# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000903651
**File Stem:** 0001104659-26-020655
**Filing Date:** 2026-2
**Character Count:** 343016
**Document Hash:** bb179103546a10416cf19997757ace92
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001104659-26-020655.hdr.sgml**: 20260226

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001104659-26-020655

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 108

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260226

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260226

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** INNODATA INC
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000903651
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-COMPUTER PROCESSING & DATA PREPARATION [7374]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 133475943
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-35774
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26690613

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 55 CHALLENGER ROAD
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 202
- **CITY:** RIDGEFIELD PARK
- **STATE:** NJ
- **ZIP:** 07660
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 201 371 8000

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 55 CHALLENGER ROAD
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 202
- **CITY:** RIDGEFIELD PARK
- **STATE:** NJ
- **ZIP:** 07660

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** INNODATA ISOGEN INC
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20031117

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** INNODATA CORP
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 19930505

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? INNODATA INC_December 31, 2025

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

------

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-K**

(Mark One)

☑ ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

**For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025**

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

**Commission file number 001-35774**

**INNODATA INC.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **13-3475943** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
| incorporation or organization) |  |
| **55 Challenger Road** |  |
| **Ridgefield Park, New Jersey** | **07660** |
| (Address of principal executive offices)  | (Zip Code) |
| **(201) 371-8000** | **(201) 371-8000** |
| (Registrant's telephone number)  | (Registrant's telephone number)  |

---

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Title of each class** | **Trading Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common Stock | INOD | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |

---

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☑ Smaller reporting company ☑ <br> Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based on the closing price reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market on June 30, 2025) was $1,559,767,165.

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant's Common Stock, $.01 par value, as of February 20, 2026 was 32,602,397

**DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE**

Portions of the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Items 10,11,12,13 and 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K.

------

#### **Table of Contents**
**INNODATA INC.**

**Form 10-K**

**For the Year Ended December 31, 2025**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Page** |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;[**Part I**](#PARTI_671718) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1.](#Item1Business_820354) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Business](#Item1Business_820354) | &nbsp;&nbsp;4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1A.](#Item1ARiskFactors_510367) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Risk Factors](#Item1ARiskFactors_510367) | &nbsp;&nbsp;16 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1B.](#Item1BUnresolvedStaffComments_373128) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Unresolved Staff Comments](#Item1BUnresolvedStaffComments_373128) | &nbsp;&nbsp;28 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1C.](#Item1CCybersecurity_66097) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Cybersecurity](#Item1CCybersecurity_66097) | &nbsp;&nbsp;28 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 2.](#Item2Properties_639073) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Properties](#Item2Properties_639073) | &nbsp;&nbsp;30 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 3.](#Item3LegalProceedings_777065) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Legal Proceedings](#Item3LegalProceedings_777065) | &nbsp;&nbsp;30 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 4.](#Item4MineSafetyDisclosures_177314) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Mine Safety Disclosures](#Item4MineSafetyDisclosures_177314) | &nbsp;&nbsp;30 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;[**Part II**](#PARTII_120780) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 5.](#Item5MarketforRegistrantsCommonEquityRel) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#Item5MarketforRegistrantsCommonEquityRel) | &nbsp;&nbsp;31 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item6.](#Item6Reserved_887096) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[\[Reserved\]](#Item6Reserved_887096) | &nbsp;&nbsp;31 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 7.](#Item7ManagementsDiscussionandAnalysisofF) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#Item7ManagementsDiscussionandAnalysisofF) | &nbsp;&nbsp;32 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 7A.](#Item7AQuantitativeandQualitativeDisclosu) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk](#Item7AQuantitativeandQualitativeDisclosu) | &nbsp;&nbsp;44 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 8.](#Item8FinancialStatementsandSupplementary) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Financial Statements and Supplementary Data](#Item8FinancialStatementsandSupplementary) | &nbsp;&nbsp;44 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9.](#Item9ChangesinandDisagreementswithAccoun) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure](#Item9ChangesinandDisagreementswithAccoun)  | &nbsp;&nbsp;44 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9A.](#Item9AControlsandProcedures_741867) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Controls and Procedures](#Item9AControlsandProcedures_741867) | &nbsp;&nbsp;44 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures](#EvaluationofDisclosureControlsandProcedu) | &nbsp;&nbsp;44 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting](#ManagementsAnnualReportonInternalControl)  | &nbsp;&nbsp;45 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9B.](#Item9BOtherinformation_297006) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Other Information](#Item9BOtherinformation_297006) | &nbsp;&nbsp;45 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans](#Rule10b51TradingPlans_571148) | &nbsp;&nbsp;45 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9C.](#Item9CHoldingForeignCompaniesAccountable) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections](#Item9CHoldingForeignCompaniesAccountable) | &nbsp;&nbsp;45 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;[**Part III**](#PARTIII_465627) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 10.](#Item10DirectorsExecutiveOfficersandCorpo) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance](#Item10DirectorsExecutiveOfficersandCorpo) | &nbsp;&nbsp;46 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 11A.](#Item11ExecutiveCompensation_531235) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Executive Compensation](#Item11ExecutiveCompensation_531235) | &nbsp;&nbsp;46 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 12.](#Item12SecurityOwnershipofCertainBenefici) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters](#Item12SecurityOwnershipofCertainBenefici) | &nbsp;&nbsp;47 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 13.](#Item13CertainRelationshipsandRelatedTran) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence](#Item13CertainRelationshipsandRelatedTran) | &nbsp;&nbsp;47 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 14.](#Item14PrincipalAccountantsFeesandService) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Principal Accountant's Fees and Services](#Item14PrincipalAccountantsFeesandService) | &nbsp;&nbsp;47 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;[**Part IV**](#PARTIV_284649) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 15.](#Item15ExhibitsFinancialStatementSchedule) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules](#Item15ExhibitsFinancialStatementSchedule) | &nbsp;&nbsp;48 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 16.](#Item16Form10KSummary_864079) | &nbsp;&nbsp;[Form 10-K Summary](#Item16Form10KSummary_864079) | &nbsp;&nbsp;48 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Signatures](#SIGNATURES_267162) |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;49 |

---

#### PART I

#### Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
*Disclosures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report") contain certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning our operations, economic performance, financial condition, developmental program expansion and position in the AI services market. Words such as "project," "believe," "expect," "can," "continue," "could," "intend," "may," "should," "will," "anticipate," "indicate," "predict," "likely," "estimate," "plan," "potential," "possible," or the negatives thereof, and other similar expressions generally identify forward-looking statements.*

*These forward-looking statements are based on management's current expectations, assumptions and estimates and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, impacts resulting from ongoing geopolitical conflicts; investments in large language models; that contracts may be terminated by customers; projected or committed volumes of work may not materialize; pipeline opportunities and customer discussions which may not materialize into work or expected volumes of work; the likelihood of continued development of the markets, particularly new and emerging markets, that our services support; the ability and willingness of our customers and prospective customers to execute business plans that give rise to requirements for our services; continuing reliance on project-based work in the Digital Data Solutions ("DDS") segment and the primarily at-will nature of such contracts and the ability of these customers to reduce, delay or cancel projects; potential inability to replace projects that are completed, canceled or reduced; our DDS segment's revenue concentration in a limited number of customers; our dependence on content providers in our Agility segment; our ability to achieve revenue and growth targets; difficulty in integrating and deriving synergies from acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments; potential undiscovered liabilities of companies and businesses that we may acquire; potential impairment of the carrying value of goodwill and other acquired intangible assets of companies and businesses that we acquire; a continued downturn in or depressed market conditions; changes in external market factors; the potential effects of U.S. global trade and monetary policy, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve; changes in our business or growth strategy; the emergence of new, or growth in existing competitors; various other competitive and technological factors; our use of and reliance on information technology systems, including potential security breaches, cyber-attacks, privacy breaches or data breaches that result in the unauthorized disclosure of consumer, customer, employee or Company information, or service interruptions; and other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").*

*Our actual results could differ materially from the results referred to in forward-looking statements. In light of these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurance that the results referred to in the forward-looking statements will occur, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof.*

*We undertake no obligation to update or review any guidance or other forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by the U.S. federal securities laws.*

#### **Table of Contents**

#### Item 1. Business.
**Business Overview**

Innodata Inc. (Nasdaq: INOD) (together with its subsidiaries, the "Company", "Innodata", "we", "us" or "our") is a global data engineering and AI systems services company that supports the development, training, post-training, evaluation, and deployment of advanced artificial intelligence systems. We partner with leading technology companies, frontier AI laboratories, and enterprises to help enable AI systems that perform reliably, align with intended objectives, and operate safely in real-world environments.

Our mission is to enable the responsible advancement of artificial intelligence by providing the data, evaluation frameworks, and human expertise required to build AI systems that can be trusted at scale. We believe that AI will increasingly function as a foundational layer of the digital economy - embedded across consumer products, enterprise workflows, and mission-critical systems. As AI systems grow more capable and autonomous, we believe the quality of training data, the effectiveness of post-training alignment, and the rigor of ongoing evaluation will be decisive factors in determining whether AI systems are adopted, regulated, and scaled responsibly.

Innodata was founded more than 35 years ago on the principle that high-quality, well-structured data is essential to leading information-retrieval systems. In 2016-2017, we began building proprietary AI language models based on then-emerging research and frameworks and integrating them into our data production workflows. Through this work, we developed and refined techniques for generating, curating, and validating human-created data used to train probabilistic, learning-based AI systems, and recognized that data quality and structure were critical determinants of model performance. This insight led us to invest in the development of an integrated set of AI lifecycle data solutions, addressing a growing market need for specialized data engineering, evaluation, and refinement capabilities across the full lifecycle of AI systems.

Today, leading AI innovation labs and Big Tech companies (including five of the so-called "Magnificent Seven") building frontier generative AI models and leading enterprises engage us to provide (i) training and post-training data development; (ii) alignment and preference optimization; (iii) capabilities, alignment, and safety evaluation; and (iv) AI enablement and operationalization, including support for agentic and tool-using systems.

We believe Innodata is differentiated by: (i) our ability to operate across the AI lifecycle in alignment with AI developers' internal development and deployment pipelines; (ii) our scale of specialized human expertise; (iii) purpose-built platforms and processes that combine automation with rigorous human oversight; (iv) a research-driven approach to measurement, safety, and operational reliability, which is particularly relevant for frontier model developers and enterprises deploying AI in high-stakes environments; and (v) our dual role supporting leading technology companies building advanced AI systems and enterprises deploying those systems in production, which we believe creates a reinforcing feedback loop that strengthens our capabilities across both contexts and differentiates us from competitors focused on only one side of the market.

**Market Opportunities**

**AI Training and Post-Training Data**

Modern AI systems are trained using large volumes of data rather than explicit, rule-based programming. Foundation models - such as large language models ("LLMs") and multimodal models - learn statistical representations of language, images, code, and other modalities from vast training corpora.

As model architectures have matured, leading developers have increasingly emphasized the importance of training data quality, data provenance, supervised fine-tuning, and post-training alignment techniques. We believe that as model scale increases, marginal improvements in data quality and post-training signals can have an outsized impact on performance, reliability, and usability - often exceeding the impact of further parameter scaling alone.

#### **Table of Contents**
Organizations developing AI systems therefore require partners that can design, execute, and continuously refine data pipelines capable of supporting large-scale training and post-training cycles while maintaining quality, consistency, and auditability. We believe Innodata is well positioned to meet these requirements.

**Model Evaluation ("Evals"), Alignment, and Safety**

We believe that evaluation of model capabilities and safety ("evals") are emerging as foundational layers of the AI technology stack, analogous to testing, security, and reliability engineering in traditional software systems. Unlike deterministic software, generative AI systems are probabilistic and context dependent. Their behavior may vary across prompts, tasks, and deployment environments, and may change over time as models are updated or integrated with tools and new data sources.

As a result, organizations increasingly require continuous evals to understand, measure, and manage model behavior throughout development and deployment. These evals typically include: (i) capabilities evals that assess reasoning, knowledge, and task competence; (ii) alignment and safety evals that measure harmful behavior, misuse risk, and adherence to constraints; and (iii) regression evals designed to detect drift or degradation across model versions. We believe this represents a durable and expanding market opportunity distinct from, but complementary to, data preparation and model training.

*From Output Scoring to Behavioral and Agentic Evals*

Early AI evaluation focused primarily on output correctness. In contrast, today's frontier systems - particularly agentic and tool-using systems - require behavioral and agentic evals that assess how models plan, reason, and act over time. These evals may examine reasoning coherence, tool selection and invocation, multi-step task execution, adherence to system instructions, and robustness under adversarial or ambiguous inputs.

This shift toward agentic evaluation materially increases the importance of structured human judgment, domain expertise, and scalable evaluation operations. We believe that the ability to measure not only what a model outputs, but how it arrives at those outputs, is increasingly central to deployment readiness and long-term safety.

*Human-in-the-Loop Evals and Evidence for Trust*

As AI systems are deployed into regulated or high-stakes environments, customers increasingly require evidence that systems have been evaluated, documented, and monitored. This has driven demand for human-in-the-loop eval frameworks that combine expert judgment with automation to produce results that are interpretable, repeatable, and auditable.

Innodata's evaluation programs emphasize rubricized scoring for consistency, subject-matter experts for high-risk domains, hybrid human-plus-automated evaluation pipelines, and longitudinal measurement to track regressions and improvements over time. We believe these capabilities position us to support emerging governance and regulatory expectations related to transparency, accountability, and risk management in AI systems.

*Red Teaming, Adversarial Evals, and Safety Research*

AI safety has expanded to include misuse, exploitability, and unintended system behaviors - particularly as models are connected to retrieval systems, code execution environments, autonomous agents, and enterprise tools. Innodata conducts structured red teaming and adversarial evaluations to surface failure modes that are not observable through standard benchmarks. These efforts include probing prompt-injection and jailbreak vulnerabilities, testing misuse scenarios involving retrieval-augmented generation, agent workflows, and tool use, identifying degradation under distribution shift, and supporting mitigation through targeted post-training datasets. In parallel, we have expanded our cybersecurity capabilities as applied to LLMs and AI agents, including threat modeling for agent-based systems, assessment of data exfiltration and privilege-escalation risks, evaluation of secure tool invocation and sandboxing controls, and testing of monitoring and guardrail mechanisms designed to reduce exposure to adversarial attacks and enterprise security breaches.

We believe red teaming and adversarial evals are increasingly viewed as prerequisites for deployment rather than optional safeguards.

*High-Risk Domains and Societal Safety*

As frontier AI capabilities advance, developers and governments have raised concerns about misuse in high-impact domains, including non-proliferation, chemical and biological risk, and large-scale misinformation. Innodata supports mitigation efforts through domain-specific safety evals, targeted mitigation datasets, collaboration with academic and government-adjacent experts, and evaluation frameworks designed to preserve performance on legitimate use cases while reducing the risk of harmful behaviors or misuse.

**AI Model Deployment and Integration**

We believe that over the next decade, AI will be embedded across nearly all industries. Innodata supports customers in operationalizing AI systems, including model customization, workflow integration, context engineering, and continuous quality assurance. Our platforms and services are designed to accommodate rapid innovation in model architectures and techniques, enabling customers to adopt new approaches without re-architecting their AI operations.

**AI-Enabled Industry Platforms**

Our AI-enabled industry platforms address specific market requirements where we believe we can deliver differentiated value through domain expertise, proprietary data models, and applied AI.

Our Synodex® platform transforms medical records into structured digital data for insurance and healthcare workflows. Our Agility PR Solutions<sup>TM</sup> platform provides media intelligence and public relations workflow software enhanced with AI-driven monitoring, analytics, and content capabilities. We continue to invest in these platforms to incorporate advances in AI while emphasizing reliability, transparency, and user trust. Agility is now ranked by software review site G2 Crowd as meeting the requirements of customers better than its two largest competitors that have combined revenues of over $1 billion.

The Company's operations are presently classified and reported in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions (DDS), Synodex and Agility.

**Market Growth**

We believe the market opportunity for Innodata is driven by sustained growth in global AI spending and the increasing emphasis on trustworthy deployment. Industry analysts forecast significant increases in AI-related spending across infrastructure, applications, and services. For example, in August 2024 the International Data Corporation (IDC) published an article: *Worldwide AI and Generative AI Spending Guide* which forecasted worldwide spending on AI to reach $632 billion by 2028. Separately, according to *Generative AI 2025 Outlook*, published in November 2024 by Bloomberg Intelligence, generative artificial intelligence technologies are forecast to represent a total addressable revenue opportunity of approximately $1.6 trillion globally by 2032.

As AI investment scales, we believe the need for high-quality data and the ability to validate model behavior at scale expands in parallel. By way of illustration, according to *Data Collection and Labeling Market (2025–2030)* published by Grand View Research, Inc. in November 2024, the global data collection and labeling market was valued at approximately $3.8 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach about $17.1 billion by 2030, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 28.4% from 2025 through 2030. We believe these estimates understate the longer-term opportunity associated with next-generation evaluation, safety, and assurance services required for agentic systems and regulated AI deployments, which are increasingly viewed as necessary components of AI commercialization.

In 2025, we launched a dedicated Federal Practice to address accelerating demand from U.S. government agencies for secure, high-quality data engineering and AI enablement services. This practice is focused on mission-critical use cases across defense, intelligence, civilian, and regulatory environments, where requirements for data provenance, model evaluation, safety, security, and compliance are especially stringent. We intend to apply the same research-driven methodologies developed through our work with leading technology companies building advanced AI systems and with enterprises deploying AI in production to federal programs operating under heightened operational, security, and regulatory requirements. We believe sustained federal investment in artificial intelligence, digital modernization, and data-driven operations meaningfully expands our total addressable market, as agencies increasingly require specialized capabilities spanning data preparation, evaluation, and ongoing model performance oversight. As federal AI initiatives progress from experimentation to scaled, multi-year programs, we expect our Federal Practice to represent an increasing share of our addressable market and to support long-term revenue growth through larger, longer-duration engagements.

We believe AI-enabled workflow automation and human augmentation represent a significant and growing market opportunity, particularly for workflows whose effectiveness increases as artificial intelligence capabilities advance. Through our work with leading technology companies building frontier AI models, we gain early exposure to emerging model capabilities, deployment patterns, and technical constraints as they are introduced into production environments. We apply these insights to inform the design and evolution of our industry-specific AI platforms, integrating new AI techniques into core workflows in ways that reflect where the market is moving. Through this approach, we seek to deliver differentiated outcomes by combining domain expertise, proprietary data assets, and applied AI. Agility operates in the global media intelligence and public relations software market, which according to Media Intelligence and PR Software Market Size and Forecast report published in March 2024 by Verified Market Research, the global media intelligence and PR software market was valued at approximately $10.6 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach approximately $27.5 billion by 2030, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 14.6% from 2024 through 2030. In January 2026, Fortune Business Insights published a report: *Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Market* that valued the global AI healthcare market at approximately $39.3 billion in 2025 and projected to reach approximately $1,033.27 billion by 2034, representing an expected compound annual growth rate of approximately 44% between 2026 and 2034.

**Our Global Delivery Platform and Operating Scale**

Innodata operates what we believe to be one of the largest and most geographically diverse global delivery platforms in the AI data and eval ecosystem. We employ and engage 12,200 professionals across more than 70 countries spanning North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Our global footprint enables multilingual training and evaluation, culturally and jurisdictionally informed safety assessments, follow-the-sun delivery supporting rapid iteration cycles, and operational resilience for mission-critical programs.

Our delivery operations are organized around centers of excellence focused on training and post-training data, alignment and preference optimization, large-scale eval operations, red teaming and adversarial research, and domain-specific safety programs. We believe this structure aligns with the operational needs of frontier AI developers running continuous training, post-training, and evaluation cycles at scale.

We are continuously building and refining technology infrastructure to support our service capabilities and products. Our technology investments are designed to enable scalable, secure, and repeatable delivery across the AI lifecycle, including data engineering, post-training, evaluation, and ongoing quality assurance. We develop and operate a combination of proprietary platforms, internal tools, and integrated third-party technologies that support automation, workflow orchestration, quality control, and human-in-the-loop operations. This infrastructure is designed to evolve as AI architectures, training techniques, and evaluation methodologies change, allowing us to incorporate new approaches without disrupting customer programs. We believe that continued investment in adaptable technology infrastructure is critical to maintaining service quality at scale and to supporting increasingly complex and mission-critical AI use cases.

Our infrastructure supports a range of strategies to suit our customers' requirements for data security, compliance, scalability and reliability. Our user endpoints are secured with cloud-managed Endpoint detection and response (EDR) security solutions consisting of firewall, IDS/IPS, vulnerability scanning and patch management engines. We host data and applications in our own data centers at our operations centers, in our customers' data centers, and on third-party cloud services including Amazon Web Services ("AWS"), Microsoft Azure ("Azure"), Oracle Cloud Infrastructure ("OCI"), and Google Cloud Platform ("GCP") that provide the benefit of "infinite scalability" of information technology resources. Our data operations are linked by multiple redundant network connections. Our Wide Area Network – along with our Local Area Networks, Storage Area Networks, Network Attached Storage and data centers – are configured with industry standard redundancy, often with more than one backup to establish 24x7 availability. In 2025, our Wide Area Network had 99.97% uptime excluding scheduled maintenance. We encrypt all sensitive information, both at rest and in transit, to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256 or similar standard, and we employ a range of security features, including industry-leading managed firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention services. (*See "Information Security", below.*)

**Growth Strategy**

We believe we are living in a period of significant technological transition, as artificial intelligence increasingly becomes embedded in software, enterprise workflows, and mission-critical systems. Unlike traditional software, AI systems learn behavior from data, making data quality, training, evaluation, and ongoing oversight central to system performance and reliability. We believe a data-centric and evaluation-centric approach to AI development and deployment will increasingly differentiate successful AI programs from unsuccessful ones.

Our growth strategy is designed to leverage our more than 35 years of experience creating high-quality data and operating complex information workflows at scale. We intend to align our business with large, dynamic, and rapidly growing markets related to the development, evaluation, and commercialization of advanced AI systems, as well as the deployment of AI across enterprise and public-sector environments. Our solutions and platforms leverage our technology infrastructure, global delivery capabilities, and culture of discipline around data quality and process rigor, together with our ongoing investment in applied AI and machine learning research and development.

Key elements of our growth strategy include the following:

*Expanding Relationships with Existing Customers*

We seek to expand the scope and scale of our relationships with existing customers as their AI initiatives mature. Initial engagements often focus on specific datasets, use cases, or evaluation programs. As customers experience the benefits of our delivery quality, operational reliability, and domain expertise, engagements frequently expand to additional use cases, data modalities, post-training activities, or evaluation and deployment support. We believe our ability to support multiple stages of the AI lifecycle positions us well to grow organically within customer accounts over time.

*Driving New Customer Acquisition in Existing and Emerging Markets*

We believe we remain in the early stages of penetrating our addressable markets and intend to pursue new long-term customer relationships, particularly with organizations making significant investments in AI innovation. In addition to expanding within our existing markets, we are pursuing opportunities in emerging areas, including sovereign AI initiatives and public-sector programs.

We have established and are expanding a Federal Practice focused on supporting U.S. government agencies and contractors, where AI programs often require heightened standards for data governance, security, documentation, and evaluation. We believe our experience operating in regulated environments and our global delivery infrastructure position us to compete effectively in these markets.

To support new customer acquisition, we continue to invest in sales and account management talent. We believe our current sales organization is operating effectively and supports our near-term growth objectives.

*Developing New Capabilities and Product Innovation*

We intend to continue developing new capabilities in response to evolving customer needs and advances in AI technologies. As AI systems become more autonomous and agentic, customers increasingly require solutions that support trust, safety, and control across development and deployment. We are investing in capabilities related to agentic trust and safety, including evaluation frameworks designed to assess agent behavior, tool use, and adherence to constraints across multi-step workflows.

We also pursue charter customer relationships to co-develop new solutions and platforms, enabling us to align innovation efforts closely with real-world requirements while scaling capabilities across our broader customer base.

*Continuing Innovation and Long-Term Perspective*

We believe our ability to innovate will remain an important contributor to growth and market traction. We maintain defined roadmaps for our services and platforms and work closely with customers to identify opportunities for enhancement and expansion. Our innovation strategy emphasizes translating emerging research and customer requirements into scalable, repeatable operational systems.

We have also sought to establish external advisory relationships to support our innovation initiatives and to inform our thinking on responsible and ethical uses of artificial intelligence. In mid-2022, we initiated the formation of an advisory board intended to provide strategic guidance on innovation, AI governance, and the future evolution of AI technologies. We actively recruit qualified individuals and may add advisory board members from time to time as appropriate.

We expect to fund investments associated with our growth strategy primarily through internal resources, while maintaining flexibility to access capital through debt or equity financing as appropriate. We believe AI adoption will continue to unfold over many years and that sustained growth will favor companies focused on foundational capabilities - high-quality data, rigorous evaluation, and trustworthy deployment - rather than any single application or model architecture.

**Our Customers**

Our customers include leading global organizations across multiple industry verticals, including banking, insurance, financial services, technology, digital retailing, and information and media. A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from customers that are among the largest technology companies and AI innovators globally, many of which are making significant, long-term investments - often measured in the hundreds of millions of dollars - in artificial intelligence research, development, and deployment. Our customer base includes five of the companies commonly referred to as the "Magnificent Seven," as well as several leading artificial intelligence research labs and model developers in the United States and internationally.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, one customer in our Digital Data Solutions ("DDS") segment accounted for approximately 58% of the Company's total revenues. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, one customer in the DDS segment accounted for approximately 48% of the Company's total revenues. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenues in either of these periods. Revenues from customers located outside the United States represented approximately 16% and 21% of the Company's total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We maintain long-standing relationships with many of our customers, several of which have engaged us across multiple projects, use cases, or business units over time. Our ability to deliver services at scale with consistency, quality, and operational reliability has supported recurring engagements and the expansion of relationships following initial customer engagements.

Our services for our customers are typically provided under master service agreements which establish general terms and conditions, with individual project-based statements of work, service orders, or purchase orders governing the scope, pricing, and duration of specific engagements. These contractual arrangements are negotiated periodically and generally do not obligate customers to purchase services in future periods. Our customer agreements are generally terminable by our customer upon 30 to 90 days' notice. A substantial portion of the services we provide is performed on a project or program basis and is subject to customer requirements, including scope, timing, and continuation of funding, and may be terminable with shorter notice periods.

**Sales and Marketing**

We market and sell our solutions and platforms primarily through a direct sales model supported by professional staff, senior management, and dedicated sales personnel operating from locations in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Europe. In addition, we are selectively developing and expanding strategic partnerships and channel relationships to support customer acquisition and the expansion of existing customer relationships.

Our sales efforts are supported by cross-functional teams that include solutions architects, technical specialists, and consultants who assist in developing new customer engagements and expanding existing ones. These resources work within structured teams - both permanent and engagement-specific - to support customer needs throughout the sales and delivery lifecycle.

Our sales and marketing organizations operate in close coordination. Marketing initiatives are designed to generate awareness, articulate our value proposition, and produce qualified leads, while our sales professionals identify and qualify prospects, establish relationships with decision makers, and facilitate interactions between customer stakeholders and our delivery teams. For each prospective engagement, we assemble a multidisciplinary team of senior employees who follow a formalized process to understand customer objectives, assess technical and operational requirements, and collaboratively design solutions.

Our marketing organization is responsible for increasing the visibility of our brand and service offerings, supporting thought leadership initiatives, and providing sales enablement tools. As part of this strategy, we engage with media organizations, trade associations, industry publications, conference producers, and consulting organizations to build awareness and credibility, particularly within enterprise and technology-driven markets.

Our marketing outreach activities include content marketing, event marketing (including participation in and sponsorship of industry conferences, summits, and seminars), direct and database marketing, public and media relations (including speaking engagements), and digital marketing initiatives such as integrated campaigns, search engine optimization, and website development. During 2025, we sponsored and hosted an AI Summit in San Francisco, California which convened technology leaders, enterprise customers, and industry experts to discuss advances in generative and agentic AI, trust and safety, and enterprise deployment considerations. We believe events of this nature support our positioning as a partner to organizations building and deploying advanced AI systems.

Sales activities include lead generation and nurturing, engagement with prospective customers to understand requirements, demonstration of our capabilities, solution design, response to requests for proposals, and ongoing management of customer relationships. Our solutions analysis, engineering services, and customer services teams closely support these activities by assisting with technical assessments, demonstrations, prototypes, pricing estimates, and implementation planning. In addition, account managers provide ongoing project-level support to customers following contract execution, helping to maintain continuity between sales and delivery.

**Competition**

We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market. Major competitors across industry verticals include providers of AI data engineering, training, and evaluation services such as Appen, CloudFactory, Surge AI, Invisible Technologies, Turing, Mercor, Define.a, TELUS Digital, and Scale AI, several of which are large firms with established customer bases and global delivery capabilities. We also compete with broader technology and business process services providers, including Accenture, Cognizant Technology Solutions, EXLService Holdings, Inc., Genpact Limited, Infosys Limited, PwC, QuantumBlack, and Tata Consultancy Services, which may offer overlapping services as part of broader consulting or outsourcing engagements.

We compete primarily on the basis of service quality, technical depth, scalability, information security, and the ability to support complex, mission-critical AI programs over time. Our competitive position is supported by our proprietary platforms and workflows, global delivery infrastructure, deep pool of domain experts, and ability to operate across multiple stages of the AI lifecycle, including data engineering, post-training, evaluation, and deployment support. These capabilities are particularly relevant for customers undertaking large-scale or high-stakes AI initiatives, including those subject to regulatory, security, or reliability requirements.

In addition, we believe our increasing emphasis on model evaluation, trust and safety, and agentic AI workflows differentiates us from providers that focus primarily on data labeling or staffing-based services. Customers may also choose to perform certain functions internally or pursue alternative technical approaches, which represents an ongoing source of competition.

**Intellectual Property**

We depend in part on our proprietary technologies (including platforms, applications, data models, evaluation frameworks, and workflows) and methodologies, as well as operational know-how developed in the course of supporting the development, evaluation, and deployment of artificial intelligence systems. Our intellectual property includes a patent, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and unpatented proprietary processes and methods, including techniques for data preparation, model evaluation, quality assurance, and safety-related assessments. We hold a patent and believe the remaining term of approximately two years of this patent is adequate relative to the expected commercial life of the covered application. Consistent with industry practice, we rely primarily on trade secret protections, licensing arrangements, confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, and applicable copyright and trademark laws - rather than patents alone - to protect our proprietary methodologies and operational innovations.

In the course of providing services, we may develop tools, workflows, annotations, evaluations, or other work product that incorporate our pre-existing intellectual property or general methods and expertise. Unless otherwise agreed by contract, our customers generally retain ownership of their underlying data, models, and customer-specific deliverables, while Innodata retains ownership of its pre-existing intellectual property, methodologies, platforms, and any improvements, enhancements, or derivative works thereof that are of general applicability and not specific to a particular customer. Our agreements typically grant customers appropriate rights to use service outputs for their intended purposes, while preserving our ability to reuse our proprietary methods, workflows, and know-how across engagements.

We require employees, contractors, and certain third parties to enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements, and we maintain policies and controls designed to limit access to and distribution of proprietary information, including information belonging to our customers. Despite these measures, we cannot assure that such protections will prevent unauthorized disclosure, use, or misappropriation of our intellectual property, or that we will be able to detect or enforce violations of our intellectual property rights in a timely or cost-effective manner. Our reliance on trade secrets and contractual protections may provide less protection than patent rights in certain circumstances, and any unauthorized use of our intellectual property could adversely affect our competitive position and business results.

**Information Security**

We maintain an enterprise information security program designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information assets and those of our customers, including sensitive training, evaluation, and model-related data used in the development and deployment of artificial intelligence systems. Our operations facilities in Asia and our New Jersey, United States facility are certified to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 information security management standard. Our security program employs a multi-layered, defense-in-depth approach and includes administrative, technical, and physical safeguards intended to address evolving cybersecurity risks associated with large-scale data processing and AI workflows.

Our security controls include, among others, multi-factor authentication to enhance access security; role-based access controls and segregation of environments to limit exposure of sensitive datasets; centralized patch and vulnerability management processes designed to support timely remediation of software and system updates; full-disk encryption for mobile devices and sensitive endpoints; endpoint protection incorporating anti-malware, firewall, and intrusion detection and prevention capabilities; and network-level security controls, including Web Application firewalls (WAF) and next-generation network firewalls with intrusion detection and prevention systems, to monitor and protect network traffic. These controls are designed to support secure handling of high-volume, high-sensitivity datasets and to reduce the risk of unauthorized access or misuse.

For engagements involving personally identifiable information or protected health information subject to HIPAA and similar regulatory requirements, as well as other customer data subject to heightened contractual or regulatory constraints, we utilize U.S.-based, co-located data centers or HIPAA-compliant cloud infrastructure. Such environments are designed to employ industry-standard encryption, including AES-256 or equivalent, to protect data at rest and in transit, along with monitoring and logging controls consistent with applicable legal and contractual obligations. Our information security program and related controls are subject to periodic internal assessments and annual independent audits. However, no security program can eliminate all risks, and we cannot provide assurance that our controls will prevent all cybersecurity incidents or unauthorized access.

**Government Regulation**

Our business is subject to a broad and evolving set of U.S. federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations governing data protection, privacy, cybersecurity, and the use of data in technology-enabled services, including the development, evaluation, and deployment of artificial intelligence systems. These regulatory requirements address, among other things, the collection, processing, storage, security, transfer, and use of data, and may differ materially across jurisdictions in which we operate or support customer programs.

We are subject to, and seek to comply with, applicable data protection and privacy laws, including the United States Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HIPAA and HITECH), the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR), the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation as tailored by the Data Protection Act 2018, and other national, state, and local laws governing privacy, data security, and cross-border data transfers, as applicable. Certain customer engagements, including those involving government agencies, regulated enterprises, or sensitive training, evaluation, or model-related data, may also be subject to additional contractual, sector-specific, or jurisdiction-specific regulatory requirements.

Regulatory frameworks applicable to artificial intelligence, automated decision-making, and the use of large-scale datasets are rapidly evolving in the United States and internationally. Emerging and proposed regulations and guidance addressing AI governance, model transparency, accountability, safety, data provenance, and human oversight - particularly in connection with high-impact or regulated use cases - may impose additional compliance obligations, increase costs, limit certain business practices, or affect the scope or timing of customer programs. Compliance with these requirements requires ongoing investment in policies, technical controls, and operational processes, and there can be no assurance that future regulatory developments will not materially affect our business, operating results, or ability to serve customers across jurisdictions.

**Research and Development**

Our research and development activities are designed to support the evolution and competitiveness of our service offerings and platforms over both the near and long term. We focus our research and development investments on capabilities that improve the scalability, reliability, and repeatability of AI-enabled solutions, while enabling us to respond to rapidly evolving customer requirements and advances in artificial intelligence technologies. Customer engagement and feedback play an important role in shaping our applied research and development priorities, helping ensure alignment with real-world use cases and emerging market needs. The successful translation of these efforts into commercially viable solutions depends on technological feasibility, market adoption, and execution capabilities.

We believe our culture of innovation supports our ability to attract and retain highly skilled AI practitioners, engineers, and technologists. Our research and development activities are conducted through a combination of Innodata Labs, our Technology Practices, and our platform engineering organizations. These activities are carried out across multiple geographic locations, including centers in North America and the Asia-Pacific region.

*Innodata Labs*

Innodata Labs is the Company's long-term innovation and research function, focused on applied research and the exploration, prototyping, and validation of emerging concepts in artificial intelligence. Innodata Labs is intentionally designed to operate ahead of near-term customer demand and market readiness, with a typical research horizon of two to three years. Its work emphasizes experimentation across next-generation AI capabilities, including agentic systems, training and post-training paradigms, data/compute tradeoffs, and evaluation methodologies, as well as the implications of these developments for safety, governance, and regulatory oversight. These activities are exploratory in nature and are primarily expensed as incurred.

Innodata Labs engages with academic researchers, frontier model developers, and emerging technologies to assess future customer needs, industry practices, and regulatory expectations. While Innodata Labs is not operated with immediate revenue objectives, it is intended to inform and seed future service offerings, platforms, methodologies, and intellectual property. We believe this long-horizon research capability supports our ability to adapt as AI architectures, development practices, and deployment environments continue to evolve.

*Technology Practices*

Innodata's Technology Practices are responsible for translating research insights, engineering techniques, and operational learnings into scalable, commercially deployable solutions aligned with current and near-term customer needs. These practices integrate applied research with delivery execution, enabling repeatable implementation across customers, industries, and use cases.

Our Technology Practices focus on areas including agentic system evaluation and trust and safety; model fine-tuning, alignment, and human-in-the-loop evaluation; custom data collection across multiple modalities; robotics and computer vision data and model support; reusable and licensed datasets; and enterprise AI implementations such as retrieval-augmented generation, agentic workflows, and production-scale AI platforms. We believe this structure allows us to accelerate time-to-value for customers while maintaining consistency, quality, and governance across large-scale AI programs.

These practices represent internal capability groupings rather than separate operating segments or standalone businesses.

*Platform Engineering*

Our platform engineering teams conduct ongoing research and development activities aimed at enhancing the functionality, performance, and scalability of existing and proposed AI engineering and industry platforms. These efforts include developing new platforms and enhancing capabilities of existing platforms to support current and emerging customer use cases.

Given the pace of innovation in AI models, tools, and infrastructure, our platform development emphasizes modularity, interoperability, and model-agnostic design. We regularly release updates and new versions of our platforms to incorporate new capabilities, support evolving workflows, and maintain competitive positioning. These activities are primarily performed by internal engineering teams, with third-party providers used selectively under the Company's oversight, and certain development activities may be eligible for capitalization in accordance with applicable accounting standards. We believe the timely development and deployment of platform functionality is important to supporting efficient services delivery as well as seizing new market opportunities and promoting product/service differentiation.

**Environmental, Social, and Governance**

We have built a robust corporate ESG program focused on social responsibility; improving how we perform as a steward of the environment; and sustainability.

*Social Responsibility*

We are inspired by the vision of fostering a future of broadly distributed sustainable prosperity that can result from ethical AI and broad access to the benefits of AI. We launched our i-Hope Program in 2016 to help children in marginalized or economically disadvantaged communities face the challenges of an increasingly AI-driven world. Our goal of delivering the gift of computer literacy to 25,000 children by 2025 was achieved ahead of schedule in the third quarter of 2023. As a part of this initiative, one of our operating subsidiaries handed over a smart classroom, an ideation room, and an open library (with over 100,000 books) to a publicly-funded higher education institution in the Philippines.

Since 2016 we have contributed over 4,100 person-days to this and other Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs. We have built and made operational 20 fully functional computer labs and 66 smart classrooms across India, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. As a result, approximately 52,300 children have become more technology-proficient and better equipped to seize opportunities in the AI era.

Our contributions have been well-recognized. Examples of award recognition received in 2025 through our operating subsidiaries include: Diversity Company of the Year; the Best Environmental Responsibility Initiative; Innovation in CSR Practices; Women Empowerment Initiative from National CSR Leadership Congress & Awards; and Sustainable Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion award from the World Sustainability Congress.

*Environmental Stewardship*

We are also committed to conducting our business in an environmentally responsible manner that supports global efforts to mitigate climate change. By implementing practices that minimize our carbon footprint, conserve resources, and promote sustainability, we aim to be a positive force for the environment.

We monitor and target reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and water usage for our production facilities. This data-driven approach has enabled us to improve our sustainability initiatives and share emissions data (Scopes 1, 2, and 3) with our customers.

Across all our global operations, we recycle e-waste and paper. In our Mandaue, Philippines facility, we installed a 300 KVA solar panel equivalent to a CO2 reduction of approximately 299 metric tons annually. In India, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka, we actively support grass-roots environmental conservation initiatives in the communities in which we operate. In 2025, we planted over 5,200 saplings and seedlings in nature reserves, bringing our cumulative total to over 17,000 since 2018. This initiative includes follow-up practices to ensure the saplings receive proper care during the critical early growth phases, improving the saplings' long-term survival rates.

*Sustainability*

Our sustainability program is based on the following core elements: health and safety, business continuity management, information security, labor standards, anti-bribery and corruption, management engagement and social impact. Our sustainability program is backed by ISO 27001:2022 (information security) certification, policies, and employee training for these core areas.

**Employees**

As of December 31, 2025, we employed 10,107 employees, 10,020 of which were full-time. Many of our employees hold advanced degrees in specialized fields such as law, business, technology, medicine, and social sciences. No employees are currently represented by a labor union, and we believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

**Corporate Offices**

Our principal executive offices are located at 55 Challenger Road, Ridgefield Park, New Jersey 07660, just outside New York City, and our telephone number is (201) 371-8000. We were founded in 1988.

Our website is www.innodata.com; information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There we make available, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our SEC reports can be obtained through the Investor Relations section of our website or from the SEC at www.sec.gov.

#### Item 1A. Risk Factors.
*The risk factors set forth below describe what the Company believes to be the material factors, risks, and uncertainties related to our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The risks and uncertainties set forth below, as well as other factors described elsewhere in this Form 10-K or in other filings by the Company with the SEC, could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to the Company or that are not currently believed by the Company to be material may also harm the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.*

#### Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
**We have historically relied on a limited number of customers that have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues, and our results of operations could be adversely affected if we were to lose one or more of these significant customers.**

We have historically relied on a limited number of customers that have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues. One customer in the DDS segment generated approximately 58% and 48% of the Company's total revenues in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenue during these periods. Further, in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, revenues from non-U.S. customers accounted for 16%, and 21%, respectively, of the Company's revenues. We may lose one or more of these customers, or our other major customers, as a result of our failure to meet or satisfy our customer's requirements, the completion or termination of a project or engagement, or the customer's selection of another service provider.

In addition, the volume of work performed for our major customers may vary from year to year, and services they require from us may change from year to year. They may also request that we modify certain key terms of our agreements with them as a condition of continuing to do business with us. If the volume of work performed for our major customers vary, if the services they require from us change, or if they require price concessions, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our services are typically provided under master service agreements which establish general terms and conditions, with individual project-based statements of work, service orders, or purchase orders governing the scope, pricing, and duration of specific engagements. These contractual arrangements are negotiated periodically and generally do not obligate customers to purchase services in future periods. Our customer agreements are generally terminable by our customer upon 30 to 90 days' notice. A substantial portion of the services we provide is performed on a project or program basis and is subject to customer requirements, including scope, timing, and continuation of funding, and may be terminable with shorter notice periods.

The loss of these customers or a significant variation in the volume of work performed for these customers may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

**A portion of our services is provided on a non-recurring basis for specific projects, and our inability to replace large projects when they are completed or otherwise terminated has adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect, our revenues and results of operations.**

We provide a portion of our services for specific projects that generate revenues that terminate on completion of a defined task. While we seek, whenever possible, on completion or termination of large projects, to counterbalance periodic declines in revenues with new arrangements to provide services to the same customer or others, our inability to obtain sufficient new projects to counterbalance any decreases in such work may adversely affect our future revenues and results of operations.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### New acquisitions, joint ventures or strategic investments or partnerships could harm our operating results.
We may pursue acquisitions, joint ventures or engage in strategic investments or partnerships to grow and enhance our capabilities. There can be no assurance that we will successfully consummate any acquisitions or joint ventures, or realize profit from strategic investments, or achieve desired financial and operating results. Further, such activities involve a number of risks and challenges, including proper evaluation, diversion of management's attention and proper integration with our current business. Accordingly, we might fail to realize the expected benefits or strategic objectives of any such venture we undertake. If we are unable to complete the kind of acquisitions for which we plan, we may not be able to achieve our planned rates of growth, profitability or competitive position in specific markets or services.

**Our new customers may sunset their products because of a lack of sufficient revenues or declining revenues, or a change in their business direction, and this may result in termination of our services for these customers.**

As we obtain new opportunities and win new business, our customers may not generate the level of revenues that we initially anticipated at the time of signing a contract with them. Our customers may experience declining revenues with their existing products or may change their business direction. This could be due to various reasons beyond our or their control, and it could lead to termination of projects or contracts. As we normally invest in people and technology and incur other costs in anticipation of revenues, any such deviation from our expected plan or anticipated results could impact our margins and earnings.

**Our success is dependent on our ability to successfully develop new services, platforms and solutions and enhance our existing services, platforms and solutions, and market acceptance of these offerings. Our success is also dependent on our ability to compete with new vendors with lean cost and flexible cost models.**

The information technology and artificial intelligence (AI) industries are characterized by rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, changing customer preferences, new product and service introductions and the emergence of new vendors with lean cost and flexible cost models. Our future success will depend on our ability to successfully develop services, platforms and solutions that keep pace with changes in our addressable markets, and the acceptance of these services, platforms and solutions by our existing and target customers. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in developing new services, platforms and solutions, addressing evolving technologies on a timely or cost-effective basis or, if these services, platforms and solutions are developed, that we will be successful in the marketplace. We also cannot guarantee that we will be able to compete effectively with new vendors offering lean cost and flexible cost models, or that products, services or technologies developed by others will not render our services, platforms and solutions non-competitive or obsolete. Our failure to address these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

**We operate in highly competitive markets. While we invest in developing and pursuing new services, platforms and solutions, our profitability could be reduced if these services, platforms and solutions do not yield the profit margins we expect, or if the new offerings do not generate the planned revenues.**

The markets for our services, platforms and solutions are highly competitive. Some of our competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, human, technical and other resources, and greater name recognition than we do. There are relatively few barriers preventing companies from entering the markets in which we operate. As a result, new market entrants also pose a threat to our business. We also compete with in-house personnel at current and prospective customers who may attempt to duplicate our offerings using their own personnel.

We have made and continue to make significant investments towards building out new capabilities to pursue growth. These investments increase our costs, and if these new capabilities do not yield the revenues or profit margins we expect, and we are unable to grow our business and revenue, our profitability may be reduced, or we may incur losses. If we are not able to compete effectively in the markets we serve or if we are not able to successfully develop new services, platforms and solutions, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### We depend on third-party technology in the provision of our services.
We rely upon certain software that we license from third parties, including software integrated with our internally developed software used in the provision of our services. These third-party software licenses may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable or competitive terms, if at all. The loss of, or inability to maintain or obtain any of these software licenses, could result in delays in the provision of our services until we develop, identify, license and integrate equivalent software. Any delay in the provision of our services could damage our business and adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, our Company utilizes third party data centers to serve our customers and generate revenue. Any disruption in the provision of services from these data centers could result in loss of revenue, customer dissatisfaction and loss of customers.

**Our Agility segment relies on third parties to provide certain content and data for our solutions. The cessation by third parties to provide their content and the increase in prices charged by third parties for their content has adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect, our revenue and results of operations.**

Our Agility segment relies on third parties to provide or make available certain data for our information databases and our news and social media monitoring service. These third parties, in the past, have restricted access to certain content, have ceased providing content, and have increased the prices they charge for their content. They also may not renew agreements to provide content to us. Additionally, the quality of the content provided to us may not be acceptable to us and we may need to enter into agreements with additional third parties. In the event we are unable to use or have access to such third-party content or are unable to enter into agreements with new third parties, current customers may discontinue their relationship with us, and it may be difficult to acquire new customers.

**Our businesses are reliant on key employees, and we may face high attrition in our talent. We may not be able to replace displaced talent with new talent on a timely basis or with equivalent skill sets.**

We are, to a considerable degree, reliant on the continuing leadership of our Chief Executive Officer and would be materially and adversely affected should he unexpectedly cease to be employed by us. In addition, our businesses are subject to fierce competition for talent, which could result in high attrition of our employees, or we may not be able to find the requisite talent to operate our businesses. A significant increase in the attrition rate among employees with specialized skills could decrease our operating efficiency and productivity. Our failure to attract, train and retain personnel with the qualifications necessary to fulfill the needs of our existing and future customers or to assimilate new employees successfully could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, fluctuations in our business may require that we lay off employees with possible negative effects on employee morale. We try to minimize these risks by actively promoting employee relationships and offering competitive salaries, but if we cannot mitigate these risks, our business and our operating performance could be adversely affected.

#### We operate from multiple locations and our employees are very diverse, so we have significant coordination risks.
We are headquartered in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, just outside New York City. We primarily operate from the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, the United Kingdom, Israel, the United States, and Germany. Our employees are geographically dispersed, as well as culturally diverse. Our personnel need to work together to successfully execute our business plans and we invest in various measures to improve coordination and teamwork. Should we fail in these efforts, our ability to execute our business plans may be adversely affected.

**Our intellectual property rights are valuable and if we are unable to protect them or are subject to intellectual property rights claims, our business may be harmed.**

Our intellectual property rights include certain trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, domain name registrations, a patent and unpatented proprietary processes and methods. Although we take precautions to protect our intellectual property rights, these efforts may not be sufficient or effective. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, we may experience difficulties in achieving and maintaining brand recognition.

#### **Table of Contents**
**Disruptions in telecommunications, system failures, data corruption or virus attacks could harm our ability to execute our global resource model, which could result in customer dissatisfaction and a reduction of our revenues.**

We use a distributed global resource model. Our North American workforce provides services from the U.S. and Canada, and the balance of our workforce provides services from the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, Israel and Germany. Our global facilities are linked with a telecommunications network that uses multiple service providers. We may not be able to maintain active voice and data communication between our various facilities and our customers' sites at all times due to disruptions in these networks, system failures, data corruption or virus attacks. Any significant failure in our ability to communicate, or the availability of our platforms, could result in a disruption in our business, which could hinder our performance, or our ability to complete customer projects on time, or provide services to our customers. This, in turn, could lead to customer dissatisfaction and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Even though we have implemented network security measures, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to computer viruses, cyber-attacks, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering or intentional and unintentional disclosure of sensitive and /or confidential personal information by employees and non-employees. Additionally, the Company may not be able to effectively identify and resolve such issues on a timely basis. The occurrence of any of the events described above could result in interruptions, delays, the loss or corruption of data, cessations in the availability of systems or liability under privacy laws or contracts, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

**The international nature of our operations subjects us to risks inherent in doing business on an international level, any of which could increase our costs and hinder our growth.**

We do business on an international level, with a major portion of our operations carried on in India, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka, in addition to our operations in Canada, Germany, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States, while our headquarters are in the United States and our customers are primarily located in North America and Europe. While we do not depend on significant revenues from sources internal to the Asian countries in which we operate, we are nevertheless subject to certain adverse economic factors relating to overseas economies generally, including inflation, external debt, a negative balance of trade and underemployment. In certain of the countries in which we operate, tax authorities have exercised, and may continue to exercise, significant discretionary and arbitrary powers to make tax demands or decline to refund payments that may be due to us as per tax returns. Other risks associated with our international operations and business activities include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● difficulties in staffing international projects and managing international operations, including overcoming logistical and communications challenges;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● local competition, particularly in the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● imposition of public sector controls;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● trade and tariff restrictions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● price or exchange controls;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● currency control regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● foreign tax consequences;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● data privacy laws and regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● evolving regulation of artificial intelligence;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● intellectual property laws and enforcement practices;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● labor disputes and related litigation and liability;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● limitations on repatriation of earnings; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● changing laws and regulations, occasionally with retroactive effect.

One or more of these factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

**Political uncertainty, political unrest, terrorism, and natural calamities in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel could adversely affect business conditions in those countries, which in turn could disrupt our business and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.**

Our operations located in India, Israel, the Philippines and Sri Lanka are in countries that remain vulnerable to disruptions from political uncertainty, political unrest, terrorist acts, and natural calamities.

Any damage to our network and/or information systems would damage our ability to provide services, in whole or in part, and/or otherwise damage our operations and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, political tensions and escalation of hostilities in any of these countries could adversely affect our operations in these countries and therefore adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.

We are unable to predict whether acts of international terrorism, war or other military actions involving the countries in which we do business will result in any long-term commercial disruptions or if such involvement or responses will have any long-term material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

#### Terrorist attacks or a war could adversely affect our results of operations.
Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war could affect us or our customers by disrupting normal business practices for extended periods of time and reducing business confidence. In addition, acts of violence or war may make travel more difficult and may effectively curtail our ability to serve our customers' needs, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations.

**Our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises. Public health crises or outbreaks of pandemics could disrupt our operations and materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.**

We use a distributed global resource model, which exposes us to risks associated with public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics. Widespread outbreaks of a pandemic have created significant global economic downturn, disrupted global trade and supply chains, adversely impacted many industries, and contributed to significant volatility in financial markets. A widespread public health crisis or an outbreak of a pandemic in one or more of the geographic areas in which we operate could affect our ability to provide services to our customers and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

#### We may face various risks associated with shareholder activists or shareholder demands for better performance .
There is no assurance that we will not be subject to shareholder activism or demands. Such activities could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations, and divert the attention of management and our employees.

#### **Table of Contents**
**Our reputation could be damaged, or our profitability could suffer if we do not meet the controls and procedures in respect of the services, platforms and solutions we provide to our customers, or if we contribute to our customers' internal control deficiencies.**

Our customers may perform audits or require us to perform audits, provide audit reports or obtain certifications with respect to the controls and procedures that we use in the performance of services for such customers, especially when we process data or information belonging to them. Our ability to acquire new customers and retain existing customers may be adversely affected and our reputation could be harmed if we receive a qualified opinion, or if we cannot obtain an appropriate certification or opinion with respect to our controls and procedures in connection with any such audit in a timely manner. Additionally, our profitability could suffer if our controls and procedures were to fail or impair our customers' ability to comply with their own internal control requirements.

**In the past we have determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. If in the future we again determine that our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, this could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and have a negative effect on the market prices for our common stock.**

We are required to maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that the information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We performed an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025 and concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2025.

If in the future we determine that our disclosure controls and procedures are ineffective, it could restrict our ability to access the capital markets, require significant resources to correct, subject us to fines, penalties or judgments, harm our reputation or otherwise cause a decline in investor confidence and cause a decline in the market price of our common stock.

#### Risks Related to Our Contracts
**A portion of our revenue is generated from projects that we characterize as recurring in nature. Projects that we characterize as recurring are nevertheless subject to termination.**

Our operating performance is materially dependent on the continuation of projects that we characterize as recurring in nature. However, we are exposed to the risks that these projects may not be renewed by our customers or they could be terminated by our customers and we may not be able to replace these terminated projects with new recurring projects with similar profitability or customers may ask for a price reduction, which could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

**Our solutions for the Agility segment are sold pursuant to subscription agreements, and if subscription customers elect either not to renew these agreements, or to renew these agreements for less expensive services, our revenues and results of operations will be adversely affected.**

Our Agility segment derives its revenues primarily from subscription arrangements. Our customers may choose not to renew subscription agreements when they expire or may renew them at lower prices or for a significantly narrower scope of work. If large numbers of existing subscription customers do not renew these agreements or renew these agreements on terms less favorable to us, and if we cannot replace or supplement those non-renewals with new subscription agreements generating the same or greater levels of revenue, our revenues and results of operations will be adversely affected.

#### **Table of Contents**
**If our customers are not satisfied with our services, they may terminate our contracts with them or our services and we may suffer reputational damage, which could have an adverse impact on our business.**

Our business model depends in large part on our ability to attract additional work from our base of existing customers. Our business model also depends on the relationships our account teams develop with our customers so that we can understand our customers' needs and deliver solutions and services that are tailored to those needs. If a customer is not satisfied with the quality of work performed by us, or with the type of services or solutions delivered, then we could incur additional costs to address the situation, the profitability of that work might be impaired, and the customer's dissatisfaction with our services could damage our ability to obtain additional work from that customer. In particular, customers who are not satisfied might seek to terminate existing contracts, which could mean that we could incur costs for the services performed with no associated revenue upon termination of a contract. This could also direct future business to our competitors. In addition, negative publicity related to our customer services or relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may further damage our business by affecting our reputation and our ability to compete for new contracts with current and prospective customers.

#### Risks Related to Financial Performance or General Economic Conditions
**Debt under our Revolving Credit Facility has a variable rate of interest that is based on SOFR which may have consequences for us that cannot be reasonably predicted and may increase our cost of borrowing in the future.**

**Debt outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility has a variable rate of interest that is based on the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") which may have consequences for us that cannot be reasonably predicted and may increase our cost of borrowing in the future. The future performance of SOFR cannot be predicted based on historical performance and the future level of SOFR may have little or no relation to historical levels of SOFR. Any patterns in market variable behaviors, such as correlations, may change in the future. Hypothetical or historical performance data are not indicative of, and have no bearing on, the potential performance of SOFR.**

#### Our Revolving Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants that may impair our ability to conduct business.
**Our Revolving Credit Facility contains operating covenants and financial covenants that may in each case limit management's discretion with respect to certain business matters. For example, the Revolving Credit Facility contains a financial covenant that requires us, on a consolidated basis, to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.10 to 1.00. As a result of these covenants and restrictions, we may be limited in how we conduct our business, and we may be unable to raise additional debt or other financing to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. Failure to comply with such restrictive covenants may lead to default and acceleration under our Revolving Credit Facility and may impair our ability to conduct business. We may not be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, there are no assurances that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lender and/or amend the covenants.**

**A large portion of our accounts receivable are payable by one customer; the inability of this customer to pay its obligations could adversely affect our results of operations.**

One customer accounts for a large percentage of our accounts receivable. If this customer was unable, or refused, for any reason, to pay our accounts receivable, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. As of December 31, 2025, 63% or $29.2 million of our accounts receivable were due from one customer.

In addition, we evaluate the financial condition of our customers prior to extending credit to them. We maintain specific allowances against doubtful receivables. Actual losses on customer balances could differ from those that we currently anticipate and, as a result, we might need to adjust our allowances. There is no guarantee that we will accurately assess the creditworthiness of our customers. Macroeconomic conditions could also result in financial difficulties, including limited access to the credit markets, insolvency or bankruptcy, for our customers, and, as a result, could cause customers to delay payments to us, request modifications to their payment arrangements that could increase our receivables balance, or default on their payment obligations to us. If we are unable to timely collect from our customers, our cash flows could be adversely affected.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### Quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations could make financial forecasting difficult and could negatively affect our stock price.
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant fluctuations in our quarterly revenues and results of operations. Over the past eight quarters, our net income (loss) ranged from net income of approximately $17.4 million in the third quarter of 2024, which included a favorable one-time valuation allowance adjustment of $6.0 million reflecting the release of a reserve related to accumulated net loss carry forward (NOLCO), to approximately breakeven in the second quarter of 2024.

We experience fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations as we replace and begin new projects, which may have some normal start-up delays, or we may be unable to replace a project entirely or on terms that are as attractive to us as the project that is being replaced. These and other factors may contribute to fluctuations in our results of operations from quarter to quarter.

A high percentage of our operating expenses, particularly personnel and rent, are relatively fixed in advance of any particular quarter. As a result, unanticipated variations in the number and timing of our projects, or in employee wage levels and utilization rates, may cause us to significantly underutilize our production capacity and employees, resulting in significant variations in our operating results in any particular quarter, and have resulted in losses.

**Uncertainty and volatility in the global economy, and in particular in the United States, Canada, Europe and the United Kingdom, could negatively impact our revenue and operating results.**

The United States, Europe, the United Kingdom and other economies may suffer from uncertainty, volatility, disruption, and other adverse conditions, such as geopolitical tensions, political uncertainty or inflation, and these conditions have adversely impacted and may continue to adversely impact the business community and the financial markets. Adverse economic and financial market conditions may negatively affect our customers and our markets, thereby negatively impacting our revenue and operating results. For example, weak market conditions have extended, and could continue to extend, the length of our sales cycle and cause potential customers to delay, defer, reprioritize, or decline to make purchases of our services, platforms, and solutions due to uncertainties surrounding the future performance of their businesses, limitations on their expenditures due to internal budget constraints, and the adverse effects of the economy on their business and financial condition. As a result, if economic and financial market conditions weaken or deteriorate, then our revenue and operating results, including our ability to grow and expand our business and operations, could be materially and adversely affected.

**Pricing pressures could negatively impact our revenues and operating results.**

Due to the intense competition involved in the information technology and artificial intelligence (AI) industries, we generally face pricing pressures from our customers due to competition from other companies in our markets. Our ability to maintain or increase pricing is restricted as customers generally expect to receive volume discounts or special pricing incentives as we do more business with them; moreover, our large customers may exercise pressure for discounts outside of agreed terms.

**Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to maintain pricing on our existing projects and win new projects at appropriate margins. If our pricing structures do not accurately anticipate the cost and complexity of performing our services and providing our platforms and solutions, then our contracts could be unprofitable.**

Our profit margin, and therefore our profitability, is dependent on the rates we are able to charge for our services, platforms and solutions measured against the costs of providing the service, platform or solution. If we are not able to maintain pricing on our existing services, platforms and solutions and win new projects at profitable margins, or if we underestimate the costs or complexities of new projects and incur losses, our profitability could suffer. The amounts we are able to recover for our services, platforms and solutions are affected by a number of factors, including competition, volume fluctuations, productivity of employees and processes, the value our customer derives from our services, platforms and solutions and general economic and political conditions.

#### **Table of Contents**
Furthermore, we provide services and solutions either on a time-and-materials basis or on a fixed-price basis. Our pricing is highly dependent on our internal forecasts and predictions about our projects, which might be based on limited data and could turn out to be inaccurate. If we do not accurately estimate the costs and timing for completing projects, our contracts could prove unprofitable for us or yield lower profit margins than anticipated.

**We may not be able to obtain price or volume increases that are necessary to offset the effect of wage inflation and other government mandated cost increases.**

We have experienced wage inflation and other government mandated cost increases in the Asian countries where we have the majority of our operations. In addition, we may experience adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. These global events have put pressure on our profitability and our margins. Although we have tried to partially offset wage increases, foreign currency fluctuations and other such increases through price increases and improving our efficiency, we cannot ensure that we will be able to continue to do so in the future, which could negatively impact our results of operations.

#### Our international operations subject us to currency exchange fluctuations, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Although most of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our revenues are denominated in Canadian dollars, Pound Sterling and Euros. In addition, a significant portion of our expenses, primarily labor expenses in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom and Israel, are incurred in the local currencies of the countries in which we operate. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. denominated transactions into U.S. dollars in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). Fluctuations in the value of these currencies relative to the U.S. dollar have in the past and could in the future continue to have a direct impact on our revenues and our results of operations.

The Philippines, India and Sri Lanka have, at times, experienced high rates of inflation, as well as major fluctuations in the exchange rate between such foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar.

We are also subject to fluctuations in exchange rates that affect the value of funds held by our foreign subsidiaries.

Although we selectively undertake hedging activities to mitigate certain of these risks, our hedging activities may not be effective and may result in losses. See Note 16, "Derivatives," to the consolidated financial statements.

**In the event that the governments of the United States, the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, or other jurisdictions in which we operate change their tax laws, policies, regulations, or interpretations thereof, our tax expense may increase and adversely affect our effective tax rate.**

We are subject to income and other taxes in the United States and several foreign jurisdictions and are periodically subject to examinations or audits by tax authorities. In determining our income tax provision, we are required to make significant judgments and estimates regarding the application and interpretation of tax laws and the expected outcomes of tax matters. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final resolution of tax examinations, audits, or disputes may differ materially from our expectations and could result in increased tax expense or adverse impacts on our results of operations or cash flows.

Changes in statutory tax rates, tax incentives, withholding taxes, or the interpretation or enforcement of tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate could adversely affect our future results of operations.

#### **Table of Contents**
**If tax authorities in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate contest the manner in which we allocate our profits, our net loss could be higher.**

A significant portion of the services we provide to our customers are provided by our Asian subsidiaries located in different jurisdictions. Tax authorities in some of these jurisdictions have from time to time challenged the manner in which we allocate our profits among our subsidiaries, and we may not prevail in any future challenge of this type. If such a challenge were successful, our worldwide effective tax rate could increase, thereby decreasing our profitability.

#### The expiration or termination of our preferential tax rate incentives could adversely affect our results of operations.
Two of our foreign subsidiaries are subject to preferential tax rates. This tax incentive provides that we pay reduced income taxes with respect to those jurisdictions for a fixed period of time. An expiration or termination of these incentives could increase our worldwide effective tax rate, or increase our tax expense, thereby decreasing our net income and adversely affecting our results of operations.

**Our earnings may be adversely affected if we change our intent not to repatriate our foreign earnings and profits or if such earnings and profits become subject to U.S. tax on a current basis.**

A significant portion of our operations are conducted outside the U.S. Despite our access to the overseas earnings, we intend to indefinitely reinvest the foreign earnings in our foreign subsidiaries on account of the foreign jurisdiction withholding tax that the Company has to incur on the actual remittances. Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $58.8 million at December 31, 2025. If such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, the Company would have to accrue as a liability the applicable amount of foreign jurisdiction withholding taxes associated with such remittances.

#### We have not paid any cash dividends in the past, and have no plans to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
We have not paid any cash dividends since our inception and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We expect that our earnings, if any, will be used to finance our growth.

**Risks Related to Litigation and Regulatory Matters**

**We are the subject of continuing litigation, including litigation by certain of our former employees and a putative class action. We are also subject to regulatory investigations.**

In 2008, a judgment was rendered in the Philippines against a Philippine subsidiary of the Company that is no longer active and purportedly also against Innodata Inc., in favor of certain former employees of the Philippine subsidiary. The potential payment amount aggregates to approximately $5.6 million, plus legal interest that accrued at 12% per annum from August 13, 2008 to June 30, 2013, and thereafter accrued and continues to accrue at 6% per annum. The potential payment amount as expressed in U.S. dollars varies with the Philippine peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate. In December 2017, a group of 97 of the former employees of the Philippine subsidiary indicated that they proposed to record the judgment as to themselves in New Jersey. In January 2018, in response to an action initiated by Innodata Inc., the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey ("USDC") entered a preliminary injunction that enjoins these former employees from pursuing or seeking recognition or enforcement of the judgment against Innodata Inc. in the U.S. during the pendency of the action and until further order of the USDC. In June 2018, the USDC entered a consent order administratively closing the action subject to return of the action to the active docket upon the written request of Innodata Inc. or the former employees, with the USDC retaining jurisdiction over the matter and the preliminary injunction remaining in full force and effect. The principal relevant cases in the Philippines are Court of Appeals Case Nos. CA-G.R. SP No. 93295 Innodata Employees Association (IDEA), Eleanor Tolentino, et al. vs. Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al., and CA-G.R. SP No. 90538 Innodata Philippines, Inc. vs. Honorable Acting Secretary Manuel G. Imson, et al. (28 June 2007), the Department of Labor and Employment National Labor Relations Commission, Republic of the Philippines (NLRC-NCR-Case No.07-04713-2002, et al., Innodata Employees Association (IDEA) and Eleanor A. Tolentino, et al. vs. Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al), and the Department of Labor and Employment Office of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Republic of the Philippines (Case No. OS-AJ-0015-2001, In Re: Labor Dispute at Innodata Philippines, Inc.). The U.S. District Court action is Civil Action No.: 2:17-cv-13268-SDW-LDW Innodata Inc. v. Myrna C. Augustin-Simon; et al.

#### **Table of Contents**
In February 2024, David D'Agostino filed a putative class action captioned D'Agostino v. Innodata Inc., et al., in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former officers (the "Securities Class Action"). In October 2024, the presiding judge in the Securities Class Action appointed a lead plaintiff and approved the lead plaintiff's choice of counsel. The Securities Class Action complaint, as amended, asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and it alleges, among other things, that the defendants made false and misleading statements regarding the Company's artificial intelligence ("AI") technology and services. The plaintiff seeks unspecified damages, fees, interest, and costs. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously. On March 7, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Securities Class Action complaint. On April 10, 2025, the plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint to the Securities Class Action complaint (the "Second Amended Complaint") to correct purported typographical errors in the Securities Class Action complaint. On April 11, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. The motion to dismiss is fully briefed and pending with the USDC. The Company cannot predict the outcome of the action at this time and can give no assurance that the asserted claims will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations.

We are also subject to various other legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. While we believe that we have adequate reserves for the losses that we believe are probable and can be reasonably estimated, the ultimate results of legal proceedings and claims cannot be predicted with certainty.

While we currently believe that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or overall trends in our consolidated results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against us in the above-referenced Philippines action could have a material adverse impact on us, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the putative class action or other proceedings could have a material adverse impact on the consolidated operating results of the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs. In addition, our estimate of the potential impact on our consolidated financial position or overall consolidated results of operations for the above-referenced legal proceedings could change in the future. See "Legal Proceedings".

#### Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
**Governmental and customer focus on data security could increase our costs of operations. In addition, any incident in which we fail to protect our customer's information against security breaches may result in monetary damages against us, and termination of our engagement by our customer, and may adversely impact our results of operations.**

Certain laws and regulations regarding data privacy and security affecting our customers impose requirements regarding the privacy and security of information maintained by these customers, as well as notification to persons whose personal information is accessed by an unauthorized third party. As a result of any continuing legislative initiatives and customer demands, we may have to modify our operations with the goal of further improving data security. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations is high and is likely to increase in the future. Any such modifications may result in increased expenses and operating complexity, and we may be unable to increase the rates we charge for our services sufficiently to offset these increases. In addition, as part of the services we perform, we have access to confidential customer data, including personal data. As a result, we are subject to numerous laws and regulations designed to protect this information. We may also be bound by certain customer agreements to use and disclose confidential customer information in a manner consistent with the privacy standards under regulations applicable to such customers. Any failure on our part to comply with these laws and regulations can result in negative publicity and diversion of management's time and effort and may subject us to significant liabilities and other penalties.

#### **Table of Contents**
If customer confidential information is inappropriately disclosed due to a breach of our computer systems, system failures or otherwise, or if any person, including any of our employees, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches controls or procedures with which we are responsible for complying with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we may have substantial liabilities to our customers. Any incidents with respect to the handling of such information could subject us to litigation or indemnification claims with our customers and other parties. In addition, any breach or alleged breach of our confidentiality agreements with our customers may result in termination of their engagements, resulting in associated loss of revenue and increased costs.

#### Our business is subject to applicable laws and regulations relating to foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.
We must comply with all applicable anti-bribery laws and regulations of the U.S. and other jurisdictions where we operate. For example, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 relating to corrupt and illegal payments to government officials and others. Although we have policies and controls in place that are designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, it is possible that an employee or an agent acting on our behalf could fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, and due to the complex nature of the risks, it may not always be possible for us to ascertain compliance with such laws and regulations. In such event, we could be exposed to civil penalties, criminal penalties and other sanctions, including fines or other unintended punitive actions, and we could incur substantial legal fees and related expenses. In addition, such violations could damage our business and/or our reputation. All of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

**The legal and regulatory landscape applicable to artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving in the United States and internationally. Changes to existing laws and regulations or new laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.**

We use machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in our services, platforms and solutions, and we are making investments in expanding our artificial intelligence capabilities, including ongoing deployment and improvement of existing machine learning and AI technologies, as well as developing new product features using AI technologies, including, for example, generative AI. Emerging and proposed regulations and guidance addressing AI governance, model transparency, accountability, safety, data provenance, and human oversight - particularly in connection with high-impact or regulated use cases - may impose additional compliance obligations, increase costs, limit certain business practices, or affect the scope or timing of customer programs. Compliance with these requirements requires ongoing investment in policies, technical controls, and operational processes, and there can be no assurance that future regulatory developments will not materially adversely affect our ability to serve customers across jurisdictions, or our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

#### Anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service our customers.
The issue of outsourcing of services abroad by U.S. companies has been, and continues to be, a topic of political and legislative scrutiny in the U.S. In recent years, certain anti-outsourcing legislation proposals have been introduced, including the Halting International Relocation of Employment Act of 2025 ("HIRE Act") and the No Tax Breaks for Outsourcing Act of 2025, which if enacted, could discourage or penalize the use of offshore service providers or eliminate tax benefits associated with outsourcing activities. Although no such legislation has been enacted to date, additional legislation or regulatory actions could be adopted in the future. The enactment of such laws or regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and could impair our ability to service our customers.

#### Our growth could be hindered by visa restrictions.
Occasionally, we have employees from our other facilities visit or transfer to the U.S. to meet our customers or work on projects at a customer's site. Any visa restrictions or new legislation putting a restriction on issuing visas could affect our business.

#### **Table of Contents**
Immigration and visa laws and regulations in the U.S. and other countries are subject to legislative and administrative changes, as well as changes in the application of standards. Immigration and visa laws and regulations can be significantly affected by political forces and levels of economic activity. Our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected if legislative or administrative changes to immigration or visa laws and regulations impair our ability to staff projects with our professionals who are not citizens of the country where the work is to be performed.

#### New and changing corporate governance and public disclosure requirements add uncertainty to our compliance policies and increase our costs of compliance.
Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to accounting, corporate governance and public disclosure, including SEC regulations and the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, create uncertainty for companies like ours. These laws, regulations and standards may lack specificity and are subject to varying interpretations. Their application in practice may evolve over time, as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs of compliance as a result of revisions to such corporate governance standards.

Although we are committed to maintaining high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure, and complying with evolving laws, regulations and standards, if we fail to comply with new or changed laws, regulations or standards of corporate governance, our business and reputation may be harmed.

#### Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

**Item 1C. Cybersecurity**

**Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy**

We recognize the importance of developing, implementing and maintaining a firm cybersecurity posture to safeguard our information systems, protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our data and mitigate risks associated with cyber threats and attacks.

We are ISO/IEC 27001:2022 certified and the ISO Information Security Risk Management Standard is used as a reference guide for our risk management approach. We have a designated Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) who has primary responsibility for managing our cybersecurity risks. Our CISO has more than 28 years of experience in Information Security and holds a master's degree in Information Technology. His in-depth knowledge and experience are instrumental in developing and executing our cybersecurity strategies. Our CISO is assisted by a team of Information Security Officers (ISOs) and a third-party consultant who has expertise in cybersecurity, information security risk management, and information systems audit and holds various certifications including CISA, CISM, HITRUST Certified Common Security Framework Practitioner, QSA, and CSP.

Recognizing the inherent cybersecurity risks common to any organization, encompassing concerns such as unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential disruptions to business operations from cyber incidents, and the associated financial and reputational impacts arising from a cybersecurity breach, we have implemented comprehensive policies covering various aspects of cybersecurity and information management, including, without limitation, cyber risk management, information security practices, roles and responsibilities, access controls, cryptography, information classification, asset disposal, and vendor management. We periodically review and modify these policies to align with industry practice, trends and evolving threat landscapes. Compliance with these policies is expected from all employees and contractors.

#### **Table of Contents**
We perform periodic assessments for identifying threats and vulnerabilities, covering relevant operational facets, and focusing on identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and treating cyber risks across business functions. Our risk assessment guidelines define risk measurement and prioritization, and consider factors such as likelihood, impact, and potential harm. Mitigation strategies are planned, covering technical and procedural measures, including incident response plans.

*Incident Response*

We maintain a comprehensive incident response plan. Key components include regular updates to ensure effectiveness, employee training programs, and establishing communication channels and relevant systems for proper incident reporting and logging procedures. Communication and notification protocols are defined for notifying third parties such as regulatory bodies, customers, and partners. Recovery strategies are developed for restoring normal operations, and post-incident analysis is conducted to identify lessons learned and improvements for future incident response efforts. The incident response plan also outlines procedures for prompt detection, response, and remediation efforts to minimize the impact of incidents.

Incident materiality is assessed through a collaborative process involving key personnel within our organization. Responsibility for conducting a materiality assessment lies with our management team, in consultation with advice from our third-party cybersecurity consultant, as appropriate. The materiality assessment considers various factors, including financial impact, reputational risk, regulatory implications, and potential harm to third parties. Upon completion of the materiality assessment, the disclosure of incidents, including those related to contractual, regulatory, or technology/security aspects, is handled by designated members of our senior management team. We consult with outside counsel or experts as appropriate, including on materiality analysis and disclosure matters.

As of the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025, there have been no identified cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

*Engagement of Third Parties*

Recognizing the complexity and evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, we have engaged a third-party consultant to assist with evaluating and testing our risk management approach. This enables us to leverage specialized knowledge and insights in connection with our cybersecurity strategies and processes.

*Strategy*

To enhance our current cybersecurity posture, we continue to invest in advanced threat detection technologies, provide cybersecurity training based on the latest trends and guidance to the employees, collaborate with industry partners and regulatory bodies to stay informed about emerging threats, reinforce our cybersecurity incident response plan to align with industry-specific regulations and legal obligations, integrate threat intelligence feeds for automatic detection of any misconfigurations, security threats, and foster a collaborative, cross-functional, and accelerated approach to incident response.

**Cybersecurity Governance**

Our Board of Directors is aware of the critical nature of managing the risks associated with cybersecurity threats. The Board of Directors has established oversight mechanisms to ensure effective governance in managing these risks.

*Board of Director Oversight*

Our Audit Committee has primary responsibility for overseeing risk management, including with respect to cybersecurity. The Audit Committee monitors management's compliance, and reports to the Board of Directors. The CISO, who is responsible for developing our cybersecurity strategy and managing our cybersecurity risks, reports directly to the Audit Committee on these matters.

*Management's Role*

Our cybersecurity governance framework incorporates policies, procedures, regular meetings, and controls to manage and mitigate cybersecurity risks. Aligned with industry standards and regulatory requirements, the framework is overseen and regularly evaluated by our leadership team responsible for implementation. Regular risk assessments are conducted to identify and assess potential cybersecurity risks, informing the development of proactive risk mitigation strategies within the governance framework.

The governance framework is closely integrated via a structured compliance reporting framework operating across various governance levels. This framework also operates across geographic locations, with location specific compliance meetings conducted at a local management level and led by the CISO with assistance from the ISO team. This structured compliance reporting is intended to ensure that the highest levels of management are kept abreast of potential cybersecurity risks facing the Company, with the escalation of significant cybersecurity matters to the Audit Committee and ultimately to the Board of Directors, as appropriate.

Notwithstanding the extensive approach we take to cybersecurity, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. While we maintain cybersecurity insurance, the costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured. See Item 1A. "Risk Factors" for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.

#### Item 2. Properties.
We maintain leased property in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, which is our headquarters, and in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Israel and Germany. The square footage of all our leased properties totals approximately 205,000. Our leased properties in the United States, Philippines, Germany and Israel are primarily used by our DDS segment; our leased property in India and Sri Lanka is primarily used by our DDS and Synodex segments and our leased property in Canada is primarily used by our Agility Segment. Our leased property in the United States is our corporate headquarters and is used by all segments.

In addition, we may need to lease additional property in the future. We believe that we will be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms on an "as needed" basis.

#### Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
Reference is made to Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies - Litigation," to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Report, which is incorporated by reference herein.

#### Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### PART II

#### Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
**Holders of Record**

Innodata Inc. (the "Company") Common Stock is quoted on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol "INOD". On February 8, 2026, there were 47 stockholders of record of the Company's Common Stock based on information provided by the Company's transfer agent. The number of stockholders of record is based upon the actual number of holders registered at such date and does not include holders of shares in "street names" or persons, partnerships, associates, corporations, or other entities identified in security position listings maintained by depositories.

**Dividends**

We have not paid any cash dividends since our inception. We anticipate that we will retain earnings, if any, to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future.

**Purchase or Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities**

We did not purchase any shares of our common stock during the year ended December 31, 2025.

We did not have any sales of unregistered equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2025.

**Item 6.** [Reserved]

#### **Table of Contents**

#### Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report. In addition to historical information, this discussion includes forward-looking information that involves risks and assumptions based upon management's current expectations. Our actual results could differ materially from the results referred to in any forward-looking statement. See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" included elsewhere in this Report.

#### Executive Overview
We are a global data engineering company. We operate in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions (DDS), Synodex and Agility.

The following table sets forth certain financial data for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *(Dollars in millions)* | *(Dollars in millions)* | *(Dollars in millions)* | *(Dollars in millions)* |
|  | **Years Ended December 31,**  | **Years Ended December 31,**  | **Years Ended December 31,**  | **Years Ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **% of revenue** | **2024** | **% of revenue** |
| Revenues | $251.7 | 100.0% | $170.5 | 100.0% |
| Direct operating costs | 152.2 | 60.5% | 103.4 | 60.7% |
| Gross Profit | $99.5 | 39.5% | $67.1 | 39.4% |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 59.6 | 23.7% | 42.7 | 25.0% |
| Income from operations | 39.9 | 15.8% | 24.4 | 14.3% |
| Interest income, net | (1.6) |  | (0.1) |  |
| Income before provision for income taxes | 41.4 |  | 24.5 |  |
| Provision for income taxes | 9.2 |  | (4.2) |  |
| Net Income | $32.2 |  | $28.7 |  |

---

For a summary of our Significant Accounting Estimates and Policies, please refer to Note 1 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements, which are included elsewhere in this Report.

**Non-GAAP Financial Measures**

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP ("GAAP"), we provide certain non-GAAP financial information. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures assist investors in making comparisons of period-to-period operating results. In some respects, management believes non-GAAP financial measures are more indicative of our ongoing core operating performance than their GAAP equivalents by making adjustments that management believes are reflective of the ongoing performance of the business.

We believe that the presentation of this non-GAAP financial information provides investors a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position, and prospects for the future, particularly by providing the same information that management and our Board of Directors use to evaluate our performance and manage the business. However, the non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have certain limitations in that they do not reflect all of the costs associated with the operations of our business as determined in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, investors should consider non-GAAP financial measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, or as superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Further, the non-GAAP financial measures that we present may differ from similar non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.

*Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin*

We define Adjusted Gross Profit as revenues less direct operating costs attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries in accordance with GAAP, plus depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, stock-based compensation, non-recurring severance and other one-time costs.

#### **Table of Contents**
We define Adjusted Gross Margin by dividing Adjusted Gross Profit over total GAAP revenues.

We use Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin to evaluate results of operations and trends between fiscal periods and believe that these measures are important components of our internal performance measurement process.

The following table contains a reconciliation of Gross Profit and Gross Margin in accordance with the GAAP attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries to Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **Consolidated** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries | $99479 | $67074 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 6812 | 5705 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 1741 | 281 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**108032** | $**73060** |
| Gross Margin | 40% | 39% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 43% | 43% |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **DDS Segment** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to DDS Segment | $85404 | $52912 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 3210 | 2133 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 1699 | 252 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**90313** | $**55297** |
| Gross Margin | 39% | 37% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 41% | 39% |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **Synodex Segment** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to Synodex Segment | $1325 | $2101 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 455 | 503 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 1 | 2 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**1781** | $**2606** |
| Gross Margin | 18% | 27% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 24% | 33% |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **Agility Segment** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Profit attributable to Agility Segment | $12750 | $12061 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 3147 | 3069 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 41 | 27 |
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $**15938** | $**15157** |
| Gross Margin | 54% | 56% |
| Adjusted Gross Margin | 68% | 71% |

---

*Adjusted EBITDA*

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries in accordance with GAAP before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization of intangible assets (which derives EBITDA), plus additional adjustments for loss on impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, stock-based compensation, income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests, non-recurring severance, and other one-time costs. We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate core results of operations and trends between fiscal periods and believe that these measures are important components of our internal performance measurement process.

The following table contains a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Innodata Inc. and its subsidiaries to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **Consolidated** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries | $32181 | $28660 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes  | 9244 | (4190) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest(income) expense, net | (1552) | 287 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 6889 | 5796 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 11144 | 3998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-controlling interests | - | 15 |
| Adjusted EBITDA - Consolidated | $57906 | $34566 |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **DDS Segment** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income attributable to DDS Segment | $31822 | $25446 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes  | 9133 | (4081) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest (income) expense, net | (1553) | 283 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 3287 | 2224 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 10370 | 3896 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-controlling interests | - | 15 |
| Adjusted EBITDA - DDS Segment | $53059 | $27783 |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **Synodex Segment** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income attributable to Synodex Segment | $626 | $1908 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 455 | 503 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 254 | (99) |
| Adjusted EBITDA - Synodex Segment | $1335 | $2312 |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| **Agility Segment** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Agility Segment | $(267) | $1306 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for income taxes  | 111 | (109) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | 1 | 4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 3147 | 3069 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 520 | 201 |
| Adjusted EBITDA - Agility Segment | $3512 | $4471 |

---

#### Results of Operations
Amounts in the MD&A below are after elimination of any inter-segment profit and have been rounded. All percentages have been calculated using rounded amounts.

#### Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2024
*Revenues*

Total revenues were $251.7 million and $170.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $81.2 million or approximately 48%.

Revenues from the DDS segment were $220.9 million and $141.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $79.8 million or approximately 57%. Revenues increased primarily due to higher volume of our data engineering and AI systems services.

Revenues from the Synodex segment were $7.3 million and $7.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a decrease of $0.6 million or approximately 8%. The decrease was primarily attributable to termination of a customer contract.

Revenues from the Agility segment were $23.5 million and $21.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $2.0 million or approximately 9%. The increase was primarily attributable to higher volumes from subscriptions to our Agility AI-enabled industry platform.

One customer in the DDS segment generated approximately 58% and 48% of the Company's total revenues in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, revenues from non-U.S. customers accounted for 16% and 21%, respectively, of the Company's revenues.

*Direct Operating Costs*

Direct operating costs consist of direct and indirect labor costs, occupancy costs, data center hosting fees, cloud services, content acquisition costs, depreciation and amortization, travel, telecommunications, computer services and supplies, realized (gain) loss on forward contracts, foreign currency revaluation (gain) loss, recruitment costs and other direct expenses that are incurred in providing services to our customers.

Direct operating costs were $152.2 million and $103.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $48.8 million or approximately 47%. The cost increase was primarily attributable to an expanded workforce required to support higher volumes of data engineering and AI systems services.

The increase in direct operating costs includes $42.5 million from direct and indirect labor-related costs, primarily driven by new hires, incentive compensation, and salary increases. Additional increases included cloud service subscriptions of $3.3 million, driven by increased cloud usage and data processing requirements in support of higher revenues from expanded delivery and support activities, depreciation and amortization of capitalized developed software of $1.1 million, content-related costs of $1.0 million, shipping costs of $0.6 million, travel and related costs of $0.3 million, occupancy-related costs of $0.3 million, the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations of $0.3 million, and other direct operating costs of $0.3 million, offset in part by a reduction in recruitment fees of $0.9 million. Direct operating costs as a percentage of total revenues were 60% and 61% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in direct operating costs as a percentage of total revenues was primarily attributable to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by increased direct operating costs across all segments.

Direct operating costs for the DDS segment were $135.4 million and $88.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $47.2 million or approximately 54%. The cost increase was primarily attributable to an expanded workforce required to support higher volumes of data engineering and AI systems services.

#### **Table of Contents**
The increase in direct operating costs includes $42.6 million from direct and indirect labor-related costs, primarily driven by new hires, incentive compensation, and salary increases. Additional increases included cloud service subscriptions of $2.9 million, driven by increased cloud usage and data processing requirements in support of higher revenues from expanded delivery and support activities, depreciation and amortization of capitalized developed software of $1.0 million, shipping costs of $0.6 million, travel and related costs of $0.3 million, occupancy-related costs of $0.3 million, the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations of $0.2 million, and other direct operating costs of $0.3 million, offset in part by a reduction in recruitment fees of $1.0 million. Direct operating costs for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were approximately 61% and 63% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in direct operating costs as a percentage of DDS segment revenues was primarily attributable to higher revenues, offset in part by increased direct operating costs.

Direct operating costs for the Synodex segment were approximately $6.0 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $0.2 million or approximately 3%. The increase in direct operating costs is due to higher cloud service subscriptions of $0.2 million. Direct operating costs for the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues were approximately 82% and 73% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in direct operating costs of the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues was due to higher direct operating costs and lower revenues.

Direct operating costs for the Agility segment were approximately $10.8 million and $9.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $1.4 million or approximately 15%. The increase in direct operating costs was a result of higher content costs of $1.0 million, cloud service subscriptions of $0.2 million, depreciation and amortization of capitalized developed software of $0.1 million, recruitment fees of $0.1 million, and an unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations of $0.1 million, offset in part by lower incentives of $0.1 million. Direct operating costs for the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues were approximately 46% and 44% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in direct operating costs of the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues was due to higher direct operating costs offset by higher revenues.

*Gross Profit and Gross Margin*

Gross profit is derived from revenues less direct operating costs, while Gross margin as a percentage is derived by dividing gross profit over revenues.

Gross profit was $99.5 million and $67.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $32.4 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments. Gross margin was 40% and 39% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments.

Gross profit for the DDS segment was $85.5 million and $52.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $32.6 million increase in gross profit for the DDS segment was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Gross margin for the DDS segment was 39% and 37% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in gross margin for the DDS segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

Gross profit for the Synodex segment was $1.3 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.8 million decrease in gross profit for the Synodex segment was primarily due to lower revenues and higher direct operating costs. Gross margin for the Synodex segment was 18% and 27% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in gross margin for the Synodex segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to lower revenues and higher direct operating costs.

Gross profit for the Agility segment was $12.7 million and $12.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.6 million increase in gross profit for the Agility segment was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Gross margin for the Agility segment was 54% and 56% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in gross margin for the Agility segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher direct operating costs offset by higher revenues.

*Selling and Administrative Expenses*

Selling and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related costs including commissions, bonuses, and stock-based compensation; marketing, advertising, trade conferences and related expenses; new services research and related software development expenses; software and cloud service subscriptions; professional and consultant fees; provision for credit losses; and other administrative overhead expenses.

Selling and administrative expenses were approximately $59.6 million and $42.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $16.9 million or approximately 40%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses were primarily due to continued investments in growth-oriented and capability-building functions. In addition, labor costs increased as we invested in sales, account management, and marketing resources to support new customer acquisition, expand relationships with existing customers, and strengthen our market presence through solution design, go-to-market execution, and thought leadership initiatives.

The increase in selling and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to increased selling, marketing, and administrative payroll and related expenses of $13.0 million, driven by new hires, salary increases, incentives, and bonuses. Additional increases included professional and recruitment fees of $2.4 million, business software subscriptions of $0.8 million, travel and entertainment costs of $0.8 million, marketing-related expenses of $0.3 million, offset in part by a decrease in the provision for credit losses of $0.4 million. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues were approximately 24% and 25% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues was primarily attributable to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by increased selling and administrative expenses across all segments.

Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment were approximately $46.0 million and $31.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 respectively, an increase of $14.4 million or 46%. The increase in selling and administrative labor costs were primarily due to continued investments in growth-oriented and capability-building functions. We expanded research and development, platform engineering, and Technology Practices teams to support ongoing product innovation, platform scalability, and the development of new AI capabilities in areas such as model evaluation, trust and safety, and enterprise deployment. In addition, labor costs increased as we invested in sales, account management, and marketing resources to support new customer acquisition, expand relationships with existing customers, and strengthen our market presence through solution design, go-to-market execution, and thought leadership initiatives. These investments are intended to support both current customer programs and anticipated future demand as AI adoption continues to mature.

The increase in selling and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to increased selling, marketing, and administrative payroll and related expenses of $10.7 million, driven by new hires, salary increases, incentives, and bonuses. Additional increases included professional and recruitment fees of $2.2 million, business software subscriptions of $0.7 million, travel and entertainment costs of $0.7 million, marketing-related expenses of $0.4 million, offset in part by a decrease in the provision for credit losses of $0.3 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were approximately 21% and 22% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in selling and administrative expenses of the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues was primarily attributable to higher revenues, offset in part by higher selling and administrative expenses.

Selling and administrative expenses for the Synodex segment were $0.7 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $0.5 million or approximately 250%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses reflects, in part, a non-recurring reversal of previously accrued performance-based stock compensation of approximately $0.3 million in 2024; spend in selling and marketing related expenses in 2025 of approximately $0.2 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues were approximately 10% and 3% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of the Synodex segment as a percentage of Synodex segment revenues was primarily attributable to higher selling and administrative expenses and lower revenues.

Selling and administrative expenses for the Agility segment were $12.9 million and $10.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, an increase of $2.0 million or approximately 18%. The increase in selling and administrative expenses includes higher selling and administrative payroll and related expenses of $1.7 million, primarily on account of new hires and salary increases. Additional increases included professional and recruitment fees of $0.2 million, business software subscriptions of $0.1 million, travel and entertainment costs of $0.1 million, and other selling and administrative expenses of $0.1 million, offset in part by a decrease in provision for credit losses of $0.1 million and marketing-related expenses of $0.1 million. Selling and administrative expenses for the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues were approximately 55% and 51% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of the Agility segment as a percentage of Agility segment revenues was primarily due to higher selling and administrative expenses, offset by higher revenues.

*Goodwill Impairment*

*As of September 30, 2025, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment analysis for the Agility segment. It involved a quantitative goodwill impairment test and estimated the fair value based on a combination of the income approach (estimates of future discounted cash flows) and the market approach (market multiples for similar companies) using unobservable inputs (Level 3). The income approach uses a discounted cash flow ("DCF") method that utilizes the present value of cash flows to estimate the segment's fair value. The future cash flows of the segment were projected based on the Company's estimates of future revenues, operating income, and other factors such as working capital and capital expenditures. As part of the DCF analysis, the Company projected revenue and operating profits and assumed long-term revenue growth rates in the terminal year. The market approach utilizes multiples of revenues and earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") to estimate the segment's fair value. The market multiples used for the segment were based on a group of comparable companies' market multiples applied to the Company's revenue. The Company concluded that there is no impairment of goodwill.*

*Income Taxes*

Income taxes primarily consist of provisions for U.S. federal, state income taxes and foreign income taxes recorded by the Company's subsidiaries in accordance with applicable tax laws and regulations.

We recorded a provision for income taxes of approximately $9.2 million and a benefit from income taxes of $4.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company's effective income tax rate was 22.3%, compared to the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21%. The increase primarily reflects the impact of state and local income taxes, net of federal benefit, foreign income taxed at rates different from the U.S. statutory rate, and permanent differences, including non-deductible stock-based compensation resulting from the executive compensation limitations under Section 162(m). These impacts were partially offset by tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation, state tax true-ups, and other items. Additional differences resulted from cross-border tax effects, withholding taxes, deemed interest, and changes in unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company elected to prospectively adopt the guidance in ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". The following table reconciles the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to the Company's effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 in accordance with the guidance in ASU No. 2023-09 (In thousands, except percentages):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Amount** | **Percentage** |
| **Income before provision for income taxes** | $41425 | - |
| **U.S. Federal Statutory Tax Rate at 21%** | 8699 | 21.0% |
| **State and Local Income Taxes, Net of Federal Income Tax Effect** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other State Tax Expense \* | 1200 | 2.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State True up | (499) | (1.2) |
| **Foreign Tax Effects** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;India | 1048 | 2.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | (876) | (2.1) |
| **Effects of Changes in Tax Laws or Rates Enacted in the Current Period** |  |  |
| **Effect of Cross-border Tax Laws** | 225 | 0.5 |
| **Non-taxable or Non-deductible Items** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock Compensation | (7454) | (18.0) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sec. 162(m) | 6870 | 16.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Withholding Tax | (624) | (1.5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deemed Interest | 839 | 2.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 20 | 0.0 |
| **Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits** | (225) | (0.5) |
| **Other Adjustments** | 21 | 0.1 |
| **Income tax expense** | $9244 | 22.3% |
| **Effective income tax rate** | 22.3% |  |

---

\* State taxes in California, Florida, Minnesota, New York, Pensylvania and Texas comprise the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category.

The reconciliation of the U.S. statutory rate of 21% to the Company's effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 in accordance with ASC 740 Income taxes prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2023-09 is summarized as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**<br>**December 31** |
|  | **2024** |
| Federal income tax expense at statutory rate | 21.0% |
| Effect of: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Section 162 (m) | 57.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) | 3.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tax effects of foreign operations | 1.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Return to provision true up | 0.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign operations permanent differences - foreign exchange gains and losses | 0.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Withholding tax | 0.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deemed interest | (0.6) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign rate differential | (0.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State income tax net of federal benefit | (1.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Increase (decrease) in unrecognized tax benefits (ASC 740) | (3.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in valuation allowance | (30.7) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Effect of stock-based compensation | (64.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 0.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Effective tax rate | (17.1)% |

---

The estimated annual effective tax rate applied to the year ended December 31, 2024 is lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% principally due to the effect of stock-based compensation and the release of the U.S. valuation allowance, offset in part by IRS section 162(m) adjustments.

The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the foreign earnings of its foreign subsidiaries. Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $58.8 million at December 31, 2025. If such earnings are repatriated in the future or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, the Company would have to accrue the applicable amount of foreign jurisdiction withholding taxes associated with such remittances.

We have a remaining valuation allowance on all the deferred tax assets of our Canadian subsidiary in the Agility segment. This Canadian subsidiary also has research and development credits available to reduce taxable income in future years, which may be carried forward indefinitely. The potential benefits from these balances have not been recognized for financial statement purposes.

*Net Income*

Net income was $32.2 million and $28.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $3.5 million increase was due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments and higher interest income, offset in part by higher direct operating costs, higher selling and administrative expenses in all segments, and an increase in the income tax provision in the current fiscal year.

Net income for the DDS segment was $31.9 million and $25.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $6.5 million increase was primarily attributable to higher revenues and higher interest income, offset in part by higher direct operating costs, higher selling and administrative expenses, and an increase in the income tax provision in the current fiscal year.

Net income for the Synodex segment was $0.6 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $1.3 million decrease was due to lower revenues, higher direct operating costs and higher selling and administrative expenses in the current fiscal year.

The Agility segment had a net loss of $0.3 million and net income of $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $1.6 million change was due to higher selling and administrative expenses, and higher direct operating costs, offset in part by higher revenues in the current fiscal year.

*Earnings per share*

Basic and diluted earnings per share were $1.01 and $0.92, respectively, compared to $0.98 and $0.89, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a per share increase of $0.03 for both basic and diluted earnings per share. Despite the prior year tax benefit related to the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, earnings per share increased for the year due to improved profitability and operating leverage, reflecting higher revenues and cost efficiencies across the business.

*Adjusted Gross Profit and Margin*

Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For a reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, please see the description of "Non-GAAP Financial Measures – Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Margin" above.

Adjusted gross profit was $108.0 million and $73.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $34.9 million increase in adjusted gross profit was primarily due to higher revenues in the DDS and Agility segments, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in all segments. Adjusted gross margin was 43% for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Adjusted gross profit for the DDS segment was $90.3 million and $55.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $35.0 million increase in adjusted gross profit for the DDS segment was due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the DDS segment was 41% and 39% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in adjusted gross margin for the DDS segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs in the current fiscal year.

Adjusted gross profit for the Synodex segment was $1.8 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.8 million decrease in adjusted gross profit in the Synodex segment was due to lower revenues and higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the Synodex segment was 24% and 33% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in adjusted gross margin for the Synodex segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to lower revenues and higher direct operating costs.

Adjusted gross profit for the Agility segment was $15.9 million and $15.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $0.7 million increase in adjusted gross profit for the Agility segment was due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs. Adjusted gross margin for the Agility segment was 68% and 71% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in adjusted gross margin for the Agility segment as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to higher revenues, offset in part by higher direct operating costs.

*Adjusted EBITDA*

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, please see the description of "Non-GAAP Financial Measures – Adjusted EBITDA" above.

Adjusted EBITDA was $57.9 million and $34.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $23.3 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA was due to higher net income, a higher income tax provision, higher stock-based compensation, and higher depreciation and amortization, offset in part by higher interest income in the current fiscal year.

Adjusted EBITDA for the DDS segment was $53.1 million and $27.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $25.3 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA in the DDS Segment was due to higher net income, a higher income tax provision, higher stock-based compensation, and higher depreciation and amortization, offset in part by higher interest income in the current fiscal year.

Adjusted EBITDA for the Synodex segment was $1.3 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $1.0 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA in the Synodex segment was due to lower net income, offset in part by higher stock-based compensation in the current fiscal year.

Adjusted EBITDA for the Agility segment was $3.5 million and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $1.0 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA in the Agility segment was due to the net loss in the current period compared to the net income in the comparative period, higher stock-based compensation and a higher income tax provision in the current fiscal year.

#### Liquidity and Capital Resources
Selected measures of liquidity and capital resources, expressed in thousands, are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $82230 | $46897 |
| Working capital | 84862 | 41494 |

---

At December 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $82.2 million, of which $28.2 million was held by its foreign subsidiaries and $54.0 million was held in the United States.

We have used, and plan to use, our cash and cash equivalents for (i) capital investments; (ii) the expansion of our operations; (iii) technology innovation; (iv) product management and strategic marketing; (v) general corporate purposes, including working capital; and (vi) possible business acquisitions. As of December 31, 2025, we had working capital of approximately $84.9 million, as compared to working capital of approximately $41.5 million as of December 31, 2024. The increase in working capital is due to increased collections from higher revenues, offset by capital expenditures during the period to build future capacity.

We did not have any material commitments for capital expenditures as of December 31, 2025.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to satisfy our financial needs for at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these financial statements and thereafter for the foreseeable future.

We maintain a revolving line of credit facility. See Note 16, Line of Credit, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference herein.

On August 8, 2024, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-281379) (the "Form S-3"), as amended on September 16, 2024, and declared effective on October 10, 2024, with the SEC, which includes a base prospectus that allows us to offer and sell, from time to time, in one or more offerings, common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants or units up to an aggregate public offering price of $50.0 million. The Form S-3 is intended to preserve our flexibility to raise capital from time to time, if and when needed.

#### **Table of Contents**
*Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities*

Cash provided by our operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $46.8 million resulting from our net income of $32.2 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $23.6 million and a decrease in working capital of $9.0 million. Refer to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for further details.

Cash provided by our operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $34.9 million resulting from our net income of $28.7 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $5.9 million and an increase in working capital of $0.3 million. Refer to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for further details.

Our days' sales outstanding were 54 days and 45 days for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We calculate DSO by first dividing the total revenues for the period by average net accounts receivable, which is the average of net accounts receivable at the beginning of the period and net accounts receivable at the end of the period, to yield an amount we refer to as the "accounts receivable turnover". Then we divide the total number of days within the period reported by the accounts receivable turnover to yield DSO expressed in number of days.

*Net Cash Used in Investing Activities*

Cash used in our investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $11.1 million. These capital expenditures were principally for the purchase of technology equipment including servers, network infrastructure and workstations, and expenditures for capitalized developed software. Capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2025 consisted of $7.3 million for the DDS segment, $2.5 million for the Agility segment and $1.3 million for the Synodex segment.

Cash used in our investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $7.7 million. These capital expenditures were principally for the purchase of technology equipment including servers, network infrastructure and workstations, and expenditures for capitalized developed software. Capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of $4.6 million for the DDS segment, $2.1 million for the Agility segment and $1.0 million for the Synodex segment.

For calendar year 2026, we anticipate that capital expenditures for ongoing technology, equipment, new platform development, and infrastructure upgrades will approximate to $12.1 million, a portion of which we may finance.

*Net Cash Provided by (used in) Financing Activities*

Net Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $0.4 million, primarily from withholding taxes on net settlement of restricted stock awards of $3.3 million and payment of long-term obligations of $0.4 million, offset in part by proceeds of stock option exercises of $3.3 million.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $6.2 million, primarily from proceeds of stock option exercises of $6.7 million, offset in part by payment of long-term obligations of $0.4 million and withholding taxes on net settlement of restricted stock awards of $0.1 million.

#### Inflation, Seasonality and Prevailing Economic Conditions
Although most of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, a portion of our revenue is denominated in Canadian dollars, Pound Sterling and Euros. In addition, a significant portion of our expenses, primarily labor expenses in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Canada and Israel, are incurred in the local currencies of the countries in which we operate. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. denominated transactions into U.S. dollars in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Thus, we are exposed to the risk that fluctuations in the value of these currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could have a direct impact on our revenues and our results of operations.

#### **Table of Contents**
The Philippines and India have at times experienced high rates of inflation as well as major fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Philippine peso and the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar. Canada has also experienced fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and U.S. dollar. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate notional amount of our hedges was $19.7 million consisting of approximately $8.6 million against the Philippine peso and $11.1 million against the Indian rupee.

Fluctuations in exchange rates also affect the value of funds held by our foreign subsidiaries. We do not currently intend to hedge these assets.

Our most significant costs are the salaries and related benefits of our employees. We are exposed to high inflation in wage rates in some of the countries in which we operate. We generally perform work for our customers under project-specific contracts, requirements-based contracts or long-term contracts. We must adequately anticipate wage increases, particularly on our fixed-price contracts. There can be no assurance that we will be able to recover cost increases through increases in the prices that we charge for our services to our customers.

Our quarterly operating results are subject to certain fluctuations. We experience fluctuations in our revenues and earnings as we replace and begin new projects, which may have some normal start-up delays, or we may be unable to replace a project entirely. These and other factors may contribute to fluctuations in our operating results from quarter to quarter. In addition, as some of our Asian facilities are closed during holidays in the fourth quarter, we typically incur higher wages, due to overtime, that reduces our margins.

Our Synodex subsidiary experiences seasonal fluctuations in revenues. Typically, revenue is lowest in the third quarter of the calendar year and highest in the fourth quarter of the calendar year. The seasonality is directly linked to the number of life insurance applications received by the insurance companies.

#### Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

#### Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
See Financial Statement Index and Financial Statements commencing on page F-1, which are incorporated by reference herein.

#### Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.

#### Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

#### Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision, and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), as of December 31, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

#### **Table of Contents**
**Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting** 

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and disposition of assets; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of company assets are made in accordance with management and director authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of company assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected.

Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in *Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) -* issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management's report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

#### Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

#### Item 9B. Other information.
***Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans*** 

During the quarter ended December 31, 2025, none of the Company's directors or officers informed the Company of the adoption or termination of a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408.

**Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections**

None.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### PART III

#### Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information called for by Items 401, 405, if required, and 407(c)(3), (d)(4) and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K, including information about our directors and executive officers, is incorporated by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company's 2025 fiscal year.

The Company has a code of ethics that applies to all of its employees, officers, and directors, including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer and corporate controller. The text of the Company's code of ethics is posted on our website at www.innodata.com under the subheading "Governance". The Company intends to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of the code of ethics for executive officers and directors in accordance with applicable Nasdaq and SEC requirements.

The information presented on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the reference to our website is intended to be an inactive textual reference only.

Our Insider Trading Policy governs transactions in our securities by our directors, officers and employees and is designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibit 19.

#### Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information called for by Item 11 is incorporated by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company's 2025 fiscal year.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
**Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans**

The following table sets forth the aggregate information for the Company's equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2025:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Plan Category** | **Number of Securities** <br>**to be Issued Upon** <br>**Exercise of** <br>**Outstanding Options,**<br>**Warrants and Rights** | <br>**Weighted-Average** <br>**Exercise Price of** <br>**Outstanding Options,**<br> **Warrants and Rights**<sup>(3)</sup> | **Number of Securities** <br>**Remaining Available** <br>**for Future Issuance** <br>**Under Equity** <br>**Compensation Plans** |
|  | **(a)** | **(b)** | **(c)** |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders <sup>(1)</sup> | 2639893 | $3.45 | - |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders <sup>(2)</sup> | 1731157 | $21.83 | 746241 |
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | - | - | - |
| Total | 4371050 |  | 746241 |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> 2013 Stock Plan, approved by stockholders, see Note 11, "Stock Based Compensation", to the consolidated financial statements.

<sup>(2)</sup> 2021 Equity Compensation Plan, approved by stockholders, see Note 11, "Stock Based Compensation", to the consolidated financial statements.

<sup>(3)</sup> Restricted stock units were excluded when determining the weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights.

The information called for under Item 403 of Regulation S-K by Item 12 is incorporated by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company's 2025 fiscal year.

#### Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information called for by Item 13 is incorporated by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company's 2025 fiscal year.

#### Item 14. Principal Accountant's Fees and Services.
The information called for by Item 14 is incorporated by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company's 2025 fiscal year.

#### **Table of Contents**
**PART IV**

#### Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)(1) Financial Statements. The following Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting firm, consolidated financial statements, and accompanying notes are included in Item 8. Index to Financial Statements:

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms.

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(a)(2)Exhibits - See Exhibit Index attached hereto, which is incorporated by reference herein.

#### Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| INNODATA INC. | INNODATA INC. |
| By: | /s/ Jack S. Abuhoff |
|  | Jack S. Abuhoff |
|  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman |
|  | February 26, 2026 |

---

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Signature | Title | Date |
| /s/ Jack S. Abuhoff | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman | February 26, 2026 |
| Jack S. Abuhoff | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
| /s/ Marissa B. Espineli | Interim Chief Financial Officer | February 26, 2026 |
| Marissa B. Espineli | (Principal Financial Officer and<br>Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
| /s/ Daniel H. (Don) Callahan | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| Daniel H. Callahan |  |  |
| /s/ Richard D. Clarke | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| Richard D. Clarke |  |  |
| /s/ Louise C. Forlenza | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| Louise C. Forlenza |  |  |
| /s/ Stewart R. Massey | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| Stewart R. Massey |  |  |

---

#### **Table of Contents**
**INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**

**INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **PAGE** |
| [Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](#ReportofIndependentRegisteredPublicAccou) (BDO India Services Private Limited; Mumbai, India; PCAOB ID#6074) | F-2 |
| [Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETS_272503) | F-4 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFOPERATIONSANDCOM) | F-5 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFSTOCKHOLDERSEQUI) | F-6 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024](#CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCASHFLOWS_654384) | F-7 |
| [Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#a1DescriptionofBusinessandSummaryofSigni) | F-8 |

---

#### Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

#### Shareholders and Board of Directors

#### Innodata Inc.

#### Ridgefield Park, New Jersey

#### Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
**We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Innodata Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.**

#### Basis for Opinion
**These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.**

**We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.**

**Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.**

**Critical Audit Matter**

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

#### **Table of Contents**
***Revenues***

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in the note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's revenue is recognized when services are rendered or goods are delivered to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services or goods as per the agreement with the customer. The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures related to revenue recognition is a critical audit matter is the high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to the Company's revenue recognition.

**How the matter was addressed in our audit:**

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included, among others:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Testing the design and operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the revenue process.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Testing revenue recognized for a sample of revenue transactions by inspecting source documents, such as customer contracts, invoices, approval of project managers on quantities delivered and cash receipts.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) Confirming a sample of outstanding customer balances as of November 30, 2025 and inspecting source documents, such as subsequent cash receipt, customer contracts, invoices and approvals on quantity delivered, for confirmations not returned, and also performing roll forward procedures such as a reconciliation of customer outstanding balances and testing of transactions from the source documents on a sample basis in the roll forward period (i.e., November 30, to December 31, 2025).

**/s/ BDO India Services Private Limited (Predecessor Firm BDO India LLP)**

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.

Mumbai, India

February 26, 2026

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

#### DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**(in thousands)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |
| **Current assets:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $82230 | $46897 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses | 46510 | 28013 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 6654 | 6090 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 135394 | 81000 |
| Property and equipment, net | 7966 | 4101 |
| Right-of-use-asset, net | 4094 | 4238 |
| Other assets | 1648 | 1267 |
| Deferred income taxes, net | 3429 | 7492 |
| Intangibles, net | 13983 | 13353 |
| Goodwill | 2079 | 1998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total assets | $168593 | $113449 |
| **LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY** |  |  |
| **Current liabilities:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $9615 | $4554 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses  | 9612 | 4891 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued salaries, wages and related benefits | 16480 | 13836 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenues  | 7493 | 8010 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Income and other taxes | 4471 | 5695 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term obligations - current portion | 1659 | 1643 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liability - current portion | 1202 | 877 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total current liabilities | 50532 | 39506 |
| Deferred income taxes, net | 146 | 32 |
| Long-term obligations, net of current portion | 7625 | 6744 |
| Operating lease liability, net of current portion | 3228 | 3778 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | 61531 | 50060 |
| **Commitments and contingencies** | - | - |
| **STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY**: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Serial preferred stock; 4,998 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding  | - | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $.01 par value; 75,000 shares authorized; 35,521 shares issued and 32,337 outstanding at December 31, 2025 and 34,484 shares issued and 31,300 outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 355 | 345 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 64213 | 53085 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Retained earnings | 51158 | 18977 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (2116) | (2470) |
|  | 113610 | 69937 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Less: treasury stock, 3,184 shares at December 31, 2025 and 2024, at cost | (6465) | (6465) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stockholders' equity Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | 107145 | 63472 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-controlling interests | (83) | (83) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Stockholders' equity  | 107062 | 63389 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total liabilities and stockholders' equity** | $168593 | $113449 |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**(In thousands, except per share amounts)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Revenues** | $251663 | $170461 |
| Direct operating costs | 152184 | 103387 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 59606 | 42738 |
| Interest income, net | (1552) | (149) |
|  | 210238 | 145976 |
| **Income before provision for income taxes** | 41425 | 24485 |
| Provision for income taxes | 9244 | (4190) |
| **Consolidated net income**  | 32181 | 28675 |
| **Income attributable to non-controlling interests** | - | 15 |
| **Net Income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries** | $32181 | $28660 |
| **Income per share attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | $1.01 | $0.98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | $0.92 | $0.89 |
| **Weighted average shares outstanding:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Basic  | 31807 | 29163 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | 35025 | 32177 |
| **Comprehensive income:** |  |  |
| **Consolidated net income** | $32181 | $28675 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pension liability adjustment, net of taxes | (384) | 179 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation adjustment | 613 | (592) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | 125 | (436) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive income (loss) | 354 | (849) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total comprehensive income | 32535 | 27826 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Comprehensive income attributed to non-controlling interest | - | 15 |
| **Comprehensive income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries** | $32535 | $27811 |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
**YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024**

**(In thousands)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | | **Treasury Stock** | **Treasury Stock** | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | <br>**Additional**<br>**Paid-in**<br>**Capital** | <br>**Retained**<br>**Earnings** | **Accumulated**<br>**Other**<br>**Comprehensive**<br>**Loss** | **Shares** | **Amount** | <br>**Non-**<br>**Controlling** <br>**Interest** | <br>**Total** |
| **January 1, 2024** | 31937 | 320 | 43152 | (9683) | (1621) | (3184) | (6465) | (708) | 24995 |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries | - | - | - | 28660 | - | - | - | - | 28660 |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 3998 | - | - | - | - | - | 3998 |
| Income attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 15 |
| Stock option exercises | 2506 | 25 | 6643 | - | - | - | - | - | 6668 |
| Issuance of restricted stock units | 41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shares withheld for restricted stock unit net settlement | - | - | (97) | - | - | - | - | - | (97) |
| Redemption of non-controlling interest | - | - | (611) | - | - | - | - | 610 | (1) |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | 179 | - | - | - | 179 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | (592) | - | - | - | (592) |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (436) | - | - | - | (436) |
| **December 31, 2024** | 34484 | $345 | $53085 | $18977 | $(2470) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(83) | $63389 |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries | - | - | - | 32181 | - | - | - | - | 32181 |
| Stock-based compensation | - | - | 11144 | - | - | - | - | - | 11144 |
| Stock option exercises | 755 | 8 | 3323 | - | - | - | - | - | 3331 |
| Issuance of restricted stock units | 282 | 2 | (2) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shares withheld for restricted stock unit net settlement | - | - | (3337) | - | - | - | - | - | (3337) |
| Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | (384) | - | - | - | (384) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | - | - | 613 | - | - | - | 613 |
| Change in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes | - | - | - | - | 125 | - | - | - | 125 |
| **December 31, 2025** | 35521 | $355 | $64213 | $51158 | $(2116) | (3184) | $(6465) | $(83) | $107062 |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

#### **Table of Contents**

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**(In thousands)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities:** |  |  |
| Consolidated net income  | $32181 | $28675 |
| Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 6889 | 5796 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 11144 | 3998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income taxes | 4101 | (5609) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for credit losses | 108 | 527 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pension cost | 1343 | 1237 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | (18350) | (14411) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (480) | (2233) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | (375) | 1177 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable and accrued expenses  | 9501 | 3429 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenues  | (517) | 4487 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued salaries, wages and related benefits | 2619 | 6063 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income and other taxes | (1263) | 1879 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pension benefit payments  | (149) | (151) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by operating activities | 46752 | 34864 |
| **Cash flows from investing activities:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capital expenditures | (11104) | (7741) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities | (11104) | (7741) |
| **Cash flows from financing activities:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from exercise of stock options  | 3331 | 6668 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Withholding taxes on net settlement of restricted stock units  | (3337) | (97) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of long-term obligations | (420) | (362) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (426) | 6209 |
| **Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents** | 111 | (255) |
| **Net increase in cash and cash equivalents** | 35333 | 33077 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year** | 46897 | 13820 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents, end of year** | $82230 | $46897 |
| **Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Shares withheld for withholding taxes on net settlement for restricted stock | $3337 | $97 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for income taxes | $5998 | $2418 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for interest | $229 | $287 |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Estimates and Policies

**Description of Business** - Innodata Inc. (Nasdaq: INOD) (together with its subsidiaries, the "Company", "Innodata", "we", "us" or "our") is a global data engineering and AI systems services company that supports the development, training, post-training, evaluation, and deployment of advanced artificial intelligence systems. The Company partners with leading technology companies, frontier AI laboratories, and enterprises to help enable AI systems that perform reliably, align with intended objectives, and operate safely in real-world environments.

The Company's mission is to enable the responsible advancement of artificial intelligence by providing the data, evaluation frameworks, and human expertise required to build AI systems that can be trusted at scale. The Company believes that AI will increasingly function as a foundational layer of the digital economy - embedded across consumer products, enterprise workflows, and mission-critical systems. As AI systems grow more capable and autonomous, the Company believes the quality of training data, the effectiveness of post-training alignment, and the rigor of ongoing evaluation will be decisive factors in determining whether AI systems are adopted, regulated, and scaled responsibly.

Innodata was founded more than 35 years ago on the principle that high-quality, well-structured data is essential to leading information-retrieval systems. In 2016-2017, the Company began building proprietary AI language models based on then-emerging research and frameworks and integrating them into its data production workflows. Through this work, the Company developed and refined techniques for generating, curating, and validating human-created data used to train probabilistic, learning-based AI systems, and recognized that data quality and structure were critical determinants of model performance. This insight led the Company to invest in the development of an integrated set of AI lifecycle data solutions, addressing a growing market need for specialized data engineering, evaluation, and refinement capabilities across the full lifecycle of AI systems.

Today leading AI innovation labs and Big Tech companies (including five of the so-called "Magnificent Seven") building frontier generative AI models and leading enterprises engage the Company to provide (i) training and post-training data development; (ii) alignment and preference optimization; (iii) capabilities, alignment, and safety evaluation; and (iv) AI enablement and operationalization, including support for agentic and tool-using systems.

The Company believes it is differentiated by: (i) its ability to operate across the AI lifecycle in alignment with AI developers' internal development and deployment pipelines; (ii) its scale of specialized human expertise; (iii) purpose-built platforms and processes that combine automation with rigorous human oversight; (iv) a research-driven approach to measurement, safety, and operational reliability, which is particularly relevant for frontier model developers and enterprises deploying AI in high-stakes environments; and (v) its dual role supporting leading technology companies building advanced AI systems and enterprises deploying those systems in production, which it believes creates a reinforcing feedback loop that strengthens its capabilities across both contexts and differentiates the Company from competitors focused on only one side of the market.

**AI Training and Post-Training Data**

Modern AI systems are trained using large volumes of data rather than explicit, rule-based programming. Foundation models - such as large language models ("LLMs") and multimodal models - learn statistical representations of language, images, code, and other modalities from vast training corpora.

As model architectures have matured, leading developers have increasingly emphasized the importance of training data quality, data provenance, supervised fine-tuning, and post-training alignment techniques. The Company believes that as model scale increases, marginal improvements in data quality and post-training signals can have an outsized impact on performance, reliability, and usability - often exceeding the impact of further parameter scaling alone.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
Organizations developing AI systems therefore require partners that can design, execute, and continuously refine data pipelines capable of supporting large-scale training and post-training cycles while maintaining quality, consistency, and auditability. The Company believes it is well positioned to meet these requirements.

**Model Evaluation ("Evals"), Alignment, and Safety**

The Company believes that evaluation of model capabilities and safety ("evals") are emerging as foundational layers of the AI technology stack, analogous to testing, security, and reliability engineering in traditional software systems. Unlike deterministic software, generative AI systems are probabilistic and context dependent. Their behavior may vary across prompts, tasks, and deployment environments, and may change over time as models are updated or integrated with tools and new data sources.

As a result, organizations increasingly require continuous evals to understand, measure, and manage model behavior throughout development and deployment. These evals typically include: (i) capabilities evals that assess reasoning, knowledge, and task competence; (ii) alignment and safety evals that measure harmful behavior, misuse risk, and adherence to constraints; and (iii) regression evals designed to detect drift or degradation across model versions. The Company believes this represents a durable and expanding market opportunity distinct from, but complementary to, data preparation and model training.

*From Output Scoring to Behavioral and Agentic Evals*

Early AI evaluation focused primarily on output correctness. In contrast, today's frontier systems - particularly agentic and tool-using systems - require behavioral and agentic evals that assess how models plan, reason, and act over time. These evals may examine reasoning coherence, tool selection and invocation, multi-step task execution, adherence to system instructions, and robustness under adversarial or ambiguous inputs.

This shift toward agentic evaluation materially increases the importance of structured human judgment, domain expertise, and scalable evaluation operations. The Company believes that the ability to measure not only what a model outputs, but how it arrives at those outputs, is increasingly central to deployment readiness and long-term safety.

*Human-in-the-Loop Evals and Evidence for Trust*

As AI systems are deployed into regulated or high-stakes environments, customers increasingly require evidence that systems have been evaluated, documented, and monitored. This has driven demand for human-in-the-loop eval frameworks that combine expert judgment with automation to produce results that are interpretable, repeatable, and auditable.

The Company's evaluation programs emphasize rubricized scoring for consistency, subject-matter experts for high-risk domains, hybrid human-plus-automated evaluation pipelines, and longitudinal measurement to track regressions and improvements over time. The Company believes these capabilities position it to support emerging governance and regulatory expectations related to transparency, accountability, and risk management in AI systems.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
*Red Teaming, Adversarial Evals, and Safety Research*

AI safety has expanded to include misuse, exploitability, and unintended system behaviors - particularly as models are connected to retrieval systems, code execution environments, autonomous agents, and enterprise tools. Innodata conducts structured red teaming and adversarial evaluations to surface failure modes that are not observable through standard benchmarks. These efforts include probing prompt-injection and jailbreak vulnerabilities, testing misuse scenarios involving retrieval-augmented generation, agent workflows, and tool use, identifying degradation under distribution shift, and supporting mitigation through targeted post-training datasets. In parallel, The Company has expanded its cybersecurity capabilities as applied to LLMs and AI agents, including threat modeling for agent-based systems, assessment of data exfiltration and privilege-escalation risks, evaluation of secure tool invocation and sandboxing controls, and testing of monitoring and guardrail mechanisms designed to reduce exposure to adversarial attacks and enterprise security breaches.

The Company believes red teaming and adversarial evals are increasingly viewed as prerequisites for deployment rather than optional safeguards.

*High-Risk Domains and Societal Safety*

As frontier AI capabilities advance, developers and governments have raised concerns about misuse in high-impact domains, including non-proliferation, chemical and biological risk, and large-scale misinformation. The Company supports mitigation efforts through domain-specific safety evals, targeted mitigation datasets, collaboration with academic and government-adjacent experts, and evaluation frameworks designed to preserve performance on legitimate use cases while reducing the risk of harmful behaviors or misuse.

**AI Model Deployment and Integration**

The Company believes that over the next decade, AI will be embedded across nearly all industries. Innodata supports customers in operationalizing AI systems, including model customization, workflow integration, context engineering, and continuous quality assurance. The Company's platforms and services are designed to accommodate rapid innovation in model architectures and techniques, enabling customers to adopt new approaches without re-architecting their AI operations.

**AI-Enabled Industry Platforms**

The Company's AI-enabled industry platforms address specific market requirements where it believes it can deliver differentiated value through domain expertise, proprietary data models, and applied AI.

The Synodex® platform transforms medical records into structured digital data for insurance and healthcare workflows. The Agility PR Solutions<sup>TM</sup> platform provides media intelligence and public relations workflow software enhanced with AI-driven monitoring, analytics, and content capabilities. The Company continues to invest in these platforms to incorporate advances in AI while emphasizing reliability, transparency, and user trust.

The Company's operations are presently classified and reported in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions (DDS), Synodex and Agility.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
***Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates***

**Principles of Consolidation** - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Innodata Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

**Use of Estimates** - In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are reasonable. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include those related to the allowance for credit losses and billing adjustments, useful life of long-lived assets, useful life of intangible assets, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, valuation of deferred tax assets, valuation of stock-based compensation, pension benefit plan assumptions, litigation accruals and estimated accruals for various tax exposures.

**Revenue Recognition** - The Company's revenue is recognized when services are rendered or goods are delivered to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services or goods as per the agreement with the customer. In cases where there are agreements with multiple performance obligations, the Company identifies each performance obligation and evaluates whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the agreement at the agreement's inception. Performance obligations that are not distinct at agreement inception are combined. For agreements with distinct performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation proportionately based on the estimated standalone selling price for each performance obligation, if any, and then evaluates how the services are performed for the customer to determine the timing of revenue recognition.

For the Digital Data Solutions (DDS) segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered or resources utilized in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. Revenue from agreements billed on a time-and-materials basis is recognized as services are performed. Revenue from fixed-fee agreements, which is not significant to overall revenues, is recognized based on the proportional performance method of accounting, as services are performed, or milestones are achieved.

For the Synodex segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. Revenue from such services is recognized monthly when all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party's rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; access to the service is provided to the end user; and collection is probable.

The Agility segment derives its revenue primarily from subscription arrangements and provision of enriched media analysis services. It also derives revenue as a reseller of corporate communication solutions. Revenue from subscriptions is recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user; all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party's rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; and collection is probable. Revenue from enriched media analysis services is recognized when the services are performed, and performance conditions are satisfied. Revenue from the reseller agreements is recognized at the gross amount received for the goods in accordance with the Company functioning as a principal due to the Company meeting the following criteria: the Company acts as the primary obligor in the sales transaction; assumes the credit risk; sets the price; can select suppliers; and is involved in the execution of the services, including after sales service.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
Revenue associated with the services provided in one period and billed in a subsequent period is commonly referred to as unbilled revenues and is included under Accounts receivable.

The Company considers U.S. GAAP criteria for determining whether to report gross revenue as a principal versus net revenue as an agent. The Company evaluates whether it is in control of the services before the same are transferred to the customer to assess whether it is principal or agent in the arrangement.

Contract acquisition costs, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, are amortized over the term of a subscription agreement or contract that normally has a duration of 12 months or less. The Company reviews these prepaid acquisition costs on a periodic basis to determine the need to adjust the carrying values for early terminated contracts. Included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are contract acquisition costs amounting to $0.8 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These acquisition costs relate to our Agility segment and are amortized over the term of the subscription agreement.

**Foreign Currency Translation** - The functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Israel, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and Canada (other than the Agility subsidiaries) is the U.S. dollar. Transactions denominated in Philippine pesos, Indian and Sri Lankan rupees, Israeli shekels, United Kingdom Pound Sterling and Canadian dollars are translated to U.S. dollars at rates which approximate those in effect on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and all liabilities denominated in foreign currencies on December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are translated at the exchange rate in effect as of those dates. Non-monetary assets and stockholders' equity are translated at the appropriate historical rates. Included in direct operating costs were foreign exchange gains resulting from such translations of approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The functional currency for the Company's subsidiary in Germany is the Euro. The functional currencies for the Company's Agility subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and Canada are the Pound Sterling and the Canadian dollar, respectively. The financial statements of these subsidiaries are prepared in their respective currencies. Financial information is translated from the applicable functional currency to the U.S. dollar (the reporting currency) for inclusion in the Company's consolidated financial statements. Income, expenses, and cash flows are translated at weighted-average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal period, and assets and liabilities are translated at fiscal period-end exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders' equity. Foreign exchange transaction gains or losses are included in direct operating costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

**Derivative Instruments -** The Company accounts for derivative transactions in accordance with the FASB's Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 825, "Financial Instruments". For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss). When the amounts recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified to earnings, they are included as part of Direct operating costs. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, any change in fair value is recorded directly in earnings as part of Direct operating costs. The total notional value of designated outstanding foreign currency forward contracts was $19.7 million and $22.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**Cash Equivalents -** For financial statement purposes, the Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents include investments in U.S. Treasury money market mutual funds that are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash, and not subject to significant risk of change in value. These funds are redeemable on demand and are used by the Company for short-term liquidity and cash management needs.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**Concentration of Credit Risk -** The Company maintains its cash with highly rated financial institutions, located in the United States and in foreign locations where the Company has its operations. At December 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $82.2 million, of which $28.2 million was held by its foreign subsidiaries and $54.0 million was held in the United States. To the extent that such cash exceeds the maximum insurance levels, the Company is uninsured. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

**Accounts Receivable -** Accounts receivable is generally recorded at the invoiced amounts, net of an allowance for expected credit losses, allowance for billing adjustments and volume discounts. The Company records billing adjustments relating to quality issues on delivered services, service penalties and price adjustments.

The Company establishes credit terms for new customers based upon management's review of their credit information and project terms, and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers, adjusting credit terms when management believes appropriate based upon payment history and an assessment of the customer's current creditworthiness.

The Company records an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the failure of its customers to make the required payments. The allowance for credit losses is based on a review of specifically identified accounts and an overall aging analysis applied to accounts pooled based on similar risk characteristics. Judgments are made with respect to the collectability of accounts receivable within each pool based on historical experience, current payment practices, and current economic trends based on our expectations over the expected life of the receivables, generally ninety days or less. Actual credit losses could differ from those estimates.

**Property and Equipment -** Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which is generally two to ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the terms of the leases.

**Capitalized Developed Software -** The Company incurs development costs related to software it develops for its internal use. Qualifying costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized. These costs primarily consist of internal labor and third-party development costs and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the capitalized developed software, which generally ranges from three to ten years. All other research and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalized developed software in progress was $4.2 million and $3.6 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The cumulative completed capitalized developed software was $23.1 million and $19.8 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**Long-lived Assets -** Management assesses the recoverability of its long-lived assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The following factors, if present, may trigger an impairment review: (i) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (ii) significant negative industry or economic trends; (iii) significant decline in the Company's stock price for a sustained period; and (iv) a change in the Company's market capitalization relative to net book value. If the recoverability of these assets is unlikely because of the existence of one or more of the above-mentioned factors, an impairment analysis is performed, using undiscounted cash flow projections. Management makes assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of these respective assets. An impairment loss will be recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value and is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets -** The Company performs a valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and allocates the purchase price of each acquired business to its respective net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities. Acquired intangible assets principally consist of technology, customer relationships, backlog and trademarks, having useful lives which range from ten to twelve years. The Company determines the appropriate useful life by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on projected financial information of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the majority of the economic benefits are expected to be consumed. Intangible assets are amortized into direct operating costs ratably over their expected related revenue streams over their useful lives.

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the acquired net assets. The Company does not amortize goodwill but evaluates it for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the third quarter of each fiscal year (as of September 30 of that year) or when an event occurs, or circumstances change, that indicates the carrying value may not be recoverable.

The Company performed its annual goodwill assessment for the Agility segment as of September 30, 2025 for impairment. The impairment test involves estimating the fair value based on a combination of income (estimates of future discounted cash flows) and the market approach (market multiples for similar companies) using unobservable inputs (Level 3). The Company concluded that there is no impairment of goodwill for the Agility segment.

**Income Taxes** - Estimated deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates, as well as any net operating loss or tax credit carry forwards expected to reduce taxes payable in future years. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the estimated deferred tax assets will not be realized. While the Company considers future taxable income in assessing the need for the valuation allowance, in the event that the Company anticipates that it will be able to realize the estimated deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the provision for deferred tax assets would increase income in the period such determination was made. Similarly, in the event that the Company anticipates that it will not be able to realize the estimated deferred tax assets in the future considering future taxable income, an adjustment to the provision for deferred tax assets would decrease income in the period such determination was made. Changes in the valuation allowance from period to period are included in the Company's tax provision in the period of change. The Company indefinitely reinvests the foreign earnings in its foreign subsidiaries. If such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, the Company would have to accrue as a liability the applicable amount of foreign jurisdiction withholding taxes associated with such remittances.

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considered whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets of subsidiaries in Canada and Germany will be realizable or not.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company performed an assessment for one of its Canadian subsidiaries and its German subsidiary. The assessment yielded positive evidence enabling the release of the valuation allowances of the deferred tax assets of these subsidiaries under "ASC Topic 740-30-22 – Accounting for Income Taxes".

As the expectation of future taxable income of the second Canadian subsidiary cannot be predicted with reasonable accuracy, the Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of this subsidiary.

The Company accounts for income taxes regarding uncertain tax positions and recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**Accounting for Leases** - Accounting Standards for Codifications (ASC 842 "Accounting for Leases") requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets as liabilities, with corresponding "right-of-use" assets. The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability for all its operating leases. See Note 8, Operating Leases.

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception date and requires an assessment of whether the fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets, or the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset. A reassessment is made after inception of the lease only if one of the following applies:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. there is a change in contractual terms, other than a renewal or extension of the arrangement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. a renewal option is exercised, or extension granted, unless the term of the renewal or extension was initially included in the lease term;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. there is a change in the determination of whether fulfillment is dependent on a specified asset; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. there is a substantial change to the asset.

Whenever a reassessment is made, lease accounting shall commence or cease from the date when the change in circumstances gave rise to the reassessment for scenarios (a), (c) or (d) and at the date of renewal or extension period for scenario (b).

Leases where the lessor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases. As of December 31, 2025, all of the Company's leases are classified under operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

**Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation -** The Company measures and recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value at the grant date. The stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock option grants is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the fair value of time vested restricted stock units is determined based on the closing price at the grant date. The fair value of performance based restricted stock units is determined using the Binomial option pricing model.

The stock-based compensation expense related to the Company's stock plans were allocated as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Direct operating costs | $1741 | $281 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 9403 | 3717 |
| Total stock-based compensation | $11144 | $3998 |

---

**Fair Value of Financial Instruments** - The carrying amounts of financial instruments approximated their fair value as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, because of the relatively short maturity of these instruments. See Note 15, Derivatives.

Fair value measurements and disclosures define fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
The accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels. The three levels are defined as follows:

● *Level 1*: Unadjusted quoted price in active market for identical assets and liabilities.

● *Level 2:* Inputs other than those included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

● *Level 3:* Unobservable inputs reflecting management's own assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset or liability.

The Company's forward contracts are at level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

**Income per Share** - Income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted income per share is computed by considering the impact of the potential issuance of common shares, using the treasury stock method, on the weighted average number of shares outstanding. For those securities that are not convertible into a class of common stock, the "two class" method of computing income per share is used.

**Pension -** The Company records annual pension costs based on calculations, which include various actuarial assumptions including discount rates, compensation increases and other assumptions involving demographic factors. The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends. The Company believes that the assumptions used in recording its pension obligations are reasonable based on its experience, market conditions and inputs from its actuaries.

**Deferred Revenue** - Deferred revenue represents payments received from customers in advance of providing services and amounts deferred if conditions for revenue recognition have not been met. The Company expects to recognize substantially all of these performance obligations over the next 12 months. The table below summarizes the deferred revenue balances as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Deferred revenues | $7493 | $8010 |

---

The table below provides information about contract liabilities (deferred revenue) and the significant changes in the balance for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance at the beginning of year | $8010 | $3523 |
| Net deferred revenue in the period | 30157 | 34466 |
| Revenue recognized | (30548) | (29776) |
| Currency translations and other adjustments | (126) | (203) |
| Balance at the end of year | $7493 | $8010 |

---

**Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements -** On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". The ASU's effective date is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of the ASU No. 2023-09 will enhance quantitative and qualitative disclosures related to rate reconciliation of significant components and income tax paid. The Company has adopted this standard and complied with the required disclosures. See Note 5, Income Taxes.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted -** In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), fourth amendment via ASU No. 2025-01: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses". ASU No. 2024-03 does not change or remove existing expense disclosure requirements but requires disaggregated disclosures about certain expense categories and captions, including but not limited to, purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and selling expenses. ASU No. 2024-03 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2027, and for interim financial reporting beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2028. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the Company's disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets." ASU No. 2025-05 provides entities with a practical expedient related to developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, in which entities may elect to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. ASU No. 2025-05 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the Company's disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. ASU No. 2025-06 modernizes the accounting for internal-use software costs by increasing the operability of the recognition guidance considering different methods of software development. ASU No. 2025-06, which can be applied prospectively, retrospectively, or with a modified transition approach, is effective for the Company for annual reporting as well as interim period reporting beginning in fiscal year 2029. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the Company's disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

**2.** &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Accounts Receivable**

Accounts receivable consists of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Gross Accounts receivable | $48606 | $29772 |
| Allowance for credit losses | (1181) | (1256) |
| Allowance for billing adjustments | (915) | (503) |
| Accounts receivable, net | $46510 | $28013 |

---

Activity in the allowance for the credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance at beginning of year | $1256 | $992 |
| Additions charged to expense | 108 | 527 |
| Write-offs against allowance | (189) | (256) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 6 | (7) |
| Balance at end of year | $1181 | $1256 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Equipment | $16232 | $12135 |
| Computer software | 4961 | 4480 |
| Furniture and equipment | 1396 | 951 |
| Leasehold improvements | 2855 | 2554 |
| Capital work-in-progress | 484 | 547 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 25928 | 20667 |
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (17962) | (16566) |
|  | $7966 | $4101 |

---

The estimated useful lives of the property and equipment range between two years and ten years. Depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment were approximately $2.2 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount** |
| Balance - January 1, 2025 | $1998 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 81 |
| Balance - December 31, 2025 | $2079 |

---

As of September 30, 2025, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment analysis for the Agility segment. It involved a quantitative goodwill impairment test and estimated the fair value based on a combination of the income approach (estimates of future discounted cash flows) and the market approach (market multiples for similar companies) using unobservable inputs (Level 3). The income approach uses a discounted cash flow ("DCF") method that utilizes the present value of cash flows to estimate the segment's fair value. The future cash flows of the segment were projected based on the Company's estimates of future revenues, operating income, and other factors such as working capital and capital expenditures. As part of the DCF analysis, the Company projected revenue and operating profits and assumed long-term revenue growth rates in the terminal year. The market approach utilizes multiples of revenues and earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") to estimate the segment's fair value. The market multiples used for the segment were based on a group of comparable companies' market multiples applied to the Company's revenue. The Company concluded that there is no impairment of goodwill.

The fair value measurement of goodwill for the Agility segment was classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because the Company used the income approach, which utilizes significant inputs that are unobservable in the market and the market multiple approach using comparable entities to further validate the carrying values. The Company believes it made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the fair value of the reporting unit as of the impairment test measurement date. The carrying value of goodwill was $2.1 million and $2.0 million as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
*Intangibles*

Information regarding the Company acquired intangible assets and capitalized developed software was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
|  | <br>**Gross** <br>**Carrying Value** | <br>**Accumulated**<br>**Amortization** | **Foreign Currency**<br> **Translation**<br> **Adjustment** | <br>**Net**<br>**Carrying Value** |
| **Acquired Intangible Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| Developed technology | $2881 | $(2834) | $3 | $50 |
| Customer relationships | 1965 | (1874) | 9 | 100 |
| Trademarks and tradenames | 840 | (835) | 1 | 6 |
| Patents | 40 | (40) | - | - |
| Media Contact Database | 3528 | (3359) | 15 | 184 |
| **Total Acquired Intangible Assets** | $**9254** | $**(8942)** | $**28** | $**340** |
| **Capitalized Developed Software** |  |  |  |  |
| Capitalized Developed Software | $23137 | $(13933) | $254 | $9458 |
| Capitalized Developed Software - in Progress | 4180 | - | 5 | 4185 |
| **Total Capitalized Developed Software** | $**27317** | $**(13933)** | $**259** | $**13643** |
| **Total** | $**36571** | $**(22875)** | $**287** | $**13983** |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
|  | <br>**Gross** <br>**Carrying Value** | <br>**Accumulated**<br>**Amortization** | **Foreign Currency**<br> **Translation**<br> **Adjustment** | <br>**Net**<br>**Carrying Value** |
| **Acquired Intangible Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| Developed technology | $3060 | $(2911) | $(3) | $146 |
| Customer relationships | 2144 | (1856) | (29) | 259 |
| Trademarks and tradenames | 862 | (826) | - | 36 |
| Patents | 44 | (44) | - | - |
| Media Contact Database | 3546 | (3016) | (1) | 529 |
| **Total Acquired Intangible Assets** | $**9656** | $**(8653)** | $**(33)** | $**970** |
| **Capitalized Developed Software** |  |  |  |  |
| Capitalized Developed Software | $19811 | $(10507) | $(463) | $8841 |
| Capitalized Developed Software - in Progress | 3552 | - | (10) | 3542 |
| **Total Capitalized Developed Software** | $**23363** | $**(10507)** | $**(473)** | $**12383** |
| **Total** | $**33019** | $**(19160)** | $**(506)** | $**13353** |

---

Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets was approximately $0.7 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Amortization expense relating to capitalized developed software was approximately $4.0 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
Estimated annual amortization expense for intangible assets subsequent to December 31, 2025 is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Year** | **Amortization** |
| 2026 | $5821 |
| 2027 | 4323 |
| 2028 | 2994 |
| 2029 | 516 |
| 2030 | 327 |
| Thereafter | 2 |
|  | $13983 |

---

5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income Taxes

United States and foreign components of income before provision for income taxes for each of the years ended December 31, were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| United States | $33506 | $21692 |
| Foreign | 7919 | 2793 |
| Totals | $41425 | $24485 |

---

The significant components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Current income tax provision: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign | $2235 | $525 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Federal | 2932 | 126 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State and local | (24) | 768 |
|  | 5143 | 1419 |
| Deferred income tax provision: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign | (229) | (294) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Federal | 3459 | (4059) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State and local | 871 | (1256) |
|  | 4101 | (5609) |
| Provision for income taxes | $9244 | $(4190) |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
The Company elected to prospectively adopt the guidance in ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". The following table reconciles the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to the Company's effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 in accordance with the guidance in ASU No. 2023-09 (In thousands, except percentages):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Amount** | **Percentage** |
| **Income before provision for income taxes** | $41425 | - |
| **U.S. Federal Statutory Tax Rate at 21%**  | 8699 | 21.0% |
| **State and Local Income Taxes, Net of Federal Income Tax Effect** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other State Tax Expense \* | 1200 | 2.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State True up | (499) | (1.2) |
| **Foreign Tax Effects** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;India | 1048 | 2.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | (876) | (2.1) |
| **Effects of Changes in Tax Laws or Rates Enacted in the Current Period** |  |  |
| **Effect of Cross-border Tax Laws** | 225 | 0.5 |
| **Non-taxable or Non-deductible Items** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock Compensation | (7454) | (18.0) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sec. 162(m) | 6870 | 16.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Withholding Tax | (624) | (1.5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deemed Interest | 839 | 2.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 20 | 0.0 |
| **Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits** | (225) | (0.5) |
| **Other Adjustments** | 21 | 0.1 |
| **Income tax expense** | $9244 | 22.3% |
| **Effective income tax rate** | 22.3% |  |

---

\* State taxes in California, Florida, Minnesota, New York, Pensylvania and Texas comprise the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company's effective income tax rate was 22.3%, compared to the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21%. The increase primarily reflects the impact of state and local income taxes, net of federal benefit, foreign income taxed at rates different from the U.S. statutory rate, and permanent differences, including non-deductible stock-based compensation resulting from the executive compensation limitations under Section 162(m). These impacts were partially offset by tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation, state tax true-ups, and other items. Additional differences resulted from cross-border tax effects, withholding taxes, deemed interest, and changes in unrecognized tax benefits.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
The reconciliation of the U.S. statutory rate of 21% to the Company's effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 in accordance with the ASC 740 Income taxes prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2023-09 is summarized as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Year EndedDecember 31** |
|  | **2024** |
| Federal income tax expense at statutory rate | 21.0% |
| Effect of: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Section 162 (m) | 57.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) | 3.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tax effects of foreign operations | 1.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Return to provision true up | 0.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign operations permanent differences - foreign exchange gains and losses | 0.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Withholding tax | 0.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deemed interest | (0.6) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign rate differential | (0.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State income tax net of federal benefit | (1.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Increase (decrease) in unrecognized tax benefits (ASC 740) | (3.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in valuation allowance | (30.7) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Effect of stock-based compensation | (64.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 0.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Effective tax rate | (17.1)% |

---

The estimated annual effective tax rate applied to the year ended December 31, 2024 is lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% principally due to the effect of stock-based compensation and the release of the U.S. valuation allowance, offset in part by IRS section 162(m) adjustments.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024\*** |
| Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net operating loss carryforwards | $4970 | $8760 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Expenses not deductible until paid | 3208 | 1829 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Equity compensation not currently deductible | 497 | 886 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Allowances not currently deductible | 472 | 459 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 155 | 211 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of Intangibles | 121 | 312 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 742 | 756 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total gross deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance | 10165 | 13213 |
| Valuation allowance | (4833) | (4969) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Deferred income tax assets, net | 5332 | 8244 |
| Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | (471) | (209) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of Intangibles | (980) | - |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | (598) | (575) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Deferred income tax liabilities | (2049) | (784) |
| Net deferred income tax assets | $3283 | $7460 |

---

*\* Prior period deferred tax components have been reclassified to align with the current period presentation, with no impact on the Company's consolidated results.*

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realizable. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences are deductible and net operating losses are available. As of December 31, 2025, the Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance of $4.8 million on one of the Company's Canadian subsidiary's deferred tax assets.

The Company determined on March 31, 2025 that it was more likely than not that one of the Company's subsidiaries in Canada would be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets in Canada, resulting in the release of the valuation allowance. In reaching this determination, the Company considered the growing trend of profitability over the last three years in the Canadian subsidiary, as well as expectations regarding the generation of future taxable income.

The Company determined on June 30, 2025 that it was more likely than not that the Company's subsidiary in Germany would be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets in Germany, resulting in the release of the valuation allowance. In reaching this determination, the Company considered the growing trend of profitability over the last three years in the German subsidiary, as well as expectations regarding the generation of future taxable income.

The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the foreign earnings of its foreign subsidiaries. Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $58.8 million at December 31, 2025. If such earnings are repatriated in the future or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, the Company would have to accrue the applicable amount of foreign jurisdiction withholding taxes associated with such remittances.

At December 31, 2025, the Company had available U.S. state and foreign Net Operating Loss (NOL) carryforwards of $3.8 million and $23.3 million, respectively. Canadian R&D credit carryforwards were approximately $1.4 million. The U.S. state and foreign NOL carryforwards expire over the course of several years starting in 2026 through 2037.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
At December 31, 2024, the Company had available U.S. federal, state and foreign Net Operating Loss (NOL) carryforwards of $10.6 million, $6.5 million and $24.3 million, respectively. U.S. Federal and Canadian R&D credit carryforwards were approximately $0.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

The Company is subject to Federal income tax, as well as income tax in various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has open tax years for U.S. federal and state taxes from 2021 through 2025. Various foreign subsidiaries have open tax years from 2005 through 2025, some of which are under audit by local tax authorities. The Company believes that its accruals for uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2025 under ASC 740, Income Taxes are adequate to cover the Company's income tax exposures.

*Impact of Recent Tax Legislation*

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was enacted, amending U.S. tax law in several areas, including domestic research and development deductibility and bonus depreciation. The Company has included the estimated effect of provisions relevant to the current fiscal year in its reported income tax expense as of December 31, 2025. As a result of the OBBBA in the current period, Federal cash taxes were reduced due to bonus depreciation and the deductibility of R&D expenses. Due to the nature of these changes, there was little to no impact on the effective tax rate. Management is continuing to evaluate the OBBBA's potential impact on future periods, particularly with respect to deferred tax assets and liabilities, the effective tax rate, and cash tax obligations.

Income taxes paid (net of refunds received) consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended** <br>**December 31** |
|  | **2025** |
| Tax payments (net of refunds received) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Federal | 4394 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;California | (726) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Others | 680 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;India | 940 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philippines | 537 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Others | 173 |
|  | $5998 |

---

The following table represents a roll forward of the Company's unrecognized tax benefits and associated interest for the years ended (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Unrecognized Tax**  | **Unrecognized Tax**  |
|  | **Benefits** | **Benefits** |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance at beginning of the year | $999 | $1942 |
| Increase for current year tax positions | 367 | 341 |
| Decrease for prior year tax positions | (223) | (1309) |
| Interest accrual | 59 | 80 |
| Foreign currency remeasurement | (40) | (55) |
| Balance at end of the year | $1162 | $999 |

---

The Company had reserves for uncertain tax positions of $1.2 million and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain due to complexities of tax laws.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term obligations

Total long-term obligations as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Pension obligations - accrued pension liability | $9278 | $7945 |
| Microsoft licenses <sup>(1)</sup> | 6 | 442 |
|  | 9284 | 8387 |
| Less: Current portion of long-term obligations | 1659 | 1643 |
| Totals | $7625 | $6744 |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> In March 2023, the Company renewed a vendor agreement to acquire certain additional software licenses, receive technical support and future software upgrades on software licenses through February 2026. Pursuant to this agreement, the Company is contractually liable to pay approximately $0.4 million annually over the term of the agreement.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commitments and contingencies

**Litigation -** In 2008, a judgment was rendered in the Philippines against a Philippine subsidiary of the Company that is no longer active and purportedly also against Innodata Inc., in favor of certain former employees of the Philippine subsidiary. The potential payment amount aggregates to approximately $5.6 million, plus legal interest that accrued at 12% per annum from August 13, 2008 to June 30, 2013, and thereafter accrued and continues to accrue legal interest at 6% per annum. The potential payment amount as expressed in U.S. dollars varies with the Philippine peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate. In December 2017, a group of 97 of the former employees of the Philippine subsidiary indicated that they proposed to record the judgment as to themselves in New Jersey. In January 2018, in response to an action initiated by Innodata Inc., the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey ("USDC") entered a preliminary injunction that enjoins these former employees from pursuing or seeking recognition or enforcement of the judgment against Innodata Inc. in the United States during the pendency of the action and until further order of the USDC. In June 2018, the USDC entered a consent order administratively closing the action subject to return of the action to the active docket upon the written request of Innodata Inc. or the former employees, with the USDC retaining jurisdiction over the matter and the preliminary injunction remaining in full force and effect. The principal relevant cases in the Philippines are Court of Appeals Case Nos. CA - G.R. SP No. 93295 Innodata Employees Association (IDEA), Eleanor Tolentino, et al. vs. Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al., and CA - G.R. SP No. 90538 Innodata Philippines, Inc. vs. Honorable Acting Secretary Manuel G. Imson, et al. (28 June 2007), the Department of Labor and Employment National Labor Relations Commission, Republic of the Philippines (NLRC - NCR - Case No.07 - 04713 - 2002, et al., Innodata Employees Association (IDEA) and Eleanor A. Tolentino, et al. vs. Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al), and the Department of Labor and Employment Office of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Republic of the Philippines (Case No. OS - AJ - 0015 - 2001, In Re: Labor Dispute at Innodata Philippines, Inc.). The U.S. District Court action is Civil Action No.: 2:17 - cv - 13268 - SDW - LDW Innodata Inc. v. Myrna C. Augustin - Simon; et al.

In February 2024, David D'Agostino filed a putative class action captioned D'Agostino v. Innodata Inc., et al., in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former officers (the "Securities Class Action"). In October 2024, the presiding judge in the Securities Class Action appointed a lead plaintiff and approved the lead plaintiff's choice of counsel. The Securities Class Action complaint, as amended, asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and it alleges, among other things, that the defendants made false and misleading statements regarding the Company's artificial intelligence ("AI") technology and services. The plaintiff seeks unspecified damages, fees, interest, and costs. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously. On March 7, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Securities Class Action complaint. On April 10, 2025, the plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint to the Securities Class Action complaint (the "Second Amended Complaint") to correct purported typographical errors in the Securities Class Action complaint. On April 11, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. The motion to dismiss is fully briefed and pending with the USDC. The Company cannot predict the outcome of the action at this time and can give no assurance that the asserted claims will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations.

The Company is also subject to various other legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. While the Company believes that it has adequate reserves for those losses that it believes are probable and can be reasonably estimated, the ultimate results of legal proceedings and claims cannot be predicted with certainty.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
While management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial position or overall trends in consolidated results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against the Company in the above-referenced Philippine action could have a material adverse impact on the Company, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedings could have a material adverse impact on the consolidated operating results in the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs. In addition, the Company's estimate of the potential impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or overall consolidated results of operations for the above referenced legal proceedings could change in the future.

The Company's legal accruals related to legal proceedings and claims are based on the Company's determination of whether or not a loss is probable. The Company reviews outstanding proceedings and claims with external counsel to assess probability and estimates of loss. The accruals are adjusted if necessary. While the Company intends to defend these matters vigorously, adverse outcomes that it estimates could reach approximately $650,000 in the aggregate beyond recorded amounts are reasonably possible. If circumstances change, the Company may be required to record adjustments that could be material to its reported consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

**Foreign Currency** - To the extent that the currencies of the Company's production facilities located in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada and Israel fluctuate, the Company is subject to risks of changing costs of production after pricing is established for certain customer projects. In addition, the Company is exposed to the risk of foreign currency fluctuation on the non-U.S. dollar denominated revenues, and on the monetary assets and liabilities held by its foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in local currency.

**Indemnifications** - The Company is obligated under certain circumstances to indemnify directors, officers and certain employees against costs and liabilities incurred in actions or threatened actions brought against such individuals because such individuals acted in the capacity of director, officer or fiduciary of the Company. In addition, the Company has contracts with certain customers pursuant to which the Company has agreed to indemnify the customer for certain specified and limited claims under such contract. These indemnification obligations occur in the ordinary course of business and, in many cases, do not include a limit on potential maximum future payments. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has not recorded a liability for any obligations arising as a result of these indemnification obligations.

**8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Operating Leases**

The Company has various lease agreements for its offices and service delivery centers. The Company has determined that the risks and benefits related to the leased properties are retained by the lessors. Accordingly, these are accounted for as operating leases.

These lease agreements are for terms ranging from three to eleven years and, in most cases, provide for rental escalations ranging from 1.75% to 15%. Most of these agreements are renewable at the mutual consent of the parties to the contract.

The Company recognizes an operating lease liability and right-of-use asset in compliance with current lease accounting standard ASC 842. The amount of right-of-use asset is equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments discounted using the incremental borrowing rate of each respective country. Modifications, if any are recalculated and corresponding adjustments are made to the carrying values of both the lease liability and right-of-use assets.

A right-of-use asset is measured as the amount of the lease liability adjusted for the amount of deferred straight-line rent, prepaid rent and lease incentive allowances previously recognized.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
The table below summarizes the amounts recognized in the financial statements related to operating leases for the years presented (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Rent expense for long-term operating leases | $1345 | $1257 |
| Rent expense for short-term leases | 208 | 178 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total rent expense | $1553 | $1435 |

---

The following table presents the maturity profile of the Company's operating lease liabilities based on the contractual undiscounted payments with a reconciliation of these amounts to the remaining net present value of the operating lease liability reported in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Year** | **Amount** |
| 2026 | $1567 |
| 2027 | 1566 |
| 2028 | 1165 |
| 2029 | 722 |
| 2030 | 192 |
| 2031 and thereafter | - |
| Total lease payments | 5212 |
| Less: Interest | (782) |
| Net present value of lease liabilities | $4430 |
| Current portion | $1202 |
| Long-term portion | 3228 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $4430 |

---

The weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates for all of our operating leases as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Weighted-average lease term remaining | 38 months |
| Weighted-average discount rate | 9.14% |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pension Benefits

**U.S. Defined Contribution Pension Plan -** The Company has a defined contribution plan qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, pursuant to which substantially all of its U.S. employees are eligible to participate after completing six months of service. Participants may elect to contribute a portion of their compensation to the plan. Under the plan, the Company has the discretion to match a portion of participants' contributions. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not make any matching contributions.

Most of the non-U.S. subsidiaries provide for government-mandated defined pension benefits. For certain of these subsidiaries, vested eligible employees are provided a lump sum payment upon retiring from the Company at a defined age. The lump sum amount is based on the salary and tenure as of retirement date. Other non-U.S. subsidiaries provide for a lump sum payment to vested employees on retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, based upon the salary and tenure as of the date employment ceases. The liability for such defined benefit obligations is determined and provided on the basis of actuarial valuations. As of December 31, 2025, these plans were unfunded. Pension expense for our foreign subsidiaries totaled approximately $1.3 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following tables set out the status of the non-U.S. pension benefits and the amounts recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements and the components of pension costs for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

#### Benefit Obligations:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Projected benefit obligation at beginning of the year | $7945 | $7128 |
| Current service cost | 801 | 717 |
| Interest cost | 517 | 522 |
| Prior service cost | 216 |  |
| Actuarial loss (gain) | 189 | (105) |
| Foreign currency exchange rates changes | (241) | (166) |
| Benefits paid | (149) | (151) |
| Projected benefit obligation at end of the year | $9278 | $7945 |

---

The Company had an actuarial loss of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, and an actuarial gain of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This was mainly due to changes in the actuarial assumptions for our Asian subsidiaries. Actuarial (gains) losses are recorded as part of other comprehensive income and are not reflected as part of net periodic pension cost.

#### Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Current service cost  | $801 | $717 |
| Interest cost  | 517 | 522 |
| Actuarial loss recognized | 25 | (2) |
| Net periodic pension cost  | $1343 | $1237 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
The accumulated benefit obligation, which represents benefits earned to date, was approximately $5.6 million and $4.7 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Current accrued benefit cost | $1653 | $1229 |
| Non-current accrued benefit cost | 7625 | 6716 |
| Total amount recognized | $9278 | $7945 |

---

Current accrued benefit cost for pension benefits was included in the current portion of long-term obligations in the consolidated balance sheets. Non-current accrued benefit cost for pension benefits was included in long-term obligations, net of current portion, in the consolidated balance sheets.

Actuarial assumptions for all non-U.S. plans are described below. The discount rates are used to measure the year-end benefit obligations and the earnings effects for the subsequent year. The assumptions for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Discount rate | 6.30%-10.80% | 6.09%-12% |
| Rate of increase in compensation level | 7%-8% | 7%-10% |

---

#### Estimated Future Benefit Payments:
As of December 31, 2025, the following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, were expected to be paid (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Year** | **Amount** |
| 2026 | $1611 |
| 2027 | 699 |
| 2028 | 246 |
| 2029 | 671 |
| 2030 | 688 |
| 2031 to 2035 | 5336 |
|  | $9251 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Capital Stock

**Common Stock -** The Company is authorized to issue 75,000,000 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock has one vote. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding shares of preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by the Board of Directors. No common stock dividends have been declared to date.

**Preferred Stock -** The Company is authorized to issue 4,998,000 shares of preferred stock. The Board of Directors is authorized to fix the terms, rights, preferences and limitations of the preferred stock and to issue the preferred stock in series that differ as to their relative terms, rights, preferences and limitations.

**Common Stock Reserved -** As of December 31, 2025, the Company had available for future issuance 746,241 shares of common stock pursuant to the Company's stock option plans.

**Treasury Stock -** In July 2019, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 million of its common stock in open market or private transactions. There is no expiration date associated with the program. There were no share repurchases in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. As of December 31, 2025, the Company repurchased 1.5 million shares of its common stock under the July 2019 authorization with a value of $1.8 million.

11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock Based Compensation

The Innodata Inc. 2013 Stock Plan (as amended, the "2013 Plan") expired in accordance with its terms on June 3, 2023. Pursuant to the terms of the 2013 Plan, no further awards may be granted under the 2013 Plan following its expiration. As of December 31, 2025, there were 2,639,893 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding options or rights under the 2013 Plan. Outstanding awards made under the 2013 Plan prior to the 2013 Plan's expiration will remain in effect until such awards have been satisfied or terminated in accordance with the terms of the 2013 Plan and such awards.

On June 9, 2023, stockholders of the Company approved amendments to the Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan (as amended, the "2021 Plan"). The number of shares of common stock of Innodata Inc. that may be delivered, purchased or used for reference purposes (with respect to stock appreciation rights or stock units) for awards granted under the 2021 Plan is 4,000,000 (the "Share Reserve"). Shares subject to an option or stock appreciation right granted under the 2021 Plan count against the Share Reserve as one share for every share granted, and shares subject to any other type of award granted under the 2021 Plan count against the Share Reserve as two shares for every share granted for awards granted prior to April 11, 2023, and one and a half shares for every share granted for awards granted on or after April 11, 2023. Any shares withheld, tendered or exchanged by a participant in the 2021 Plan as full or partial payment to Innodata of the exercise price under an option under the 2021 Plan, or in satisfaction of a participant's tax withholding obligations with respect to any award under the 2021 Plan, will not be added back to the Share Reserve.

The fair value of stock options is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted-average fair value of the options granted, and weighted-average assumptions were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31,**  | **For the Year Ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Weighted average fair value of options granted | $- | $32.07 |
| Risk-free interest rate | - | 4.40% |
| Expected term (years) | - | 6.0 |
| Expected volatility factor | - | 87.69% |
| Expected dividends | - |  |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
There were no stock options granted in 2025.

The Company estimates the risk-free interest rate using the U.S. Treasury yield curve for periods equal to the expected term of the options in effect at the time of grant. The expected term of options granted is based on a combination of vesting schedules, term of the options and historical experience. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company's common stock. The Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero since it has never declared or paid any dividends on its capital stock.

*Stock Options*

*2013 Plan*

A summary of option activity under the 2013 Plan and changes during the year ended December 31, 2025 are presented below.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of**<br>**Options** | <br>**Weighted - Average**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual Term**<br>**(years)** | <br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 3165193 | $3.67 | 6.32 | $113458326 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | - | - |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (525300) | 4.83 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | - |  |  |  |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2025 | 2639893 | $3.45 | 5.25 | $125407354 |
| Exercisable at December 31, 2025 | 2639893 | $3.45 | 5.25 | $125407354 |
| Vested and Expected to vest at December 31, 2025 | 2639893 | $3.45 | 5.25 | $125407354 |

---

*2021 Plan*

A summary of option activity under the 2021 Plan and changes during the year ended December 31, 2025 are presented below.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Number of**<br>**Options** | <br>**Weighted - Average**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price** | **Weighted-Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual Term**<br>**(years)** | <br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic Value** |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 842771 | $15.86 | 8.46 | $20847471 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | - | - |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (230252) | 3.46 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | (43835) | 3.40 |  |  |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2025 | 568684 | $21.83 | 7.79 | $16557907 |
| Exercisable at December 31, 2025 | 389682 | $12.30 | 7.25 | $15058361 |
| Vested and Expected to vest at December 31, 2025 | 568684 | $21.83 | 7.79 | $16557907 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
During the year ended December 31, 2025, a total of 755,552 options were exercised at an average exercise price of $4.41.

The compensation cost related to non-vested stock options not yet recognized as of December 31, 2025 totaled approximately $5.6 million. The weighted-average period over which these costs will be recognized is 24 months.

*Restricted Stock Units*

Restricted Stock Unit ("RSU") activity under the Equity Plans during the year ended December 31, 2025 are presented below:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of**<br>**Performance** <br>**Restricted Stock**<br>**Units** | **Weighted-**<br>**Average**<br>**Grant Date**<br>**Fair Value** | <br>**Number of**<br>**Restricted Stock**<br>**Units** | **Weighted-**<br>**Average**<br>**Grant Date**<br>**Fair Value** |
| Unvested at January 1, 2025 | 700000 | $5.59 | 549079 | $40.61 |
| Granted | 470172 | 50.95 | 373958 | 51.41 |
| Vested | (184200) | 4.99 | (186551) | 38.49 |
| Forfeited/Expired | (515800) | 5.80 | (44185) | 37.34 |
| Unvested at December 31, 2025 | 470172 | $50.95 | 692301 | $47.22 |

---

On December 31, 2025, the Company granted time-based RSUs and Performance RSUs. A portion of the RSUs vest based solely on continued service, while the remaining portion vest based on the achievement of specified performance objectives and continued service.

There were a total of 15,175 restricted stock units granted to non-employee directors during the year ended December 31, 2025.

The compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs and PRSUs, not yet recognized as of December 31, 2025 totaled approximately $55.7 million. The weighted-average period over which these costs will be recognized is 32 months.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Comprehensive loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets, consists of pension liability adjustments, net of taxes, foreign currency translation adjustment and changes in fair value of derivatives, net of taxes. The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years then ended, are presented below (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Pension Liability**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Fair Value of**<br>**Derivatives** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | **Accumulated Other**<br>**Comprehensive**<br>**Loss** |
| Balance at January 1, 2025 | $(233) | $(395) | $(1842) | $(2470) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of taxes | (409) | (124) | 613 | 79 |
| Total other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of taxes | (642) | (519) | (1229) | (2391) |
| Net amount reclassified to earnings | 25 | 249 | - | 275 |
| Balance at December 31, 2025 | $(617) | $(270) | $(1229) | $(2116) |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Pension Liability**<br>**Adjustment** | <br>**Fair Value of**<br>**Derivatives** | **Foreign Currency**<br>**Translation**<br>**Adjustment** | **Accumulated Other**<br>**Comprehensive**<br>**Loss** |
| Balance at January 1, 2024 | $(412) | $41 | $(1250) | $(1621) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of taxes | 172 | (494) | (592) | (914) |
| Total other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of taxes | (240) | (453) | (1842) | (2535) |
| Net amount reclassified to earnings | 7 | 58 | - | 65 |
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $(233) | $(395) | $(1842) | $(2470) |

---

Taxes related to each component of other comprehensive loss were not material for the fiscal years presented and therefore not disclosed separately.

All reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss had an impact on direct operating costs in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Segment reporting and concentrations

The Company's operations are classified in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions (DDS), Synodex and Agility.

The DDS segment provides AI training and post-training data, model evaluation, alignment, and safety, AI model deployment and integration, and AI-enabled platforms.

The Synodex segment provides an industry platform that transforms medical records into structured for insurance and healthcare workflows.

The Agility segment provides an industry platform that provides media intelligence and public relations workflow software enhanced with AI-driven monitoring, analytics, and content capabilities. We continue to invest in these platforms to incorporate advances in AI while emphasizing reliability, transparency, and user trust.

A significant portion of the Company's revenues is generated from its locations in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Germany, Israel, United States and the United Kingdom.

The Company's chief operating decision maker (CODM) is the senior executive committee that includes the chief executive officer, chief operating officer, and the chief financial officer (interim).

The U.S. GAAP measures used by the Company's CODM to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources—such as employees, property, and financial or capital resources during the annual budgeting and forecasting process, are Revenues, Gross Profit and Income before provision for income taxes. Performance results are monitored, reviewed, and measured monthly and quarterly by comparing budget and forecast to actual results for profit measures, assessing returns on investment, compensation decisions and changing strategies, if required.

The accounting policies used by the DDS, Synodex and Agility segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets shown in the table below (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024\*** |
| Total assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;DDS | $149210 | $91588 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Synodex | 5260 | 4790 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Agility <sup>(1)</sup> | 14123 | 17071 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Consolidated <sup>(2)</sup> | $168593 | $113449 |

---

*\* Prior period segment assets of the DDS, Synodex and Agility segments have been reclassified to align with the current period presentation, with no impact on the Company's consolidated results.*

(1)Agility assets include goodwill of $2.1 million and $2.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively

(2)Segment assets consist of cash, receivables, prepaid and other current assets, property and equipment, and intangibles.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
The table below shows segment information for other significant income statement items (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** |
|  | **DDS** | **Synodex** | **Agility** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $220825 | $7322 | $23516 | $251663 |
| Direct operating costs <sup>(1)</sup> <sup>(3)</sup> | 135421 | 5997 | 10766 | 152184 |
| Gross profit | 85404 | 1325 | 12750 | 99479 |
| Selling and administrative expenses <sup>(2)</sup> <sup>(4)</sup> | 46002 | 699 | 12905 | 59606 |
| Segment operating income (loss) | 39402 | 626 | (155) | 39873 |
| Interest expense (income), net | (1553) | - | 1 | (1552) |
| Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | $40955 | $626 | $(156) | $41425 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **Year Ended December 31, 2024** |
|  | **DDS** | **Synodex** | **Agility** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $141098 | $7864 | $21499 | $170461 |
| Direct operating costs <sup>(1) (3)</sup> | 88186 | 5763 | 9438 | 103387 |
| Gross profit | 52912 | 2101 | 12061 | 67074 |
| Selling and administrative expenses <sup>(2) (4)</sup> | 31685 | 194 | 10859 | 42738 |
| Segment operating income | 21227 | 1907 | 1202 | 24336 |
| Interest expense (income), net | (153) | - | 4 | (149) |
| Income before provision for income taxes | $21380 | $1907 | $1198 | $24485 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Direct operating costs consist of direct and indirect labor costs, occupancy costs, data center hosting fees, cloud services, content acquisition costs, depreciation and amortization, travel, telecommunications, computer services and supplies, realized (gain) loss on forward contracts, foreign currency revaluation (gain) loss, recruitment costs and other direct expenses that are incurred in providing services to our customers.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Selling and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related costs including commissions, bonuses, and stock-based compensation; marketing, advertising, trade conferences and related expenses; new services research and related software development expenses, software and cloud service subscriptions, professional and consultant fees, provision for credit losses and other administrative overhead expenses.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Includes non-cash expenses which consist mainly of depreciation, amortization of capitalized software development costs and stock-based compensation expense.

(4)Includes non-cash expenses which consist mainly of stock-based compensation expense.

Long-lived assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 by geographic region were comprised of (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| United States | $12576 | $10182 |
| Foreign countries: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada | 6325 | 6265 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;United Kingdom | 653 | 806 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Philippines | 5091 | 3532 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;India | 2582 | 2251 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sri Lanka | 833 | 587 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Israel | 56 | 63 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Germany | 6 | 4 |
| Total foreign | 15546 | 13508 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Totals | $28122 | $23690 |

---

Long-lived assets include the unamortized balance of right-of-use assets amounting to $4.1 million and $4.2 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
One customer in the DDS segment generated approximately 58% and 48% of the Company's total revenues in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, revenues from non-U.S. customers accounted for 16% and 21%, respectively, of the Company's revenues.

Revenues for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 by geographic region (determined based upon customer domicile), were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| United States | $212125 | $133876 |
| Canada | 11662 | 8696 |
| United Kingdom  | 10468 | 10006 |
| The Netherlands | 8549 | 8059 |
| Others - European countries principally, Germany and Belgium | 8859 | 9824 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Totals | $251663 | $170461 |

---

As of December 31, 2025, approximately 10% of the Company's accounts receivable was due from foreign (principally European) customers and 63% of accounts receivable was due from one customer. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 16% of the Company's accounts receivable was due from foreign (principally European) customers and 61% of accounts receivable was due from two customers. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of the accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income per Share

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net income attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries  | $32181 | $28660 |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding | 31807 | 29163 |
| Dilutive effect of outstanding options and restricted stock units | 3218 | 3014 |
| Adjusted for dilutive computation | 35025 | 32177 |

---

Basic income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted income per share is computed by considering the impact of the potential issuance of common shares, using the treasury stock method, on the weighted average number of shares outstanding. For those securities that are not convertible into a class of common stock, the two-class method of computing income per share is used.

Options to purchase 3.2 million shares of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2025 were outstanding and included in the computation of diluted income per share. Also included in the computation of dilutive income per share are 623,910 restricted stock units using the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive effect of restricted stock units outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

Options to purchase 4.0 million shares of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2024 were outstanding. Of these options, 3.7 million were included in the computation of diluted income per share while the remaining 0.3 million were not included in the computation of diluted income per share because the exercise price of the options were greater than the average market price of the common shares and therefore have not been considered as potential equity shares. Also included in the computation of dilutive income per share are 513,455 restricted stock units using the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive effect of restricted stock units outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Derivatives

The Company conducts a large portion of its operations in international markets, which subjects it to foreign currency fluctuations. The most significant foreign currency exposures occur when revenue and associated accounts receivable are collected in one currency and expenses to generate that revenue are incurred in another currency. The Company is also subject to wage inflation and other government mandated increases and operating expenses in Asian countries where the Company has the majority of its operations. The Company's primary inflation and exchange rate exposure relates to payroll, other payroll costs and operating expenses in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada and Israel.

In addition, although most of the Company's revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, a portion of total revenues is denominated in Canadian dollars, Pound Sterling and Euros.

The Company's policy is to enter derivative instrument contracts with terms that coincide with the underlying exposure being hedged for a period up to 12 months. As such, the Company's derivative instruments are expected to be highly effective. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded to Other comprehensive income (loss). Upon settlement of these contracts, the change in the fair value recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified to earnings and included as part of Direct operating costs. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, any change in fair value is recorded directly in earnings as part of Direct operating costs.

The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge transactions. The Company does not hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes. All derivatives are recognized at their fair value and classified based on the instrument's maturity date. The total notional amount for outstanding derivatives designated as hedges was $19.7 million and $22.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments included within the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Balance Sheet Location** | **Fair Value** | **Fair Value** |
|  |  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
| Foreign currency forward contracts | Accrued expenses | $342 | $499 |

---

The effect of foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net loss recognized in OCI<sup>(1)</sup> | $(124) | $(494) |
| Net loss reclassified from accumulated OCI into income<sup>(2)</sup> | $(249) | $(58) |
| Net gain recognized in income<sup>(3)</sup> | $- | $- |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Net change in fair value of the effective portion classified into other comprehensive income ("OCI")

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Effective portion classified within direct operating costs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) There were no ineffective portions for the period presented .

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
**16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Line of Credit**

On April 4, 2023, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender, and Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata docGenix, LLC and Agility PR Solutions LLC as co-borrowers. On July 21, 2023, Innodata Services, LLC signed a Joinder Agreement to join the Credit Agreement as a co-borrower. On August 5, 2024, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Credit Agreement (together with the Credit Agreement, the "Amended Credit Agreement"). The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a secured revolving line of credit (the "Revolving Credit Facility") up to an amount equal to the lesser of the borrowing base and $30.0 million (the "Maximum Credit") and provides that a Borrower may request an increase to the Revolving Credit Facility's Maximum Credit of up to, but not to exceed $50.0 million, subject to the approval of the Lender. The Revolving Credit Facility's borrowing base is calculated on the basis of (i) 85% of eligible accounts (other than eligible foreign accounts and unbilled accounts), plus (ii) the lesser of (a) 80% of eligible accounts that are unbilled accounts and (b) 30% of all eligible accounts, plus (iii) the lesser of (a) 85% of eligible foreign accounts, (b) 20% of all eligible accounts and (c) $4.0 million, minus (iv) certain other reserves and adjustments. As of December 31, 2025, such borrowing base calculation equaled approximately $30.0 million. The Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant that requires the Borrowers, on a consolidated basis, to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.10 to 1.00. Except as set forth in the Credit Agreement, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to the daily simple secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus 2.25%. The Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Amended Credit Agreement and did not utilize the Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2025 or during the subsequent period through the filing date of this Report.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Exhibit Index update**

Exhibits which are indicated as being included in previous filings are incorporated herein by reference.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit** | **Description** | **Filed as Exhibit** |
| 3.1 (a) | [Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated April 27, 1993](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420404003625/v02249_ex31a.txt) | Filed as Exhibit 3.1(a) to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003 |
| 3.1 (b) | [Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Innodata Corporation dated February 28, 2001](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420404003625/v02249_ex31b.txt) | Filed as Exhibit 3.1(b) to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003 |
| 3.1 (c) | [Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Innodata Corporation dated November 14, 2003](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420404003625/v02249_ex31.txt) | Filed as Exhibit 3.1(c) to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003 |
| 3.1 (d) | [Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Innodata Isogen, Inc. dated June 5, 2012](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420412043385/v320136_ex3-1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012 |
| 3.2 | [Form of Amended and Restated By-Laws](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000092281102000095/doc8.txt) | Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K dated December 16, 2002 |
| 4.1 | [Specimen of Common Stock certificate](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420415047205/v416923_ex4-1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 10-Q dated August 7, 2015 |
| 4.2 | [Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000141057822000489/inod-20211231xex4d2.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 |
| 10.1 | [Form of Indemnification Agreement between us and our Directors and one of our Officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000092281103000030/doc6.txt) | Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002 |
| 10.2 | [Employment Agreement dated as of January 1, 2007 with Ashok Mishra\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420407042365/v084083_ex10-1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007 |
| 10.3 | [Employment Agreement dated as of March 25, 2009 with Jack S. Abuhoff\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420409016226/v0143882_ex10-1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated March 25, 2009 |
| 10.4 | [Amendment to Employment Agreement with Jack S. Abuhoff dated as of July 11, 2011\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420411040368/v228554_ex10-1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated July 12, 2011 |
| 10.5 | [Amendment Number 2 to Employment Agreement, by and between Innodata Inc. and Jack Abuhoff, as amended, effective as of February 1, 2009.\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465925108168/tm2530546d1_ex10-1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated November 7, 2025 |
| 10.6 | [Innodata Inc. 2013 Stock Plan (as Amended and Restated effective June 7, 2016)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420416094736/v437135_def14a.htm) | Filed as Annex B to Definitive Proxy dated April 18, 2016 |
| 10.7 | [Amendment Number 1 dated August 24, 2018 to Agreement dated January 1, 2007 between the Company and Mr. Mishra\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420418046633/tv501863_ex10-1.htm)  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated August 28, 2018 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

10.8 [Form of Stock Option Grant Letter for July 13, 2018 Grant, for Directors\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000114420419015946/tv516211_ex10-59.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.59 to Form 10-K dated March 26, 2019

10.9 [Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan, amended and restated effective as of April 11, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923050129/tm232142d1_def14a.htm) Filed as Appendix A to Definitive Proxy Statement dated April 26, 2023

10.10 [Form of Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement for Employees\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465921081849/tm2119719d1_ex10-1.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S-8 Registration Statement dated June 16, 2021

10.11 [Form of Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement for Directors\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465921081849/tm2119719d1_ex10-2.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S-8 Registration Statement dated June 16, 2021

10.12 [Form of Indemnification Agreement between Innodata Inc. and each of its Named Executive](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465922026122/tm227453d1_ex10-1.htm) [Officers and Directors\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465922026122/tm227453d1_ex10-1.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated February 23, 2022

10.13 [Credit Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, and Agility PR Solutions LLC as borrowers, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 5, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923042168/tm2311450d1_ex10-1.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q dated May 11, 2023

10.14 [Security Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, and Agility PR Solutions LLC as grantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as secured party (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 5, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923042168/tm2311450d1_ex10-2.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q dated May 11, 2023

10.15 [Guaranty, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, and Agility PR Solutions LLC as guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 5, 2023).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923042168/tm2311450d1_ex10-3.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-Q dated May 11, 2023

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

10.16 Joinder No.1 dated as of July 21, 2023 to [(1) Credit Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, and Agility PR Solutions LLC as borrowers, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 5, 2023);](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923042168/tm2311450d1_ex10-1.htm) [(2) Security Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, and Agility PR Solutions LLC as grantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as secured party (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 5, 2023;](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923042168/tm2311450d1_ex10-2.htm) [and](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923042168/tm2311450d1_ex10-3.htm) [(3) Guaranty, dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, and Agility PR Solutions LLC as guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 5, 2023).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465923042168/tm2311450d1_ex10-3.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q dated November 2, 2023

10.17 [Form of Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Directors\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000141057824000124/inod-20231231xex10d20.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.20 to Form 10-K dated March 4, 2024

10.18 [First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2024, to Credit Agreement dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, Agility PR Solutions LLC, and Innodata Services, LLC as borrowers, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000141057824001246/inod-20240630xex10d1.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q dated August 9, 2024

10.19 [Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2024, to Credit Agreement dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata Docgenix, LLC, Agility PR Solutions LLC, and Innodata Services, LLC as borrowers, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465924087285/tm2421053d1_ex10-1.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 8, 2024

10.20 [Form of Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Employees\*](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000141057825000194/inod-20241231xex10d19.htm) Filed as Exhibit 10.19 to Form 10-K dated February 24, 2025

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| 10.21 | [Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of July 18, 2025, to Credit Agreement dated as of April 4, 2023, by and among Innodata Inc., Innodata Synodex, LLC, Innodata docGenix, LLC, Agility PR Solutions LLC, and Innodata Services, LLC as borrowers, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Lender.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000110465925107873/inod-20250930xex10d1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q dated November 6, 2025 |
| 10.22 | [Form of Innodata Inc. Equity Compensation Plan Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Employees\*](inod-20251231xex10d22.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 19 | [Trading Policy for Innodata Stock](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000141057825000194/inod-20241231xex19.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 19 to Form 10-K dated February 24, 2025 |
| 21 | [Significant subsidiaries of the registrant](inod-20251231xex21.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 23 | [Consent of BDO India LLP](inod-20251231xex23.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 31.1 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](inod-20251231xex31d1.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 31.2 | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](inod-20251231xex31d2.htm) | Filed herewith |
| 32.1 | [Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](inod-20251231xex32d1.htm) | Furnished herewith |
| 32.2 | [Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](inod-20251231xex32d2.htm) | Furnished herewith |
| 97.1 | [Innodata Inc. Compensation Recoupment Policy](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/903651/000141057824000124/inod-20231231xex97d1.htm) | Filed as Exhibit 97.1 to Form 10-K dated March 4, 2024 |
| 101 | Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: | Filed herewith |
|  | (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, |  |
|  | (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, |  |
|  | (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, |  |
|  | (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File | Included in Exhibit 101. |

---

**\*** Exhibit represents a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement required to be filed as Exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

## Exhibit 10.22

**Exhibit 10.22**

**INNODATA INC. 2021 EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN**

**PERFORMANCE RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT**

This PERFORMANCE RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT (the "<u>Agreement</u>"), dated as of [INSERT DATE OF GRANT] (the "<u>Date of Grant</u>"), is delivered by Innodata Inc. (the "<u>Company</u>") to [INSERT FULL NAME] (the "<u>Participant</u>").

<u>RECITALS</u>

The Innodata Inc. 2021 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended (the "<u>Plan</u>") provides for the grant of performance restricted stock units in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Plan. The Committee has decided to make this grant of performance restricted stock units as an inducement for the Participant to promote the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. The Participant hereby acknowledges the receipt of a copy of the Plan and the official Plan prospectus, each of which have been provided with this Agreement. Paper copies of the Plan and the official Plan prospectus are available by contacting the General Counsel of the Company at 201-371-8017 or aagress@innodata.com. This Agreement is made pursuant to the Plan and is subject in its entirety to all applicable provisions of the Plan. Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined will have the meanings set forth in the Plan.

For this Agreement to be valid, the Participant must return a copy of this Agreement to Amy Agress, SVP and General Counsel, Innodata Inc., email aagress@innodata.com.

1.<u>Grant of Performance Restricted PRSUs</u>. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and in the Plan, the Company hereby grants the Participant, as of the Date of Grant, performance restricted stock units (the "<u>PRSUs</u>") under the Plan entitling the Participant to receive a number of shares of common stock of the Company ("<u>Company Stock</u>"), if any, if and when the applicable vesting criteria are satisfied. Each PRSU represents the right of the Participant to receive a share of Company Stock (a "*Share*") on the applicable payment date, if any, set forth in Section 5 below. The initial number of PRSUs that shall be used to determine the Participant's rights pursuant to this grant is [INSERT # OF TARGET PRSUs] (the "<u>Target PRSUs</u>"). The number of Target PRSUs shall be used solely to calculate the number of shares of Company Stock that may be payable to the Participant under this Agreement. The number of shares of Company Stock that may be payable to the Participant under this Agreement shall be determined based upon actual results at the end of the applicable Performance Period (as defined in <u>Exhibit A</u>), as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion, and may be less than or greater than the Target PRSUs.

2.<u>Stock Unit Account</u>. PRSUs represent hypothetical shares of Company Stock, and not actual shares of stock. The Company shall establish and maintain a Stock Unit account, as a bookkeeping account on its records, for the Participant and shall record in such account the number of PRSUs granted to the Participant. No shares of Company Stock shall be issued to the Participant at the time the grant is made, and the Participant shall not be, and shall not have any of the rights or privileges of, a stockholder of the Company with respect to any PRSUs recorded in the Stock Unit account. The Participant shall not have any interest in any fund or specific assets of the Company by reason of this award or the Stock Unit account established for the Participant.

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

3.<u>Vesting</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)The PRSUs shall initially be unvested and shall vest only in accordance with the performance and/or service vesting provisions set forth in <u>Exhibit A</u> attached hereto. Any outstanding PRSUs that do not vest in accordance with <u>Exhibit A</u> shall be immediately cancelled, and the Participant shall thereupon cease to have any right or entitlement to receive any shares of Company Stock with respect to those cancelled PRSUs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)The vesting of the PRSUs shall be cumulative, but shall not exceed 100% of the PRSUs.

4.<u>Termination of PRSUs</u>. Except as set forth in <u>Exhibit A</u>, if the Participant ceases to be employed by, or provide service to, the Company (or a Subsidiary of the Company) for any reason before all of the PRSUs vest, any unvested PRSUs shall automatically terminate and shall be forfeited as of the date of the Participant's termination of employment or service. No payment shall be made with respect to any unvested PRSUs that terminate as described in this Section 4.

5.<u>Payment of PRSUs and Tax Withholding</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)If and when the PRSUs are earned and vest in accordance with <u>Exhibit A</u>, the Company shall issue to the Participant one share of Company Stock for each earned and vested PRSU. The number of earned and vested PRSUs may be more or less than the Target PRSUs, as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion based upon the level of attainment of the Performance Objectives at the end of the applicable Performance Period (as defined in <u>Exhibit A</u>). Payment of any PRSUs that vest shall be made as set forth in <u>Exhibit A</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)All obligations of the Company under this Agreement shall be subject to the rights of the Company as set forth in the Plan to withhold amounts required to be withheld for any taxes, if applicable. The Participant shall be required to provide for the payment of, any federal, state, local or other taxes with respect to the PRSUs. Subject to Committee approval, the Participant may elect to satisfy any withholding tax obligation of the Employer with respect to the PRSUs by having shares of Company Stock withheld to satisfy an amount equal to the amount of any FICA, federal income, state, local and other tax liabilities required by law to be withheld with respect to the PRSUs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)The obligation of the Company to deliver Company Stock shall also be subject to the condition that if at any time the Committee shall determine in its discretion that the listing, registration or qualification of the shares upon any securities exchange or under any state or federal law, or the consent or approval of any governmental regulatory body is necessary or desirable as a condition of, or in connection with, the issuance of shares, the shares may not be issued in whole or in part unless such listing, registration, qualification, consent or approval shall have been effected or obtained free of any conditions not acceptable to the Committee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)In no event will any fractional shares be issued. Any fractional PRSUs resulting from the vesting of the PRSUs in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and <u>Exhibit A</u> shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number.

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

6.<u>No Stockholder Rights; Dividend Equivalents</u>. Neither the Participant, nor any person entitled to receive payment in the event of the Participant's death, shall have any of the rights and privileges of a stockholder with respect to shares of Company Stock, including voting or dividend rights, until certificates for shares have been issued upon payment of PRSUs. The Participant acknowledges that no election under Section 83(b) of the Code is available with respect to PRSUs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may grant to the Participant Dividend Equivalents on the shares underlying the PRSUs prior to the applicable Vesting Date, which shall be credited to the Stock Unit account for the Participant and will be paid or distributed in accordance with this Agreement and the Plan.

7.<u>Grant Subject to Plan Provisions</u>. This grant is made pursuant to the Plan, the terms of which are incorporated herein by reference, and in all respects shall be interpreted in accordance with the Plan. The grant and payment of the PRSUs are subject to the provisions of the Plan and to interpretations, regulations and determinations concerning the Plan established from time to time by the Committee in accordance with the provisions of the Plan, including, but not limited to, provisions pertaining to (a) rights and obligations with respect to withholding taxes, (b) the registration, qualification or listing of the shares of Company Stock, (c) changes in capitalization of the Company and (d) other requirements of applicable law. The Committee shall have the authority to interpret and construe the PRSUs pursuant to the terms of the Plan, and its decisions shall be conclusive as to any questions arising hereunder.

8.<u>No Service or Other Rights</u>. The grant of the PRSUs shall not confer upon the Participant any right to be employed by, retained by or in the service of the Company (or a Subsidiary of the Company) and shall not interfere in any way with the right of the Company (or a Subsidiary of the Company) to terminate the Participant's employment or service at any time.

9.<u>Assignment and Transfers</u>. Except as the Committee may otherwise permit pursuant to the Plan, the rights and interests of the Participant under this Agreement may not be sold, assigned, encumbered or otherwise transferred except, in the event of the death of the Participant, by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. In the event of any attempt by the Participant to alienate, assign, pledge, hypothecate, or otherwise dispose of the PRSUs or any right hereunder, except as provided for in this Agreement, or in the event of the levy or any attachment, execution or similar process upon the rights or interests hereby conferred, the Company may terminate the PRSUs by notice to the Participant, and the PRSUs and all rights hereunder shall thereupon become null and void. The rights and protections of the Company hereunder shall extend to any successors or assigns of the Company and to the Company's parents, subsidiaries, and affiliates. This Agreement may be assigned by the Company without the Participant's consent.

10.<u>Applicable Law</u>. The validity, construction, interpretation and effect of this Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to the conflicts of laws provisions thereof.

11.<u>Notice</u>. Any notice to the Company provided for in this instrument shall be addressed to the Company in care of the General Counsel at the corporate headquarters of the Company, and any notice to the Participant shall be addressed to such the Participant at the current address shown on the records of the Company. Any notice shall be delivered by hand or enclosed in a properly sealed envelope addressed as stated above, registered and deposited, postage prepaid, in a post

------

office regularly maintained by the United States Postal Service or by electronic mail to legal@innodata.com.

12.<u>Company Policies</u>. The Participant agrees that, subject to the requirements of applicable law, the PRSUs, and the right to receive and retain any Company Stock covered by this Agreement, shall be subject to any applicable clawback or recoupment policies, share trading policies and other policies that may be implemented by the Board or imposed under applicable rule or regulation from time to time.

13.<u>Application of Section 409A of the Code</u>. This Agreement is intended to be exempt from Section 409A of the Code under the "short-term deferral" exception and to the extent this Agreement is subject to Section 409A of the Code, it will in all respects be administered in accordance with Section 409A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the PRSUs constitute "deferred compensation" under Section 409A of the Code and the PRSUs become vested and settled upon the Participant's termination of employment, payment with respect to the PRSUs shall be delayed for a period of six months after the Participant's termination of employment if the Participant is a "specified employee" as defined under Section 409A of the Code and if required pursuant to Section 409A of the Code. If payment is delayed, the PRSUs shall be settled and paid within thirty (30) days after the date that is six (6) months following the Participant's termination of employment. Payments with respect to the PRSUs may only be paid in a manner and upon an event permitted by Section 409A of the Code, and each payment under the PRSUs shall be treated as a separate payment, and the right to a series of installment payments under the PRSUs shall be treated as a right to a series of separate payments. In no event shall the Participant, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of payment. The Company may change or modify the terms of this Agreement without the Participant's consent or signature if the Company determines, in its sole discretion, that such change or modification is necessary for purposes of compliance with or exemption from the requirements of Section 409A of the Code or any regulations or other guidance issued thereunder.

***[Signature Page Follows]***

------

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused its duly authorized officer to execute this Agreement, and the Participant has executed this Agreement, effective as of the Date of Grant.

---

| |
|:---|
| INNODATA INC. |
| Name: Jack Abuhoff |
| Title: Chief Executive Officer |

---

I hereby accept the award of PRSUs described in this Agreement, and I agree to be bound by the terms of the Plan and this Agreement. I hereby agree that all decisions and determinations of the Committee with respect to the PRSUs shall be final and binding.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br> Date Participant

------

**Exhibit A**

**Vesting of Performance Restricted Stock Units**

------

## Ex-21

**Exhibit 21**

**Significant Subsidiaries**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | **Name under** |
|  | **State or other** | **which subsidiary** |
|  | **jurisdiction of** | **conducts** |
| **Name of Subsidiary** | **incorporation** | **business** |
| Innodata India Private Limited | India | Same |
| Innodata Knowledge Services, Inc. | Philippines | Same |
| ESS Manufacturing Co. Inc.  | Philippines  | Same  |
| Innodata Book Distribution Services Ltd. | Hong Kong | Same |

---

------

## Ex-23

**Exhibit 23**

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements on Form S-3 (File Nos. 333-91649, 333-51400, and 333-281379) and the registration statements on Form S-8 (File Nos. 333-193051, 333-201659, 333-215130, 333-257129, and 333-265608) of our report, dated February 26, 2026, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Innodata Inc. as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and for each of the years then ended, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Innodata Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2025.

---

| |
|:---|
| **/s/ BDO India Services Private Limited (Predecessor Firm BDO India LLP)**<br>|
| Mumbai, India |
| February 26, 2026 |

---

------

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Jack S. Abuhoff, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Innodata Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 26, 2026

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Jack S. Abuhoff |
| Jack S. Abuhoff |
| Chief Executive Officer and President |

---

------

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Marissa B. Espineli, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Innodata Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 26, 2026

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Marissa B. Espineli |
| Marissa B. Espineli |
| Interim Chief Financial Officer |

---

------

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Innodata Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Jack S. Abuhoff, Chief Executive Officer and President of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Jack S. Abuhoff |
| Jack S. Abuhoff |
| Chief Executive Officer and President |
| February 26, 2026 |

---

------

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Innodata Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Marissa B. Espineli, Interim Chief Financial Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Marissa B. Espineli |
| Marissa B. Espineli |
| Interim Chief Financial Officer |
| February 26, 2026 |

---

------