# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000728385
**File Stem:** 0001477932-26-001835
**Filing Date:** 2026-3
**Character Count:** 486186
**Document Hash:** 36aacf71acf6c6c39f0b7645690bbd5f
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001477932-26-001835.hdr.sgml**: 20260331

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001477932-26-001835

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 87

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260331

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260331

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Birchtech Corp.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000728385
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** MEASURING & CONTROLLING DEVICES, NEC [3829]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 08 Industrial Applications and Services
- **EIN:** 870398271
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-43118
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26822049

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 1810 JESTER DRIVE
- **CITY:** CORSICANA
- **STATE:** TX
- **ZIP:** 75109
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 614-505-6115

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 1810 JESTER DRIVE
- **CITY:** CORSICANA
- **STATE:** TX
- **ZIP:** 75109

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Midwest Energy Emissions Corp.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20111012

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** China Youth Media, Inc.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20081016

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** DIGICORP, INC.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20080331

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? meec_10k.htm

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-K**

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended: **December 31, 2025**

Commission file number**: 000-33067**

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| **BIRCHTECH CORP.** |
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) |

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| **Delaware** | **87-0398271** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of  | (I.R.S. Employer |
| incorporation or organization) | Identification No.) |

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**<u>1810 Jester Drive, Corsicana, Texas 75109</u>**

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: **(614) 505-6115**

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| **Common Stock, par value $0.001** | **BCHT** | **NYSE American LLC** |

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See the definition of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated | ☒ |
| Accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting issuer | ☒ |
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $51,341,000.

The number of shares outstanding of the Common Stock ($.001 par value) of the Registrant as of the close of business on March 31, 2026 was 26,305,966.

**DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: None.**

**BIRCHTECH CORP.**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

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| |  | **Page** |
| PART I | PART I | PART I |
| [Item 1.](#i1) | [Business](#i1) | 1 |
| [Item 1A.](#i1a) | [Risk Factors](#i1a) | 8 |
| [Item 1B.](#i1b) | [Unresolved Staff Comments](#i1b) | 21 |
| [Item 1C.](#i1c) | [Cybersecurity](#i1c) | 21 |
| [Item 2.](#i2) | [Properties](#i2) | 21 |
| [Item 3.](#i3) | [Legal Proceedings](#i3) | 22 |
| [Item 4.](#i4) | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#i4) | 24 |
| [PART II](#p2) | [PART II](#p2) | [PART II](#p2) |
| [Item 5.](#i5) | [Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#i5) | 25 |
| [Item 6.](#i6) | [\[Reserved\]](#i6) | 30 |
| [Item 7.](#i7) | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#i7) | 30 |
| [Item 7A.](#i7a) | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#i7a) | 41 |
| [Item 8.](#i8) | [Financial Statements and Supplementary Data](#i8) | 42 |
| [Item 9.](#i9) | [Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure](#i9) | 43 |
| [Item 9A.](#i9a) | [Controls and Procedures](#i9a) | 43 |
| [Item 9B.](#i9b) | [Other Information](#i9b) | 44 |
| [Item 9C.](#i9c) | [Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections](#i9c) | 44 |
| [PART III](#p3) | [PART III](#p3) | [PART III](#p3) |
| [Item 10.](#i10) | [Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance](#i10) | 45 |
| [Item 11.](#i11) | [Executive Compensation](#i11) | 49 |
| [Item 12.](#i12) | [Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters](#i12) | 54 |
| [Item 13.](#i13) | [Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence](#i13) | 55 |
| [Item 14.](#i14) | [Principal Accountant Fees and Services](#i14) | 57 |
| [PART IV](#p4) | [PART IV](#p4) | [PART IV](#p4) |
| [Item 15.](#i15) | [Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules](#i15) | 58 |
| [Item 16.](#i16) | [Form 10-K Summary](#i16) | 59 |
|  | [Signatures](#sig) | 60 |

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| i |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)* |

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**CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS**

As used in this document, unless the context otherwise requires, references to:

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| "BAC" means brominated powdered activated carbon. |
| "Birchtech Corp.," the "Company," "we," "us," and "our" means Birchtech Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries, or any or all of them, as the context may require. |
| "EGUs" means electric generating units. |
| "EPA" means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. |
| "ESP" means electro-static precipitators. |
| "GAC" means granular activated carbon. |
| "Hazard Index MCL" means a regulatory limit used by the EPA to address safe drinking water when mixtures of certain PFAS are present. |
| "HFPO-DA" means hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, which is a specific type of chemical within the PFAS group. |
| "Hg" means mercury. |
| "MATS" means the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards established by the EPA to limit hazardous air pollutants emitted by coal- and oil-fired power plants. |
| "MCLs" means maximum contaminant levels. |
| "MW" means megawatts. |
| "NOX" means oxides of nitrogen. |
| "PAC" means powdered activated carbon. |
| "PFAS" means per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are a group of synthetic chemicals also known as "forever chemicals". |
| "PFBS" means perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, which is a specific type of chemical within the PFAS group. |
| "PFHxS" means perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, which is a specific type of chemical within the PFAS group. |
| "PFNA" means perfluorononanoic acid, which is a specific type of chemical within the PFAS group. |
| "PFOA" means perfluorooctanoic acid, which is a specific type of chemical within the PFAS group. |
| "PFOS" means perfluorooctane sulfonate, which is a specific type of chemical within the PFAS group. |
| "RSSCTs" means rapid small-scale column tests. |
| "SCR" means selective catalytic reduction. |
| "SDWA" means the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act enacted in 1974 to protect public drinking water supplies throughout the United States. |
| "SEA®" means the Company's proprietary sorbent enhancing additive. |
| "SOX" means oxides of sulfur. |

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| ii |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)* |

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**FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements" that are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 or applicable Canadian securities laws (collectively, "forward-looking statements"). Forward-looking statements reflect management's current expectations regarding our future growth, results of operations, cash flows, performance and business prospects, and opportunities, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Forward-looking statements are generally identified by using words such as "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "expect," "intend," "will," and similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements. Such risks include, without limitation, the following:

· changes in general economic and business conditions;

· risks related to our industry, including regulatory changes and competitive pressures;

· the loss of major customers;

· dependence and availability and retention of key suppliers;

· risks related to advancement in technologies;

· lack of diversification in our business;

· risks related to intellectual property, including the ability to protect intellectual property and the success of any patent litigation;

· changes in demand for coal as a fuel source for electricity production;

· development and growth of our new technologies, particularly in the water treatment market;

· ability to retain key personnel;

· the potential that dividends may never be declared;

· varied, and, at times, limited trading activity for our common stock;

· volatility in our stock price; and

· other factors described in the "*Risk Factors*" section of this report and in other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or Canadian securities regulators.

Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the information presented in this report, and particularly our forward-looking statements, by these cautionary statements.

Except to the extent required by applicable laws or rules, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

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**Item 1. Business.**

**General**

We are a provider of specialty activated carbon technologies, delivering innovative solutions for air and water purification. We provide patented and proprietary technologies for mercury emissions capture to the coal-fired utility sector, and are developing disruptive water purification technologies with a specialization on forever chemicals such as PFAS and PFOS.

**Products and Services**

**Mercury Emissions**

We provide mercury capture solutions for coal-fired power plants driven by our patented two-part SEA® process using a powerful combination of science and engineering. Our leading-edge services have been shown to achieve mercury emissions removal at a significantly lower cost and with less operational impact to coal-fired power plants than other used methods, while maintaining and/or increasing power plant output and preserving the marketability of byproducts for beneficial use. We design systems and materials tailored and formulated specifically to each customer's coal-fired units. North America is currently the largest market for our emissions technologies. The market for mercury removal from power plant emissions in the United States has largely been driven by federal regulations. The MATS rule, proposed by the EPA in May 2011 and which became effective in April 2012, is intended to reduce air emissions of heavy metals, including Hg, from all major U.S. power plants burning coal or oil, which are the leading source of non-natural mercury emissions in the U.S. Our mercury removal technologies and systems achieve mercury removal levels which meet or exceed the MATS requirements with lower cost and plant systems impacts than typical PAC or BAC sorbent injection systems. Our products have been shown to be successful across a myriad of fuel and system types, tunable to any configuration, and environmentally friendly, allowing for the recycling of fly ash for beneficial use.

Our SEA® technology provides total mercury control with solutions that are based on a thorough scientific understanding of actual and probable interactions involved in mercury capture in coal-fired flue gas. A complete understanding of the complexity of mercury-sorbent-flue gas interactions and chemisorption mechanisms allows for optimal control strategy and product formulation, resulting in effective mercury capture. Combined with a thorough proprietary audit of the plant and its configuration and instrumentation, we believe our complete science and engineering approach for mercury-sorbent-flue gas interactions are well-understood, highly predictive, and critical to delivering total mercury control.

We believe that a significant percentage of coal-fired power plants in the United States have adopted and are infringing upon our two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA®) process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants.

Beginning in 2019, we began to actively enforce our patent rights against unauthorized use of our patented technologies, and have since initiated patent litigation in various jurisdictions against multiple infringers, claiming infringement of our patents related to our two-part process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants. We view such litigation as a last resort. Our goal and overall strategy is to convert infringers to our supply chain of sorbent products for mercury removal, or otherwise license our patents to them on a non-exclusive basis in connection with their respective coal-fired power plants.

**Water Treatment**

In April 2024, the EPA under the Biden Administration issued the first-ever national, enforceable drinking water standard to protect communities from exposure to harmful PFAS, also known as "forever chemicals". The rule established legally enforceable MCLs for six PFAS in drinking water: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA as contaminants with individual MCLs, and PFAS mixtures containing at least two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS using a Hazard Index MCL to account for the combined and co-occurring levels of these PFAS in drinking water. Under the Rule, public water systems must monitor these PFAS and must complete initial monitoring by 2027, followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Water systems must also provide the public with information on the levels of these PFAS in their drinking water beginning in 2027.

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In April 2024, we announced the introduction of our new water treatment business to address the growing potable (drinking) water market with next-generation sorbent technologies. These new solutions are being designed to use significantly less activated carbon, offering a more environmentally sustainable approach to water treatment while maintaining or improving contaminant removal performance. Our products target not only compliance with emerging PFAS regulations, but also broader opportunities in water quality improvement positioning us to serve a large and expanding market.

As part of this strategic pivot, we have invested in the commissioning of two state-of-the-art laboratory facilities—one in Pennsylvania and one in North Dakota—referred to as our "Design Centers." The Design Centers are dedicated sites for water treatment innovation and development. Together, we believe these facilities represent the only known facilities that have integrated capability in North America to thermally reactivate spent GAC under controlled conditions and subsequently conduct RSSCTs to directly compare reactivated GAC performance against virgin carbon counterparts. This combination allows us to evaluate reactivated GAC as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to virgin carbon and address key water utility questions including how to optimize media changeout schedules, strategies to reduce operational costs, and provide lab-based validation of treatment performance for PFAS and other contaminants.

These Design Centers will also function as a direct resource for the water treatment industry, offering thermal reactivation, contaminant analysis, and carbon performance evaluations. By enabling municipal and industrial utilities to lower compliance costs and improve operational efficiency, we expect to build strong technical credibility and customer engagement ahead of large-scale market adoption. Importantly, we believe our technology platform is not solely dependent on PFAS regulations as market demand for improved water treatment solutions is broad.

Our investment in our Design Centers also serves as the basis for our planned commercial thermal reactivation plants which we intend to open and operate in the future. Data generated from the Design Centers is being used to define permitting requirements, capital expenditure parameters, and projected operating costs accelerating the commercialization timeline while avoiding costly future reliance on third-party providers.

On May 14, 2025, the EPA under the new Trump Administration announced the agency will keep the regulations for PFOA and PFOS. As part of this action, the EPA also announced its intent to extend the PFOA and PFOS MCL compliance deadlines to 2031 and establish a federal exemption framework. Additionally, the EPA announced its intent to rescind the regulations and reconsider the regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA/GenX), and the Hazard Index mixture of these three PFAS plus PFBS to ensure the determinations and any resulting drinking water regulation follow the SDWA process.

In light of evolving water regulations and funding dynamics, we believe the Company is well positioned to capture a meaningful share in the rapidly growing water treatment sector.

**Marketing and Our Growth Strategy**

**Mercury Emissions**

Our marketing efforts have principally focused on the North American market to date, and particularly the United States.

In the U.S. market, our success depends, in part, on the success of demonstrations performed with utility customers and the resulting contract awards to meet the MATS requirements in the long-term period and its operational performance with EGUs under contract.

In Canada, there are the 2000 Canada-wide Standards for Mercury Emissions and the 2006 Canada-wide Standards for Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Electric Power Generation Plants among all the provinces which was initially implemented in 2010, with caps in mercury emissions for each of the provinces. We believe that we have the most effective technology for the EGUs and that we maintain a strong patent position for our mercury emissions technologies in Canada.

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Our marketing strategy is designed to grow our mercury capture solutions in the North American region by building and maintaining the reputation and trust of our work among its customers - specifically by carrying out successful demonstrations performed with utility customers and the resulting contract awards to meet the MATS requirements in the long-term period and sustaining our operational performance with EGUs under contract - and developing new, and refining our existing, unique emissions technologies. We believe that by offering proven and innovative service offerings, we can attract more customers and partners to our services, creating a network growth effect. We expect that the continuing pursuit of infringers of our patented technologies will yield further licensing and supply agreements.

We believe that these targeted marketing initiatives are the most efficient and cost-effective strategy to sustain the growth of both new and existing customers.

As of December 31, 2025, there were 16 EGUs in the U.S. that use our SEA® technologies and buy product from us.

**Other Possible Markets for Our Emissions Technologies**

In May 2017, the European Union and seven of its member states ratified the Minamata Convention on Mercury. The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. This convention was a result of three years of meeting and negotiating, after which the text of the convention was approved by delegates representing approximately 140 countries in January 2013 in Geneva. As of December 31, 2025, 153 countries have joined the Convention. It is expected that over the next few decades, this international agreement will enhance the reduction of mercury pollution from the targeted activities responsible for the major release of mercury into the environment. Specific emissions limits are being developed by the European Union, although the timing of any enactment of such is uncertain. Any such regulations may lead to additional business opportunities for our mercury control technologies within the European Union although we do not currently pursue the European market and have no present plans to enter that market in the near term.

With regard to business opportunities in China and other Asian countries, there currently exists no regulatory requirement that mandates the use of any particular mercury capture or control technology. While regulatory authorities in these regions continue to evaluate air-emissions controls more broadly, the adoption of additional mercury-specific requirements, and the extent to which such requirements could create demand for our technologies, is uncertain and may not occur.

**Water Treatment**

Initially, we intend to focus our marketing efforts on municipalities that have limited resources and engineering experience and offer shaped activated carbons (including reactivated GAC), testing and consulting services.

While the initial focus for our water treatment technologies will be on the potable water market, we expect that our technologies will also be valuable for industrial wastewater treatment. Industrial wastewater is the liquid waste generated by industrial activities, including manufacturing, processing, and production facilities. It often contains pollutants such as organic matter, heavy metals, chemicals, oils, and other contaminants that must be treated before being discharged into the environment or reused. We believe our water treatment technologies will be well suited to address industrial wastewater challenges, providing contaminant removal and offering a practical pathway to management treatment costs.

We are developing a carbon rejuvenation process, referred to as Carbon Rejuvenation<sup>TM</sup>, focused on the thermal reactivation of spent GAC. In January 2026, we announced that we have conducted demonstrations of this process with regulated municipal water utilities at our Design Centers, which indicated that our thermally reactivated GAC performed comparably to virgin activated carbon in removing PFAS under the conditions tested. The demonstrations utilized spent GAC sourced from active utility systems and were evaluated against performance benchmarks routinely applied by those utilities. Results met expected treatment standards, which we believe supports the technical and commercial viability of our carbon rejuvenation process as an alternative to virgin carbon replacement.

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Our carbon rejuvenation process is expected to restore spent granular activated carbon for reuse, reduce reliance on virgin raw materials while lowering total lifecycle costs for customers through shorter transportation distances, reduce disposal requirements, and regional reuse within utility systems. Unlike traditional centralized reactivation models, our approach will emphasize regional deployment, expected to align with utility priorities around emissions reduction, localized supply chains, capital discipline, rate stability, and infrastructure resilience. We believe this regional reactivation model represents a differentiated solution that integrates environmental benefits directly into operating economics and supports broader commercialization opportunities.

During 2026, we plan to acquire property and construct a facility dedicated to the reactivation of GAC in support of our carbon rejuvenation initiative; however, there can be no assurance that such a facility will be developed on acceptable terms, or at all.

We also recently announced our SEA-IX<sup>TM</sup> nuclear-grade ion exchange resin product line, marking the Company's entry into the high-purity ion exchange resin market. The SEA-IX line includes a full suite of resins engineered to meet the purity and performance requirements of nuclear power plant water systems. Due to the higher-grade specifications, SEA-IX resins are also well-suited for coal-fired power plants, industrial wastewater applications and municipal water treatment facilities.

**Additional Business Opportunities**

We also maintain a license with respect to certain intellectual property owned by Dakin Holdings Ltd., consisting of a proprietary compound of materials engineered to treat a boiler to improve the combustion process and thereby reduce overall emissions, while improving boiler efficiency during the combustion of all types of fuels at power plants ("Dakin IP"). We believe that the Dakin IP can be an effective supplement to our mercury emissions removal business at coal-fired power plants and provide an additional revenue stream utilizing our present infrastructure. However, there can be no assurance that such license will lead to any significant revenues. For additional information, see Part III, Item 13. "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions, and Director Independence".

**Industry Background and Governmental Regulations**

The market for mercury removal from power plant emissions in the United States has largely been driven by federal regulations.

On December 21, 2011, the EPA announced MATS for power plants in the U.S. The MATS rule is intended to reduce air emissions of heavy metals, including Hg, from all major U.S. power plants burning coal or oil, which are the leading source of non-natural mercury emissions in the U.S. Existing power plants were granted three years (plus a potential one-year extension in cases of hardship, ruled on by state EPAs where the plant is domiciled) from April 16, 2012 to comply with the new emission limits. The MATS rule applies to EGUs that are larger than 25 MW that burn coal or oil for the purpose of generating electricity for sale and distribution through the national electric grid to the public, and includes investor-owned units, as well as units owned by the federal government, municipalities, and cooperatives that provide electricity for commercial, industrial, and residential uses. At the time that MATS was promulgated, there were approximately 1,250 coal-fired EGUs affected by this rule. Many EGUs have since shut down as a result of regulation and competitive disadvantages to newer or gas-fired EGUs and renewable energy sources (e.g. wind and solar). We believe that at December 31, 2025, there were approximately 400 coal-fired EGUs remaining in the power market which make up the large mercury-emissions control market into which we sell.

In April 2023, the EPA issued a proposal to strengthen and update MATS. Such proposal was finalized and published in May 2024 with an effective date of July 8, 2024 which, among other things, strengthens and updates MATS for coal-fired power plants and tightens the emission standard for mercury for existing lignite-fired power plants to a level that is aligned with the mercury standard that other coal-fired power plants have been achieving under MATS.

On March 12, 2025, the newly appointed EPA administrator under the Trump Administration announced plans to roll back dozens of environmental regulations, including the reconsideration of the MATS regulation. On April 8, 2025, President Trump signed a Proclamation exempting certain stationary sources, identified in Annex 1 of the Proclamation, from compliance with the 2024 updated MATS Rule. As set out in the Proclamation, the President's exemption lasts for a period of two years beyond the updated Rule's compliance date -- i.e., for the period beginning July 8, 2027, and concluding July 8, 2029. During the two-year period, these stationary sources identified in Annex 1 are subject to the compliance obligations that they are currently subject to under MATS, as the MATS Rule existed prior to the 2024 update. Annex 1 identifies 47 plant owners and over 60 power plants provided such exemption, which list includes a number of our customers.

In June 2025, the EPA proposed to repeal certain amendments finalized in 2024 to the MATS Rule and return compliance obligations to the MATS standards which existed prior to the 2024 update. On December 23, 2025, the EPA submitted a draft of the final action to the OMB for interagency review under Executive Order 12866. On February 19, 2026, following completion of the OMB interagency review process, the EPA finalized the repeal of the 2024 amendments to the MATS Rule which returned compliance to the 2012 MATS Rule requirements.

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The MATS rule identifies two subcategories of coal-fired EGUs, four subcategories of oil-fired EGUs, and a subcategory for units that combust gasified coal or solid oil (integrated gasification combine cycle, or "IGCC" units) based on the design, utilization, and/or location of the various types of boilers at different power stations. The rule includes emission standards and/or other requirements for each subcategory. The rule set nationwide emission limits estimated to reduce mercury emissions in coal-fired plants by about 90%.

In addition to the U.S. federal MATS rule, certain states currently have regulations that limit mercury emissions and are similar to or more restrictive than the MATS rule.

There are several choices of pollution control technologies available to reduce mercury emissions, but they do not all work consistently or cost-effectively for every plant design or for all of the various types of coal. The most common technology employed to reduce mercury emissions is a sorbent injection system which provides for the injection of PAC or BAC into the flue-gas of an EGU after the boiler itself but in front of the ESP. Such injections have proven effective with many coals, especially at reduction levels of 70% or less. At required mercury reduction levels above 80%, these injection systems require substantial injection rates which often have severe operational issues including over-loading the ESP and rendering the fly ash unfit for sale to concrete companies, and at times even causing combustion concerns with the fly ash itself.

Mercury is also removed as a co-benefit by special pollution control equipment installed to remove SOX and NOX. To achieve very high levels of SOX reduction, large, complex, and expensive (with capital costs in the hundreds of millions of dollars for a medium-sized EGU) systems called scrubbers can be installed in the plant exhaust system, typically just before the flue-gas goes up the stack for release. As a co-benefit to their primary mission, scrubbers have been shown to remove significant quantities of oxidized mercury. Mercury is typically found in two basic forms in coal: elemental and oxidized. The amount of each form varies in any given seam of coal and is affected by the other natural elements (such as chlorine) which might also be present in the coal. We believe that about 30-40% of the mercury in the post-combustion flue-gas exists in the oxidized state for power plants burning low-rank coal and about 60-70% for power plants burning high-rank coals. Mercury is found in only trace amounts in coal making it difficult to remove from coal or from the flue-gas when combusted with the coal. It is in the burning of millions of tons of coal that these trace amounts become problematic and is why MATS was promulgated.

The other major pollution control system which contributes significantly to the co-benefits of mercury removal is an SCR system which can be installed to achieve high levels of removal of NOX. SCRs are also very large and expensive systems (costing hundreds of millions of dollars in capital costs to install on a medium-size EGU) that are typically installed just after the flue-gas exits from the unit boiler. As a co-benefit, SCRs have been shown to oxidize a considerable percentage of the elemental mercury in many types of coal. If the EGU then has a combination of an SCR and a scrubber, we estimate that the EGU might achieve an over-all reduction of 80-85% of the mercury in power plants that burn high-rank coals. The exact level of mercury emission reductions depends on the designs of these systems, the types of coal being burned and the operations of the power plant.

We believe that a large percentage of the coal-fired EGUs in the U.S. employ some sort of sorbent injection system to achieve the very low mercury emission levels required by the MATS rule, with either the sorbent injection system as the primary removal method or such a system being employed as a supplemental system to SCR/scrubber combinations to achieve the emission limits.

In the United States, potable water treatment is regulated primarily by the EPA under the SDWA. The SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources-rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. (The SDWA does not regulate private wells which serve fewer than 25 individuals.) The SDWA authorizes the EPA to set national health-based standards for drinking water to protect against both naturally-occurring and man-made contaminants that may be found in drinking water. The SDWA covers water quality standards, treatment processes, and monitoring requirements for public water systems.

The EPA has set MCLs for specific contaminants in drinking water. These include: microbial contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa (e.g., E. coli and cryptosporidium); inorganic contaminants like lead, arsenic, and nitrates; organic contaminants like pesticides and solvents; radionuclides like radon and uranium; and, disinfectants and disinfection by-products like chlorine and THMs. Water systems must treat water to meet these MCLs or achieve a level that minimizes the risk to public health.

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In April 2024, the EPA issued the first-ever national, enforceable drinking water standard to protect communities from exposure to harmful PFAS, also known as "forever chemicals". The Rule sets limits for five individual PFAS: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and HFPO-DA/GenX). The Rule also sets a hazard index level for two or more of four PFAS as a mixture: PFNA, PFHxS, HFPO-DA, and PFBS. Under the Rule, public water systems must monitor these PFAS and must complete initial monitoring by 2027, followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Water systems must also provide the public with information on the levels of these PFAS in their drinking water beginning in 2027. Public water systems must implement solutions by 2029 that reduce these PFAS if monitoring shows that drinking water levels exceed the MCLs set forth in the Rule. By 2029, public water systems that have PFAS in drinking water which violates one or more of these MCLs must take action to reduce levels of these PFAS in their drinking water and must provide notification to the public of the violation.

The EPA has indicated that once implemented, these limits will reduce tens of thousands of PFAS-attributable illnesses or deaths and will reduce PFAS exposure for approximately 100 million Americans served by public drinking water systems.

The EPA has indicated that compliance with this Rule is estimated to cost approximately $1.5 billion annually. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act has dedicated $9 billion to help communities impacted by PFAS pollution in drinking water. In addition, another $12 billion in Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funding is available to communities to make general drinking water improvements, including addressing PFAS chemicals. Estimated costs include water system monitoring, communicating with customers, and, if necessary, installing treatment technologies.

On May 14, 2025, the EPA under the new Trump Administration announced the agency will keep the regulations for PFOA and PFOS. As part of this action, EPA also announced its intent to extend the PFOA and PFOS Maximum Contaminant Level compliance deadlines and establish a federal exemption framework. Additionally, the EPA announced its intent to rescind the regulations and reconsider the regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA/GenX), and the Hazard Index mixture of these three PFAS plus PFBS to ensure the determinations and any resulting drinking water regulation follow the SDWA process.

In addition to the national standards established by the EPA which states are required to implement and enforce, individual states have the authority to impose stricter regulations than those set by the EPA. Many states have already set their own standards for PFAS, often more stringent than federal standards, in response to the growing public health concerns. States also run their own monitoring programs and inspections to ensure compliance with federal and state regulations.

**Patents and Trademarks**

Our SEA® technology was originally developed by the University of North Dakota's Energy and Environmental Research Center. It was tested and refined on numerous operating coal-fired EGUs, with the founder of our wholly-owned subsidiary participating with the Energy and Environmental Research Center on these tests since 2008. The Energy and Environmental Research Center Foundation, a non-profit entity, obtained patents on this technology. Between 2009 and 2017, we maintained an exclusive worldwide license with respect to this patented technology, which applied to various domestic and foreign patents and patent applications. Such formed the basis of our mercury control technology. On April 24, 2017, we acquired from The Energy and Environmental Research Center Foundation all such patent rights, including all patents and patents pending, domestic and foreign, relating to the foregoing technology.

As of December 31, 2025, our patent portfolio relating to mercury removal included 18 granted patents worldwide, consisting of 13 U.S. patents and 5 foreign patents (Canada, Europe and China), with stated expiration dates ranging from January 2026 to September 2034. Between August and October 2025, 13 U.S. Patents and 2 foreign patents relating to mercury removal expired. We continue to maintain a portfolio of patents relating to mercury removal in the U.S. and abroad.

With regard to our water treatment technologies, we have to date filed two provisional patent applications in the U.S. relating to water treatment. We have also filed two PCT applications and one U.S. patent application. However, these applications do not provide enforceable patent rights unless they are successfully granted by the PCT and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. There is no assurance that our pending applications will result in issued patents, or that any patents granted will provide meaningful protection against competitors.

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**Competition**

We operate in highly competitive industries that are characterized by a diverse range of participants, including companies that operate in both the mercury capture and water treatment industries. Our major competitors in the mercury capture and water treatment markets includes companies such as Arq, Inc. (formerly Advanced Emissions Solutions, Inc.), Norit Activated Carbon, Calgon Carbon Corporation, and Nalco Company LLC (also known as Nalco Water, an Ecolab company). Many of our competitors employ larger sales staff and are well established in the market with greater financial and operational resources. However, in most head-to-head tests with competitor products in the mercury capture market, our SEA® technology has consistently performed better in mercury removal, at lower projected costs. We believe that our SEA® technology is superior to offerings of our competitors and, with our highly experienced staff, we have shown that we can compete effectively in this market. In the water treatment market, our competitive strategy will focus on delivering tailored and cost-effective water treatment solutions, innovative technologies, and exceptional customer service to meet the specific needs of our clients. While the industry faces ongoing regulatory and technological advancements, we believe our industry expertise and focus on customer relationships will position us to effectively compete and grow within the water treatment market.

**Raw Materials**

We buy all of the raw materials needed to implement our technologies and provide our formulated products from third-party suppliers. Suppliers of our raw materials include large companies that have provided materials for decades and have an international presence. When we use PAC as one component of our sorbent material, we buy it in the market from large activated carbon manufacturers. We believe that we have excellent relationships with our current suppliers. If any of our suppliers should become unavailable to us for any reason, there are a number of other suppliers that we believe can be contracted with to supply the raw materials that we need. However, the availability and price of those raw materials can be impacted by factors beyond our control including any price increases due to inflation. If such suppliers cannot meet our demand for such raw materials on a timely basis or at acceptable prices or if we are unable to offset any such increases that might occur with price adjustments to our customers, such could have a negative effect on our operations.

**Seasonality**

Our products and services for mercury capture are connected to the power market. This market has changed over recent years, creating a greater proportional residential load demand. With this shift in demand and load, we have experienced some seasonal changes in billing cycles as our current customer concentration is in the southwestern United States, where many of our customers decrease capacity in such winter months, unless there are abnormally low temperatures during such winter months. The price and availability of natural gas and renewables can also influence the amount of generation provided by coal-fired plants.

In the water treatment market, we expect there will be a greater demand for our products and services in the summer months when higher temperatures lead to more water usage and warmer temperatures tend to promote algae growth and create ideal conditions for bacteria, viruses and parasites to thrive.

**Employees**

As of December 31, 2025, we had 14 full-time and 6 part-time employees. Our employees are not represented by labor unions. We believe that relations with our employees are good.

**Corporate Information**

We were originally incorporated on July 19, 1983 in the State of Utah and subsequently re-domesticated as a Delaware corporation in February 2007. Effective on October 17, 2024, as part of our rebranding, we changed our corporate name from Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. to Birchtech Corp.

Our wholly owned subsidiary, MES, Inc., was originally incorporated in December 2008 in the State of North Dakota. Effective on June 21, 2011, we completed a merger transaction (the "Merger") whereby MES, Inc. (then called Midwest Energy Emissions Corp.) became our wholly owned subsidiary. As a result of the Merger, our business began to focus on the delivery of mercury capture technologies to power plants.

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Our mercury emissions business is sometimes referred to and known as "ME<sub>2</sub>C"®, which is a trademark of the Company.

Our principal place of business is located at 1810 Jester Drive, Corsicana, Texas 75109, which location we have maintained for manufacturing and distribution of our products since 2015. Our telephone number is (614) 505-6115. Our corporate website address is http://www.birchtech.com.

We do not incorporate the information on or accessible through our website to be part of this report. We have included our website address in this report solely as an inactive textual reference.

**Reverse Stock Split**

On December 23, 2025, we filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a certificate of amendment to our certificate of incorporation, as amended, to effect a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock at a ratio of 1-for-5, effective December 26, 2025. Following the reverse stock split, every five (5) shares of our issued and outstanding common stock were automatically converted into one (1) issued and outstanding share of common stock, without any change in par value per share. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split, and any shareholders who would have received fractional shares of common stock instead were rounded up to the nearest whole number of shares of common stock. The reverse stock split did not affect the number of shares of authorized common stock. The common stock began trading on a reverse stock split-adjusted basis on December 31, 2025. All share and per share information in this report, unless otherwise noted, reflect the reverse stock split.

**Available Information**

We file with or submit to the SEC annual, quarterly and current periodic reports, proxy statements and other information meeting the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at <u>www.sec.gov</u>. Our SEC filings are also available on our website at www.birchtech.com. Information on or connected to our website is neither part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-K or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC.

We are a "smaller reporting company" as defined in the Exchange Act. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies until the fiscal year following the determination that the aggregate market price of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is more than $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenues are less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the aggregate market value of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is more than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors.** 

*In your evaluation of the Company and our business, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the information included elsewhere in this report and the other documents we file with the SEC. The following factors describe the risks and uncertainties that we consider significant to the operation of our business but should not be considered a complete listing of all potential risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our operating results, financial position or liquidity. Additionally, our business is subject to the same general risks and uncertainties that affect many other companies, such as but not limited to the overall economic conditions, changes in laws or accounting rules, fluctuations in interest and exchange rates or other disruptions of expected economic and business conditions.*

**Risks Related to Our Company**

***Demand for our mercury emissions services and products is largely driven by coal consumption by North American electricity power generating plants. Any significant changes that diminish the use of coal as a primary fuel source for electricity production may adversely affect our business.***

North American coal-fired electricity generating units comprise the basis of the market for our services and products. Regulations mandating or incentivizing the purchase of power from renewable energy sources (e.g., wind, solar, hydroelectric and geothermal) and/or the phasing out of coal-fired power plants could lessen the demand for electricity from such plants and overall reduce the number of coal-fired electricity generating units and the amount of coal burned, thereby decreasing the demand for our services and products which could adversely affect our business. The phasing out of coal-fired plants has already had a negative effect on our results of operations. Continued promulgation of these regulations in North America is affected by, among other things, politics, perceived environmental impact, and public favor.

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***The risks associated with technological change may make our products and services less marketable.***

The market into which we sell our products and services is characterized by periodic technological change as well as evolving industry standards and regulations. The nature of such market will require that we continually improve and/or modify the performance, features, and reliability of our products and services, particularly in response to possible competitive offerings. Unless we are able to enhance, improve, and/or modify existing products in a timely manner or to develop and introduce new products that incorporate new technologies or conform with evolving industry standards and regulations, our products and services may be rendered less marketable.

***Our industry is highly competitive. If we are unable to compete effectively with competitors having greater resources than we do, our financial results could be adversely affected.***

We operate in highly competitive industries that are characterized by a diverse range of participants, including companies that operate in both the mercury capture and water treatment industries. Our major competitors in the mercury capture and water treatment markets include companies such as Arq, Inc. (formerly Advanced Emissions Solutions, Inc.), Norit Activated Carbon, Calgon Carbon Corporation, and Nalco Company LLC (also known as Nalco Water, an Ecolab company). Many of our competitors employ larger sales staff and are well established in the market with greater financial and operational resources. Our ability to compete successfully depends in part upon our ability to offer superior technology, including a superior team of technical personnel. If we are unable to maintain our competitive position, we could lose market share to our competitors, which is likely to adversely impact our financial results.

***We may not be able to successfully protect our intellectual property rights.***

As of December 31, 2025, our patent portfolio relating to mercury removal included 18 granted patents worldwide, consisting of 13 U.S. patents and 5 foreign patents (Canada, Europe and China), with stated expiration dates ranging from January 2026 to September 2034. Between August and October 2025, 13 U.S. Patents and 2 foreign patents relating to mercury removal expired. The patent data and expiration timelines cited above and elsewhere in this report are based on internal assessments and information currently available through third-party databases, including Google Patent Database. While we believe these sources to be generally reliable, they are subject to inherent data lags, indexing errors or incomplete coverage of foreign jurisdictions. Consequently, the actual status, enforceability or precise expiration dates of certain patents may differ from those stated. While we actively pursue new patents and technological advancements to replace expiring patents, there is no guarantee that future patents will be granted, or that they will be able to provide and/or allow us to maintain the same level of market protection. As a result, we may not be able to successfully protect proprietary aspects of our technology.

With regard to our water treatment technologies, we have to date filed two provisional patent applications in the U.S. relating to water treatment. We have also filed two Patent Cooperation Treaty ("PCT") applications and one U.S. patent application. However, these applications do not provide enforceable patent rights unless they are successfully granted by the PCT and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. There is no assurance that our pending applications will result in issued patents, or that any patents granted will provide meaningful protection against competitors.

***We may not be successful in patent litigation.***

Patent litigation, like most types of commercial litigation, can be expensive, time-consuming, and unpredictable. Any such litigation may require us to spend a substantial amount of time and money and could distract management from our day-to-day operations. There is no assurance that we will be successful in any such litigation. Moreover, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of our patents are not valid or enforceable, or a court may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not being approved.

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On March 1, 2024, following a five-day jury trial, a federal jury in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (the "Court") awarded a $57.1 million patent infringement verdict in our favor against a group of defendants (the "CERT defendants"). Nevertheless, the ultimate success in this litigation against this group of defendants still remains uncertain due to other possible factors, including, but not limited to, the results of any post-trial motions and applications, appeals and any collectability issues. Following the trial, the Court entered non-final judgments on the verdict against the defendants and the parties submitted post-trial motions relating to the jury trial. The defendants also asserted that the Company's claims were barred due to their defense that they had an implied license to the asserted patents. A bench trial was held on such issue. On June 10, 2025, the Court ruled that the CERT defendants failed to prove that they had such an implied license and denied their motion to alter or amend the non-final judgment. On September 25, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion that they should not be held liable as a matter of law for induced infringement, contributory infringement or willful infringement, and on November 20, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion for a new trial on the issues of induced infringement, contributory infringement, willful infringement and damages. Thereafter, on December 17, 2025, the Court issued a memorandum order granting the Company's request for pre- and post-judgment interest, and denying the Company's request for enhanced damages. Following resolution of all post-trial motions, the Court issued the final judgment in favor of the Company on December 29, 2025 in the total amount of $78,397,157, which amount includes pre-judgment interest.

On January 28, 2026, the CERT defendants filed a notice of appeal of the judgment. Under applicable rules, the CERT defendants may seek a stay of execution of the judgment pending appeal by posting a bond or other security in an amount and form approved by the Court. As of the date of this report, the CERT defendants have not obtained a bonded stay. Although the automatic stay of execution applicable following entry of judgment has expired, the appeal remains pending. As a result, there can be no assurance regarding the timing or amount of any recovery, if any, from the judgment, or that the judgment will ultimately be upheld on appeal. Interest continues to accrue on the judgment amount during the pendency of the appeal.

***We are currently subject to inter partes review proceedings that could adversely affect the enforceability of our patent rights.***

Certain of our patents which pertain to mercury removal from coal-fired power plants are currently the subject of inter partes review ("IPR") proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. IPR proceedings are a mechanism by which third parties can challenge the validity of issued patents, and they have become a frequent tool used by parties seeking to invalidate patents in our industry. Even though a jury has upheld the validity of certain of our patents in the Delaware proceeding and judgment has been entered as described in the immediately preceding risk factor and in further detail under Part I, Item 3. "Legal Proceedings", the IPR process is independent and could result in the narrowing or invalidation of some or all of the asserted claims, which could impair or eliminate our ability to enforce the judgment, collect damages or obtain other relief. While IPRs are a common feature of the U.S. patent system, we believe that our patents are valid and enforceable. We intend to actively defend our intellectual property rights, but the outcome of any administrative proceeding cannot be predicted with certainty**.**

***We depend on third-party suppliers for materials needed to implement our technologies; availability of raw materials and volatility in price could impact our results of operations.***

We buy all the raw materials needed to implement our technologies and provide uniquely formulated products from third-party suppliers. Suppliers of our raw materials include large companies that have provided materials for decades and have an international presence. We believe that we have excellent relationships with our current suppliers. If any of our suppliers should become unavailable to us for any reason, there are a number of other suppliers that we believe can be contracted with to supply the raw materials that we need. However, the availability and price of those raw materials can be impacted by factors beyond our control, including any price increases due to inflation. If such suppliers cannot meet our demand for such raw materials on a timely basis or at acceptable prices or if we are unable to offset any such increases that might occur with price adjustments to our customers, such could have a negative effect on our operations.

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***We are dependent on key customers and suppliers. A significant adverse change in such relationships could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.***

For the year ended December 31, 2025, three customers represented 29%, 11%, and 9% of the Company's revenues, and for the year ended December 31, 2024, three customers represented 32%, 13%, and 10% of the Company's revenues. At December 31, 2025, two customers represented 51%, and14% of the Company's accounts receivable, and at December 31, 2024, three customers represented 32%, 26% and 9% of the Company's accounts receivable. Our customers are concentrated, so the loss of one or more key customers or a material reduction in business performed for them could cause us to experience a decline in net sales, which could adversely affect our financial results. In addition, there can be no assurance that such customers will not experience financial difficulties or other problems which could delay such customers in paying for product and services on a timely basis or at all. Any problems with such customers can be expected to have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, two suppliers represented 55% and 36% of the Company's purchases. For the year ended December 31, 2024, two suppliers represented 51% and 35% of the Company's purchases. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, 63% and 68% of the Company's accounts payable and accrued expenses related to two vendors, respectively. The Company believes there are numerous other suppliers that could be substituted should a supplier become unavailable or non-competitive.

***We rely on a small number of key employees. The loss of more than one of these employees could disrupt our operations and future growth.***

We have a limited number of employees and we depend on the continued services and performance of our key personnel. The loss of more than one member of this team could disrupt our operations and negatively impact our projected future growth. In addition, as we continue to grow, we cannot guarantee we will continue to attract and retain the personnel we need to maintain our competitive position.

***Our lack of diversification increases the risk of an investment in the Company.***

Our business lacks significant diversification and to date has been dependent on the success of our mercury emission control technologies. As a result, we are impacted more acutely by factors affecting our industry or the regions in which we operate than we would if our business were more diversified, enhancing our risk profile. While we are in the process of developing new technologies, particularly in the water treatment market, no assurance can be made that any such new technologies currently under development will be commercialized or result in a significant revenue stream.

***Low gas prices can negatively impact our results of operations; mild weather could also have corresponding effects on the demand for coal.***

Our mercury-emissions control technologies are used by coal-fired power plants primarily in the United States. At such times that gas prices remain low for sustained periods of time or such prices drop substantially, power suppliers will likely rely more upon gas-fired units rather than coal plants in meeting their power needs. Historically, gas prices have been volatile and are likely to remain volatile in the future due to numerous factors beyond our control. Although market prices for natural gas have recently remained relatively high, we cannot predict when such prices may decline and remain low for an extended period of time which, in such event, will likely cause a weaker demand for our products. In addition, mild winter months in the U.S. will also result in less of a power demand, which will also be expected to negatively impact our operations.

***Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us from all business risks.***

We may be subject, in the ordinary course of business, to claims resulting from products liability, employment-related actions, class action lawsuits, accidents, acts of God, and other actions against us. Additionally, our insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all existing and future claims against us. We may be compelled to expend significant time and resources defending any such claims, and a loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits may require us to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

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***Litigation resulting from disputes with customers may result in substantial costs, liabilities, and loss of revenues.***

From time to time, we may be faced with disputes with our customers over the provisions of supply contracts relating to, among other things, pricing, quality, quantity, and the existence of specified conditions beyond our or our customers' control that impact performance obligations under the particular contract. In the event such disputes occur, we may not be able to resolve those disputes in a satisfactory manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Revenues are generated under contracts or blanket purchase orders that must be renegotiated periodically.***

Substantially all of our revenues to date have been generated under contracts or blanket purchase orders which expire periodically or which must be frequently renegotiated, extended, or replaced. Whether these contracts or blanket purchase orders are renegotiated, extended, or replaced is often subject to factors that may be beyond our control, including an extremely competitive marketplace for the services we offer. We cannot assure you that the costs and pricing of our services can remain competitive in the marketplace or that we will be successful in renegotiating our contracts and blanket purchase orders.

***Business interruptions could significantly disrupt our operations and could have a material adverse impact on us.***

Our operations, and those of our suppliers, and other contractors and consultants, could be subject to geopolitical events, natural disasters, power and other infrastructure failures or shortages, public health pandemics or epidemics, extreme weather events, including hurricanes, wildfires and prolonged droughts, and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions. Any of such occurrences may disrupt our operations, damage our facilities, affect our supply chains, disrupt our workforce, and impact our business relationships with other third parties. Any such disruptions or losses we incur could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and our ability to conduct business as expected.

***Any disruptions to our information technology systems or breaches of our network security could interrupt our operations, compromise our reputation, and expose us to and costly response measures and could have a material adverse effect on our business operations.***

We rely on information technology systems, including third-party hosted servers and cloud-based servers, to keep business, financial, and corporate records, communicate internally and externally, and operate other critical functions. If any of our internal systems or the systems of our third-party providers are compromised due to computer virus, unauthorized access, malware, and the like, then sensitive documents could be exposed or deleted, and our ability to conduct business could be impaired. Cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. These incidents can include, but are not limited to, unauthorized access to our systems, computer viruses or other malicious code, denial of service attacks, malware, ransomware, phishing, human error, or other events that result in security breaches or give rise to the manipulation or loss of sensitive information or assets. Cyber incidents can be caused by various persons or groups, including disgruntled employees and vendors, activists, organized crime groups, and state-sponsored and individual hackers. Cyber incidents can also be caused or aggravated by natural events, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, and telecommunications failures. The risk of cybersecurity breach has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks from around the world has increased. While we have certain cyber security procedures in place, given the evolving nature of these threats, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer material losses in the future due to cyber-attacks.

***Maintaining and improving our financial controls may divert management's attention and increase costs.***

We are subject to the requirements of the Exchange Act, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The requirements of these rules and regulations have increased in recent years, causing an increase in legal and financial compliance costs, and make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems, and resources. Such rules and regulations require, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. This can be difficult to do. In this regard, our management concluded our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls were not effective as of December 31, 2025. While we have completed certain remedial actions, we continue to plan for and implement additional control procedures to improve our overall control environment, and we expect these efforts to continue throughout 2026 and beyond. As a result of this and similar activities, management's attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, investors could lose confidence in our financial reports, and our stock price may be adversely affected, if our internal controls over financial reporting continue to be found not to be effective by management or if we make disclosure of existing or potential significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in those controls in the future. Relatedly, if we fail to remediate any such material weakness in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations.

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***Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund operations and jeopardize our financial condition.***

Liquidity, i.e., ready access to funds, is essential to our business. Our access to external sources of financing could be impaired by factors that are specific to us or others that may be outside of our control. As a result, such liquidity risk could impair our ability to funds operations and jeopardize our financial condition.

***Our management has discretion in the use of our available funds.***

Management has discretion concerning the use of our available funds, as well as the timing of their expenditure. As a result, investors will be relying on the judgment of management for the application of our available funds. The results and the effectiveness of the application of the available funds are uncertain. If available funds are not applied effectively, the results of our operations may suffer. Stockholders may not agree with the manner in which management chooses to allocate and spend our available funds.

***Our Board of Directors concluded in 2025 that we needed to restate previously issued financial statements as a result of a change in accounting for a certain license agreement.***

On March 28, 2025, our Board of Directors, along with our Audit Committee and with management and, following dialogue with our auditors, concluded that our previously issued financial statements for the periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included in the Company's Annual Reports on Form 10-K, and the periods ended March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2024, March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, and September 30, 2023, included in the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, should no longer be relied upon as a result of the change in accounting for a certain license agreement. We concluded that the Company should have recognized the entire proceeds receivable pursuant to the agreement as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company should also have recognized the financing component of the licensing agreement during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024. Such restatement, and any future restatements of our financial position, could cause uncertain sentiment in the investment community.

**Risks Related to Regulation**

***Any significant changes in environmental regulations related to mercury emissions and potable water treatment could have a major impact on us.***

Our business relies heavily on environmental regulations governing emissions from coal-fired power plants and regulations related to water treatment. In the United States, the MATS rule, issued by the EPA in 2011, is intended to reduce air emissions of heavy metals, including Hg, from all major U.S. power plants burning coal or oil, which are the leading source of non-natural mercury emissions in the U.S. Potable water treatment is regulated primarily by the EPA under the SDWA, which establishes standards to ensure that water is safe for human consumption. In April 2024, the EPA issued the first-ever national, enforceable drinking water standard to protect communities from exposure to harmful PFAS, also known as forever chemicals. The Rule sets limits for five individual PFAS: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and HFPO-DA/GenX). Any changes, rollbacks or delays in these regulations could significantly impact the Company's financial performance and growth prospects. In this regard, on May 14, 2025, the EPA under the new Trump Administration announced the agency will keep the regulations for PFOA and PFOS, but also announced its intent to extend the PFOA and PFOS MCL compliance deadlines to 2031 and establish a federal exemption framework. Additionally, the EPA announced its intent to rescind the regulations and reconsider the regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and the Hazard Index mixture of these three PFAS plus PFBS to ensure the determinations and any resulting drinking water regulation follow the SDWA process.

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***Since being enacted, the MATS Rule has been subject to legal challenges and modifications which may continue.***

Since being enacted in 2011, the MATS regulation has been subject to legal challenge and modifications. In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court, in *Michigan v. EPA*, held that the EPA unreasonably failed to consider costs in determining whether it is "appropriate and necessary" to regulate hazardous air pollutants, including mercury, from power plants, but left the rule in place. In April 2016, the EPA issued a supplemental finding in response to the *Michigan* decision and found that, after a consideration of costs, it remained appropriate and necessary to regulate such emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants. In May 2020, the EPA, then under the first Trump Administration, reversed the determination, finding that, after weighing the costs of compliance against certain benefits of the regulation, the 2016 supplemental finding was erroneous, but left the MATS rule in place. Upon taking office, the Biden Administration in January 2021 directed the EPA to review the previous Administration's actions on various environmental matters, including the withdrawal of the May 2020 "appropriate and necessary" determination, for conformity with the Biden Administration's environmental policy. On February 9, 2022, the EPA proposed to revoke the May 2020 finding and reaffirm the EPA's 2016 finding. On February 15, 2023, the EPA reaffirmed that it remains appropriate and necessary to regulate hazardous air pollutants, including mercury, from power plants after considering cost, and revoked the May 2020 finding. In April 2023, the EPA issued a proposal to strengthen and update MATS. Such proposal was finalized and published in May 2024, with an effective date of July 8, 2024, which, among other things, strengthens and updates MATS for coal-fired power plants and tightens the emission standard for mercury for existing lignite-fired power plants to a level that is aligned with the mercury standard that other coal-fired power plants have been achieving under MATS. On March 12, 2025, the newly appointed EPA administrator under the Trump Administration announced plans to roll back dozens of environmental regulations, including the reconsideration of the MATS regulation. On April 8, 2025, President Trump signed a Proclamation exempting certain stationary sources, identified in Annex 1 of the Proclamation, from compliance with the 2024 updated MATS Rule. As set out in the Proclamation, the President's exemption lasts for a period of two years beyond the updated Rule's compliance date (i.e., for the period beginning July 8, 2027 and concluding July 8, 2029). During the two-year period, these stationary sources identified in Annex 1 are subject to the compliance obligations that they are currently subject to under MATS as the MATS Rule existed prior to the 2024 update. Annex 1 identifies 47 plant owners and over 60 power plants provided such exemption. In June 2025, the EPA proposed to repeal certain amendments finalized in 2024 to the MATS Rule and return compliance obligations to the MATS standards which existed prior to the 2024 update. On December 23, 2025, the EPA submitted a draft of the final action to the OMB for interagency review under Executive Order 12866. On February 19, 2026, following completion of the OMB interagency review process, the EPA finalized the repeal of the 2024 amendments to the MATS Rule which returned compliance to the 2012 MATS Rule requirements.

***Uncertainty of and variability in international environmental regulations could restrict our ability to expand outside of the United States*.**

While the focus of our business has been North America, and particularly the United States, in order to expand our business internationally, we would expect that more restrictive international environmental regulations will need to be enacted for the purpose of mercury control from power plant emissions. In May 2017, the European Union and seven of its member states ratified the Minamata Convention on Mercury. The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. Specific emissions limits are being developed by the European Union, although the timing of any enactment of such is uncertain. With regard to business opportunities in China and other Asian countries, there currently exists no specific mandate for mercury capture that requires specific control technology, such as we offer. Any delay in enactment of more restrictive international regulations or the lack thereof could restrict any efforts and our ability to attract business in Europe and Asia for our emissions technologies.

With regard to our water treatment technologies, we intend to focus on the U.S. market. In the event we seek to expand our water treatment business internationally, we will face a complex array of international water treatment regulations, which vary significantly across countries and may be subject to frequent changes. This regulatory variability introduces uncertainty and potential compliance challenges should we seek to expand globally.

**Risks Related to our Common Stock**

***Trading activity for our common stock has varied, and, at times, been limited.***

Our common stock is currently traded in Canada on the TSX under the symbol "BCHT" and prior to February 26, 2026 was quoted in the United States on the OTCQB operated by OTC Markets Group Inc. under the symbol "BCHT". Effective February 26, 2026, our common stock became listed and began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol "BCHT", at which point our common stock ceased being traded on the OTCQB. Historically, the trading volume for our common stock has varied and, at times, been limited. Accordingly, if we are not able to maintain the listing of our shares of common stock on the NYSE American or the TSX and our common stock becomes quoted on the OTCQB again, investors may find it more difficult to buy and sell our shares. These factors may have an adverse impact on the trading and price of our common stock.

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***Our stock price may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors and litigation.***

In addition to changes to market prices based on our results of operations and the factors discussed elsewhere in this "*Risk Factors*" section, the market price of and trading volume for our common stock may change for a variety of other reasons, not necessarily related to our actual operating performance. The capital markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the average daily trading volume of the securities of small companies can be very low, which may contribute to future volatility. Factors that could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly include:

· the results of operating and financial performance and prospects of other companies in our industry;

· strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

· announcements of innovations, increased service capabilities, new or terminated customers, or new, amended, or terminated contracts by our competitors;

· the public's reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC;

· lack of securities analyst coverage or speculation in the press or investment community about us or market opportunities in our industry or about the market for coal-fired power in the U.S. or abroad;

· changes in government policies in the United States and in foreign countries, if we are able to derive significant business outside of the United States;

· changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities or research analysts who track our common stock or failure of our actual results of operations to meet those expectations;

· market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;

· changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations, or principles;

· any lawsuit involving us, our services, or our products;

· arrival and departure of key personnel;

· sales of common stock by us, our investors or members of our management team; and

· changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States, and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural or man-made disasters.

Any of these factors, as well as broader market and industry factors, may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume of our common stock and could seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. This may prevent you from being able to sell your shares of common stock at or above the price you paid for such shares, if at all. In addition, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, stockholders often institute securities class action litigation against that company. Our involvement in any class action suit or other legal proceeding could divert our senior management's attention and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

***Shares of common stock eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on our share price.***

Sales of substantial amounts of shares of common stock or the perception that such sales could occur may adversely affect the prevailing market price for our shares. We may issue additional shares of common stock in subsequent public offerings or private placements to make new investments or for other purposes. We are not required to offer any such shares of common stock to existing stockholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, it may not be possible for existing stockholders to participate in such future share issuances, which may dilute the existing stockholders' interests in us.

***We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future.***

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Accordingly, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock may be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

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***We may need additional capital in the future, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all, to continue investing in our business and to finance acquisitions and other strategic transactions.***

In February 2026, we completed a financing transaction that strengthened our liquidity. However, we may need additional capital in the future, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all, to among other things, continue investing in our business, pursue acquisitions and other strategic transactions. Future financings may involve the issuance of debt, equity, and/or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our equity securities. These financings may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all if and when we require funding. If we are able to consummate such financings, the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected and/or the terms of such financings may adversely affect the interests of our existing stockholders. Any failure to obtain additional working capital, if and when required, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and may result in a decline in our stock price.

***Our indemnification obligations to directors and officers could be costly to us and may discourage lawsuits against them, potentially limiting stockholder rights and remedies.***

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that we possess and may exercise all powers of indemnification of our officers, directors, employees, agents, and other persons and our second amended and restated by-laws ("Bylaws") also require us to indemnify our officers and directors as permitted under the provisions of the General Corporate Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL"). In addition, we have entered into agreements to indemnify our directors and executive officers. These agreements, among other things, require us to indemnify these individuals for certain expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines, and settlement amounts reasonably incurred by such person in any action or proceeding, including any action by or in our right, on account of any services undertaken by such person on behalf of our Company or that person's status as a member of our Board of Directors to the maximum extent allowed under Delaware law. The foregoing indemnification obligations could result in our incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against directors and officers. These provisions and resultant costs may also discourage us from bringing a lawsuit against directors, officers, and employees for breaches of their fiduciary duties, and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our stockholders against our directors, officers, and employees even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit the Company and stockholders.

***If our common stock becomes characterized as a "penny stock" again under SEC rules, it may be more difficult to resell our common stock.***

Prior to the recent listing of our common stock on the NYSE American, our common stock was considered a "penny stock" under applicable SEC rules (generally defined as non-exchange traded stock with a per-share price below $5.00). While we do not expect our common stock to be considered a "penny stock" following our listing, if we are later deemed a "penny stock", certain rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that recommend the purchase or sale of penny stocks to persons other than those who qualify as "established customers" or "accredited investors." For example, broker-dealers must determine the appropriateness for non-qualifying persons of investments in penny stocks. Broker-dealers must also provide, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from the rules, a standardized risk disclosure document that provides information about penny stocks and the risks in the penny stock market. The broker-dealer also must provide the customer with current bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, disclose the compensation of the broker-dealer and its salesperson in the transaction, furnish monthly account statements showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer's account, provide a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser, and receive the purchaser's written agreement to the transaction.

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U.S. legal remedies available to an investor in "penny stocks" may include the following:

· If a "penny stock" is sold to the investor in violation of the requirements listed above, or other federal or states securities laws, the investor may be able to cancel the purchase and receive a refund of the investment.

· If a "penny stock" is sold to the investor in a fraudulent manner, the investor may be able to sue the persons and firms that committed the fraud for damages.

These requirements may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity, if any, in the secondary market for a security that becomes subject to the penny stock rules. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by such requirements may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our securities, which could severely limit the market price and liquidity of our securities. These requirements may restrict the ability of broker-dealers to sell our common stock and may affect your ability to resell our common stock.

Many brokerage firms will discourage or refrain from recommending investments in penny stocks. Most institutional investors will not invest in penny stocks. In addition, many individual investors will not invest in penny stocks due, among other reasons, to the increased financial risk generally associated with these investments.

For these reasons, penny stocks may have a limited market and, consequently, limited liquidity. We can give no assurance at what time, if ever, our common stock may be classified as a "penny stock" in the future.

***If we cannot satisfy the continued listing requirements of the NYSE American and/or the TSX, our common stock may be delisted from the NYSE American and/or the TSX, which could negatively impact the price of our common stock and your ability to sell them.***

On February 26, 2026, our common stock began to trade on the NYSE American under the symbol "BCHT". On November 12, 2024, our common stock commenced trading on the TSX. In order to maintain our listing on the NYSE American and TSX, we will be required to comply with certain rules of the NYSE American and TSX, respectively, including those regarding a minimum public float, and various additional requirements. We may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy the NYSE American and/or TSX criteria for maintaining our listing, our common stock could be subject to delisting from the NYSE American and/or TSX.

If the NYSE American and/or TSX subsequently delists our common stock from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

· a limited availability for market quotations for our securities;

· reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;

· limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

· a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

***Potential future sales pursuant to Rule 144 may depress the price of our common stock.***

Many of the shares of our common stock presently held by management and others are "restricted securities" as that term is defined in Rule 144, promulgated under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). Under Rule 144 of the Securities Act, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who has satisfied a certain holding period, may, under certain circumstances, sell such shares or a portion of such shares. Such holding periods have already been satisfied in many instances. Therefore, actual sales or the prospect of sales of such shares under Rule 144 in the future may depress the price of our common stock.

Except as required by the federal securities laws, we do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or for any other reason.

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***Our Chief Executive Officer has the ability to significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval.***

As of March 31, 2026, our Chief Executive Officer, Richard MacPherson, beneficially owned approximately 11.94% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, while we do not expect to be a "controlled company" within the meaning of the corporate governance rules of the NYSE American, Mr. MacPherson is able to significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, Mr. MacPherson would significantly influence the election of directors and the approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company on terms that other stockholders may desire.

***Delaware law, our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.***

Our Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws and the DGCL contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our Board of Directors and therefore depressing the trading price of our common stock. These provisions also could make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our Board of Directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws include provisions regarding:

· the ability of our Board of Directors to determine the rights, preferences and privileges of our preferred stock and to issue the preferred stock without stockholder approval;

· advance notice requirements for election to our Board of Directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings;

· vacancies on our Board of Directors may be filled by a majority of directors then in office, although less than a quorum;

· authority granted to our Board of Directors to increase or decrease the size of our Board of Directors;

· authorization for our Board of Directors, by majority vote, to amend the Bylaws; and

· under the DGCL, stockholders are not entitled to cumulative voting in the election of directors unless specifically provided for; our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting.

***If we fail to comply with the standards for continued listing on the NYSE American, this could negatively impact the price of our common stock and your ability to sell your shares of common stock.***

In order to maintain our listing on the NYSE American, we will be required to comply with certain rules of the NYSE American, including those regarding minimum stockholders' equity, minimum share price, minimum market value of publicly held shares, and various additional requirements. Even though we initially met the listing requirements and other applicable rules of the NYSE American, we may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy the NYSE American criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting.

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If the NYSE American subsequently delists our common stock from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

· reduction in the market price of our common stock;

· a limited availability for market quotations for our common stock;

· reduced liquidity with respect to our common stock;

· a determination that our common stock is a "penny stock," which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common stock;

· an inability to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations;

· a reduction in the number of institutional and general investors that will consider investing in our common stock;

· a reduction in the number of investors in general that will consider investing in our common stock;

· a reduction in the number of market makers in our common stock;

· a reduction in the number of broker-dealers willing to execute trades in shares of our common stock;

· a reduction in the availability of information concerning the trading prices and volume of our common stock;

· limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

· a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

***Even though we effected the 1-for-5 reverse stock split of our common stock, we cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will remain high enough for such reverse stock split to have the intended effect of complying with the NYSE American's minimum price requirement.***

In connection with the uplist of our common stock to the NYSE American, we effected a 1-for-5 reverse stock split on December 26, 2025 with the primary purpose to allow us to meet the NYSE American's minimum price requirement. There can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock following such reverse stock split will remain at the level required for compliance with that requirement. In any event, other factors unrelated to the number of shares of our common stock outstanding, such as negative financial or operational results, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and thus jeopardize our ability to meet or maintain the NYSE American's minimum price requirement.

***If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.***

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on our Company. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our Company, the trading price for our common stock would likely be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our common stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our Company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

***Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our common stock.***

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale.

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As it is in the short seller's interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its prospects to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves.

We may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business, and any investment in the common stock could be greatly reduced or even rendered worthless.

***We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert our management's attention.***

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and in the past companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

***There is no assurance that an investment in our common stock will earn any positive return.***

There is no assurance that an investment in our common stock will earn any positive return. An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk and should be undertaken only by investors whose financial resources are sufficient to enable them to assume such risks and who have no need for immediate liquidity in their investment. An investment in our common stock is appropriate only for investors who have the capacity to absorb a loss of some or all of their investment.

***An investment in our common stock, and certain subsequent transactions with respect to our common stock, may result in uncertain or adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for an investor.***

An investment in our common stock, and certain subsequent transactions with respect to our common stock, may result in uncertain or adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for an investor. See the section entitled "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences to U.S. and Non-U.S. Holders" below for a summary of the principal U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our common stock. Each prospective investor is urged to consult with and rely solely upon its own tax advisors with respect to these and other tax consequences when purchasing, holding or disposing of our common stock.

***The reverse stock split could cause our stock price to decline relative to its value before the split and decrease the liquidity of shares of our common stock.***

On December 26, 2025, we effected a 1-for-5 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock. There is no assurance that such reverse stock split will not cause a decline in the value of our outstanding common stock. The liquidity of the shares of our common stock may be affected adversely by such reverse stock split given the reduced number of shares that are outstanding following such reverse stock split, especially if the market price of our common stock does not increase as a result. Additionally, it is not uncommon for the market price of a company's common stock to decline in the period following a reverse stock split. If the market price of our common stock declines following the effectuation of our 1-for-5 reverse stock split, the percentage decline may be greater than would occur in the absence of such a reverse stock split. In addition, this reverse stock split may have increased the number of stockholders who own odd lots (less than 100 shares) of our common stock, creating the potential for such stockholders to experience an increase in the cost of selling their shares and greater difficulty effecting such sales.

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**Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.**

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

**Item 1C. Cybersecurity.**

***Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy***

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. Based on our small size and limited number of employees and consultants, we rely extensively on information technology systems managed by third party major service providers to securely process, store and transmit our data to conduct business. Our employees and consultants utilize end point security tools, such as firewalls and anti-virus protection, to protect our data. To date, we have not engaged any assessors, consultants, auditors or other third parties in connection with our risk management system or processes, and believe that, given our size, our current approach to manage cybersecurity risks is adequate.

In connection with our use of third-party services providers, we have certain processes in place to oversee and identify cybersecurity risks from threats and incidents. We are not aware of having experienced any material cybersecurity incidents. We are not aware of any existent cybersecurity threats that would materially affect, or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. However, there could be cybersecurity threats or incidents in the future that may adversely affect our business. For more information, please refer to Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our overall strategy in combatting known cybersecurity risks includes a variety of individual tactics, including:

· the use of antivirus software, virtual private networks, email security, as well as other software to prevent and detect data intrusions.

· the deployment of updates and patches as they are available and maintaining the current versions of major software to reduce the exposure to vulnerabilities.

· the review of the security procedures used by third parties that may host or otherwise have access to the Company's data.

· if necessary, the use of third-party security experts if and when an incident is detected.

***Governance***

Our Vice President of Operations oversees risks of cybersecurity threats and will report, as necessary, to the Board of Directors, including promptly reporting any cybersecurity incidents that may pose a significant risk to us. To date, our Vice President of Operations has not had to report any cybersecurity incidents to the Board. Our Vice President of Operations has over 25 years of experience in the industry and has overseen the day-to-day operations of the Company for over 10 years. Among other things, he has been responsible for day-to-day access management, network security and data protection solutions. Our Board of Directors has oversight of management to eliminate cybersecurity risks.

**Item 2. Properties.**

We lease a warehouse in Corsicana, Texas, consisting of approximately 20,000 square feet, which we have leased since December 2019 and which we use for manufacturing and distribution of our products. Such lease in Corsicana, Texas expires March 31, 2029.

Since August 2024, we have leased laboratory space in Grand Forks, North Dakota, and since November 2024, we have leased additional laboratory space in State College, Pennsylvania. Each lease has a three-year term, with an option to extend for an additional term of three years. Such laboratories are used for research and development and will be able to offer other services such as carbon activation, thermal reactivation, and regeneration, contaminant analysis and carbon evaluations and recommendations.

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**Item 3. Legal Proceedings.**

We have commenced multiple patent infringement lawsuits to enforce our proprietary two-part SEA<sup>®</sup> process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants. These actions, filed between 2019 and 2025, target various operators of coal-fired power plants and refined coal producers whom we allege have willfully infringed our patent rights. We are seeking damages, injunctive relief, and other remedies in each of these proceedings.

**Delaware District Court Action**

In July 2019, we initiated patent litigation against various defendants in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, which included (i) Vistra Energy Corp., AEP Generation Resources Inc., NRG Energy, Inc., Talen Energy Corporation, and certain of their respective affiliated entities, all of which are owners and/or operators of coal-fired power plants in the United States, and (ii) Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., DTE REF Holdings, LLC, CERT Coal Holdings LLC, Chem-Mod LLC, and certain of their respective affiliated entities, and additional named and unnamed defendants, all of which operated or were involved in operations of refined coal facilities in the United States.

Between July 2020 and January 2021, we entered into agreements with each of the four major utility defendants, which included certain monetary arrangements and pursuant to which we dismissed all claims brought against each of them and their affiliates.

In November 2023, we entered into a confidential binding term sheet with Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., and various of its affiliated entities, and DTE Energy Resources LLC and various of its affiliated entities, to resolve the patent litigation. Pursuant to the term sheet, all claims and counterclaims asserted by the parties in such patent litigation have been dismissed with prejudice, although such term sheet does not affect any other claim brought against the remaining CERT defendants. In November 2023, Alistar Enterprises, LLC, one of the remaining CERT defendants, entered into a settlement agreement with us.

In December 2023, and in connection with the term sheet described above, the Company, along with its wholly-owned subsidiary, MES, Inc., and (a) Chem-Mod LLC ("Chem-Mod"), (b) Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. and AJG Coal, LLC, and (c) DTE Energy Co. and DTE Energy Resources, LLC, entered into a paid license of U.S. Patent No. 8,168,147, U.S. Patent No. 10,343,114, U.S. Patent No. 10,589,225, U.S. Patent No. 10,596,517 and U.S. Patent No. 10,668,430 and their foreign equivalents and related patent applications and patents, which licenses the use of refined coal or the Chem-Mod Solution in conjunction with activated carbon. This license applies to Chem-Mod and certain of its licensees, sub-licensees, and their customers, for the remaining term of such patents. By its terms, the license does not cover the use of activated carbon with coal that is not either refined coal or coal made by or for use with the Chem-Mod Solution in a manner authorized by the license. The parties to the license have mutually released all claims that any past use of the Chem-Mod Solution in connection with the production or use of refined coal with activated carbon by entities other than the CERT defendants and their customers infringes the asserted patents and related intellectual property, and all claims that could have been brought challenging the validity of such patents. The remaining CERT defendants and their customers (for activities relating to the CERT defendants) were not included within the scope of the license.

The case proceeded to trial in February 2024 against the remaining CERT defendants. On March 1, 2024, a federal jury returned a $57.1 million verdict in favor of the Company against the remaining CERT defendants, finding willful infringement of the Company's patented technologies and holding the defendants liable for inducing and contributory infringement. Such group of affiliated defendants included multiple limited liability companies with refined coal industry operations, including CERT Operations II LLC, CERT Operations IV LLC, CERT Operations V LLC, and CERT Operations RCB LLC. Following the trial, the Court entered non-final judgments on the verdict against the CERT defendants and the parties submitted post-trial motions relating to the jury trial. The CERT defendants also asserted that the Company's claims were barred due to their defense that they had an implied license to the asserted patents. A bench trial was held on such issue. On June 10, 2025, the Court ruled that the CERT defendants failed to prove that they had such an implied license and denied their motion to alter or amend the non-final judgment. On September 25, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion that they should not be held liable as a matter of law for induced infringement, contributory infringement or willful infringement, and on November 20, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion for a new trial on the issues of induced infringement, contributory infringement, willful infringement and damages. Thereafter, on December 17, 2025, the Court issued a memorandum order granting the Company's request for pre- and post-judgment interest, and denying the Company's request for enhanced damages. Following resolution of all post-trial motions, the Court issued the final judgment in favor of the Company on December 29, 2025 in the total amount of $78,397,157, which amount includes pre-judgment interest.

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On January 28, 2026, the CERT defendants filed a notice of appeal of the judgment. Under applicable rules, the CERT defendants may seek a stay of execution of the judgment pending appeal by posting a bond or other security in an amount and form approved by the Court. As of the date of this report, the CERT defendants have not obtained a bonded stay. Although the automatic stay of execution applicable following entry of judgment has expired, the appeal remains pending. Interest continues to accrue on the judgment amount during the pendency of the appeal.

**2024-2025 Patent Infringement Actions**

In July 2024, we commenced three additional patent infringement lawsuits in U.S. District Courts in Arizona, Iowa and Missouri against multiple utilities and related entities. These actions allege willful infringement of the Company's patents related to mercury emissions control. Named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona were Tucson Electric Power Co., San Carlos Resources, Inc., Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, Inc., Springerville Unit 3 Holding LLC, and Springerville Unit 3 Partnership LP. Named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa were Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company, MidAmerican Energy Company, PacifiCorp, Alliant Energy Corporation, Interstate Power and Light Company, and Wisconsin Power and Light Company, and named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri were Ameren Corp. and Union Electric Co.

In October 2024, we entered into an agreement with one of the utility defendants and an affiliated entity in the Arizona action, and in January 2025, we entered into an agreement with another utility named in the Arizona action. Such agreements provide such parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company's two-part SEA® process for use in connection with a certain designated coal-fired power plant operated by them. The agreements include one-time license fees which have been received by the Company. One agreement provides the Company with a right of first refusal for certain of such utility's product supply for mercury emissions capture at such designated power plant and the other agreement provides the Company with the right to be included in such party's bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party's designated power plant.

On December 17, 2024, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the consolidation of the three lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa for coordinated pretrial proceedings. In January 2025, we initiated an additional infringement suit in the Western District of Missouri against several Evergy-affiliated entities. Named as defendants in the action were Evergy, Inc., Evergy Metro Inc., Evergy Missouri West, Inc. and Evergy Kansas Central, Inc. One of such defendants was dismissed from the Western District of Missouri action and named as a defendant in a separate case commenced in the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas. Such cases were transferred to the Iowa court pursuant to the existing transfer order.

Between January and July 2025, certain defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") seeking to invalidate various asserted claims.

Effective as of August 5, 2025, we entered into separate agreements with two utilities, which are affiliated with each other, and named as defendants in the Southern District of Iowa action. In addition, as of September 9, 2025, we entered into an agreement with a utility and its affiliated entities, named as defendants in the Western District of Missouri and District of Kansas actions. Such agreements provide such parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company's two-part SEA® process for use in connection with certain designated coal-fired power plants operated by them. Each agreement includes a one-time license fee. The agreements, effective as of August 5, 2025 and entered into with the two utilities, provide the Company with the right to be included in each utility's bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party's operated power plants. Such two utilities have also agreed to withdraw from the IPR petitions.

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Effective as of September 30, 2025, we entered into an agreement with another utility not named as a defendant in our patent litigations, but a party to the IPR petitions filed with the PTO. Such agreement provides such utility and its affiliates with a with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company's two-part SEA® process for use in connection with a certain designated coal-fired power plant operated by them. Such agreement includes a one-time license fee and provides the Company with the right to be included in such party's bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party's designated power plant. Such party has agreed to withdraw from IPR petitions.

Effective as of October 15, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility named as a defendant in the Southern District of Iowa action. While the terms of the agreement are confidential, it includes a resolution of the disputes between the Company and that utility and its affiliates and provides for their withdrawal from related proceedings.

As a result of the agreements described above, the Company and several defendants have resolved their respective claims, and those defendants have been dismissed from the applicable actions. There remain two utilities in the consolidated Iowa actions.

As described above, between January and April 2025, certain defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions seeking to invalidate various asserted claims of the Company's patents. In September and October 2025, the U.S. Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") granted the institution of review of certain of the Company's asserted patents. The Company sought review of those institutional decisions by the PTO Director. The Director has since issued decisions granting reconsideration in part and denying it in part, and certain matters remain subject to further motions and proceedings before the PTAB. In connection with these proceedings, the Court in the consolidated Iowa actions has stayed the litigation pending completion of the IPR process.

Between June and July 2025, certain other defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions seeking to invalidate various asserted claims of the Company's patents. These petitions were denied institution by the PTO Director, and requests for reconsideration of those denials have also been denied.

The Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of the pending IPR proceedings or related matters.

Other than the foregoing, there are no material pending legal proceedings to which we are a party or to which any of our property is subject, nor are there any such proceedings known to be contemplated by governmental authorities. None of our directors, officers, or affiliates are involved in a proceeding adverse to our business or has a material interest adverse to our business.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.**

Not applicable.

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**PART II**

**Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.**

**Market**

Our common stock is presently traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") under the symbol "BCHT", and until February 26, 2026 was quoted on the OTCQB market tier operated by OTC Markets Group Inc. ("OTCQB") under the symbol "BCHT". In connection with the offering of our common stock which closed on February 27, 2026, our common stock was approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange American Exchange (the "NYSE American") under the symbol "BCHT" and began trading on the NYSE American on February 26, 2026, at which point the common stock ceased to be traded on the OTCQB.

**Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities**

None.

**Use of Proceeds**

On February 27, 2026, we completed a public offering of 6,250,000 shares of our common stock, at a price of $2.40 per share, generating gross proceeds of $15,000,000. In connection with the offering, we granted Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC as representative of the several underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 937,500 shares of common stock at the offering price of $2.40 per share (the "Over-Allotment Option"). On March 17, 2026, the Company sold to the underwriters pursuant to their partial exercise of their Over-Allotment Option an additional 600,000 shares of common stock resulting in additional gross proceeds of $1,440,000. After giving effect to the partial exercise of the Over-Allotment Option, gross proceeds from the offering were $16,440,000, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The net proceeds to us from the offering were approximately $14.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $1,150,800, and other estimated offering expenses payable by us in the approximate amount of $860,000.

The net proceeds were received subsequent to December 31, 2025, and accordingly no proceeds had been applied as of the end of the year covered by this report. We intend to use the net proceeds of the offering, together with our existing cash, for, among other things, continuing operating expenses, working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The shares were offered pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-292701), which was declared effective by the SEC on February 17, 2026 (the "Registration Statement"), including the preliminary prospectus included therein. The shares of our common stock registered pursuant to the Registration Statement included 6,250,000 shares of our common stock and an additional 937,500 shares of our common stock underlying the Over-Allotment Option. A final prospectus relating to the offering was filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act with the SEC on February 27, 2026.

**Share Repurchase Program**

On March 19, 2025, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may purchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock. Purchases under the share repurchase program may be made from time to time, in such amounts as management deems appropriate, through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, purchases through 10b5-1 trading plans, or by any combination of such methods. The timing and amount of any repurchases pursuant to the share repurchase program will be determined based upon a variety of factors, including general market conditions, share price, corporate and regulatory requirements and limitations, corporate liquidity requirements and priorities, and other factors. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date, does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares of its common stock, if any, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without notice. During the year ended December 31, 2025, there were no repurchases made under the program.

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**Holders**

As of March 31, 2026, there were 370 stockholders of record of our common stock. The number of holders of record does not include holders who are beneficial owners, but whose securities are held in "nominee" or "street name" by brokers or other nominees. The approximate number of beneficial stockholders is estimated to be 2,600.

**Dividends**

We have not declared any cash dividends to date and have no current plan to do so in the foreseeable future.

**Transfer Agent**

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Transfer Online, Inc., 512 SE Salmon Street, Portland, Oregon 97214. The co-transfer agent and registrar for our common stock in Canada is TSX Trust Company at its offices in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

**Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans**

The following table shows information, as of December 31, 2025, with respect to each equity compensation plan under which our common stock is authorized for issuance:

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|  | Number of securities to<br>be issued upon exercise of outstanding options,<br>warrants and rights | Weighted-average<br>exercise price of<br>outstanding options,<br>warrants and rights | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
| Plan Category | (a) | (b) | (c) |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders <sup>(1)</sup> | 1070000 | $3.43 | 1518261 |
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | 0 | $0 | 0 |
| Total | 1070000 | $3.43 | 1518261 |

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(1) Includes securities underlying the Company's Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan.

***Equity Incentive Plans***

On July 3, 2023, the Board approved and adopted the Company's Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the (the "2014 Plan") and the Company's Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2017 Plan") which amended the Company's previously adopted 2014 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. Stockholder approval was obtained on December 5, 2023. On October 29, 2024, the Board approved certain non-material amendments to the 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan which amendments were made in connection with the listing of the Company's shares on the TSX and graduation from the TSXV to the TSX.

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The following is a brief description of the material features of the 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan as of the date of this report. The description below is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan.

***2014 Plan***

The 2014 Plan was first approved by the Board of Directors on January 10, 2014. The 2017 Plan replaced the 2014 Plan, which was terminated by the Board of Directors on April 28, 2017. As a result of such termination, no additional awards may be granted under the 2014 Plan but previously granted awards shall remain outstanding in accordance with their terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2025, there were no options or other types of awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan.

***2017 Plan***

The 2017 Plan was adopted by the Board on February 9, 2017. The 2017 Plan will terminate on the tenth anniversary of the date of its initial adoption by the Board, unless earlier terminated by the Board. As amended by the Board on July 3, 2023, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2017 Plan after July 3, 2023 is 2,815,692, and to the extent any award (or portion thereof) outstanding under the 2014 Plan expires, terminates or is cancelled, surrendered or forfeited for any reason on or after July 3, 2023, the shares of common stock subject to such award (or portion thereof) shall be added to and increase the foregoing limit, to a maximum of 955,000 additional shares of common stock. Since July 3, 2023, the foregoing limit increased to a total of 705,000 shares of common stock at December 31, 2025 as a result of the expiration or forfeiture of awards under the 2014 Plan subsequent to July 3, 2023. As of December 31, 2025, there are no remaining awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan. As at December 31, 2025, there were 1,070,000 options and no RSUs outstanding under the 2017 Plan (representing 5.50% of the issued and outstanding shares, and 1,518,261 shares of common stock (representing 7.80% of the issued and outstanding shares) available for future grant under the 2017 Plan.

*Administration*. The 2017 Plan is administered by the Board (the "Administrator"). Subject to the policies of the TSX, the Administrator has full authority to determine who will receive awards and to determine the types of awards to be granted as well as the amounts, terms, and conditions of any awards. Each award shall be evidenced by a written or electronic award agreement in the form approved by the Administrator and, if required by the Administrator, executed by the recipient of the award. Awards shall vest at such time or times and subject to such terms and conditions as shall be determined by the Administrator at the time of grant. The Administrator has the right to determine any questions that may arise regarding the interpretation and application of the provisions of the 2017 Plan and to make, administer, and interpret such rules and regulations as it deems necessary or advisable. Determinations of the Administrator made under the 2017 Plan are conclusive and bind all parties.

*Eligibility*. Eligible recipients under the 2017 Plan include the Company's officers, directors, employees, and consultants of the Company or one of its subsidiaries. Investor relations service providers may not receive any awards other than options.

*Stock Options*. Stock options granted under the 2017 Plan may be ISOs within the meaning of Section 422 of Code, or nonqualified stock options ("NSOs") which are not intended to qualify as incentive stock options. The award agreement for a stock option will indicate if the stock option is intended as an ISO; otherwise it will be deemed to be an NSO. To qualify as an ISO, a stock option must meet certain requirements set forth in the Code. The per share exercise price of a stock option granted under the 2017 Plan shall not be less than the greater of (a) 100% of the Fair Market Value (as defined in the 2017 Plan) of a share of common stock on the date the stock option is granted and (b) the minimum price permitted by the rules and policies of any stock exchange on which the shares of common stock are then listed, except that with respect to an incentive stock option granted to a person who, at the time of grant, owns more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company, the exercise price may not be less than 110% of the Fair Market Value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.

*Stock Appreciation Rights*. The Administrator may grant Stock Appreciation Rights, or SARs, under the 2017 Plan. A SAR entitles the holder upon exercise to receive an amount in cash or common stock or a combination thereof (as determined by the Administrator) computed by reference to appreciation in the value of a share of common stock above a base amount which may not be less than fair market value on the date of grant.

*Restricted Shares Units*. A restricted share unit, or "RSU", represents the right to receive on the respective scheduled vesting or payment date for such RSU, one share of common stock. An award of RSUs may be subject to the attainment of specified performance goals or targets, forfeitability provisions and such other terms and conditions as the Administrator may determine, subject to the provisions of the 2017 Plan. Subject to the restrictions imposed under the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan and the applicable award agreement, each recipient of a RSU shall have no rights as a stockholder with respect to such RSU until such time as shares of common stock are issued to the recipient.

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*Performance Awards*. The Administrator may also make awards subject to the satisfaction of specified performance criteria. Performance awards may consist of common stock or cash or a combination of the two. The performance criteria used in connection with a particular performance award will be determined by the Administrator.

*General Provisions Applicable to All Awards*. Unless otherwise expressly provided in (or pursuant to) the 2017 Plan and permitted by applicable law and the rules and policies of any stock exchange on which the shares of common stock are then listed (including the TSX), no awards may be assigned or transferred other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. During a recipient's lifetime an ISO and, except as the Administrator may provide, other non-transferable awards requiring exercise may be exercised only by the recipient. Shares delivered under the 2017 Plan may consist of either authorized but unissued or treasury shares. The number of shares delivered upon exercise of a stock option is determined net of any shares transferred by the optionee to the Company (including through the holding back of shares that would otherwise have been deliverable upon exercise) in payment of the exercise price or tax withholding.

Subject to the terms of the 2017 Plan and the rules and policies of any stock exchange (including the TSX) on which the shares of common stock are then listed, awards may be exercised by a reduction in the number of shares otherwise deliverable pursuant to the award (a "net exercise") or pursuant to a "cashless exercise" with a third party who provides financing for the purposes of (or who otherwise facilitates) the purchase or exercise of awards. Any award granted or issued to a participant who is a director, officer, employee, consultant or management company employee must expire no later than twelve (12) months following the date the participant ceases to be an eligible participant under the 2017 Plan.

*Limitations on Awards*. Except where permitted by the policies of the TSX (including, without limitation, upon obtaining any disinterested stockholder approval required therefor) and so long as the shares of common stock are listed on the TSX, the aggregate number of shares of common stock:

(a) Issuable to any one participant (and any companies wholly owned by such participant), pursuant to awards granted or issued in any twelve (12) month period under the 2017 Plan and all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, shall not exceed five percent (5%) of the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock at the date the award is granted;

(b) Issuable to any one consultant, pursuant to awards granted or issued in any twelve (12) month period under the 2017 Plan and all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, shall not exceed two percent (2%) of the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock at the time the award is granted to the said consultant under the 2017 Plan;

(c) Issuable to all investor relations service providers, pursuant to awards granted or issued in any twelve (12) month period under the 2017 Plan and all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, shall not exceed two percent (2%) of the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock at the time of any grant of an award under the 2017 Plan to an investor relations service provider;

(d) Issuable to insiders of the Company (as a group), pursuant to awards granted or issued under the 2017 Plan and all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock at any time; and

(e) Issued to all insiders of the Company (as a group), pursuant to awards granted or issued in any twelve (12) month period under the 2017 Plan and all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of the number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock at the time of any grant of an award under the 2017 Plan to an insider.

Furthermore, no award granted under the 2017 Plan, other than options, may vest before the date that is one year following the date of grant or issue. In accordance with TSX policies, and subject to TSX approval to the contrary, and provided that the shares of common stock are then listed on the TSX, options granted to investor relations service providers must vest (and not otherwise be exercisable) in stages over a minimum of twelve (12) months as provided in the 2017 Plan.

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*Change in Control*. In the event of a Change in Control (as defined in the 2017 Plan), each then-outstanding option and SAR shall automatically become fully vested, all restricted shares then outstanding shall automatically fully vest free of restrictions, and each other award granted under the 2017 Plan that is then outstanding shall automatically become vested and payable to the holder of such award unless the Administrator has made appropriate provision for the substitution, assumption, exchange, or other continuation of the award pursuant to the Change in Control. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator, in its sole and absolute discretion, may choose (in an award agreement or otherwise) to provide for full or partial accelerated vesting of any award upon a Change in Control.

*Amendment*. Subject to obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals or stockholder approval (including, where applicable, disinterested stockholder approval) as required pursuant to the rules and policies of the TSX, as in effect from time to time, so long as the shares of common stock are listed on the TSX, the Board may at any time terminate or, from time to time, amend, modify, or suspend the 2017 Plan, in whole or in part, and the Administrator may amend any outstanding award for any purpose which may at the time be permitted by law. The Administrator may not, however, alter the terms of an award so as to affect adversely the recipient's rights under the award without the recipient's consent, unless the Administrator expressly reserved the right to do so at the time of the award. Disinterested stockholder approval must be obtained for any reduction in the exercise price of a stock option, or the extension of the term of a stock option, if the participant is an insider of the Company at the time of the proposed amendment.

*Termination of Awards.* For stock options or SARs, unless the award agreement provides otherwise, the exercise period will expire: (i) three (3) months after the last day that the participant is employed by or provides services to the Company; (ii) where termination is due to death or disability, twelve (12) months after the last day that the participant is employed by or provides services to the Company; or (iii) immediately upon a participant's termination for cause. Unless the award agreement provides otherwise, RSUs that are subject to restrictions at the time that a participant's employment or service is terminated shall be forfeited to the Company. The Administrator will, in its absolute discretion, determine the effect of all matters and questions relating to a termination of employment.

***Annual Burn Rate***

The following table sets forth the annual burn rate of awards granted under the 2017 Plan for the last three fiscal years. The annual burn rate is the number of securities granted under the 2017 Plan during the applicable year divided by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the applicable fiscal year.

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|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
| Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding | 19490479 | 19058110 | 19315295 |
| Awards Granted under the 2017 Plan | 100000 | 210000 | 70000 |
| Annual Burn Rate – 2017 Plan | 0.51% | 1.10% | 0.36% |

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**Item 6. [Reserved].**

**Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.**

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. You should read the "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" sections of this report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Unless indicated otherwise, references in this discussion and analysis to the "Company," "we," "us," or "our" refer collectively to Birchtech Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

**Overview**

**Business Operations**

We are a provider of specialty activated carbon technologies, delivering innovative solutions for air and water purification. We provide patented and proprietary technologies for mercury emissions capture to the coal-fired utility sector, and are developing disruptive water purification technologies with a specialization on forever chemicals such as PFAS and PFOS.

***Mercury Emissions***

We provide mercury capture solutions for coal-fired power plants driven by our patented two-part SEA® process using a powerful combination of science and engineering. Our leading-edge services have been shown to achieve mercury emissions removal at a significantly lower cost and with less operational impact to coal-fired power plants than other used methods, while maintaining and/or increasing power plant output and preserving the marketability of byproducts for beneficial use. We design systems and materials tailored and formulated specifically to each customer's coal-fired units. North America is currently the largest market for our emissions technologies. The market for mercury removal from power plant emissions in the United States has largely been driven by federal regulations. The MATS rule, proposed by the EPA in May 2011 and which became effective in April 2012, is intended to reduce air emissions of heavy metals, including Hg, from all major U.S. power plants burning coal or oil, which are the leading source of non-natural mercury emissions in the U.S. Our mercury removal technologies and systems achieve mercury removal levels which meet or exceed the MATS requirements with lower cost and plant systems impacts than typical PAC or BAC sorbent injection systems. Our products have been shown to be successful across a myriad of fuel and system types, tunable to any configuration, and environmentally friendly, allowing for the recycling of fly ash for beneficial use.

Our SEA® technology provides total mercury control with solutions that are based on a thorough scientific understanding of actual and probable interactions involved in mercury capture in coal-fired flue gas. A complete understanding of the complexity of mercury-sorbent-flue gas interactions and chemisorption mechanisms allows for optimal control strategy and product formulation, resulting in effective mercury capture. Combined with a thorough proprietary audit of the plant and its configuration and instrumentation, we believe our complete science and engineering approach for mercury-sorbent-flue gas interactions are well-understood, highly predictive, and critical to delivering total mercury control.

We believe that a significant percentage of coal-fired power plants in the United States have adopted and are infringing upon our two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA®) process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants.

Beginning in 2019, we began to actively enforce our patent rights against unauthorized use of our patented technologies, and have since initiated patent litigation in various jurisdictions against multiple infringers, claiming infringement of our patents related to our two-part process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants. We view such litigation as a last resort. Our goal and overall strategy is to convert infringers to our supply chain of sorbent products for mercury removal, or otherwise license our patents to them on a non-exclusive basis in connection with their respective coal-fired power plants.

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In April 2023, the EPA issued a proposal to strengthen and update MATS. Such proposal was finalized and published in May 2024 with an effective date of July 8, 2024 which, among other things, strengthens and updates MATS for coal-fired power plants and tightens the emission standard for mercury for existing lignite-fired power plants to a level that is aligned with the mercury standard that other coal-fired power plants have been achieving under MATS.

On March 12, 2025, the newly appointed EPA administrator under the Trump Administration announced plans to roll back dozens of environmental regulations including the reconsideration of the MATS regulation. On April 8, 2025, President Trump signed a Proclamation exempting certain stationary sources, identified in Annex 1 of the Proclamation, from compliance with the 2024 updated MATS Rule. As set out in the Proclamation, the President's exemption lasts for a period of two years beyond the updated Rule's compliance date (i.e., for the period beginning July 8, 2027, and concluding July 8, 2029). During the two-year period these stationary sources identified in Annex 1 are subject to the compliance obligations that they are currently subject to under MATS as the MATS Rule existed prior to the 2024 update. Annex 1 identifies 47 plant owners and over 60 power plants provided such exemption, which list includes a number of our customers.

In June 2025, the EPA proposed to repeal certain amendments finalized in 2024 to the MATS Rule and return compliance obligations to the MATS standards which existed prior to the 2024 update. On December 23, 2025, the EPA submitted a draft of the final action to the OMB for interagency review under Executive Order 12866. On February 19, 2026, following completion of the OMB interagency review process, the EPA finalized the repeal of the 2024 amendments to the MATS Rule which returned compliance to the 2012 MATS Rule requirements.

***Water Treatment***

In April 2024, the EPA under the Biden Administration issued the first-ever national, enforceable drinking water standard to protect communities from exposure to harmful PFAS, also known as "forever chemicals". The rule established legally enforceable MCLs for six PFAS in drinking water: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA as contaminants with individual MCLs, and PFAS mixtures containing at least two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS using a Hazard Index MCL to account for the combined and co-occurring levels of these PFAS in drinking water. Under the Rule, public water systems must monitor these PFAS and must complete initial monitoring by 2027, followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Water systems must also provide the public with information on the levels of these PFAS in their drinking water beginning in 2027.

In April 2024, we announced the introduction of our new water treatment business to address the growing potable (drinking) water market with next-generation sorbent technologies. These new solutions are being designed to use significantly less activated carbon, offering a more environmentally sustainable approach to water treatment while maintaining or improving contaminant removal performance. Our products target not only compliance with emerging PFAS regulations, but also broader opportunities in water quality improvement positioning us to serve a large and expanding market.

As part of this strategic pivot, we have invested in the commissioning of two state-of-the-art laboratory facilities—one in Pennsylvania and one in North Dakota—referred to as our "Design Centers." The Design Centers are dedicated sites for water treatment innovation and development. Together, we believe these facilities represent the only known facilities that have integrated capability in North America to thermally reactivate spent GAC under controlled conditions and subsequently conduct RSSCTs to directly compare reactivated GAC performance against virgin carbon counterparts. This combination allows us to evaluate reactivated GAC as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to virgin carbon and address key water utility questions including how to optimize media changeout schedules, strategies to reduce operational costs, and provide lab-based validation of treatment performance for PFAS and other contaminants.

These Design Centers will also function as a direct resource for the water treatment industry, offering thermal reactivation, contaminant analysis, and carbon performance evaluations. By enabling municipal and industrial utilities to lower compliance costs and improve operational efficiency, we expect to build strong technical credibility and customer engagement ahead of large-scale market adoption. Importantly, we believe our technology platform is not solely dependent on PFAS regulations as market demand for improved water treatment solutions is broad.

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Our investment in our Design Centers also serves as the basis for our planned commercial thermal reactivation plants which we intend to open and operate in the future. Data generated from the Design Centers is being used to define permitting requirements, capital expenditure parameters, and projected operating costs accelerating the commercialization timeline while avoiding costly future reliance on third-party providers.

On May 14, 2025, the EPA under the new Trump Administration announced the agency will keep the regulations for PFOA and PFOS. As part of this action, the EPA also announced its intent to extend the PFOA and PFOS MCL compliance deadlines to 2031 and establish a federal exemption framework. Additionally, the EPA announced its intent to rescind the regulations and reconsider the regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA/GenX), and the Hazard Index mixture of these three PFAS plus PFBS to ensure the determinations and any resulting drinking water regulation follow the SDWA process.

In light of evolving water regulations and funding dynamics, we believe the Company is well positioned to capture a meaningful share in the rapidly growing water treatment sector.

***Additional Information***

In May 2024, we announced the appointment of David Mazyck to head our new business line to address the potable (drinking) water market with new sorbent technologies under development. In June 2025, he was appointed our Executive Director of Innovation and Commercialization. In addition, in May 2024, we announced the appointment of Dennis Baranik as Director of National Sales. Mr. Baranik oversees product sales and IP licensing in the Company's core business for mercury emissions capture as well as support both product and business development for the water market.

Effective on October 17, 2024, as part of our rebranding, we changed our corporate name from Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. to Birchtech Corp. pursuant to a certificate of amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation filed with the State of Delaware, and on October 17, 2024 our common stock commenced trading under the ticker symbol "BCHT".

On October 9, 2024, we received conditional approval to list our shares of common stock on the TSX and graduate from the TSXV to the TSX. On November 12, 2024, our shares of common stock commenced trading on the TSX under the ticker symbol "BCHT".

On February 26, 2026, our shares of common stock commenced trading on the NYSE American under the symbol "BCHT" and ceased being traded on the OTCQB on that date.

**Other Recent Developments**

On December 23, 2025, we filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a certificate of amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock at a ratio of 1-for-5, effective December 26, 2025. Following the reverse stock split, every five (5) shares of our issued and outstanding common stock were automatically converted into one (1) issued and outstanding share of common stock, without any change in par value per share. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split, and any shareholders who would have received fractional shares of common stock instead were rounded up to the nearest whole number of shares of common stock. The reverse stock split did not affect the number of shares of authorized common stock. The common stock began trading on a reverse stock split-adjusted basis on December 31, 2025.

Following a five-day trial, on March 1, 2024, we were awarded a $57.1 million patent infringement verdict by a federal jury in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against a remaining group of defendants in the lawsuit commenced by us in 2019. Such group of affiliated defendants included multiple limited liability companies with refined coal industry operations, including CERT Operations II LLC, CERT Operations IV LLC, CERT Operations V LLC, and CERT Operations RCB LLC. The jury determined that these defendants infringed our patented technologies for mercury emissions and were liable for willful infringement, along with inducing and contributory infringement. Following the trial, the Court entered non-final judgments on the verdict against the CERT defendants and the parties submitted post-trial motions relating to the jury trial. The CERT defendants also asserted that the Company's claims were barred due to their defense that they had an implied license to the asserted patents. A bench trial was held on such issue. On June 10, 2025, the Court ruled that the CERT defendants failed to prove that they had such an implied license and denied their motion to alter or amend the non-final judgment. On September 25, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion that they should not be held liable as a matter of law for induced infringement, contributory infringement or willful infringement, and on November 20, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion for a new trial on the issues of induced infringement, contributory infringement, willful infringement and damages. Thereafter, on December 17, 2025, the Court issued a memorandum order granting the Company's request for pre- and post-judgment interest, and denying the Company's request for enhanced damages. Following resolution of all post-trial motions, the Court issued the final judgment in favor of the Company on December 29, 2025 in the total amount of $78,397,157, which amount includes pre-judgment interest. On January 28, 2026, the CERT defendants filed a notice of appeal of the judgment. Under applicable rules, the CERT defendants may seek a stay of execution of the judgment pending appeal by posting a bond or other security in an amount and form approved by the Court. As of the date of this report, the CERT defendants have not obtained a bonded stay. Although the automatic stay of execution applicable following entry of judgment has expired, the appeal remains pending. Interest continues to accrue on the judgment amount during the pendency of the appeal.

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Effective as of September 30, 2025, we entered into an agreement with another utility not named as a defendant in our patent litigations, but a party to the IPR petitions filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO"). Such agreement provides such utility and its affiliates with a with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company's two-part SEA® process for use in connection with a certain designated coal-fired power plant operated by them. Such agreement includes a one-time license fee and provides the Company with the right to be included in such party's bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party's designated power plant. Such party has agreed to withdraw from IPR petitions.

Effective as of October 15, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility named as a defendant in the Southern District of Iowa action. While the terms of the agreement are confidential, it includes a resolution of the disputes between the Company and that utility and its affiliates and provides for their withdrawal from related proceedings. As a result of this and the other agreements described above, the Company and several defendants have resolved their respective claims, and those defendants have been dismissed from the applicable actions. There remain two utilities in the consolidated Iowa actions.

As a result of the agreements described above, the Company and several defendants have resolved their respective claims, and those defendants have been dismissed from the applicable actions. There remain two utilities in the consolidated Iowa actions.

As described above, between January and April 2025, certain defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions seeking to invalidate various asserted claims of the Company's patents. In September and October 2025, the U.S. Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") granted the institution of review of certain of the Company's asserted patents. The Company sought review of those institutional decisions by the PTO Director. The Director has since issued decisions granting reconsideration in part and denying it in part, and certain matters remain subject to further motions and proceedings before the PTAB. In connection with these proceedings, the Court in the consolidated Iowa actions has stayed the litigation pending completion of the IPR process.

Between June and July 2025, certain other defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions seeking to invalidate various asserted claims of the Company's patents. These petitions were denied institution by the PTO Director, and requests for reconsideration of those denials have also been denied.

The Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of the pending IPR proceedings or related matters.

**Results of Operations**

**Revenues**

We generated revenues of approximately $17,626,000 and $17,406,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such revenues were primarily derived from sorbent product sales which were approximately $14,233,000 and $14,482,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Revenues can be dependent on natural gas prices, extreme weather, and the maintenance and downtime requirements of customer plants. The decrease in revenues for product sales from the prior year was primarily due to the mix of plants running, unexpected customer forced outages and products sold in 2025 resulting in decreased product revenues for 2025 compared to the prior year.

Licensing revenues were approximately $3,159,000 and $2,808,000 for the years ended 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such increase was primarily due to new licensing agreements which was entered into in 2025 with primarily utility defendants.

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Other revenues, consisting of demonstrations, consulting and equipment sales, were approximately $234,000 and $116,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Other revenues have not been material in relation to total revenues.

**Cost of Sales**

Cost of sales were approximately $10,225,000 and $10,305,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The slight decrease in cost of sales of approximately $80,000 was primarily attributable to decreased product sales in 2025 compared to the prior year, together with a change in the mix of products sold in 2025 compared to 2024.

**Gross Profit**

Gross profit was approximately $7,402,000 and $7,101,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in gross profit of approximately $301,000 was primarily due to higher licensing revenues in 2025 compared to 2024, which typically carry higher margins than product sales, thus contributing to the overall improvement in gross profit.

**Operating Expenses**

Operating expenses consisted of SG&A and research and development expenses ("R&D") in 2025 and SG&A and in 2024. Operating expenses decreased significantly in 2025 compared to 2024, despite incurring costs related to the development of the Company's water treatment business. SG&A expenses were approximately $8,577,000 and $14,216,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total SG&A expenses decreased in 2025 compared to the prior year, as a result of variances in individual categories. This includes decreases in salaries and wages, professional fees and consulting fees. The decrease in salaries and wages was primarily due to the payment of bonus compensation in 2024 for which there were no comparable expenses in 2025, along with greater stock-based compensation in 2024 compared to 2025. The decrease in professional fees was primarily due to lower legal fees in 2025 in connection with the Company's patent litigation compared to the prior year which had greater legal fees due to trial preparation and the jury trial in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. In addition, services provided by an independent contractor, which were previously included in SG&A for 2024, were classified as R&D expenses in 2025 to better align with the nature of the services performed.

Total R&D expenses were approximately $1,805,000 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. R&D expenses relate to research conducted to develop water treatment products utilizing new sorbent technologies, and increased in 2025 compared to the prior year as the Company had not incurred any research related costs during 2024. The Company began incurring research and development costs when the lab equipment at the Company's labs was placed into service.

**Operating Loss**

Our operating loss was approximately $3,030,000 and $7,158,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such decrease in operating loss was primarily due to our increased license fee revenue in 2025 compared to 2024 coupled with a decrease in total operating expenses during 2025 as discussed above.

**Other Income (Expense)**

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had total other income of $74,000 in 2025 compared to total other expense of $3,933,000 in 2024.

Interest expense was approximately $14,000 and $267,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The approximate breakdown of interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

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|  | **Year Ended** | **Year Ended** |
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Interest expense on notes payable | $- | $4000 |
| Other interest expense | 14000 | 21000 |
| Amortization of discount of notes payable |  | 242000 |
|  | $14000 | $267000 |

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Gain or loss on change in fair value of profit share liability was a gain of approximately $6,000 and loss of approximately $3,959,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change is primarily attributed to the modification of the terms of the profit share liability (see Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025).

**Net Loss**

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we had a net loss of approximately $3,026,000, an improvement from a net loss of $10,802,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. This improvement was primarily due to any increase in license fee revenue in 2025 compared to 2024, and a decrease in SG&A.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

We had approximately $2,245,000 in cash on our balance sheet at December 31, 2025 compared to approximately $3,456,000 at December 31, 2024. Total current assets were approximately $5,004,000 and total current liabilities were approximately $10,740,000 at December 31, 2025, resulting in a working capital deficiency of approximately $5,737,000. This compares to total current assets of approximately $6,099,000 and total current liabilities of approximately $8,806,000 at December 31, 2024, resulting in working capital deficiency of approximately $2,707,000.

Our accumulated deficit was approximately $75,779,000 at December 31, 2025 compared to $72,753,000 at December 31, 2024. Additionally, we had a net loss in the amount of approximately $3,026,000 and cash used in operating activities of approximately $700,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, on February 27, 2026, we completed a public offering of 6,250,000 shares of our common stock, generating gross proceeds of $15.0 million. On March 17, 2026, we sold to the underwriters in the offering pursuant to their partial exercise of their over-allotment option an additional 600,000 shares of our common stock resulting in additional gross proceeds of approximately $1.4 million. After giving effect to the partial exercise of the over-allotment option, gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $16.4 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. Management believes that the proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash, anticipated revenues and expected cash inflows from operations, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund our operations and meet our obligations for at least the next twelve months.

**Total Assets**

Total assets were approximately $9,238,000 at December 31, 2025 versus approximately $10,261,000 at December 31, 2024. The change in total assets is primarily attributable to an approximate $1,211,000 decrease in cash, offset by deferred offering costs recognized in 2025 of $481,000, together with other changes in asset categories consisting of smaller increases and decreases that were not individually significant.

**Total Liabilities**

Total liabilities were approximately $10,953,000 at December 31, 2025 versus approximately $9,069,000 at December 31, 2024. The change in total liabilities is primarily attributable to an approximate $1,907,000 increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses.

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**Operating Activities**

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities consists of net income (loss), adjusted by certain non-cash items, and changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $700,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to net cash used in operating activities of approximately $4,105,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease in net cash used in operating activities was primarily due to the following: (i) a net loss of approximately $3.0 million in 2025 compared to a net loss of $10.8 million in 2024; (ii) gain on change in fair value of profit share of approximately $6,000 in 2025 compared to a loss of $3,959,000 in 2024; (iii) changes in accounts payable and accrued expenses of approximately $1,907,000 in 2025 compared to $145,000 in 2024; and (iv) certain other changes in operating assets and liabilities including accounts receivable, income tax payable, deferred finance costs, and prepaid expenses and other assets.

**Investing Activities**

We had net cash used in investing activities of approximately $29,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 for the purchase of lab equipment compared to net cash used in investing activities of approximately $809,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 for the purchase of a truck and lab equipment.

**Financing Activities**

Net cash used in financing activities was $481,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to approximately $12,569,000 used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we incurred approximately $481,000 of deferred offering costs related to our public offering. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repaid the remaining principal of approximately $272,000 on the AC Midwest secured note and approximately $12,315,000 of the principal remaining on the AC Midwest unsecured note.

**Critical Accounting Estimates**

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes as well as the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management evaluates its accounting policies, estimates, and judgments on an ongoing basis. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ under different assumptions and conditions, and such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Management evaluated the development and selection of its critical accounting policies and estimates and believes that the following accounting policies are critical as they involve a higher degree of judgment or complexity and/or are the most significant to reporting our results of operations and financial position. The following critical accounting policies reflect the significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

While there are a number of accounting policies, methods and estimates affecting our consolidated financial statements as addressed in Note 3 to our financial statements, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," areas that are particularly critical and significant include:

*Property and Equipment*

Property and equipment are stated at cost. When retired or otherwise disposed, the related carrying value and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and the net difference less any amount realized from disposition, is reflected in earnings. For consolidated financial statement purposes, equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of 2 to 5 years. Leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the life of the lease.

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance which do not materially extend the useful lives of property and equipment are charged to operations.

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*Intellectual Property*

Intellectual property is recorded at cost and amortized over its estimated useful life of 15 years. Management reviews intellectual property for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. In the event that impairment indicators exist, a further analysis is performed and if the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset or asset group is less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset or asset group's carrying value over its fair value is recorded. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the estimates of future cash flows are made, however, the actual cash values that could be realized may differ from those that are estimated.

*Recoverability of Long-Lived and Intangible Assets*

Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles, including property and equipment and intellectual property, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Events relating to recoverability may include significant unfavorable changes in business conditions, recurring losses or a forecasted inability to achieve break-even operating results over an extended period. We evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets based upon forecasted undiscounted cash flows. Should impairment in value be indicated, the carrying value of the long-lived and/or intangible assets would be adjusted, based on estimates of future undiscounted cash flows.

Since there is typically no active market for our long-lived tangible or intangible assets, we estimate fair values based on the expected future cash flows. Our estimates are subject to uncertainty and may be affected by a number of factors outside our control, including general economic conditions and the competitive environment. While we believe our estimates and judgments about future cash flows are reasonable, future impairment charges may be required if the expected cash flow estimates, as projected, do not occur or if events change requiring us to revise our estimates.

The Company has evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of the Company's property and equipment, right of use asset, and intellectual property. After completing the assessment of property and equipment for impairment as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded an impairment expense related to property and equipment of $50,000 (2024 - $43,000) which is included in Impairment loss in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The expense was primarily related to the impairment of construction in process costs where management determined that the undiscounted future cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying value of these assets over the estimated useful life.

*Stock-Based Compensation*

We account for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires equity-based compensation, be reflected in the consolidated financial statements over the period of service which is typically the vesting period based on the estimated fair value of the awards. These estimates require management to make assumptions with respect to the fair value of the Company's equity award on the grant date, including the expected term of the award, the expected volatility of the Company's stock calculated based on a period of time generally commensurate with the expected term of the award, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yields of the Company's stock. Although we believe that our estimates and judgments are reasonable, actual results may differ from these estimates which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

*Fair Value of Financial Instruments*

The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the inputs used to determine fair value, which are as follows:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management's estimates of market participant assumptions.

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The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. In instances where the inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the fair value measurement has been determined based on the lowest level input significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular item to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, including the consideration of inputs specific to the asset or liability. We have established and documented a process for determining fair value. We maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements. Whenever there is no readily available market data, management uses its best estimate and assumptions in determining fair value, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management's judgment. As a result, if other assumptions had been used, our recorded earnings or disclosures could have been materially different from those reflected in these financial statements. Our estimates are subject to uncertainty and may be affected by a number of factors outside our control, including the timing of the receipt of proceeds from litigation. For detailed information on our use of fair value measurements and our related valuation methodologies, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of this report.

*Revenue Recognition*

While we do not believe our revenue recognition involves significant judgment, it represents an important accounting policy. We record revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer.

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 3: Determine the transaction price.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenue is recognized when we satisfy our performance obligation under the contract by transferring the promised product to its customer that obtains control of the product. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product to a customer. Most of our contracts have a single performance obligation, as the promise to transfer products or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and, therefore, not distinct.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products. As such, revenue is recorded net of returns, allowances, customer discounts, and incentives. Sales and other taxes are excluded from revenues. Invoiced shipping and handling costs are included in revenue.

*Disaggregation of Revenue*

We generated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 by (i) delivering product to our commercial customers, (ii) completing and commissioning equipment projects at commercial customer sites, (iii) performing demonstrations of our technology at customers with the intent of entering into long term supply agreements based on the performance of our products during the demonstrations and (iv) licensing our technology to customers.

Revenue for product sales is recognized at the point of time in which the customer obtains control of the product, at the time title passes to the customer upon shipment or delivery of the product based on the applicable shipping terms.

Licensing revenue includes the licensing of the Company's intellectual property ("IP"). Revenue for IP rights is accounted for based on the nature of the promise to grant the license. In determining whether our promise is to provide a right to access our IP or a right to use our IP, we consider the nature of our IP to which the customer will have rights. IP is either functional IP which has significant standalone functionality or symbolic IP which does not have significant standalone functionality. Revenue from functional IP is recognized at the point in time when control of the distinct license is transferred to the customer. Revenue from symbolic IP is recognized over the access period to our IP.

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The licenses provide the customer with the right to use our patented technologies as they exist at a point in time when the license is granted, for the duration of the contract term. The patented technology has stand-alone functionality, and we have no obligation to provide any future updates. During the year ended December 31, 2025 the Company recognized $3,125,000 (2024 - $2,773,750) of revenue for licenses for which revenue was recognized at a point in time and $34,375 (2024 - $34,375) for licenses for which revenue was recognized over time.

When a license arrangement contains payment terms beyond one year, a significant financing component may exist. The significant financing component is calculated as the difference between the stated value and present value of the license fees and is recognized as interest income over the payment period.

Variable consideration is recorded as revenue only to the extent that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized is not probable of occurring when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Significant judgment is required in estimating variable consideration for the performance obligation identified in the contract and this judgment involves assessing factors outside of our influence.

Revenue for equipment sales is recognized upon commissioning and customer acceptance of the installed equipment per the terms of the purchase contract.

Revenue for demonstrations and consulting services is recognized when performance obligations contained in the contract have been completed, typically the completion of necessary field work and the delivery of any required analysis per the terms of the agreement.

*Income Taxes*

We follow the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under FASB ASC 740, "Income Taxes." Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

FASB ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. We are currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from our position. We are no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2021.

We may be subject to potential examination by federal, state, and city taxing authorities in the areas of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with federal, state, and city tax laws. Our management does not expect that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will materially change over the next twelve months.

Effective January 1, 2025, we adopted ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which expanded income tax disclosure requirements, including disaggregation of pretax income (loss) and income tax expense (benefit) by jurisdiction and disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received). We adopted the standard on January 1, 2025 on a retrospective basis. Accordingly, the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2024 has been recast to conform to the current year's presentation. The adoption affected disclosures only and did not impact our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (Public Law 119-21) was enacted. The Company recognized the income tax effects of the legislation in the period of enactment in accordance with ASC 740. The legislation did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of the legislation on future periods.

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*Recently Issued Accounting Standards*

Recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, that when adopted, may have a material effect on the accompanying consolidated financial statements are as follows:

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, *Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures*, which amends and enhances the disclosure requirements for reportable segments. All disclosure requirements under this standard will also be required for public entities with a single reportable segment. The new standard will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 effective for its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. Since ASU 2023-07 addresses only disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, *Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures*, which is intended to provide enhancements to annual income tax disclosures. The standard will require more detailed information in the rate reconciliation table and for income taxes paid, among other enhancements. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 effective for its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 and subsequent interim periods. Since ASU 2023-09 addresses only disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-09 did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, *Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses*. This ASU requires entities to disaggregate expense items in the notes to the financial statements and requires disclosure of specified information related to purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Companies have the option to apply the guidance either on a retrospective or prospective basis, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, *Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date*. This ASU amends the effective date of ASU No. 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of ASU No. 2024-03 is permitted. The Company does not expect the application of this standard will have a material impact on its financial statements and related disclosures.

On July 30, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, *Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets* ("ASU 2025-05"), which provides a practical expedient that assumes current conditions as of the balance sheet date remain unchanged when developing forecasts for estimating expected credit losses. Under ASU 2025-05, an entity is required to disclose that it has elected to use the practical expedient and the election should be applied prospectively. ASU 2025-05 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the application of this standard will have a material impact on its financial statements and related disclosures.

**Non-GAAP Financial Measures**

*Adjusted EBITDA*

To supplement our consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP and to provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we consider and are including herein Adjusted EBITDA, a Non-GAAP financial measure. We view Adjusted EBITDA as an operating performance measure and, as such, we believe that the GAAP financial measure most directly comparable to it is net loss. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted for interest and financing fees, income taxes, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and other non-cash income and expenses. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides us an important measure of operating performance because it allows management, investors, debtholders and others to evaluate and compare ongoing operating results from period to period by removing the impact of our asset base, any asset disposals or impairments, stock based compensation and other non-cash income and expense items associated with our reliance on issuing equity-linked debt securities to fund our working capital.

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Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and this measure should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, as the excluded items may have significant effects on our operating results and financial condition. Additionally, our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may differ from other companies' measure of Adjusted EBITDA. When evaluating our performance, Adjusted EBITDA should be considered with other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net income and other GAAP results. In the future, we may disclose different non-GAAP financial measures in order to help our investors and others more meaningfully evaluate and compare our future results of operations to our previously reported results of operations.

The following table shows our reconciliation of net loss to adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended** | **For the Year Ended** |
|  | **December 31,**<br> **2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
|  | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| **Net loss** | $(3026) | $(10802) |
| Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |
| Depreciation and amortization | 388 | 248 |
| Interest |  | 267 |
| Change in fair value of profit share | (6) | 3959 |
| Impairment of property and equipment | 50 | 43 |
| Income Taxes | 70 | (289) |
| Stock based compensation | 119 | 1089 |
| Adjusted EBITDA | $(2405) | $(5485) |

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**Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.**

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

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**Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data**

**BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**Index to Financial Information**

**Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
| [Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A.](#report) (PCAOB ID 89) | F-1 |
| [Consolidated Balance Sheets](#bs) | F-2 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Operations](#sop) | F-3 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Deficit](#equity) | F-4 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#cf) | F-5 |
| [Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#notes) | F-6 |

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Birchtech Corp.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Birchtech Corp (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related statements of operations, stockholders' deficit, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Critical Audit Matters**

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

***Valuation of Profit Share Liability***

*Description of the Matter*

As of December 31, 2025, The Company recorded a profit share liability of $6.85 million. As discussed in Note 7 to the financial statements, the Company entered into a profit participation preference (the "profit share liability") with AC Midwest Energy LLC as part of its Unsecured Note Financing Agreement. The profit share liability shall only be paid from the receipt of litigation proceeds relating to certain claims the Company has made on its intellectual property. The fair value of the profit share liability is calculated using a discounted cash flow model based on estimated future cash payments. The fair value of the profit share liability is determined on a Level 3 measurement.

*How we Addressed the Critical Audit Matter in Our Audit*

To test the profit share liability as of December 31, 2025, we performed the following procedures among others:

· Evaluated the assumption related to the estimated timing and amount of cash flows by comparing historical information and current events.

· Utilized our internal valuation specialist to assist in the assessment of the appropriateness of the valuation methodology and the reasonableness of the discount rate applied, including consideration of conditions affecting market rates.

· Tested the clerical accuracy of the profit share liability calculations.

/s/ Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A.

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.

Somerset, New Jersey

March 31, 2026

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**BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |
| **Current assets** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash | $2245426 | $3456082 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | 2099641 | 1823232 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventory | 448086 | 621813 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other assets | 210408 | 198185 |
| **Total current assets** | 5003561 | 6099312 |
| Security deposits | 6615 | 6615 |
| Deferred offering costs | 481250 |  |
| Property and equipment, net | 2192443 | 2350688 |
| Right of use asset - operating lease | 258986 | 305142 |
| Intellectual property, net | 1294863 | 1499463 |
| **Total assets** | $9237718 | $10261220 |
| **LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT** |  |  |
| **Current liabilities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses (related party $37,500 and $37,500 at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) | $3610053 | $1702998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax payable | 32190 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current portion of operating lease liability | 51158 | 42733 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Customer credits | 167000 | 167000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued salaries | 31961 | 39280 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Profit share liability – related party | 6847932 | 6853858 |
| **Total current liabilities** | 10740294 | 8805869 |
| Operating lease liability, net of current portion | 212332 | 263490 |
| **Total liabilities** | 10952626 | 9069359 |
| **Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)** |  |  |
| **Stockholders' equity (deficit)** |  |  |
| Preferred stock, $0.001 par value: 2,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued |  |  |
| Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized, 19,455,966 and 19,235,824 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 respectively. | 19456 | 19236 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 74044879 | 73925861 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (75779243) | (72753236) |
| **Total stockholders' equity (deficit)** | (1714908) | 1191861 |
| **Total liabilities and stockholders' equity (deficit)** | $9237718 | $10261220 |

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*See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.*

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**BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the**<br>**Year**<br>**Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2025** | **For the**<br>**Year**<br>**Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Product revenue | $14233056 | $14481784 |
| License revenue | 3159375 | 2808125 |
| Other revenue | 233935 | 116276 |
| **Revenues** | $17626366 | $17406185 |
| Cost of sales | (10224779) | (10305076) |
| Gross profit | 7401587 | 7101109 |
| **Operating expenses:** |  |  |
| Impairment loss | (50000) | (43000) |
| Research and development expenses | (1805198) |  |
| Selling, general and administrative expenses (related party of $450,000 and $1,116,064) | (8576702) | (14216377) |
| **Total operating expenses** | (10431900) | (14259377) |
| **Operating loss** | (3030313) | (7158268) |
| **Other income (expense)** |  |  |
| Interest expense (related party of $nil and $245,724) | (13673) | (267458) |
| Loss on change in fair value of profit share and unsecured note | 5926 | (3959065) |
| Interest income | 82103 | 293524 |
| Total other (expense) income | 74356 | (3932999) |
| **Loss before provision for income taxes** | (2955957) | (11091267) |
| **Income tax benefit (expense)** | (70050) | 289156 |
| **Net loss**  | $(3026007) | $(10802111) |
| **Basic & Diluted loss per share:** |  |  |
| Basic and diluted net loss per share | $(0.16) | $(0.57) |
| **Weighted average common shares outstanding:** |  |  |
| **Basic** | 19315295 | 19058110 |
| **Diluted** | 19315295 | 19058110 |

---

*See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.*

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**BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT**

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** |
|  | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | |
|  |<br>**Shares** | **Par**<br>**Value** | **Additional**<br>**Paid-in**<br>**Capital** |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**(Deficit)** |<br>**Total** |
| **Balance - January 1, 2025**  | 19235824 | $19236 | $73925861 | $(72753236) | $1191861 |
| Stock issued for delivery of RSUs | 10000 | 10 | (10) |  |  |
| Stock issued for cashless exercise of options | 210142 | 210 | (210) |  |  |
| Share based payments |  |  | 119238 |  | 119238 |
| Net loss | - | - | - | (3026007) | (3026007) |
| **Balance – December 31, 2025** | 19455966 | $19456 | $74044879 | $(75779243) | $(1714908) |

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** |
|  | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | |
|  |<br>**Shares** | **Par**<br>**Value** | **Additional**<br>**Paid-in**<br>**Capital** |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** |<br>**Total** |
| **Balance - January 1, 2024**  | 18872215 | $18872 | $61992607 | $(61951125) | $60354 |
| Stock issued for cashless exercise of options | 341239 | 341 | (341) |  |  |
| Stock issued for exercise of warrants | 5000 | 5 | 17495 |  | 17500 |
| Stock issued for cashless exercise of warrants | 17370 | 18 | (18) |  |  |
| Gain on modification of related party debt |  |  | 10827195 |  | 10827195 |
| Share based payments |  |  | 1088923 |  | 1088923 |
| Net loss | - | - | - | (10802111) | (10802111) |
| **Balance – December 31, 2024** | 19235824 | $19236 | $73925861 | $(72753236) | $1191861 |

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*See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.*

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**BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year** <br>**Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2025** | **For the year** <br>**Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities** |  |  |
| Net loss | $(3026007) | $(10802111) |
| **Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:** |  |  |
| Stock-based compensation | 119238 | 1088923 |
| Amortization of discount of notes payable |  | 241444 |
| Amortization of right to use assets | 46156 | 31782 |
| Amortization of patent rights | 204600 | 204600 |
| Depreciation expense | 137541 | 11702 |
| Impairment loss | 50000 | 43000 |
| Non-cash interest revenue | (33006) | (57191) |
| Loss on change in fair value of profit share | (5926) | 3959065 |
| **Changes in operating assets and liabilities** |  |  |
| Accounts receivable | (243403) | 1310421 |
| Inventory | 173727 | 173351 |
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | (12223) | (16004) |
| Accrued salaries | (7319) | 30344 |
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 1907055 | 144547 |
| Income tax payable | 32190 | (437821) |
| Operating lease liability | (42733) | (31219) |
| **Net cash used in operating activities** | (700110) | (4105167) |
| **Cash flows used in investing activities** |  |  |
| Purchase of property and equipment | (29296) | (809432) |
| **Net cash used in investing activities** | (29296) | (809432) |
| **Cash flows from financing activities** |  |  |
| Deferred offering costs | (481250) |  |
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | 17500 |
| Repayment of secured notes payable |  | (271686) |
| Repayment of unsecured notes payable | - | (12314895) |
| **Net cash used in financing activities** | (481250) | (12569081) |
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (1210656) | (17483680) |
| Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period | 3456082 | 20939762 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents - end of period** | $2245426 | $3456082 |
| **SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:** |  |  |
| Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
| Interest | $- | $4023 |
| Income taxes | $52820 | $143269 |
| **SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS** |  |  |
| Capital from related party debt extinguishments | $- | $10827195 |
| Recognition of ROU asset and operating lease liability | $- | $326285 |

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*See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.*

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**BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

**December 31, 2025**

***Note 1 - Organization***

*Birchtech Corp. and MES, Inc.*

Birchtech Corp., formerly Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the "Company"), is organized under the laws of the State of Delaware. Effective on October 17, 2024, Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. changed its corporate name to Birchtech, Inc. pursuant to a certificate of amendment to its certificate of incorporation filed with the State of Delaware. MES, Inc. is incorporated in the State of North Dakota. MES, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Birchtech Corp. The Company is a provider of specialty activated carbon technologies and primarily provides patented sorbent technologies for mercury emissions capture for the coal-fired utility sector and is developing water purification technologies with a specialization on forever chemicals such as PFAS and PFOS.

*ME2C Sponsor LLC and ME2C Acquisition Corp.*

ME2C Sponsor LLC is a limited liability company formed in the State of Delaware and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Birchtech Corp. and owns 85% of ME2C Acquisition Corp. A decision was made in January 2023 to liquidate these entities which are inactive.

***Note 2 – Liquidity and Financial Condition***

Under ASC 205-40, *Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern*, the Company has the responsibility to evaluate whether conditions and/or events raise substantial doubt about its ability to meet its future financial obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. As required by ASC 205-40, this evaluation shall initially not take into consideration the potential mitigating effects of plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. Management has assessed the Company's ability to continue as a going concern in accordance with the requirements of ASC 205-40.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. As reflected in the consolidated financial statements, the Company had a net loss of approximately $3.0 million and cash used in operating activities of approximately $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025; had cash of approximately $2.2 million at December 31, 2025; and an accumulated deficit of approximately $75.8 million at December 31, 2025. The Company's working capital deficiency at December 31, 2025 was approximately $5.7 million. The aforementioned factors raised substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the financial statements.

In addition to maintaining its revenue stream from its legacy mercury emissions control business, the Company's plans and expectations over the next twelve months to mitigate such financial condition included receiving additional cash inflows from the final judgment issued by the Court in favor of the Company on December 29, 2025 in the total amount of $78,397,157 in connection with the jury verdict awarded to the Company in March 2024. If successful, the Company may generate additional licensing revenues and product sales from the other patent litigation recently commenced, as well as revenues from the Company's entry into the water treatment business, and additional financing opportunities.

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, on February 27, 2026, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of its common stock and received gross proceeds of $16.4 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. See "Note 15 – Subsequent Events". Management believes that the proceeds from this offering, together with the Company's existing cash, anticipated revenues and additional cash inflows from its current operations and future operating plans, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund the Company's operations and meet its obligations for at least twelve months from the date these financial statements are issued.

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Accordingly, management believes that the conditions that raised substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern have been alleviated.

***Note 3 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies***

*Basis of Presentation*

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and pursuant to the rules and regulations promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

*Principles of Consolidation*

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Birchtech Corp. (formerly Midwest Energy Emissions Corp.) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, MES, Inc. and ME2C Sponsor LLC, and ME2C Acquisition Corp. which is 85% owned by ME2C Sponsor LLC. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

*Use of Estimates*

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, valuation of equity issuances and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company uses estimates in accounting for, among other items, profit share liability, revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, stock-based compensation, income tax provisions, excess and obsolete inventory reserve and impairment of intellectual property. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

*Stock Split*

On December 26, 2025, the Company effected a 1-for-5 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock. The stock split did not affect the number of authorized shares. All share and per share information, including share-based compensation, throughout the financial statements has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the stock split. The shares of common stock retain a par value of $0.001 per share. Accordingly, an amount equal to the par value of the increased shares resulting from the stock split was reclassified from capital in excess of par value to common stock.

*Inventory*

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. Inventories are periodically evaluated to identify obsolete or otherwise impaired products and are written off when management determines usage is not probable. The Company estimates the balance of excess and obsolete inventory by analyzing inventory by age using last used and original purchase date and existing sales pipeline for which the inventory could be used. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no valuation allowance.

*Deferred offering costs*

The Company deferred direct incremental costs associated with the public offering described in Note 15. The Company capitalized $481,250 and $Nil during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Deferred offering costs consist of primarily legal, advisory, and consulting fees incurred in connection with the public offering. After the completion of the public offering, total deferred offering costs will be recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering.

*Property and Equipment*

Property and equipment are stated at cost. When retired or otherwise disposed, the related carrying value and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and the net difference less any amount realized from disposition, is reflected in earnings. For consolidated financial statement purposes, equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of 2 to 5 years. Leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the life of the lease.

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Expenditures for repairs and maintenance which do not materially extend the useful lives of property and equipment are charged to operations. Management reviews the carrying value of our property and equipment for impairment on when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable.

*Intellectual Property*

Intellectual property is recorded at cost and amortized over its estimated useful life of 15 years. Management reviews intellectual property for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. In the event that impairment indicators exist, a further analysis is performed and if the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset or asset group is less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset or asset group's carrying value over its fair value is recorded. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the estimates of future cash flows are made, however, the actual cash values that could be realized may differ from those that are estimated.

*Recoverability of Long-Lived and Intangible Assets*

Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles held and used by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Events relating to recoverability may include significant unfavorable changes in business conditions, recurring losses or a forecasted inability to achieve break-even operating results over an extended period. The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets based upon forecasted undiscounted cash flows. Should impairment in value be indicated, the carrying value of the long-lived and/or intangible assets would be adjusted, based on estimates of future undiscounted cash flows.

The Company has evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of the Company's property and equipment, right of use asset and intellectual property. After completing the assessment of property and equipment for impairment as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded an impairment expense related to property and equipment of $50,000 (2024 - $43,000) which is included in Impairment loss in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The expense was primarily related to the impairment of construction in process costs where management determined that the undiscounted future cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying value of these assets over the estimated useful life.

*Stock-Based Compensation*

We account for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires equity-based compensation, be reflected in the consolidated financial statements over the period of service which is typically the vesting period based on the estimated fair value of the awards. The Company accounts for stock option forfeitures as they occur.

*Fair Value of Financial Instruments*

The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the inputs used to determine fair value, which are as follows:

☐ *Level 1 —* Unadjusted quoted prices available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. 

☐ *Level 2 —* Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.

☐ *Level 3 —* Unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management's estimates of market participant assumptions.

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The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. In instances where the inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the fair value measurement has been determined based on the lowest level input significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular item to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, including the consideration of inputs specific to the asset or liability.

The profit share liability is the only item measured at fair value on a recurring basis by the Company at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The profit share liability is considered to be Level 3 measurements.

Financial instruments include cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, income tax payable, and short-term debt. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximated fair value at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 due to their short-term maturities.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the fair value of the profit share liability is calculated using a discounted cash flow model based on estimated future cash payments. These values are determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilized management's estimates. Significant unobservable inputs include a discount rate of approximately 14.55% and the projection of future cash flows.

The following tables present the Company's liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** |
|  | | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
|  |<br>**Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| Profit share liability – related party (1) | $6847932 | $- | $- | $6847932 |
| Total Liabilities | $6847932 | $- | $- | $6847932 |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** |
|  | | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
|  |<br>**Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| Profit share liability – related party (1) | $6853858 | $- | $- | $6853858 |
| Total Liabilities | $6853858 | $- | $- | $6853858 |

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(1) See Note 7 - Related Party

The following tables present the Company's liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** |
|  | | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
|  |<br>**Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| Assets: |  |  |  |  |
| Property and equipment (Construction in progress) | $1495000 | $- | $- | $1495000 |
| Total Assets | $1495000 | $- | $- | $1495000 |

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| F-9 |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#i8)* |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** | **Fair Value Measurement as of** |
|  | | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
|  |<br>**Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| Assets: |  |  |  |  |
| Property and equipment (Construction in progress) | $1545000 | $- | $- | $1545000 |
| Total Assets | $1545000 | $- | $- | $1545000 |

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The following table presents the changes in balances of assets for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 classified as Level 3:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Years ended December 31,**  | **Years ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance – beginning of period | $1545000 | $1588000 |
| Change in fair value | (50000) | (43000) |
| Balance – end of period | $1495000 | $1545000 |

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*Revenue Recognition*

The Company records revenue in accordance with ASC 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers*. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer.

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 3: Determine the transaction price.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies its performance obligation under the contract by transferring the promised product to its customer that obtains control of the product. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product to a customer. Most of the Company's contracts have a single performance obligation, as the promise to transfer products or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and, therefore, not distinct.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products. As such, revenue is recorded net of returns, allowances, customer discounts, and incentives. Sales and other taxes are excluded from revenues. Invoiced shipping and handling costs are included in revenue.

*Disaggregation of Revenue*

The Company generated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 by (i) delivering product to its commercial customers, (ii) completing and commissioning equipment projects at commercial customer sites and (iii) performing demonstrations of its technology at customers with the intent of entering into long term supply agreements based on the performance of the Company's products during the demonstrations and (iv) licensing its technology to customers.

Revenue for product sales is recognized at the point of time in which the customer obtains control of the product, at the time title passes to the customer upon shipment or delivery of the product based on the applicable shipping terms.

Licensing revenue includes the licensing of the Company's intellectual property ("IP"). Revenue for IP rights is accounted for based on the nature of the promise to grant the license. In determining whether the Company's promise is to provide a right to access its IP or a right to use its IP, the Company considers the nature of its IP to which the customer will have rights. IP is either functional IP which has significant standalone functionality or symbolic IP which does not have significant standalone functionality. Revenue from functional IP is recognized at the point in time when control of the distinct license is transferred to the customer. Revenue from symbolic IP is recognized over the access period to the Company's IP.

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| *[**Table of Contents**](#i8)* |

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The licenses provide the customer with the right to use the Company's patented technologies as they exist at a point in time when the license is granted, for the duration of the contract term. The patented technology has stand-alone functionality, and the Company has no obligation to provide any future updates. During the year ended December 31, 2025 the Company recognized $3,125,000 (2024 - $2,773,750) of revenue for licenses for which revenue was recognized at a point in time and $34,375 (2024 - $34,375) for licenses for which revenue was recognized over time.

When a license arrangement contains payment terms beyond one year, a significant financing component may exist. The significant financing component is calculated as the difference between the stated value and present value of the license fees and is recognized as interest income over the payment period.

Variable consideration is recorded as revenue only to the extent that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized is not probable of occurring when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Significant judgment is required in estimating variable consideration for the performance obligation identified in the contract and this judgment involves assessing factors outside of our influence.

Revenue for equipment sales is recognized upon commissioning and customer acceptance of the installed equipment per the terms of the purchase contract.

Revenue for demonstrations and consulting services is recognized when performance obligations contained in the contract have been completed, typically the completion of necessary field work and the delivery of any required analysis per the terms of the agreement.

The following table presents sales by operating segment disaggregated based on the type of product for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. All sales were in the United States.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Product revenue | $14233056 | $14481784 |
| License revenue | 3159375 | 2808125 |
| Demonstrations & Consulting revenue | 93185 | 36000 |
| Equipment revenue | 140750 | 80276 |
|  | $17626366 | $17406185 |

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*Accounts receivable and allowance for credit losses*

Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for credit losses. This value incorporates an allowance for credit losses to reflect any loss anticipated on accounts receivable balances. The Company applies the current expected credit loss (CECL) model, which requires immediate recognition of expected credit losses over the contractual life of receivables and records the appropriate allowance for credit losses as a charge to operating expenses. The allowance for credit losses is based on a combination of the individual customer circumstances, credit conditions, and historical write-offs and collections. The recovery of accounts receivable previously written off is recorded as a reduction to the allowance for credit losses charged to operating expense.

Management believed that the accounts receivable were fully collectable and no allowance for credit losses was deemed to be required on its accounts receivable at December 31, 2025. The Company historically has not experienced significant uncollectible accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's allowance for credit losses was $0, and the Company recorded $3,520 of credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2025, and $0 of credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024.

*Research and Development Costs*

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist of costs incurred to discover, research and develop products, and include personnel expenses, facility-related and depreciation expenses, and external costs of outside suppliers.

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| F-11 |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#i8)* |

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*Income Taxes*

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

FASB ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position. The Company is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for the years prior to 2021.

The Company may be subject to potential examination by federal, state, and city taxing authorities in the areas of income taxes.

These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with federal, state, and city tax laws. Management does not expect that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will materially change over the next twelve months.

Effective January 1, 2025, the Company adopted ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which expanded income tax disclosure requirements, including disaggregation of pretax income (loss) and income tax expense (benefit) by jurisdiction and disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2025 on a retrospective basis. Accordingly, the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2024 has been recast to conform to the current year's presentation. The adoption affected disclosures only and did not impact the Company's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

*Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share*

Loss per share – basic is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of stock outstanding during the year, including shares issuable without additional consideration. Income per share – assuming dilution is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year adjusted for the effect of dilutive potential shares from options and warrants calculated using the treasury stock method and the if-converted method for preferred stock. There were no dilutive potential common shares for year ended December 31, 2025, because the Company incurred a net loss and basic and diluted losses per common share are the same.

Total common stock equivalents excluded from dilutive loss per share are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Stock Options | 1070000 | 1860000 |
| Total common stock equivalents excluded from dilutive loss per share | 1070000 | 1860000 |

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*Concentration of Credit Risk*

Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and equivalents on deposit with financial institutions and accounts receivable. The Company's cash as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is maintained at high-quality financial institutions and has not incurred any losses to date. Accounts are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to $250,000. At December 31, 2025, the Company had $1,745,426 (2024 - $2,956,082) in excess of FDIC limits.

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| F-12 |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#i8)* |

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*Customer and Supplier Concentration*

For the year ended December 31, 2025, three customers represented 29%, 11%, and 9% of the Company's revenues, and for the year ended December 31, 2024, three customers represented 32%, 13%, and 10% of the Company's revenues. The loss of any one of these customers could have an adverse effect on the Company's operations.

At December 31, 2025, two customers represented 51%, and 14% of the Company's accounts receivable, and at December 31, 2024, three customers represented 32%, 26% and 9% of the Company's accounts receivable.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, two suppliers represented 55% and 36% of the Company's purchases. For the year ended December 31, 2024, two suppliers represented 51% and 35% of the Company's purchases. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, 63% and 68% of the Company's accounts payable and accrued expenses related to two vendors, respectively. The Company believes there are numerous other suppliers that could be substituted should a supplier become unavailable or non-competitive and the adverse effect of losing one of these suppliers would be short-term.

*Contingencies*

Certain conditions may exist which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company's management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company, or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company's legal counsel evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company's consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they arise from guarantees, in which case the guarantees would be disclosed.

*Recently Issued Accounting Standards*

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, *Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures*, which amends and enhances the disclosure requirements for reportable segments. All disclosure requirements under this standard will also be required for public entities with a single reportable segment. The new standard will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 effective for its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. Since ASU 2023-07 addresses only disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, *Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures*, which is intended to provide enhancements to annual income tax disclosures. The standard will require more detailed information in the rate reconciliation table and for income taxes paid, among other enhancements. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 effective for its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 and subsequent interim periods. Since ASU 2023-09 addresses only disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-09 did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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| F-13 |
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In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, *Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses*. This ASU requires entities to disaggregate expense items in the notes to the financial statements and requires disclosure of specified information related to purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Companies have the option to apply the guidance either on a retrospective or prospective basis, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, *Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date*. This ASU amends the effective date of ASU No. 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of ASU No. 2024-03 is permitted. The Company does not expect the application of this standard will have a material impact on its financial statements and related disclosures.

On July 30, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, *Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets* ("ASU 2025-05"), which provides a practical expedient that assumes current conditions as of the balance sheet date remain unchanged when developing forecasts for estimating expected credit losses. Under ASU 2025-05, an entity is required to disclose that it has elected to use the practical expedient and the election should be applied prospectively. ASU 2025-05 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the application of this standard will have a material impact on its financial statements and related disclosures.

***Note 4 - Inventory***

Inventory was comprised of the following at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Raw Materials | $308613 | $169527 |
| Finished Goods | 139473 | 452286 |
|  | $448086 | $621813 |

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***Note 5 - Property and Equipment, Net***

Property and equipment at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Equipment & installation | $1096979 | $1096979 |
| Leasehold improvements | 117512 | 117512 |
| Trucking equipment | 911377 | 911377 |
| Lab equipment | 753370 | 725626 |
| Office equipment, computer equipment and software | 3426 | 1874 |
| Total equipment | 2882664 | 2853368 |
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (2185221) | (2047680) |
| Construction in process | 1495000 | 1545000 |
| Property and equipment, net | $2192443 | $2350688 |

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The Company uses the straight-line method of depreciation over estimated useful lives of 2 to 5 years. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 depreciation expense was $137,541 and $11,702, respectively. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, lab equipment included $0 and $725,626 of lab equipment not yet placed in service, respectively.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company concluded that Company's plant construction in process asset had become impaired based on the existing and anticipated future economic outlook. As a result, the Company impaired the asset to reduce the carrying value to fair value. Estimated fair value of the impaired long-lived asset is based on the estimated cost to replace the asset. As a result of the uncertain cash flows related to the Company's capitalized construction costs, the Company has recorded an impairment charge of $50,000 (2024 - $43,000).

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| F-14 |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#i8)* |

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***Note 6 - Intellectual Property***

License and patent costs capitalized as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Licenses and patents | $3068995 | $3068995 |
| Less: Accumulated amortization | (1774132) | (1569532) |
| Intellectual property, net | $1294863 | $1499463 |

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Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $204,600 and $204,600, respectively. Estimated annual amortization for each of the next 5 years and thereafter is as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Annual amortization for the years ended: |  |
| December 31, 2026 | $204600 |
| December 31, 2027 | 204600 |
| December 31, 2028 | 204600 |
| December 31, 2029 | 204600 |
| December 31, 2030 | 204600 |
| Thereafter | 271863 |
| Total | $1294863 |

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***Note 7 - Related Party***

*Secured Note Payable*

On November 29, 2016, pursuant to a restated financing agreement entered with AC Midwest Energy, LLC ("AC Midwest") on November 1, 2016, the Company closed on a secured note with AC Midwest (the "AC Midwest Secured Note"), which was to mature on December 15, 2018. AC Midwest is wholly-owned by a stockholder of the Company. The AC Midwest Secured Note is guaranteed by MES, is non-convertible and bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on or before the last day of each fiscal quarter. On February 25, 2019, per Amendment No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement, AC Midwest extended the maturity date from December 15, 2018 to August 25, 2022.

On October 28, 2022, the Company, along with MES, and AC Midwest, executed Amendment No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement pursuant to which the maturity date of the AC Midwest Secured Note was extended to August 25, 2025. In addition, the interest rate on the remaining principal balance was reduced from 15.0% to 9.0% per annum. The Company has accounted for the extension as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $54,983 for the year ended December 31, 2022 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the note on the date of the exchange.

On February 27, 2024, the Company paid AC Midwest $275,625 representing the remaining principal balance under the AC Midwest Secured Note of $271,686 plus interest of $3,939. As a result of the repayment of the remaining principal balance under the AC Midwest Secured Debt, the Company and AC Midwest executed a Satisfaction and Discharge of Secured Debt confirming the cancellation of the AC Midwest Secured Note.

As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total principal of $0 and $0, respectively, was outstanding on this note. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $4,279, respectively.

Amortized discount recorded as interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $32,220, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the unamortized balance of the discount was $0 and $0, respectively.

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| F-15 |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#i8)* |

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*Unsecured Note Payable*

The Company has the following unsecured note payable - related party outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Unsecured note payable | $- | $13154931 |
| Repayments |  | (12314895) |
| Less fair value adjustment on extinguishment, net of amortized discount of $0 and $1,965,984, respectively |  | (960000) |
| Plus fair value adjustment | - | 119964 |
| Total unsecured note payable |  |  |
| Less current portion | - | - |
| Unsecured note payable, net of current portion | $- | $- |

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On November 29, 2016, pursuant to a restated financing agreement entered with AC Midwest on November 1, 2016, the Company closed on an unsecured note with AC Midwest (the "AC Midwest Subordinated Note"), which was to mature on December 15, 2020. On February 25, 2019, the Company, entered into an Unsecured Note Financing Agreement (the "Unsecured Note Financing Agreement") with AC Midwest, pursuant to which AC Midwest issued an unsecured note in the principal amount of $13,154,931 (the "AC Midwest Unsecured Note"), which represented the outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest at closing. The AC Midwest Unsecured Note, which replaced the AC Midwest Subordinated Note, was scheduled to mature on August 25, 2022 and bear a zero cash interest rate.

The Company determined that the rate of interest on the AC Midwest Subordinated Note was a below market rate of interest and determined that a discount of $6,916,687 should be recorded. This discount was based on an applicable market rate for unsecured debt for the Company of 21% and is being amortized as interest expense over the life of the loan.

On August 30, 2022, AC Midwest agreed to an extension of the maturity date of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note (and AC Midwest Secured Note) from August 25, 2022 to September 30, 2022. Such extension was expected to provide the Company sufficient time in which to conclude the process of negotiating certain changes and modifications to such financing arrangements. On September 28, 2022, AC Midwest agreed to an additional short-term extension of such maturity date from September 30, 2022 to October 31, 2022. The Company has accounted for the extension as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $488,274 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the note on the date of the exchange.

On October 28, 2022, the Company, along with MES, and AC Midwest, executed Amendment No. 1 to Unsecured Note Financing Agreement pursuant to which the maturity date of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note was extended to August 25, 2025. In addition, the parties agreed that the Profit Share (see "Profit Share" below) be increased by $4,500,000 from $13,154,931 (representing 1.0 times the original principal amount) to $17,654,931. The Company has accounted for the extension as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $3,234,469 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the note on the date of the exchange.

On February 27, 2024, the Company entered into an Unsecured Debt Restructuring Agreement (the "Debt Restructuring Agreement") with AC Midwest which replaces and supersedes the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement. Pursuant to the Debt Restructuring Agreement, on February 27, 2024, the Company (i) paid AC Midwest $9,040,000 as a reduction in the outstanding principal balance of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note, and (ii) issued to AC Midwest a new unsecured replacement note representing the remaining outstanding principal balance of the Unsecured Note in the principal amount of $4,114,931 (the "New Note"). In addition, within 30 days, the Company would either facilitate the private sale to third parties of certain shares of common stock of the Company held by AC Midwest for a purchase price of no less than $960,000, which amount shall be applied as a credit against the principal balance due on the New Note dollar for dollar, or pay AC Midwest $960,000 toward the principal balance due on the New Note. The private sale of shares for the purchase price of $960,000 was completed on March 11, 2024. Any remaining principal balance on the New Note shall be due August 27, 2024 (the "New Note Maturity Date"), which is six months from February 27, 2024. Until repaid in full, the New Note shall accrue interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 2.0% per annum. The New Note completely replaced and superseded the AC Midwest Unsecured Note, which shall be of no further force and effect.

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On August 26 and 27, 2024, the Company repaid AC Midwest the remaining principal of $3,154,931 on the New Note together with accrued interest of $119,964. As a result, the only remaining debt obligation under the Debt Restructuring Agreement is the profit participation as described below.

The Company has accounted for the February 27, 2024 modification as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital charge of $1,005,984 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the New Note on the date of the exchange. The New Note represented a hybrid instrument and the Company elected to apply fair value option accounting to the New Note. Cash flows of the hybrid instrument in its entirety are discounted at an appropriate rate for the applicable duration of the instrument. Interest on the interest-bearing portion of the instrument that is held to maturity is aggregated as loss on change in fair value of profit share and unsecured note in the consolidated statements of operations.

Amortized discount recorded as interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $209,224, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the unamortized balance of the discount was $0 and $0, respectively.

*Profit Share*

Pursuant to the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement, AC Midwest was also entitled to a "non-recourse" profit participation preference equal to 1.0 times the original principal amount of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note which on October 28, 2022 was increased to $17,654,931 (the "Profit Share"). Prior to maturity, the outstanding principal, as well as the Profit Share, were to be paid from Net Litigation Proceeds from claims relating to the Company's intellectual property, Net Revenue Share, Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Equity Offering Net Proceeds (as such terms are defined in the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement). Any remaining principal balance due on the Unsecured Note would be due and payable in full on the maturity date. The Profit Share, however, if not paid in full on or before the maturity date would remain subject to the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement until full and final payment.

Pursuant to the Debt Restructuring Agreement, AC Midwest was granted a profit participation preference equal to $7,900,000 (the "Restructured Profit Share") which replaces and supersedes the terms and conditions of the Profit Share in the amount of $17,654,931 provided for in the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement, which shall be of no further force and effect. The Restructured Profit Share is "non-recourse" and shall only be paid from Net Litigation Proceeds (as defined in the Debt Restructuring Agreement) from claims relating to the Company's intellectual property. Following the receipt of any Net Litigation Proceeds, the Company shall prepay any remaining principal balance of the New Note and pay the Restructured Profit Share in an amount equal to 75.0% of such Net Litigation Proceeds until the New Note and Restructured Profit Share have been paid in full. The Restructured Profit Share, if not paid in full on or before the New Note Maturity Date, shall remain subject to the terms of the Debt Restructuring Agreement.

In addition to facilitating the private sale to third parties as described above, AC Midwest granted the Company the exclusive right until December 31, 2024 to facilitate the sale of all or a portion of the remaining balance of the shares of common stock of the Company held by AC Midwest, which proceeds above a certain amount will be applied as a credit against the Restructured Profit Share dollar for dollar (the "Facilitation Credit"). As of December 31, 2024, the Company had not facilitated the sale of any portion of the remaining shares held by AC Midwest. As a result, no Facilitation Credit has been issued to the Company.

The Company has accounted for the February 27, 2024 modification as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $11,833,179 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the Restructured Profit Share on the date of the exchange.

The Company is utilizing the methodology behind the ASC 815, *Derivatives and Hedging* and ASC 480, *Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity* to determine how to account for the profit-sharing portion of the note payable. Although the transaction is not indexed to MEEC's common stock the profit sharing has the characteristics of a freestanding financial instrument because the profit sharing is not callable by the lender, it will be paid out past the maturity of the Unsecured Note Payable and, the fair value will fluctuate over time based on payment predictions. The Profit Share was determined to have a fair value of $3,389,043 upon grant. The fair value of the Profit Share upon grant included $3,422,400 attributed to the Facilitation Credit which reduced the fair value of the Profit Share liability. At December 31, 2024, the Facilitation Credit had expired and the fair value attributed to the feature was $0. This increased the fair value of the Profit Share at December 31, 2024, and increased the loss on change in fair value of the profit share recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024 by $3,422,400. The discounted cash flow model assumptions used at December 31, 2025 to calculate the Profit Share liability included: the projected full repayment of the profit share liability of $7,900,000 upon the receipt of Net Litigation Proceeds in 2026, and an annual market interest rate of 14.55%. The discounted cash flow model assumptions used at December 31, 2024 to calculate the Profit Share liability included: the projected full repayment of the profit share liability of $7,900,000 upon the receipt of Net Litigation Proceeds in 2025, and an annual market interest rate of 14.55%. The profit share liability will be marked to market every quarter utilizing management's estimates.

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The following are the changes in the profit share liability (the only Level 3 financial instrument) during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Profit Share as of January 1, 2024 | $14847937 |
| Modification | (11833179) |
| Loss on change in fair value of profit share | 3839100 |
| Profit Share as of December 31, 2024 | $6853858 |
| Profit Share as of January 1, 2025 | $6853858 |
| Loss on change in fair value of profit share | (5926) |
| Profit Share as of December 31, 2025 | $6847932 |

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*Related Party Transactions*

Kaye Cooper Kay & Rosenberg, LLP provides certain legal services to the Company and was paid $450,000 and $431,444 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, for legal services rendered and disbursement incurred. David M. Kaye, a Director of the Company, is a partner of the law firm. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $37,500 and $37,500, respectively, was owed to the firm for services rendered.

On January 31, 2023, the Company entered into a License and Supply Agreement with Dakin Holdings Ltd., a company incorporated in Barbados ("Dakin"), effective as of January 1, 2023 (the "Dakin Agreement"), pursuant to which Dakin has granted to the Company (i) a limited license to manufacture and produce for Dakin products comprising certain intellectual property owned by Dakin (the "Dakin IP"), and (ii) an exclusive license to commercialize the Dakin IP in the United States. In addition, the Company shall pay Dakin a license fee of $12,500 per month for a three-year period commencing as of the effective date and ending December 31, 2025, and pay Dakin a royalty on all sales in the United States of the products comprising the Dakin IP made by the Company. On November 18, 2024, the parties entered into an amendment to the Dakin Agreement which eliminated all further monthly license fees after September 30, 2024. Dakin is a company owned and controlled by the Company's Chief Executive Officer and President. The Dakin Agreement is for a term of ten years unless terminated earlier under certain circumstances as set forth therein. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, Dakin incurred $0 and $112,500 license fees. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $0 and $0 was owed to Dakin for license fees.

***Note 8 - Operating Leases***

On July 1, 2015, the Company entered into a five-year lease for warehouse space in Corsicana, Texas. The Company is also responsible for the pro rata share of the projected monthly expenses for the property taxes. The current pro rata share is $882. On June 1, 2019, the lease was extended to March 31, 2024, and on March 28, 2024, the lease was further extended for an additional five years from March 31, 2024 to March 31, 2029. Rent is $3,750 monthly until March 31, 2026 and then $3,866 per month until March 31, 2029. The Company recorded a right of use asset and an operating lease liability of $161,728. This amount represents the difference between the value from the remaining lease and the extended lease.

On August 1, 2024, the Company entered into a 3-year lease for laboratory space in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The lease contains an option to extend for a further three years that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. As a result, the additional three year extension is included as part of the lease term. Rent is $1,400 monthly until July 31, 2027, and then effectively $1,540 per month until July 31, 2030. Upon commencement of the lease the Company recorded a right of use asset and an operating lease liability of $69,615.

On November 22, 2024, the Company entered into an approximate 3-year lease for laboratory space in State College, Pennsylvania, commencing December 15, 2024 and ending November 30, 2027. The lease contains an option to extend for a further three years that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. As a result, the additional three-year extension is included as part of the lease term. Rent is $1,800 monthly until November 30, 2025, $1,860 monthly thereafter until November 30, 2026, and $1,920 monthly thereafter until November 30, 2027. During the option period, rent is $1,980 monthly from December 1, 2027 to November 30, 2028, $2,040 monthly thereafter through November 30, 2029, and $2,100 monthly thereafter through November 30, 2030. Upon commencement of the lease the Company recorded a right of use asset and an operating lease liability of $94,942.

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For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded an operating lease right of use asset and liabilities as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Right of use asset - operating lease | $258986 | $305142 |
| Current portion of operating lease liability | 51158 | 42733 |
| Operating lease liability | 263490 | 306233 |

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Future remaining minimum lease payments under these non-cancelable leases are as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **For the twelve months ended December 31,** |  |
| 2026 | $85224 |
| 2027 | 86992 |
| 2028 | 88692 |
| 2029 | 54618 |
| 2030 | 33880 |
| Thereafter | - |
| Total | 349406 |
| Less discount | (85916) |
| Total lease liabilities | 263490 |
| Less current portion | (51158) |
| Operating lease obligation, net of current portion | $212332 |

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The weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases is 4.2 years and the weighted average discount rate used in calculating the operating lease asset and liability is 14.55%. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, payments on lease obligations were $83,460 and $52,871, respectively, and amortization on the right of use assets was $46,156 and $31,782, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company's lease cost consists of the following components, each of which is included in costs and expenses within the Company's consolidated statements of operations:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Operating lease costs | $86883 | $53595 |

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***Note 9 – Accounts payable and accrued expenses***

Current accounts payable and accrued expenses are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| *<u>Accounts payable</u>* |  |  |
| Legal costs | $676799 | $23537 |
| Consulting fees | 572331 | 114376 |
| Cost of goods sold | 1178145 | 766894 |
| Other | 193903 | 221596 |
| *Total accounts payable* | 2621178 | 1126403 |
| *<u>Accrued expenses</u>* |  |  |
| Legal costs | $868926 | $478047 |
| Consulting fees | 68030 | 56500 |
| Other | 51919 | 42048 |
| *Total accounts payable and accrued expenses* | $3610053 | $1702998 |

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***Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies***

*Fixed Price Arrangements*

A substantial portion of the Company's revenues is generated under contracts or blanket purchase orders with commercial customers that expire periodically or must be frequently renegotiated, extended, or replaced from time to time and that often contain fixed prices for product. These arrangements expose the Company to potential risks associated with rising material costs during the term of the applicable contract or blanket purchase order.

*Legal proceedings*

The Company has commenced multiple patent infringement lawsuits to enforce its proprietary two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA<sup>®</sup>) process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants. These actions, filed between 2019 and 2025, target various operators of coal-fired power plants and refined coal producers whom the Company alleges have willfully infringed its patent rights. The Company is seeking damages, injunctive relief, and other remedies in each of these proceedings.

<u>Delaware District Court Action</u>

In July 2019, the Company initiated patent litigation against various defendants in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware which included (i) Vistra Energy Corp., AEP Generation Resources Inc., NRG Energy, Inc., Talen Energy Corporation, and certain of their respective affiliated entities, all of which are owners and/or operators of coal-fired power plants in the United States, and (ii) Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., DTE REF Holdings, LLC, CERT Coal Holdings LLC, Chem-Mod LLC, and certain of their respective affiliated entities, and additional named and unnamed defendants, all of which operated or were involved in operations of coal facilities in the United States.

Between July 2020 and January 2021, the Company entered into agreements with each of the four major utility defendants which included certain monetary arrangements and pursuant to which the Company dismissed all claims brought against each of them and their affiliates.

In November 2023, the Company entered into a confidential binding term sheet with Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., and various of its affiliated entities, and DTE Energy Resources LLC and various of its affiliated entities, to resolve the patent litigation. Pursuant to the term sheet, all claims and counterclaims asserted by the parties in such patent litigation have been dismissed with prejudice, although such term sheet does not affect any other claim brought against the remaining CERT defendants. In November 2023, Alistar Enterprises, LLC, one of the remaining CERT defendants, entered into a settlement agreement with the Company.

In December 2023, and in connection with the term sheet described above, the Company, along with its wholly-owned subsidiary, MES, Inc., and (a) Chem-Mod LLC ("Chem-Mod"), (b) Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. and AJG Coal, LLC, and (c) DTE Energy Co. and DTE Energy Resources, LLC, entered into a paid license of U.S. Patent No. 8,168,147, U.S. Patent No. 10,343,114, U.S. Patent No. 10,589,225, U.S. Patent No. 10,596,517 and U.S. Patent No. 10,668,430 and their foreign equivalents and related patent applications and patents, which licenses the use of refined coal or the Chem-Mod Solution in conjunction with activated carbon. This license applies to Chem-Mod and certain of its licensees, sub-licensees, and their customers, for the remaining term of such patents. By its terms, the license does not cover the use of activated carbon with coal that is not either refined coal or coal made by or for use with the Chem-Mod Solution in a manner authorized by the license. The parties to the license have mutually released all claims that any past use of the Chem-Mod Solution in connection with the production or use of refined coal with activated carbon by entities other than the CERT defendants and their customers infringes the asserted patents and related intellectual property, and all claims that could have been brought challenging the validity of such patents. The remaining CERT defendants and their customers (for activities relating to the CERT defendants) were not included within the scope of the license.

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The case proceeded to trial in February 2024 against the remaining CERT defendants. On March 1, 2024, a federal jury returned a $57.1 million verdict in favor of the Company against the remaining CERT defendants, finding willful infringement of the Company's patented technologies and holding the defendants liable for inducing and contributory infringement. Such group of affiliated defendants included multiple limited liability companies with refined coal industry operations, including CERT Operations II LLC, CERT Operations IV LLC, CERT Operations V LLC, and CERT Operations RCB LLC. Following the trial, the Court entered non-final judgments on the verdict against the CERT defendants and the parties submitted post-trial motions relating to the jury trial. The CERT defendants also asserted that the Company's claims were barred due to their defense that they had an implied license to the asserted patents. A bench trial was held on such issue. On June 10, 2025, the Court ruled that the CERT defendants failed to prove that they had such an implied license and denied their motion to alter or amend the non-final judgment. On September 25, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion that they should not be held liable as a matter of law for induced infringement, contributory infringement or willful infringement, and on November 20, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order denying the CERT defendants' post-trial motion for a new trial on the issues of induced infringement, contributory infringement, willful infringement and damages. Thereafter, on December 17, 2025, the Court issued a memorandum order granting the Company's request for pre- and post-judgment interest, and denying the Company's request for enhanced damages. Following resolution of all post-trial motions, the Court issued the final judgment in favor of the Company on December 29, 2025 in the total amount of $78,397,157, which amount includes pre-judgment interest. The Company accounts for the judgement under ASC 450-30, *Contingencies*, which does not allow recognition until cash or claims to cash are realized or realizable. We did not recognize the judgement as of December 31, 2025 because there were inherent uncertainties associated with the realizability of the judgement.

On January 28, 2026, the CERT defendants filed a notice of appeal of the judgment. Under applicable rules, the CERT defendants may seek a stay of execution of the judgment pending appeal by posting a bond or other security in an amount and form approved by the Court. As of the date the financial statements were issued, the CERT defendants have not obtained a bonded stay. Although the automatic stay of execution applicable following entry of judgment has expired, the appeal remains pending. Interest continues to accrue on the judgment amount during the pendency of the appeal.

<u>2024-2025 Patent Infringement Actions</u>

In July 2024, the Company commenced three additional patent infringement lawsuits in U.S. District Courts in Arizona, Iowa and Missouri against multiple utilities and related entities. These actions allege willful infringement of the Company's patents related to mercury emissions control. Named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona were Tucson Electric Power Co., San Carlos Resources, Inc., Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, Inc., Springerville Unit 3 Holding LLC, and Springerville Unit 3 Partnership LP. Named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa were Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company, MidAmerican Energy Company, PacifiCorp, Alliant Energy Corporation, Interstate Power and Light Company, and Wisconsin Power and Light Company, and named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri were Ameren Corp. and Union Electric Co.

In October 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with one of the utility defendants and an affiliated entity in the Arizona action, and in January 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility named in the Arizona action. Such agreements provide such parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company's two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA®) process for use in connection with a certain designated coal-fired power plant operated by them. The agreements include one-time license fees which have been received by the Company. One agreement provides the Company with a right of first refusal for certain of such utility's product supply for mercury emissions capture at such designated power plant and the other agreement provides the Company with the right to be included in such party's bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party's designated power plant.

On December 17, 2024, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the consolidation of the three lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa for coordinated pretrial proceedings. In January 2025, the Company initiated an additional infringement suit in the Western District of Missouri against several Evergy-affiliated entities. Named as defendants in the action were Evergy, Inc., Evergy Metro Inc., Evergy Missouri West, Inc. and Evergy Kansas Central, Inc. One of such defendants was dismissed from the Western District of Missouri action and named as a defendant in a separate case commenced in the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas. Such cases were transferred to the Iowa court pursuant to the existing transfer order.

Between January and July 2025, certain defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed inter partes review ("IPR") petitions with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office seeking to invalidate various asserted claims.

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Effective as of August 5, 2025, the Company entered into separate agreements with two utilities, which are affiliated with each other, and named as defendants in the Southern District of Iowa action. In addition, as of September 9, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with a utility and its affiliated entities, named as defendants in the Western District of Missouri and District of Kansas actions. Such agreements provide such parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company's two-part SEA® process for use in connection with certain designated coal-fired power plants operated by them. Each agreement includes a one-time license fee. The agreements effective as of August 5, 2025 entered into with the two utilities, provide the Company with the right to be included in each utility's bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party's operated power plants. Such two utilities have also agreed to withdraw from the IPR petitions.

Effective as of September 30, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility not named as a defendant in the Company's patent litigations, but a party to the IPR petitions filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Such agreement provides such utility and its affiliates with a with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company's two-part SEA® process for use in connection with a certain designated coal-fired power plant operated by them. Such agreement includes a one-time license fee and provides the Company with the right to be included in such party's bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party's designated power plant. Such party has agreed to withdraw from IPR petitions.

Effective as of October 15, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility named as a defendant in the Southern District of Iowa action. While the terms of the agreement are confidential, it includes a resolution of the disputes between the Company and that utility and its affiliates and provides for their withdrawal from related proceedings.

As a result of the agreements described above, the Company and several defendants have resolved their respective claims, and those defendants have been dismissed from the applicable actions. There remain two utilities in the consolidated Iowa actions.

As described above, between January and April 2025, certain defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions seeking to invalidate various asserted claims of the Company's patents. In September and October 2025, the U.S. Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") granted the institution of review of certain of the Company's asserted patents. The Company sought review of those institutional decisions by the PTO Director. The Director has since issued decisions granting reconsideration in part and denying it in part, and certain matters remain subject to further motions and proceedings before the PTAB. In connection with these proceedings, the Court in the consolidated Iowa actions has stayed the litigation pending completion of the IPR process.

Between June and July 2025, certain other defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions seeking to invalidate various asserted claims of the Company's patents. These petitions were denied institution by the PTO Director, and requests for reconsideration of those denials have also been denied.

The Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of the pending IPR proceedings or related matters.

Other than the foregoing, there are no material pending legal proceedings to which the Company is a party or of which any of its property is the subject.

Litigation, including patent litigation, is inherently subject to uncertainties. As such, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in litigating and/or settling any of the remaining claims. The Company expenses legal costs relating to patent litigation as incurred.

*Contingent Liability*

The Company is involved in a dispute with a third party related to invoices and other claimed charges in the amount of $184,079 pertaining to reimbursement for certain alleged costs and legal services. The Company disputes these invoices and charges on the basis that the third party was not entitled to reimbursement.

As of December 31, 2025, the matter remains unresolved. The Company has evaluated the claim in accordance with ASC 450, *Contingencies*, and has determined that a loss is possible, but not probable. Accordingly, no liability has been recorded in the accompanying financial statements. While the Company intends to vigorously defend its position, an unfavorable outcome could result in a loss of up to approximately $184,079. At this time, the Company is unable to determine the ultimate resolution of this matter.

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***Note 11 - Stock Based Compensation***

*Stock Based Compensation*

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, which addresses the accounting for employee stock options which requires that the cost of all employee stock options, as well as other equity-based compensation arrangements, be reflected in the consolidated financial statements over the requisite service period based on the estimated fair value of the awards.

Stock based compensation consists of the amortization of common stock, stock options, restricted share units and warrants issued to employees, directors and consultants. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, stock-based compensation expense amounted to $119,238 and $1,088,923, respectively. Such expense is classified in selling, general and administrative expenses.

On July 3, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved and adopted the Company's Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") and the Company's Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2017 Plan") which amended the Company's previously adopted 2014 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Equity Incentive Plans. The 2014 Equity Incentive Plan was first approved by the Board on January 10, 2014. The 2017 Equity Incentive Plan replaced the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, which was terminated by the Board on April 28, 2017. As a result of such termination, no additional awards may be granted under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan but previously granted awards shall remain outstanding in accordance with their terms and conditions. The 2017 Plan was adopted by the Board on February 9, 2017. As amended by the Board on July 3, 2023, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2017 Plan after July 3, 2023 is 2,815,692, and to the extent any award (or portion thereof) outstanding under the 2014 Plan expires, terminates or is cancelled, surrendered or forfeited for any reason on or after July 3, 2023, the shares of common stock subject to such award (or portion thereof) shall be added to and increase the foregoing limit, to a maximum of 955,000 additional shares of common stock. (On July 3, 2023, there were 955,000 options and no other types of awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan.) On October 29, 2024, the Board approved certain non-material amendments to the 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan. As of December 31, 2025, there were 1,518,261 shares remaining available for issuance under the 2017 Plan and no options available or outstanding under the 2014 Plan.

*Common Stock*

On November 8, 2022, the Company issued a total of 600,000 shares of common stock to the Chief Executive Officer. These shares of common stock were valued at $960,000 in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of the shares will be amortized as an expense over the vesting period. The shares became fully vested on November 8, 2024. The expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $402,666, respectively.

On March 19, 2025, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may purchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock. Purchases under the share repurchase program may be made from time to time, in such amounts as management deems appropriate, through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, purchases through 10b5-1 trading plans, or by any combination of such methods. The timing and amount of any repurchases pursuant to the share repurchase program will be determined based upon a variety of factors, including general market conditions, share price, corporate and regulatory requirements and limitations, corporate liquidity requirements and priorities, and other factors. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date, does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares of its common stock, if any, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without notice. During the year ended December 31, 2025, there were no repurchases made under the program.

*Stock Options*

On January 15, 2024, the Company granted nonqualified stock options to certain directors, executive officers and employees to acquire an aggregate of 200,000 shares of the Company's common stock under the 2017 Plan. The options granted are exercisable at $4.40 per share, representing the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant as determined under the 2017 Plan. The options are fully vested and exercisable as of the date of grant and will expire five years thereafter. Based on a Black-Scholes valuation model, these options were valued at $632,214, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, which was expensed on the issuance date in selling, general and administrative expenses within the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The valuation assumptions included an expected duration of 5 years, volatility of 93%, discount rate of 3.84% and dividends of $0.

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| F-23 |
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On February 27, 2024, the Company issued 1,857 shares of common stock to a former employee upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 3,750 shares of common stock covered by an option to purchase a total of 20,000 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $1.35 per share. Such share issuance was based upon a VWAP of $4.62 per share as determined under the terms of the option.

On June 24, 2024, the Company issued (i) 177,291 shares of common stock to the Company's Chief Executive Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 300,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.35 per share, and (ii) 134,573 shares of common stock to the Company's Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer upon a cashless exercise of options to purchase an aggregate of 320,000 shares of common stock at exercise prices ranging from $1.35 to $2.25 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $3.30 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

On June 28, 2024, the Company issued (i) 9,282 shares of common stock to an employee upon a cashless exercise of options to purchase an aggregate of 60,000 shares of common stock at exercise prices ranging from $1.35 to $3.05 per share, (ii) 8,813 shares of common stock to an employee upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 15,000 shares of common stock covered by an option to purchase a total of 20,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $1.35 per share, and (iii) 3,000 shares of common stock to a former employee upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 5,106 shares of common stock covered by an option to purchase a total of 100,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $1.35 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $3.27 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

On August 3, 2024, the Company issued 6,422 shares of common stock to a former consultant upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 12,500 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $2.00 per share. Such share issuance was based upon a VWAP of $4.11 per share as determined under the terms of the option.

On January 2, 2025, and pursuant to an investor relations consulting agreement effective as of January 1, 2025 with a nonaffiliated third party, the Company granted a nonqualified stock option under the 2017 Plan to such third party to acquire 50,000 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $2.55 per share, representing the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant as determined under the 2017 Plan. Twenty-five percent of the option shall vest and become exercisable three months following the grant date and twenty-five percent shall vest every three months thereafter such that the option shall be fully vested one year following the grant date. The option will expire three years after the grant date. Based on a Black-Scholes valuation model, these options were valued at $77,926, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of the shares was being amortized to selling, general and administrative expenses within the Company's consolidated statements of operations over twelve months and the Company recorded $77,499 of expenses during the year ended December 31, 2025. The valuation assumptions included an expected duration of 3 years, volatility of 87%, discount rate of 4.29% and dividends of $0.

On January 9, 2025, the Company granted a nonqualified stock option under the 2017 Plan to a new director, who was elected to the Board on December 30, 2024, to acquire 20,000 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $2.80 per share, representing the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant as determined under the 2017 Plan. The option is fully vested and exercisable as of the grant date and will expire five years thereafter. Based on a Black-Scholes valuation model, these options were valued at $40,071, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, which was expensed on the issuance date in selling, general and administrative expenses within the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The valuation assumptions included an expected duration of 5 years, volatility of 92%, discount rate of 4.46% and dividends of $0.

On June 20, 2025, the Company issued (i) 63,796 shares of common stock to the Company's Chief Executive Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.95 per share, and (ii) 63,796 shares of common stock to the Company's Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.95 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $2.624 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

On December 11, 2025, the Company issued 21,888 shares of common stock to the Company's Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 60,000 shares of common stock covered by an option to purchase a total of 100,000 shares of common stock at a then-existing exercise price of $2.90 per share. Such share issuance was based on a VWAP of $4.5655 per share as determined under the terms of the option.

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On December 12, 2025, the Company issued (i) 37,915 shares of common stock to the Company's Chief Executive Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock at a then-existing exercise price of $2.90 per share, (ii) 18,958 shares of common stock to a director upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 50,000 shares of common stock at a then-existing exercise price of $2.90 per share, and (iii) 3,792 shares of common stock to an employee upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 10,000 shares of common stock at a then-existing exercise price of $2.90 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $4.6710 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

A summary of stock option activity is presented below:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |<br><br>**Number of**<br>**Shares** |<br>**Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual**<br>**Life (years)** |<br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic**<br>**Value** |
| January 1, 2025 | 1860000 | $2.90 | 1.75 | 12500 |
| Grants | 70000 | 2.62 |  |  |
| Expirations | (440000) | 2.52 |  |  |
| Exercised | (420000) | 1.97 |  |  |
| December 31, 2025 | 1070000 | $3.43 | 1.58 | 769500 |
| Options exercisable at: |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2025 | 1057500 | 3.44 | 1.58 | 754500 |

---

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value, based on the Company's closing stock price of $3.75 as of December 31, 2025 (the last trading day of the month of December 2025), which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date.

Stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 include none that were exercised for cash and 420,000 and 716,356 which were a cashless exercise, respectively.

*Restricted Share Units*

On January 15, 2024, the Company granted 10,000 restricted share units ("RSUs") to a director pursuant to the 2017 Plan. The RSUs will vest one year from the date of grant on January 15, 2025. Once vested, each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company's common stock. These shares of common stock were valued at $43,500 in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of the shares will be amortized as an expense over the vesting period. The shares become fully vested on January 15, 2025. The expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1,668 and $41,832, respectively.

On January 15, 2025, the Company issued 10,000 shares of common stock to a director due to the vesting on such date of 10,000 RSUs which had previously been granted on January 15, 2024 pursuant to the 2017 Plan and had a one-year vesting period.

At December 31, 2025, the Company had no outstanding RSUs.

***Note 12 - Warrants***

The Company utilized a Black-Scholes options pricing model to value warrants at the issuance date. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions such as the expected stock price volatility and the expected period until the warrants are exercised. When calculating the value of warrants issued, the Company uses a volatility factor, a risk-free interest rate and the life of the warrant for the exercise period.

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No warrants were issued during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The following warrants were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

On June 17, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 3,333 shares of common stock to certain warrant holders upon the cashless exercise of warrants to purchase an aggregate of 120,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share based upon a market value of $3.60 per share as determined under the terms of the warrants.

On June 18, 2024, the Company issued 704 shares of common stock to a certain warrant holder upon the cashless exercise of a warrant to purchase 50,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share based upon a market value of $3.55 per share as determined under the terms of the warrant.

On August 5, 2024, the Company issued 13,333 shares of common stock to a certain warrant holder upon the cashless exercise of a warrant to purchase 80,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share based upon a market value of $4.20 per share as determined under the terms of the warrant.

On August 22, 2024, the Company issued 5,000 shares of common stock to a certain warrant holder upon a cash exercise of a warrant to purchase 5,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share or $17,500 in the aggregate.

The following is a summary of the Company's warrant activity for 2024:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |<br><br>**Number of**<br>**Shares** |<br>**Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual**<br>**Life (years)** |<br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic**<br>**Value** |
| January 1, 2024 | 510000 | $3.50 | 0.60 | $- |
| Grants |  |  |  |  |
| Expirations | (255000) | 3.50 |  |  |
| Exercised | (255000) | 3.50 | - | - |
| December 31, 2024 and 2025 | - | $- | - | $- |
| Warrants exercisable at: |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2024 and 2025 |  | $- |  | $- |

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The following table summarizes information about common stock warrants outstanding at December 31, 2025 and 2024:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Outstanding and Exercisable** | **Outstanding and Exercisable** | **Outstanding and Exercisable** | **Outstanding and Exercisable** | **Outstanding and Exercisable** |
| **Exercise Price** | **Exercise Price** |<br>**Number Outstanding** | **Weighted Average** <br> **Remaining Contractual**<br>**Life (years)** |<br>**Weighted Average Exercise Price** |
| $| - |  |  | $|

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| F-26 |
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***Note 13 – Taxes***

ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregation of pretax income (loss), income tax expense (benefit), and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The Company has no foreign operations; accordingly, all pretax income (loss) is domestic (United States).

The following table shows the components of loss before income taxes and the related current tax expense / (benefit):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Loss before income taxes |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. operations | $(2955957) | $(11091267) |
| Current income tax expense / (benefit) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. federal |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State | 70050 | (289156) |
| Total current income tax expense / (benefit) | $70050 | $(289156) |

---

Income taxes paid (net of refunds received) related to continuing operations are presented on a cash basis and reconcile to cash paid for income taxes in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Income taxes paid (net of refunds received) were as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Jurisdiction |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. federal | $- | $- |
| U.S. state and local: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Texas | 28268 | 55535 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Louisiana | 4373 | 57179 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arkansas | 7390 | 27696 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Illinois | 12036 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other states | 753 | 2859 |
| Total income taxes paid (net of refunds received) | $52820 | $143269 |

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The expected tax expense (benefit) based on the statutory rate is reconciled with actual tax expense (benefit) as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the**<br>**Year Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2025** | **For the**<br>**Year Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2025** | **For the**<br>**Year Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2024** | **For the**<br>**Year Ended**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Pretax (Loss) | (2955957) |  | (11091267) |  |
| U.S. federal statutory income tax | (620751) | 21.0% | (2329166) | 21.0% |
| State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit (a) | 55339 | (1.9)% | (358768) | 3.2% |
| Foreign tax effects |  | 0.0% |  | 0.0% |
| Effect of changes in tax laws or rates |  | 0.0% |  | 0.0% |
| Tax credits | - | 0.0% | - | 0.0% |
| Change in U.S. federal valuation allowance | 499340 | (16.9)% | (10473) | 0.1% |
| Nontaxable or nondeductible items: |  |  |  |  |
| Change in profit share liability | (1244) | 0.0% | 1006057 | (9.1)% |
| Meals and entertainment | 3179 | (0.1)% | 3466 | (0.0)% |
| Penalties and fines | 2859 | (0.1)% |  | 0.0% |
| Nondeductible officers' compensation | 1077 | 0.0% |  | 0.0% |
| Discount on note payable |  | 0.0% | 50703 | (0.5)% |
| Changes in unrecognized tax benefits |  | 0.0% |  | 0.0% |
| Other adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
| Deferred tax adjustments | 130251 | (4.4)% | 1349025 | (12.1)% |
| Income tax expense / (benefit) | 70050 | (2.4)% | (289156) | 2.6% |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Taxes in Texas, Illinois, Arkansas, and Louisiana make up the majority of the effect of the state and local tax category.

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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows at December 31:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $4423000 | $3595000 |
| Stock based compensation | 570000 | 799000 |
| Intangible assets | 85000 | 99000 |
| Fixed assets | 60000 | 53000 |
| Total deferred tax assets | 5138000 | 4546000 |
| Deferred tax liability: |  |  |
| IRC Section 481(a) adjustment |  | (125000) |
| Valuation Allowance | (5138000) | (4421000) |
| Net deferred tax asset | $- | $- |

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As of December 31, 2025, the Company has U.S. federal net operating loss carryovers ("NOLs") of approximately $19,747,000 available to offset taxable net income in a given year of which $3,209,000 expires from 2035 through 2037 and $16,538,000 does not expire. The Company also has state NOL carryforwards of approximately $7,241,000 which begin to expire in 2026. If not used, these NOLs may be subject to limitation under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 should there be a greater than 50% ownership change as determined under the regulations.

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future generation for taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences representing net future deductible amounts become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. After consideration of all the information available, Management believes that significant uncertainty exists with respect to future realization of the deferred tax assets and has therefore established a full valuation allowance. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the valuation allowance increased by $716,714, related to the U.S. federal and state jurisdictions in the amounts of $499,340 and $217,374, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the valuation allowance (decreased) by $(33,000), related to the U.S. federal and state jurisdictions in the amounts of $(10,473) and $(22,572), respectively.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal and various state jurisdictions. For U.S. federal and certain state income tax purposes, the Company's 2021 through 2025 tax years remain open for examination by the tax authorities under the normal statute of limitations.

The Company evaluated the provisions of ASC 740-10 related to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise's financial statements. ASC 740-10 prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, present, and disclose uncertain positions that the Company has taken or expects to take in its tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. Differences between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the net benefit recognized and measured pursuant to the interpretation are referred to as "unrecognized benefits." A liability is recognized (or amount of net operating loss carry forward or amount of tax refundable is reduced) for unrecognized tax benefit because it represents an enterprise's potential future obligation to the taxing authority for a tax position that was not recognized as a result of applying the provisions of ASC 740-10.

There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025. The Company is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2021. If applicable, interest costs related to the unrecognized tax benefits are required to be calculated and would be classified as "Other expenses – Interest" in the statement of operations. Penalties would be recognized as a component of "General and administrative." No interest or penalties on unpaid tax were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, no liability for unrecognized tax benefits was required to be reported. The Company does not expect any significant changes in its unrecognized tax benefits in the next year

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***Note 14 – Segment and Geographic Information***

The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is the Chief Executive Officer (the "CEO"). The Company is a provider of specialty activated carbon technologies and, at December 31, 2025 and 2024, had one operating segment, which entails the provision of specialty activated carbon technologies for air and water purification in the United States.

There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results or plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, management has determined that the Company has a single operating and reportable segment. The accounting policies related to operating and reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 3, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies". The primary measure of segment profit or loss is consolidated net income as presented below and is used the by CEO for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and allocation of budget to support business expansion, new product development and operational efficiencies.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Material sales | $14233056 | $14481784 |
| License fees | 3159375 | 2808125 |
| Other revenues | 233935 | 116276 |
| Total revenues | 17626366 | 17406185 |
| Material costs | (7689298) | (7686447) |
| Blending and milling | (360680) | (377598) |
| Shipping | (1092297) | (1081781) |
| Other cost of goods sold | (632438) | (700279) |
| Compensation and benefits | (4901122) | (6148100) |
| Stock-based compensation | (119238) | (1088922) |
| Amortization and depreciation | (388297) | (248084) |
| Consulting fees | (1362900) | (879800) |
| Professional fees | (2760998) | (4722313) |
| General and administrative | (1058436) | (1588129) |
| Change in fair value of profit share | 5926 | (3959065) |
| Interest expense | (13673) | (267458) |
| Impairment loss | (50000) | (43000) |
| Tax benefit (expense) | (96963) | 289156 |
| Research & development | (210542) |  |
| Bad debt expense | (3520) |  |
| Interest income | 82103 | 293524 |
| Segment net (loss) income | (3026007) | (10802111) |
| **Reconciliation of profit or loss** |  |  |
| Adjustments and reconciling items | - | - |
| Consolidated net (loss) income | $(3026007) | $(10802111) |

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The segment assets are not reviewed by the CODM at a different asset level or category and is reviewed at the consolidated level.

***Note 15 - Subsequent Events***

On February 27, 2026, the Company completed a public offering of 6,250,000 shares of its common stock, at a price of $2.40 per share, generating gross proceeds of $15,000,000. In connection with the offering, the Company granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 937,500 shares of common stock at the offering price of $2.40 per share (the "Over-Allotment Option"). On March 17, 2026, the Company sold to the underwriters pursuant to their partial exercise of their Over-Allotment Option an additional 600,000 shares of common stock resulting in additional gross proceeds of $1,440,000. After giving effect to the partial exercise of the Over-Allotment Option, gross proceeds from the offering were $16,440,000, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. At December 31, 2025, the Company had deferred $481,250 of offering costs incurred prior to December 31, 2025.

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**Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.** 

None.

**Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.** 

**Report of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

Regulations under the Exchange Act require public companies to maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," which are defined as controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness, the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer determined that as of December 31, 2023, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as a result of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

**Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in *Internal Control - Integrated Framework* issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013 (COSO).

Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Despite these controls, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Furthermore, smaller reporting companies, like us, face additional limitations. Smaller reporting companies employ fewer individuals and can find it difficult to employ resources for complicated transactions and effective risk management. Additionally, smaller reporting companies tend to utilize general accounting software packages that lack a rigorous set of software controls.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 based on the criteria established in "Internal Control - Integrated Framework" issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. This evaluation included review of the documentation of controls, evaluation of the design effectiveness of controls, testing of the operating effectiveness of controls and a conclusion on this evaluation. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025. The ineffectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting was due to the following material weaknesses which are indicative of many small companies: (i) lack of a sufficient complement of personnel commensurate with the Company's reporting requirements; and (ii) insufficient written documentation or training of our internal control policies and procedures which provide staff with guidance or framework for accounting and disclosing financial transactions.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding our internal controls over financial reporting. Management's report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404(c) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that permit us to provide only management's report in this annual report.

Despite the existence of the material weaknesses above, we believe that our consolidated financial statements contained in this Form 10-K fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented in all material respects.

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**Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

Except as discussed below, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**Material Weaknesses**

In connection with our annual audit for the year ended December 31, 2025, management determined that controls as described above constitute material weaknesses in disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. As a result, it was determined that control deficiencies that constitutes material weaknesses in the design and operation of our internal control over financial reporting was present. Management believes that these material weaknesses did not have an effect on our financial results. However, management believes that the lack of these items results in ineffective internal controls, which could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements in future periods.

The material weakness described above did not result in a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2025 and the year then ended presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K; however, the material weakness did result in a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements during the year ended December 31, 2022 which resulted in the restatement of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and as of and for the interim quarterly periods during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and labeled as restated.

**Remediation**

During 2023, certain actions were taken to address certain aspects of the material weaknesses disclosed above. Effective as of March 1, 2023, we retained a certified public accountant to assist with bookkeeping and accounting services, and as of September 1, 2023, we hired a new financial consulting firm to assist us in bookkeeping and preparing financial statements for our SEC filings, assist us in evaluating our internal controls over financial reporting and assist us in other related matters. Such new firm has replaced the financial consulting firm which had been provided service to the Company since the fourth quarter of 2019 and such new firm has taken on additional responsibilities. In addition, as of November 1, 2023, we appointed a new Chief Financial Officer with over 15 years of experience in accounting and financial control for both private and publicly listed companies to provide fractional Chief Financial Officer services. We also have made efforts since 2023 to strengthen our overall control environment by improving our documented internal control policies and staff training.

Although we believe that these efforts effectively strengthen our disclosure control processes and procedures, our management team intends to continue to actively plan for and implement additional control procedures to improve our overall control environment and expect these efforts to continue throughout 2026 and beyond. Due to the nature of the remediation process, the need to have sufficient resources to retain additional staff to devote to such efforts and further segregate duties, and the need to allow adequate time after implementation to evaluate and test the effectiveness of the controls, no assurance can be given as to the timing of achievement of remediation.

**Item 9B. Other Information.** 

**None.**

**Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection.**

**None.** 

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**PART III**

**Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.**

The following table sets forth certain information as of the date of this report about our executive officers and members of our board of directors.

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|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Age** | **Positions and Offices Held with the Company** |
| Richard MacPherson | 70 | President, Chief Executive Officer, Secretary and Chairman of the Board of Directors |
| John Pavlish | 67 | Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer |
| James Trettel | 57 | Executive Vice President of Operations |
| Fiona Fitzmaurice | 44 | Chief Financial Officer |
| David M. Kaye | 71 | Director |
| Troy Grant | 52 | Director |
| Mitzi H. Coogler | 56 | Director |

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**Executive Officers**

*Richard MacPherson*has been a director of the Company since June 2011 and the Chairman of our Board of Directors since July 2025. Mr. MacPherson has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company since March 2015 and was appointed as Secretary of the Company in June 2023. Mr. MacPherson is the founder of MES, Inc. (current subsidiary and operating company of the Company) and had been its Chief Executive Officer from 2008 until 2011. From 2011 to March 2015, Mr. MacPherson served as Vice President of Business Development of the Company. Since 2008, Mr. MacPherson has worked with industry leading scientists and engineers to bring the Company's technology from the R&D phase, through multiple product development stages, to the final commercialization phase, acting as the lead on all required initiatives and activities. He has been a senior-level executive in the services industry for over 25 years. Mr. MacPherson brings extensive start-up and business development knowledge, applied and proven through his corporate experience throughout the United States and Canada. He has worked in multiple industries, such as electric utilities, communications, and marketing, as well as in several entrepreneurial ventures in the communications, hospitality, geological, and real estate development industries. We believe that Mr. MacPherson's deep experience in business and strong leadership skills, coupled with being the founder of our operating subsidiary and his extensive knowledge of our technology, qualifies him to serve on our Board of Directors.

*John Pavlish*has been Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of the Company since November 2014. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Pavlish was a Senior Research Advisor and the Director of the Center for Air Toxic Metals at the Energy & Environmental Research Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota. He has over 30 years of mercury-related experience and is regarded as an international expert on the topic of mercury. His primary areas of interest and expertise include research, technical guidance and consultation, and development of mercury control technologies, in particular, for coal combustion and gasification systems. He is an inventor of a number of patented mercury control technologies and has years of experience in development and testing of these technologies for commercial applications. Over the last 30 years, he has spent much of his time evaluating the efficacy of a number of different mercury control technologies/approaches and their cost-competitiveness in the commercial market. During the last five years, he has spent time evaluating several different technologies applicable to the recovery of rare earth elements and water treatment and has directed research and development activities in these areas in way of developing new products and services for the Company. Mr. Pavlish also has years of power plant experience and has worked for engineering/consulting company Black & Veatch, where he served as Unit Leader/System Engineer. Mr. Pavlish is a professional engineer, a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Air & Waste Management Association, and the American Water Works Association. He serves on numerous professional and technical committees and is a U.S. Representative on the Mercury Emissions from Coal International Experts Working Group on Reducing Emissions from Coal and a member of the United Nations Environment Programme Global Mercury Partnership, Reduction of Mercury Releases from Coal Combustion. Mr. Pavlish has published over 200 papers, articles, and reports on various mercury-related, rare earth elements recovery, and water treatment topics and issues.

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*James Trettel*has been Vice President of Operations of the Company since January 2014 and Executive Vice President of Operations of the Company since June 2024. Mr. Trettel possesses over 25 years of experience in the dry bulk material handling industry. During 2012 and 2013, he was the owner and operator of Solid Foundation Services, LLC, a firm specializing in deep foundation installations for the gas and oilfield industry, while providing technical consulting services to the Company. Prior to 2012, he provided project management and engineering duties for numerous multi-million dollar turn-key contracts while employed at Advanced Bulk and Conveying Inc. starting in 2004. Additionally, Mr. Trettel has overseen day to day operations for 14 years as the VP of J&B Industrial Sales Company Inc. of sales, systems, and engineering organization specializing in bulk material handling. Mr. Trettel has extensive field experience with systems operating in a large variety of industry sectors including coal fired utilities. Mr. Trettel graduated Cum Laude with a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering.

*Fiona Fitzmaurice* has been Chief Financial Officer of the Company since November 2023. She is a chartered accountant with over 15 years of experience in accounting and financial control for both private and publicly listed companies. She has significant experience as CFO for exploration companies and has been involved in numerous private placements, prospectus filings, flow-through financings and corporate audits. Ms. Fitzmaurice currently serves as CFO of the following companies: Elixxer Ltd. (TSXV:ELXR) since December 2024; Metavista3D Inc. (TSXV:DDD) since November 2024; Exploits Discovery Corp. (CSE:NFLD) since December 2022; Digicann Ventures Inc. (CSE:DCNN) since October 2021; Provenance Gold Corp. (CSE:PAU) since May 2021; and MacDonald Mines Exploration Ltd. (TSXV:BMK) since December 2019. She has also served as CFO of Pedro Resources Ltd. (CSE:VBN) from August 2020 to January 2023; Controller of Noront Resources Ltd. (TSXV:NOT) from May 2015 to December 2022; CFO of Honey Badger Exploration Inc. (TSXV:TUF) from December 2019 to November 2020; CFO of Pasofino Gold Limited (TSXV:VEIN) from July 2017 to March 2020; and CFO of Mojave Jane Brands (CSE:JANE) from October 2017 to July 2019. Ms. Fitzmaurice currently holds a chartered certified qualification from ACCA (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) having received her certification in Ireland in 2008. She holds a bachelor's degree in accounting and finance from Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland.

**Directors**

Please see the information regarding ***Richard MacPherson*** under "Executive Officers" above.

*David M. Kaye*has been a director of the Company since June 2019 and served as Secretary from December 2019 to June 2023. Mr. Kaye has been a practicing attorney in the New York City metropolitan area since 1980, specializing in business, corporate and securities matters. From February 1996 to February 2026, Mr. Kaye was a partner in the law firm of Kaye Cooper Kay & Rosenberg, LLP, located in Roseland, New Jersey. From March 2006 to June 2011, Mr. Kaye was a director of China Youth Media, Inc., resigning from such position effective with the merger between the Company with MES, Inc. which was completed in June 2011. From December 2000 to October 2009, Mr. Kaye also served on the Board of Directors of Dionics, Inc. Mr. Kaye received his B.A. from George Washington University (1976) and his J.D. from the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University (1979). We believe that Mr. Kaye's deep experience in business and transactional matters and working with public companies qualifies him to serve on our Board of Directors.

*Troy Grant*has been a director of the Company since May 2023. Mr. Grant, a graduate from St. Francis Xavier University with a Bachelor of Commerce degree, has extensive experience in investment financing, predominantly focusing on raising significant funding across global platforms and management of strategic operations. For the past 10 years, his career has been dedicated to his role as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with Elcora Advanced Materials Corp. (TSXV: ERA). Elcora was founded in 2011 and has been successfully structured as a vertically integrated battery material company with mining assets in Sri Lanka and Morocco. As CEO, in addition to responsibility for the overall strategic operations, including exploration, business development and implementation of the company vision, Mr. Grant works diligently to raise equity and advance assets. Mr. Grant also currently serves as a director and member of the Audit Committee of several publicly listed companies, including Elcora Advanced Materials Corp., i3 Interactive Inc. (CSE: BETS), Auxly Cannabis Group Inc. (TSX: XLY), and Cleantech Power Corp. (formerly, Alkaline Fuel Cell Power Corp.) (NEO: PWWR). We believe Mr. Grant's deep public company experience in Canada and his strong background in business and investment financing qualifies him to serve on our Board of Directors.

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*Mitzi H. Coogler* has been a director of the Company since December 2024. Ms. Coogler is a certified public accountant and has maintained an accounting practice since 2014 in Northport, Alabama specializing in management support and guidance for closely held businesses. Since February 2026, Ms. Coogler has been a director of Atmos Energy Corporation (NYSE: ATO). Since November 2023, she has been Chief Financial Officer of JT Harrison Construction Co., Inc., located in Northport, Alabama, which provides design, general contracting and construction management services. From November 2017 to December 2021, she served as Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Southeast Cancer Network, Inc., located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. From February 2018 to July 2022, she also served as Chief Financial Officer of closely held businesses wholly or majority owned by Dr. Scott Drummond (deceased). From January 2005 to January 2014, she was a shareholder/employee of Echols, Coogler & Associates, P.C., an accounting firm, located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Ms. Coogler received her B.S. in accounting from University of Alabama in 1993. We believe Ms. Coogler's extensive financial, accounting and transactional experience qualifies her to serve on our Board of Directors.

**Family Relationships**

There are no family relationships between any of the directors and executive officers of the Company. There are no family relationships among our directors and executive officers and those of our subsidiaries and affiliated companies.

**Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings**

We are not aware of any of our directors or officers being involved in any legal proceedings in the past ten years relating to any matters in bankruptcy, insolvency, criminal proceedings (other than traffic and other minor offenses), or being subject to any of the items set forth under Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act.

**Board of Directors**

Our Board of Directors has a stewardship responsibility to supervise the management of and oversee the conduct of the business of the Company, provide leadership and direction to management, evaluate management, set policies appropriate for the business of the Company and approve corporate strategies and goals. The day-to-day management of the business and affairs of the Company is delegated by our Board of Directors to the executive officers of the Company. Our Board of Directors gives direction and guidance through the Chief Executive Officer to management and keeps management informed of its evaluation of the executive officers in achieving and complying with goals and policies established by our Board of Directors.

Our Board of Directors exercises its independent supervision over management by its policies that (a) periodic meetings of our Board of Directors be held to obtain an update on significant corporate activities and plans; and (b) all material transactions of the Company are subject to prior approval of our Board of Directors. To facilitate open and candid discussion among its independent directors, such directors are encouraged to communicate with each other directly to discuss ongoing issues pertaining to the Company.

**Composition of Our Board of Directors**

Our Board of Directors consists of four members. There are no contractual obligations regarding the election of our directors. We do not currently have a standing nominating committee and the functions of identifying, evaluating, and selecting candidates for our Board of Directors are performed by our Board of Directors as a whole. Our Board of Directors will, from time to time, assesses potential candidates to fill perceived needs on our Board of Directors based on required skills, expertise, independence and other factors. In considering whether to nominate any particular candidate for election to our Board of Directors, our Board of Directors uses various criteria to evaluate each candidate, including the candidate's ability to further the interest of the stockholders through their established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among members of our Board of Directors, knowledge of our business, understanding of the competitive landscape, professional and personal experiences, and expertise relevant to our growth strategy. Our Board of Directors does not set specific minimum qualifications or assign specific weights to particular criteria and no particular criterion is a prerequisite for a prospective nominee. Our directors hold office until their successors have been elected and qualified or until the earlier of their resignation or removal.

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**Majority Voting Policy**

Our Board of Directors, pursuant to the requirements of the TSX, has adopted a Majority Voting Policy. In an uncontested election of directors, any nominee who receives a greater number of votes "withheld" than votes "for" (i.e., the nominee is not elected by at least a majority (50% +1) of the votes cast with respect to his/her election) is required to tender his or her resignation to our Board of Directors promptly following a stockholders meeting. The directors will consider the offer of resignation and, except in exceptional circumstances, will recommend that our Board of Directors accept the resignation. Our Board of Directors will make its decision within 90 days following a stockholders meeting and announce it in a press release, including the reasons for rejecting the resignation, if applicable. The nominee will not participate in any deliberations on the resignation offer. The policy does not apply in circumstances involving contested director elections.

**Audit Committee**

In connection with the listing of our common stock on the NYSE American, we amended our Audit Committee's charter to comply with the NYSE American listing rules. The Audit Committee is currently comprised of Troy Grant and Mitzi Coogler. Ms. Coogler serves as an "audit committee financial expert" within the meaning of the applicable SEC regulations. Under the NYSE American listing rules, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company's board of directors (or 50% in the case of a smaller reporting company like us). In addition, the NYSE American listing rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company's audit committee be independent. The NYSE American listing rules require that a company's audit committee consist of three members, unless the issuer is a smaller reporting company such as the Company, in which case only two members are required. Audit committee members must also satisfy additional independence criteria, including those set forth in Rule 10A-3 under Exchange Act.

The Audit Committee is appointed by our Board of Directors to assist in fulfilling its oversight responsibility by reviewing the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company and its subsidiaries, our internal control and disclosure control system, and the audits of our financial statements. In this regard, the Audit Committee approves our retention of independent auditors and pre-approve any audit or non-audit services performed by them. It reviews with such accountants the arrangements for, and the scope of, the audit to be conducted by them. It also reviews with the independent accountants and with management the results of audits and various other financial and accounting matters affecting us.

All members of our Audit Committee meet the relevant independence requirements for service on the Audit Committee and requirements for financial literacy set forth in the NYSE American listing rules and SEC rules and our Board of Directors has appointed Mitzi Coogler as an "audit committee financial expert" within the meaning of applicable SEC regulations. Both our independent registered public accounting firm and management will periodically meet privately with our Audit Committee.

The full text of our Audit Committee charter is posted on the investor relations portion of our website at http://www.birchtech.com. We do not incorporate the information contained on, or accessible through, our corporate website into this report, and you should not consider it a part of this report.

**Other Committees**

Our Board of Directors does not have any committees other than the Audit Committee.

**Code of Ethics and Business Conduct**

Our Board of Directors has adopted a written code of ethics and business conduct (the "Code of Conduct"), which outlines a set of ethical standards by which each director, officer and employee of the Company should conduct his or her business. The objective of the Code of Conduct is to provide guidelines for maintaining our commitment to honesty, integrity, and ethical behavior. The Code of Conduct addresses conflicts of interest, protection of our assets, confidentiality, fair dealing with customers, suppliers, competitors and employees, insider trading, compliance with laws, and reporting any illegal or unethical behavior. As part of the Code of Conduct, any person subject to the Code of Conduct is required to avoid or fully disclose interests or relationships that are harmful or detrimental to our best interests or that may give rise to real, potential, or the appearance of conflicts of interest. Our Board of Directors will have ultimate responsibility for the stewardship of and monitoring compliance with the Code of Conduct. Directors, officers, and employees may be required periodically to review the Code of Conduct and acknowledge in writing their understanding of and compliance with the Code. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics reflects the foregoing principles. A copy of the Code of Conduct is available free of charge to any person on written or telephone request to Birchtech Corp., 1810 Jester Drive, Corsicana, Texas 75109 or (614) 505-6115.

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We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K relating to amendments to or waivers from any provision of the code of ethics and business conduct applicable to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer by posting such information on our website http://www.birchtech.com.

**Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports**

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires the Company's directors and executive officers, and owners of more than ten percent of the Company's Common Shares ("10% stockholders"), to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of Common Shares of the Company. Executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders are required by SEC regulations to furnish the Company with copies of all forms they file pursuant to Section 16(a).

To the Company's knowledge, based on review of the copies of such reports furnished to the Company, and with respect to the officers and directors, representations that no other reports were required, during the year ended December 31, 2025, all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to its executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders were complied with.

**Item 11. Executive Compensation.**

The following discussion relates to the compensation of our named executive officers, as determined under applicable SEC rules for smaller reporting companies like us, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, consisting of Richard MacPherson, our President and Chief Executive Officer, John Pavlish, Senior Vice President, and James Trettel, Executive Vice President of Operations.

***Fiscal Year 2025 and 2024 Summary Compensation Table***

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| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Name and Principal Position** | <br>**Year** |<br>**Salary ($)** |<br>**Bonus ($)** | **Stock**<br>**Awards**<br>**($) (4)** | **Stock**<br>**Options**<br>**($) (4)** | **All Other**<br>**Compensation**<br>**($)(5)** |<br>**Total ($)** |
| Richard MacPherson | 2025 | 1000000 |  |  |  | 146279 | 1146279 |
| President and Chief Executive Officer, Secretary, Director (1) | 2024 | 879818 | 1250000 | 402666 | 189664 | 140244 | 2862392 |
| John Pavlish | 2025 | 500000 |  |  |  | 23082 | 523082 |
| Senior Vice President (2) | 2024 | 488625 | 550000 |  | 63221 | 22143 | 1123989 |
| James Trettel | 2025 | 600000 |  |  |  | 22093 | 622093 |
| Executive Vice President of Operations (3) | 2024 | 552500 | 600000 |  | 126443 | 23217 | 1302160 |

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___________________________

(1) Mr. MacPherson was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer in March 2015. From January 1, 2024 to May 31, 2024, Mr. MacPherson's annual base salary was $745,000. See "Executive Employment Agreements" below for information on the amended and restated employment agreement entered into with Mr. MacPherson effective June 1, 2024. During 2022, Mr. MacPherson was granted a retention stock bonus award in the amount of 600,000 shares of common stock. Such award was granted on November 8, 2022, which shares vested 25.0% every six months from the date of grant and became fully vested on November 8, 2024. During 2024, Mr. MacPherson was granted a five-year nonqualified stock option to acquire 60,000 shares of common stock exercisable at $4.40 per share.

(2) Mr. Pavlish was appointed Senior Vice President in November 2014. From January 1, 2024 to May 31, 2024, Mr. Pavlish's annual base salary was $480,000. See "Executive Employment Agreements" below for information on the amended and restated employment agreement entered into with Mr. Pavlish effective June 1, 2024. During 2024, Mr. Pavlish was granted a five-year nonqualified stock option to acquire 20,000 shares of common stock exercisable at $4.40 per share.

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(3) Mr. Trettel was appointed Vice President of Operations in January 2014. From January 1, 2024 to May 31, 2024, Mr. Trettel's annual base salary was $500,000. See "Executive Employment Agreements" below for information on the employment agreement entered into with Mr. Trettel effective June 1, 2024. During 2024, Mr. Trettel was granted a five-year nonqualified stock option to acquire 40,000 shares of common stock exercisable at $4.40 per share.

(4) Represents the dollar amount recognized for consolidated financial statement reporting purposes of restricted stock awards and stock option awards granted to the executive officers computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For a discussion of valuation assumptions, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The dollar amount shown in the "Stock Awards" column for Mr. MacPherson reflects the grant date fair value recognized in 2024 for the retention stock award granted in November 2022 which was subject to a vesting schedule. The full amount for the entire grant was $960,000. The dollar amounts shown in the "Option Awards" column for Mr. MacPherson, Mr. Pavlish and Mr. Trettel reflect the grant date fair value recognized for stock options granted in 2024. There can be no assurance the amounts determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 will ever be realized. The following table provides information concerning the stock options granted to the executive officers:

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|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Name** | <br>**Year** |<br>**Stock** <br>**Options**<br> **(#)** | **FASB** <br>**ASC** <br>**Topic 718** <br>**Value** <br>**($)** |
| Richard MacPherson | 2025 |  |  |
|  | 2024 | 60000 | 189664 |
| John Pavlish | 2025 |  |  |
|  | 2024 | 20000 | 63221 |
| James Trettel | 2025 |  |  |
|  | 2024 | 40000 | 126443 |

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(5) The amounts shown for 2025 and 2024 in the "All Other Compensation" column are comprised of the following:

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|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br><br>**Name** | <br>**Year** | <br>**401k**<br>**Match ($)** | **Life** <br>**Insurance**<br> **Premiums ($)** | **Auto** <br>**Allowance** <br>**($)** | **Perquisites and** <br>**Other** <br>**Benefits ($) <sup>(1)</sup>** |
| Richard MacPherson | 2025 |  | 96600 | 27600 | 22079 |
|  | 2024 |  | 96600 | 27785 | 15859 |
| John Pavlish | 2025 | 15793 |  |  | 7289 |
|  | 2024 | 13833 |  |  | 8310 |
| James Trettel | 2025 | 16093 |  |  | 6000 |
|  | 2024 | 17217 |  |  | 6000 |

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(1) The amount for each of Messrs. MacPherson, Pavlish and Trettel includes $6,000 for a home office allowance in 2025 and 2024. The amount for each of Messrs. MacPherson and Pavlish also includes $16,079 and $1,289, respectively, for medical expense reimbursement in 2025 and $9,859 and $2,310, respectively, for medical expense reimbursement in 2024.

**Executive Employment Agreements**

On June 7, 2024, the Company entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Richard MacPherson, effective as of June 1, 2024, pursuant to which Mr. MacPherson will continue to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. The agreement has a term of three years which after such three-year term will automatically renew for successive one-year periods unless otherwise terminated by either party prior to the next applicable renewal period. Mr. MacPherson is entitled to a base salary of $1,000,000 per year, which may be increased from time to time solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors (or committee thereof). Mr. MacPherson shall be eligible to receive bonus compensation in such amounts and at such times as our Board of Directors (or committee thereof) at its sole discretion shall from time to time determine and which shall not exceed $1,000,000 annually. He is entitled to participate in benefit plans that are made available to executive employees of the Company, and is entitled to certain other benefits. He is also entitled to receive equity awards subject to the sole discretion of our Board of Directors (or committee thereof). The agreement also provides for certain severance payments in the event the agreement is terminated by the Company without cause or terminated by Mr. MacPherson for good reason (as such terms are defined in the agreement).

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On June 7, 2024, the Company also entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with John Pavlish, effective as of June 1, 2024, pursuant to which Mr. Pavlish will continue to serve as Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of the Company. The agreement has a term of three years which after such three-year term will automatically renew for successive one-year periods unless otherwise terminated by either party prior to the next applicable renewal period. Mr. Pavlish is entitled to a base salary of $500,000 per year, which may be increased from time to time solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors (or committee thereof). Mr. Pavlish shall be eligible to receive bonus compensation in such amounts and at such times as our Board of Directors (or committee thereof) at its sole discretion shall from time to time determine and which shall not exceed $500,000 annually. He is entitled to participate in benefit plans that are made available to executive employees of the Company, and is entitled to certain other benefits. He is also entitled to receive equity awards subject to the sole discretion of our Board of Directors (or committee thereof). The agreement also provides for certain severance payments in the event the agreement is terminated by the Company without cause or terminated by Mr. Pavlish for good reason (as such terms are defined in the agreement).

On June 7, 2024, the Company also entered into an employment agreement with James Trettel, effective as of June 1, 2024, pursuant to which Mr. Trettel will serve as Executive Vice President of Operations of the Company. The agreement has a term of three years which after such three-year term will automatically renew for successive one-year periods unless otherwise terminated by either party prior to the next applicable renewal period. Mr. Trettel is entitled to a base salary of $600,000 per year, which may be increased from time to time solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors (or committee thereof). Mr. Trettel shall be eligible to receive bonus compensation in such amounts and at such times as our Board of Directors (or committee thereof) at its sole discretion shall from time to time determine and which shall not exceed $500,000 annually. He is entitled to participate in benefit plans that are made available to executive employees of the Company, and is entitled to certain other benefits. He is also entitled to receive equity awards subject to the sole discretion of our Board of Directors (or committee thereof). The agreement also provides for certain severance payments in the event the agreement is terminated by the Company without cause or terminated by Mr. Trettel for good reason (as such terms are defined in the agreement).

**Outstanding Equity Awards as of December 31, 2025**

The following table sets forth certain information about the number of unexercised nonqualified stock options held as of December 31, 2025 by each executive named in the Summary Compensation Table.

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| <br>**Name** | **Number of**<br>**securities**<br>**underlying**<br>**unexercised**<br>**options (#)**<br>**exercisable** | **Number of**<br>**securities**<br>**underlying**<br>**unexercised**<br>**options (#)**<br>**unexercisable** |<br><br>**Option**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price ($)** | <br>**Option** <br>**Expiration** <br>**Date** |
| Richard MacPherson | 150000 |  | 3.90 | 11/22/2026 |
|  | 60000 |  | 4.40 | 01/15/2029 |
| John Pavlish | 10000 |  | 5.75 | 02/10/2027 |
|  | 100000 |  | 3.90 | 11/22/2026 |
|  | 100000 |  | 1.05 | 05/31/2027 |
|  | 20000 |  | 4.40 | 01/15/2029 |
| James Trettel | 100000 |  | 5.75 | 02/10/2027 |
|  | 100000 |  | 3.90 | 11/22/2026 |
|  | 100000 |  | 1.05 | 05/31/2027 |
|  | 40000 |  | 4.40 | 01/15/2029 |

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**Other Benefits**

Our executive officers are eligible to participate in all of our employee benefit plans, such as medical and dental, our employee stock purchase plan, and our 401(k) plan, in each case on the same basis as other employees, subject to applicable law, should such benefits exist. Our 401(k) plan allows eligible employees to defer a portion of their compensation before federal income tax to a qualified trust. All employees who are at least 21 years of age are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan. The participants may choose from multiple investment options for the investment of their deferred compensation. In addition, we match 100% of each participant's salary deferral, for the first 4% of their salary, with a cash contribution. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we contributed $88,813 and $71,909, respectively, to the 401(k) plan. We also provide vacation and other paid holidays to all employees, including our executive officers, which are comparable to those provided at peer companies. Certain other perquisites and benefits are provided to our executive officers as reflected in the tables above.

**Policies Regarding Recovery of Awards**

Our Board of Directors has adopted a clawback policy that requires us to make retroactive adjustments to any cash or equity-based incentive compensation paid to executive officers (or others) where the payment was predicated upon the achievement of financial results that were subsequently the subject of a restatement. Our clawback policy complies with NYSE American's clawback rules promulgated under Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the rules promulgated thereunder.

**Tax and Accounting Treatment of Compensation**

Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code places a limit of $1.0 million per person on the amount of compensation that we may deduct in any one year with respect to our Chief Executive Officer and certain of our other executive officers. While our Board of Directors considers deductibility factors when making compensation decisions, our Board of Directors also looks at other considerations, such as providing our executive officers with competitive and adequate incentives to remain with us and increase our business operations, financial performance, and prospects, as well as rewarding extraordinary contributions.

We account for equity compensation paid to our employees under the rules of FASB ASC Topic 718, which requires us to estimate and record an expense for each award of equity compensation over the service period of the award. Accounting rules also require us to record cash compensation as an expense at the time the obligation is accrued. We have not tailored our executive compensation program to achieve particular accounting results.

**Policies on Ownership, Insider Trading, Hedging, and 10b5-1 Plans**

We do not have formal stock ownership guidelines for our employees or directors, because our Board of Directors is satisfied that stock and option holdings among our employees or directors, are sufficient at this time to provide motivation and to align this group's interests with those of our stockholders. In addition, we believe that stock ownership guidelines are rare in companies at our stage, which means that ownership requirements would put us at a competitive disadvantage when recruiting and retaining high-quality executives.

We have established an insider trading policy which provides guidelines to officers, directors and employees with respect to transactions in the Company's securities. The Company's insider trading policy prohibits certain actions by such individuals relating to buying and selling common stock of the Company, and discourages certain other actions in other situations. Such individuals are authorized to enter into trading plans established according to Section 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act with an independent broker-dealer. Under these plans, the individual must not exercise any influence over the amount of the securities to be traded, the price at which they are to be traded or the date of the trade. The plan must either specify the amount, pricing and timing of transactions in advance or delegate discretion on these matters to an independent third party. Such plans provide a defense from insider trading liability. No director or named executive officer has a trading plan in place.

**Stockholder Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation**

Our Company held an advisory vote on executive compensation in 2024 and takes such action annually. Our Board of Directors intends to periodically reevaluate our executive compensation philosophy and practices in light of our performance, needs and developments, including the outcome of future non-binding advisory votes by our stockholders.

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**Stock Option Grant Practices**

Our Company has certain practices relating to the timing of grants of stock options. For option grants to our employees, including executive officers, and non-employee directors, grants of options are currently made by and at meetings of our Board of Directors, or by unanimous written consent in lieu of a meeting, under our Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. While our Board of Directors does not currently have a formal policy regarding the timing and terms of stock option awards while in possession of material non-public information, our Board of Directors expects to defer grants until a date on which the Company is not in possession of material non-public information. It is the Company's practice not to time the disclosure of material non-public information for the purpose of affecting the value of executive or director compensation.

**Director Compensation**

**Director Compensation Table for Year Ended December 31, 2025**

The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation for 2025 of each non-executive member of our Board of Directors. Christopher Greenberg resigned from our Board of Directors on July 1, 2025.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Name** | **Fees**<br>**Earned**<br>**or**<br>**Paid in**<br>**Cash ($)** |<br>**Stock**<br>**Awards($)**<br>**(1)** |<br>**Option**<br>**Awards**<br>**($) (1)** |<br><br>**Total ($)** |
| Christopher Greenberg | 75000 |  |  | 75000 |
| David M. Kaye | 75000 |  |  | 75000 |
| Troy Grant | 112500 | 1668 |  | 114168 |
| Mitzi H. Coogler | 75000 |  | 40071 | 115071 |

---

(1) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value recognized in 2025 computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For a discussion of valuation assumptions, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for the year ended December 31, 2025. There can be no assurance the amounts determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 will ever be realized. The following table provides information concerning the restricted stock units ("RSUs") and stock options granted to the Directors for 2025:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  |  | **FASB ASC**  |  |  | **FASB ASC** |
|  | **Stock**  |  | **Topic**  | **Stock**  |  | **Topic**  |
|  | **Awards**  |  | **718 Value** | **Options**  |  | **718 Value** |
| **Name** | **(#)** |  | **($)** | **(#) (1)** |  | **($)** |
| Christopher Greenberg |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| David M. Kaye |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Troy Grant | 10000 | (1) | 1668 |  |  |  |
| Mitzi H. Coogler |  |  |  | 20000 | (2) | 40071 |

---

(1) On January 15, 2024, the Company granted 10,000 RSUs to Mr. Grant. The RSUs vest one year from the grant of grant on January 15, 2025. Once vested, each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company's common stock.

(2) On January 9, 2025, the Company granted a nonqualified stock option to Ms. Coogler to acquire 20,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.80 per share. The option is fully vested and exercisable as of the grant date.

During 2025, Mr. Greenberg received $75,000 in compensation for his service as Chairman of our Board of Directors from January 1, 2025 until his resignation, effective July 1, 2025. Each of Mr. Kaye, Mr. Grant and Ms. Coogler received $75,000 during 2025 for service on our Board of Directors. Mr. Grant also received an additional $37,500 during 2025 for his service as Chairman of the Audit Committee. Effective July 1, 2025, Mr. Grant no longer receives this additional compensation. Mr. Grant is no longer Chairman of the Audit Committee.

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**Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.**

The following table sets forth certain information known to us regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 31, 2026 by:

· each person or group of affiliated persons known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent of our capital stock;

· each of our named executive officers;

· each of our directors; and

· all of our executive officers and directors as a group.

The column entitled "Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned" is calculated based on 26,305,966 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2026.

We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities as well as any shares of common stock that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2026 through the exercise of stock options or other rights. These shares are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding those options for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but they are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated, the persons or entities identified in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them.

Except as otherwise noted below, the address for persons listed in the table is c/o the Company at 1810 Jester Drive, Corsicana, Texas 75109.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Name** | **Number of** <br>**Shares**<br>**Beneficially** <br>**Owned** |  | **Percentage of** <br>**Shares**<br>**Beneficially** <br>**Owned (8)** |
| *Directors and Named Executive Officers:* |  |  |  |
| Richard MacPherson | 3165095 | (1) | 11.94% |
| John Pavlish | 669710 | (2) | 2.52% |
| James Trettel | 403387 | (3) | 1.51% |
| David M. Kaye | 119032 | (4) | \*% |
| Troy Grant | 65000 | (5) | \*% |
| Mitzi H. Coogler | 22000 | (6) | \*% |
| All officers and directors as a group (7 persons) | 4449224 |  | 16.37% |
| *5% or Greater Stockholders:* |  |  |  |
| Alterna Core Capital Assets Fund II, L.P., et al | 1860000 | (7) | 7.07% |

---

\* Less than one percent of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company.

(1) Includes 2,955,095 shares of common stock owned by Mr. MacPherson and 210,000 shares of common stock which Mr. MacPherson has the right to acquire upon exercise of options.

(2) Includes 439,710 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Pavlish and 230,000 shares of common stock which Mr. Pavlish has the right to acquire upon exercise of options.

(3) Includes 23,387 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Trettel, 40,000 owned by Mr. Trettel's wife, and 340,000 shares of common stock which Mr. Trettel has the right to acquire upon exercise of options.

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(4) Includes 74,032 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Kaye and 45,000 shares of common stock which Mr. Kaye has the right to acquire upon exercise of options.

(5) Includes 40,000 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Grant and 25,000 shares of common stock which Mr. Grant has the right to acquire upon exercise of options.

(6) Includes 2,000 shares of common stock owned by Ms. Coogler with her husband, as joint tenants, and 20,000 shares of common stock which Ms. Coogler has the right to acquire upon exercise of options.

(7) Represents 1,860,000 shares of common stock owned and based solely upon and according to information reported in filings made to the SEC, jointly filed by and on behalf of certain reporting persons identified below (the "Reporting Persons"). The Reporting Persons are Alterna Core Capital Assets Fund II, L.P., Alterna Capital Partners LLC, Alterna General Partner II LLC, AC Midwest Energy LLC, Eric M. Press, Roger P. Miller, and Earle Goldin. The address for the Reporting Persons is 10 Corporate Drive, Suite 2204, Bedford, NH 03110.

(8) Applicable percentage ownership for each stockholder is based on 26,305,966 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2026 plus any securities that stockholder has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2026 pursuant to options, warrants, conversion privileges, or other rights. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Shares of common stock that a person has the right to acquire beneficial ownership of upon the exercise or conversion of options, convertible stock, warrants, or other securities that are currently exercisable or convertible or that will become exercisable or convertible within 60 days of March 31, 2026 are deemed to be beneficially owned by the person holding such securities for the purpose of computing the percentage of ownership of such person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

**Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.**

Other than the compensation agreements and other arrangements described under Part III, Item 11. "Executive Compensation" and the transactions described below, since January 1, 2025, there has not been and there is not currently proposed, any transaction or series of similar transactions to which we were, or will be, a party in which the amount involved exceeded, or will exceed, the lesser of (i) $120,000 or (ii) one percent of the average of our total assets for the last two completed fiscal years, and in which any director, executive officer, holder of five percent or more of any class of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family of, or entities affiliated with, any of the foregoing persons, had, or will have, a direct or indirect material interest.

***AC Midwest***

On February 27, 2024, we entered into an Unsecured Debt Restructuring Agreement (the "Debt Restructuring Agreement") with AC Midwest, which replaced and superseded the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement and Reaffirmation of Guaranty entered into with AC Midwest on February 25, 2019, as amended on October 28, 2022 (the "Unsecured Note Financing Agreement"). Pursuant to the Debt Restructuring Agreement, in 2024, we repaid the remaining balance due on a secured note held by AC Midwest and the remaining balance due on an unsecured note held by AC Midwest. As a result, as of January 1, 2025, the only remaining debt obligation under the Debt Restructuring Agreement is a profit participation.

Pursuant to the Debt Restructuring Agreement, AC Midwest is entitled to a profit participation preference equal to $7,900,000 (the "Restructured Profit Share"). The Restructured Profit Share is "non-recourse" and shall only be paid from Net Litigation Proceeds (as defined in the Debt Restructuring Agreement) from claims relating to our intellectual property. Following the receipt of any Net Litigation Proceeds, we are required to pay the Restructured Profit Share in an amount equal to 75.0% of such Net Litigation Proceeds until the Restructured Profit Share has been paid in full. The Restructured Profit Share completely replaced and superseded the terms and conditions of a profit share in the amount of $17,654,931 provided for in the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement, which is of no further force and effect.

As of the date of this report, AC Midwest beneficially owns approximately 7.24% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

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***Other Transactions***

Kaye Cooper Kay & Rosenberg, LLP has provided certain legal services to the Company and was paid $450,760 for the year ended December 31, 2025, respectively, for legal services rendered and disbursement incurred. David M. Kaye, a director of the Company, was a partner of that firm.

On January 31, 2023, we entered into the Dakin Agreement, pursuant to which Dakin has granted to the Company (i) a limited license to manufacture and produce for Dakin products (the "Dakin Products") comprising Dakin IP described below, and (ii) an exclusive license to commercialize the Dakin IP in the United States. Dakin is a company owned and controlled by Richard MacPherson, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and President. The Dakin Agreement is for a term of ten years unless terminated earlier under certain circumstances as set forth therein. Under the Dakin Agreement, Dakin is required to purchase from the Company 100% of Dakin's requirements for the Dakin Products containing the Dakin IP for all sales of the Dakin Products outside of the United States, subject to the availability of the products from the Company, at a pricing formula set forth in the Dakin Agreement. The Company was required to pay Dakin a license fee of $12,500 per month for a three-year period commencing as of the effective date, and pay Dakin a royalty on all sales of the Dakin Products made by the Company in the United States. The Company also agreed to provide Dakin with technical support as requested by Dakin at such technical support rates set forth in the Dakin Agreement subject to adjustment. On November 18, 2024, the parties entered into an amendment to the Dakin Agreement which eliminated all further monthly license fees after September 30, 2024. The Dakin IP consists of a proprietary compound of materials engineered to treat a boiler to improve the combustion process and thereby reduce overall emissions, while improving boiler efficiency during the combustion of all types of fuels at power plants. For the year ended December 31, 2025, no license fees or royalties were incurred by or due to Dakin.

**Indemnification Agreements**

We have entered into agreements to indemnify our directors and executive officers. These agreements, among other things, require us to indemnify these individuals for certain expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines, and settlement amounts reasonably incurred by such person in any action or proceeding, including any action by or in our right, on account of any services undertaken by such person on behalf of our Company or that person's status as a member of our Board of Directors to the maximum extent allowed under Delaware law.

**Policies for Approval of Related Party Transactions**

All related persons transactions were reviewed and approved by a majority of our Board of Directors on terms no less favorable than those that could be obtained from unaffiliated third parties. In February 2026, we adopted a written related party transactions policy that provides that such transactions must be approved by our Audit Committee. Pursuant to this policy, the Audit Committee will have the primary responsibility for reviewing and approving or disapproving "related party transactions," which are transactions between us and related persons in which the aggregate amount involved exceeds or may be expected to exceed the lesser of (i) $120,000 or (ii) one percent of the average of our total assets for the last two completed fiscal years, and in which a related person has or will have a direct or indirect material interest. For purposes of this policy, a related person will be defined as a director, executive officer, nominee for director, or greater than 5% beneficial owner of our common stock, in each case since the beginning of the most recently completed year, and their immediate family members.

**Director Independence**

We follow the rules for director independence set by the NYSE American. Our Board of Directors consists of Richard MacPherson, David M. Kaye, Troy Grant and Mitzi H. Coogler. Troy Grant and Mitzi H. Coogler are each viewed as independent within the NYSE American rules and the applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC. Under the applicable the NYSE American rules, a director will qualify as an "independent director" if the director is not an executive officer or employee, our Board of Directors affirmatively determines that the director does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and the director meets the following qualifications:

· the director has not been employed by us during the previous three years (other than employment as an interim chief executive officer for a period of less than one year);

· neither the director nor an immediate family member has received more than $120,000 in compensation from us in any twelve consecutive months at any time in the prior three years, other than for (i) board or board committee services, (ii) for compensation paid to an immediate family member as an employee but not as an executive officer, (iii) compensation paid for services as an interim chief executive officer, or (iv) benefits under a tax-qualified retirement plan or non-discretionary compensation;

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| the director is not an immediate family member of an individual who is or was at any time during the prior three years been employed as our chief executive officer; |
| neither the director nor an immediate family member is a partner, controlling stockholder or executive officer of any organization to which we made or from which we received payments (other than those arising from investments in our securities or payments under non-discretionary charitable contribution matching programs) that exceed the greater of 5% of our consolidated gross revenues or $200,000, in any of the most recent three years; |
| neither the director nor an immediate family member is employed as an executive officer of another entity where at any time during the most recent three fiscal years any of our executive officers serve on the compensation committee; |
| neither the director nor an immediate family member is or was a partner of our outside auditor at any time in the past three years. |

---

**Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.** 

**Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm's Fees** 

The following table sets forth the fees billed or billable by Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A., our principal accountants effective as of September 11, 2023, and Marcum LLP, our former principal accountants, for audit and non-audit services rendered to us. These fees are categorized as audit fees, audit-related fees, tax fees, and all other fees. The nature of the services provided in each category is described following the table.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Principal Accounting Fees** |  |  |
| Audit fees (1) | $169000 | $190816 |
| Audit-related fees  | $0 | $0 |
| Tax fees | $0 | $0 |
| All other fees | $0 | $0 |
| Total aggregate fees | $169000 | $190816 |

---

_______________________

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| (1) | The aggregate audit fees billed or expected to be billed for professional services rendered by Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A., our principal accountants effective as of September 11, 2023, for the audit of our consolidated financial statements included in our annual report on Form 10-K and review of our interim consolidated financial statements included in quarterly reports, and other services normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings was $169,000 and $163,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024,respectively. The aggregate audit fees billed for professional services rendered by Marcum LLP, our former principal accountants, for the audit of our consolidated financial statements included in our annual report on Form 10-K and review of our interim consolidated financial statements included in quarterly reports, and other services normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings was $0 and $27,816 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. |
|  | All fees described above were pre-approved by the Board. |

---

**Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures of the Audit Committee**

The audit committee has not set any pre-approval policies and procedures as of December 31, 2025.

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**PART IV**

**Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.**

(a) The financial statements identified below and required by Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K are set forth above.

**(1) Financial Statements**

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Operations for Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

**(2) Financial Statement Schedules**

All other schedules have been omitted because of the absence of the conditions under which they are required or because the required information, where material, is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

**(3) Exhibits.**

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Exhibit** | <br>**Description** | **Filed**<br>**Herewith** | <br>**Form** | **Incorporated by Reference**<br>**Filing Date** |
| [3.1](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793215001853/meec_ex31.htm) | [Certificate of Incorporation and amendments thereto through October 17, 2014](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793215001853/meec_ex31.htm) |  | 10-K | 03/20/2015 |
| [3.2](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224006503/meec_ex31.htm) | [Certificate of Amendment filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware effective on October 17, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224006503/meec_ex31.htm) |  | 8-K | 10/17/2024 |
| [3.3](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225009214/meec_ex31.htm) | [Certificate of Amendment filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware effective on December 23, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225009214/meec_ex31.htm) |  | 8-K | 12/29/2025 |
| [3.4](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex31.htm) | [Second Amended and Restated By-laws](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex31.htm) |  | 8-K | 11/15/2024 |
| [4.1](meec_ex41.htm) | [Description of Securities](meec_ex41.htm) | ☒ |  |  |
| [10.1](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793217004120/meec_ex101.htm) | [Closing Agreement by and among Midwest Energy Emissions Corp., MES, Inc. and Energy & Environmental Research Center Foundation effective as of April 21, 2017](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793217004120/meec_ex101.htm) |  | 10-Q | 08/21/2017 |
| [10.2](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793217004120/meec_ex102.htm) | [Assignment of Patents by and between Energy & Environmental Research Center Foundation and Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. dated April 24, 2017](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793217004120/meec_ex102.htm) |  | 10-Q | 08/21/2017 |
| [10.3](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224003675/meec_101.htm) | [Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Richard MacPherson dated as of June 7, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224003675/meec_101.htm) |  | 8-K | 06/13/2024 |
| [10.4](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224003675/meec_102.htm) | [Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with John Pavlish dated as of June 7, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224003675/meec_102.htm) |  | 8-K | 06/13/2024 |
| [10.5](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224003675/meec_103.htm) | [Employment Agreement with James Trettel dated as of June 7, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224003675/meec_103.htm) |  | 8-K | 06/13/2024 |
| [10.6](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793223000748/meec_ex101.htm) | [License and Supply Agreement with Dakin Holdings Ltd. dated as of January 31, 2023](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793223000748/meec_ex101.htm) |  | 8-K | 02/03/2023 |
| [10.7](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex107.htm) | [First Amendment to License and Supply Agreement with Dakin Holdings Ltd. dated as of November 18, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex107.htm) |  | 10-K | 03/31/2025 |
| [10.8](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex101.htm) | [Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended October 29, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex101.htm) |  | 8-K | 11/15/2024 |
| [10.9](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex102.htm) | [Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended October 29, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex102.htm) |  | 8-K | 11/15/2024 |
| [10.10](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex1010.htm) | [Form of Option Award Agreement (Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex1010.htm) |  | 10-K | 03/31/2025 |
| [10.11](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex1011.htm) | [Form of Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement (Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex1011.htm) |  | 10-K | 03/31/2025 |

---

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|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| [10.12](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224001001/meec_ex101.htm) | [Unsecured Debt Restructuring Agreement among Midwest Energy Emissions Corp., MES, Inc. and AC Midwest Energy LLC dated as of February 27, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224001001/meec_ex101.htm) |  | 8-K | 03/04/2024 |
| [10.13](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex103.htm) | [Majority Voting Policy](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793224007251/meec_ex103.htm) |  | 8-K | 11/15/2024 |
| [10.14](meec_ex1014.htm) | [Form of Indemnification Agreement (with directors and officers)](meec_ex1014.htm) | ☒ |  |  |
| [14.1](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex141.htm) | [Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (revised as of December 2, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex141.htm) |  | 10-K | 03/31/2025 |
| [19.1](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex191.htm) | [Insider Trading Policy (last modified December 2, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex191.htm) |  | 10-K | 03/31/2025 |
| [21.1](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex211.htm) | [Subsidiaries of the registrant](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/728385/000147793225002237/meec_ex211.htm) |  | 10-K | 03/31/2025 |
| [31.1](meec_ex311.htm) | [Certification by Principal Executive Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act](meec_ex311.htm) | ☒ |  |  |
| [31.2](meec_ex312.htm) | [Certification by Principal Financial Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act](meec_ex312.htm) | ☒ |  |  |
| [32.1](meec_ex321.htm) | [Certification by Principal Executive Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Exchange Act and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code](meec_ex321.htm) | ☒ |  |  |
| [32.2](meec_ex322.htm) | [Certification by Principal Financial Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Exchange Act and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code](meec_ex322.htm) | ☒ |  |  |
| [97](meec_ex97.htm) | [Clawback Policy](meec_ex97.htm) | ☒ |  |  |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |

---

**Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.**

None.

---

| |
|:---|
| 59 |
| *[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)* |

---

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **BIRCHTECH CORP.** | **BIRCHTECH CORP.** |
| Date: March 31, 2026 | By: | */s/ Richard MacPherson* |
|  |  | Richard MacPherson |
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer  |

---

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Signature** | **Title** | **Date** |
| */s/ Richard MacPherson* | President, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of  | March 31, 2026 |
| Richard MacPherson | the Board and Director (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
| */s/ Fiona Fitzmaurice* | Chief Financial Officer  | March 31, 2026 |
| Fiona Fitzmaurice | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
| */s/ David M. Kaye* | Director | March 31, 2026 |
| David M. Kaye |  |  |
| */s/ Troy Grant* | Director | March 31, 2026 |
| Troy Grant |  |  |
| */s/ Mitzi H. Coogler* | Director | March 31, 2026 |
| Mitzi H. Coogler |  |  |

---

## Exhibit 4.1

**EXHIBIT 4.1**

**DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT'S SECURITIES**

**REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE**

**SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

Birchtech Corp. ("we," "our" or the "Company") has one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended: our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "common stock").

The following descriptions of our capital stock are summaries of the material terms of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws. These descriptions do not purport to be complete and are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and our Bylaws, copies of which have been filed or incorporated by reference as exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.1 is a part.

**General**

We are authorized to issue 150,000,000 shares of common stock and 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "preferred stock").

**Common Stock**

The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders. The holders of our common stock do not have any cumulative voting rights. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose, subject to any preferential dividend rights of any outstanding preferred stock. Our common stock has no preemptive rights, conversion rights or other subscription rights, or redemption or sinking fund provisions.

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, holders of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of all debts and other liabilities and any liquidation preference of any outstanding convertible preferred stock. The shares to be issued by us in this offering will be, when issued and paid for, validly issued, fully paid, and non-assessable.

**Preferred Stock**

Our Board of Directors is authorized, without further action by our stockholders, to issue up to 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions thereof. These rights, preferences, and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms, and the number of shares constituting, or the designation of, such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of common stock. The issuance of our preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments and payments upon our liquidation. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of our Company or other corporate action. Immediately after consummation of this offering, no shares of preferred stock will be outstanding, and we have no present plan to issue any shares of preferred stock.

**Anti-Takeover Effects of our Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws and Delaware Law**

Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect, including provisions that provide the following:

· the ability of our Board of Directors to determine the rights, preferences and privileges of our preferred stock and to issue the preferred stock without stockholder approval;

· advance notice requirements for election to our Board of Directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings;

· vacancies on our Board of Directors may be filled by a majority of directors then in office, although less than a quorum;

· authority granted to our Board of Directors to increase or decrease the size of our Board of Directors;

· authorization for our Board of Directors, by majority vote, to amend the Bylaws; and

· under the DGCL, stockholders are not entitled to cumulative voting in the election of directors unless specifically provided for; our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting.

***Filling Board Vacancies***

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that any vacancy on our Board of Directors, however occurring, including a vacancy resulting from an increase in the size of our Board of Directors, may only be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of our directors then in office even if less than a quorum. The limitation on treatment of director vacancies has the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our Board of Directors.

***No Written Consent of Stockholders***

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that stockholder actions must be taken by a vote of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting, meaning stockholders may not take any action by written consent in lieu of a meeting. This limit may lengthen the amount of time required to take stockholder actions and would prevent the amendment of our Bylaws or removal of directors by our stockholders without holding a meeting of stockholders.

***Meetings of Stockholders***

Our Bylaws provide that a special meeting may be called only by our Chairman, if any, the Chief Executive Officer, the President or any Vice President, the Secretary or by our Board of Directors, and shall be called by any of the foregoing at the request in writing of stockholders owning in the aggregate not less than 25% of the entire capital stock of the Corporation issued and outstanding and entitled to vote. Our Bylaws limit the business that may be conducted at an annual meeting of stockholders to those matters properly brought before the meeting.

***Advance Notice Requirements***

Our Bylaws establish advance notice procedures with regard to stockholder proposals relating to the nomination of candidates for election as directors or new business to be brought before meetings of our stockholders. These procedures provide that notice of stockholder proposals must be timely given in writing to our corporate secretary prior to the meeting at which the action is to be taken. Generally, to be timely, notice must be received at our principal executive offices not less than 45 days nor more than 120 days prior to the date on which we filed our definitive proxy materials (regardless of whether or not thereafter revised or supplemented) with the SEC for the prior year's annual meeting of stockholders. Our Bylaws specify the requirements as to form and content of all stockholders' notices. These requirements may preclude stockholders from bringing matters before the stockholders at an annual or special meeting.

***Amendment to Bylaws***

Our Bylaws may be amended by, at either an annual or special meeting, the affirmative vote of a majority of the stock entitled to vote at such meeting. Our Bylaws may also be amended by unanimous written consent or at any annual or special meeting by the affirmative vote of a majority of the whole number of directors, subject to the power of the stockholders to change or repeal such Bylaws and provided that our Board of Directors shall not make or alter any Bylaws fixing the qualifications, classifications, term of office or compensation of directors.

***Undesignated Preferred Stock***

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides for 2,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock may enable our Board of Directors to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest, or otherwise. For example, if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, our Board of Directors were to determine that a takeover proposal is not in the best interests of our stockholders, our Board of Directors could cause shares of preferred stock to be issued without stockholder approval in one or more private offerings or other transactions that might dilute the voting or other rights of the proposed acquirer or insurgent stockholder or stockholder group. In this regard, our Certificate of Incorporation grants our Board of Directors has broad power to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of shares of common stock. The issuance may also adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of these holders and may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of us.

**NYSE American Listing**

Our common stock is presently traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") under the symbol "BCHT", and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange American Exchange (the "NYSE American") under the symbol "BCHT" on February 26, 2026. Prior thereto, our common stock was quoted on the OTCQB market tier operated by OTC Markets Group Inc. ("OTCQB").

**Transfer Agent and Registrar**

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Transfer Online, Inc., 512 SE Salmon Street, Portland, Oregon 97214. The co-transfer agent and registrar for our common stock in Canada is TSX Trust Company at its offices in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

## Exhibit 10.14

**EXHIBIT 10.14**

 **FORM OF**

**INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT** 

THIS INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT (this "<u>Agreement</u>") is made and entered into as of [ ], 20[ ] between Birchtech Corp., a Delaware corporation (the "<u>Company</u>"), and [ ] (the "<u>Indemnitee</u>"). Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning set forth in <u>Section 13</u> hereof.

WHEREAS, highly competent persons have become more reluctant to serve corporations as directors or officers or in other capacities unless they are provided with adequate protection through insurance or adequate indemnification against inordinate risks of claims and actions against them arising out of their service to and activities on behalf of the corporation;

WHEREAS, the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (as amended, restated, modified, and/or supplemented from to time, the "<u>Bylaws</u>") permit indemnification of the directors and officers of the Company;

WHEREAS, the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (as amended, restated, modified, and/or supplemented from to time, the "<u>Charter</u>"), the Bylaws and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "<u>DGCL</u>") permit the entry into contacts between the Company and members of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "<u>Board</u>"), officers of the Company, and other persons with respect to indemnification and advancement of Expenses;

WHEREAS, the uncertainties relating to insurance and indemnification have increased the difficulty of attracting and retaining directors and officers;

WHEREAS, the Board has determined that the increased difficulty in attracting and retaining directors and officers is detrimental to the best interests of the Company and its stockholders and that the Company should act to assure such persons that there will be increased certainty of such protection in the future;

WHEREAS, it is reasonable, prudent, and necessary for the Company to indemnify, and to advance Expenses on behalf of, the Company's directors and officers to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law; and

WHEREAS, the Indemnitee may not be willing to serve or continue to serve as an officer or director without adequate protection, and the Company desires the Indemnitee to serve or continue to serve in such capacity.

NOW, THEREFORE, each party hereto, intending to be legally bound hereby, agrees as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <u>Indemnity of the Indemnitee</u>. On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, the Company hereby agrees to hold harmless and indemnify the Indemnitee to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law. In furtherance of the foregoing indemnification, and without limiting the generality thereof:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Proceedings Other Than Proceedings by or in the Right of the Company</u>. The Indemnitee shall be entitled to the rights of indemnification provided in this <u>Section 1(a)</u> if the Indemnitee has been or is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or participant in, or otherwise becomes involved in, any Proceeding other than a Proceeding by or in the right of the Company. Pursuant to this <u>Section 1(a)</u>, the Indemnitee shall be indemnified to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law against all Losses and Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee, or on the Indemnitee's behalf, in connection with such Proceeding or any claim, issue, or matter therein, if the Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner the Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, and with respect to any criminal Proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe the Indemnitee's conduct was unlawful.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Proceedings by or in the Right of the Company</u>. The Indemnitee shall be entitled to the rights of indemnification provided in this <u>Section 1(b)</u> if the Indemnitee has been or is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or participant in, or otherwise becomes involved in, any Proceeding brought by or in the right of the Company. Pursuant to this <u>Section 1(b)</u>, the Indemnitee shall be indemnified to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee, or on the Indemnitee's behalf, in connection with such Proceeding or any claim, issue, or matter therein if the Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner the Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company; provided, however, if applicable law so provides, no indemnification against such Expenses shall be made in respect of any claim, issue, or matter in such Proceeding as to which the Indemnitee shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Company unless and only to the extent that the Chancery Court of the State of Delaware (the "<u>Delaware Court</u>") or the court in which such Proceeding was brought shall determine that the Indemnitee is fairly and reasonably entitled to such indemnification.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Indemnification for Expenses of a Party Who is Wholly or Partly Successful</u>. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement (other than <u>Section 9</u>), to the extent that the Indemnitee is successful, on the merits or otherwise, in defense of any Proceeding, the Indemnitee shall be indemnified to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee, or on the Indemnitee's behalf, in connection therewith. If the Indemnitee is not wholly successful in such Proceeding but is successful, on the merits or otherwise, as to one or more but less than all claims, issues, or matters in such Proceeding, the Company shall indemnify the Indemnitee against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee, or on the Indemnitee's behalf, in connection with each successfully resolved claim, issue, or matter. For purposes of this <u>Section 1(c)</u> and without limitation, the termination of any claim, issue, or matter in such a Proceeding by dismissal, with or without prejudice, on substantive or procedural grounds, shall be deemed to be a successful result as to such claim, issue, or matter.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <u>Additional Indemnity</u>. Notwithstanding any limitations in <u>Section 1</u> of this Agreement, the Company shall indemnify the Indemnitee to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law if the Indemnitee is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or a participant in any Proceeding (including a Proceeding by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor) for all Losses and Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee or on the Indemnitee's behalf.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <u>Contribution</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Whether or not the indemnification provided in <u>Sections 1</u> and <u>2</u> hereof is available, in respect of any threatened, pending, or completed Proceeding in which the Company is jointly liable with the Indemnitee (or would be if joined in such Proceeding), to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, the Company shall pay, in the first instance, the entire amount of any judgment or settlement of such Proceeding without requiring the Indemnitee to contribute to such payment and the Company hereby waives and relinquishes any right of contribution it may have against the Indemnitee. The Company shall not enter into any settlement of any Proceeding in which the Company is jointly liable with the Indemnitee (or would be if joined in such Proceeding) unless such settlement (i) provides for a full and final release of all claims asserted against the Indemnitee and (ii) does not impose any Loss, Expense, or limitation on the Indemnitee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Without diminishing or impairing the obligations of the Company set forth in the preceding subsection, if, for any reason, the Indemnitee shall elect or be required to pay all or any portion of any judgment or settlement in any threatened, pending, or completed Proceeding in which the Company is jointly liable with the Indemnitee (or would be if joined in such Proceeding), to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, the Company shall contribute to the amount of Losses and Expenses actually and reasonably incurred and paid or payable by the Indemnitee in proportion to the relative benefits received by the Company and all officers, directors, or employees of the Company, other than the Indemnitee, who are jointly liable with the Indemnitee (or would be if joined in such Proceeding), on the one hand, and the Indemnitee, on the other hand, from the transaction or events from which such Proceeding arose; provided, however, that the proportion determined on the basis of relative benefit may, to the extent necessary to conform to law, be further adjusted by reference to the relative fault of the Company and all officers, directors, or employees of the Company, other than the Indemnitee, who are jointly liable with the Indemnitee (or would be if joined in such Proceeding), on the one hand, and the Indemnitee, on the other hand, in connection with the transaction or events that resulted in such Losses or Expenses, as well as any other equitable considerations which applicable law may require to be considered. The relative fault of the Company and all officers, directors, or employees of the Company, other than the Indemnitee, who are jointly liable with the Indemnitee (or would be if joined in such Proceeding), on the one hand, and the Indemnitee, on the other hand, shall be determined by reference to, among other things, the degree to which their actions were motivated by intent to gain personal profit or advantage, the degree to which their liability is primary or secondary, and the degree to which their conduct is active or passive.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) To the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, the Company hereby agrees to fully indemnify and hold the Indemnitee harmless from any claims of contribution that may be brought by officers, directors, or employees of the Company, other than the Indemnitee, who may be jointly liable with the Indemnitee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) To the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, if the indemnification provided for in this Agreement is unavailable to the Indemnitee for any reason whatsoever, the Company, in lieu of indemnifying the Indemnitee, shall contribute to the amount incurred by the Indemnitee, whether for Losses and/or for Expenses, in connection with any claim relating to an indemnifiable event under this Agreement, in such proportion as is deemed fair and reasonable in light of all of the circumstances of such Proceeding in order to reflect (i) the relative benefits received by the Company and the Indemnitee as a result of the event(s) and/or transaction(s) giving cause to such Proceeding and/or (ii) the relative fault of the Company (and its directors, officers, employees, and agents) and the Indemnitee in connection with such event(s) and/or transaction(s).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <u>Indemnification for Expenses of a Witness</u>. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement (other than <u>Section 9</u>), to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law and to the extent that the Indemnitee is a witness, or is made (or asked) to respond to discovery requests, in any Proceeding to which the Indemnitee is not a party, the Indemnitee shall be indemnified against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee, or on the Indemnitee's behalf, in connection therewith.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <u>Advancement of Expenses</u>. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall advance, to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, all Expenses incurred by or on behalf of the Indemnitee in connection with any Proceeding within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of a statement or statements from the Indemnitee requesting such advance or advances from time to time, whether prior to or after final disposition of such Proceeding. Such statement or statements shall reasonably evidence the Expenses incurred by the Indemnitee. The Indemnitee's execution and delivery to the Company of this Agreement shall constitute an undertaking providing that the Indemnitee undertakes to repay the amounts advanced by the Company pursuant to this Agreement, if and only to the extent that it is ultimately determined that the Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified by the Company. No other form of undertaking shall be required other than the execution of this Agreement. Any advances and undertakings to repay pursuant to this Agreement shall be unsecured and interest free.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <u>Procedures and Presumptions for Determination of Entitlement to Indemnification</u>. It is the intent of this Agreement to secure for the Indemnitee rights of indemnity that are as favorable as may be permitted under the DGCL and the public policy of the State of Delaware. Accordingly, the parties agree that the following procedures and presumptions shall apply in the event of any question as to whether the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification under this Agreement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) To obtain indemnification under this Agreement, the Indemnitee shall submit to the Company a written request, including therein or therewith such documentation and information as is reasonably available to the Indemnitee and is reasonably necessary to determine whether and to what extent the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification. The Secretary of the Company shall, promptly upon receipt of such a request for indemnification, advise the Board in writing that the Indemnitee has requested indemnification. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any failure of the Indemnitee to provide such a request to the Company, or to provide such a request in a timely fashion, shall not relieve the Company of any liability that it may have to the Indemnitee unless, and to the extent that, such failure actually and materially prejudices the interests of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Upon written request by the Indemnitee for indemnification pursuant to the first sentence of <u>Section 6(a)</u> hereof, a determination with respect to the Indemnitee's entitlement thereto shall be made in the specific case by one of the following four methods, which shall be at the election of the Board: (i) by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum, (ii) by a committee of Disinterested Directors designated by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum, (iii) if there are no Disinterested Directors or if the Disinterested Directors so direct, by Independent Counsel in a written opinion to the Board, a copy of which shall be delivered to the Indemnitee, or (iv) if so directed by the Board, by the stockholders of the Company; provided, however, that if a Change in Control has occurred, the determination with respect to the Indemnitee's entitlement to indemnification shall be made by Independent Counsel.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) If the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by Independent Counsel pursuant to <u>Section 6(b)</u> hereof, the Independent Counsel shall be selected as provided in this <u>Section 6(c)</u>. If a Change in Control has not occurred, the Independent Counsel shall be selected by the Board, and the Company shall give written notice to the Indemnitee advising the Indemnitee of the identity of the Independent Counsel so selected. The Indemnitee may, within 10 days after such written notice of selection shall have been given, deliver to the Company a written objection to such selection; provided, however, that such objection may be asserted only on the ground that the Independent Counsel so selected does not meet the requirements of "Independent Counsel" as defined in <u>Section 13</u> of this Agreement, and the objection shall set forth with particularity the factual basis of such assertion. Absent a proper and timely objection, the person so selected shall act as Independent Counsel. If a written objection is made and substantiated, the Independent Counsel selected may not serve as Independent Counsel unless and until such objection is withdrawn or a court has determined that such objection is without merit. If a Change in Control has occurred, the Independent Counsel shall be selected by the Indemnitee (unless the Indemnitee requests that such selection be made by the Board, in which event the preceding sentence shall apply) and approved by the Board (which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld). If (i) an Independent Counsel is to make the determination of entitlement pursuant to this <u>Section 6</u> and (ii) within 20 days after submission by the Indemnitee of a written request for indemnification pursuant to <u>Section 6(a)</u> hereof, no Independent Counsel shall have been selected (and not objected to), either the Company or the Indemnitee may petition the Delaware Court or other court of competent jurisdiction for resolution of any objection which shall have been made by the Indemnitee to the Company's selection of Independent Counsel and/or for the appointment as Independent Counsel of a person selected by the court or by such other person as the court shall designate, and the person with respect to whom all objections are so resolved or the person so appointed shall act as Independent Counsel under <u>Section 6(b)</u> hereof. The Company shall pay any and all reasonable fees and expenses of Independent Counsel incurred by such Independent Counsel in connection with acting pursuant to <u>Section 6(b)</u> hereof, and the Company shall pay all reasonable fees and expenses incident to the procedures of this <u>Section 6(c)</u>, regardless of the manner in which such Independent Counsel was selected or appointed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) In making a determination with respect to entitlement to indemnification hereunder, the person, persons, or entity making such determination shall, to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, presume that the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification under this Agreement, and the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion by clear and convincing evidence to overcome this presumption shall be on the Company. Neither the failure of the Company (including by its directors or Independent Counsel) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of any action pursuant to this Agreement that indemnification is proper in the circumstances because the Indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct, nor an actual determination by the Company (including by its directors or Independent Counsel) that the Indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that the Indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) The Indemnitee shall be deemed to have acted in good faith if the Indemnitee's action is based on the records or books of account of the Enterprise, including financial statements, on information supplied to the Indemnitee by the officers of the Enterprise in the course of their duties, on the advice of legal counsel for the Enterprise, or on information or records given or reports made to the Enterprise by an independent certified public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert selected with reasonable care by the Enterprise. In addition, the knowledge and/or actions, or failure to act, of any other director, officer, agent, or employee of the Enterprise shall not be imputed to the Indemnitee for purposes of determining the right to indemnification under this Agreement. Whether or not the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 6(e)</u> are satisfied, it shall in any event be presumed that the Indemnitee has at all times acted in good faith and in a manner the Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company and the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion by clear and convincing evidence to overcome this presumption shall be on the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) If the person, persons, or entity empowered or selected under <u>Section 6</u> to determine whether the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification shall not have made a determination within 60 days after receipt by the Company of the request therefor, the requisite determination of entitlement to indemnification shall, to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, be deemed to have been made and the Indemnitee shall be entitled to such indemnification absent (i) a misstatement by the Indemnitee of a material fact, or an omission of a material fact necessary to make the Indemnitee's statement not materially misleading, in connection with the request for indemnification, (ii) a prohibition of such indemnification under applicable law, or (iii) if the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by Independent Counsel pursuant to <u>Section 6(b)</u> of this Agreement; provided, however, that such 60-day period may be extended for a reasonable time, not to exceed an additional 30 days, if the person, persons, or entity making such determination with respect to entitlement to indemnification in good faith requires such additional time to obtain or evaluate documentation and/or information relating thereto; and provided, further, that the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 6(f)</u> shall not apply if the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by the stockholders pursuant to <u>Section 6(b)</u> of this Agreement and if (A) within 15 days after receipt by the Company of the request for such determination, the Board or the Disinterested Directors, if appropriate, resolve to submit such determination to the stockholders for their consideration at an annual meeting thereof to be held within 75 days after such receipt and such determination is made thereat or (B) a special meeting of stockholders is called within 15 days after such receipt for the purpose of making such determination, such meeting is held for such purpose within 60 days after having been so called and such determination is made thereat.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) The Indemnitee shall cooperate with the person, persons, or entity making such determination with respect to the Indemnitee's entitlement to indemnification, including providing to such person, persons, or entity upon reasonable advance request any documentation or information that is not privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure and that is reasonably available to the Indemnitee and reasonably necessary to such determination. Any Independent Counsel, member of the Board, or stockholder of the Company shall act reasonably and in good faith in making a determination regarding the Indemnitee's entitlement to indemnification under this Agreement. Any costs or Expenses (including attorneys' fees and disbursements) incurred by the Indemnitee in so cooperating with the person, persons, or entity making such determination shall be borne by the Company (irrespective of the determination as to the Indemnitee's entitlement to indemnification), and the Company hereby indemnifies and agrees to hold the Indemnitee harmless therefrom.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h) The Company acknowledges that a settlement or other disposition of any action, claim, or proceeding to which the Indemnitee is a party or potential party short of final judgment may be successful on the merits or otherwise if it permits the Indemnitee to avoid the expense, delay, distraction, disruption, and uncertainty of litigation. In the event that any action, claim, or proceeding to which the Indemnitee is a party is resolved in any manner other than by adverse judgment against the Indemnitee (including settlement of such action, claim, or proceeding with or without payment of money or other consideration), it shall to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law be presumed that the Indemnitee has been successful on the merits or otherwise in such Proceeding, and the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion by clear and convincing evidence to overcome this presumption shall be on the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) The termination of any Proceeding or of any claim, issue, or matter therein, by judgment, order, settlement, or conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not (except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement) of itself adversely affect the right of the Indemnitee to indemnification or create a presumption that the Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner which the Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Company or, with respect to any criminal Proceeding, that the Indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that the Indemnitee's conduct was unlawful.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <u>Remedies of the Indemnitee</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) In the event that (i) a determination is made pursuant to <u>Section 6</u> of this Agreement that the Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification under this Agreement, (ii) advancement of Expenses is not timely made pursuant to <u>Section 5</u> of this Agreement, (iii) no determination of entitlement to indemnification is made pursuant to <u>Section 6(b)</u> of this Agreement within 90 days after receipt by the Company of the request for indemnification, (iv) if no determination is required to be made by the Company pursuant to <u>Section 1(c)</u> of this Agreement, payment of indemnification is not made pursuant to <u>Section 1(c)</u> of this Agreement within 30 days after receipt by the Company of a written request therefor, or (v) payment of indemnification is not made within 30 days after a determination has been made that the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification or such determination is deemed to have been made pursuant to <u>Section 6</u> of this Agreement, the Indemnitee shall be entitled to an adjudication in an appropriate court, pursuant to <u>Section 21</u> of this Agreement, of the Indemnitee's entitlement to such indemnification, contribution, or advancement of Expenses.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) In the event that a determination shall have been made pursuant to <u>Section 6(b)</u> of this Agreement that the Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification, any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this <u>Section 7</u> shall be conducted in all respects as a de novo trial, or arbitration, on the merits, and the Indemnitee shall not be prejudiced by reason of the adverse determination under <u>Section 6(b)</u>. In any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this <u>Section 7</u>, the Indemnitee shall be presumed to be entitled to indemnification under this Agreement and the Company shall have the burden of proving the Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification or advancement of Expenses, as the case may be. If the Indemnitee commences a judicial proceeding or arbitration pursuant to this <u>Section 7</u>, the Indemnitee shall not be required to reimburse the Company for any advances pursuant to <u>Section 5</u> until a final determination is made with respect to the Indemnitee's entitlement to indemnification (as to which all rights of appeal have been exhausted or lapsed).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) If a determination shall have been made pursuant to <u>Section 6(b)</u> of this Agreement that the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, the Company shall be bound by such determination in any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this <u>Section 7</u>, absent (i) a misstatement by the Indemnitee of a material fact, or an omission of a material fact, necessary to make the Indemnitee's misstatement not materially misleading in connection with the application for indemnification or (ii) a prohibition of such indemnification under applicable law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) In the event that the Indemnitee, pursuant to this <u>Section 7</u>, incurs costs in a judicial or arbitration proceeding or otherwise seeking to enforce the Indemnitee's rights under, or to recover damages for breach of, this Agreement, or to recover under any directors' and officers' liability insurance policies maintained by the Company, the Company shall, to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, indemnify the Indemnitee against any and all Expenses and, if requested by the Indemnitee, shall (within 10 days after receipt by the Company of a written request therefor) advance, to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, such Expenses to the Indemnitee that are incurred by or on behalf of the Indemnitee in connection with any action brought by the Indemnitee for indemnification or advancement of Expenses from the Company under this Agreement or under any directors' and officers' liability insurance policies maintained by the Company. In the case of any action brought by the Indemnitee for indemnification, if the Indemnitee (i) is wholly successful, on the merits or otherwise, on the underlying claims, the Company shall indemnify the Indemnitee to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee, or on the Indemnitee's behalf, in connection therewith, or (ii) is not wholly successful on the underlying claims but is successful, on the merits or otherwise, as to one or more but less than all claims, the Company shall indemnify the Indemnitee against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Indemnitee, or on the Indemnitee's behalf, in connection with each successfully resolved claim.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) The Company agrees that it shall not assert in any judicial or arbitral proceeding commenced pursuant to this <u>Section 7</u> that the procedures and presumptions of this Agreement are not valid, binding, and enforceable and shall stipulate in any such court or before any such arbitrator that the Company is bound by all the provisions of this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, no determination as to entitlement to indemnification under this Agreement shall be required to be made prior to the final disposition of the Proceeding.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <u>Non-Exclusivity; Survival of Rights; Insurance; Subrogation</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The rights of indemnification and to receive advancement of Expenses as provided by this Agreement shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which the Indemnitee may at any time be entitled under applicable law, the Charter, any agreement, a vote of stockholders, a resolution of directors of the Company, or otherwise; provided, however, that this Agreement shall supersede and replace any rights and obligations of the Company and the Indemnitee with respect to indemnification and the advancement of Expenses that are granted pursuant to the Bylaws, and, for so long as this Agreement is in effect, the Indemnitee waives any right to indemnification or advancement of Expenses from the Company under the Bylaws that is not permitted or provided by this Agreement. No amendment, alteration, or repeal of this Agreement or of any provision hereof shall eliminate, reduce, or otherwise adversely affect any right or protection of the Indemnitee under this Agreement with respect to any Proceeding involving any action or omission that occurred or allegedly occurred prior to such amendment, alteration, or repeal. To the extent that a change in the DGCL, whether by statute or judicial decision, permits greater indemnification than would be afforded currently under the Charter, the Bylaws and this Agreement, it is the intent of the parties hereto that the Indemnitee shall enjoy by this Agreement the greater benefits so afforded by such change, and the scope of indemnification provided by this Agreement shall be automatically extended to include such greater indemnification rights. No right or remedy herein conferred is intended to be exclusive of any other right or remedy, and every other right and remedy shall be cumulative and in addition to every other right and remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law or in equity or otherwise. The assertion or employment of any right or remedy hereunder, or otherwise, shall not prevent the concurrent assertion or employment of any other right or remedy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) The Company shall make commercially reasonable efforts to obtain and maintain in effect during the entire period for which the Company is obligated to indemnify the Indemnitee under this Agreement, one or more policies of insurance with reputable insurance companies to provide the directors and officers of the Company with commercially reasonable coverage for losses from wrongful acts and omissions and to ensure the Company's performance of its indemnification obligations under this Agreement. The Indemnitee shall be covered by such policy or policies in accordance with its or their terms to the maximum extent of the coverage available for any director or officer under such policy or policies. In all such insurance policies, the Indemnitee shall be named as an insured in such a manner as to provide the Indemnitee with the same rights and benefits as are accorded to the most favorably insured of the Company's directors and officers. At the time of the receipt of a notice of a claim pursuant to the terms hereof, the Company shall give prompt notice of the commencement of such proceeding to the insurers in accordance with the procedures set forth in the respective policies. The Company shall thereafter take all necessary or desirable action to cause such insurers to pay, on behalf of the Indemnitee, all amounts payable as a result of such proceeding in accordance with the terms of such policies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) In the event of any payment under this Agreement, the Company shall be subrogated to the extent of such payment to all of the rights of recovery of the Indemnitee, who shall execute all papers required and take all action necessary to secure such rights, including execution of such documents as are necessary to enable the Company to bring suit to enforce such rights.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) The Company shall not be liable under this Agreement to make any payment of amounts otherwise indemnifiable (or for which advancement of Expenses is provided) hereunder if and to the extent that the Indemnitee has otherwise actually received such payment under any insurance policy, contract, agreement, or otherwise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <u>Exception to Right of Indemnification</u>. Notwithstanding any provision in this Agreement, the Charter, or the Bylaws, the Company shall not be obligated under this Agreement, the Charter, or the Bylaws to make any indemnity or advancement of Expenses in connection with any claim made against the Indemnitee:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) for which payment has actually been made to or on behalf of the Indemnitee under any insurance policy or other indemnity provision, except with respect to any excess beyond the amount paid under any insurance policy or other indemnity provision; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) for an accounting of profits made from the purchase and sale (or sale and purchase) by the Indemnitee of securities of the Company within the meaning of Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act, or similar provisions of state statutory law or common law; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) for reimbursement to the Company of any bonus or other incentive-based or equity-based compensation or of any profits realized by the Indemnitee from the sale of securities of the Company, in each case as required under the Exchange Act (including any such reimbursements that arise from an accounting restatement of the Company pursuant to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the "<u>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>"), or Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in connection with an accounting restatement of the Company or the payment to the Company of profits arising from the purchase and sale by the Indemnitee of securities in violation of Section 306 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act); or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) in connection with any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) initiated by the Indemnitee, including any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) initiated by the Indemnitee against the Company or its directors, officers, employees, or other indemnitees, unless (i) the Board authorized the Proceeding (or any such part of any Proceeding) prior to its initiation, (ii) the Company provides the indemnification, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the Company under applicable law, or (iii) the Proceeding is one to enforce the Indemnitee's rights under this Agreement; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) reimbursement of the Company (such Proceeding, a "<u>Clawback Proceeding</u>") by the Indemnitee of any compensation pursuant to any compensation recoupment or clawback policy adopted by the Board or the compensation committee of the Board, including any such policy adopted to comply with stock exchange listing requirements implementing Section 10D of the Exchange Act (a "<u>Clawback Policy</u>").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) In furtherance of paragraph (e) of this <u>Section 9</u>, the Indemnitee hereby agrees to abide by the terms of any Clawback Policy, including by returning any compensation to the Company to the extent required by, and in a manner permitted by, the Clawback Policy, and hereby understands and agrees that Indemnitee shall not be entitled to any (x) indemnification for any liability (including any amounts owed by the Indemnitee in a judgment or settlement of any Clawback Proceeding) or Losses incurred by the Indemnitee in connection with any Clawback Proceeding or (y) indemnification or advancement of Expenses from the Company or any subsidiary of the Company incurred by the Indemnitee in connection with any Clawback Proceeding; provided, however, that if the Indemnitee is successful on the merits in the defense of any claim asserted against the Indemnitee in a Clawback Proceeding, the Indemnitee shall be indemnified for the Expenses that the Indemnitee reasonably incurred to defend such claim. The Indemnitee hereby knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally waives, and agrees not to assert any claim regarding, all indemnification, advancement of Expenses, and other rights to which the Indemnitee is now or becomes entitled to under this Agreement, the Charter, the Bylaws, the governing documents of each subsidiary of the Company, and the DGCL, in each case to the extent such waiver and agreement is necessary to give effect to the preceding sentence of this paragraph. The Indemnitee agrees and acknowledges that the compensation the Indemnitee has or will receive from the Company or any of its subsidiaries constitutes fair and adequate consideration in exchange for the waiver and agreement provided by the Indemnitee in this paragraph.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10. <u>Duration of Agreement</u>. All agreements and obligations of the Company contained herein shall continue after the Indemnitee has ceased to be a director, officer, partner, trustee, member, manager, employee, agent, or fiduciary of the Company or of any other Enterprise. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the parties hereto and their respective successors (including any direct or indirect successor by purchase, merger, consolidation, or otherwise to all, substantially all, or a substantial part of the business and/or assets of the Company), assigns, spouses, heirs, executors, administrators, and personal and legal representatives.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11. <u>Security</u>. To the extent requested by the Indemnitee and approved by the Board, the Company may at any time and from time to time provide security to the Indemnitee for the Company's obligations hereunder through an irrevocable bank line of credit, funded trust, or other collateral. Any such security, once provided to the Indemnitee, may not be revoked or released without the prior written consent of the Indemnitee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12. <u>Enforcement</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The Company expressly confirms and agrees that it has entered into this Agreement and assumes the obligations imposed on it hereby in order to induce the Indemnitee to serve and to continue to serve as a director and/or officer of the Company, and the Company acknowledges that the Indemnitee is relying upon this Agreement in serving and continuing to serve as a director and/or officer of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, oral, written, and implied, between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) The Company shall not seek from a court, or agree to, a "bar order" that would have the effect of prohibiting or limiting the Indemnitee's rights to receive advancement of Expenses under this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) The Company shall require and cause any successor (including any direct or indirect successor by purchase, merger, consolidation, or otherwise to all, substantially all, or a substantial part of the business and/or assets of the Company) to expressly assume and agree to perform this Agreement in the same manner and to the same extent that the Company would be required to perform if no such succession had taken place.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) The Company and the Indemnitee agree herein that a monetary remedy for breach of this Agreement, at some later date, may be inadequate, impracticable, and difficult of proof, and further agree that such breach may cause the Indemnitee irreparable harm. Accordingly, the parties hereto agree that the Indemnitee may enforce this Agreement by seeking injunctive relief and/or specific performance hereof, without any necessity of showing actual damage or irreparable harm and that by seeking injunctive relief and/or specific performance, the Indemnitee shall not be precluded from seeking or obtaining any other relief to which the Indemnitee may be entitled. The Company and the Indemnitee further agree that the Indemnitee shall be entitled to such specific performance and injunctive relief, including temporary restraining orders, preliminary injunctions, and permanent injunctions, without the necessity of posting bonds or other undertaking in connection therewith. The Company acknowledges that in the absence of a waiver, a bond, or undertaking may be required of the Indemnitee by the court, and the Company hereby waives any such requirement of such a bond or undertaking.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13. <u>Definitions</u>. For purposes of this Agreement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) "<u>Beneficial Owner</u>" shall have the meaning given to such term in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) "<u>Change in Control</u>" shall be deemed to occur upon the earliest to occur after the date of this Agreement of any of the following events:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) a change in ownership or control of the Company effected through a transaction or series of transactions (other than an offering of shares to the general public through a registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or similar non-U.S. regulatory agency) whereby any "person," as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act (other than the Company, any trustee or other fiduciary holding securities under any employee benefit plan of the Company, or any company owned, directly or indirectly, by the stockholders of the Company in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of the Company), becomes the Beneficial Owner, directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing 50% or more of the combined voting power of the Company's then-outstanding securities, excluding for purposes herein, acquisitions pursuant to a Business Combination that does not constitute a Change in Control as defined in <u>Section 13(b)(ii)</u>;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) the consummation of a merger, reorganization, or consolidation of the Company with or into the Company or in which equity securities of the Company are issued (each, a "<u>Business Combination</u>"), other than a merger, reorganization, or consolidation that would result in the voting securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or its direct or indirect parent) more than 50% of the combined voting power of the voting securities of the Company or such surviving entity (or, as applicable, a direct or indirect parent of the Company or such surviving entity), outstanding immediately after such merger, reorganization, or consolidation; provided, however, that a merger, reorganization, or consolidation effected to implement a recapitalization of the Company (or similar transaction) in which no person (other than those covered by the exceptions in <u>Section 13(b)(i)</u>) acquires more than 50% of the combined voting power of the Company's then-outstanding securities shall not constitute a Change in Control;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) the date, within any consecutive two-year period commencing on or after the date of this Agreement, upon which individuals who, at the beginning of such period, constitute the Board together with any new director(s) (other than a director designated by a person who has entered into an agreement with the Company to effect a transaction described in <u>Section 13(b)(i)</u>, <u>13(b)(ii)</u> or <u>13(b)(iv)</u> of this Agreement) whose election by the Board or nomination for election by the Company's stockholders was approved by a vote of at least two-thirds of the directors then in office who either were directors at the beginning of the two-year period or whose election or nomination for election was previously so approved, cease for any reason to constitute a majority thereof;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) a complete liquidation or dissolution of the Company or the consummation of a sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company's assets other than the sale or disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company to a person or persons who beneficially own, directly or indirectly, 50% or more of the combined voting power of the outstanding voting securities of the Company at the time of the sale; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v) the occurrence of any other event of a nature that would be required to be reported in response to Item 6(e) of Schedule 14A of Regulation 14A (or a response to any similar item on any similar schedule or form) promulgated under the Exchange Act, whether or not the Company is then subject to such reporting requirement, except the completion of the Company's initial public offering shall not be considered a Change in Control.

Notwithstanding anything contained herein, a transaction shall not constitute a "Change in Control" for the purposes of this definition if (1) the Company becomes a direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiary of a holding company and (2) the direct or indirect holders of the voting stock of such holding company immediately following that transaction are substantially the same as the holders of the Company's voting stock immediately prior to that transaction.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) "<u>Corporate Status</u>" describes the status of a person who is or was a director, officer, partner, trustee, member, manager, employee, agent, or fiduciary of the Company or of any other Enterprise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) "<u>Disinterested Director</u>" means a director of the Company who is not and was not a party to the Proceeding in respect of which indemnification is sought by the Indemnitee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) "<u>Enterprise</u>" shall mean the Company and any corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, limited liability company, employee benefit plan, or other enterprise that the Indemnitee is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, trustee, partner, member, manager, employee, agent, or fiduciary.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) "<u>Exchange Act</u>" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) "<u>Expenses</u>" shall mean all reasonable direct and indirect costs, fees, and expenses of any type or nature whatsoever and shall include all reasonable attorneys' fees, retainers, court costs, transcript costs, fees and costs of experts and other professionals, witness fees, travel expenses, duplicating costs, printing and binding costs, telephone charges, postage, delivery service fees, and all other disbursements or expenses of the types customarily incurred in connection with prosecuting, defending, preparing to prosecute or defend, investigating, participating, or being or preparing to be a witness in, or otherwise participating in, a Proceeding, or responding to, or objecting to, a request to provide discovery in any Proceeding. Expenses also shall include Expenses incurred in connection with any appeal resulting from any Proceeding, including the premium, security for, and other costs relating to any cost bond, supersedeas bond, or other appeal bond or its equivalent, and any federal, state, local, or foreign taxes imposed on the Indemnitee as a result of the actual or deemed receipt of any payments under this Agreement, as well as all reasonable attorneys' fees and all other expenses incurred by or on behalf of the Indemnitee in connection with preparing and submitting any requests or statements for indemnification, advancement, contribution, or any other right provided by this Agreement. Expenses, however, shall not include amounts paid in settlement by the Indemnitee or the amount of judgments or fines against the Indemnitee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h) "<u>Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law</u>" includes (a) to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable provision of the DGCL, or the corresponding provision of any amendment to or replacement of the DGCL, and (b) to the fullest extent authorized or permitted by any amendments to or replacements of the DGCL adopted after the date of this Agreement that increase the extent to which a corporation may indemnify its directors and officers.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) "<u>Independent Counsel</u>" means a law firm, or a member of a law firm, that is experienced in matters of Delaware corporation law and neither presently is, nor in the past five years has been, retained to represent: (i) the Company or the Indemnitee in any matter material to either such party (other than with respect to matters concerning the Indemnitee under this Agreement, or of other indemnitees under similar indemnification agreements) or (ii) any other party to the Proceeding giving rise to a claim for indemnification hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the term "Independent Counsel" shall not include any person who, under the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing, would have a conflict of interest in representing either the Company or the Indemnitee in an action to determine the Indemnitee's rights under this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(j) "<u>Losses</u>" means all liabilities, judgments, fines, penalties, costs, losses, excise taxes, or penalties under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended from time to time, amounts paid in settlement (including all interest assessments and other charges paid or payable in connection with or in respect of such liabilities, losses, judgements, fines, excise taxes, penalties, and costs) and other amounts that the Indemnitee reasonably incurs and that result from, arise in connection with, or are by reason of the Indemnitee's Corporate Status.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(k) "<u>Proceeding</u>" includes any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit, claim, counterclaim, cross claim, arbitration, mediation, alternate dispute resolution mechanism, investigation, inquiry, administrative hearing, or any other actual, threatened, or completed proceeding, whether brought by or in the right of the Company or otherwise and whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative, in which the Indemnitee was, is or will be involved as a party, potential party, non-party witness, or otherwise, by reason of the Indemnitee's Corporate Status or by reason of any action taken by the Indemnitee or of any inaction on the Indemnitee's part while acting in the Indemnitee's Corporate Status, in each case whether or not the Indemnitee is acting or serving in any such capacity at the time any liability or expense is incurred for which indemnification can be provided under this Agreement, and including one pending on or before the date of this Agreement, but excluding one initiated by an Indemnitee pursuant to <u>Section 7</u> of this Agreement to enforce the Indemnitee's rights under this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14. <u>Severability</u>. If any provision or provisions of this Agreement shall be held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever: (i) the validity, legality, and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Agreement (including each portion of any section, paragraph, or sentence of this Agreement containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, that is not itself invalid, illegal, or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby and shall remain enforceable to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, (ii) such provision or provisions shall be deemed reformed to the fullest extent necessary to conform to applicable law and to give the maximum effect to the intent of the parties hereto, and (iii) to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law, the provisions of this Agreement (including each portion of any section, paragraph, or sentence of this Agreement containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, that is not itself invalid, illegal, or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent manifested thereby. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, this Agreement is intended to confer upon the Indemnitee indemnification rights to the Fullest Extent Permitted By Applicable Law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15. <u>Modification and Waiver</u>. No supplement, modification, termination, or amendment of this Agreement shall be binding unless executed in writing by both of the parties hereto. No waiver of any of the provisions of this Agreement shall be deemed or shall constitute a waiver of any other provisions hereof (whether or not similar) nor shall such waiver constitute a continuing waiver.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16. <u>Notice By the Indemnitee</u>. The Indemnitee agrees to promptly notify the Company in writing upon being served with or otherwise receiving any summons, citation, subpoena, complaint, indictment, information, or other document relating to any Proceeding or matter which may be subject to indemnification or advancement of Expenses covered hereunder. The failure to so notify the Company shall not relieve the Company of any obligation which it may have to the Indemnitee under this Agreement or otherwise unless and only to the extent that such failure or delay materially prejudices the interests of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17. <u>Notices</u>. All notices and other communications given or made pursuant to this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed effectively given: (i) upon personal delivery to the party to be notified, (ii) when sent by confirmed electronic mail if sent during normal business hours of the recipient, and if not so confirmed, then on the next business day, (iii) five days after having been sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, or (iv) one day after deposit with a nationally recognized overnight courier, specifying next day delivery, with written verification of receipt. All communications shall be sent:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) To the Indemnitee at the address set forth below the Indemnitee's signature hereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) To the Company at:

Birchtech Corp.

1810 Jester Drive

Corsicana, Texas 75109

Attention: Secretary

or to such other address as may have been furnished to the Indemnitee by the Company or to the Company by the Indemnitee, as the case may be.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18. <u>Construction</u>. Whenever required by the context, as used in this Agreement the singular number shall include the plural, the plural shall include the singular, and all words herein in any gender shall be deemed to include (as appropriate) the masculine, feminine, and neuter genders. References to "day" shall mean a calendar day unless expressly stated to the contrary. Whenever the words "include," "includes," or "including" are used in this Agreement, they shall be deemed to be followed by the words "without limitation."

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19. <u>Counterparts</u>. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same Agreement. Counterparts may be delivered via electronic mail (including pdf or any electronic signature complying with the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20. <u>Headings</u>. The headings of the paragraphs of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not be deemed to constitute part of this Agreement or to affect the construction thereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21. <u>Governing Law and Consent to Jurisdiction</u>. This Agreement and the legal relations among the parties shall be governed by, and construed and enforced in accordance with, the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to its conflict of laws rules. The Company and the Indemnitee hereby irrevocably and unconditionally (i) agree that any action or proceeding arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternate forum, be brought only in the Delaware Court (or, if and only if the Delaware Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state court located within the State of Delaware or, if and only if all such state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), (ii) generally and unconditionally consent to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Delaware Court for purposes of any action or proceeding arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, (iii) irrevocably appoint, to the extent such party is not otherwise subject to service of process in the State of Delaware, Northwest Registered Agent Service, Inc., 8 The Green, Suite B, Dover, County of Kent, Delaware 19901, as its agent in the State of Delaware as such party's agent for acceptance of legal process in connection with any such action or proceeding against such party with the same legal force and validity as if such party had been personally served within the State of Delaware, (iv) waive any objection to the laying of venue of any such action or proceeding in the Delaware Court, and (v) waive, and agree not to plead or to make, any claim that any such action or proceeding brought in the Delaware Court has been brought in an improper or inconvenient forum.

 **[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS.]** 

**IN WITNESS WHEREOF**, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement on and as of the day and year first above written.

---

| |
|:---|
| **BIRCHTECH CORP.** |
| By: |
| Name: |
| Title: |
| **INDEMNITEE** |
| Name: |
| Address: |

---

[*Signature Page to Indemnification Agreement*]

## Exhibit 31.1

**EXHIBIT 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Richard MacPherson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Birchtech Corp.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statements of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Dated: March 31, 2026 | By: | */s/ Richard MacPherson*  |
|  |  | Richard MacPherson |
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer  |
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**EXHIBIT 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Fiona Fitzmaurice, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Birchtech Corp.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statements of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Dated: March 31, 2026 | By: | */s/ Fiona Fitzmaurice* |
|  |  | Fiona Fitzmaurice |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer  |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 32.1

**EXHIBIT 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE**

**SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Annual Report of Birchtech Corp. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Report"), the undersigned certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of the undersigned's knowledge, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Dated: March 31, 2026 | By: | */s/ Richard MacPherson* |
|  |  | Richard MacPherson |
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |

---

## Exhibit 32.2

**EXHIBIT 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE**

**SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Annual Report of Birchtech Corp. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Report"), the undersigned certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of the undersigned's knowledge, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Dated: March 31, 2026 | By: | */s/ Fiona Fitzmaurice* |
|  |  | Fiona Fitzmaurice |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

## Ex-97

**EXHIBIT 97**

**CLAWBACK POLICY**

**BIRCHTECH CORP.**

**PURPOSE**

Birchtech Corp. (the "<u>Company</u>") believes that it is in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders to create and maintain a culture that emphasizes integrity and accountability and that reinforces the Company's pay-for-performance compensation philosophy. The Company's Board of Directors (the "<u>Board</u>") has therefore adopted this policy, which provides for the recoupment of certain executive compensation in the event that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement of its financial statements due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the federal securities laws (this "<u>Policy</u>"). This Policy is designed to comply with Section 10D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "<u>Exchange Act</u>"), the rules promulgated thereunder, and the listing standards of the national securities exchange on which the Company's securities are listed.

**ADMINISTRATION**

This Policy shall be administered by the Board. Any determinations made by the Board shall be final and binding on all affected individuals.

**COVERED EXECUTIVES**

This Policy applies to the Company's current and former executive officers (as determined by the Board in accordance with Section 10D of the Exchange Act, the rules promulgated thereunder, and the listing standards of the national securities exchange on which the Company's securities are then listed) and such other senior executives or employees who may from time to time be deemed subject to this Policy by the Board (collectively, the "<u>Covered Executives</u>"). This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Covered Executives.

**RECOUPMENT; ACCOUNTING RESTATEMENT**

In the event that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement of its financial statements due to the Company's material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement (i) to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or (ii) that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period (each an "<u>Accounting Restatement</u>"), the Board will reasonably promptly require reimbursement or forfeiture of the Overpayment (as defined below) received by any Covered Executive (x) after beginning service as a Covered Executive, (y) who served as a Covered Executive at any time during the performance period for the applicable Incentive-Based Compensation (as defined below), and (z) during the three (3) completed fiscal years immediately preceding the date on which the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement and any transition period (that results from a change in the Company's fiscal year) within or immediately following those three (3) completed fiscal years.

**INCENTIVE-BASED COMPENSATION**

For purposes of this Policy, "<u>Incentive-Based Compensation</u>" means any compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a financial reporting measure, including, but not limited to: (i) non-equity incentive plan awards that are earned solely or in part by satisfying a financial reporting measure performance goal; (ii) bonuses paid from a bonus pool, where the size of the pool is determined solely or in part by satisfying a financial reporting measure performance goal; (iii) other cash awards based on satisfaction of a financial reporting measure performance goal; (iv) restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, stock appreciation rights, and performance share units that are granted or vest solely or in part based on satisfaction of a financial reporting measure performance goal; and (v) proceeds from the sale of shares acquired through an incentive plan that were granted or vested solely or in part based on satisfaction of a financial reporting measure performance goal.

Compensation that would not be considered Incentive-Based Compensation includes, but is not limited to: (i) salaries; (ii) bonuses paid solely based on satisfaction of subjective standards, such as demonstrating leadership, and/or completion of a specified employment period; (iii) non-equity incentive plan awards earned solely based on satisfaction of strategic or operational measures; (iv) wholly time-based equity awards; and (v) discretionary bonuses or other compensation that is not paid from a bonus pool that is determined by satisfying a financial reporting measure performance goal.

A financial reporting measure is: (i) any measure that is determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing financial statements, or any measure derived wholly or in part from such measure, such as revenues, EBITDA, or net income or (ii) stock price and total shareholder return. Financial reporting measures include, but are not limited to: revenues; net income; operating income; profitability of one or more reportable segments; financial ratios (e.g., accounts receivable turnover and inventory turnover rates); net assets or net asset value per share; earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization; funds from operations and adjusted funds from operations; liquidity measures (e.g., working capital, operating cash flow); return measures (e.g., return on invested capital, return on assets); earnings measures (e.g., earnings per share); sales per square foot or same store sales, where sales is subject to an accounting restatement; revenue per user, or average revenue per user, where revenue is subject to an accounting restatement; cost per employee, where cost is subject to an accounting restatement; any of such financial reporting measures relative to a peer group, where the Company's financial reporting measure is subject to an accounting restatement; and tax basis income.

**OVERPAYMENT: AMOUNT SUBJECT TO RECOVERY**

The amount to be recovered will be the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation received that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the restated amounts, and must be computed without regard to any taxes paid (the "<u>Overpayment</u>"). Incentive-Based Compensation is deemed "received" in the Company's fiscal period during which the financial reporting measure specified in the incentive-based compensation award is attained, even if the vesting, payment or grant of the incentive-based compensation occurs after the end of that period.

For Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of erroneously awarded compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the Accounting Restatement, the amount must be based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Accounting Restatement on the stock price or total shareholder return upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was received, and the Company must maintain documentation of the determination of that reasonable estimate and provide such documentation to the exchange on which the Company's securities are listed.

**METHOD OF RECOUPMENT**

The Board will determine, in its sole discretion, the method or methods for recouping any Overpayment hereunder which may include, without limitation:

· requiring reimbursement of cash Incentive-Based Compensation previously paid;

· seeking recovery of any gain realized on the vesting, exercise, settlement, sale, transfer, or other disposition of any equity-based awards granted as Incentive-Based Compensation;

· offsetting any or all of the Overpayment from any compensation otherwise owed by the Company to the Covered Executive;

· cancelling outstanding vested or unvested equity awards; and/or

· taking any other remedial or recovery action permitted by law, as determined by the Board.

**LIMITATION ON RECOVERY; NO ADDITIONAL PAYMENTS**

The right to recovery will be limited to Overpayments received during the three (3) completed fiscal years prior to the date on which the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement and any transition period (that results from a change in the Company's fiscal year) within or immediately following those three (3) completed fiscal years. In no event shall the Company be required to award Covered Executives an additional payment if the restated or accurate financial results would have resulted in a higher Incentive-Based Compensation payment.

**NO INDEMNIFICATION**

The Company shall not indemnify any Covered Executives against the loss of any incorrectly awarded Incentive-Based Compensation.

**INTERPRETATION**

The Board is authorized to interpret and construe this Policy and to make all determinations necessary, appropriate, or advisable for the administration of this Policy. It is intended that this Policy be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the applicable rules or standards adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission or any national securities exchange on which the Company's securities are listed.

**EFFECTIVE DATE**

This Policy shall be effective as of the date it is adopted by the Board (the "<u>Effective Date</u>") and shall apply to Incentive-Based Compensation (including Incentive-Based Compensation granted pursuant to arrangements existing prior to the Effective Date). Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Policy shall only apply to Incentive-Based Compensation received (as determined pursuant to this Policy) on or after October 2, 2023.

**AMENDMENT; TERMINATION**

The Board may amend this Policy from time to time in its discretion. The Board may terminate this Policy at any time.

**OTHER RECOUPMENT RIGHTS**

The Board intends that this Policy will be applied to the fullest extent of the law. The Board may require that any employment or service agreement, cash-based bonus plan or program, equity award agreement, or similar agreement entered into on or after the adoption of this Policy shall, as a condition to the grant of any benefit thereunder, require a Covered Executive to agree to abide by the terms of this Policy. Any right of recoupment under this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of recoupment that may be available to the Company pursuant to the terms of any similar policy in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, cash-based bonus plan or program, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to the Company.

**IMPRACTICABILITY**

The Board shall recover any Overpayment in accordance with this Policy except to the extent that the Board determines such recovery would be impracticable because:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(A) The direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing this Policy would exceed the amount to be recovered; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) Recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of 26 U.S.C. 401(a)(13) or 26 U.S.C. 411(a) and regulations thereunder.

**SUCCESSORS**

This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Covered Executives and their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives.