, each of which could negatively affect our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, the United States or other governments may seek to hold us liable for violations of these laws committed by companies in which we invest or acquire.

***Because our ordinary shares are quoted on the OTC, your ability to sell your shares in the secondary trading market may be limited.***

As of the date of this filing, our ordinary shares are quoted on the OTC Markets Group, Inc.'s OTCQB Venture Market, and such market is currently the only trading market for BRQSF. We cannot assure that BRQSF will continue to trade on this market, whether broker-dealers will continue to provide public quotes of BRQSF on this market, whether the trading volume of BRQSF will be sufficient to provide for respective efficient trading markets or whether quotes for BRQSF will continue on this market in the future, which could result in significantly lower trading volumes and reduced liquidity for investors seeking to buy or sell BRQSF. As a result, prices for shares of BRQSF may be lower than might otherwise prevail if BRQSF were listed on a national securities exchange.

 ****

***Global economic and political conditions may adversely impact our business, operating results and financial.***

We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflict in Ukraine or any other geopolitical tensions.

The extent and duration of any military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described herein.

***We may, from time to time, be involved in future litigation in which substantial monetary damages are sought.***

We may, from time to time, be involved in future litigation in which substantial monetary damages are sought. Litigation claims may relate to intellectual property, contracts, employment, securities, and other matters arising out of the conduct of our current and past business activities. Any claims, whether with or without merit, could be time-consuming, expensive to defend, and could divert management's attention and resources. We maintain insurance against some, but not all, of these potential claims, and the levels of insurance we do maintain may not be adequate to fully cover any and all losses. Nonetheless, the results of any future litigation or claims are inherently unpredictable, and such outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash from operating activities, or financial condition.

***If we fail to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ordinary shares may be adversely impacted.***

We are required to evaluate the effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. As defined in standards established by the United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, a "material weakness" is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis; and a "significant deficiency" is less severe than a material weakness in that it is unlikely to have a material impact on financial statements but is important enough to merit attention by those responsible for oversight of the company's financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that these controls were ineffective as of December 31, 2025. In the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we did not maintain sufficient controls over financial reporting processes due to an insufficient number of financial reporting personnel with an appropriate level of knowledge and experience in U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements and financial reporting programs to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements. This deficiency constitutes as a material weakness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We are a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, or Section 404, requires us to include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. Our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. In addition, once we cease to be an "emerging growth company" as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue an adverse opinion if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational, and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting by Section 404. Moreover, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors and fraud. A control system, no matter how well it is designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

We believe that the Company's financial reporting personnel possess significant US GAAP experience to be a valuable resource for us with respect to financial reporting work. We believe we have adequate personnel with knowledge and experience with US GAAP for the preparation of our annual report for the year 2025. However, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could, in turn, limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the market price of our ordinary shares. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations, and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

**Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China**

***The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over how we may conduct our business activities, and if we are unable to substantially comply with any PRC rules and regulations, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.***

The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property, and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditure and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof, and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in Chinese properties.

As such, our business operations and the industries we operate in may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. We could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government subdivisions. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. In the event that we are not able to substantially comply with any existing or newly adopted laws and regulations, our business operations may be materially adversely affected, and the value of our ordinary shares may significantly decrease.

***The recent PRC government intervention into business activities by U.S.-listed Chinese companies may indicate an expansion of the PRC's authority that could negatively impact our existing and future operations in Hong Kong and China.***

Recently, the Chinese government announced that it would exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Under the new measures, China will improve the regulation of cross-border data flows and security, police illegal activity in the securities market and punish fraudulent securities issuances, market manipulation, and insider trading. China will also monitor sources of funding for securities investment and control leverage ratios. The Cyberspace Administration of China ("CAC") has also opened a cybersecurity probe into several large U.S.-listed technology companies focusing on anti-monopoly and financial technology regulation and, more recently, with the passage of the Data Security Law, how companies collect, store, process, and transfer data. If we are subject to such a probe or if we are required to comply with stepped-up supervisory requirements, valuable time from our management and money may be expended in complying and/or responding to the probe and requirements, thus diverting valuable resources and attention away from our operations. This may, in turn, negatively impact our operations.

Borqs is incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, with our principal headquarters in Hong Kong. We are not a mainland Chinese firm, and we are not required to obtain permission from the government of the PRC to issue our ordinary shares to foreign investors. However, as a company with limited operations in Hong Kong and the PRC, and given the Chinese government's significant oversight authority over the conduct of business in Hong Kong and the PRC, there is always a risk that the Chinese government may seek to affect operations of any company with any level of operations in mainland China or Hong Kong, including its ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, list its securities on a U.S. or other foreign exchange, conduct its business or accept foreign investment. In light of China's recent expansion of authority in Hong Kong, there are risks and uncertainties that we cannot foresee for the time being, and rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little or no advance notice. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our current and future operations in Hong Kong and China at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in issuers like ourselves.

If any or all of the foregoing were to occur, this could result in a material change in our Company's operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares and/or significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

***Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.***

All of our manufacturing operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic, and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole.

The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange, and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies, and changes to the enforcement practice of such rules and policies can change quickly with little advance notice. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China's economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our business and the results of our operations.

***Uncertainties and quick changes in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations with little advance notice could result in a material and negative impact on our business operation, decrease the value of our ordinary shares, and limit the legal protections available to us.***

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes, and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations, and rules are not always uniform, and the enforcement of these laws, regulations, and rules involves uncertainties. The enforcement of laws and that rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice and the risk that the Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares.

We cannot rule out the possibility that the PRC government will institute a licensing regime or pre-approval requirement covering our industry at some point in the future. If such a licensing regime or approval requirement were introduced, we cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain any newly required license promptly, or at all, which could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on time or at all) that may have retroactive effects. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until some time after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual property (including intellectual property), and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

***Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of any new PRC laws, rules, and regulations relating to foreign investment and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and our business operations.***

On March 15, 2019, the National People's Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the three existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The existing foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, established prior to the effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Law may keep their corporate forms for five years. The Foreign Investment Law stipulates that China implements the management system of pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list to foreign investment, and the government generally will not expropriate foreign investment, except under certain special circumstances, in which case it will provide fair and reasonable compensation to foreign investors. Foreign investors are barred from investing in prohibited industries on the negative list and must comply with the specified requirements when investing in restricted industries on such a list. On December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Regulations of the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020, and further requires that FIEs and domestic enterprises be treated equally with respect to policy making and implementation.

In addition, the Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries deemed to be either "restricted" or "prohibited" in the "negative list." The current Special Administrative Measures for Market Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2021 Edition) was issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and the Ministry of Commerce on December 27, 2021, and took effect on January 1, 2022. Furthermore, on December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, effective on January 18, 2021, which provides detailed guidance regarding the security review of foreign investment that has a potential impact on national security. However, there remain a number of unclear issues under the Measures. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to comply with any of these or similar regulatory compliance requirements could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations.

The PRC Company Law (the "Company Law"), promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on December 29, 1993, was recently amended on December 29, 2023, and became effective on July 1, 2024. The Company Law provides new requirements for the time limit for the contribution of capital, the company's organizational structure, corporate governance, and the rights and obligations of shareholders, which also apply to foreign investment enterprises in the PRC. Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the Company Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations.

Under the Foreign Investment Law, "foreign investment" means any foreign investor's direct or indirect investment in the PRC, including: (i) establishing FIEs in the PRC either individually or jointly with other investors; (ii) obtaining stock shares, stock equity, property shares, other similar interests in Chinese domestic enterprises; (iii) investing in new project in the PRC either individually or jointly with other investors; and (iv) investing other means provided by laws, administrative regulations or State Council provisions. Although the Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify the contractual arrangements, as a form of foreign investment, it contains a catch-all provision under the definition of "foreign investment," which includes investments made by foreign investors in China through other means stipulated by laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council without elaboration on the meaning of "other means." However, the Implementing Regulations of the Foreign Investment Law still do not specify whether foreign investment includes contractual arrangements.

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***If the Chinese government were to impose new requirements for permission or approval from the PRC Authorities including China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC") or CAC, or any other entity that is required to approve the trading of our shares on the OTCQB, to issue our ordinary shares to foreign investors or list on a foreign exchange, such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.***

As of the date of annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries, (1) are not required to obtain permissions from any PRC authorities to operate or issue our Ordinary Shares to foreign investors, (2) are not subject to permission requirements from the CSRC, CAC or any other entity that is required to approve of our PRC subsidiaries' operations, and (3) have not received or were denied such permissions by any PRC authorities. Nevertheless, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the "Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law," or the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Given the current PRC regulatory environment, it is uncertain when and whether we or our PRC subsidiaries will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded.

Further, since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, and the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, the ability to accept foreign investments and list on an U.S. exchange. If, (i) we inadvertently conclude that such approvals or permissions are not required, or (ii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such approvals and permissions in the future, and we are unable to obtain such approvals and permissions, Borqs will not be able to perform R&D and manufacturing in China, our revenues will be adversely affected and we will have to expand our R&D activities in India and relocate our manufacturing activities outside China to India or other Asian countries. Also, if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, and we are required to obtain permission or approval from the PRC authority for the offering and listing or trading of our Ordinary Shares in the U.S. in the future, and if any of such permission or approval were not received maintained, or subsequently rescinded, it may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to list our shares or cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or become worthless.

***Risks related to a future determination that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the "PCAOB") is unable to inspect or investigate our auditor completely.***

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such ordinary shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. A company will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a "non-inspection" year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCA Act, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act ("AHFCAA"), which has since been signed into law, amending the HFCA Act and requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer's securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC announced the adoption of amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate (Commission-Identified Issuers). The final amendments require Commission-Identified Issuers to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that, if true, it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the public accounting firm's foreign jurisdiction. The amendments also require that a Commission-Identified Issuer that is a "foreign issuer," as defined in Exchange Act Rule 3b-4, provide certain additional disclosures in its annual report for itself and any of its consolidated foreign operating entities. Further, the adopting release provides notice regarding the procedures the SEC has established to identify issuers and to impose trading prohibitions on the securities of certain Commission-Identified Issuers, as required by the HFCAA. A Commission-Identified Issuer will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which it was identified. If a registrant is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer based on its annual report for the fiscal year ended Dec. 31, 2021, the registrant will be required to comply with the submission or disclosure requirements in its annual report filing covering the fiscal year ended Dec. 31, 2022. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China, and (2) Hong Kong.

The audit report included in our Form 20-F for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, were issued by Summit Group CPAs, P.C. ("SG CPA", formerly known as "Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C."), an independent registered public accounting firm with the PCAOB, and as an auditor of publicly traded companies in the U.S., is subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in New York, NY, and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. The PCAOB currently has access to inspect the working papers of our auditor.

However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our trading and we cannot assure you whether the OTC Markets or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor's audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements.

The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President's Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies to the then President of the United States. This report recommended that the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfill its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the HFCA Act. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the HFCA Act. For example, if a company's auditor was not subject to PCAOB inspection, the report recommended that the transition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.

The SEC has announced that the SEC staff is preparing a consolidated proposal for the rules regarding the implementation of the HFCA Act and to address the recommendations in the PWG report. It is unclear when the SEC will complete its rulemaking and when such rules will become effective, and what, if any, of the PWG recommendations will be adopted. The implications of this possible regulation, in addition to the requirements of the HFCA Act are uncertain. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded on the national securities exchange earlier than would be required by the HFCA Act. If our Ordinary Shares are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our Ordinary Shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our Ordinary Shares.

***There are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities.***

We conduct a significant part of our business operations in China, and some of our directors and senior management are based in China, which is an emerging market. The SEC, U.S. Department of Justice and other authorities often have substantial difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against non-U.S. companies and non-U.S. persons, including company directors and officers, in certain emerging markets, including China. Additionally, our public shareholders may have limited rights and few practical remedies in emerging markets where we operate, as shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class action securities law and fraud claims, generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in many emerging markets, including China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, the regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States has not been efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no foreign securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to foreign securities regulators.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

***China's economic, political, and social conditions, as well as changes in any government policies, laws, and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our business.***

A substantial portion of our operations are conducted in China, and a significant portion of our net revenues are derived from customers where the contracting entity is located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, and certain transactions we may undertake are subject, to a significant extent, to economic, political, and legal developments in China.

China's economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange, and allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past two to three decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Demand for our services and products depends, in large part, on economic conditions in China. Any slowdown in China's economic growth may cause our potential customers to delay or cancel their plans to purchase our services and products, which in turn could reduce our net revenues.

Although China's economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy since the late 1970s, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China's economic growth through allocating resources, controlling the incurrence and payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Changes in any of these policies, laws, and regulations could adversely affect the economy in China and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage foreign investment and sustainable economic growth and to guide the allocation of financial and other resources, which have, for the most part, had a positive effect on our business growth. However, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not repeal or alter these measures or introduce new measures that will have a negative effect on us. China's social and political conditions may also not be as stable as those of the United States and other developed countries. Any sudden changes to China's political system or the occurrence of widespread social unrest could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Due to social unrest in Hong Kong SAR throughout 2019, which also extended into 2020, China passed a new national security law for Hong Kong, which became effective on June 30, 2020. In reaction, the United States has imposed sanctions against Hong Kong's chief executive and ten other senior officials. Although the U.S. sanctions so far do not implicate any commercial activities involving Hong Kong, it is an area of concern if more sanctions from the U.S. may impact our Company's ability to maintain a sound business relationship with our customers in the U.S.

***Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could harm us.***

Our operations in China are governed by PRC government laws and regulations. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, prior court decisions have limited precedential value. Borqs Beijing is generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments in China and, in particular, laws applicable to wholly foreign-owned enterprises, and our other wholly owned subsidiaries in China may be subject to certain laws and regulations in connection with investments made by foreign-invested enterprises.

Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published decisions and their nonbinding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until some time after the violation. Moreover, some regulatory requirements issued by certain PRC government authorities may not be consistently applied by other government authorities, including local government authorities, thus making strict compliance with all regulatory requirements impractical or, in some circumstances, impossible. Any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources and management attention.

Additionally, some of the PRC laws and regulations governing our business operations in China are vague and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. These include, but are not limited to, laws and regulations governing our business and the enforcement and performance of our contractual arrangements in the event of the imposition of statutory liens, death, bankruptcy and criminal proceedings. Despite their uncertainty, we will be required to comply.

***Recent trade policy initiatives announced by the United States administration against the PRC may adversely affect our business.***

We are exposed to risks associated with international relations, in particular, the relationship between the United States and China. Any unfavorable government policies, including those on investment restrictions or international trade, such as capital and data controls, tariffs or international payment and settlement system, updated or expanded sanctions and export control regulations, or any new or escalation of geopolitical confrontation and conflicts, may affect the demand for our products, impact the competitive position of our products, or prevent us from selling products in certain countries, or even our participation in international capital markets or the international payment and settlement system, any of which would materially and adversely affect our international operations, results of operations and financial condition.

On February 28, 2024, President Biden signed Executive Order 14117, which seeks to restrict access to bulk sensitive personal data and U.S. government-related data by "countries of concern," including China. On October 16, 2023, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security, or BIS, issued an interim final rule, "Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections". BIS sought comments in relation to "infrastructure as a service", or IaaS, to address access by Chinese customers to IaaS to develop dual-use AI foundation models with potential capabilities of concern.

On January 15, 2020, the United States and China executed an enforceable agreement on a Phase One trade deal that requires structural reforms and other changes to China's economic and trade regime in the areas of intellectual property, technology transfer, agriculture, financial services, and currency and foreign exchange. The Phase One agreement also includes a commitment by China that it will make substantial additional purchases of U.S. goods and services in the coming years. Importantly, the agreement establishes a strong dispute resolution system that ensures prompt and effective implementation and enforcement. The United States agreed to modify its Section 301 tariff actions in a significant way. The United States first imposed tariffs on imports from China based on the findings of the Section 301 investigation on China's acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation. The United States will be maintaining 25 percent tariffs on approximately $250 billion of Chinese imports, along with 7.5 percent tariffs on approximately $120 billion of Chinese imports.

In addition, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to, among other things, trade disputes, the COVID-19 outbreak, tensions over Taiwan sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the PRC central government, the executive orders issued by former U.S. President Donald J. Trump in August 2020 that prohibit certain transactions with certain Chinese companies, and various restrictions related to the Chinese semiconductor industry imposed by the U.S. government. Against this backdrop, China has implemented, and may further implement, measures in response to the changing trade policies, treaties, tariffs and sanctions and restrictions against Chinese companies initiated by the U.S. government.

***Our subsidiaries in China are subject to restrictions on making dividends and other payments to it or any other affiliated company.***

We are a holding company and may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders to the extent we choose to do so, to service any debt it may incur and to pay our operating expenses. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of our after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of our registered capital. Appropriations to the employee welfare funds are at the discretion of the board of directors of Borqs Beijing. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

In addition, under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries are subject to withholding tax. Currently, the withholding tax rate is 10.0% (subject to reductions by the relevant tax treaties, if applicable).

Furthermore, if our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us.

To date, our PRC subsidiaries have not paid dividends to us out of their accumulated profits. In the future, we do not expect to receive dividends from our PRC subsidiaries because the accumulated profits of these PRC subsidiaries are expected to be used for their own business or expansions. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

***The discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatments currently available to our PRC subsidiaries could materially increase our tax liabilities.***

Preferential tax treatments and incentives granted to our PRC subsidiaries by PRC governmental authorities are subject to review and may be adjusted or revoked at any time in the future. The discontinuation or revocation of any preferential tax treatments and incentives currently available to them will cause their effective tax rate to materially increase, which will decrease our net income and may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

***We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.***

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation (the "SAT") issued a Public Notice Regarding Certain Enterprise Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or Public Notice 7, where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, maybe subject to PRC enterprise income tax, if the indirect transfer is considered to be an arrangement which does not have a reasonable commercial purpose to circumvent enterprise income tax payment obligations. In addition, Public Notice 7 further provides certain criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an "indirect transfer" by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a "substance over form" principle, the PRC tax authority may re-characterize such indirect transfer as a direct transfer of the equity interests in the PRC tax resident enterprise and other properties in China. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of up to 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-Resident Enterprises, or Announcement 37, which became effective on December 1, 2017. Announcement 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

We face uncertainties concerning the reporting and consequences of private equity financing transactions, share exchange, or other transactions involving the transfer of our ordinary shares by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises or the sale or purchase of shares in other non-PRC resident companies or other taxable assets by us. We and other non-resident enterprises in our group may be subject to filing obligations or being taxed if we and other non-resident enterprises affiliated with us are transferors in such transactions and may be subject to withholding obligations if we and other non-resident enterprises affiliated with us are transferees in such transactions, under Public Notice 7 and Announcement 37. For the transfer of shares in us by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Public Notice 7 and Announcement 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Public Notice 7 and Announcement 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars or to establish that we and other non-resident enterprises affiliated with us should not be taxed under these circulars. The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Public Notice 7 and Announcement 37 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. If the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under Public Notice 7 and Announcement 37, our income tax costs associated with such transactions will be increased if we are a transferee of such transactions, which may hurt our financial condition and results of operations. Heightened scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may also hurt potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future.

***We may not be able to obtain certain treaty benefits on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiary to us through our Hong Kong Subsidiary.***

Under the EIT Law, dividends generated from retained earnings after January 1, 2008 from a PRC company to a foreign parent company are subject to a withholding tax rate of 10.0% unless the foreign parent's jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential withholding arrangement. Under the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion concerning Taxes on Income or the Hong Kong Tax Treaty, which became effective on August 21, 2006, a company incorporated in Hong Kong, such as Borqs Hong Kong, will be subject to withholding income tax at a rate of 5% on dividends it receives from our PRC subsidiary if it holds a 25.0% or more interest in that particular PRC subsidiary at all times within the 12 months immediately preceding the distribution of dividends and be a "beneficial owner" of the dividends. In February 2018, the SAT issued the *Announcement on Issues Relating to Beneficial Owners under Tax Treaties*, or the SAT Announcement 9, which became effective from April 1, 2018 and supersedes the *Notice on Interpretation and Determination of Beneficial Owners under Tax Treaties* issued by the SAT on October 27, 2009 (or the Circular 601) and the *Announcement Regarding Recognition of Beneficial Owners under Tax Treaties* released by the SAT on June 29, 2012 (or the Announcement 30). Under Announcement 9, applicants who intend to prove their status of the "beneficial owner" shall submit the relevant documents to the relevant tax bureau according to the *Announcement on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-Resident Taxpayers' Enjoyment of the Treatment under Tax Agreements* and the SAT Announcement 9. "Beneficial Owners" are residents who have ownership and the right to dispose of the income or the rights and properties giving rise to the income. These rules also set forth certain adverse factors against the recognition of a "Beneficial Owner", such as not carrying out substantive business activities. Whether a non-resident enterprise may obtain tax benefits under the relevant tax treaty will be subject to the approval of the relevant PRC tax authority and will be determined by the PRC tax authority on a case-by-case basis. SAT Announcement 9 further provides that a comprehensive analysis should be made when determining the beneficial owner status based on various factors that supported by various types of documents including the articles of association, financial statements, records of cash movements, board meeting minutes, board resolutions, staffing and materials, relevant expenditures, functions and risk assumption as well as relevant contracts and other information.

In August 2015, the SAT promulgated the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, or SAT Circular 60, which became effective on November 1, 2015. SAT Circular 60 provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate. Instead, non-resident enterprises may, if they determine by self-assessment that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply for the reduced withholding tax rate and file necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post-filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities.

As a result, although our PRC subsidiary, Borqs Beijing, is currently wholly owned by Borqs Hong Kong, we cannot assure you that we would be entitled to the tax treaty benefits and enjoy the favorable 5.0% rate applicable under the Hong Kong Tax on dividends. If Borqs Hong Kong cannot be recognized as the beneficial owner of the dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us, such dividends will be subject to a normal withholding tax of 10% as provided by the EIT Law.

***PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our securities offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.***

We are an offshore holding company with operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries subject to the approval from or registration with governmental authorities and limitation on amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries in China. Any loans to our subsidiaries in China, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC laws, are subject to foreign exchange loan registrations. In addition, a foreign-invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. According to the PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to the PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings or reports in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. Any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us to our consolidated affiliated entities must be filed with the National Development and Reform Commission and recorded by SAFE or its local branches through the online filing system of SAFE pursuant to applicable PRC regulations.

The Circular on Reforming the Administration Measures on Conversion of Foreign Exchange Registered Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, which was issued by the SAFE and was most recently amended on March 23, 2023, allows for the use of RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in the PRC, provided that such usage shall fall into the scope of business of the foreign-invested enterprise, which will be regarded as the reinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. In addition, the Circular Regarding Further Promotion of the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment, which was promulgated by the SAFE and was most recently amended on December 4, 2023, allows foreign-invested enterprises whose business scope does not include investment, or non-investment foreign-invested enterprises, to use their capital funds to make equity investments in China, subject to certain conditions. As of the date of this annual report, its interpretation and implementation in practice remained subject to further explanations and elaborations. As the government authorities have discretion in interpreting the regulation, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital funds to be used for equity investments in the PRC in practice.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or filings or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, for future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or concerning future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from our securities offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

***Restrictions on foreign currency may limit our ability to receive and use our revenue effectively.***

The PRC government imposes controls on the conversion of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of foreign currency out of China. We receive part of our revenue in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our British Virgin Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange ("SAFE"), by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, accumulated after-tax profits generated from the operations of Borqs Beijing in China may be used to pay dividends to us. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain approval from SAFE to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off any debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may, at our discretion, restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

***Fluctuations in the value of the RMB may have a material adverse effect on your investment.***

The value of the RMB against the U.S. Dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China's political and economic conditions and China's foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. Dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20.0% against the U.S. Dollar over the following three years. However, the People's Bank of China regularly intervenes in the foreign exchange market to limit fluctuations in Renminbi exchange rates and achieve policy goals. During the period between July 2008 and June 2010, the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. Dollar had been stable and traded within a narrow band. However, the Renminbi fluctuated significantly during that period against other freely traded currencies, in tandem with the U.S. Dollar. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. Dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably, and in recent months, the RMB has depreciated significantly against the U.S. Dollar. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. Dollar in the future.

Approximately half of our revenues and costs are denominated in RMB. Any significant revaluation of RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings, financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ordinary shares in U.S. dollars. For example, an appreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar would make any new RMB-denominated investments or expenditures more costly to us, to the extent that it needs to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for such purposes. An appreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar would also result in foreign currency translation losses for financial reporting purposes when we translate our U.S. dollar-denominated financial assets into RMB, as RMB is our reporting currency. Conversely, a significant depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares. Furthermore, a significant depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse impact on our cash flow in the event we need to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars to repay our U.S. dollar-denominated payment obligations.

***PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore holding companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.***

The SAFE issued the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-Raising and Round-Trip Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted via Offshore Special Purpose Companies on October 26, 2005, or Circular 75, requiring PRC residents, including PRC resident individuals and PRC companies, to register with the local SAFE branch before establishing or controlling any company outside of China for capital financing with assets or equities of PRC companies owned by such PRC residents, referred to in the notice as an "offshore special purpose vehicle." The PRC resident individuals include not only PRC citizens but also foreign natural persons who habitually reside in China due to economic interests. SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the Circular 75. Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in Circular 37 as a "special purpose vehicle." Under Circular 37, a PRC resident who is a foreign nature person is not required to complete the registration if he/she uses assets outside China or equity interests in offshore entities to special purpose vehicles. The term "control" under Circular 37 is broadly defined as the operation rights, beneficiary rights, or decision-making rights acquired by the PRC residents in the offshore special purpose vehicles or PRC companies by such means as acquisition, trust, proxy, voting rights, repurchase, convertible bonds or other arrangements. Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any changes concerning the basic information of the special purpose vehicle, such as changes in a PRC resident individual shareholder, name or operation period; or any significant changes concerning the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. If the shareholders of the offshore holding company who are PRC residents do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, the PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to the offshore company, and the offshore company may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration and amendment requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions. On February 28, 2015, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or Circular 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Per Circular 13, entities and individuals are required to apply for foreign exchange registration of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment, including those required under Circular 37, with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks, under the supervision of SAFE, directly examine the applications and conduct the registration.

We requested all of our current shareholders and/or beneficial owners to disclose whether they or their shareholders or beneficial owners fall within the ambit of Circular 37 and Circular 13 and to register with the local SAFE branch as required under Circular 37 and Circular 13 as applicable. As of the date of this report, we are aware that a few of our natural person shareholders who are not PRC citizens may otherwise be deemed as PRC residents under the definitions under the SAFE regulations, but we are not aware that any of them uses assets inside China or equity interest in PRC companies to invest in the Company. Before the issuance of Circular 37, we had attempted to submit applications to the Beijing branch of SAFE for such individual shareholders under Circular 75, but those applications were not accepted by the Beijing branch of SAFE because those individuals are not PRC citizens. After Circular 37 became effective, we understand these individuals are not required to conduct the registrations since they do not use assets within China or equity interests in PRC companies to invest in the Company. We cannot assure you, however, that the SAFE's opinion will be the same as our opinion and that all of these individuals can complete required filings or updates promptly or at all in the event that these individuals are required to conduct the filings. Besides, we have issued and may in the future issue shares to certain PRC citizens for the acquisition of other companies, and we have or will request them to register with the local SAFE branch as required under Circular 37 and Circular 13.

We cannot assure, however, that all of these individuals can complete required filings or updates in a timely manner, or at all. Furthermore, as there is uncertainty concerning the reconciliation of the new regulations with other approval requirements, it is unclear how these regulations, and any further regulations concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended, and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We cannot assure that we currently are, and we will in the future continue to be, fully informed of identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents, and we cannot provide any assurance that all of our shareholders and beneficial owners who are PRC residents will comply with our request to make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or comply with other requirements required by Circular 37 and Circular 13 or other related rules on time. Any failure or inability by any of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents to comply with SAFE regulations may subject them to fines or other legal sanctions, such as potential liability for our PRC subsidiaries and, in some instances, for their legal representatives and other liable individuals, as well as restrictions on our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries or our PRC subsidiaries' ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign-exchange-denominated loans from our offshore holding companies. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

***Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.***

In December 2006, the People's Bank of China promulgated the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which set forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by individuals (both PRC or non-PRC citizens) under either the current account or the capital account. In January 2007, SAFE issued implementing rules for the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital account transactions such as a PRC citizen's participation in the employee stock ownership plans or stock option plans of an overseas publicly-listed company. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, which replaced the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans of Overseas Publicly Listed Companies issued by SAFE in March 2007. Under these rules, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plans in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or our local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of our participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests, and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent, or the overseas entrusted institution, or other material changes.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. According to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. In addition, SAFE Circular 37 stipulates that PRC residents who participate in a share incentive plan of an overseas non-publicly listed special purpose company may register with SAFE or its local branches before they obtain the incentive shares or exercise the share options. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been or will be granted incentive shares or options are or will be subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, and there may be additional restrictions on their ability to exercise their share options or remit proceeds gained from the sale of their shares into the PRC. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers, and employees under PRC law.

***PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions conducted by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.***

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in August 2006 and amended in June 2009, among other things, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. In addition, the Implementing Rules Concerning Security Review on the Mergers and Acquisitions by Foreign Investors of Domestic Enterprises, issued by the Ministry of Commerce in August 2011, specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors involved in "an industry related to national security" are subject to strict review by the Ministry of Commerce, and prohibit any activities attempting to bypass such security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. We believe that our business is not in an industry related to national security, but it cannot preclude the possibility that the Ministry of Commerce or other government agencies may publish explanations contrary to our understanding or broaden the scope of such security reviews in the future, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any concentration of undertakings if certain filing thresholds are triggered. We may grow our business in part by directly acquiring complementary businesses in China. Complying with the requirements of the laws and regulations mentioned above and other PRC regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. Our ability to expand our business or maintain or expand our market share through future acquisitions would, as such, be materially and adversely affected.

***Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation, and implementation of the draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations.***

The Ministry of Commerce ("MOFCOM") published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. A draft Foreign Investment Law drafted by the MOFCOM and the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, has been included in the list of draft laws submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for deliberation under the 2018 Legislation Plan of the State Council. However, it is uncertain when the draft would be signed into law and whether the draft version submitted for deliberation or the final version would have any substantial changes from the draft version published by the MOFCOM. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations in many aspects.

Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of "actual control" in determining whether a company should be treated as a foreign-invested enterprise or a FIE. According to the definition outlined in the draft Foreign Investment Law, FIEs refer to enterprises established in China under PRC law that are solely or partially invested by foreign investors. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides those entities established in China (without direct foreign equity ownership) but "controlled" by foreign investors, through contract or trust, for example, will be treated as FIEs. Once an entity falls within the definition of FIE, it may be subject to foreign investment "restrictions" or "prohibitions" outlined in a "negative list" to be separately issued by the State Council later. If a FIE proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment "restrictions" in the "negative list," the FIE must go through a market entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce before being established. A FIE is prohibited from conducting business in an industry subject to foreign investment "prohibitions" in the "negative list". However, a FIE, during the market entry clearance process, may apply in writing to be treated as a PRC domestic enterprise if its foreign investor(s) is/are ultimately "controlled" by PRC government authorities and its affiliates and/or PRC citizens. In this connection, "control" is broadly defined in the draft law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% or more of the voting rights of the subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to exert material influence on the board, the shareholders' meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity's operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations.

The "variable interest entity" structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. Under the draft Foreign Investment Law, variable interest entities that are controlled via contractual arrangement would also be deemed as FIEs if they are ultimately "controlled" by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is included in the "negative list" as restricted industry, the VIE structure may be deemed legitimate only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC government authorities and its affiliates or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as FIEs, and any operation in the industry category on the "negative list" without market entry clearance may be considered illegal.

The draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions shall be taken for the existing companies with a VIE structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties, while it is soliciting comments from the public on this point. Moreover, it is uncertain whether the telecommunication business, in which our variable interest entity operates, will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the "negative list" to be issued. If the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final "negative list" mandate further actions, such as the Ministry of Commerce market entry clearance, to be completed by companies with existing VIE structure like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all.

The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may also materially impact on our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the draft Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and the applicable FIEs.

Aside from the investment implementation report and investment amendment report that are required at each investment and alteration of investment specifics, an annual report is mandatory, and large foreign investors meeting certain criteria are required to report quarterly. Any company found to be non-compliant with this information reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directly responsible may be subject to criminal liabilities.

***The enforcement of the labor laws and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our results of operations.***

On June 29, 2007, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China enacted the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, and was revised on December 28, 2012, and became effective on July 1, 2013. The Labor Contract Law introduces specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probation, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining, which together represent enhanced enforcement of labor laws and regulations. According to the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obliged to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unlimited term, with certain exceptions. The employer must pay severance to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires, with certain exceptions. In addition, the government has continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations after the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law. Among other things, it is required that annual leave ranging from five to 15 days be made available to employees and that the employee be compensated for any untaken annual leave days in the amount of three times the employee's daily salary, subject to certain exceptions. As a result of these regulations designed to enhance labor protection and increase labor costs in China, our labor costs have increased. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these new regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice will at all times be deemed in compliance with the new regulations. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations, our business and the results of our operations may be adversely affected.

***Our failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.***

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government-sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds, and other welfare-oriented payment obligations. Our failure to make contributions to various employee benefit plans and to comply with applicable PRC labor-related laws may subject us to late payment penalties. If we are subject to such penalties about the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

***If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities or misappropriate or misuse those assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.***

In China, a company chop or seal serves as the legal representation of the company towards third parties even when unaccompanied by a signature. Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including contracts and leases that our business relies upon, are executed using "corporate chops," which are instruments that contain either the official seal of the signing entity or the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAIC.

Our PRC subsidiaries generally execute legal documents with corporate chops. One or more of our corporate chops may be used to, among other things, execute commercial sales or purchase contracts, procurement contracts and office leases, open bank accounts, issue checks, and to issue invoices. We believe that it has sufficient controls in place over access to and use of the chops. Our chops, or chops, including the chops at headquarters level and of each PRC subsidiary, are kept securely at our legal department under the direction of the executive officers at the vice president level or higher. Use of chops requires proper approval in accordance with our internal control procedures. The custodian at our legal department also maintains a log to keep a detailed record or each use of the chops.

However, we cannot assure you that unauthorized access to or use of those chops can be prevented. Our designated employees who hold the corporate chops could abuse their authority by, for example, binding us to contracts against our interests or intentions, which could result in economic harm, disruption or our operations, or other damage to them as a result of any contractual obligations or resulting disputes that might arise. If the party contracting with us asserted that we did not act in good faith under such circumstances, then we could incur costs to nullify such contracts. Such corporate or legal action could involve significant time and resources while distracting management from our operations. In addition, we may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

If a designated employee uses a chop in an effort to obtain control over one or more of our PRC subsidiaries, we would need to take legal action to seek the return of the applicable chop(s), apply for a new chop(s) with the relevant authorities or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of their duties. During any period where we lose effective control of the corporate activities of one or more of our PRC subsidiaries as a result of such misuse or misappropriation, the business activities of the affected entity could be disrupted, and we could lose the economic benefits of that aspect of our business. To the extent those chops are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised, and the operations of those entities could be significantly and adversely impacted.

**Risks Related to Our Securities**

***If equity research analysts publish unfavorable commentary or downgrade our ordinary shares, the price and trading volume of our ordinary shares could decline.***

The trading market for our ordinary shares could be affected by whether equity research analysts publish research or reports about us and our business. We cannot predict at this time whether any research analysts will publish research and reports on us and our ordinary shares. If one or more equity analysts do cover us and our ordinary shares and publish research reports about us, the price of our stock could decline if one or more securities analysts downgrade our stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

If any of the analysts who elect to cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price could decline rapidly. If any of these analysts ceases coverage of us, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our ordinary shares' price or trading volume to decline and our ordinary shares to be less liquid.

***Future equity issuances could result in dilution, which could cause our ordinary shares price to decline.***

We are generally not restricted from issuing additional ordinary shares, and there is no limit to the number of ordinary shares that we are authorized to issue by our memorandum and articles of association. We may issue additional ordinary shares in the future under current or future equity compensation plans, upon conversions of preferred shares or debt, upon exercise of warrants, or in connection with future acquisitions or financing. If we choose to raise capital by selling our ordinary shares for any reason, the issuance would have a dilutive effect on the holders of our ordinary shares and could have a material negative effect on the market price of our ordinary shares.

***Future sales of our ordinary shares by existing shareholders may cause our ordinary shares price to decline.***

If our existing shareholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market after the contractual lock-up and other legal restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline.

We may issue additional preferred shares in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our ordinary shares, which could depress the price of our ordinary shares.

Our board also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any series of preferred shares that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights, and preferences over our ordinary shares concerning dividends or in the event of dissolution, liquidation, or winding up, and other terms. If we issue preferred shares in the future that have preference over our ordinary shares with respect to payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or if we issue preferred shares with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our ordinary shares, the rights of the holders of our ordinary shares or the market price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected. In addition, the ability of our Board to issue preferred shares without any action on the part of our shareholders may impede a takeover of us and prevent a transaction perceived to be favorable to our shareholders.

***We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.***

We have not decided as to whether we would be classified as a "passive foreign investment company," or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our preceding taxable year, nor can we assure you that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year. A foreign (non-U.S) corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (2) or least 50% of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. PFIC status depends on the composition of our assets and income and the value of our assets (including, among others, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each subsidiary in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the equity interest) from time to time. Depending on the amount of cash or cash equivalents we currently hold, which are generally treated as passive assets, and because the calculation of the value of our assets may be based in part on the value of our ordinary shares, which is likely to fluctuate, we may be a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in the section entitled "Taxation – U.S. Federal Income Taxation – General") held an ordinary share or warrant, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. For more information, see "Taxation – U.S. Federal Income Taxation – U.S. Holders – Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules."

**ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY**

**Overview**

Borqs Technologies, Inc. (formerly known as "Pacific Special Acquisition Corp.", and hereinafter referred to as the "Company" "Borqs Technologies", "Borqs" or "we") was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on July 1, 2015. The Company was formed to acquire, engage in a share exchange, share reconstruction and amalgamation, purchasing all or substantially all of the assets of, entering into contractual arrangements, or engaging in any other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

On August 18, 2017, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interest of BORQS International Holding Corp. ("Borqs International") and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as "Borqs Group" or together with the BVI parent company collectively referred to as the "Group") in an all-stock merger transaction. Concurrent with the completion of the acquisition of Borqs International, the Company changed its name from "Pacific Special Acquisition Corp.", to "Borqs Technologies, Inc."

We have employees in Beijing, China. Our parent company is in the British Virgin Islands, and our agent in the BVI is Kingston Chambers, and their address is P.O. Box 173, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

Until we sold our core businesses to Sasken, we were a global provider in software, development services, and products providing customizable, differentiated, and scalable Android-based smart connected devices and cloud service solutions. We were a leading provider of commercial grade Android platform software for mobile chipset manufacturers, mobile device OEMs, and mobile operators, as well as complete product solutions of mobile connected devices for enterprise and consumer applications. We acquired 51% ownership in HHE on October 19, 2021, which designed and commercialized solar power and energy storage solutions to residential and commercial customers in the United States. As of March 6, 2024, the Company has completed the sale of its ownership in HHE.

Our Connected Solutions business unit (the "Connected Solutions BU") works closely with chipset partners to develop new connected devices. Borqs developed the reference Android software platform and hardware platform for Intel and Qualcomm phones and tablets. We provide Connected Solutions customers with customized, integrated, commercial grade Android platform software and service solutions to address vertical market segment needs through the targeted BorqsWare software platform solutions. The BorqsWare software platform consisted of BorqsWare Client Software and BorqsWare Server Software. The BorqsWare Client Software platform has been used in Android phones, tablets, watches, and various Internet-of-things ("IoT") devices. The BorqsWare Server Software platform consisted of back-end server software that allows customers to develop their own mobile end-to-end services for their devices.

In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, Borqs generated 42.1%, 49.4% and 64.6% of its Connected Solutions BU revenues from customers headquartered outside of China and 57.9%, 50.6% and 35.4% from customers headquartered in China.

We have dedicated significant resources to research and development, and have research and development centers in Beijing, China and Bangalore, India. As of December 31, 2025, the Group had 13 employees based in China, Hong Kong, and United States.

The following customers accounted for near 10% or more of our total revenues for the years indicated:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| 2025 | M-KOPA Kenya Limited | 53.9% |
| 2024.0 | Metro (Suzhou) Technologies Co Ltd | 50.6% |
|  | M-KOPA Kenya Limited | 21.0% |
| 2023.0 | Metro (Suzhou) Technologies Co Ltd | 57.8% |
|  | ECOM Instruments | 19.9% |
|  | GreatCall, Inc. | 12.7% |

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As of April 9, 2025 we completed the sale of all of our core businesses to Sasken, and effectively all of the activities as described above belong to and are operated by Sasken. Further, according to the non-compete clauses of the sale, the Company and certain of its executives are restricted from participating in similar ODM and IoT business activities for a period of 5 years thereafter.

**History and Development of the Company**

**Corporate Organizational Chart**

The following diagram illustrates our current corporate structure and the place of formation, ownership interest, and affiliation of each of our subsidiaries and unconsolidated minority interests in certain entities as of the date of this report.

![](ea029016301_img1.jpg)

**Borqs Entities Including Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities**

● Borqs Technologies, Inc. (BRQS) – the BVI parent holding company and the listing company.

● Borqs Capital, Inc. – a British Virgin Islands company that is responsible for U.S. investments.

● Borqs Technologies USA, Inc. (BTUSA) – a US entity responsible for commercial contracts with customers that require a US entity for contractual basis.

● Borqs Hong Kong Limited (BHK) – a Hong Kong entity that holds 60% of the shares of Borqs Technologies Ltd (BTCHN), holds 60% of the shares of Borqs KK (BKK), and holds 100% of Borqs Chongqing Ltd (BCQ) and 100% of Borqs Beijing Ltd (BBJ). This entity signs a majority of our commercial contracts with international customers.

● Borqs Beijing Ltd. (BBJ) – a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, a "WFOE" as it is called, in China. This entity is responsible for general administration and hardware R&D purposes.

● Borqs Chongqing Ltd. (BCQ) – a wholly owned foreign enterprise in China that is a holding company for Beijing Big Cloud Century Technology Ltd, and it is responsible for the purchasing and management of the component supplies for the manufacturing of our products.

● Beijing Big Cloud Century Technology Ltd. (BC-Tech) – an entity in China and is a holding company for Beijing Big Cloud Network Technology Co. Ltd and Beijing Borqs Software Technology Co. Ltd.

● Beijing Borqs Software Technology Co. Ltd. (BSW) – an entity in China that is responsible for our software R&D.

● Beijing Big Cloud Network Technology Co. Ltd (BC-NW) – an entity in China that was formerly the holding company of our VIE entities engaged in the business of mobile virtual network operator ("MVNO"). The VIE entities and the MVNO business were sold as of October 2020.

● Borqs Technologies Ltd. (BTCHN) – a Sino-foreign entity in China for setting up a manufacturing facility in Huzhou, China, and is a holding company for Borqs Huzhou Ltd (BHZ).

● Borqs Huzhou Ltd. (BHZ) – an entity in China responsible for the operations of our hardware manufacturing activities in Huzhou, China.

As of December 31, 2025, the Group had 13 employees.

For additional information, see Note 1 in our consolidated financial statements.

**Business Units**

Until our core businesses were sold to Sasken, we had two business units ("BU"), Connected Solutions and Solar Power before the deconsolidation of HHE. The divestiture of HHE which included all of the Solar Power BU was completed as of March 6, 2024; thereafter the remaining Connected Solutions BU was sold to Sasken as of April 9, 2025. We currently do not have a core operational business activity.

The Connected Solutions BU developed wireless smart connected devices and cloud solutions. Borqs provided Connected Solutions' customers with customized, integrated, commercial grade Android platform software and service solutions to address vertical market segment needs through the targeted BorqsWare software platform solutions. The BorqsWare software platform consisted of BorqsWare Client Software and BorqsWare Server Software. The BorqsWare Client Software platform consisted of three major components: the latest commercial grade Android software that worked with particular mobile chipsets, functionality enhancements of the open source Android software, and mobile operator required services. Based on the BorqsWare Client Software platform, customers may require Borqs to provide further customization based on their specific market needs. The BorqsWare Client Software platform has been used in Android phones, tablets, watches, and various Internet-of-things ("IoT") devices. The BorqsWare Server Software platform consisted of back-end server software that allows customers to develop their own mobile end-to-end services for their devices. The BorqsWare Server Software provided software necessary for upgrades, charging, and various APIs that enhance the customers' services. Based on BorqsWare Server Software service platform, customers may require us to provide further customization based on their specific needs.

The Solar Power BU, HHE of which we acquired 51% ownership in October 2021, is a Delaware limited liability company that brought state-of-the-art energy storage systems to both residential and commercial markets. With operations in Hawaii, Wisconsin, and California, HHE designed and developed proprietary storage systems and software and control platform solutions. The HHE team was made up of renewable energy industry veterans, engineering and deploying energy storage systems that enable greater energy independence.

On December 13, 2022, Borqs Technologies received a letter from the Department of the Treasury on behalf of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS") stating that the Company is required to negotiate with CFIUS to fully divest its ownership interests and rights in Holu Hou Energy LLC ("HHE") due to HHE's solar energy storage system and EnergyShare technology for Multi-Dwelling Residential Units being deemed a potential national security risk.

On March 16, 2023, the Company and HHE entered into a National Security Agreement ("NSA") with the Department of Defense and the Department of Treasury. The NSA provides that the divestment shall occur within six months unless extended by the U.S. Government. The NSA also contains standstill provisions which provide that the Company shall not acquire any additional ownership interest in HHE, merge with or into HHE, affect any changes to the rights held by the Company, except as necessary to affect its obligations under the NSA, or acquire or take possession of any assets of HHE. Further, upon the completion of the Divestment, the Company shall terminate or irrevocably waive any information, consent, board appointment, board observer, or other governance rights held by the Company, except for any rights that are determined by the U.S. Government to be necessary to affect the provisions of the NSA. The NSA outlines the steps to be taken concerning the Divestment: engaging a nationally recognized investment bank with experience in administering competitive sales and auction processes; assigning and hiring of security and monitoring personnel to directly communicate with the U.S. Government; removing all of Borqs' administrative and technical influence over HHE; and creating a plan to divest all of Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE. Under the requirement of the NSA, Borqs has assigned its interests in HHE into a Divestment Trust according to a Divestment Trust Agreement ("DTA") dated March 20, 2023, entered into between Borqs, HHE, and a trustee.

As discussed above, the Solar Power BU, a separate segment was deconsolidated on December 31, 2022, and reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022, for the carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale and revenues and expenses related to HHE have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as discontinued operations for fiscal 2022.

As of March 6, 2024, the Company completed the sale of its ownership in HHE.

*Connected Solutions BU*

The Connected Solutions BU helped customers design, develop and realize the commercialization of their connected devices.

Our Connected Solutions business unit worked closely with chipset partners to develop new connected devices. Borqs developed the reference Android software platform and hardware platform for Intel and Qualcomm phones and tablets. We provided Connected Solutions customers with customized, integrated, commercial grade Android platform software and service solutions to address vertical market segment needs through the targeted BorqsWare software platform solutions. The BorqsWare software platform consisted of BorqsWare Client Software and BorqsWare Server Software. The BorqsWare Client Software platform had been used in Android phones, tablets, watches, and various Internet-of-things ("IoT") devices. The BorqsWare Server Software platform consisted of back-end server software that allows customers to develop their own mobile end-to-end services for their devices.

The Connected Solutions BU had a global customer base covering the core parts of the Android platform value chain, including mobile chipset manufacturers, mobile device OEMs and mobile operators.

On April 8, 2025 the Company signed a Share Purchase Agreement ("SPA") with Sasken which provided for Sasken's acquisition of the Company's core business through the purchase of BORQS International Holding Corp, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary. The transactions contemplated by the SPA (the "Sale") were consummated on April 9, 2025. Included in the Sale are all of the Company's embedded software design and customized hardware manufacturing of products for the Internet of Things (IoT) activities, customer contracts, technology licenses, intellectual property, employment agreements with key personnel and assets required for the Company's operations. Sasken agreed to pay the Company an aggregate purchase price of $40 million, subject to adjustments for working capital, amounts withheld for taxes payable, and certain earnout payments linked to performance in 2025.

*Solar Power BU*

We acquired a 51% controlling interest in HHE as of October 19, 2021. HHE develops and commercializes solar power systems that consist of solar modules, including solar panels and electrical components, controllers, inverters, and lithium-based battery modules associated with the solar modules so as to provide total independent energy solutions to our residential and commercial customers.

HHE designs, develops, integrates and installs solar power systems for the residential and commercial customers. The financial results of HHE from the date of acquisition up to December 31, 2021, were consolidated into Borqs' financial statements. HHE recognizes revenues when the solar power projects are fully completed. During the period of consolidation, no solar power projects were completed, and consequently, no revenues from HHE were recognized. The cash receipts from customers from ongoing projects and newly started projects were booked as deferred revenue.

HHE was deconsolidated on December 31, 2022. Assets and liabilities related to HHE, which the Group acquired in October 2021, were reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022, and revenues and expenses related to Solar Energy segment were reclassified as discontinued operations for all periods presented.

As of March 6, 2024, the Company has completed the sale of its ownership in HHE.

**Competition**

The Company believes that the marketplace for connected devices is highly fragmented but that few are capable of providing an end-to-end solution with software, hardware, and product realization. The solar industry is anchored with several large companies, while many small companies across the U.S. also provide customized installations.

The market for connected devices and solar solutions is rapidly evolving, and in the future, the Company may not be able to compete successfully against current and potential competitors. The Company expects competition to intensify as new competitors enter the market and as existing competitors attempt to diversify and expand their software and service solutions offerings. The primary competitors for the Company include traditional hardware-centric OEMs and software development companies.

● The traditional OEMs are strong in hardware design and own factories, but they are very weak in software development as well as not familiar with operator and mobile chipset requirements;

● The large software development companies have sizable software teams and global coverage, but they are very weak in hardware design and manufacturing expertise;

● Some of the Company's competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, sales, and other resources and significantly greater name recognition than we have.

**Government Regulation**

The Company's operations are subject to extensive and complex state, provincial, and local laws, rules, and regulations. The PRC government restricts or imposes conditions on foreign investment in the telecommunications business. Borqs International Holding Corp and its PRC subsidiaries are considered foreign persons or foreign-invested enterprises under PRC foreign investment-related laws. As a result, they are subject to PRC legal restrictions on or conditions for foreign ownership of telecommunication businesses.

**Employees**

As of December 31, 2025, we had 13 employees, 9 in China and Hong Kong and 4 in United States. None of our employees are represented by a labor union.

The Company pays most of its employees a base salary and performance-based bonuses, including annual incentive bonuses and project-based bonuses. It pays commissions to sales personnel. Employees are also eligible to participate in the Company's stock incentive program.

The Company is required under PRC laws and regulations to participate in a government-mandated, defined benefit plan for its full-time employees, under which we provide social welfare benefits, such as pension, medical care, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, maternity insurance, and employee housing fund. The Company employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. The Company believes it has good relations with its employees.

The Company uses a variety of methods to recruit technical professionals to ensure that it has sufficient research and development and other expertise on an ongoing basis, including the company website, an external online recruiting website, targeted technical forums, campus recruitment at leading technical universities and institutions, job fairs and internal referrals from current employees.

The Company offers training programs to its employees covering professional training such as training related to customer service and product management, and technical training such as training related to telephony and project management. The Company holds periodic workshops to enhance the leadership skills of management personnel.

**Description of Properties**

The Company's principal executive offices are located in Hong Kong. The Company leased office and warehouse spaces pursuant to leases as described below.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Locations** | **Approximate Size** | **Primary Uses** | **Lease Expiration Date** |
| Beijing, China | 1180 sq. meters | Management office | December 31, 2025 |

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The Company mostly subcontracts manufacturing to other factories. At the Company's Huzhou facility, there is an assembly line with capacity for half a million units per year for small orders.

**Segments**

In the year 2025, prior to the sale of our business to Sasken, we operate in one reportable segment, which is the Connected Solutions Business Unit. See Note 2, Segment Reporting, of our notes to consolidated financial statements.

**Geographic Concentration**

The following table sets forth the Company's connected solutions net revenues from customers, in absolute amount and as a percentage of net revenues, based on location of the customer's headquarters.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| United States |  | 20.1% |  | 14.2% |  | 0.0% |
| China |  | 57.9% |  | 50.6% |  | 35.4% |
| Rest of the World |  | 22.0% |  | 35.2% |  | 64.6% |
| Net Revenues |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |

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**Available Information**

Our annual reports on Form 20-F, current reports on Form 6-K, and other forms and periodic reports as a foreign private issuer, are available free of charge on our website (*www.borqs.com*) as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such materials with or furnished such materials to the Securities and Exchange Commission. They are also available at *www.sec.gov*.

**ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS**

None.

**ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS**

The following discussion of the results of our operations and our financial condition should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements included in "Item 18. Financial Statements". This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth in "Item 3. Key Information–D. Risk Factors".

Since we have completed the sale of our core businesses to Sasken on April 9, 2026, the following discussions on the results of operations were related to the period from January 1 up to April 8, 2026.

References in this Annual Report to "we," "us," or the "Company" refer to Borqs Technologies, Inc. References to our "management" or our "management team" refer to our officers and directors. The following discussion and analysis of the Company's financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.

***Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations***

**Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements**

*This Annual Report includes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are not historical facts, and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected and projected. All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this Annual Report including, without limitation, statements in this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" regarding the Company's financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Words such as "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "seek" and variations and similar words and expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements relate to future events or future performance but reflect management's current beliefs, based on information currently available. A number of factors could cause actual events, performance, or results to differ materially from the events, performance, and results discussed in the forward-looking statements. For information identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, please refer to the Risk Factors section of this Annual Report. The Company's securities filings can be accessed on the EDGAR section of the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Except as expressly required by applicable securities law, the Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.*

**Overview**

Borqs Technologies, Inc. ("we", "the Company" or "Borqs") is a company focused on software, development services, and products providing customizable, differentiated and scalable Android-based smart connected devices and cloud service solutions. We are a leading provider of commercial-grade Android platform software for mobile chipset manufacturers, mobile device OEMs and mobile operators, as well as complete product solutions of mobile connected devices for enterprise and consumer applications. In recent years, we have been awarded significant business contracts from global customers. Particularly, significant contracts from Qualcomm were awarded to us in 2021, 2022 and also in 2023.

Pursuant to the Company's acquisition of Borqs International Holding Corp ("Borqs International") by way of merger, which was completed on August 18, 2017, Borqs International became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, with the Company adopting the business of Borqs International and its consolidated subsidiaries going forward and reporting the historical consolidated financial statements of Borqs International on future SEC filings as those of the Company, which was renamed Borqs Technologies, Inc.

Our Connected Solutions business unit works closely with chipset partners to develop new connected devices. Borqs developed the reference Android software platform and hardware platform for Intel and Qualcomm phones and tablets. We provide Connected Solutions customers with customized, integrated, commercial-grade Android platform software and service solutions to address vertical market segment needs through the targeted BorqsWare software platform solutions. The BorqsWare software platform consists of BorqsWare Client Software and BorqsWare Server Software. The BorqsWare Client Software platform has been used in Android phones, tablets, watches, and various Internet-of-things ("IoT") devices. The BorqsWare Server Software platform consists of back-end server software that allows customers to develop their own mobile end-to-end services for their devices.

In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, Borqs generated 42.1%, 49.4%, and 64.6% of its Connected Solutions BU revenues from customers headquartered outside of China and 57.9%, 50.6% and 35.4% from customers headquartered in China.

We acquired 51% ownership of HHE on October 19, 2021. HHE designs, develops, integrates and installs solar power systems to residential and commercial customers including solar panels and lithium battery-based energy storage systems. As mandated by CFIUS, we had completely divested our ownership of HHE on March 6, 2024.

We have experienced volatile business cycles since our inception in 2007. Net revenues from continuing operations of the Connected Solutions BU increased from $75.1 million in 2015 to $85.4 million in 2016, to $122.2 million in 2017, to $128.4 million in 2018, but scaled back to $98.9 million in 2019. Our operations were significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and recorded only $26.8 million in revenues for the year 2020. We grew back to $29.6 million, $52.5 million, and $32.0 million in revenues for the year 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively. We recorded a net loss of $12.8 million in 2017, which included non-cash merger-related costs of $14.5 million. In the year 2018 we incurred a net loss of $72.0 million which included $6.2 million in cost of goods for one transaction in which the related revenue was not recognized in 2018 due to uncertainty in collectability, non-recurring charges of $5.3 million in arbitration loss, write-off and provision for doubtful accounts and current assets of $30.1 million, write-down of historical inventory due to loss & obsolescence of $11.8 million, impairment of long-term investment of $13.0 million, deferred income tax benefits of $1.7 million, impairment of intangible assets due to the pending sale of the MVNO business unit of $0.8 million, share based compensation of $1 million, and $3.0 million in stock offering expenses. In the year 2020, we incurred a net loss of $34.8 million which included professional fees of $3.6 million, salaries and welfare of $2.6 million, non-recurring penalties of $1.1 million, share-based compensation expense of $20.0 million and contingency loss of $3.1 million and allowance for doubtful accounts of $4.4 million, offset by gain on disposal of Yuantel of $10.1 million. In the year 2021, we incurred a net loss of $56.6 million which included professional fees of $2.1 million, salaries and welfare of $6.1 million, interest expense related to debt discount of $9.9 million, share-based compensation expense of $17.5 million and impairment loss of $1.3 million and loss on debt settlement of $17.2 million, offset by reversal of contingency loss of $3.3 million and gain on debt forgiveness of $2.1 million. In the year 2023, we incurred a net loss of $26.9 million, which consisted of loss from continuing operations of $28.2 million and income from discontinued operations of $1.3 million. For the loss from continued operation, which included professional fees of $2.4 million, salaries and welfare of $4.5 million, interest expense related to debt discount of $0.7 million, share-based compensation expense of $7.8 million. In the year 2024, we generate a net income of $17.3 million, consisting of income from continuing operation of $17.4 million and loss from discontinued operation of $0.1 million. For the loss from continued operation included professional fees of $2.3 million, salaries and welfare of $4.5 million, and share-based compensation expense of $0.05 million. In the year 2025, we generated a net income of $5.6 million, consisting of income from continuing operation of $9.7 million and loss from discontinued operation of $4.1 million. For the income from continued operation included professional fees of $2.0 million, salaries and welfare of $7.8 million, and share-based compensation expense of $2.4 million.

**Key Factors Affecting Results of Operations**

Revenue mix impacts our overall gross profit and gross margin. In particular:

**Connected Solutions BU**. Revenue from product sales is the largest component of Connected Solutions BU revenue. Product sales gross margin is primarily affected by competition, cost of components, and intellectual property royalties. Gross margin for engineering design fees and software royalties tends to be higher because the associated cost of revenues is lower than that for hardware products, and pricing is less subject to competitive pressure. In addition, because product sales and software royalties are generally calculated on a per-unit basis, our revenue will vary depending on the volume of product sales. Engineering design fees are generally not related to the volume of product sales.

Connected Solutions BU's net revenues and gross profits are affected by general factors in the highly competitive mobile industry, such as shifts in consumer preferences and customer demands, technological innovations, competing mobile operating systems, and pricing trends. Results are also affected by developments in the Android platform and software market specifically, such as Google's continued support of the Android platform, continued availability of a free and open-source software license for that platform, continued deployment of the Android platform, and continued outsourcing of software development to third-party providers. Unfavorable changes in any of these factors could affect market demand for our solutions and materially adversely affect our revenues and results of operations. Revenues and gross profit in the Connected Solutions BU are also affected by Company-specific factors, including:

● We rely on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our net revenues, particularly our relationship with a customer that is a prominent mobile chipset manufacturer. We also rely on this mobile chipset manufacturer from a strategic viewpoint since products that we develop for this customer may also be scaled to other mobile device OEM customers. We devote a significant portion of our research and development resources to this effort. Our results of operations would be significantly harmed if our collaboration with this customer were to decline or its Android-related product development efforts were not successful.

● Our ability to grow our net revenues depends on our ability to expand our customer base, both in terms of the number of customers and geographic concentration, and also increase the number of projects we undertake for existing and new customers. Our ability to do so depends on the success of our products and services and those of our customers and on our marketing and sales performance.

● Our ability to maintain our position as one of the largest independent Android platform software companies will require us to continue to strengthen our technology expertise and capabilities by focusing our research and development on maintaining technology leadership and offer advanced Android platform software and service solutions on our customers' demanding timelines. In addition, our ability to grow our revenues will largely depend on how quickly we and our customers can roll out new products and services.

● Competing successfully in the Android platform and software market requires us to maintain a competitive pricing structure, including labor costs and operating expenses. Competition for software engineers is intense, particularly in mainland China and in India.

As of April 9, 2025, the Company completed the sale of its Connected Solutions business to Sasken.

**Solar Power BU**. HHE designs, develops, integrates, and installs solar power systems for residential and commercial customers. The financial results of HHE from the date of acquisition up to December 31, 2021 were consolidated into Borqs' financial statements. HHE recognizes revenues when the solar power projects are fully completed. During the period of consolidation, no solar power projects were completed, and consequently, no revenues from HHE were recognized.

On December 13, 2022, Borqs Technologies received a letter from the Department of the Treasury on behalf of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS") stating that the Company is required to negotiate with CFIUS to fully divest its ownership interests and rights in Holu Hou Energy LLC ("HHE") due to HHE's solar energy storage system and EnergyShare technology for Multi-Dwelling Residential Units being deemed a potential national security risk.

On December 31, 2022, the Company resolved that to comply fully with the requirements of the CFIUS Letter which involve multiple steps that the Company must adhere to, including: (i) Entering into a National Security Agreement with various departments of the US government with a plan that is effective, monitorable and verifiable to divest Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE; (ii) Selection of a trustee and entering into a Divestment Trust Agreement, and assigning the Company's interest in HHE to the trustee; and, (iii) Selection of a nationally recognized investment bank as the exclusive agent for the divestment of HHE. Besides, the Group also resolved that as of December 31, 2022, terminate its control of HHE by (i) removal of all of the Company's representatives from HHE's Board of Directors, (ii) relinquishment of Class A Membership Unit voting rights, and (iii) reduction of the Company's ownership of HHE from 51% down to 49% by assigning 2% of the ownership back to HHE. By taking the above actions, the Company no longer has a controlling interest in HHE and resulting in the deconsolidation of HHE.

On March 16, 2023, the Company and HHE entered into a National Security Agreement ("NSA") with the Department of Defense and the Department of Treasury. The NSA provides that the divestment shall occur within six months unless extended by the U.S. Government. The NSA also contains standstill provisions which provide that the Company shall not acquire any additional ownership interest in HHE, merge with or into HHE, effect any changes to the rights held by the Company, except as necessary to effect its obligations under the NSA, or acquire or take possession of any assets of HHE. Further, upon the completion of the Divestment, the Company shall terminate or irrevocably waive any information, consent, board appointment, board observer, or other governance rights held by the Company, except for any rights that are determined by the U.S. Government to be necessary to effect the provisions of the NSA. The NSA outlines the steps to be taken concerning the Divestment: engaging a nationally recognized investment bank with experience in administering competitive sales and auction processes; assigning and hiring of security and monitoring personnel to directly communicate with the U.S. Government; removing all of Borqs' administrative and technical influence over HHE; and creating a plan to divest all of Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE. Under the requirement of the NSA, Borqs has assigned its interests in HHE into a Divestment Trust according to a Divestment Trust Agreement ("DTA") dated March 20, 2023, entered into between Borqs, HHE and a trustee.

The Company's solar power business met the criteria to be reported as a discontinued operation and, as a result, HHE's historical financial results are reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements as a discontinued operation, and assets and liabilities were retrospectively reclassified as assets and liabilities held for sale for all periods presented.

As of March 6, 2024, the Company completed the divestiture of its ownership in HHE.

The aggregate amount of cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash are not materially affected by currency fluctuations because the majority of our revenues are denominated in U.S. Dollars based on contracts made in Hong Kong. Financings from sales of equity and working capital loans are denominated in U.S. Dollars and executed in Hong Kong and the Cayman Islands, and repayments have been made in U.S. Dollars outside of China, thus not requiring approval from the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange. Personnel and personnel-related expenses are primarily paid in the Indian and Chinese currencies, and costs of components used in the Connected Solutions and hardware revenues are primarily paid in U.S. Dollars. As of December 31, 2025, we held cash and cash equivalents totaling $2.6 million and short term investments of $4.9 million on a consolidated basis.

**Results of Operations**

The following table sets forth a summary of the Company's consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. The activities indicated herewith were from our Connected Solutions BU, our continuing operations; they did not include activities from our Solar Power BU, which were classified as discontinued operations. This information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report. The operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any future period.

***Comparisons of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025***

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** |
| <br>**Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| Net revenues | 20567 | 27713 | 13602 |
| Cost of revenues | (16697) | (21927) | (13102) |
| **Gross profit** | 3870 | 5786 | 500 |
| Operating expenses | (15236) | (9320) | (17894) |
| Other operating income | 22 | 396 |  |
| Operating loss | (11344) | (3138) | (17394) |
| Other (expense) income | (18951) | 20608 | 27105 |
| **(Loss) income from continuing operations, before income taxes** | (30295) | 17470 | 9711 |
| Income tax benefit (expense) | 2084 | (8) | (5) |
| **Net (loss) income from continuing operations** | (28211) | 17462 | 9706 |
| **Discontinued operations** |  |  |  |
| Income (loss) from operations of discontinued operations | 2368 | (4) | (4999) |
| Income tax (expense) benefit | (1078) | (135) | 945 |
| **Income (loss) on discontinued operations** | 1290 | (139) | (4054) |
| **Net (loss) income** | (26921) | 17323 | 5652 |
| Less: net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (454) | 626 | 287 |
| **Net (loss) income attributable to Borqs Technologies, Inc.** | (26467) | 16836 | 9419 |

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred a net loss of $26.9 million, which consisted of a loss from continuing operation of $28.2 million and income from discontinued operation of $1.3 million. The loss from continued operation, which included professional fees of $2.4 million, salaries and welfare of $4.5 million, interest expense related to debt discount of $0.7 million, share-based compensation expense of $7.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred a net income of $17.3 million, which consisted of income from continuing operation of $17.4 million and loss from discontinued operation of $0.1 million. For the loss from continued operation, which included professional fees of $2.3 million, salaries and welfare of $4.5 million, interest expense related to debt discount of $0.8 million, and impairment loss of $1.5 million, offset by gain from disposal of a subsidiary of $12.5 million and gain from cancellation of shares as compensation of $6.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we generated a net income of $5.6 million, consisting of income from continuing operation of $9.7 million and loss from discontinued operation of $4.1 million. For the income from continued operation included professional fees of $2.0 million, salaries and welfare of $7.8 million, and share-based compensation expense of $2.4 million.

***Net Revenue***

Our net revenues represent our gross revenues, less PRC value-added taxes and other deductions. Connected Solutions BU net revenues consist of engineering design fees, software royalties, and product sales.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, net revenues from Connected Solutions BU were $13.6 million, representing a 50.9% decrease from the previous year. The decrease in business activities in 2024 was mainly attributable to the decrease in our hardware revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net revenues from Connected Solutions BU were $27.7 million, representing a 34.7% increase from the previous year. The increase in business activities in 2024 was mainly attributable to the increase in our hardware revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2023, net revenues from Connected Solutions BU were $20.6 million, representing a 50.1% decrease from the previous year. The decrease in business activities in 2023 was mainly attributable to the decrease in our hardware revenue.

As our Connected Solutions BU did not engage in any retail activities in the countries where our customers were located, and also not within China, and we concluded that the fluctuations in our revenues between the years were not indicative of market conditions. Instead, our hardware sales of our Connected Solution BU comprised of all made-to-order products with quantities as stipulated by our customers and also included consumer and industrial use devices as well. As such, the orders we receive from our customers may not adhere to seasonality and therefore, fluctuations in our business activity levels may not conform to any particular trend.

***Net Revenues — Connected Solutions BU***

Connected Solutions BU net revenues mainly consist of product sales. It represents our continuing operation for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

As discussed more fully under "— Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Revenue Recognition — Project-Based Software Contracts," the Company's project-based software contracts include post-contract support, or PCS, where the customer has the right to receive unspecified upgrades/enhancements on a when-and-if-available basis. Since we are unable to establish vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value of post-contract services, or PCS, revenues from project-based software contracts are recognized on a straight-line basis over the longest expected delivery period of undelivered elements of the arrangement, which is typically the PCS period. Project-based software contracts that include PCS have a typical PCS period of 12 months. As a result of this revenue recognition method, some portion of the net revenue we report in each period is recognition of deferred revenues from contracts entered into in prior periods and for which the research and development and engineering work has already been completed. In addition, a majority of the project-based software contracts provide for usage-based royalties. We recognize royalties upon the receipt of quarterly usage reports provided by customers.

The following table sets forth our net revenues, as well as the components of such revenues, for the periods indicated, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of total net revenues:

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| Continuing operation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Software |  | 4.7% |  | 4.1% |  | 0.0% |
| Hardware |  | 59.4% |  | 67.3% |  | 100.0% |
| Total |  | 64.1% |  | 71.4% |  | 100.0% |
| Discontinuing operation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Software |  | 35.9% |  | 28.6% |  | 100.0% |
| Total |  | 35.9% |  | 28.6% |  | 100.0% |
| Connected Solutions BU net revenues |  | 100% |  | 100% |  | 100% |

---

*Software*

Software net revenues generated from our continuing operation were $1.5 million, $1.6 million, and nil million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively, representing 4.7%, 4.1%, and 0.0% of our Connected Solutions BU total net revenues. Software net revenues generated from discontinuing operation were $11.5 million, $11.1 million, and $2.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively.

*Hardware*

Hardware net revenues were $19.0 million, $26.1 million, and $13.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Again, as discussed above, these fluctuations may not be attributed to any particular market trend since our sales were all made to order for our industrial customers. Types of products include wearables such as trackers and smart watches, ruggedized handsets, tablets and smart phones, and mobile connectivity modules. As described above, hardware sales comprised of all made-to-order products with quantities as stipulated by our customers and included consumer and industrial use devices as well. As such, the orders we receive from our customers may not adhere to seasonality and therefore fluctuations in our business activity levels may not conform to any particular trend.

All hardware sales were contracted and made-to-order, and our sales were final without taking returns. Small percentages of replacement units and parts were provided to customers, and those costs were included in the cost of revenues. We provide engineering design work as specified by our customers, and production begins after the customer accepts the design. We are responsible for the procurement of all components, materials and tooling and for the selection of third-party factories for product assembly. Revenue is recognized when ownership of products is transferred to the customers. We are not engaged in the marketing and distribution of hardware products.

***Geographic Concentration***

The following table sets forth our net revenues from customers based on the location of the customer's headquarters, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of net revenues. These figures do not take into account the geographic location of end-users of customer products:

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| United States |  | 20.1% |  | 14.2% |  | 0.0% |
| China |  | 57.9% |  | 50.6% |  | 35.4% |
| Rest of the world |  | 22.0% |  | 35.2% |  | 64.6% |
| Net revenues |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |

---

The Company's net revenues from customers with headquarters in the United States are attributed to its ongoing collaboration with a prominent mobile chipset vendor and other mobile device OEMs. From 2021 to 2022, revenues from customers with headquarters in China increased mainly due to a customer named Metro (Suzhou) Technologies Co Ltd placed more orders during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our main customer in the United States for the years 2021 and 2022 was GreatCall, Inc. From 2022 to 2023, revenue from customers with headquarters in China increased, while the revenue with our main customer in India, Reliance Retail Limited, declined when compared with 2022. From 2023 to 2024, revenues from customers with headquarters in China increased when compared with 2023 due to Metro (Suzhou) Technologies Co Ltd placed more orders. From 2024 to 2025, revenues decreased significantly when compared with 2024, primarily due to the disposal of the Company's certain hardware and software services business on April 9, 2025.

***Net Revenues from discontinued operations — Solar Power BU***

For our discontinued operations, Solar Power BU, HHE designs, develops, integrates, and installs solar power systems to the residential and commercial customers including solar panels and lithium battery-based energy storage systems. HHE recognizes revenues when the solar power projects are fully completed. The financial results of HHE for the year ended December 31, 2022, were classified as discontinued operations. The cash receipts from customers from ongoing projects and newly started projects were booked as deferred revenue.

***Cost of Revenues***

Cost of our continuing operations Connected Solutions BU revenues primarily consist of personnel and personnel-related costs associated with engineering projects paid for by customers and costs of hardware components used to manufacture products. Cost of our discontinued operations Solar Power BU revenues primarily consist of solar inverters, controllers, and panels.

The following table sets forth the cost of revenues, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of total cost of revenues, for Connected Solutions BU revenue from our continuing operation and Solar Power BU revenue from our discontinued operations.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| Continuing operation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Connected Solutions BU |  | 69.7% |  | 71.8% |  | 85.8% |
| Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Solar Power BU |  | -% |  | -% |  | -% |
| Connected Solutions BU |  | 30.3% |  | 28.2% |  | 14.2% |
| Total cost of revenues |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |

---

Connected Solutions BU cost of revenues varied from 2023 to 2024 in attribution to similar changes in our volume of hardware products sales during these years. Our total cost of revenue increased $6.5 million or 27% when compared with that of fiscal 2023. It mainly attributes to the hardware cost increase of $5.5 million, and the software cost increase of $1.0 million. Connected Solutions BU cost of revenues increased significantly from 2023 to 2024 in line with our revenue increase in Connected Solutions BU. Connected Solutions BU cost of revenues decreased from $21.9 million in 2024 to $13.1 million in 2025, primarily due to the disposal of certain business by the Company.

***Gross Profit and Gross Margin***

Gross profit represents net revenues and lower cost of revenue. Gross margin represents gross profit as a percentage of revenues.

Gross profits for our continuing operations Connected Solutions BU in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025 were a gross profit of $3.9 million, $5.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Gross profits for discontinuing operations Connected Solutions BU in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025 were a gross profit of $4.2 million, $2.5 million, and $0.06 million, respectively.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** |
|  | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** |
| Continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Connected Solutions BU |  | 18.8% |  | 20.9% |  | 3.7% |

---

Connected Solutions BU gross profits include gross profits from software projects and gross profits from hardware projects. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our gross margins in software and hardware were 55.3% and 15.9%, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our gross margins in software and hardware were 76.3% and 17.5%, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our gross margins in hardware were 3.7%.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** |
|  | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** |
| Software |  | 55.3% |  | 76.3% |  | N/A% |
| Hardware |  | 15.9% |  | 17.5% |  | 3.7% |
| Total |  | 18.8% |  | 20.9% |  | 3.7% |

---

Software projects are further categorized as design, royalty, and service projects, reflecting the nature of the work:

● Design projects consist primarily of non-recurring engineering fees for which we provide customized work according to our clients' required functionalities and needs.

● Royalty projects consist of per unit royalties based on customer usage of our previously completed software products; and

● Service projects where our engineers perform engineering services following the instructions of the customers, charging them hourly fees on a full-time equivalent basis.

For our discontinued operation of Connected BU, gross profits were $4.2 million, $2.5 million, and $0.06 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively.

The gross margin as a percentage of sales is presented in the following table.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** | $**%** | **%** |
|  | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** | **(Gross Profit in $'000, Gross Margin in %)** |
| Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Connected Solutions BU |  | 36.8% |  | 22.6% |  | 2.5% |

---

***Operating Expenses***

For our continuing operations, the operating expenses principally consist of sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses. The following table sets forth operating expenses for the periods indicated, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of net revenues:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **As % of Revenue** | **As % of Revenue** | **As % of Revenue** |
|  | **($'000)** | **($'000)** | **($'000)** |
| Sales and marketing expenses) | 2.4%) | 1.9%) | 1.5% |
| General and administrative expenses) | 53.9%) | 23.3%) | 104.1% |
| Research and development expenses | 17.8% | 8.4% | 25.9% |
| Total | 74.1% | 33.6% | 131.5% |

---

For the year ended December 31, 2023, general and administrative expenses were $11.1 million, which mainly included professional fees of $1.8 million, salaries and welfare of $1.8 million, impairment loss of $1.1 million, and share-based compensation of $6.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses were $6.5 million, which mainly included professional fees of $2.3 million, salaries and welfare of $1.9 million, and impairment loss of $1.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2025, general and administrative expenses were $14.2 million, which mainly included professional fees of $2.0 million, salaries and welfare of $7.8 million, and share-based compensation of $2.4 million.

For our discontinued operations Connected BU, the operating expenses, which mainly consisted of administrative expenses and research and development expenses, were $3.2 million, $3.7 million, and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively.

***Research and Development Expenses***

Research and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, share-based compensation, and other headcount-related expenses associated with the development of the BorqsWare software platform and solar power systems, as well as outsourcing and third-party service expenses. Research and development expenses also include rent, depreciation, and other expenses for platform development and other projects that are not customer-specific.

***Selling and Marketing Expenses***

Selling and marketing expenses include payroll, employee benefits and other expenses relating to our sales and marketing personnel, travel, rent and other expenses relating to our marketing activities, including entertainment and advertising. For the discontinued operations Solar Power BU, the selling and marketing expenses mainly consisted of payroll and other staff costs relating to the sales and marketing personnel.

***General and Administrative Expenses***

Our general and administrative expenses include payroll, employee benefits, professional fees, rent, travel and other administrative costs.

General and administrative expenses comprised 53.9%, 23.3%, and 104.1% of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, general and administrative expenses included professional fees of $1.8 million, salaries and welfare of $1.8 million, impairment loss of $1.1 million, and share-based compensation expense of $6.5 million, offset by reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.5 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses included professional fees of $2.3 million, salaries and welfare of $1.9 million, and impairment loss of $1.5 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, general and administrative expenses included professional fees of $2.0 million, salaries and welfare of $7.8 million, and share-based compensation expense of $2.4 million.

***Other Operating Income – or expenses***

We received subsidies from local government authorities in China as financial support for certain technology development projects. These subsidies are classified as "Other operating income". We recognized nil, $0.4 million and nil of other operating income in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively. Subsidies are recorded as a liability when received and recognized as other operating income when the related projects are completed and the subsidies are not subject to future return. Under the requirements of the government subsidies, we are obligated to make progress on the related technology development projects, based on the timetable established by the government authorities, and to appropriately allocate the government subsidies for various purposes.

***Other Income/Expense***

 ****

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** | **Fiscal Years Ended December 31,** |
| <br>**Other income/expense** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
| Interest income | 60 | 9 | 9 |
| Interest expense | (1271) | (1257) | (44) |
| Other income | 617 | 4225 | 1542 |
| Other expense | (140) | (210) | (6221) |
| (Loss) gain on debt settlement | 176 |  |  |
| Loss on repurchase of convertible notes |  | (600) |  |
| Loss on additional compensation to HHE | (5400) |  |  |
| Loss related to equity financing | (14156) |  |  |
| Gain on disposal of subsidiaries |  | 12564 | 21212 |
| Gain on cancellation of shares to HHE |  | 5950 |  |
| Unrealized loss on trading securities |  |  | (830) |
| Realized gain on sale of securities |  |  | 1104 |
| Foreign exchange (loss) gain | 1163 | (73) | (119) |
| Gain on reversal of accrued liabilities |  |  | 10452 |

---

***Interest expense***

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the interest expense of $1.3 million mainly consisted of interest expense related to our convertible notes discount of $0.7 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the interest expense of $1.3 million mainly consisted of interest expense related to our convertible notes discount of $0.8 million. The debt discount, together with the related issuance cost, is amortized as interest expense, using the effective interest method, from the issuance date to the earliest maturity date.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the interest expense of $0.04 million mainly consisted of interest expense related to loan interest.

***Other income***

During the year ended December 31, 2023, other income of $617 thousand mainly included reversal of over-accrued expenses.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, other incomes of $4.2 million mainly included debt relief of $4.0 million. We recorded debt relief income for long-aging payable forgiveness with suppliers during the year ended December 31, 2024. There were long-aging balances of payable due to the counter-parties. They were no longer in operation, and we wrote off $4.0 million of liabilities and recorded as other income in the consolidated statement of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, other income of $1.5 million mainly included reversal of over-accrued expenses.

***Other expense***

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded other expenses of $0.1 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded other expense of $0.2 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, other expenses of $6.2 million mainly included an expense related to Youtong. The Company paid a settlement payment amount of $5.15 million to Chongqing Youtong. With the payment of this settlement, all obligations and claims between the Company and the Chongqing Youtong were fully settled.

***Loss on repurchase of convertible notes***

 ****

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased convertible notes and unexercised warrants from the investors, resulting in a loss on repurchase of convertible notes of $0.6 million.

***Loss (gain) on debt settlement***

 ****

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded $0.2 million gain on debt settlement, represented gain on a debt settlement with our ordinary shares issued.

During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, we recorded nil on debt settlemen.

***Loss on additional compensation to HHE***

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded $5.4 million loss of additional compensation to HHE as the Company agreed to pay the $5.4 million cash to the former subsidiary.

***Loss on deconsolidation of a subsidiary***

We recorded a loss on deconsolidation of HHE of $3.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company no longer had a controlling interest in HHE as of December 31, 2022, and resulted in the deconsolidation of HHE.

***Gain on disposal of subsidiaries***

We recorded a gain on disposal of HHE of $12.66 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company completed the divestment of all of its interest in HHE, adhering to the requirements from the Commission on Foreign Investment in the United States.

We recorded a gain on disposal of certain business of $21.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. On April 9, 2025, we completed the sale of our core operating business to Sasken Design Solutions Pte. Ltd.

***Gain on cancellation of shares to HHE***

 ****

We recorded a gain on the cancellation of shares to HHE of $6.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company issued additional shares to HHE for the substantial loss in value and recorded a loss on additional acquisition cost in shares to HHE of $6.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company agreed with HHE to cancel the shares issued and reversed the loss.

***Gain on reversal of accrued liabilities***

 ****

We recorded gain on reversal of accrued liabilities. It mainly consisted of reversal of payables of $10.0 million for share purchase consideration and reversal of $0.4 million in compensation payables to previous directors that were over-booked. For the consideration payable, following the bankruptcy of the counter-party, the Company determined that there was no longer any viable commercial reason to proceed with the investment. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company reversed the entire balance and recognized as gain on reversal of accrued liabilities. For the compensation payables, management concluded that certain previous directors whose terms either expired or were ended by requests from the directors for personal reasons, that there were no disputes with the directors on any matters financial or otherwise. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company revised the entire balance and recognized as gain on reversal of accrued liabilities.

***Income Tax Expense***

Our effective tax rate was -6.88%, -0.05% and 0.01% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively. The fluctuation through these years was primarily due to the fact that the loss experienced by certain of our subsidiaries could not be used to offset gains in other subsidiaries. The Group recorded valuation allowance for the entities, which were considered more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized through sufficient future earnings.

***Liquidity and Capital Resources***

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $28.0 million, primarily consisted of net income of $5.6 million, provisions on accounts receivable and other current assets of $1.1 million, and adding back non-cash items including share-based compensation expenses to employees of $2.4 million, depreciation of property and equipment of $0.02 million, amortization of right of used assets of $0.1 million, unrealized loss on trading securities of $0.8 million, gain on disposal of subsidiaries of $21.2 million, realized gain on sale of securities of $1.1 million, gain on reversal of accrued liabilities of $10.4 million. Cash generated from changes in operating assets and liabilities included a decrease in accounts receivable of $4.7 million, and an increase in advances from customers and contract liabilities of $1.2 million, while cash used in changes in operating assets and liabilities included a decrease in accounts payable of $4.8 million, increase in short term investments of $4.6 million, increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.4 million, and a decrease in accrued expenses of $0.3 million.

Cash generated by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $25.1 million, which was primarily attributable to cash proceeds from the disposal of subsidiaries of $22.5 million, receipt of time deposits from banks of $2.7 million, and receipt of matured time deposits of $3.5 million, partially offset by investment in time deposits of $3.4 million and purchases of property and equipment of $0.04 million.

Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $0.4 million, which included the repayment of short-term bank and other borrowings of $0.4 million.

<u>Convertible Notes Sold</u>

The Company sold $1.5 million of convertible notes and accompanying warrants to an Australian institutional investor in August 2023. With part of the proceeds from the divestment of HHE, which was completed as of March 1, 2024, the Company repurchased the $1.5 million convertible notes and unexercised warrants from the investor as of March 9, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, all convertible notes and warrants the Company previously sold to investors had been converted, exercised, or repurchased by the Company, and there were no convertible notes or warrants outstanding.

Our ability to meet the working capital requirements is subject to the risks relating to the demand for and prices of our services in the market, the economic conditions in our target markets, the successful operation of our connected solution, the timely collection of payment from our customers, and the availability of additional funding. In the next 12 months, we may rely on the sale of convertible notes or other financial instruments to fund our acquisition needs.

The sale of equity and convertible debt securities will result in dilution to our shareholders, and certain of those securities may have rights senior to those of our shares of capital stock. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debt securities, or other debt financing, these securities or other debt could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Any other third-party funding arrangement could require us to relinquish valuable rights. Economic conditions may affect the availability of funds and activity in equity markets. We do not know whether additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are not able to secure additional funding when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of, eliminate or make changes to our operating plans.

***Critical Accounting Policies***

The Company prepares its financial statements under U.S. GAAP, which requires it to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each fiscal period and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each fiscal period. The Company continually evaluates these judgments and estimates based on its own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, and expectations regarding the future based on available information and assumptions that it believes to be reasonable, which together form the basis for making judgments that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of the Company's accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application.

The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of those policies, and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing the Company's financial statements. The Company believes the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its financial statements.

***Revenue Recognition***

The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, as evidenced by signed contracts, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured.

***Project-based Contracts***

The Company accounts for revenue from project-based software contracts as "Software" revenue. The Company's project-based contracts are generally considered multiple element arrangements since they include perpetual software licenses; development services, such as customization, modification, implementation, and integration; and post-contract support where customers have the right to receive unspecified upgrades and enhancements on a when-and-if-available basis.

The Company provides customized Android+ software platform solutions that are developed to maximize the commercial grade quality or performance of open source Android+ software for integration with particular chipsets. The Group also provides customized Android+ service platform solutions that are end-to-end software developed for mobile operators to allow data synchronization between their platform and mobile devices. The Company charges its customers, mainly including mobile device manufacturers and mobile operators, fixed fees for project-based software contracts, as well as per chip or per mobile device royalty fees.

As of January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 606 for revenue recognition from contracts with customers. For the sales derived from software development projects in which the customer's contract specifies the technical requirements of the software product, the Company recognizes revenue upon the customer's sign-off off the final acceptance, and the Company will probably collect the payments. For the sales derived from this type of software development project with a post-contract service period ("PCS Period"), the Company recognizes revenue upon the PCS period ends, and the Company will probably collect the payments. The Company recognizes non-recurring engineering fees upon the customers' sign-off off the final acceptance, and it is probable that the Company will collect the payments (start of hardware product delivery schedule).

Additional discussions on ASC 606 are provided below Note 2 of the Accompanying Notes to Financial Statements, under the heading (u) Revenue recognition.

***Service Contracts***

The Company provides research and development services to certain customers to develop software, where fees are charged on a time and material basis, and the Company is not responsible for the outcome of such development projects. The revenue is recognized as the "Software" revenue as the services are delivered.

***Connected Devices Sales Contracts***

The Company accounts for revenue from sales of connected devices as "Hardware" revenue. Revenue is recognized when sale of each final hardware product to the customers is delivered.

Warranty is provided to all connected device customers as an integral part of the product sales. The Company has determined that the likelihood of claims arising from warranties is remote based on historical experience. The basis for the warranty accrual is reviewed periodically based on experience.

As of April 9, 2025, the Company completed its sale of the contracted businesses to Sasken.

 ****

***Solar Power Solutions***

On October 19, 2021, the Company purchased 51% controlling interest in Holu Hou Energy, LLC (HHE). HHE engages in the design and installation of solar power systems, including solar panels and energy storage systems for residential and commercial use. On December 13, 2022, Borqs Technologies received a letter from the Department of the Treasury on behalf of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) stating that the Company is required to fully divest its ownership interests and rights in HHE due to HHE's solar energy storage system and EnergyShare technology for Multi-Dwelling Residential Units being deemed a potential national security risk.

Due to the mandates from the CFIUS, HHE was deconsolidated on December 31, 2022. Assets and liabilities related to HHE, which the Group acquired in October 2021, were reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, and revenues and expenses related to the Solar Energy segment were reclassified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. HHE was deconsolidated as of December 31, 2022.

As of March 6, 2024, the Company completed the divestiture of its ownership in HHE.

 ****

***Discontinued operations***

A component of a reporting entity or a group of components of a reporting entity that are disposed or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale, such as the management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the disposal group, should be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. Discontinued operations are reported when a component of an entity comprising operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity is classified as held for disposal or has been disposed of, if the component either (1) represents a strategic shift or (2) have a major impact on an entity's financial results and operations. In the consolidated statement of operations, results from discontinued operations are reported separately from the income and expenses from continuing operations, and prior periods are presented on a comparative basis. Cash flows for discontinued operations are presented separately. Assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations are classified as held for sale when the carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale transaction.

***Income Taxes***

In preparing its consolidated financial statements, the Company must estimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Company estimates actual tax exposure and assesses temporary differences resulting from different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which is included in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company must then assess the likelihood that it will recover its deferred tax assets from future taxable income. If the Company believes that recovery is not likely, it must establish a valuation allowance. To the extent it establishes a valuation allowance or increases this allowance, the Company must include an expense within the tax provision in its consolidated statement of operations. If actual results differ from these estimates or the Company adjusts these estimates in future periods, it may need to establish an additional valuation allowance, which could materially impact its financial position and results of operations.

U.S. GAAP requires that an entity recognize the impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant tax authority. If the Company ultimately determines that payment of these liabilities will be unnecessary, it will reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during that period. Conversely, the Company records additional tax charges in a period in which it determines that a recorded tax liability is less than the expected ultimate assessment. The Company did not recognize any significant unrecognized tax benefits during the periods presented in this Annual Report.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the application of the EIT Law and its implementation rules to the Company's operations, specifically with respect to tax residency status. The EIT Law specifies that legal entities organized outside of the PRC will be considered residents for PRC income tax purposes if their "de facto management bodies" are located within the PRC. The EIT Law's implementation rules define the term "de facto management bodies" as establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises based on De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, was issued. Circular 82 provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the "de facto management body" of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Further, the Administrative Measures of Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or Bulletin No. 45, took effect on September 1, 2011, and provides more guidance on the implementation of Circular 82.

According to Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by having a "de facto management body" in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following conditions set forth in Circular 82 are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise's financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise's primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50.0% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC. In addition, Bulletin No. 45 provides clarification in resident status determination, post-determination administration, and competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of Chinese tax resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore- incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying certain Chinese-sourced income, such as dividends, interest, and royalties to the Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise.

Although both the circular and the bulletin only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises and not those by PRC or foreign individuals, the determination criteria set forth in the circular and administration clarification made in the bulletin may reflect the SAT's general position on how the "de facto management body" test should be applied in determining the tax residency status of offshore enterprises and the administration measures should be implemented, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC individuals.

Despite the uncertainties resulting from limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Company does not believe that its legal entities organized outside of the PRC are tax residents under the EIT Law. If one or more of its legal entities organized outside of the PRC were characterized as PRC tax residents, the Company's results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

**Recent Accounting Pronouncements**

Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent accounting pronouncements, of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for information regarding the effect of newly adopted accounting pronouncements on our financial statements.

**Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements**

With the exception of items discussed under "Contractual Obligations" below, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital resources that are material to investors.

**Contractual Obligations**

As of December 31, 2025, payment obligations under short-term and long-term debt, operating leases, and other long-term liabilities were as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount <br> ($'000)** |
| <u>Obligations less than one year</u> |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating facilities leases | $12 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term borrowing | $- |
| <u>Obligations from 1 to 3 years</u> |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating facilities leases | $30 |
| <u>Obligations from 3 to 5 years</u> |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating facilities leases | $- |

---

**Related Party Transactions**

The Group had no significant related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025.

***Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk***

***Credit Risk***

The Company is subject to the risk of loss arising from the credit risk related to the possible inability of its customers to pay for the products and services that it sells to them. The Company attempts to limit its credit risk by monitoring the creditworthiness of the Company's customers to whom it extends credit and establishing credit limits in accordance with its credit policy. The Company performs credit evaluations on substantially all customers requesting credit and will not extend credit to customers for whom it has substantial concerns, and will deal with those customers on a cash basis. The Company offers billing terms that allow certain customers to remit payment during a period of time ranging from 3 to 6 months.

The Company has cash held by Silicon Valley Bank as of December 31, 2022. On March 10, 2023, the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation closed Silicon Valley Bank and appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") as receiver. On March 12, 2023, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and the FDIC released a joint statement confirming that all depositors of Silicon Valley Bank would have access to all of their money after only one business day of closure, including funds held in uninsured deposit accounts. The Company received full access to the funds in its deposit and money market accounts on March 13, 2023. In light of actions by the federal government to fully protect deposit accounts, the Company has not experienced any credit losses on its deposits of cash.

***Liquidity Risk***

The Company is also exposed to liquidity risk, which is the risk that it is unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, the Company will turn to other financial institutions for supply chain financing, which can be costly and negatively affect the gross margin. If adequate working capital funding is not available, or not available at acceptable terms, we may have to decline the capital-intensive hardware projects.

***Interest Rate Risk***

The Company does not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. The Company has not been exposed nor does it anticipate being exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

***Foreign Currency Risk***

The majority of our revenues are denominated in US Dollars, while about half of our costs are denominated in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions take place either through the People's Bank of China ("PBOC") or other authorized financial institutions at exchange rates quoted by PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers' invoices and signed contracts. The value of Renminbi is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets.

A hypothetical 10% change in foreign exchange rates during any of the preceding periods presented would have had an insignificant effect on our consolidated financial statements.

**Certain Transactions for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, and Subsequent Transactions**

***Convertible Notes Sold***

The Company sold $1.5 million of convertible notes and accompanying warrants to an Australian institutional investor in August 2023. With part of the proceeds from the divestment of HHE which was completed as of March 1, 2024, the Company repurchased the $1.5 million convertible notes and unexercised warrants from the investor as of March 9, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, all convertible notes and warrants the Company previously sold to investors had been converted, exercised, or repurchased by the Company, and there were no convertible notes or warrants outstanding.

**Divestment of Holu Hou Energy**

The Company acquired 51% ownership in Holu Hou Energy (HHE), LLC. in October 2021, a Delaware limited liability company that brings state-of-the-art energy storage systems to both residential and commercial markets. With operations in Hawaii, Wisconsin, and California, HHE designs and develops proprietary storage systems and software and control platform solutions. The HHE team is made up of renewable energy industry veterans, engineering and deploying energy storage systems that enable greater energy independence.

On December 13, 2022, Borqs Technologies received a letter from the Department of the Treasury on behalf of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS") stating that the Company is required to negotiate with CFIUS to fully divest its ownership interests and rights in Holu Hou Energy LLC ("HHE") due to HHE's solar energy storage system and EnergyShare technology for Multi-Dwelling Residential Units being deemed a potential national security risk.

On March 16, 2023, the Company and HHE entered into a National Security Agreement ("NSA") with the Department of Defense and the Department of Treasury. The NSA provides that the divestment shall occur within six months unless extended by the U.S. Government. The NSA also contains standstill provisions which provide that the Company shall not acquire any additional ownership interest in HHE, merge with or into HHE, effect any changes to the rights held by the Company, except as necessary to effect its obligations under the NSA, or acquire or take possession of any assets of HHE. Further, upon the completion of the Divestment, the Company shall terminate or irrevocably waive any information, consent, board appointment, board observer, or other governance rights held by the Company, except for any and all rights that are determined by the U.S. Government to be necessary to effect the provisions of the NSA. The NSA outlines the steps to be taken with respect to the Divestment: engaging a nationally recognized investment bank with experience in administering competitive sales and auction processes; assigning and hiring of security and monitoring personnel to directly communicate with the U.S. Government; removing all of Borqs' administrative and technical influence over HHE; and creating a plan to divest all of Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE. Pursuant to the requirement of the NSA, Borqs has assigned its interests in HHE into a Divestment Trust according to a Divestment Trust Agreement ("DTA") dated March 20, 2023, entered into between Borqs, HHE, and a trustee.

HHE was deconsolidated on December 31, 2022, and reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, for the carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale and revenues and expenses related to HHE have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as discontinued operations for fiscal 2022.

As of March 6, 2024, the Company completed the divestiture of its ownership in HHE.

**April 2025 Share Purchase Agreement** 

On November 11, 2024, the Company announced that Sasken, a leading global product engineering and digital transformation services company based in India, signed a Letter of Intent with the Company to acquire the Group's certain hardware and software services business. On April 8, 2025, the Company signed the SPA with Sasken Design Solutions Pte. Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sasken. The SPA provided for Sasken's acquisition of the Company's core business through the purchase of BORQS International Holding Corp, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary. The transactions contemplated by the Sale were consummated on April 9, 2025. Included in the Sale are all of the Company's embedded software design and customized hardware manufacturing of products for the IoT activities, customer contracts, technology licenses, intellectual property, employment agreements with key personnel and assets required for the Company's operations. Sasken agreed to pay the Company an aggregate purchase price of $40 million, subject to adjustments for working capital, amounts withheld for taxes payable and certain earnout payments linked to performance in 2025. As such, for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Group classified related assets and liabilities as held for sale and reported in discontinued operation for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025.

**ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES**

**Directors and Executive Officers**

The following table provides information regarding our executive officers and directors as of March 31, 2026:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Age** | **Position** | **Term expires at<br> annual stockholders<br> meeting in year** |
| **Board of Directors** |  |  |  |
| Pat Sek Yuen Chan | 61 | Founder, Chairman of the Board (Class III Director), Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer | 2027 |
| Wan Yu (Lawrence) Chow, Ph.D. | 64 | Class I Director | of the next meeting |
| Ji (Richard) Li | 66 | Class I Director | of the next meeting |
| Fang-Wei (Steve) Tsao | 58 | Class II Director | 2026 |
| **Executive Officer** |  |  |  |
| Anthony K. Chan | 71 | Executive Director of Finance |  |

---

The principal occupation and business experience of our directors and executive officers is as follows:

*Pat Sek Yuen Chan,* 61, is the Chairman of our board of directors, as well as our Chief Executive Officer and President. He was the founder and Chairman of the board of directors of Borqs International, and since 2007, he served as Borqs International's Chief Executive Officer and President. Mr. Chan has over 20 years of experience in the mobile network communications sector. Before founding Borqs, Mr. Chan served as Senior Vice President and General Manager of the infrastructure business unit of UTStarcom Inc., a telecommunications equipment company, from 2000 to 2007. Earlier, Mr. Chan was an engineering manager in Motorola, responsible for the development of the GPRS switching. Mr. Chan is an established entrepreneur and has received many awards, including the "High-Caliber Talent from Overseas Award" from the PRC government and "2012 Beijing Entrepreneur of the Year" from Silicon Dragon. Mr. Chan received his bachelor's degree in computer science from the University of Toronto and his master's degree in computer science from the University of British Columbia.

*Wan Yu (Lawrence) Chow, Ph.D.,* 64, was elected as an independent board member by our stockholders in December 2018. Dr. Chow has almost 30 years of experience in the ICT industry, he has extensive working experience with large and complex global FinTech, Telco + Network Equipment Provider & Education industries with successful track record of delivering outstanding commercial and technical results in Fortune 500 organizations to small start-ups. He started his career in 1989 at various Silicon Valley tech companies including Xerox Corporation, Amdahl Corporation and Sun Microsystems. At Sun Micro, Dr. Chow served as the Chief Technical Consultant from 1993 to 1999 for the Greater China region. After serving as the Director of Strategic Alliance for PeopleSoft Inc., North Asia, from 2000 to 2001, he rejoined Sun Micro Greater China as its CTO/NEP Technology Office from 2002 to 2008. He joined SAP China as Managing Partner from 2012 to 2015. Currently, he is serving as Director and Strategic Partner for QLIK Greater China since 2017. Dr. Chow received two Bachelor's Degrees in Computer Science and Information System from Oregon State University in 1988 and earned a Master's Degree in Computer Science from Pacific W. University in 1993. He received another Master's Degree in Education Management from Tarlac State University in 2011. Dr. Chow received his PhD in Education Management from HKMA/Tarlac State University in 2015.

*Ji (Richard) Li*, 66, was elected as an independent board member by our stockholders in December 2018. Mr. Li has 23 years of experience in the telecom industry and he worked in various multinational companies. He started his career in 1982 as a lecturer in Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China. He was the General Manager of UTStarcom Inc. Shenzhen Office from 1995 to 2001, where he led a team to develop telecom switches based on soft switch technology, and the product was launched in China with more than 50 million subscribers. Mr. Li was the Founder of Fiberxon, Inc. from 2001 to 2004, where he led a team to develop fiber optics equipment, and this company was successfully sold to MRV Communication. He was the founder and served as the Chief Executive Officer of AngleCare Inc. from 2005 to 2006, and led a team to develop mobile health care applications. Mr. Li was the CEO and General Manager of Wuhan HSC Technology Inc. from 2006 to 2007. he led a team to develop advertisement systems used for public transit systems and were successfully used in the Wuhan Taxi network. He has been serving as General Manager of Vinko Technology Inc. from 2010 to 2014, he led a team to develop telecom payment systems in China. He is currently an Angel Investor since 2014. Mr. Li received his Master's Degree in Information Engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

 *Fang-Wei (Steve) Tsao*, 58. Mr. Tsao is the CEO of Faspro Systems Ltd., a company specializing in wireless technology. He has extensive expertise in Wi-Fi, 4G, and 5G wireless technology, as well as management, operations, sales, and marketing. Mr. Tsao holds a Master's Degree in Computer Science and Information Engineering from Taiwan University. Prior to founding Faspro Systems in 2017, he held various leadership roles, including Business Head of Connectivity at Quanta Computer from 2006 to 2016, and sales and marketing positions at Cybertain from 1998 to 2005. He also participated in two startup companies in 1994 and 2006. As CEO of Faspro Systems, he has leveraged his extensive business development experience in Japan, the United States, Europe, and South Asia to drive the company's growth and innovation in the wireless technology space. Mr. Tsao joined our Board as an independent director in June 2024.

*Anthony Chan,* 71, is the Executive Director of Finance since October 1, 2021, prior to which he was the Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President, Corporate Finance and joined the company in April 2015. Mr. Chan has over 30 years of experience in U.S. and China cross border investments and business operations. From July 2013 until March 2015, Mr. Chan served as the President of Asia Sourcing for Portables Unlimited in New York, a distributor of T-Mobile USA. From March 2009 until July 2013, he served as the CFO for Tianjin Tong Guang Digital Broadcasting Co. Ltd, a mobile communications products company. For the 20 years prior to that, he was involved in multiple investment and technology transfer projects between China, the U.S, and Europe, in the areas of communication products, chemical fibers, textile machinery and medical equipment. Mr. Chan received both his bachelor's and MBA degrees from the University of California at Berkeley.

**Executive Officers**

Our executive officers are designated by, and serve at the discretion of, our board of directors. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers. There are no arrangements or understanding with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others, pursuant to which any person referred to above was selected as a director or member of senior management.

**Board of Directors and Corporate Governance**

In accordance with our memorandum and articles of association, our Board is divided into three classes, with the number of directors in each class to be as nearly equal as possible. The Company held its last annual general meeting ("AGM") on December 20, 2024. Our existing Class III directors will serve until our 2027 AGM, our existing Class II directors will serve until our 2026 AGM, and our Class I directors will serve until our 2025 AGM. At each annual general meeting, directors elected to succeed those directors whose terms expire shall be elected for a term of office to expire at the third annual general meeting following their election. If no AGM is held for a particular year, the expiring term of the director will be automatically extended until the next AGM.

Our board of directors, which is elected by our shareholders, is responsible for directing and overseeing our business and affairs. In carrying out its responsibilities, the board selects and monitors our top management, provides oversight of our financial reporting processes, and determines and implements our corporate governance policies.

Our board of directors and management are committed to good corporate governance to ensure that we are managed for the long-term benefit of our stockholders, and we have a variety of policies and procedures to promote such goals. To that end, during the past year, our board and management periodically reviewed our corporate governance policies and practices to ensure that they remain consistent with the requirements of the U.S. securities laws, SEC rules, and the standards of the OTC Markets.

**Meetings of the Board of Directors**

Our board of directors and committees held 2 regular meetings and executed 9 unanimous written consents for the review and decision-making on Company matters during the year 2025.

**Stockholder Communications with the Board of Directors**

Stockholders and other parties interested in communicating directly with the board of directors may do so by writing to Board of Directors, c/o Borqs Technologies, Inc., Office B, 21/F, Legend Tower, 7 Shing Yip Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, or by e-mail to sandra.dou@borqs.net. Stockholders and others may direct their correspondence to our Secretary.

**Independence of the Board of Directors**

An "independent director" is a person, other than an officer or employee of the Company or its subsidiaries, who has no relationship which in the opinion of the Company's board of directors, would interfere with the director's exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. Our Board has determined that Mr. Chow, Mr. Li, and Mr. Tsao are "independent directors" as defined in the Nasdaq listing standards and applicable SEC rules. Our independent directors will hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present.

**Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight**

The Board does not have a lead independent director. Pat Chan is our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Board.

**Committees of the Board of Directors**

***Audit Committee***

The members of our Audit Committee are Mr. Tsao (chairperson of the committee), Mr. Chow, and Mr. Li, each of whom is an independent director. Each member of the Audit Committee is financially literate and our Board determined Mr. Tsao qualifies as our "audit committee financial expert," as such term is defined in Item 401(h) of Regulation S-K. Our Audit Committee charter details the responsibilities of the Audit Committee, including:

● the appointment, compensation, retention, replacement, and oversight of the work of the independent auditors and any other independent registered public accounting firm engaged by us;

● pre-approving all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the independent auditors or any other registered public accounting firm engaged by us and establishing pre-approval policies and procedures;

● reviewing and discussing with the independent auditors all relationships the auditors have with us to evaluate their continued independence;

● setting clear hiring policies for employees or former employees of the independent auditors;

● setting clear policies for audit partner rotation in compliance with applicable laws and regulations;

● obtaining and reviewing a report, at least annually, from the independent auditors describing (i) the independent auditor's internal quality-control procedures and (ii) any material issues raised by the most recent internal quality-control review, or peer review, of the audit firm, or by any inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities, within, the preceding five years respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the firm and any steps taken to deal with such issues;

● reviewing and approving any related party transaction required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC before us entering into such transaction; and

● reviewing with management, the independent auditors, and our legal advisors, as appropriate, any legal, regulatory or compliance matters, including any correspondence with regulators or government agencies and any employee complaints or published reports that raise material issues regarding our financial statements or accounting policies and any significant changes in accounting standards or rules promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

***Compensation Committee***

The members of our Compensation Committee are Mr. Chow (chairman of the committee), Mr. Li and Mr. Tsao, each of whom is an independent director. Our Compensation Committee charter details the principal functions of the Compensation Committee, including:

● reviewing and approving on an annual basis the corporate goals and objectives relevant to our Chief Executive Officer's compensation, evaluating our Chief Executive Officer's performance in light of such goals and objectives and determining and approving the remuneration (if any) of our Chief Executive Officer's based on such evaluation in executive session at which the Chief Executive Officer is not present;

● reviewing and approving the compensation of all of our other executive officers;

● reviewing our executive compensation policies and plans;

● implementing and administering our incentive compensation equity-based remuneration plans;

● assisting management in complying with our proxy statement and annual report disclosure requirements;

● approving all special perquisites, special cash payments and other special compensation and benefit arrangements for our executive officers and employees;

● producing a report on executive compensation to be included in our annual proxy statement; and

● reviewing, evaluating, and recommending changes, if appropriate, to the remuneration for directors.

The charter also provides that the Compensation Committee may, in its sole discretion, retain or obtain the advice of a compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser and will be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, and oversight of the work of any such adviser. However, before engaging or receiving advice from a compensation consultant, external legal counsel, or any other adviser, the Compensation Committee will consider the independence of each such adviser, including the factors required by the SEC.

***Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee***

The members of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are Mr. Chow (chairman of the committee) and Mr. Li, each of whom is an independent director. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee charter details the principal functions of the committee, including:

● developing the criteria and qualifications for membership on the Board;

● recruiting, reviewing, nominating, and recommending candidates for election or re-election to the Board or to fill vacancies on the Board;

● reviewing candidates proposed by shareholders and conducting appropriate inquiries into the background and qualifications of any such candidates;

● establishing subcommittees to evaluate special or unique matters;

● monitoring and making recommendations regarding committee functions, contributions and composition;

● evaluating, on an annual basis, the Board's and management's performance;

● evaluating, on an annual basis, the Committee's performance and reporting to the Board on such performance;

● developing and making recommendations to the Board regarding corporate governance guidelines for the Company;

● monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance; and

● retaining and terminating any advisors, including search firms to identify director candidates, compensation consultants as to director compensation and legal counsel, including sole authority to approve all such advisors' or search firms' fees and other retention terms, as the case may be.

 ****

***Enterprise Risk Oversight Committee***

The members of our Enterprise Risk Oversight Committee are Mr. Tsao (chairperson of the committee), Mr. Chow, and Mr. Li, each of whom is an independent director. Our Enterprise Risk Oversight Committee charter details the principal functions of the committee, including carrying out the responsibility of overseeing the effectiveness of risk management policies, procedures and practices implemented by management of the Company with respect to strategic, operational, environmental, health and safety, human resources, legal and compliance and other risks faced by the Company.

***Risk and Information Security Committee***

The members of our Risk and Security Committee are Mr. Chow (chairman of the committee) and Mr. Li, each of whom is an independent director. Our Risk and Security Committee charter details the principal functions of the committee, including overseeing and reviewing the Company's internal controls to protect the Company's information and proprietary assets. Mr. Pat Chan, CEO & CFO of the Company, also serves as the Chief Information Officer and the Chief Risk Officer for the committee.

**Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings**

No executive officer or director of ours has been involved in the last ten years in any of the following:

● Any bankruptcy petition filed by or against any business or property of such person, or of which such person was a general partner or executive officer either at the time of the bankruptcy or within two years prior to that time;

● Any conviction in a criminal proceeding or being subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses);

● Being subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting his involvement in any type of business, securities or banking activities;

● Being found by a court of competent jurisdiction (in a civil action), the SEC or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated a federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended, or vacated;

● Being the subject of or a party to any judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated relating to an alleged violation of any federal or state securities or commodities law or regulation, or any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies, including, but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order, or any law or regulation prohibiting mail, fraud, wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity; or

● Being the subject of or a party to any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act, any registered entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member.

**Executive Compensation**

***Summary Compensation Table***

Pat Chan, Dexter Fong, and Anthony Chan are referred to in this Annual Report as our named executive officers.

The following table provides information regarding the compensation awarded to, or earned by, the named executive officers for the past two fiscal years.

**Summary Compensation Table**

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name and principal position** | **Fiscal <br> Year** | **Salary<br> ($)** | **Bonus<br> ($)** | **Stock <br> awards<br> ($)** |  | **Option <br> awards<br> ($)** | **Non- <br> equity <br> incentive <br> plan<br> ($)** | **Non- <br> qualified <br> deferred <br> earnings <br> ($)** | **All <br> other <br> compen- <br> sation<br> ($)** | **Total<br> ($)** |
| Aggregate Executive Officers & Directors (1) | 2025 | 447200 | 3030547 | 2435600 | (2) | – |  | – |  | 5913347 |
|  | 2024 | 707700 | 262250 | 46667 | (2) | – |  | – |  | 1016617 |

---

(1) Commencing
with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Company presents aggregate compensation for its executive officers and members of the
board of directors, in accordance with the disclosure accommodation available to foreign private issuers under Form 20-F and consistent
with applicable home country practices, where individual compensation disclosure is not otherwise required or publicly made.

(2) In
2025 and 2024, the Company's board of directors approved the issuance of restricted ordinary shares to our executives. Stock awards
were valued as of the date of the grant.

***Outstanding Equity Awards at 2025 Year-End***

There were no outstanding vested or unvested stock options held by any executives as of December 31, 2025.

**Borqs Technologies, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan**

Effective August 18, 2017, we adopted the Borqs Technologies, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan ("Equity Incentive Plan"), with five million ordinary shares issuable pursuant to equity awards under the plan. The number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan will increase automatically on January 1 of each of 2018 through 2027 by a number of shares that is equal to 5% of the aggregate number of outstanding ordinary shares as of the immediately preceding December 31. Due to the issuance of restricted ordinary shares to our staff in exchange for all stock options as described in the previous section, there were no outstanding vested or unvested stock options held by our staff as of December 31, 2025.

In addition, the following shares will be available for grant and issuance under our Equity Incentive Plan:

● shares subject to options or share appreciation rights granted under our Equity Incentive Plan that cease to be subject to the option or stock appreciation right for any reason other than exercise of the option or share appreciation right;

● shares subject to awards granted under our Equity Incentive Plan that are subsequently forfeited or repurchased by us at the original issue price;

● shares subject to awards granted under our Equity Incentive Plan that otherwise terminate without shares being issued;

● shares surrendered, cancelled, or exchanged for cash or a different award (or combination thereof).

Shares that otherwise become available for grant and issuance because of the provisions above will not include shares subject to awards that initially became available due to our substitution of outstanding awards granted by another company in an acquisition of that company or otherwise.

*Eligibility.* The Equity Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to our employees and any parent and subsidiary corporations' employees and the grant of nonqualified share options, restricted shares, restricted share units, share appreciation rights, share bonuses and performance awards to our employees, directors and consultants and our parent and subsidiary corporations' employees and consultants. No more than 5,000,000 shares may be issued as incentive stock options under the Equity Incentive Plan. In addition, no participant in the plan may receive awards for more than 2,000,000 shares in any calendar year, except that new employees are eligible to be granted up to a maximum of award of 4,000,000 shares. An authorized number of shares under the Plan automatically increases at the end of each year by 5% of the then-outstanding ordinary shares.

*Administration.* The Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Board or by our Compensation Committee; in this plan description, we refer to the Board or the Compensation Committee as the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the terms of all awards.

*Types of Awards.* The Equity Incentive Plan allows for the grant of options, restricted shares, restricted share units, share appreciation rights, share bonuses and performance awards.

*Award Agreements.* All awards under the Equity Incentive Plan are evidenced by an award agreement which shall set forth the number of shares subject to the award and the terms and conditions of the award, which shall be consistent with the Equity Incentive Plan.

*Term of Awards.* The term of awards granted under the Equity Incentive Plan is ten years.

*Vesting Schedule and Price.* The plan administrator has the sole discretion in setting the vesting period and, if applicable, exercise schedule of an award, determining that an award may not vest for a specified period after it is granted and accelerating the vesting period of an award. The plan administrator determines the exercise or purchase price of each award, to the extent applicable.

*Transferability.* Unless the plan administrator provides otherwise, the Equity Incentive Plan does not allow for the transfer of awards other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. Unless otherwise permitted by the plan administrator, options may be exercised during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee or the optionee's guardian or legal representative.

*Changes in Capitalization.* In the event there is a specified type of change in our capital structure without our receipt of consideration, such as a share split, or if required by applicable law, appropriate adjustments will be made to the share maximums and exercise prices, as applicable, of outstanding awards under the Equity Incentive Plan.

*Change in Control Transactions.* In the event of specified types of mergers or consolidations, a sale, lease, or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets or a corporate transaction, outstanding awards under our Equity Incentive Plan may be assumed or replaced by any surviving or acquiring corporation; the surviving or acquiring corporation may substitute similar awards for those outstanding under our Equity Incentive Plan; outstanding awards may be settled for the full value of such outstanding award (whether or not then vested or exercisable) in cash, cash equivalents, or securities (or a combination thereof) of the successor entity with payment deferred until the date or dates the award would have become exercisable or vested; or outstanding awards may be terminated for no consideration. The plan administrator may, on a discretionary basis, accelerate, in full or in part, the vesting and exercisability of the awards.

*Governing Law and Compliance with Law.* The Equity Incentive Plan and awards granted under it are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Shares will not be issued under an award unless the issuance is permitted by applicable law.

*Amendment and Termination.* The Equity Incentive Plan terminates ten years from the date it was approved by our shareholders, unless it is terminated earlier by our Board. Our Board may amend or terminate our Equity Incentive Plan at any time. Our Board may generally amend the plan without shareholder approval unless required by applicable law.

**Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation**

As of the date of this Annual Report, no officer or employee serves as a member of the Compensation Committee. None of our executive officers serves as a member of the Board or Compensation Committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our Board or Compensation Committee.

**Limitation of Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers**

Our memorandum and articles of association, the BVI Business Companies Act, (as amended), and the common law of the British Virgin Islands allow us to indemnify our officers and directors from certain liabilities. Our memorandum and articles of association provides that we may indemnify, hold harmless and exonerate against all direct and indirect costs, fees and expenses of any type or nature whatsoever, any person who (a) is or was a party or is threatened to be made a party to any proceeding by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, key employee, adviser of our company; or (b) is or was, at the request of our company, serving as a director of, or in any other capacity is or was acting for, another Enterprise.

We will only indemnify the individual in question if the relevant indemnitee acted honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of our company and, in the case of criminal proceedings, the indemnitee had no reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful. The decision of our directors as to whether an indemnitee acted honestly and in good faith and with a view to the best interests of our company and as to whether such indemnitee had no reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful is, in the absence of fraud, sufficient for the purposes of our charter, unless a question of law is involved.

The termination of any proceedings by any judgment, order, settlement, conviction or the entering of a nolle prosequi does not, by itself, create a presumption that the relevant indemnitee did not act honestly and in good faith and with a view to the best interests of our company or that such indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful.

We may purchase and maintain insurance, purchase or furnish similar protection or make other arrangements including, but not limited to, providing a trust fund, letter of credit, or surety bond in relation to any indemnitee or who at our request is or was serving as a Director, officer or liquidator of, or in any other capacity is or was acting for, another Enterprise, against any liability asserted against the person and incurred by him in that capacity, whether or not we have or would have had the power to indemnify him against the liability as provided in our memorandum and articles of association.

We have insurance policies under which, subject to the limitations of the policies, coverage is provided to our directors and officers against loss arising from claims made because of breach of fiduciary duty or other wrongful acts as a director or officer, including claims relating to public securities matters, and to us with respect to payments that may be made by us to these officers and directors pursuant to our indemnification obligations or otherwise as a matter of law.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers that may be broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in the BVI Companies Act, 2004 or our charter. These indemnification agreements require us, among other things, to indemnify our directors and executive officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service. These indemnification agreements also require us to advance all expenses incurred by the directors and executive officers in investigating or defending any such action, suit or proceeding. We believe that these agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as directors and executive officers.

At present, we are not aware of any pending litigation or proceeding involving any person who is or was one of our directors, officers, employees or other agents or is or was serving at our request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, for which indemnification is sought, and we are not aware of any threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification.

**ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS**

**Major Shareholders**

The following table presents information as to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2026 by:

● each shareholder known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our ordinary shares;

● each of our directors;

● each of our named executive officers; and

● all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and thus represents voting or investment power with respect to our securities. Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned, subject to community property laws where applicable. Ordinary shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2026 are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options to compute the percentage ownership of that person but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

The percentage ownership of our ordinary shares in the following table is based on 44,931,642 outstanding ordinary shares on March 31, 2026.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of <br> Shares** | **%** |
| **Name and Address of Beneficial Owners of 5% or more** | | |
| Youtong Investment Consulting Company, Ltd (1) | 3550763 | 7.90 |
| **Directors and Executive Officers (2)** |  |  |
| Pat Sek Yuen Chan | 10578667 | 23.54 |
| Wan Yu (Lawrence) Chow | 386615 | \* |
| Ji (Richard) Li | 386615 | \* |
| Fang-Wei (Steve) Tsao | 266667 | \* |
| Anthony K. Chan | 8993282 | 20.02 |
| All directors and officers as a group (5 persons) | 20611846 | 45.87 |

---

\* Less than one percent

(1) The
business address for Youtong Investment Consulting Company Ltd is Units B-D, 16/F, Yardley Commercial Building, 3 Connaught Road West,
Sheung Wan, Hong Kong.

(2) Unless
otherwise indicated, the business address of each of the individuals is Office B, 21/F, Legend Tower, 7 Shing Yip Street, Kwun Tong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong.

**Related Party Transactions**

See above "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Related Party Transactions".

**Interests of Experts and Counsel**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

The financial statements required by this item can be found at the end of this report on Form 20-F, beginning on page F-1.

**Legal Proceedings**

We were in arbitration before the International Chamber of Commerce with Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. ("Samsung") to resolve a dispute regarding royalties payable to the Company under a software license agreement the Company had with Samsung. Samsung alleged that, for the period starting the fourth quarter of 2010 through mid-2012, the Company was overpaid royalties of approximately $1.67 million due to a clerical error in Samsung's accounting department that enabled the Company to receive royalties on sales of Samsung handsets that did not contain its software. Samsung was seeking repayment of the $1.67 million plus accrued interest of 12% per annum and as well as reimbursements of reasonable fees including attorney fees and arbitration costs.

After arbitration hearings held in May 2018, on November 27, 2018, the International Chamber of Commerce notified the Company of its decision and issuance of an arbitration award (the "Award"), which the Company received on November 29, 2018. Pursuant to the Award, the Company has the obligation to pay Samsung an aggregate of $2,546,401 plus an interest of 9% per annum starting May 16, 2018 until full payment is paid. Samsung was also awarded its attorney's fees and expenses in the aggregate amount of approximately $1.73 million. The Company has reached an agreement with Samsung for settling the payments due Samsung by making 24 monthly payments beginning with April 2019. The Company has pledged $5 million worth of ordinary shares in escrow as security for the payments, and in the event that the Company is in default of the scheduled payments, Samsung has the right to seize the escrow shares. Due to cash flow constraints resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we have not made payments to Samsung in the years 2020 and 2021. Beginning in June 2022, the Company has been making monthly payments to Samsung. All of the Award, including accrued interests, has been completely paid off as of March 7, 2024.

We have initiated arbitration proceeding in February 2022 in Hong Kong against KADI and its owners for breach of contract according to the KADI Agreement, seeking from KADI of i) a payment of $600,000 in cash previously paid to KADI, ii) the return of 1,043,550 ordinary shares of Borqs previously issued to the owners of KADI, and iii) payment in cash for loss of profit from KADI's projected business of $5.3 million.

On January 16, 2024, the arbitrator in Hong Kong has issued the final award in favor of Borqs that KADI is to: i) return to Borqs the Advanced Payment of US$600,000; ii) pay Borqs pre-award interest on the Advanced Payment for the period from October 1, 2021 to January 16, 2024 at the simple rate of 5.5% per annum; iii) pay Borqs post-award interest on the Advanced Payment for the period from January 16, 2024 until full repayment is made at the simple rate of 8.875% per annum; and iv) return to Borqs a total of 1,043,550 Borqs shares issued to the KADI parties in 2019 (not adjusted for the reverse-splits of Borqs shares).

On April 15, 2024, the arbitrator in Hong Kong has issued the final award in favor of Borqs on costs incurred by Borqs related to the arbitration, that KADI is to pay Borqs for legal expenses and fees in the amount of HK$955,743.93 plus interest at the rate of 8.875% per annum from April 15, 2024 until full payment is made.

On December 30, 2024, the Shanghai No.2 Intermediate People's Court upheld the arbitration decision from Hong Kong and has approved of the enforcement of the final award in favor of Borqs against KADI. The Company has received partial payment of the award from KADI as of the filing of this Annual Report and is working with PRC counsel on enforcement and collection of the remainder of the award.

Other than the above-mentioned cases and closed legal proceedings between the Group and our suppliers and previous employees, the Group has not been named in any litigation where claims or counterclaims have been filed against us, as of the date of this annual report.

**Dividend Policy**

We are a holding company and may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders to the extent we choose to do so, to service any debt it may incur and to pay our operating expenses. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of our after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of our registered capital. Appropriations to the employee welfare funds are at the discretion of the board of directors of Borqs Beijing. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Cash transfers from PRC subsidiaries to our subsidiaries outside of China are subject to PRC government control of currency conversion. Restrictions on the availability of foreign currency may affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency obligation. See "Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China", "Our subsidiaries in China are subject to restrictions on making dividends and other payments to it or any other affiliated company," and "Restrictions on foreign currency may limit our ability to receive and use our revenue effectively."

**Significant Changes**

There have been no significant changes since the date of the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

**ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**A.** **Offering and Listing Details** 

See "—C. Markets."

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**B.** **Plan of Distribution** 

Not applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**C.** **Markets** 

Our ordinary shares are listed on the OTC Markets under the symbol, "BRQSF".

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**D.** **Selling Shareholders** 

Not applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**E.** **Dilution** 

Not applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F. **Expenses of the Issue** 

Not applicable.

**ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**A.** **Share Capital** 

Not applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**B.** **Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation** 

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association have been filed with the SEC on Form 8-K on August 24, 2017. Those amended and restated articles of association contained in such filing are incorporated by reference.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**C.** **Material contracts** 

Attached as exhibits to this annual report are the contracts we consider to be both material and outside the ordinary course of business during the two-year period immediately preceding the date of this annual report. We refer you to "Item 4. Information on the Company – A. History and Development of the Company", "Item 4. Information on the Company –Overview", and "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources – Related Party Transactions" for a discussion of these contracts. Other than as discussed in this annual report, we have no material contracts, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we are a party.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**D.** **Exchange controls** 

Under British Virgin Islands law, there are currently no restrictions on the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls, or restrictions that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of our ordinary shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**E.** **Taxation** 

*The following discussion of British Virgin Islands and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this report, all of which are subject to change. This discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local, and other tax laws.*

**British Virgin Islands Taxation**

The Company and all dividends, interest, rents, royalties, compensation and other amounts paid by the Company to persons who are not resident in the BVI and any capital gains realized with respect to any shares, debt obligations, or other securities of the Company by persons who are not resident in the BVI are exempt from all provisions of the Income Tax Ordinance in the BVI.

No estate, inheritance, succession or gift tax, rate, duty, levy, or other charge is payable by persons who are not resident in the BVI with respect to any shares, debt obligation, or other securities of the Company.

All instruments relating to transfers of property to or by the Company and all instruments relating to transactions in respect of the shares, debt obligations or other securities of the Company and all instruments relating to other transactions relating to the business of the Company are exempt from payment of stamp duty in the BVI. This assumes that the Company does not hold an interest in real estate in the BVI.

There are currently no withholding taxes or exchange control regulations in the BVI applicable to the Company or its members.

**United States Federal Income Taxation**

The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This summary applies only to U.S. Holders that hold our ordinary shares as capital assets (generally, property held for investment) and that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. This summary is based on U.S. tax laws in effect as of the date of this report, on U.S. Treasury regulations in effect or, in some cases, proposed as of the date of this report, and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof available on or before such date.

All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change, which could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below. Moreover, this summary does not address the U.S. federal estate, gift, Medicare, backup withholding, and alternative minimum tax considerations, or any state, local, and non-U.S. tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. The following summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their circumstances or to persons in special tax situations such as:

● banks and other financial institutions;

● insurance companies;

● pension plans;

● cooperatives;

● regulated investment companies;

● real estate investment trusts;

● broker-dealers;

● traders that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting;

● certain former U.S. citizens or long-term residents;

● tax-exempt entities (including private foundations);

● persons liable for alternative minimum tax;

● persons holding stock as part of a straddle, hedging, conversion or integrated transaction;

● persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of our voting stock; or

● partnerships or other entities taxable as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or persons holding common stock through such entities.

**Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of U.S. federal taxation to their particular circumstances, and the state, local, non-U.S., or other tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.**

For purposes of this discussion, a "U.S. Holder" is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

● an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

● a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

● an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

● a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions, or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our ordinary shares and their partners are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in our ordinary shares.

***Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations***

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of "passive" income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (the "asset test"). For this purpose, cash and cash equivalents are categorized as passive assets, and the company's goodwill and other unaccounted intangibles are taken into account as non-passive assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock.

Although the law in this regard is not clear, we treat our consolidated VIEs as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we exercise effective control over the consolidated VIEs and are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits. As a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined that we are not the owner of the consolidated VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year and any subsequent taxable year. Assuming that we are the owner of the VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes and based upon our current and expected income and assets (including goodwill, other unbooked intangibles, and the cash proceeds following our initial public offering), we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.

While we do not expect to be or become a PFIC in the current or foreseeable taxable years, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. Furthermore, the composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in our initial public offering. Under circumstances where our revenue from activities that produce passive income significantly increases relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. In addition, because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service may challenge our classification of certain income and assets as non-passive or our valuation of our tangible and intangible assets, each of which may result in our becoming a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. If we were classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder held our ordinary shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder held our ordinary shares even if we cease to be a PFIC in subsequent years, unless certain elections are made.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**F.** **Dividends and paying agents** 

Not applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**G.** **Statement by experts** 

Not applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**H.** **Documents on display** 

We file annual reports and other information with the SEC. You may inspect and copy any report or document we file, including this annual report and the accompanying exhibits, at the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov, as well as on our website at http://www.borqs.com. Information on our website does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference.

We will also provide, without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner of our ordinary shares, upon written or oral request of that person, a copy of any and all of the information that has been incorporated by reference in this annual report. Please direct such requests to Investor Relations, Borqs Technologies, Inc., Office B, 21/F, Legend Tower, 7 Shing Yip Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Telephone number +852 5188 1864 or facsimile number +852 2114 0183.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**I.** **Subsidiary information** 

Not applicable.

**ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK**

***Credit Risk***

See above "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk – Credit Risk".

***Liquidity Risk***

See above "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk – Liquidity Risk".

***Interest Rate Risk***

The Company currently does not have any variable-rate borrowings, and has not entered into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.

 ****

***Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk***

We generate almost all of our revenue from the Connected Solutions BU in U.S. Dollars. The majority of our general and administrative expenses are in Chinese RMB Yuan and Indian Rupees. We paid for our costs of goods in either US Dollars or Chinese RMB Yuan, depending on the source of the materials and components. For accounting purposes, non-US Dollars balance sheet items are converted to US Dollars at the mean exchange rate as of the date of the balance sheet, and non-US dollar income and expense items are converted to US Dollars at the average exchange rate for the period of the reporting. We do not consider the risk of exchange rate fluctuations to be material for our results of operations, as during the year ended December 31, 2022, these foreign exchange fluctuations represented 2.7% of our revenues. However, the portion of our business conducted in other currencies could increase in the future, which could expand our exposure to losses arising from exchange rate fluctuations. We have not hedged currency exchange risks associated with our expenses.

***Inflation Risk***

We do business globally with international customers and suppliers. Our gross margin and operations can be adversely affected by global inflationary situations such as rising costs for raw materials, components, shipping and labor. The Company faces challenges in maintaining the profitability of operations in economies experiencing high inflation rates caused by the global COVID pandemic and political tension between Russia and Ukraine. The inflation rate in the U.S. reached 40-year high in the beginning of 2022. It has affected the whole world economy, including our sourcing costs and business operations.

**ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES**

Not applicable.

**PART II**

**ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES**

See section on risk factors.

**ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OR PROCEEDS**

None.

**ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES**

**(a)** **Disclosure Controls and Procedures** 

Our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our "disclosure controls and procedures" (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act") Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2025, as required by paragraph (b) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15, have concluded that, due to the outstanding material weakness described below, our disclosure controls and procedures are ineffective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file and furnish under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

**(b)** **Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting** 

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making this assessment, management used the framework set forth in the report Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. The COSO framework summarizes each of the components of a company's internal control system, including (i) the control environment, (ii) risk assessment, (iii) control activities, (iv) information and communication and (v) monitoring.

Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that these controls were ineffective as of December 31, 2025. In the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we did not maintain sufficient controls over financial reporting processes due to an insufficient number of financial reporting personnel with an appropriate level of knowledge and experience in U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements and financial reporting programs to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements. This deficiency constitutes as a material weakness of our internal control over financial reporting.

**(c)** **Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting** 

We identified one material weakness in internal control over financial reporting during our preparation of the financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 which was due to an insufficient number of accounting and financial reporting personnel with the requisite knowledge and experience in the application of U.S. GAAP and SEC requirements for financial reporting programs. The Company sought professionals to join our accounting team for U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting related matters. We have taken multiple steps to implement measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate the material weakness including hiring of a financial manager with US GAAP and SEC reporting experiences to help set up workflows for the strengthening of internal controls and preserving accuracy in preparing consolidated financial statements, and also since December 2018 to May 2024, our Chairperson of the Audit Committee, a member of the Washington State board of Accountancy since the year 1989, has been regularly providing the Company with advice on procedures and interpretation of US GAAP rules and regulations.

We plan to take measures to further strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including (i) continuing to hire additional qualified professionals with experience in U.S. GAAP accounting and SEC reporting to lead accounting and financial reporting matters; (ii) organizing regular training for our accounting staffs, especially the trainings related to U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; and (iii) establishing effective oversight and clarifying reporting requirements for non-recurring and complex transactions to ensure consolidated financial statements and related disclosures are accurate, complete and in compliance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements. We have adopted the following guidelines and established the following committees of the Board to implement measures to remediate our internal control deficiencies in order to meet the requirements imposed by Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act.

● Adopted an Anti-corruption Policy Supplement - The Company has adopted its Foreign Corrupt Practices Charter (the "FCPA Charter") on August 18, 2017, and in December 2019 adopted a Global Anti-Corruption Policy Supplement to augment the FCPA Charter for addressing how Company personnel are to conduct themselves when in direct or indirect contact with government officials, as well as provide additional specific information about the anti-corruption laws in the U.S. and general guidance to compliance with anti-corruption laws.

● Adopted an Anti-Money Laundering and Identity Verification Policy (the "AML Policy") - It is the Audit Committee's responsibility to ensure that the Company has appropriate procedures for the receipt, retention, and treatment regarding the Company's Anti-Money Laundering Policies and Identity Verification Process matters. The AML Policy is intended to fulfill these responsibilities and to ensure that any such AML concerns are promptly and effectively addressed.

● Adopted a Related Party Transaction Policy - The Related Party Transaction Policy is to be used by the Company and all of its subsidiaries to ensure that all related person transactions shall be subject to review and oversight in accordance with the procedures as set forth in the policy.

● Established the Enterprise Risk Oversight Committee of the Board (the "Risk & Oversight Committee") - for carrying out the responsibility of overseeing the effectiveness of risk management policies, procedures and practices implemented by management of the Corporation with respect to strategic, operational, environmental, health and safety, human resources, legal and compliance and other risks faced by the Company.

● Established the Risk and Information Security Committee of the Board (the "Risk & Security Committee") - to assist the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities by overseeing and reviewing: the Company's internal controls to protect the Company's information and proprietary assets, and the Company's risk governance structure, including the Enterprise Risk Management framework, risk policies and risk tolerances.

Other than as described above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**ITEM 16. RESERVED**

**ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT**

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Fang-Wei (Steve) Tsao, an independent director and a member of our audit committee, is an "Audit Committee Financial Expert" under Section 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, and on July 29, 2025 the board appointed Mr. Tsao as the chairperson of the Audit Committee.

**ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS**

Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees ("Code of Ethics") applies to all of our employees, including our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and principal accounting officer. Our Code of Ethics is available on our corporate website, *www.borqs.com*. If we amend or grant a waiver of one or more of the provisions of our Code of Ethics, we intend to file a current report on Form 6-K to disclose amendments to or waivers from provisions of our Code of Ethics that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer by posting the required information on our website.

**ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES**

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees for audit and other services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm, Summit Group CPAs, P.C. ("SG CPA", formerly known as "Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C."), for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **$'000** | **2024** | **2025** |
| Audit fees | $550 | $300 |
| Other audit service fees | $- |  |
| Tax review fee | $- |  |
| All other fees | - | - |
| **Total fees** | $550 | $300 |

---

Audit fees for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 related to professional services rendered for the audit of our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, and review of documents provided in connection with our regulatory filings. The audit for the year 2025 included the period from January 1 to April 8 when the Company owned and operated its core businesses and the period from April 9 to December 31 after the core businesses had been sold to Sasken.

In accordance with our charter, the audit committee is required to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services to be performed by the independent auditors and the related fees for such services other than prohibited non-auditing services as promulgated under rules and regulations of the SEC (subject to the inadvertent de minimis exceptions set forth in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the SEC rules). All services performed by SG CPA for our benefit were pre-approved by the audit committee in accordance with its charter and all applicable laws, rules and regulations.

**ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE**

As a "foreign private issuer," as defined by the SEC, we are permitted to follow home country corporate governance practices, instead of certain corporate governance practices required by Nasdaq for domestic issuers, with certain exceptions.

**ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICY**

The Company has an Insider Trading Policy (the "Insider Trading Policy") in place, which is included as an exhibit herein. Under this Insider Trading Policy, every Borqs employee, contractor, consultant, and board member is prohibited from trading in Borqs stock while in possession of material nonpublic information about Borqs, and are prohibited from giving material nonpublic information about Borqs or others to anyone who might trade on the basis of that information.

This policy applies to all transactions in Borqs securities, including ordinary shares of Borqs, restricted stock units and stock options, however acquired, and any other type of securities that Borqs may issue, such as preferred stock, convertible notes, warrants, and exchange-traded options or other derivative securities.

All covered persons under the policy are permitted to trade in Borqs securities only during the trading window period that begins after the close of trading on the first full trading day following the widespread public release of our quarterly or year-end operating results, and ends at the close of trading on the twentieth calendar day in the third month of the then-current quarter.

While in possession of material nonpublic information, even if a trading window is in effect, no covered person possessing material nonpublic information about Borqs may trade in Company securities. Persons possessing such information may trade during a trading window only after the close of trading on the second full trading day following our widespread public release of such information.

**ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY**

As of the date of this annual report, our board of directors has oversight responsibility for the Company's overall risk management, including cybersecurity risk. The Company's executive officers oversee the strategic processes to safeguard data and comply with relevant regulations and report material cybersecurity incidents to the board.

We have established policies and processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risk from cybersecurity threats and have integrated these processes into our overall risk management systems and processes. We routinely assess material risks from cybersecurity threats, including any potential unauthorized occurrence on or conducted through our information systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information systems or any information residing therein.

We conduct periodic risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats, as well as assessments in the event of a material change in our business practices that may affect information systems that are vulnerable to such cybersecurity threats. These risk assessments include the identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks, the likelihood and potential damage that could result from such risks, and the sufficiency of existing policies, procedures, systems, and safeguards in place to manage such risks.

Following these risk assessments, we re-design, implement, and maintain reasonable safeguards to minimize identified risks; reasonably address any identified gaps in existing safeguards; and regularly monitor the effectiveness of our safeguards. The primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring and managing our cybersecurity risks rests with our IT department to manage the risk assessment and mitigation process.

As part of our overall risk management system, we monitor and test our safeguards and train our employees on these safeguards, in collaboration with IT and management. Personnel at all levels and departments are made aware of our cybersecurity policies through training.

We engage consultants or other third parties in connection with our risk assessment processes. These service providers assist us in designing and implement our cybersecurity policies and procedures, as well as to monitor and test our safeguards. We are in the process of requiring each third-party service provider to certify that it has the ability to implement and maintain appropriate security measures, consistent with all applicable laws, to implement and maintain reasonable security measures in connection with their work with us, and to promptly report any suspected breach of its security measures that may affect our company.

We have not encountered cybersecurity challenges that have materially impaired our operations or financial standing. For additional information regarding risks from cybersecurity threats, please refer to Item 1A, "Risk Factors," in this annual report on Form 20-F.

**PART III**

**ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

See Item 18.

**ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

The financial information required by this item, together with the reports of Summit Group CPAs, P.C. ("SG CPA", formerly known as "Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C."), is set forth on pages F-1 through F-53 and are filed as part of this annual report.

**ITEM 19. EXHIBITS**

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** |
| <br>**Exhibit <br> Number** | **Exhibit Title** | **Form** | **File No.** | **Exhibit** | **Filing<br> Date** | **Filed<br> Herewith** | **Furnished<br> Herewith** |
| 1.1 | [Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390017009163/f8k081817ex3-1_borqstech.htm) | 8-K | 001-37593 | 3.1 | 8/24/17 |  |  |
| 2.1 | [Borqs Technologies, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390017009163/f8k081817ex10-10_borqs.htm) | 8-K | 001-37593 | 10.10 | 8/24/17 |  |  |
| 2.2 | [Form of Warrant, dated August 18, 2017, by and between the Company and each of Warrant Holders](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390017009163/f8k081817ex10-11_borqstech.htm) | 8-K | 001-37593 | 10.11 | 8/24/17 |  |  |
| 2.3 | [Form of Warrant issued to Partners For Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018017642/f8k1218ex10-4_borqstech.htm) | 8-K | 001-37593 | 10.4 | 12/20/18 |  |  |
| 2.4 | [Description of Securities](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex2-4_borqstechno.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 2.4 | 2/4/2020 |  |  |
| 4.1 | [Loan and Security Agreement, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-20_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.20 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.2 | [Subordination Agreement, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited, Borqs International Holding Corp., Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-21_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.21 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.3 | [Deed Of Guarantee and Indemnity, Effective as of April 30, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-22_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.22 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.4 | [Debenture, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-23_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.23 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.5 | [Deed and Charge Of Shares, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-24_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.24 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.6 | [Deed Of Guarantee and Indemnity, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and Between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth V., L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-25_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.25 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.7 | [Debenture, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-26_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.26 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.8 | [Intellectual Property Security Agreement, Effective as of April 30, 2018, By and between Borqs Hong Kong and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-27_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.27 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.9 | [Intellectual Property Security Agreement, Effective as of April 30, 2018, By and between Borqs Hong Kong and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-28_borqstechno.htm) | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.28 | 7/2/18 |  |  |
| 4.10 | [Equitable Mortgage, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and between Borqs Technologies, Inc. and Partners For Growth V, L.P](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-29_borqstechno.htm). | S-1/A | 333-223034 | 10.29 | 7/2/18 |  |  |

---

4.11 [Waiver and Modification No. 2 To Loan and Security Agreement, Effective as of April 30, 2018, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth V, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-30_borqstechno.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.30 7/2/18

4.12 [Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 18, 2017, by and among Pacific and certain shareholders of Pacific](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390017009163/f8k081817ex10-13_borqstech.htm) 8-K 001-37593 10.13 8/24/17

4.13 [Share Purchase Agreement, dated January 18, 2018, by and among with Borqs Technologies, Inc. and Colmei Technology International Limited, Shenzhen Crave Communication Company, Limited, and their respective shareholders.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018000745/f8k011818ex99-1_borqstech.htm) 8-K 001-37593 99.1 1/22/18

4.14 [Form of Indemnification Agreement, dated August 18, 2017, by and Borqs Technologies, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018003858/f10k2017ex10-19_borqstech.htm) 10-K 001-37593 10.19 4/2/18

4.15 [Share Pledge Agreement, Effective October 18, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd., Wang Tun, and Beijing Big Cloud Century](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018010211/fs12018a4ex10-37_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.37 8/6/18

4.16 [Share Pledge Agreement, Effective October 18, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd., Wang Tun, and Beijing Big Cloud Century Network Technology Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018010211/fs12018a4ex10-38_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.38 8/6/18

4.17 [Amendment Agreement, Effective August 31, 2018, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-42_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.42 9/14/18

4.18 [Amendment Agreement, Effective August 31, 2018, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-43_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.43 9/14/18

4.19 [Guarantee Agreement for Corporate Guarantor for Borqs Hong Kong Limited, Effective as of August 31, 2018, by and between Borqs Technologies, Inc. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-44_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.44 9/14/18

4.20 [Guarantee Agreement for Corporate Guarantor for Borqs Beijing Ltd. Effective as of August 31, 2018, by and between Borqs Technologies, Inc. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-45_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.45 9/14/18

4.21 [Guarantee Agreement for Corporate Guarantor for Borqs Hong Kong Limited, Effective as of August 31, 2018, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-46_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.46 9/14/18

4.22 [Guarantee Agreement for Corporate Guarantor for Borqs Beijing Ltd., Effective as of August 31, 2018, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-47_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.47 9/14/18

4.23 [Loan and Security Agreement, Effective as of August 26, 2016, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth Iv, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-48_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.48 9/14/18

4.24 [Deed Of Guarantee and Indemnity, Effective as of August 26, 2016, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Partners for Growth Iv, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-49_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.49 9/14/18

4.25 [Debenture, Effective as of August 26, 2016, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Partners for Growth Iv, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-50_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.50 9/14/18

4.26 [Intellectual Property Security Agreement, Effective as of August 26, 2016, by and between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Partners for Growth Iv, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-51_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.51 9/14/18

4.27 [Deed Of Guarantee and Indemnity, Effective as of August 26, 2016, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth IV, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-52_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.52 9/14/18

4.28 [Debenture, Effective as of August 26, 2016, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth Iv, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-53_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.53 9/14/18

4.29 [Intellectual Property Security Agreement, Effective as of August 26, 2016, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Partners for Growth Iv, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-54_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.54 9/14/18

4.30 [Subordination Agreement, Effective as of August 15, 2016, by and between Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. and Partners for Growth Iv, L.P.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-55_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.55 9/14/18

4.31 [Facility Agreement for Working Capital Loans, Effective as of August 31, 2015, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-56_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.56 9/14/18

4.32 [Guarantee Agreement for Corporate Guarantor, Effective as of August 31, 2015, Byand Between Borqs International Holding Corp. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-57_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.57 9/14/18

4.33 [Amendment Agreement, Effective July 20, 2016, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-58_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.58 9/14/18

4.34 [Amendment Agreement, Effective August 31, 2017, by and between Borqs Hong Kong Limited and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-59_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.59 9/14/18

4.35 [Facility Agreement for Working Capital Loan, Effective as of July 20, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-60_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.60 9/14/18

4.36 [Pledge Agreement Of Accounts Receivable, Effective as of July 20, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-61_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.61 9/14/18

4.37 [Amendment Agreement, Effective July 20, 2017, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-62_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.62 9/14/18

4.38 [Amendment Agreement, Effective August 31, 2017, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Spd Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018012590/fs12018a6ex10-63_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.63 9/14/18

4.39 [Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2018, by and among Borqs Technologies, Inc., Borqs Beijing, Ltd., Borqs Hong Kong Limited, Shanghai KADI Technologies Co., Ltd., KADI Technologies Limited and the selling shareholders named therein.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018017642/f8k1218ex10-1_borqstech.htm) 8-K 001-37593 10.1 12/20/18

4.40 [Waiver and Modification No. 1 to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of December 17, 2018, by and among Partners for Growth V, L.P., Borqs Hong Kong Limited, BORQS International Holding Corp. and Borqs Technologies, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018017642/f8k1218ex10-2_borqstech.htm) 8-K 001-37593 10.2 12/20/18

4.41 [Promissory Note, dated December 17, 2018](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018017642/f8k1218ex10-3_borqstech.htm) 8-K 001-37593 10.3 12/20/18

4.42 [Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated March 8, 2019, by and among the Company, PFG5, BORQS HK, BORQS Tech HK and BORQS International](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390019004148/f6k031419ex10-1_borqstech.htm) 6-K 001-37593 10.1 03/14/19

4.43 [Reaffirmations of Intellectual Property Security Agreement and Joinder, dated March 8, 2019, by and among PFG5, BORQS HK, BORQS Tech HK and BORQS International](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390019004148/f6k031419ex10-4_borqstech.htm) 6-K 001-37593 10.4 03/14/19

4.44 [Share Pledge Agreement, dated March 8, 2019, by and among PFG5, BORQS HK and BORQS Tech HK](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390019004148/f6k031419ex10-5_borqstech.htm) 6-K 001-37593 10.5 03/14/19

4.45 [Equity Mortgage, dated March 8, 2019, by and among PFG5, BORQS International and the Company](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390019004148/f6k031419ex10-6_borqstech.htm) 6-K 001-37593 10.6 03/14/19

4.46 [Share Pledge Agreement, dated March 8, 2019, by and among PFG5, BORQS International, BORQS HK and BORQS Software Solutions Private Limited](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390019004148/f6k031419ex10-7_borqstech.htm) 6-K 001-37593 10.7 03/14/19

4.47 [Custody and Control Agreement, dated March 8, 2019, by and among PFG5, BORQS International, BORQS HK and Borqs Software Solutions Private Limited](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390019004148/f6k031419ex10-8_borqstech.htm) 6-K 001-37593 10.8 03/14/19

4.48 [Securities Purchase Agreement, dated April 29, 2019, by and between the Company and Chongqing City Youtong Equity Investment Fund, Limited Liability Partnership](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390019009413/f6k052219ex10-1_borqstech.htm) 6-K 001-37593 10.1 05/22/19

4.49 [Partial Assignment and Amendment of Backstop and Subscription Agreement, dated August 18, 2017, by and between Zhengqi, EarlyBirdCapital, Pacific and Borqs International](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390017009163/f8k081817ex10-12_borqstech.htm) 8-K 001-37593 10.12 8/24/17

4.50 [Letter of Intent, dated January 8, 2018, by and between Borqs Technologies, Inc. and Shanghai KADI Technologies Co., Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018003858/f10k2017ex10-14_borqstech.htm) 10-K 001-37593 10.14 4/2/18

4.51 [Vendor Master Services Agreement, dated July 5, 2013, by and between Borqs Software Solutions Pvt. Ltd. and Qualcomm India Private Limited](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018006130/fs12018a1ex10-18_borqs.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.18 5/14/18

4.52 [Vendor Master Services Agreement, dated July 5, 2013, by and Between Borqs Software Solutions Pvt. Ltd. and Qualcomm India Private Limited](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018008637/fs12018a2ex10-18_borqstechno.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.18 7/2/18

4.53 [Colmei Technology International Limited Master Manufacturing Agreement and Form of Purchase Order, dated March 6, 2017.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018003858/f10k2017ex10-17_borqstech.htm) 10-K 001-37593 10.17 4/2/18

4.54 [Reliance Retail Limited Form of Purchase Order, dated November 23, 2015](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018003858/f10k2017ex10-18_borqstech.htm) 10-K 001-37593 10.18 4/2/18

4.55 [Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, Effective October 18, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Beijing Big Cloud](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018010211/fs12018a4ex10-32_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.32 8/6/18

4.56 [Loan Contract, Effective October 18, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Wang Lei](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018010211/fs12018a4ex10-33_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.33 8/6/18

4.57 [Loan Contract, Effective October 18, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd. and Wang Tun](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018010211/fs12018a4ex10-34_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.34 8/6/18

4.58 [Exclusive Option Agreement, Effective October 18, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd., Wang Lei, and Beijing Big Cloud Century Network Technology Ltd.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018010211/fs12018a4ex10-35_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.35 8/6/18

4.59 [Exclusive Option Agreement, Effective October 18, 2016, by and between Borqs Beijing Ltd., Wang Tun, and Beijing Big Cloud Century](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018010211/fs12018a4ex10-36_borqstech.htm) S-1/A 333-223034 10.36 8/6/18

4.61 [Master Services Agreement for Software Development, dated February 8, 2018, by and between Cloudminds (Hong Kong) Ltd. and Borqs Hong Kong Limited.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390018016230/f10q0918ex10-1_borqs.htm) 10-Q 001-37593 10.1 11/19/18

4.63 [Formal Commercial Cooperation Agreement for Mobile Communication Resale Business, dated June 5, 2018, by and between Yuantel (Beijing) Investment Management Co., Ltd. and China Unicom](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-63_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.63 2/4/2020

4.64 [Memorandum of Understanding of Equity Transfer and Incentive, dated November 8, 2018, between Beijing Big Cloud Century Network Technology Co., Ltd. and Jinan Yuantel Communication Technology LLP](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-64_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.64 2/4/2020

4.65 [Ownership Transfer Agreement, dated February 14, 2019, between Beijing Big Cloud Century Network Technology Co., Ltd. and Jinggangshan Leiyi Venture Capital LLP](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-65_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.65 2/4/2020

4.66 [10% Equity Transfer Agreement, dated February 28, 2019, by and between Beijing Big Cloud Network Techonology Co., Ltd. And Jinan Yuantel Communications Technology Partnership](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-66_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.66 2/4/2020

4.67 [Mobile Communication Resale Business Cooperation Agreement, dated January 10, 2018, by and between Yuantel (Beijing) Investment Management Co., Ltd. and China Unicom](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-67_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.67 2/4/2020

4.69 [Waiver, Consent and Modification to Loan and Security Agreement, dated June 28, 2019, by and among PFG4, Borqs HK, Borqs International, and the Company.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-69_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.69 2/4/2020

4.70 [Waiver, Consent and Modification No. 1 to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated June 28, 2019, by and among PFG5, Borqs HK, Borqs International, and the Company.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-70_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.70 2/4/2020

4.71 [Supplementary Agreement 1 of the "Mobile Communication Resale Business Cooperation Agreement," dated January 16, 2019, by and between Yuantel (Beijing) Investment Management Co., Ltd. and China Unicom](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-71_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.71 2/4/2020

4.72 [20% Equity Transfer Agreement, dated February 28, 2019, by and between Beijing Big Cloud Network Techonology Co., Ltd. And Jinan Yuantel Communications Technology Partnership](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-72_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.72 2/4/2020

4.73 [Engagement Letter, dated December 6, 2019, by and between the Company and American West Pacific International Investment Corp.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-73_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.73 2/4/2020

4.74 [Amended Engagement Letter, dated January 17, 2020, by and between the Company and American West Pacific International Investment Corp.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-74_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.74 2/4/2020

4.75 [Strategic Cooperation Agreement, dated January 2020, by and between China National Technical & Export Corp, Genertec America Inc., and the Company](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020002443/f20f2018ex4-75_borqstechno.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.75 2/4/2020

4.76 [Loan Agreement of November 27, 2020 with Run He](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-76_borqstech.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.76 4/26/2021

4.77 [Settlement Agreement with LMFA Financing, LLC, Of December 14, 2020](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-77_borqstech.htm) 20-F 001-37593 4.77 4/26/2021

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 4.78 | [Loan Agreement of December 30, 2020 with American West Pacific International Investment Corporation](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-78_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.78 | 4/26/2021 |  |  |
| 4.79 | [Settlement Agreement with Growth V, L.P. of February 11, 2021](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-79_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.79 | 4/26/2021 |  |  |
| 4.80 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-80_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.8 | 4/26/2021 |  |  |
| 4.81 | [Form of Convertible Note.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-81_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.81 | 4/26/2021 |  |  |
| 4.82 | [Form of Warrant.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-82_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.82 | 4/26/2021 |  |  |
| 4.83 | [Form of Registration Rights Agreement.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021022875/f20f2020ex4-83_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.83 | 4/26/2021 |  |  |
| 4.84 | [YT Ownership Transfer Agreement, dated September 1, 2020, by and among Fengbin Tian, Beijing Big Cloud Century Network Technology Company, Limited, and Jinggangshan Leiyi Venture Capital Partnership Enterprise, Limited](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390020029193/f20f2019ex4-77_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.77 | 9/30/2020 |  |  |
| 4.85 | [Membership Interest Purchase Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021056794/ea149964ex10-32_borqstech.htm) | F-1 | 333-259856 | 10.32 | 11/04/2021 |  |  |
| 4.86 | [Limited Liability Company Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390021056794/ea149964ex10-33_borqstech.htm) | F-1 | 333-259856 | 10.33 | 11/04/2021 |  |  |
| 4.87†† | [National Security Agreement, dated March 16, 2023, by and among Borqs Technologies, Inc., Holu Hou Energy, LLC and the U.S. Government](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390024042975/ea020560401ex4-87_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 4.87 | 05/14/2024 |  |  |
| 4.88†† | [Share Purchase Agreement, dated April 8, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390025031332/ea023762001ex99-2_borqs.htm) | 6-K | 001-37593 | 99.2 | 04/14/2025 |  |  |
| 8.1 | [List of Subsidiaries](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390024042975/ea020560401ex8-1_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 8.1 | 05/14/2024 |  |  |
| 11.1 | [Insider trading policy of the Company](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1650575/000121390023039729/f20f2022ex11-1_borqstech.htm) | 20-F | 001-37593 | 11.1 | 05/15/2023 |  |  |
| 12.1 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted by Section 302 of the of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ea029016301ex12-1.htm) | 20-F |  |  |  | X |  |
| 12.2 | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted by Section 302 of the of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ea029016301ex12-2.htm) | 20-F |  |  |  | X |  |
| 13.1 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ea029016301ex13-1.htm) | 20-F |  |  |  |  | X |
| 15.1 | [Consent of Independent Auditor](ea029016301ex15-1.htm) |  |  |  |  | X |  |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |  |  |  |  | X |  |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  | X |  |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |  |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |  |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |  |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |  |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |  |  |  |  | X |  |

---

†† Certain identified information in the exhibit has been excluded from the exhibit because it is both (i) not material and (ii) is the type that Borqs Technologies, Inc. treats as private or confidential.

**SIGNATURES**

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.** | **BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.** |
| By: | /s/ Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Name: | Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Title: | Chairman & Chief Executive Officer |

---

Date: May 15, 2026

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms (PCAOB ID # 5910)](#f_001) | F-2 – F-3 |
| [Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2025](#f_002) | F-4 – F-5 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025](#f_003) | F-6 – F-7 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025](#f_004) | F-8 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' (Deficit) Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025](#f_005) | F-9 – F-11 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025](#f_006) | F-12 – F-13 |
| [Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements](#f_007) | F-14 – F-53 |

---

![](ea029016301_img2.jpg)

**REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Borqs Technologies, Inc.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Borqs Technologies, Inc. (the "Company") and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the "Group"), as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), consolidated statements of shareholders' (deficit) equity, and consolidated statements of cash flows, for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial positions of the Group as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows, for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.

**Emphasis of Matter – Disposal of Certain Business**

As described in Note 1(b) to the financial statements, on April 9, 2025, the Group disposed of certain hardware and software services business. This transaction represented a significant disposition of the Group's operations and may affect the Group's future results of operations and financial position.

**Basis for Opinion**

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Group's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Group is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Critical Audit Matters**

The critical audit matters communicated below are the matters, arising from the current audit of the consolidated financial statements, which were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee, and that (i) related to accounts or disclosures which are material to the consolidated financial statements, and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter, in any way, our opinion on the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Summit Group CPAs, P.C. (formerly known as "Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C.")

(PCAOB ID: 5910)

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

New York, New York

May 15, 2026

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS**

**(Amounts in thousands of US dollar ("$"), unless otherwise stated)**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | <br>**Note** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  |  | **$** | **$** |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |  |
| **Current assets:** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents |  | 2032 | 2615 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash |  | 26 | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Time deposits |  | 3377 | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short term investments | (5) | - | 4888 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net (net of allowance of $nil and $56 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 116 | 156 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net (net of allowance of $392 and $1,214 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | (6) | 6747 | 847 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current assets held for sale | (1) | 11057 | - |
| **Total current assets** |  | 23355 | 8506 |
| **Non-current assets:** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net | (8) | 7 | 7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right of use asset | (7) | 216 | 41 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-current assets held for sale | (1) | 1831 | - |
| **Total non-current assets** |  | 2054 | 48 |
| **Total assets** |  | 25409 | 8554 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (CONTINUED)**

**(Amounts in thousands of US dollar ("$"), unless otherwise stated)**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Note** |
| **LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)** |  |
| **Current liabilities:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other payables | (11) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contract liabilities |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities – current | (7) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term bank and other borrowings | (10) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax payable |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current liabilities held for sale | (1) |
| **Total current liabilities** |  |
| **Non-current liabilities:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities – non-current |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-current liabilities held for sale | (1) |
| **Total non-current liabilities** |  |
| **Total liabilities** |  |
| **Commitments and contingencies** |  |
| **Shareholders' (deficit) equity:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ordinary shares (no par value; unlimited shares authorized; 28,970,077 shares and 45,470,079 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively\*) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subscriptions receivable) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Statutory reserve |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |
| **Total Borqs Technologies, Inc. shareholders' (deficit) equity** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Noncontrolling interest |  |
| **Total shareholders' (deficit) equity** |  |
| **Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest and shareholders' equity** |  |

---

\* Giving retroactive effect to the one-for-sixteen reverse split on June 27, 2022 and one-for-twelve reverse split on October 10, 2023

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Note** |
| **Net Revenues:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Software |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hardware |  |
| **Total net revenues** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Software) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hardware |  |
| **Total cost of revenues** |  |
| **Total gross profit** |  |
| **Operating expenses:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sales and marketing expenses) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative expenses) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development expenses) |  |
| **Total operating expenses**) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other operating income |  |
| **Operating loss**) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other income |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other expense) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on debt settlement | (17(d)) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss related to equity financing | (17(b)) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Loss) gain on additional compensation to HHE | (4(a)) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiaries |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on repurchase of convertible notes) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unrealized loss on trading securities) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Realized gain on sale of securities |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign exchange gain (loss) |  |
| **(Loss) income from continuing operations, before income taxes** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax benefit (expense) | (15) |
| **Net (loss) income from continuing operations** |  |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

---

| |
|:---|
| **Discontinued operations** |
| Income (loss) from operations of discontinued entities |
| Income tax (expense) benefit |
| **Net income (loss) on discontinued operations** |
| **Net (loss) income** |
| Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest – continuing operations |
| Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest – discontinued operations |
| Less: net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest |
| **Net (loss) income attributable to Borqs Technologies, Inc.** |
| **Net (loss) income attributable to ordinary shareholders** |
| **Net (loss) income per share from continuing operations attributable to Borqs Technologies, Inc.** |
| (Loss) income per share—Basic \*: |
| (Loss) income per share—Diluted \*: |
| **Net (loss) income per share from discontinued operations attributable to Borqs Technologies, Inc.** |
| Income (loss) per share—Basic \*: |
| Income (loss) per share—Diluted \*: |
| **Net (loss) income per share attributable to Borqs Technologies, Inc.** |
| (Loss) income per share—Basic \*: |
| (Loss) income per share—Diluted \*: |
| **Number of ordinary shares used in earnings per share computation:** |
| Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in calculating continuing operations—basic \* |
| Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in calculating continuing operations—diluted \* |
| Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in calculating discontinued operations—basic \* |
| Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in calculating discontinued operations—diluted \* |

---

\* Giving retroactive effect to the one-for-sixteen reverse split on June 27, 2022 and one-for-twelve reverse split on October 10, 2023

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  |<br>**Note** | **2025** |
|  | | **$** |
| Net (loss) income |  | 5652 |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of nil: |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of nil) |  | 409 |
| **Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of nil** |  | 409 |
| **Comprehensive (loss) income** |  | 6061 |
| Less: comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 12 |
| **Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Borqs Technologies, Inc.** |  | 6049 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY (CONTINUED)**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of<br> ordinary<br> shares** | **Ordinary<br> shares** | **Additional<br> paid-in<br> capital** | **Subscription<br> receivable** | **Statutory<br> reserves** | **Accumulated Other<br> comprehensive<br> loss** | **Accumulated<br> deficit** | **Total Borqs<br> Technologies, Inc.<br> shareholders'<br> equity** | **Noncontrolling<br> interest** | **Total<br> shareholders'<br> (deficit)<br> equity** |
| Balance as of January 1, 2023 | 4765219 |  | 310267 | (14378) | 1901 | (3512) | (305072) | (10794) | (358) | (11152) |
| Consolidated net loss |  |  | - | - | - | - | (26467) | (26467) | (454) | (26921) |
| Foreign exchange difference |  |  | - |  | - | (294) | - | (294) | - | (294) |
| Debt equity conversion settlement (Note 17(d)) | 771605 |  | 1574 | - | - | - | - | 1574 | - | 1574 |
| Issuance of ordinary shares as collateral (Note17(c)) | 443294 |  | 1321 | (1321) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Issuance of ordinary shares for a project (Note17(h)) | 166667 |  | 392 | (392) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shares conversion of convertible notes (Note 12) | 94003 |  | 500 | - | - | - | - | 500 | - | 500 |
| Warrants exercised into shares (Note 12) | 3127762 |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Issuance of warrants associated with convertible notes (Note 12) |  |  | 629 | - | - | - | - | 629 | - | 629 |
| Shares issued to HHE (Note 4(a)) | 1916667 |  | 9423 | (9423) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Settlement of equity financing (Note 17(b)) | 4668704 |  | 13463 | - | - | - | - | 13463 | - | 13463 |
| Share-based compensation (Note 14) | 12912096 |  | 7769 | - | - | - | - | 7769 | - | 7769 |
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | 28866017 |  | 345338 | (25514) | 1901 | (3806) | (331539) | (13620) | (812) | (14432) |

---

\* Giving retroactive effect to the one-for-sixteen reverse split on June 27, 2022 and one-for-twelve reverse split on October 10, 2023

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY (CONTINUED)**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of<br> ordinary<br> shares \*** | **Ordinary<br> shares** | **Additional<br> paid-in<br> capital** | **Subscription<br> receivable** | **Statutory<br> reserves** | **Accumulated Other<br> comprehensive<br> loss** | **Accumulated<br> deficit** | **Total Borqs<br> Technologies, Inc.<br> shareholders'<br> equity** | **Noncontrolling<br> interest** | **Total<br> shareholders'<br> (deficit)<br> equity** |
| Balance as of January 1, 2024 | 28866017 |  | 345338 | (25514) | 1901 | (3806) | (331539) | (13620) | (812) | (14432) |
| Consolidated net loss |  |  | - | - | - | - | 16697 | 16697 | 626 | 17323 |
| Foreign exchange difference |  |  | - |  | - | (583) | - | (583) | - | (583) |
| Warrants exercised into shares (Note 12) | 1460493 |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Disposal of a subsidiary (Note 4 (b)) |  |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | (7) | (7) |
| Cancellation of shares issued to HHE (Note 4(a)) | (2406433) |  | (15373) | 9423 | - | - | - | (5950) | - | (5950) |
| Share-based compensation (Note 14) | 1050000 |  | 51 | - | - | - | - | 51 | - | 51 |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | 28970077 |  | 330016 | (16091) | 1901 | (4389) | (314842) | (3405) | (193) | (3598) |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY (CONTINUED)**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of<br> ordinary<br> shares \*** | **Ordinary<br> shares** | **Additional<br> paid-in<br> capital** | **Subscription<br> receivable** | **Statutory<br> reserves** | **Accumulated Other<br> comprehensive<br> loss** | **Accumulated<br> deficit** | **Total Borqs<br> Technologies, Inc.<br> shareholders'<br> equity** | **Noncontrolling<br> interest** | **Total<br> shareholders'<br> (deficit)<br> equity** |
| Balance as of January 1, 2025 | 28970077 |  | 330016 | (16091) | 1901 | (4389) | (314842) | (3405) | (193) | (3598) |
| Consolidated net income |  |  | - | - | - | - | 5365 | 5365 | 287 | 5652 |
| Foreign exchange difference |  |  | - |  | - | 2334 | - | 2334 | - | 2334 |
| Disposal of subsidiaries (Note 4 (d)(e)) |  |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | 122 | 122 |
| Share-based compensation (Note 14) | 16500002 |  | 2436 | - | - | - | - | 2436 | - | 2436 |
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 | 45470079 |  | 332452 | (16091) | 1901 | (2055) | (309477) | 6730 | 216 | 6946 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated)**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Note** |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net (loss) income |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Reversal of provision) provision on accounts receivables & other current assets |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation of property and equipment |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of right of use asset |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on disposal of property and equipment |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on repurchase of convertible notes |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income tax (benefits) expenses |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense related to debt discount | (12) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Share-based compensation expenses | (14) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on debt settlement | (17(d)) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-employee share-based compensation expenses | (14) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on additional compensation to HHE | (4(a)) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on cancellation of shares compensation to HHE) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on disposal of subsidiaries) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on debt forgiveness) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on reversal of accrued liabilities) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss related to equity financing | (17(b)) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unrealized loss on trading securities | (5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Realized gain on sale of securities | (5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of the effects of an acquisition: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventories |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short term investments | (5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other payables) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advances from customers and contract liabilities) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amounts due to related parties) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenues) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term payable) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax payable) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unrecognized tax benefit) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities |  |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES** |  |
| Purchases of property and equipment) |  |
| Receipt of time deposit from banks |  |
| Investment in time deposit) |  |
| Receipt of time deposit from banks |  |
| Proceeds from disposal of subsidiaries |  |
| Proceeds from disposal of HHE |  |
| Additional compensation payment to a former subsidiary | (4(a)) |
| Net cash (used in) generated from investing activities |  |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Note** | **2023** |
|  |  | **$** |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES** |  |  |
| Proceeds from short-term bank and other borrowings |  |  |
| Repayments of short-term bank and other borrowings) |  |  |
| Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes | (12) |  |
| Repurchase of convertible notes | (12) |  |
| Net cash generated from (used in) financing activities |  |  |
| Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash) |  |  |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of year |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of year |  |  |
| Less: cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of discontinued operations at the end of year |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing operations at the end of year |  |  |
| **Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of the continuing operations** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations at the end of year |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash of continuing operations at the end of year |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing operations |  |  |
| **Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of the discontinued operations** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations at the end of year |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash of discontinued operations at the end of year |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of discontinued operations |  |  |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | <br>**Notes** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  |  | **$** | **$** | **$** |
| **Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:** |  |  |  |  |
| Interest paid) |  |  |  |  |
| Interest received |  |  |  |  |
| Income tax paid) |  |  |  |  |
| Cash paid included in the measurement of lease liabilities) |  |  |  |  |
| **Supplemental schedule of non-cash activities:** |  |  |  |  |
| Conversion of convertible notes | (12) |  |  |  |
| Issuance of shares for increase in subscription receivable | (4(a)) |  |  |  |
| Cancellation of shares for decrease in subscription receivable | (4(b)) |  |  |  |
| Debt settlements by issuance of ordinary shares | (17(d)) |  |  |  |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**1.** **ORGANIZATION** 

Borqs Technologies, Inc. (formerly known as "Pacific Special Acquisition Corp.", the "Company" or "Borqs Technologies") was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on July 1, 2015. The Company was formed for the purpose of acquiring, engaging in a share exchange, share reconstruction and amalgamation, purchasing all or substantially all of the assets of, entering into contractual arrangements, or engaging in any other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

On August 18, 2017, the Company acquired 100% equity interest of BORQS International Holding Corp. ("Borqs International") and its subsidiaries, variable interest entities (the "VIE") and the VIE's subsidiaries (collectively referred to as "Borqs Group" hereinafter) (the Company and Borqs Group collectively referred to as the "Group") in an all-stock transaction (the "Merger"). Concurrent with the completion of the acquisition of Borqs International, the Company changed its name from Pacific Special Acquisition Corp." to Borqs Technologies, Inc.

Borqs Group are principally engaged in the provision of commercial grade Android+ platform solutions and hardware product manufactured in the People's Republic of China (the "PRC") and sold almost entirely outside of the PRC.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) As of the balance sheet date, the VIE has been disposed and the details of the Company's major subsidiaries, are as follows:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Entity** | **Date of<br> incorporation/ Acquisition** | **Place of<br> incorporation** | **Percentage of<br> direct or<br> indirect<br> ownership by<br> the Company** | **Principal<br> activities** |
|  |  |  | Direct |  |
| <u>Subsidiaries:</u> |  |  |  |  |
| BORQS International | July 27, 2007 | Cayman | 100% | Holding company |
| BORQS Hong Kong Limited ("Borqs HK") | July 19, 2007 | Hong Kong | 100% | Provision of software and service solutions and hardware products sales |
| BORQS Beijing Ltd. ("Borqs Beijing") | September 4, 2007 | PRC | 100% | Provision of software and service solutions and hardware products sales |
| BORQS Chongqing Ltd. ("Borqs Chongqing") | August 17, 2010 | PRC | 100% | Provision of software and service solutions and hardware products sales |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**1.** **ORGANIZATION (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) On November 11, 2024, the Group announced that Sasken Technologies Limited ("Sasken"), a leading global product engineering and digital transformation services company based in India the intent to acquire the Group's certain hardware and software services business. The transactions contemplated by the Sale were consummated on April 9, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the Group classified related assets and liabilities as held for sale and reported in discontinued operation.

The following tables represent the financial information of the business classified as discontinued operations as of December 31, 2024, and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and for the period from January 1 to April 8, 2025 before eliminating the intercompany balances and transactions between the entities held for sale and other entities within the Group:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,<br> 2024** |
| **Carrying amounts of major classes of assets included as part of the assets held for sale** | **$** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | 1500 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net | 5961 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net | 1536 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventories, net | 2060 |
| **Total current assets** | **11057** |
| **Non-current assets:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net | 461 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right of use asset | 1273 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred tax assets | 97 |
| **Total non-current assets** | **1831** |
| **Total assets** | **12888** |
| **Carrying amounts of major classes of liabilities included as part of the assets held for sale** |  |
| **Current liabilities:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | 3386 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other payables | 227 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities – current | 670 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amount due to related parties | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax payable | 54 |
| **Total current liabilities** | **4337** |
| **Non-current liabilities:** |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred tax liabilities | 1449 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities – non-current | 642 |
| **Total non-current liabilities** | **2091** |
| **Total liabilities** | **6428** |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**1.** **ORGANIZATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| |
|:---|
| **Net Revenues:** |
| **Cost of revenues** |
| **Total gross profit** |
| **Operating expenses:** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sales and marketing expenses) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative expenses) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development expenses) |
| **Total operating expenses**) |
| **Operating income (loss)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other income (expense) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign exchange gain (loss) |
| **Income (loss) from discontinued operation, before income taxes** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax (expense) benefit |
| **Income (loss) from discontinued operations** |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended<br> December 31,** | |
|  | **2024** | **For the<br> period<br> starting<br> from<br> January 1 to <br> April 8**<br>**2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net income (loss) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income tax expenses (benefits) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on debt forgiveness by a related party) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash generated from operating activities |  |  |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES** |  |  |
| Purchases of property and equipment) |  |  |
| Investment in time deposit) |  |  |
| Receipt of time deposit from banks |  |  |
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  |  |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES** |  |  |
| Net cash generated from financing activities |  |  |
| Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash) |  |  |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of year |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of year |  |  |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(a) Basis of presentation***

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(b) Liquidity and going concern***

The Group's consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities during the normal course of operations. As of December 31, 2025, the Group had cash and cash equivalents of $2.6 million and a working capital of $6.9 million and has generated a net income from continuing operations of $9.7 million and net decrease in cash of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025.

In April 2025, the Group completed the disposal of a significant portion of its hardware and software services business (see Note 1(b) and Note 4(d)), generating net cash proceeds of approximately $22.5 million. Following the disposal, the Group's ongoing operations consist primarily of holding company activities with minimal recurring cash outflows. However, the Group has no ongoing revenue-generating operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Group's ability to continue as a going concern.

Management has prepared a cash flow forecast for the twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. The forecast assumes no significant capital expenditures or debt service obligations, and projects that existing cash and disposal proceeds are sufficient to fund operating expenses. To address the long-term lack of revenue, management is actively evaluating the strategic alternatives, including identifying and negotiating potential acquisitions of complementary businesses to re-establish revenue streams, and seeking additional equity or debt financing as needed.

Based on the cash flow forecast and the plans described above, management believes that the Group has adequate liquidity to meet its obligations for the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(c) Principles of consolidation***

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Group, its subsidiaries and Consolidated VIEs, for which, the Group is the primary beneficiary. All significant inter-company transactions and balances between the Group, its subsidiaries and the Consolidated VIEs are eliminated upon consolidation. Results of its subsidiaries and its Consolidated VIEs are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(d) Discontinued operations***

A component of a reporting entity or a group of components of a reporting entity that are disposed or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale, such as the management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the disposal group, should be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. Discontinued operations are reported when a component of an entity comprising operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity is classified as held for disposal or has been disposed of, if the component either (1) represents a strategic shift or (2) have a major impact on an entity's financial results and operations. In the consolidated statement of operations, result from discontinued operations is reported separately from the income and expenses from continuing operations and prior periods are presented on a comparative basis. Cash flows for discontinued operations are presented separately in Note 1(b).

Assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations are classified as held for sale when the carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale transaction.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(e) Use of estimates***

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the year. Areas where management uses subjective judgment include, but are not limited to, estimating the useful lives of long-lived assets and intangible assets and the subsequent impairment assessment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and goodwill, determining the provisions for accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets and inventories, determining the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and accounting for deferred income taxes, uncertain tax benefits, determining the valuation for share-based compensation arrangements, convertible notes and warrants associated with convertible notes, fair value of identifiable intangible assets, contingent consideration liabilities and goodwill in a business combination,. Changes in facts and circumstances may result in revised estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and as such, differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(f) Foreign currency***

The functional currency of the Group and its non-PRC subsidiaries, excluding Borqs India, is the United States dollar ("$"). The functional currency of Borqs India is Rupee ("INR"), whereas the functional currency of the Group's PRC subsidiaries and its Consolidated VIEs is the Chinese Renminbi ("RMB") as determined based on the criteria of ASC Topic 830, *Foreign Currency Matters*, ("ASC 830"). The Group uses the $ as its reporting currency. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are re-measured into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities are re-measured at the balance sheet date exchange rate. Exchange gains and losses are included in foreign exchange gains and losses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Assets and liabilities of the Group's PRC subsidiaries are translated into $ at fiscal year-end exchange rates. Equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal year. Translation adjustments arising from translation of foreign currency financial statements are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(g) Cash and cash equivalents***

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and demand bank deposits which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use have original maturities less than three months. All highly liquid investments with a stated maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(h) Restricted cash and time deposits***

Cash that are restricted as to withdrawal or use for current operations are classified as restricted cash. Time deposits consist of bank deposits with an original maturity of greater than three months.

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 mainly represents the cash frozen by a bank as credit card deposit.

 ****

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(i) Short-term investments***

The Group classifies its short-term investments in accordance with ASC 321, Investments—Equity Securities, and ASC 825, Financial Instruments. Short-term investments consist of money market funds and equity securities.

Money market funds — The Group invests in money market funds as part of its short-term investment portfolio. These funds are measured at fair value, which approximates cost due to their stable net asset value. Interest and dividend income from money market funds is recognized as earned and included in interest and dividend income in the statement of operations.

Equity securities — The Group's equity securities consist of publicly traded common stocks listed on major U.S. exchanges. These securities are measured at fair value under ASC 321, with changes in fair value recognized in the statement of operations. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs). Realized gains and losses are recognized in earnings in the period of sale using the specific identification method.

All short-term investments are included in current assets on the balance sheet. Interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net in the statement of operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(j) Accounts Receivable***

Accounts receivable are carried at net realizable value. An allowance of doubtful accounts is recorded in the period when the collection of full amount is no longer probable. The Group reviews the accounts receivable for expected credit loss on a periodic basis and makes specific allowances when there is doubt as to the collectability of individual balances. In evaluating the collectability of individual receivable balances, the Group considers many factors, including the age of the balance, the customer's payment history, its current credit-worthiness and current economic trends. The Group adopt Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (codified as Accounting Standard Codification Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, which requires measurement and recognition of current expected credit losses for financial instruments held at amortized cost. See Note 2 (p) below for current expected credit loss.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(k) Inventories***

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventories to its net market value are made, if required, for decreases in sales prices, obsolescence or similar reductions in the estimated net realizable value.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(l) Property and equipment***

Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Category** | **Estimated useful life** |
| Computer and network equipment | 3-5 years |
| Office equipment | 5 years |
| Motor vehicles | 5 years |
| Leasehold improvements | Over the shorter of lease term or the estimated useful lives of the assets |

---

Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the costs of betterments that extend the useful life of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sale and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(m) Intangible assets***

Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and any recorded impairment. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognized initially at fair value at the date of acquisition. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized using the straight-line method. These amortization methods reflect the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits of the respective intangible assets are to be consumed.

Development costs of software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed are subject to capitalization beginning when technological feasibility is reached and ending when the software is available for general release to customers, in accordance with ASC 350-20, *Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed*, ("ASC 350-20").

Intangible assets have weighted average useful lives from the date of purchase as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Purchased software | 4.5 years |
| Capitalized software development costs | 3 years |
| Internal-use software | 5 years |
| Developed technology | 10 years |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(n) Business combination and Goodwill***

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The Group recognizes separately from goodwill the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and the noncontrolling interest at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of an acquired business. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, *Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets*, ("ASC 350"), recorded goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

In addition, the share purchase agreements entered into may contain contingent consideration provisions obligating the Group to pay additional purchase consideration, upon the acquired business's achievement of certain agreed upon operating performance-based milestones. Under ASC 805, these contingent consideration arrangements are required to be recognized and measured at fair value at the acquisition date as either a liability or as an equity instrument, with liability instruments being required to be remeasured at each reporting period through the Company's statements of comprehensive income (loss) until such time as to when the contingency is resolved.

The fair value of the contingent consideration is valued by external valuers. The valuations are presented to the Group's management. The fair value of the earn-out payments was measured using a Monte Carlo simulation analysis.

In accordance with ASC 350, the Group assigned and assessed goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below the operating segment. The Group has determined that it has two operating segments as its reporting units, namely Solar Energy Business and Connected Solution. Goodwill is recorded at the Solar Energy reporting unit. The Group performed impairment analysis on goodwill as of December 31 every year beginning with a qualitative assessment, or starting with the quantitative assessment instead. The quantitative goodwill impairment test compares the fair values of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. A reporting unit constitutes a business for which discrete profit and loss financial information is available. The fair value of each reporting unit is established using a combination of expected present value of future cash flows and income approach valuation methodologies. If the fair value of each reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered to be impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Determining when to test for impairment, the Group's reporting units, the fair value of a reporting unit and the fair value of assets and liabilities within a reporting unit, requires judgment and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, future economic and market conditions and determination of appropriate market comparable. The Group bases fair value estimates on assumptions it believes to be reasonable but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

Significant changes in the economic characteristics of components or reorganization of an entity's reporting structure can sometimes result in a re-assessment of the affected operating segment and its components to determine whether reporting units need to be redefined where the components are no longer economically similar.

Future changes in the judgments and estimates underlying the Group's analysis of goodwill for possible impairment, including expected future cash flows and discount rate, could result in a significantly different estimate of the fair value of the reporting units and could result in additional impairment of goodwill.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(o) Long-term investments***

The Group's long-term investments consist of equity investments without readily determinable fair value. The Group makes a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date, applying judgment in considering various factors and events including a) adverse performance of investees; b) adverse industry developments affecting investees; and c) adverse regulatory social, economic or other developments affecting investees. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the Group estimates the investment's fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment's carrying value, the Group recognizes an impairment loss of investments equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(p) Current expected credit loss***

In 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASC Topic 326"), which amends previously issued guidance regarding the impairment of financial instruments by creating an impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. The Group no longer qualified as an emerging growth company in the year 2020 and adopted this ASC Topic 326 on January 1, 2020.

The Group has identified the relevant risk characteristics of its customers and the related receivables, and other receivables which include type of the products the Group provides, nature of the customers or a combination of these characteristics. Receivables with similar risk characteristics have been grouped into pools. For each pool, the Group considers the historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and any recoveries in assessing the lifetime expected credit losses. Other key factors that influence the expected credit loss analysis include customer demographics, payment terms offered in the normal course of business to customers, and industry-specific factors that could impact the Group's receivables. Additionally, external data and macroeconomic factors are also considered.

Movement of the allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts receivable and contract assets is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year <br> ended December 31,** | **Year <br> ended December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** |
| Balance as of January 1 |  | - |
| Provisions for doubtful accounts |  | 56 |
| Write offs) |  | - |
| Changes due to foreign exchange) |  | - |
| Balance as of December 31 |  | 56 |

---

Movement of the allowance for other receivables in prepaid expenses and other current assets (See Note 6), is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year<br> ended December 31,** | **Year<br> ended December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** |
| Balance as of January 1 |  |  |
| Provisions for doubtful accounts |  |  |
| Write offs) |  |  |
| Changes due to foreign exchange |  |  |
| Balance as of December 31 |  |  |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(q) Impairment of long-lived assets***

The Group evaluates its long-lived assets or asset group, including intangible assets with indefinite and finite lives, for impairment. Intangible assets with indefinite lives that are not subject to amortization are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired in accordance with ASC 350. Such impairment test compares the fair values of assets with their carrying values with an impairment loss recognized when the carrying values exceed fair values.

For long-lived assets and intangible assets with finite lives that are subject to depreciation and amortization are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or a Group of long-lived assets may not be recoverable. When these events occur, the Group evaluates impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group would recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset group over its fair value.

The impairment loss of long-lived assets was $nil, $nil and $nil for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, based on the impairment tests performed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(r) Convertible Promissory Notes***

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The ASU simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. The FASB reduced the number of accounting models for convertible debt and convertible preferred stock instruments and made certain disclosure amendments to improve the information provided to users. For public business entities that meet the definition of an SEC filer, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies as defined by the SEC, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group has elected to adopt the amendments in these ASUs on January 1, 2021.

The Group determines the appropriate accounting treatment of its convertible notes in accordance with the terms in relation to the conversion feature, call and put options, and any other embedded features. After considering the impact of such features, the Group may account for such instrument as a liability in its entirety, or separate the instrument into debt and equity components following the respective guidance described under ASC 815 "Derivatives and Hedging" and ASC 470 "Debt". The debt discount, if any, together with the related issuance cost are subsequently amortized as interest expense, using the effective interest method, from the issuance date to the earliest maturity date. Interest expenses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they are incurred.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(s) Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discounts***

The Group may record debt issuance costs and/or debt discounts in connection with raising funds through the issuance of debt. These costs may be paid in the form of cash, or equity (such as warrants). These costs are amortized to interest expense through the maturity of the debt. If a conversion of the underlying debt occurs prior to maturity a proportionate share of the unamortized amounts is immediately expensed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(t) Derivative financial instruments***

The Group evaluates all of its equity-linked financial instruments, including issued stock purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 480 and ASC 815. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity and whether embedded derivative shall be bifurcated from the host instrument and separately accounted for as a derivative, is reassessed at the end of each reporting period. Derivative assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value at inception and re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the consolidated statements of operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(u) Fair value of financial instruments***

The Group applies ASC Topic 820, *Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures*, ("ASC 820"). ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 requires disclosures to be provided on fair value measurement.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

ASC 820 describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach; and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

The Group's financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short term investments, accounts receivable and payable, accounts receivable from related parties, short-term bank and other borrowings and long-term bank borrowings. Other than the long-term bank borrowings, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The carrying amounts of long-term bank borrowings approximated their fair values since they bear interest rates which approximate market interest rates.

The Group's investments measured at fair value consist of money market funds and equity securities. Money market funds are measured at fair value using the net asset value ("NAV") per share. Equity securities are classified as trading securities and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs). Unrealized gains and losses on these investments are recognized in the statement of operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(v) Revenue recognition***

The Group is mainly engaged in the business of providing 1) Android+ platform solutions and services, 2) hardware product sales and 3) Solar. The Group adopted the new revenue recognition standards, or ASC 606, effective January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method for contracts which were not completed at the date of initial adoption. In accordance with ASC Topic 606, revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the Group's customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Group expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. In determining when and how much revenue is recognized from contracts with customers, the Group performs the following five-step analysis: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

When either party to a contract has performed, the Group presents the contract in the consolidated balance sheet as a contract asset or a contract liability, depending on the relationship between the entity's performance and the customer's payment.

A contract asset is the Group's right to consideration in exchange for goods and services that the Group has transferred to a customer. A receivable is recorded when the Group has an unconditional right to consideration, and it is probable that substantially all of the consideration will be collected.

If a customer pays consideration or the Group has a right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional, before the Group transfers a good or service to the customer, the Group presents the contract liability when the payment is made or a receivable is recorded (whichever is earlier). A contract liability is the Group's obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer.

The Group's contract with customers do not include significant financing component and material variable consideration.

Generally, the Group recognizes revenue under ASC Topic 606 for each type of its major revenue streams as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. Android+ platform solutions and services

Android+ platform solutions

The Group provides customized Android+ software platform solutions that are developed to maximize the commercial grade quality or performance of open source Android+ software for integration with particular chipsets. The Group also provides customized Android+ service platform solutions that are end-to-end software developed for mobile operators to allow data synchronization between their platform and mobile devices. The Group charges its customers, mainly including mobile device manufacturers and mobile operators, fixed fees for project-based software contracts, as well as per chip or per mobile device royalty fees.

There are executed contracts and purchase orders between the Group and each customer, and each party's rights regarding the service to be rendered are written on the contracts. For this type of customers, the Group enters contract with them, which has the commercial substance to identify each party's rights and obligations.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

There are two major performance obligations in the contracts with this type of customers: the delivery of the software product and the completion of the post-contract-service ("PCS"). The allocation of the transaction price between the two major performance obligations is based on the estimated standalone selling prices. The selling price for the performance obligation of PCS is estimated as the reasonable cost budget plus a margin or industrial standard. The rest of the transaction price other than the reasonable cost budget plus a margin for PCS will be allocated to the performance obligation of the delivery of the software product.

For the sales derived from software development project in which the customer's contract specifies the technical requirements of the software product, the Group recognizes revenue in accordance with the satisfaction of each performance obligation. For the performance obligation of the delivery of the software product, the Group recognizes the revenue at the point of time, upon the customers sign off the acceptance. For the performance obligation of the completion of PCS Period, the Group recognizes the revenue over the period of the PCS Period.

Service contracts

The Group provides research and development services to certain customers for their mobile-computing related development projects where fees are charged on a time and material basis and the Group is not responsible for the outcome of such development projects. The revenue is recognized proportionately over the time. The Group elects right to invoice expedient as the measure of progress.

The revenue arising from contracts related to Android+ platform solutions and services is included as "Software Revenues" on the Group's consolidated statement of operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Hardware product sales

The Group provides total solutions on original design manufacturer ("ODM") basis to customers of mobile devices. The Group recognizes revenue at the point of time, upon the delivery of products to customers, which is when the goods delivered to the designated address and it is probable that substantially all of the consideration will be collected. Warranty is provided to all customers, which is not considered an additional service; rather, an integral part of the product sales. ASC Topic 450, Contingencies, specifically addresses the accounting for standard warranties. The Group believes that accounting for its standard warranty pursuant to ASC 450 does not impact revenue recognition because the cost of honoring the warranty can be reliably estimated. The Group has determined the likelihood of claims arising from warranties to be remote based on strong quality control procedures in the production process and historical experience with regard to claims being made by customers. The basis for the warranty accrual will be reviewed periodically based on actual experience. The Group does not sell extended warranty coverage.

The revenue arising from contracts related to hardware product sales is included as "Hardware Revenues" on the Group's consolidated statement of operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Solar

Solar, Holu Hou Energy LLC ("HHE") provides services under three business models, which are residential projects, commercial projects and wholesale equipment sales. For residential projects and commercial projects, HHE complete solar + battery systems to residential homeowners and commercial customers. There are several milestones in both projects. The Group recognizes the revenue at the point of time, upon the satisfaction of the performance obligation (upon all of the contract milestones complete). For wholesale equipment sale, customers either purchases equipment from HHE inventory, or purchase a large order of equipment from HHE with payment terms. Revenue is recognized upon the satisfaction of the performance obligation (upon equipment delivery).

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

Practical expedients and exemptions

Besides the right to invoice expedients, the Group generally expenses sales commissions if any incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(w) Contract assets***

Contract assets represent the right to consideration in exchange for services that the Group have transferred to the customer before payment is due.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(x) Deferred cost of revenue***

The Group's deferred cost of revenues primarily consists of (i) materials and equipment costs, (ii) compensation and related overhead expenses for personnel involved in the customization of its products, delivery, installation and maintenance ("compensation and overhead costs"), and (iii) contractor costs. The deferred cost of revenue will be charged to the cost of revenue when revenue is recognized.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(y) Contract Costs***

Costs of fulfilling a contract are recognized as an asset if those costs meet all the following criteria: (1) the costs relate directly to a contract that the Group can specifically identify; (2) the costs generate or enhance resources of the Group that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future; (b) the costs are expected to be recovered. The Group chooses to use consistent method to amortize such contract costs, with the timing of the transfer of goods and services to customers. Over time, the carrying amount of the contract costs may become impaired.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(z) Contract Liabilities***

Contract liabilities primarily relate to multiple element arrangements for which billing has occurred but transfer of control of all elements to the customer has either partially or not occurred at the balance sheet date. This includes cash received from customers for services or products in advance of the transfer of control. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Group recognized revenue of $1,086 that was included in the advances from customers and deferred revenue at January 1, 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Group recognized revenue of $3,093 that was included in the advances from customers and deferred revenue at January 1, 2024.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(aa) Cost of revenues***

Cost of revenues consists primarily of telecommunication costs, depreciation of long-lived assets, amortization of acquired intangible asset, payroll and other related costs of operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(bb) Advertising expenditures***

Advertising expenditures are expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expenses, which amounted to nil, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively for the Group's continuing operation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(cc) Research and development expenses***

Research and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, and other headcount-related expenses associated with research and platform development. Research and development expenses also include rent, depreciation and other related expenses. Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(dd) Government grants***

Government grants are provided by the relevant PRC municipal government authorities to subsidize the cost of certain technology development projects. The amount of such government grants are determined solely at the discretion of the relevant government authorities and there is no assurance that the Group will continue to receive these government grants in the future. Government grants are recognized when it is probable that the Group will comply with the conditions attached to them, and the grants are received. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations over the period necessary to match the grant on a systematic basis to the costs that it is intended to compensate, as a reduction of the related operating expense. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as deferred government grants and released to the consolidated statement of operations in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset, when operational, as a reduction of the related depreciation expense.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(ee) Leases***

On January 1, 2019, the Group adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as amended, which supersedes the lease accounting guidance under Topic 840, and generally requires lessees to recognize operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets on the balance sheet and to provide enhanced disclosures surrounding the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leasing arrangements.

The Group elected to apply practical expedients permitted under the transition method that allow the Group to use the beginning of the period of adoption as the date of initial application, to not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less, to not separate non-lease components from lease components, and to not reassess lease classification, treatment of initial direct costs, or whether an existing or expired contract contains a lease. The Group used modified retrospective method and did not adjust the prior comparative periods. Under the new lease standard, the Group determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease terms. The Group considers only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of lease commencement.

ASC 842 requires a lessee to discount its unpaid lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, its incremental borrowing rate. As most of the Group's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for the lease. The Group's incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. The Group's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Renewal options are considered within the right-of-use assets and lease liability when it is reasonably certain that the Group will exercise that option.

Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(ff) Income taxes***

The Group accounts for income taxes using the liability method. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Group records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Group applies ASC Topic 740, *Accounting for Income Taxes*, ("ASC 740"), to account for uncertainty in income taxes. ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. The Group has elected to classify interest related to unrecognized tax benefits, if and when required, as part of "income tax expense" in the consolidated statements of operations and to classify all deferred income tax assets and liabilities as non-current on the consolidated balance sheets.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(gg) Reverse stock split***

The Board of Directors of the Group approved a reverse stock split of the Group's issued and outstanding shares at a ratio of 1-for-16 (the "2022 Reverse Stock Split") on June 08, 2022. The 2022 Reverse Stock Split became effective on June 27, 2022. As a result, the Group's issued and outstanding shares was decreased in inverse proportion to the ratio.

The Board of Directors of the Group approved a reverse stock split of the Group's issued and outstanding shares at a ratio of 1-for-12 (the "2023 Reverse Stock Split") on May 26, 2023. The 2023 Reverse Stock Split became effective on October 10, 2023. As a result, the Group's issued and outstanding shares was decreased.

When the 2022 Reverse Stock Split became effective, each sixteen shares of issued and outstanding shares were converted into one newly issued and outstanding share. When the 2023 Reverse Stock Split became effective, each twelve shares of issued and outstanding shares were converted into one newly issued and outstanding share. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the 2022 Reverse Stock Split and 2023 Reverse Stock Split. Any fractional shares of common stock that would have otherwise resulted from the 2022 Reverse Stock Split and 2023 Reverse Stock Split were rounded up to the nearest full share. No cash or other consideration was paid in connection with any fractional shares that would otherwise have resulted from the 2022 Reverse Stock Split and 2023 Reverse Stock Split.

As a result of the 2022 Reverse Stock Split, 298,406,545 shares of common stock that were issued and outstanding at June 27, 2022 was reduced to 18,681,481 shares of common stock. As a result of the 2023 Reverse Stock Split, 190,168,698 shares of common stock that were issued and outstanding at October 10, 2023 was reduced to 15,895,015 shares of common stock (taking into account the rounding of fractional shares).

Except where otherwise specified, all number of shares, share prices and per share data in the consolidated financial statements and the notes to the consolidated financial statements have been retroactively restated as if the Reverse Stock Splits occurred at the beginning of the periods presented.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(hh) Subscriptions receivable***

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, subscriptions receivable included investment amounts in the form of (i) ownership of KADI that has been contemplated to be sold to the Group in exchange for shares of the Group of $5,217. (ii) escrow shares to Samsung in the year 2019, 2022 and 2023 as security for arbitration compensation of $10,482, and (iii) shares issued for a project to an advisor of $392. Since the shares in all these cases have already been issued, these items were recorded as subscriptions receivable on the equity section of the Group's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Group retains the legal right to enforce the subscriptions receivable. As of December 31, 2025, the amounts remain outstanding due to pending administrative or procedural matters, not due to collectability concerns. No impairment is considered necessary. Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2025, the Group cancelled all the 538,437 shares issued to Samsung and held in Escrow in February 2026.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(ii) Share-based compensation***

The Group accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, *Compensation-Stock Compensation: Overall*, ("ASC 718").

In accordance with ASC 718, the Group determines whether an award should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All grants of share-based awards to employees classified as equity awards are measured based on their grant date fair values and recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period and/or performance period in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Group recognizes compensation expense using the accelerated method for share-based awards granted with service and performance conditions. According to ASC 718, the amount of compensation cost recognized (or attributed) when achievement of a performance condition is probable depends on the relative satisfaction of the performance condition based on performance to date. According to ASC 718, probable means the future event or events are likely to occur and the Group interprets "probable" to be generally in excess of a 70% likelihood of occurrence. The Group elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(jj) Comprehensive income (loss)***

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the increase (decrease) in equity of the Group during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Accumulated other comprehensive loss of the Group includes foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Group and its PRC subsidiaries, whose functional currency is RMB.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(kk) Segment reporting***

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU 2023-07 – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which enhances the disclosures required for reportable segments in annual and interim consolidated financial statements, including additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Group adopted ASU 2023-07 for the year ended December 31, 2024, retrospectively to all periods presented in the consolidated financial statement. The adoption of this ASU had no material impact on reportable segments identified and had no effect on the Group's consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, an operating segment is identified as a component of an enterprise that engages in business activities about which separate discrete financial information and operating results is the Group's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO").

The Group historically had two operating segments, namely Connected Solution and Solar Power Solutions, which related to HHE's business as the Group's chief executive officer, who has been identified as the Group's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") reviews the operating results of the two difference service lines in order to allocate resources and assess performance for the Group. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Group operates in one reportable segment, which is the Connected Solutions. The CODM makes decisions on resource allocation, evaluates operating performance, and monitors budget versus actual results using net income (loss). There is no reconciling items or adjustments between segment income (loss) and net income (loss) as presented in our statements of operations. The CODM does not review assets in evaluating the segment results and therefore such information is not presented.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(ll) Employee benefits***

The full-time employees of the Group's PRC subsidiaries are entitled to staff welfare benefits including medical care, housing fund, pension benefits and unemployment insurance, which are governmental mandated defined contribution plans. These entities are required to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees' respective salaries, subject to certain ceilings, in accordance with the relevant PRC regulations, and make cash contributions to the state-sponsored plans out of the amounts accrued.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(mm) (Loss) income per share***

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Loss) income per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net income is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on their participating rights. As the participating securities do not share the losses of the Group, the computation of basic earnings per share using two-class method is not applicable when the Group is at a net loss position. Diluted (loss) earnings per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of shares issuable upon the exercise of share options using the treasury stock method and shares issuable upon the exercise of the Group's warrant using the if-converted method. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted loss per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(nn) Recent accounting pronouncements***

*Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted*

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, "Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative". This standard was issued in response to the SEC's disclosure update and simplification initiative, which affects a variety of topics within the Accounting Standards Codification. The amendments apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected topics unless otherwise indicated. This ASU will become effective for each amendment on the date on which the SEC removes the related disclosure from its regulations. However, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the related disclosure from its regulations, the amendments will be removed from the Codification and not become effective for any entity. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires an entity to disclose disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items. The standard is effective for us beginning January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the impact the adoption will have on the disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which aims to modernize the accounting for internal-use software costs to better align with current software development practices by removing references to prescriptive software development stages and establishing a new principle for when to begin capitalizing such costs. The standard is effective for us beginning January 1, 2028. The Group is currently evaluating the impact the adoption will have on the consolidated financial statements.

*Recently adopted accounting pronouncements*

On November 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023 - 07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). This ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment's profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted this ASU retrospectively on December 31, 2024. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Group's consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) ("ASU 2023-09"). The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are intended to improve income tax disclosures, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 became effective for our fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted these amendments on January 1, 2025 and applied the amendments on a prospective basis. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

The Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial position, statements of operations, cash flows, and disclosures.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**3.** **CONCENTRATION OF RISKS** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(a) Credit risk***

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Group to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, time deposits, accounts receivable and accounts receivable from related parties. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the aggregate amount of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash from continuing operations were $2,058 and $2,615, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the aggregate amount of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $425 and $1,406 respectively, were held at major financial institutions located in the PRC, and $1,633 and $1,209, respectively, were deposited with major financial institutions located outside the PRC. Management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality and continually monitors the credit worthiness of these financial institutions. Historically, deposits in Chinese banks are secure due to the state policy on protecting depositors' interests. However, China promulgated a new Bankruptcy Law in August 2006 that came into effect on June 1, 2007, which contains a separate article expressly stating that the State Council may promulgate implementation measures for the bankruptcy of Chinese banks based on the Bankruptcy Law. Under the new Bankruptcy Law, a Chinese bank may go into bankruptcy. In addition, since China's concession to the World Trade Organization, foreign banks have been gradually permitted to operate in China and have been significant competitors against Chinese banks in many aspects, especially since the opening of the Renminbi business to foreign banks in late 2006. Therefore, the risk of bankruptcy of those Chinese banks in which the Group has deposits has increased. In the event of bankruptcy of one of the banks which holds the Group's deposits, the Group is unlikely to claim its deposits back in full since the bank is unlikely to be classified as a secured creditor based on PRC laws.

Accounts receivable, and accounts receivable from related parties are both typically unsecured and are derived from revenues earned from customers. The risk is mitigated by credit evaluations the Group performs on its ongoing credit evaluations of its customers' financial conditions and ongoing monitoring process of outstanding balances.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(b) Business supplier, customer, and economic risk***

The Group participates in a dynamic and competitive high technology industry and believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Group's future financial position, results of operations or cash flows: changes in the overall demand for services; competitive pressures due to new entrants; advances and new trends in new technology; control of telecommunication infrastructures by local regulators and industry standards; strategic relationships or customer relationships; regulatory considerations; and risks associated with the Group's ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Customer concentration risk – the Group's main operations are dependent upon a few customers, with one particularly large customer representing 53.88% of the Group's net revenues during the year ended December 31, 2025. It is always considered at least reasonably possible that any customer can be lost in the near time. There is no guarantee that the large customer will continue to place orders with the Group or award similar volume of business to the Group. The Group's top five customers accounted for 98.4%, 91.6% and 100.0% of our net revenues in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The accounts receivable from the largest single customer accounted for 95% and 90% of the Group's total accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Product concentration and geography concentration risks – For the fiscal year of 2023, approximately 91.3% of the Group's net revenues was focused on the handset mobile device. For the fiscal year of 2024, approximately 93.4% of the Group's net revenues was focused on the handset mobile device. For the fiscal year of 2025, approximately 86.0% of the Group's net revenues was focused on the handset mobile device. There is no guarantee that this product type will continue to have demand in the fast-changing telecom industry or that the Group can continue to feasibly compete as a designer and manufacturer of such products.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**3.** **CONCENTRATION OF RISKS (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) Business supplier risk

For the Group's continuous operations, the Group's top five suppliers accounted for 43.8% and 35.1% of our cost of goods sold in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) Economic risk – the Group's operations could be adversely affected by significant political, economic and social uncertainties in the PRC. Although the PRC government has been pursuing economic reform policies for more than 40 years, no assurance can be given that the PRC government will continue to pursue such policies or that such policies may not be significantly altered, especially in the event of a change in leadership, social or political disruption or unforeseen circumstances affecting the PRC political, economic and social conditions. There is also no guarantee that the PRC government's pursuit of economic reforms will be consistent or effective.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(c) Foreign currency exchange rate risk***

For financial reporting purposes, the financial statements of the Group's PRC operating subsidiaries and VIE, which are prepared using the functional currency of the PRC, Renminbi ("RMB"), are translated into the Company's reporting currency, the United States Dollar ("U.S. dollar"). Assets and liabilities are translated using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated using average rates prevailing during each reporting period, and shareholders' equity is translated at historical exchange rates. Adjustments resulting from the translation are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity.

The exchange rates used to translate amounts in RMB into US$ for the purposes of preparing the consolidated financial statements are as follows:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
| Balance sheet items, except for equity accounts |  | 7.1884 |  | 7.0288 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Years ended<br> December 31,** | **Years ended<br> December 31,** | **Years ended<br> December 31,** | **Years ended<br> December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
| Items in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss |  | 7.1217 |  | 7.1429 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(d) Interest rate risk***

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk on its interest-bearing liabilities. As part of its liability risk management, the Group reviews and takes appropriate steps to manage its interest rate exposures on its interest-bearing liabilities. The Group has not been exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates, and not used any derivative financial instruments to manage the interest risk exposure during the years presented.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**4.** **BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSAL** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(a)***  ***Acquisition of HHE*** 

On October 19, 2021, the Group signed definitive agreements to acquire 51% equity interests in Holu Hou Energy LLC ("HHE"). The total consideration for the acquisition of HHE amounted to $10.0 million in cash as capital contribution, and 73,099 of the Group's ordinary shares. Of this consideration, $3.25 million cash and 18,275 shares were released at the closing date and the remaining $6.75 million of cash and 54,824 shares will be held in escrow and released as earn-out payments.

The earn-out payment is based on the performance of the acquiree to achieve certain earn-out requirements from July 2022 to January 2024. The fair value of the earn-out payments was measured using a Monte Carlo simulation analysis. As of the acquisition date, the total contingent consideration recognized with the amount of $1,669. The Group and HHE entered into agreement to postpone the original earn-out to be measured in July 2022 to July 2023.

HHE is an innovative solar energy and storage provider for the residential, multi-family residential and commercial building markets. With operations in California, Hawaii, Wisconsin and Shanghai, HHE engineers proprietary storage system and software and control platform solutions. The HHE team is made up of renewable energy industry veterans, engineering and deploying energy storage systems that enable greater energy independence.

After the completion of the acquisition, HHE became a subsidiary of the Group.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group issued additional 416,666 shares to HHE as an additional acquisition cost to compensate the short fall in value of shares and recorded a loss on additional compensation to HHE of $5,950.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group issued additional 1,916,667 shares to HHE to compensate the short fall in value of shares issued to HHE. The fair value of the issued shares of $9,423 was recorded in subscription receivable with a corresponding charge to additional paid in capital during the year ended December 31, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group recorded $5,400 loss of additional compensation to HHE as the Company signed amendment agreement with HHE and agreed to pay total of $5,400 cash compensation to the former subsidiary. As of December 31, 2023, $2,700 has been paid and the remaining $2,700 was included in other payables.

In March 2024, the Group completed the divestment of all of its interest in Holu Hou Energy LLC (Note 4(b)), adhering to the requirements from the Commission on Foreign Investment in the United States. Further, the Group has agreed with HHE to cancel all the shares issued to HHE included 73,099, 416,666 and 1,916,667 shares issued during the year ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**4.** **BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSAL (CONTINUED)** 

This transaction was considered a business acquisition and therefore was recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquired assets and liabilities were recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. The purchase price for the acquisition was allocated as follows:

---

| |
|:---|
| Net liabilities acquired) |
| Amortizable intangible assets |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Developed Technology |
| Goodwill |
| Deferred tax liabilities) |
| Noncontrolling interests) |
| Total |
| Total purchase price consisted of: |
| - cash consideration (paid in fiscal 2021) |
| - share-based consideration (18,275 of the Group's ordinary shares) |
| - contingent considerations |
| Total |

---

The goodwill is attributable to intangible assets that cannot be recognized separately as identifiable assets under U.S. GAAP, and comprise of (a) the assembled work force and (b) the expected but unidentifiable business growth as a result of the economy of scale, increase in cross-selling opportunities as well as synergy resulting from the acquisition.

The amortizable intangible assets represent the developed technology acquired as of the acquisition date with the amount of $4,492, it was valued using the multi-period excess earnings approach.

The non-controlling interest with the amount of $6,513 as of the acquisition date was valued using the discounted cashflow method.

The key input and assumptions included internal rate of return of 11.2%, weighted average cost of capital of 12.0% and weighted average return of assets of 12.0%.

*Transaction Expenses*

Transaction costs directly related to the acquisition of $538 for the year ended December 31, 2021, recorded in share-based compensation expense for the ordinary shares issued to the financial advisors and general and administrative expenses for other related fees.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**4.** **BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSAL (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(b)***  ***Deconsolidation of HHE during the year ended December 31, 2022*** 

 ****

In December 2022, the Group received a letter (the "CFIUS Letter") from the Department of the Treasury on behalf of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS") stating that the Company is required to negotiate with CFIUS to fully divest its ownership interests and rights in HHE due to HHE's solar energy storage system and EnergyShare technology for Multi-Dwelling Residential Units being deemed a potential national security risk.

On December 31, 2022, the Group resolved that in order to comply fully with the requirements of the CFIUS Letter which involve multiple steps that the Group must adhere to, including: (i) Entering into a National Security Agreement with various departments of the US government with a plan that is effective, monitorable and verifiable to divest Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE; (ii) Selection of a trustee and entering into a Divestment Trust Agreement, and assigning the Group's interest in HHE to the trustee; and, (iii) Selection of a nationally recognized investment bank as the exclusive agent for the divestment of HHE. Besides, the Group also resolved that as of December 31, 2022, terminate its control of HHE by (i) removal of all of the Group's representatives from HHE's Board of Directors, (ii) relinquishment of Class A Membership Unit voting rights, and (iii) reduction of the Group's ownership of HHE from 51% down to 49% by allowing HHE to increase the total number of Class B membership units for employees of HHE such that the Group's ownership is proportionally reduced. And the Group resolved to comply fully with the requirements of the CFIUS Letter and terminate its control of HHE on December 31, 2022. By taking above actions, the Group no longer has a controlling interest in HHE and result in deconsolidation of HHE as of December 31, 2022.

On March 16, 2023, the Group and HHE entered into a National Security Agreement ("NSA") with the Department of Defense and Department of Treasury. The NSA provides that the divestment shall occur within six months unless extended by the U.S. Government. The NSA also contains standstill provisions which provide that the Group shall not acquire any additional ownership interest in HHE, merge with or into HHE, effect any changes to the rights held by the Group, except as necessary to effect its obligations under the NSA, or acquire or take possession of any assets of HHE. Further, upon the completion of the Divestment, the Group shall terminate or irrevocably waive any information, consent, board appointment, board observer, or other governance rights held by the Group, except for any and all rights that are determined by the U.S. Government to be necessary to effect the provisions of the NSA. The NSA outlines the steps to be taken with respect to the Divestment: engaging a nationally recognized investment bank with experience in administering competitive sales and auction processes; assigning and hiring of security and monitoring personnel to directly communicate with the U.S. Government; removing all of Borqs' administrative and technical influence over HHE; and creating a plan to divest all of Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE. Pursuant to the requirement of the NSA, Borqs has assigned its interests in HHE into a Divestment Trust according to a Divestment Trust Agreement ("DTA") dated March 20, 2023 entered into between Borqs, HHE and a trustee. According to the DTA, when Borqs' interests in HHE are being placed in a Voting Trust Agreement as a security measure designed to insulate HHE from any foreign control or influence that may arise from Borqs' ownership of the investment interest. Also, it shall not accept direction from the Group on any matter before the trustee or the Board of Manager of HHE and not to permit the Group to exercise any control or influence over the business or management of HHE

As above, HHE, which identified the innovative clean energy business, a separate segment was deconsolidated on December 31, 2022, and reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2021, for the carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale and revenues and expenses related to HHE have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as discontinued operations for 2022.

The loss on the deconsolidation of HHE was calculated as below for the year ended December 31, 2022:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount** |
|  | **$'000** |
| The fair value of the consideration received | $- |
| Carrying value of non-controlling interest prior to the deconsolidation | 1926 |
| Less: Net assets of HHE derecognized on deconsolidation | 7317 |
| Loss from deconsolidation | (5391) |
| Derecognition of contingent liabilities recognized during the acquisition | 1781 |
| **Net loss on deconsolidation** | $(3610) |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**4.** **BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSAL (CONTINUED)** 

After the deconsolidation of HHE on December 31, 2022, the Group recorded the investment as equity investments without readily determinable fair value. Based on the valuation of the retained interest in HHE, the fair value of the investment is zero and the Group recognized the impairment loss equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value. The loss related to the remeasurement of remaining investment in HHE is $5,391.

The fair value of HHE was valued using the market approach and income approach.

The key input and assumptions included long-term growth rate of 2.4%, weighted average cost of capital of 14.0% and risk-free rate of 4.1%.

Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group completed the divestment of all of its interest in HHE as of March 6, 2024, adhering to the requirements from the Commission on Foreign Investment in the United States. On March 01, 2024, the Group cancelled 489,766 shares issued to HHE and 1,916,667 shares issued to HHE held in escrow.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(c)***  ***Disposal of Borqs KK ("BKK") during the year ended December 31, 2024*** 

In November 2024, the Group ceased operation in Borqs KK ("BKK") a 60% majority owned subsidiary. Since the date of loss of control BKK was deconsolidated from the Group's financial statements. A gain of $4 was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(d)***  ***Disposal of Targeted Business during the year ended December 31, 2025*** 

On November 11, 2024, the Company announced that Sasken Technologies Limited ("Sasken"), a leading global product engineering and digital transformation services company based in India, signed a Letter of Intent with the Group to acquire the Group's certain hardware and software services business. On April 8, 2025, the Group signed a Share Purchase Agreement ("SPA") with Sasken Design Solutions Pte. Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sasken. The SPA provided for Sasken's acquisition of the Group's core business through the purchase of BORQS International Holding Corp, the Group's wholly owned subsidiary. The business including Borqs International Holding Corp (the Cayman Islands), Borqs Technologies (HK) Limited, Borqs Technologies India Private Limited, New Borqs Technologies (Beijing) Company, Ltd., (all referred as the "Targeted Business"). The transactions contemplated by the SPA (the "Sale") were consummated on April 9, 2025. Included in the Sale are all of the Group's embedded software design and customized hardware manufacturing of products for the Internet of Things (IoT) activities, customer contracts, technology licenses, intellectual property, employment agreements with key personnel and assets required for the Group's operations. Sasken agreed to pay the Group an aggregate purchase price of $40 million, subject to adjustments for working capital and certain earnout payments linked to performance in 2025.

The gain on the deconsolidation of Targeted Business was calculated as below for the year ended December 31, 2025:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount** |
|  | **$'000** |
| The fair value of the consideration received | $26451 |
| Less: Net assets of Targeted Business on disposal | 5168 |
| **Net gain on disposal** | $21283 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(e)***  ***Disposal of BOZZ during the year ended December 31, 2025*** 

In November 2024, the Group ceased operation in BOZZ, a 55% majority owned subsidiary. Since the date of loss of control BOZZ was deconsolidated from the Group's financial statements. A loss of $71 was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2025:

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**5.** **SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS** 

Short-term investments consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** |
| Money market funds |  | 1080 |
| Equity securities |  | 3808 |
|  |  | 4888 |

---

The Group invests in money market funds as part of the short-term investment portfolio. These funds are measured at fair value. As of December 31, 2025, the Group held $1,080 in money market funds. The Group's equity securities consist of publicly traded common stocks listed on major U.S. exchanges. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices in active markets. As of December 31, 2025, the Group held $3,808 in equity securities.

The following table presents the Company's short-term investments for the year ended December 31, 2025:

---

| |
|:---|
| Balance at beginning of year |
| Net purchase of short term investments |
| Net unrealized loss recognized in earnings) |
| Realized gain recognized in earnings |
| Foreign currency translation |
| Balance at end of year |

---

**6.** **PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS, NET** 

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

---

| |
|:---|
| Staff advances |
| Prepayment for products |
| Advance to OEMs |
| Rental and other deposits |
| VAT recoverable |
| Investment of convertible bond |
| Cash loan |
| Prepayment for debt settlement |
| Others |
| Less: provision |

---

Provisions were $392 and $1,214 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The Group reviews staff advances, rental and other deposits, receivable from an agent and other for expected credit loss. The Group determined the allowance based on known troubled accounts, historical experience, and other currently available evidence.

**7.** **LEASE** 

The Group leases office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreement, which expire through 2028. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group's operating leases had a weighted average discount rate of 4.75% and 4.75%, respectively. The Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for leases. The incremental borrowing rate is based on the Group's actual borrowing rates, adjusted for collateral and term. Weighted-average remaining lease term for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 were 1.0 years and 3.0 years, respectively.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**7.** **LEASE (CONTINUED)** 

Operating lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $41, which excluded cost of short-term contracts. Short-term lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $12. Operating lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $234, which excluded cost of short-term contracts. Short-term lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $85. Operating lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $483, which excluded cost of short-term contracts. Short-term lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $27.

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $484, $150 and $70 for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

---

| |
|:---|
| Year ended December 31, |
| -2026 |
| -2027 |
| -2028 |
| Total undiscounted lease payments |
| Less: imputed interest) |
| Total |
| Including: |
| - Operating lease liabilities - current |
| - Operating lease liabilities – non current |
| Total |

---

**8.** **PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET** 

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

---

| |
|:---|
| At cost: |
| Computer and network equipment |
| Office equipment |
| Motor vehicles |
| Production equipment |
| Less: accumulated depreciation |

---

Depreciation expense from continuing operations was $184, $208 and $3 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Certain fully depreciated computer equipment, motor vehicles and office equipment were disposed in the year 2023.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** | **$** |
| Cost of revenues | 85 | 79 | - |
| General and administrative expenses | 99 | 129 | 2 |
| Research and development expenses | - | - | 1 |
|  | 184 | 208 | 3 |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**9.** **LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS** 

On January 18, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with Colmei Technology International Ltd ("Colmei") and its affiliate Shenzhen Crave Communication Co., Ltd ("Crave"), along with the shareholders of Crave and Colmei (the "Selling Shareholders"), pursuant to which the Selling Shareholders sold to the Company 13.8% of the outstanding shares of Crave and 13.8% of the outstanding shares of Colmei. Under the agreement, the Company paid purchase consideration consisting of the Company's 2,467 ordinary shares at the fair value of $3,000 and cash in the amount of $10,000 to be paid to the Selling Shareholders by the end of 36 months from the date of agreement, which the Company has not yet paid as of the filing of this annual report. Subject to board approval, the Company agreed to issue 955 additional shares to the Selling Shareholders if the aggregate value of the ordinary shares initially issued at the closing to the Selling Shareholders was less than $3,000 in fair value as of August 18, 2018. The board of directors approved and 955 shares that were issued on January 10, 2019.

The Company does not have significant influence over the investees and therefore the investment was accounted for under the cost method. Cost of the long-term investments originally consisted of the fair value of the ordinary shares on the dates of issuance and the present value of the cash consideration determined based on management's estimated payment schedule.

Due to significant numbers of claims against Crave and Colmei in the year 2019, the Company recorded $13,000 of impairment loss as of December 31, 2018. In June 2020, Crave and Colmei filed for bankruptcy, the Company cancelled any further investment into these entities.

**10.** **BANK AND OTHER BORROWINGS** 

Bank and other borrowings were as follows as of the respective balance sheet dates:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** |
| Short-term bank and other borrowings | 417 |  |
| Total borrowings | 417 |  |

---

The outstanding balances as of December 31, 2024 represented a loan borrowed by one of the Group's subsidiaries. A subsidiary has entered into a short-term loan with 5.0% interest rate with the financial institution. The loan was fully paid during the year ended December 31, 2025.

**11.** **ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER PAYABLES** 

The components of accrued expenses and other payables were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** |
| Payroll and welfare payable | 1490 | 641 |
| VAT, and other taxes payable | 180 | - |
| Payables for office supply and utilities | 58 | - |
| Payables for purchase of property and equipment | 47 | - |
| Professional service fees | 250 | 11 |
| Payables for share purchase consideration (Note 9) | 10000 | - |
| Advance from customers | 2327 | 250 |
| Interest payable related to an equity financing (Note 17(b)) | 693 | - |
| Payable for consideration adjustment | - | 636 |
| Others | 251 | - |
|  | 15296 | 1538 |

---

For the $10,000 balance of payables for share purchase consideration, following the bankruptcy of Crave, the Company determined that there was no longer any viable commercial reason to proceed with the investment. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company reversed the entire balance and recognized as other income.

For the $636 of payable for consideration adjustment, the Company has completely paid off the amount subsequent to the year end 2025 and prior to the filing of this Annual Report.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**12.** **CONVERTIBLE NOTES** 

**Prior Private Placement Notes and Warrants**

On February 25, 2021 and April 14, 2021 the Group entered into securities purchase agreements with institutional and individual investors, pursuant to which the Group sold approximately $6.67 million of notes (the "February 25 Notes") and 60,877 warrants at an exercise price of $426.62 per share (the "February 25 Warrants), $1 million of notes (the "April 14 Notes") and 13,130 warrants at an exercise price of $295.68 per share (the "April 14 Warrants" and, together with the February 25 Warrants, the "Prior Private Placement Warrants") and $15.3 million of notes (the "May 5 Notes" and, together with the February 25 Notes and the April 14 Notes, the "Prior Private Placement Notes.") The Prior Private Placement Notes have a two-year term with a conversion price of $186.62 per share. The Prior Private Placement Notes have certain anti-dilution protections in the event of a lower priced issuance. Interest shall accrue on the notes at 8% annually, payable on a quarterly basis, in either cash or, in the event the registration statement registering such shares has been declared effective, ordinary shares. The Prior Private Placement Notes held by a particular holder will not be convertible to the extent such conversion would result in such holder owning more than 9.9% of the number of ordinary shares outstanding after giving effect to the issuance of ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of such note calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act. On May 5, 2021, the Company issued additional $15.3 million Prior Private Placement Notes to investors in the February and April transactions.

The Prior Private Placement Warrants are exercisable immediately for a period of five years for cash, at an exercise price of $426.62 per ordinary share for the February 25 Warrants and $295.68 per ordinary share for the April 14 Warrants, subject to adjustment in the event of stock dividends and splits, or sales or grants of ordinary shares or ordinary share equivalents in certain transactions at less than the then current exercise price, or where the exercise price is higher than the then-current market price of the ordinary shares, on a cashless exercise basis, using the Black Scholes Value. The Prior Private Placement Warrants held by a particular holder will not be exercisable to the extent such conversion would result in such holder owning more than 9.9% of the number of ordinary shares outstanding after giving effect to the issuance of ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, all of the February 25 Notes, April 14 Notes and May 5 Notes (except for $1.57 million), have been converted into 124,689 ordinary shares, and all of 74,007 Prior Private Placement Warrants exercised to 147,570 ordinary shares. During the year ended December 31, 2022, all of the February 25 Notes, April 14 Notes, May 5 Notes and the remaining Prior Private Placement Warrants have been converted into 35,112 ordinary shares.

**September 2021 Private Placement Notes and Warrants**

On September 14, 2021 the Group entered into securities purchase agreements with institutional and individual investors, pursuant to which the Group sold $13,575,000 of notes (the "September 2021 Notes") and 194,774 Warrants (the "September 14 Warrants"). The September 2021 Notes have a two year term and are convertible into ordinary shares at the lower of (i) $125.45 per share, (ii) 90% of the closing price of the ordinary shares on the date that the registration statement registering the underlying shares is declared effective, or (iii) in the event that the registration statement registering the underlying shares is not declared effective by the date that the shares underlying the September 2021 Notes are eligible to be sold, assigned or transferred under Rule 144, 90% of the closing price of the ordinary shares on such date. The September 2021 Notes have certain anti-dilution protections in the event of a lower priced issuance. Interest shall accrue on the notes at 8% annually, payable on a quarterly basis, in either cash or, in the event the registration statement registering the underlying shares has been declared effective, ordinary shares. The September 2021 Notes held by a particular holder will not be convertible to the extent such conversion would result in such holder owning more than 9.9% of the number of ordinary shares outstanding after giving effect to the issuance of ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of such note calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act. An additional $13,575,000 of notes with the same terms will be issued upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, including the effectiveness of the registration statement. As of December 31, 2023, the Group has not issued the notes.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**12.** **CONVERTIBLE NOTES (CONTINUED)** 

The Warrants are exercisable immediately for a period of five years for cash, at an exercise price of $166.69 per ordinary share, subject to adjustment in the event of stock dividends and splits, or sales or grants of ordinary shares or ordinary share equivalents in certain transactions at less than the then current exercise price, or where the exercise price is higher than the then-current market price of the ordinary shares, on a cashless exercise basis, using the Black Scholes Value. The Warrants held by a particular holder will not be exercisable to the extent such conversion would result in such holder owning more than 9.9% of the number of ordinary shares outstanding after giving effect to the issuance of ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 7,353 warrants were exercised into 10,702 ordinary shares on a cashless basis.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, all of the September 2021 Notes have been converted into 299,026 ordinary shares, and 90,034 warrants of the September 14 Warrants have been exercised to 231,872 ordinary shares. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, 97,387 warrants of the September 14 Warrants remained outstanding.

**May 2022 Private Placement Notes and Warrants**

On May 25, 2022, the Group signed agreements with institutional and individual investors, for the sale of $16,000,000 in secured convertible notes. The notes are due in two years, have an annual interest rate of 10% and are convertible into ordinary shares at 90% of the closing bid price on the day of closing, or 90% of the closing bid price of the ordinary shares on the date that such shares are first eligible to be sold, assigned or transferred under Rule 144 or Regulation S, as applicable, whichever is lower but in no event at less than $0.41 per ordinary share, which was $17.71 per shares. The Group also issued an aggregate of 504,134 warrants to purchase ordinary shares at an exercise price of $40.08 per share, subject to adjustment in certain conditions. The Group issued the notes and warrants on May 25, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, $13.55 million of May 2022 Notes have been converted into 1,276,249 ordinary shares. 319,092 warrants were exercised into 1,214,848 ordinary shares on a cashless basis.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, $0.50 million of May 2022 Notes have been converted into 94,003 ordinary shares. The remaining 185,042 warrants were exercised into 1,191,486 ordinary shares on a cashless basis.

As of December 31, 2023, $1.95 million of May 2022 Notes remained outstanding, and all the warrants have been fully exercised into 2,406,334 ordinary shares.

In May 2024, $1.95 million of May 2022 Notes expired and the Group fully repaid to the investors.

**August 2023 Private Placement Notes and Warrants**

On August 24, 2023, the Group signed agreements with an institutional investor, for the sale of $1,500,000 in secured convertible notes. The notes are due in two years, have an annual interest rate of 10% and are convertible into ordinary shares at 90% of the closing bid price on the day of closing, or 90% of the closing bid price of the ordinary shares on the date that such shares are first eligible to be sold, assigned or transferred under Rule 144 or Regulation S, as applicable, whichever is lower but in no event at less than $0.72 per ordinary share, and in the case of a reverse stock split the minimum Conversion Price will be adjusted to 25% of the closing bid price. The Group also issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 905,141 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $2.1384 per share, subject to adjustment in certain conditions. The Group issued the notes and warrants on August 24, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, none of August 2023 Notes have been converted into ordinary shares. 235,467 warrants were exercised into 1,936,276 ordinary shares on a cashless basis.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, none of August 2023 Notes have been converted into ordinary shares. 175,565 warrants were exercised into 1,460,493 ordinary shares on a cashless basis.

On March 9, 2024, the Group repurchased the $1.5 million August 2023 Notes and unexercised warrants from the investor in an amount of $2.2 million.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**12.** **CONVERTIBLE NOTES (CONTINUED)** 

The detachable Warrants issued to the above holder are considered to be indexed to the Company's own stock and classified in stockholders' equity and therefore they meet the scope exception prescribed in ASC 815-10-15.

The Group early adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021. As a result, the Notes above were accounted for as a liability in its entirety, equal to the proceeds received, net of debt issuance discounts and debt issuance costs if any. At the time of issuance, the Group allocated the proceeds to the Convertible Notes and the Warrants based on their relative fair values. During the year ended December 31, 2021, in connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes and the Warrants, the Group recorded debt discount of $15,097 that will be amortized over the term of the Convertible Notes. During the year ended December 31, 2022, in connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes and the Warrants, the Group recorded debt discount of $6,994 that will be amortized over the term of the Convertible Notes. During the year ended December 31, 2023, in connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes and the Warrants, the Group recorded debt discount of $629 that will be amortized over the term of the Convertible Notes.

The fair value of the Warrants was computed using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Variables used in the option-pricing model include the following:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Value<br> per share** | **Risk-free<br> interest <br> rate** | **Expected<br> warrant<br> life** | **Expected<br> volatility** |
| February 25, 2021 Warrants | 1.76 | 0.60% | 5 years | 170% |
| April 14, 2021 Warrants | 1.25 | 0.86% | 5 years | 168% |
| September 14, 2021 Warrants | 0.72 | 0.78% | 5 years | 160% |
| May 25, 2022 Warrants | 0.17 | 2.73% | 5 years | 152% |
| August 24, 2023 Warrants | 0.16 | 4.60% | 3.75 years | 146% |

---

The fair values of the convertible notes are determined by the optimized value derived from valuation of straight debt and valuation of convertible debt. The assumptions include the following:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Coupon<br> rate** | **Risk-free<br> interest <br> rate** | **Volatility** | **Bond <br> yield** |
| February 25, 2021 Notes ($6.67 million) | 8% | 0.13% | 196% | 28% |
| April 14, 2021 Notes ($1 million) | 8% | 0.16% | 196% | 29% |
| May 5, 2021 Notes ($13.33 million) | 8% | 0.16% | 194% | 28% |
| May 5, 2021 Notes ($2 million) | 8% | 0.16% | 193% | 28% |
| September 14, 2021 Notes ($13.575 million) | 8% | 0.21% | 200% | 30% |
| May 25, 2022 Notes ($16.0 million) | 10% | 2.50% | 153% | 33% |
| August 24, 2023 Notes ($1.50 million) | 10% | 5.02% | 103% | 36% |

---

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the holders of the convertible notes have converted into total of 94,003, nil and nil the Group's ordinary shares, respectively. Interest expense related to the amortization of the debt discount of $700, $770 and nil recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**13.** **MAINLAND CHINA EMPLOYEE CONTRIBUTION PLAN** 

As stipulated by the regulations of the PRC, full-time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government-mandated multiemployer defined contribution plan organized by municipal and provincial governments. Under the plan, certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. The Group is required to make contributions to the plan based on certain percentages of employees' salaries. The total expenses for the plan from continuing operations were $749, $737 and $265 and from discontinued operations were nil, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**14.** **SHARE BASED COMPENSATION** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(a) Options issued in 2020*

The Group granted 11,719 shares of options to three non-employees to purchase ordinary shares with the exercise price of $240.0 per share on March 19, 2020. The expiration date of these options is March 19, 2023.

The Group granted 521 shares of warrants to an advisory company to purchase ordinary shares with the exercise price of $230.4 per share on May 18, 2020. The expiration date of these warrants is May 18, 2027. The recipients received such warrants for bringing to the Company a merger possibility and have the ability to exercise the warrants into ordinary shares of the Company at the time of their own choosing by the expiration date or by the closing of a merger brought forth by them, whichever occurs earlier.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of <br> options** | **Weighted<br> average<br> exercise<br> price** | **Weighted<br> average <br> remaining <br> contractual<br> term** | **Aggregate <br> intrinsic <br> value** |
|  | | **($)** | **(Years)** | **($)** |
| Outstanding, January 1, 2023 | 12240 | 230.40 | 4.38 |  |
| Granted | - | - |  |  |
| Forfeited | (11719) | - | - |  |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2023 | 521 | 230.40 | 3.38 |  |
| Outstanding, January 1, 2024 | 521 | 230.40 | 3.38 |  |
| Granted | - | - |  |  |
| Forfeited | - | - | - |  |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2024 | 521 | 230.40 | 2.38 |  |
| Outstanding, January 1, 2025 | 521 | 230.40 | 2.38 |  |
| Granted | - | - |  |  |
| Forfeited | - | - | - |  |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2025 | 521 | 230.40 | 1.38 |  |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**14.** **SHARE BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)** 

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group had options outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 521 shares and 521 shares, respectively with exercise prices above the fair value of the Group's shares, resulting in aggregate intrinsic value of nil.

No compensation expenses relating to share options granted to employees recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(b) Ordinary shares issued in 2023*

During fiscal 2023, the Group issued 12,912,096 ordinary shares to certain employees and non-employees. $6,467 recorded as general and administrative expenses, $28 recorded as selling and marketing expenses and $1,274 recorded as research and development expenses. The ordinary shares issued were fully vested as of December 31, 2023.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(c) Shares issued in 2024*

On June 1, 2024, the Group granted 1,000,000 restricted shares to three senior managements as compensation cost for awards. The fair value of these restricted shares was $160 based on the closing share price $0.16 at June 1, 2024. These restricted shares will vest over two years with one-half of the shares vesting every year from the grant date.

The share-based compensation expense recorded for restricted shares issued for management were $47 and $80 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The total unrecognized share-based compensation expense of restricted shares issued for management as of December 31, 2025 was approximately $33, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.42 years.

The following table summarizes the restricted shares activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number<br> of shares** | **Weighted<br> average<br> grant <br> date fair<br> value <br> (US$)** |
| Outstanding January 1, 2024 | - | - |
| Granted | 1000000 | 0.16 |
| Vested | (291667) | 0.16 |
| Unvested at December 31, 2024 | 708333 | 0.16 |
| Granted | - | - |
| Vested | (500000) | 0.16 |
| Unvested at December 31, 2025 | 208333 | 0.16 |

---

During fiscal 2024, the Group issued 50,000 ordinary shares to a non-employee and $4 recorded as general and administrative expenses. The ordinary shares issued were fully vested as of December 31, 2024. During fiscal 2025, no ordinary shares issued to non-employee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*(d) Shares issued in 2025*

During fiscal 2025, the Group issued 16,500,002 ordinary shares to the management. $2,356 recorded as general and administrative expenses. These ordinary shares issued were fully vested as of December 31, 2025.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**15.** **TAXATION** 

***Enterprise income tax ("EIT")***

*British Virgin Islands*

The Company is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and conducts its primary business operations through the subsidiaries in the PRC, India and Hong Kong. Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no BVI withholding tax will be imposed.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**15.** **TAXATION (CONTINUED)** 

*Cayman Islands*

Borqs International is incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conducts its primary business operations through the subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC, India and Hong Kong. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, Borqs International is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

*Hong Kong*

Borqs HK is subject to Hong Kong profits tax rate of 16.5% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. No provision for Borqs HK profits tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as the entity had losses in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no HK withholding tax will be imposed.

*India*

Borqs India is subject to income tax rate of 25.17% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Amounts of $1,078 are included as income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, $147 are included as income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and $945 are included as income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2025.

*The PRC*

The Company's subsidiaries and VIE in the PRC are subject to the statutory rate of 25%, in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax law (the "EIT Law"), which was effective since January 1, 2008, except for certain entities eligible for preferential tax rates.

Dividends, interests, rent or royalties payable by the Company's PRC subsidiaries, to non-PRC resident enterprises, and proceeds from any such non-resident enterprise investor's disposition of assets (after deducting the net value of such assets) shall be subject to 10% withholding tax, unless the respective non-PRC resident enterprise's jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or arrangements with China that provides for a reduced withholding tax rate or an exemption from withholding tax.

BORQS Beijing was qualified for a High and New Technology Enterprises ("HNTE") since 2012 and was eligible for a 15% preferential tax rate from 2012 to 2014. In July 2015, BORQS Beijing obtained a new HNTE certificate. BORQS Beijing has successfully renewed the HNTE certificate in December 2021 with effective term of three years until 2023. In accordance with the PRC Income Tax Laws, an enterprise awarded with the HNTE status may enjoy a reduced EIT rate of 15%. For the year ended December 31, 2023, BORQS Beijing enjoyed a preferential tax rate of 15% and applied to 25% tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025.

The New EIT Law also provides that enterprises established under the laws of foreign countries or regions and whose "place of effective management" is located within the PRC are considered PRC tax resident enterprises and subject to PRC income tax at the rate of 25% on worldwide income. The definition of "place of effective management" refers to an establishment that exercises, in substance, overall management and control over the production and business, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise. As of December 31, 2025, no detailed interpretation or guidance has been issued to define "place of effective management". Furthermore, as of December 31, 2025, the administrative practice associated with interpreting and applying the concept of "place of effective management" is unclear. If the Group is deemed as a PRC tax resident, it would be subject to PRC tax under the New CIT Law. The Group will continue to monitor changes in the interpretation or guidance of this law.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**15.** **TAXATION (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Loss) profit from continuing operations before income taxes consisted of:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2024** |
|  | **$** |
| Non-PRC) | 13576 |
| PRC | 3894 |
|  | 17470 |

---

Income tax benefit (expense) comprised of:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** |
|  | **$** |
| Current | 2084) |
| Deferred | - |
|  | 2084 |

---

The reconciliation of tax computed by applying the statutory income tax rate of 25% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 applicable to the PRC operations to income tax expense was as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** |
|  | **$** |
| (Loss) income before income taxes |  |
| Income tax income computed at the statutory income tax rate at 25%) |  |
| Non-deductible expenses) |  |
| Non-taxation income |  |
| Unrecognized tax benefits |  |
| Preferential rate) |  |
| Current and deferred tax rate differences |  |
| Foreign rate differences) |  |
| Change of valuation allowance) |  |
| Prior year provision to return true up |  |
| R&D super deduction |  |
| Income tax benefit (expense) |  |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**15.** **TAXATION (CONTINUED)** 

The Group operates through several subsidiaries and its Consolidated VIEs. Valuation allowance is considered for each of the entities where it was determined it was more likely than not that the benefits of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Realization of the net deferred tax assets is dependent on factors including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and adequate future taxable income, exclusive of reversing deductible temporary differences and tax loss or credit carry forwards.

As of December 31, 2025, the Group had net tax losses from its PRC subsidiaries, as per filed tax returns, of $20,246 which can be carried forward per tax regulation to offset future taxable income. The PRC taxable losses will expire from 2025 to 2034 if not utilized. The Group has net tax losses from its HK subsidiary of $45,348, which will not expire.

**Unrecognized Tax Benefits**

As of December 31, 2022, the Group recognized an accrual of $1,990, in unrecognized tax benefits and its interest of $1,990, which is presented on a net basis against the deferred tax assets related to tax loss carry forwards on the consolidated balance sheets. The unrecognized tax benefits and its related interest are primarily related to under-reported intercompany profit. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next 12 months, pending clarification of current tax law or audit by the tax authorities, however, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the uncertainties have dismissed due to the tax examination period has expired and the previously recognized tax benefits has been reversed.

A roll-forward of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** | **$** |
| Balance at beginning of year |  |  |  |
| Reversal based on tax positions related to prior years) |  |  |  |
| Additions based on tax positions related to the current year |  |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation difference |  |  |  |
| Balance at end of year |  |  |  |

---

In the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group recorded interest expense accrued in relation to the unrecognized tax benefit of nil and nil in income tax expense, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the tax years ended December 31, 2019 through 2024 for the PRC subsidiaries remain open for statutory examination by the PRC tax authorities.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") published Pillar Two model rules in December 2021, with the effect that a jurisdiction may enact domestic tax laws ("Pillar Two legislation") to implement the Pillar Two model rules on a globally agreed common approach. Pillar Two legislation applies to a member of a multinational group within the scope of the Pillar Two model rules, which the Group is reasonably expected to fall into. It imposes a top - up tax on profits arising in a jurisdiction whenever the effective tax rate determined by the Pillar Two model rules on a jurisdictional basis is below a minimum rate of 15%. The Group has reviewed its corporate structure in light of the introduction of Pillar Two model rules in various jurisdictions and engaged external tax specialists in assessing its tax exposure. As at December 31 2025, the Group mainly operates in the Mainland of China, in which exposures to Pillar Two income taxes might exist in the future although the legislation is not yet enacted. Besides, certain subsidiaries of the Group are located in jurisdictions including Hong Kong where Pillar Two legislation had been enacted or substantively enacted, but not yet in effect; it is estimated that the Group's income tax would not be materially different should those legislation had been in effect for the year ended December 31 2025. The Group does not recognize any relevant tax expenses for the year ended December 31 2025.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**16.** **RESTRICTED NET ASSETS** 

The Company's ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries and VIE. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Company's PRC subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company's PRC subsidiaries and VIE.

In accordance with the PRC Regulations on Enterprises with Foreign Investment and the articles of association of the Company's PRC subsidiaries, a foreign-invested enterprise established in the PRC is required to provide certain statutory reserves, namely the general reserve fund, the enterprise expansion fund and the staff welfare and bonus fund which are appropriated from net profit as reported in the enterprise's PRC statutory accounts. A foreign-invested enterprise is required to allocate at least 10% of its annual net profit to the general reserve until such reserve has reached 50% of its respective registered capital based on the enterprise's PRC statutory accounts. Appropriations to the enterprise expansion fund and the staff welfare and bonus fund are at the discretion of the board of directors for all foreign-invested enterprises. The aforementioned reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends. The PRC subsidiaries were established as foreign-invested enterprises and therefore, are subject to the above mandated restrictions on distributable profits. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025 the Group's PRC subsidiaries had appropriated $1,901 and $1,901, respectively, in its statutory reserves.

Foreign exchange and other regulations in the PRC may further restrict the Company's VIE from transferring funds to the Company in the form of dividends, loans and advances. Amounts restricted include paid-in capital and statutory reserves of the Company's PRC subsidiaries and the equity of the Consolidated VIEs, as determined pursuant to PRC generally accepted accounting principles. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, restricted net assets of the Company's PRC subsidiaries were $83,072 and $86,172, respectively.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**17.** **Equity** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(a)***  ***Investment with KADI*** 

On December 15, 2018, the Group entered into a Share Purchase Agreement ("Purchase Agreement") with Shanghai KADI Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. ("KADI SH"), KADI Technologies Limited ("KADI HK") (collectively, "KADI") and Lin Hu and Shou Huajun, the sole shareholders of KADI SH and KADI HK (the "KADI's Selling Shareholders"), for the purchase of 60% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of KADI SH ("KADI SH Shares") and 60% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of KADI HK ("KADI HK Shares", together with the KADI SH Shares, the "KADI Shares"). The transaction with KADI consists of total cash consideration of $4,600 in installments and share consideration equivalent to $9,750 in installments upon achievement of earn-outs by KADI SH from 2018 to 2021. As of December 31, 2018, $600 was prepaid to KADI SH, which was included in prepaid and other current assets in 2018 and written off in 2019. The transaction did not close as of December 31, 2019 due to KADI not able to present audited financial statements as required by the earn-out provisions of the agreement and that KADI has not performed the ownership change registration at the local jurisdiction. Although KADI was not able to present audited financial statements as required by the earn-out provisions of the agreement and has not performed the ownership change registration, 8,503 of Borqs' ordinary shares were issued to KADI on January 9, 2019, for which the Group recorded the fair value of these shares in an aggregate of $5,217 in additional paid-in capital, with a corresponding amount included in subscription receivable. As a result, future capital commitments for KADI has been voided due to KADI's breach of provisions of the agreements.

The Group has initiated arbitration proceeding in February 2022 in Hong Kong against KADI and its owners for breach of contract according to the KADI Agreement, seeking from KADI of i) a payment of $600 in cash previously paid to KADI, ii) the return of 8,503 ordinary shares of Borqs previously issued to the owners of KADI, and iii) payment in cash for loss of profit from KADI's projected business in the amount of $5.3 million.

On January 16, 2024, the arbitrator in Hong Kong has issued the final award in favor of Borqs that KADI is to: i) return to Borqs the Advanced Payment of US$600,000; ii) pay Borqs pre-award interest on the Advanced Payment for the period from October 1, 2021 to January 16, 2024 at the simple rate of 5.5% per annum; iii) pay Borqs post-award interest on the Advanced Payment for the period from January 16, 2024 until full repayment is made at the simple rate of 8.875% per annum; and iv) return to Borqs a total of 1,043,550 Borqs shares issued to the KADI parties in 2019 (not adjusted for the reverse-splits of Borqs shares).

On April 15, 2024, the arbitrator in Hong Kong has issued the final award in favor of Borqs on costs incurred by Borqs related to the arbitration, that KADI is to pay Borqs for legal expenses and fees in the amount of HK$955,743.93 plus interest at the rate of 8.875% per annum from April 15, 2024 until full payment is made.

On December 30, 2024, the Shanghai No.2 Intermediate People's Court upheld the arbitration decision from Hong Kong and has approved of the enforcement of the final award in favor of Borqs against KADI. The Company has received partial payment of the award from KADI as of the filing of this Annual Report and is working with PRC counsel on such enforcement and collection of the remainder of the award.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(b)***  ***Equity financing from Chongqing City Youtong Equity Investment Fund ("Chongqing Youtong")*** 

On April 18, 2019, the Group entered into an equity financing agreement with Chongqing Youtong owned by the Chongqing Government in the PRC. According to the agreement, Chongqing Youtong purchased 9.9 % equity interest of the Company equivalent to 19,449 ordinary shares with a total purchase consideration of $13,865 on May 16, 2019, for which 75% of the total purchase consideration amounting to $10,399 in cash was received. The remaining 25% of the total purchase consideration amounting to $3,466 will be contributed in the form of real property and equipment (the "Property Investment") by Chongqing Youtong within six months from May 16, 2019 the date that the cash investment portion was completed. In May 2019, 19,449 shares were issued and $10,399 in cash was received by the Group. However, the Property Investment has not yet been completed.

In February 2023, the Group entered into a settlement agreement with Chongqing Youtong on the settlement of the equity financing. For the cash consideration with the amount of $10,399, the Group agreed to repay Chongqing Youtong the principal plus 8% annually interest with its ordinary shares. Besides, both parties agreed to not proceed with the remainder 25% investment and the related previous issued 4,862 shares will not withdraw. As a result, to compensate Youtong's investment loss from the share price decline, the Group issued additional 4,668,704 ordinary shares in February 2023 equal to approximately $13.46 million including interest expense from May 2019 to February 2023, with annual interest rate of 8%.

By entering into the agreement not to proceed with the remainder 25% investment in the form of real property and equipment, the amount of $3,669 was released from subscriptions receivable, and was recognized as loss related to equity financing for the year ended December 31, 2022. Loss related to equity financing recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $14.16 million, which included the cash consideration of $10,399 and interest expense from May 2019 to December 2023 with annual interest rate of 8%.

In May 2025, the Group entered an agreement with the counter-party to resolve the outstanding matters arising from the previous equity financing and subsequent agreements. To solve the outstanding matters, the Group agreed to pay a settlement payment amount of $5.15 million to Chongqing Youtong. The Group made the full payment of $5.15 million in May 2025, which was recognized as a loss related to contractual obligations and recorded as other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025. With the payment of this settlement, all obligations and claims between the Group and the Chongqing Youtong were fully settled.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**17.** **Equity (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(c)***  ***Settlement of arbitration with Claimant Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. ("Samsung")*** 

On November 27, 2018, the Secretariat of the International Court of Arbitration for the International Chamber of Commerce issued a final award to Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. ("Samsung") that constituted the final decision on the Group's dispute with Samsung over a sales contract. The court order required the Group to pay to Samsung total payments of $4,650 including: i) $4,280 as the "Principal Amount", plus (ii) accrued interest of $370 computed from March 31, 2019 on the outstanding balance of the Principal Amount at a simple interest rate of 9% per annum (together with the Principal Amount, collectively referred to as the "Settlement Payment"). On April 26, 2019, the Group entered into a settlement agreement with Samsung according to which, the Group shall pay the full and total amount of the Settlement Payment in equal monthly installments over a period of twenty-four months beginning on March 31, 2019. In addition, a total of 11,509 ordinary shares were issued to Samsung as escrow shares in the year 2019 as security for the payments. The Group recorded the fair value of the shares issued in an aggregate of $6,401 in additional paid-in capital, with a corresponding amount included in subscription receivable. Due to cash constraints, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Group has not made monthly installments to Samsung since the fourth quarter of 2019, and Samsung has not pursued alternative means of repayment from the Group.

In April 2022, the Group executed a settlement agreement with Samsung regarding the payments. The total amount of principal and accrued interest as of the end of May 2022 is approximately $4.4 million less $1.6 million paid in cash on May 27, 2022, equaling a net amount of approximately $2.8 million. According to the agreement, the Group shall pay the full and total amount of the payments in equal monthly installments over a period of eighteen months beginning on July 2022. In addition, 83,633 and 443,294 ordinary shares were issued to Samsung as escrow shares as security for the payments during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The Group recorded the fair value of the shares issued in an aggregate of $2,760 and $1,321 in additional paid-in capital during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, with a corresponding amount included in subscription receivable.

The Group had been making monthly payments to Samsung and the entire amount including accrued interest was paid off as of March 7, 2024.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(d)***  ***Debt Repayments with ordinary shares*** 

The Group had a balance due to a cooperation partner in the amount of approximate $4.1 million. In August 2023, the Group resolved to convert a portion of the outstanding balance into the Group's ordinary shares. US$1.75 million of the balance owed to the cooperation partner has been converted at the price of $2.04 per share resulting in the issuance of 771,605 ordinary shares. The Group recognized a gain of $176 in gain on debt settlement during the year ended December 31, 2023.

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**17.** **Equity (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(e)***  ***Shares conversion from the holders of the convertible notes*** 

See Note 12 for details.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(f)***  ***Warrants exercised from the holders of the convertible notes*** 

See Note 12 for details.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(g)***  ***Acquisition of HHE*** 

Refer to Note 4 for shares issued to HHE.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(h)***  ***Issuance of ordinary shares for a project*** 

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group issued 166,667 ordinary shares with fair value of $392 to an advisor for a project and recorded in subscription receivable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**18.** **FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS** 

As of December 31, 2025, the Group's financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** |
|  | **($)** | **($)** | **($)** | **($)** |
| Money market fund | 1080 |  |  | 1080 |
| Equity securities | 3808 |  |  | 3808 |
| Total | 4888 |  |  | 4888 |

---

Money market fund and equity securities are measured using quoted prices in active market (Level 1 inputs).

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**19.** **COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES** 

***Capital commitments and contingencies***

Refer to Note 17(a) for details related to investments with KADI. As of the filing of this annual report, the Group is in negotiation with KADI for a reduced ownership of KADI or a rescission of the acquisition.

**20.** **PARENT COMPANY ONLY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION** 

***Condensed balance sheets***

---

| |
|:---|
| **ASSETS** |
| **Current assets** |
| Cash and cash equivalents |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
| Amount due from related parties |
| **Total current assets** |
| **Non-current assets** |
| Investments in subsidiaries and Consolidated VIEs |
| **Total non-current assets** |
| **Total assets** |
| **LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY** |
| **Current liabilities** |
| Accrued expenses and other payables |
| **Total current liabilities** |
| **Total liabilities** |
| **Shareholders' equity** |
| Additional paid-in capital |
| Accumulated deficit) |
| Statutory reserve |
| **Total shareholders' equity** |
| **Total liabilities and shareholders' equity** |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

**20.** **PARENT COMPANY ONLY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION (CONTINUED)** 

***Condensed statements of operations***

---

| |
|:---|
| **Operating Expenses** |
| General and administrative expenses |
| **Operating loss**) |
| Share of (losses) profit of subsidiaries and Consolidated VIEs |
| **(Loss) income before income taxes** |
| Income tax expense |
| **Net (loss) income** |

---

***Condensed statements of comprehensive income (loss)***

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended <br> December 31,** |
|  | **2025** |
|  | **$** |
| Net (loss) income | 8716 |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax of nil: |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of nil | 409 |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of nil: |  |
| Comprehensive (loss) income | 9125 |
| Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to the Company's ordinary shareholders | 9113 |

---

***Condensed statements of cash flows***

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** | **For the years ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** | **$** |
| Net cash generated from operating activities |  | 1 | 314 |
| Net cash generated from investing activities |  | - | - |
| Net cash generated from financing activities |  | - | - |
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash |  | 1 | 314 |
| Cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash at beginning of the year |  | - | 1 |
| Cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash at end of the year |  | 1 | 315 |
| **Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash** |  |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  | 1 | 315 |
| Restricted cash at the end of the year |  | - | - |
| Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of year |  | 1 | 315 |

---

**BORQS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.**

**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**(Amounts in thousands of $, unless otherwise stated, except for number of shares and per share data)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**20.** **PARENT COMPANY ONLY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION (CONTINUED)** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(a) Basis of presentation***

In the Company-only financial statements, the Company's investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries since inception.

The Company records its investment in its subsidiary under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC Subtopic 323-10, *Investment-Equity Method and Joint Ventures*, ("ASC 323-10"), and such investments are presented on the balance sheet as "Investment in subsidiaries and Consolidated VIEs" and the share of the subsidiaries' profit or losses are presented as "Share of profits (losses) of subsidiaries and Consolidated VIEs" on the statements of operations.

The subsidiaries did not pay any dividends to the Company for the years presented.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted and as such, these Company-only financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(b) Intercompany transactions***

The Company had the following related party balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2025** |
|  | **$** | **$** |
| Amount due from (to) related parties |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- Borqs HK |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- Borqs Beijing) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- Borqs USA |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- Borqs International |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- Borqs Capital |  |  |

---

**21.** **SUBSEQUENT EVENTS** 

Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2025, the Group cancelled all the 538,437 shares issued to Samsung and held in Escrow in February 2026.

Except for the subsequent event mentioned above, the Group evaluated all events and transactions from December 31, 2025 up to the report date, there are no material subsequent events that require disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

Regarding the earnout payments based on the Company's performance in 2025, the Company and Sasken are still determining the amount due to the Company. As of the filing of this Annual Report, we are still in the process of finalizing the amount with Sasken.

On February 5, 2026 we filed a Form 1120-F tax return with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") indicating that for our sale of HHE in the year 2024, the amount of $1,794 was withheld from sales proceeds and paid to the IRS to cover taxes payable by the Company for the transaction. In our filing, we also indicated that the actual tax payable by the Company was $317 and therefore the Company is due a refund of $1,477. On and around April 25, 2026, the Company received a notice dated March 23, 2026 from the IRS stating that the Company owes the IRS $317 in tax plus penalties and interest totaling $442. It is the opinion of the Company that the IRS completely ignored the indisputable fact that $1,794 was already paid in May 2024, for which the Company possesses hard evidence of the payment. The Company will continue to correspond with the IRS via its tax advisors.

## Exhibit 12.1

**Exhibit 12.1**

CERTIFICATION

I, Pat Sek Yuen Chan, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this annual
report for the year ended December 31, 2025, on Form 20-F of Borqs Technologies, Inc. (the "Company");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this
report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made,
in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the
financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial
condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The Company's other certifying
officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules
13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for
the Company and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Designed such disclosure controls
and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information
relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during
the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Designed such internal control
over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable
assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness
of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the
disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Disclosed in this report any
change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report
that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting;
and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The Company's other certifying
officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company's
auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) All significant deficiencies
and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely
affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any fraud, whether or not material,
that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| |
|:---|
| Date: May 15, 2026 |
| /s/ Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Chief Executive Officer |

---

## Exhibit 12.2

**Exhibit 12.2**

CERTIFICATION

I, Pat Sek Yuen Chan, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this annual
report for the year ended December 31, 2025, on Form 20-F of Borqs Technologies, Inc. (the "Company");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this
report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made,
in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the
financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial
condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The Company's other certifying
officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules
13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for
the Company and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Designed such disclosure controls
and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information
relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during
the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Designed such internal control
over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable
assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness
of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the
disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Disclosed in this report any
change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report
that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting;
and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The Company's other certifying
officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company's
auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) All significant deficiencies
and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely
affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any fraud, whether or not material,
that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| |
|:---|
| Date: May 15, 2026 |
| /s/ Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Chief Financial Officer |

---

## Exhibit 13.1

**Exhibit 13.1**

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 USC. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Borqs Technologies, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned, Pat Sek Yuen Chan, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 USC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The Report fully complies with
the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The information contained in
the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| |
|:---|
| Date: May 15, 2026 |
| /s/ Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Pat Sek Yuen Chan |
| Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer |

---

## Exhibit 15.1

**Exhibit 15.1**

![](ea029016301_ex15-1img1.jpg)

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statements on Form S-8 of our report dated May 15, 2026, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Borqs Technologies Inc., its subsidiaries (collectively referred as the "Group") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and for each of the three years for the period ended December 31, 2025, in which our report expresses an unqualified opinion, and emphasis of matter concerning the Group's disposal of certain business units, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Group for the year ended December 31, 2025.

/s/ Summit Group CPAs, P.C. (fka "Yu Certified Public Accountant P.C.")

New York, New York

May 15, 2026