# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001571934
**File Stem:** 0001104659-25-067442
**Filing Date:** 2025-7
**Character Count:** 486091
**Document Hash:** daf630a55944f896ac1e51d84ace3ed1
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001104659-25-067442.hdr.sgml**: 20250711

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001104659-25-067442

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: S-3

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 53

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20250711

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20250711

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** TAO Synergies Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001571934
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 461585656
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** S-3
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-288647
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251119548

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 1185 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, 3RD FLOOR
- **CITY:** NEW YORK
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 10036
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 9732420005

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 1185 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, 3RD FLOOR
- **CITY:** NEW YORK
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 10036

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Synaptogenix, Inc.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20201210

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** NEUROTROPE BIOSCIENCE, INC.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20130312

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 11, 2025

**Registration No. 333-**

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549**

**FORM S-3**

**REGISTRATION STATEMENT**

***UNDER***

***THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933***

**TAO SYNERGIES INC.**

**(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **46-1585656** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction of**<br> **incorporation or organization)** | **(I.R.S. Employer**<br> **Identification Number)** |

---

**1185 Avenue of the Americas, 3rd Floor**

**New York, New York 10036**

**(973) 242-0005**

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)

**Robert Weinstein**

**Chief Financial Officer**

**TAO Synergies Inc.**

**1185 Avenue of the Americas, 3rd Floor**

**New York, New York 10036**

**(973) 242-0005**

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

***Copies to:***

**Kenneth R. Koch**

**Daniel A. Bagliebter**

**Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.**

**919 Third Avenue**

**New York, New York 10022**

**212-935-3000**

If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ◻

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ⌧

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ◻

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ◻

If this form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ◻

If this form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Large accelerated filer ◻ | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accelerated filer ◻ |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-accelerated filter ⌧ | &nbsp;&nbsp;Smaller reporting company ⌧ |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Emerging growth company ⌧ |  |

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

**The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.**

**The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The selling stockholders may not sell these securities until the Securities and Exchange Commission declares the registration statement effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.**

**SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 11, 2025**

**PROSPECTUS**

**TAO Synergies Inc.**

**1,919,016** Shares of Common Stock pursuant to the conversion of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock**

**1,833,333** Shares of Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of Investor Warrants**

**1,200,000 Shares of Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of Consultant Warrants**

**92,500** Shares of Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of Placement Agent Warrants**

This prospectus relates to the resale or other disposition from time to time of up to an aggregate of 5,044,850 shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Common Stock"), issuable upon (i) the conversion of shares of our newly designated Series D convertible preferred stock (the "Preferred Shares"), (ii) exercise of warrants (the "Investor Warrants") that were sold in a private placement (the "Offering"), (iii) exercise of warrants that were issued to a consultant (the "Consultant Warrants") pursuant to that certain Consulting Agreement (the "Consulting Agreement"), dated June 8, 2025, by and among the Company, James Altucher and Z-List Media, Inc. (the "Consultant), and (iv) exercise of warrants that were issued pursuant to (a) that certain engagement letter (the "2025 Engagement Letter") between the Company and GP Nurmenkari Inc. (the "Placement Agent") as consideration for placement agent services in connection with the Offering and (b) that certain engagement letter between the Company and the Placement Agent, dated September 10, 2024 (the "2024 Engagement Letter" and together with the 2025 Engagement Letter, the "Engagement Letters"), as consideration for placement agent services in connection with the offering of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Placement Agent Warrants" and collectively with the Investor Warrants and the Consultant Warrants, the "Warrants").

The Preferred Shares and Warrants were acquired by the selling stockholders pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement"), dated June 9, 2025, by and among the Company and the investors listed therein. The Consultant Warrants were acquired by the Consultant pursuant to the Consulting Agreement. The Placement Agent Warrants were acquired by the Placement Agent or its designees pursuant to each of the Engagement Letters. The shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares are herein referred to as "Conversion Shares," the shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants are herein referred to as "Warrant Shares."

We are registering the resale of the Conversion Shares and Warrant Shares covered by this prospectus as required by the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 9, 2025, by and among the Company and the Investors (the "Registration Rights Agreement") and as required by the Consulting Agreement and Engagement Letters, respectively. The selling stockholders will receive all of the proceeds from any sales of the shares offered hereby. We will not receive any of the proceeds, but we will incur expenses in connection with the offering. To the extent the Warrants are exercised for cash, if at all, we will receive the exercise price of the Warrants.

The selling stockholders may sell these shares through public or private transactions at market prices prevailing at the time of sale or at negotiated prices. The timing and amount of any sale are within the sole discretion of the selling stockholders. Our registration of the shares of Common Stock covered by this prospectus does not mean that the selling stockholders will offer or sell any of the shares. For further information regarding the possible methods by which the Conversion Shares and Warrant Shares may be distributed, see "Plan of Distribution" beginning on page 27 of this prospectus.

Our Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "TAOX." The last reported sale price of our Common Stock on July 11, 2025 was $8.95 per share.

**Investing in our Common Stock is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. Please consider carefully the specific factors set forth under "Risk Factors" beginning on page 8 of this prospectus and in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.**

**Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the disclosures in this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.**

**The date of this prospectus is , 2025.**

**Table of Contents**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#a_002) | [2](#a_002) |
| [PROSPECTUS SUMMARY](#a_003) | [3](#a_003) |
| [THE OFFERING](#a_004) | [7](#a_004) |
| [RISK FACTORS](#a_005) | [8](#a_005) |
| [SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#a_006) | [21](#a_006) |
| [USE OF PROCEEDS](#a_007) | [23](#a_007) |
| [SELLING STOCKHOLDERS](#a_008) | [24](#a_008) |
| [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#a_009) | [27](#a_009) |
| [LEGAL MATTERS](#a_010) | [29](#a_010) |
| [EXPERTS](#a_011) | [29](#a_011) |
| [WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION](#a_012) | [29](#a_012) |
| [INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE](#a_013) | [30](#a_013) |

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**ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS**

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") pursuant to which the selling stockholders named herein may, from time to time, offer and sell or otherwise dispose of the shares of our Common Stock covered by this prospectus. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front cover of this prospectus or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus is delivered or shares of Common Stock are sold or otherwise disposed of on a later date. It is important for you to read and consider all information contained in this prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference therein, in making your investment decision. You should also read and consider the information in the documents to which we have referred you under "Where You Can Find Additional Information" and "Information Incorporated by Reference" in this prospectus.

We have not authorized anyone to give any information or to make any representation to you other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. You must not rely upon any information or representation not contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any of our shares of Common Stock other than the shares of our Common Stock covered hereby, nor does this prospectus constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. Persons who come into possession of this prospectus in jurisdictions outside the United States are required to inform themselves about, and to observe, any restrictions as to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus applicable to those jurisdictions.

Unless we have indicated otherwise, or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to "TAO Synergies," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to TAO Synergies Inc.

**PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT**

*This summary description about us and our business highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. It does not contain all the information you should consider before investing in our securities. Important information is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. To understand this offering fully, you should read carefully the entire prospectus, including "Risk Factors" and "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," together with the additional information described under "Information Incorporated by Reference."*

**Overview**

On June 9, 2025, in connection with our previously announced exploration of strategic opportunities, we announced the launch of a differentiated cryptocurrency treasury strategy focused on the pure play artificial intelligence (AI) crypto coin, TAO, the native cryptocurrency of Bittensor, a decentralized blockchain network for machine learning and AI. We seek to stake TAO for revenue generation and capital appreciation, a strategy that underscores our mission to create significant value for shareholders.

In addition, we established a Bryostatin Development Committee consisting of members of the Board, to find third-party funding for the Company's Bryostatin-1 assets.

**Recent Developments**

On June 25, 2025, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State for the State of Delaware, effective June 26, 2025, to change the name of the Company from "Synaptogenix, Inc." to "TAO Synergies Inc." Additionally, the ticker symbol for the Company's common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market was changed from "SNPX" to "TAOX."

**Private Placement of Preferred Shares and Warrants**

On June 9, 2025, the Company entered into the Securities Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors (the "Investors"), pursuant to which we issued and sold to the Investors in a private placement (the "Offering") (i) an aggregate of 5,500 shares of the Company's newly designated Series D convertible preferred stock, initially convertible into up to 1,833,333 shares of the Company's common stock at an initial conversion price of $3.00 and (ii) warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,833,333 shares of Common Stock.

The terms of the Preferred Shares are as set forth in the Certificate of Designations of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Certificate of Designations"), which was filed with the Secretary of State for the State of Delaware on June 9, 2025. The Warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $3.00 per share and expire five years from issuance.

In connection with the Offering, we entered into the Registration Rights Agreement, pursuant to which we are required to, among other things, (a) file a resale registration statement with the SEC to register for resale (i) 200% of the maximum number of Unregistered Conversion Shares (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares and (ii) 200% of the maximum number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, promptly following the closing of the Offering, but in no event later than 30 calendar days after the effective date of the Registration Rights Agreement, (b) have such Registration Statement declared effective within 60 days after closing of the Offering (or 90 days after the closing of the Offering if the registration statement is reviewed by the SEC), and (c) maintain the registration until the earlier of (x) the date on which the selling stockholders have sold their Conversion Shares or Warrant Shares without restriction pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and (y) the date on which the selling stockholders no longer hold any Conversion Shares or Warrant Shares. In connection with the filing of this registration statement, the Required Holders (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) waived the requirement to register (i) 200% of the maximum number of Unregistered Conversion Shares (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares and (ii) 200% of the maximum number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants.

The Offering is exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to the exemption for transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506 of Regulation D of the Securities Act and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws. Each of the investors in the Offering has represented to us that it is an accredited investor within the meaning of Rule 501(a) of Regulation D and that it is acquiring the securities for investment only and not with a view towards, or for resale in connection with, the public sale or distribution thereof. The Preferred Shares and Warrants are being offered without any general solicitation by us or our representatives.

*Preferred Shares*

The Preferred Shares are convertible into Common Stock at the election of the holder at any time at an initial conversion price of $3.00 (the "Conversion Price"). The Conversion Price is subject to customary adjustments for stock dividends, stock splits, reclassifications and the like, and subject to price-based adjustment in the event of any issuances of Common Stock, or securities convertible, exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock, at a price below the then-applicable Conversion Price (subject to certain exceptions). We are required to redeem the Preferred Shares in equal quarterly installments, commencing on September 30, 2025. The amortization payments due upon such redemption are payable in cash at 107% of the applicable Installment Amount (as defined in the Certificate of Designations).

The holders of the Preferred Shares are entitled to dividends of 5% per annum, compounded quarterly, which are payable in cash. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of a Triggering Event (as defined in the Certificate of Designations), the Preferred Shares will accrue dividends at the rate of 15% per annum. The holders of Preferred Shares are entitled to vote with holders of the Common Stock as a single class on all matters that holders of Common Stock are entitled to vote upon, with the number of votes per share of Preferred Shares equal to the stated value of such Preferred Shares divided by the then applicable Conversion Price; provided, however that in no event shall the then applicable Conversion Price be less than the "Minimum Price" (as defined in Rule 5635 of the Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market) on the date immediately prior to the date of the Purchase Agreement.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, our ability to settle conversions is subject to certain limitations set forth in the Certificate of Designations, including a limit on the number of shares that may be issued until the time, if any, that our stockholders have approved the issuance of more than 19.99% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock in accordance with Nasdaq listing standards (the "Nasdaq Stockholder Approval"). We agreed to seek stockholder approval of these matters at a meeting to be held no later than September 1, 2025. Further, the Certificate of Designations contains a certain beneficial ownership limitation after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares or Warrants.

The Certificate of Designations includes certain Triggering Events (as defined in the Certificate of Designations), including, among other things, the Company's failure to pay any amounts due to the holders of the Preferred Shares when due. In connection with a Triggering Event, each holder of Preferred Shares will be able to require the Company to redeem in cash any or all of the holder's Preferred Shares at a premium set forth in the Certificate of Designations.

The Company is subject to certain affirmative and negative covenants regarding the incurrence of indebtedness, acquisition and investment transactions, the existence of liens, the repayment of indebtedness, the payment of cash in respect of dividends (other than dividends pursuant to the Certificate of Designations), distributions or redemptions, and the transfer of assets, among other matters.

There is no established public trading market for the Preferred Shares and we do not intend to list the Preferred Shares on any national securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.

*Warrants*

<u>Investor Warrants</u>

Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company issued warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock to the Investors (the "Investor Warrants") which are exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $3.00 per share (the "Exercise Price") and expire five years from the date of issuance. The Exercise Price is subject to customary adjustments for stock dividends, stock splits, reclassifications and the like, and subject to price-based adjustment, on a "full ratchet" basis, in the event of any issuances of common stock, or securities convertible, exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, at a price below the then-applicable Exercise Price (subject to certain exceptions). The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Investor Warrants are referred to herein as the "Investor Warrant Shares."

There is no established public trading market for the Investor Warrants and we do not intend to list the Investor Warrants on any national securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.

<u>Consultant Warrants</u>

Pursuant to the Consulting Agreement, the Company issued to the Consultant warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,200,000 shares of Common Stock, consisting of: (i) a warrant to purchase up to 400,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per share (the "First Tranche Warrant"), (ii) a warrant to purchase up to 200,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.00 per share (the "Second Tranche Warrant"), (iii) a warrant to purchase up to 200,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $8.00 per share (the "Third Tranche Warrant") and (iv) a warrant to purchase up to 400,000 shares of common stock at exercise price of $12.00 per share (the "Fourth Tranche Warrant" and together with the First Tranche Warrant, the Second Tranche Warrant and the Third Tranche Warrant, the "Consultant Warrants") with each warrant subject to exercisability, forfeiture and such other terms as set forth therein. The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Consultant Warrants are referred to herein as the "Consultant Warrant Shares."

Pursuant to the First Tranche Warrant: (i) 200,000 Consultant Warrant Shares are immediately exercisable upon issuance and (ii) the remaining 200,000 Consultant Warrant Shares will be exercisable upon the retention of a mutually agreeable treasury manager. Pursuant to the Second Tranche Warrant, the Consultant Warrant Shares will be exercisable on the 3-month anniversary of the date of issuance. Pursuant to the Third Tranche Warrant, the Consultant Warrant Shares will be exercisable on the 6-month anniversary of the date of issuance. Pursuant to the Fourth Tranche Warrant, the Consultant Warrant Shares will be exercisable on the one-year anniversary of the date of issuance. Each of the Consultant Warrants expires five years from the date of issuance. The Consultant Warrants contain customary registration rights, pursuant to which we are required to file a resale registration statement with the SEC to register the Consultant Warrant Shares for resale on or prior to the date is that 90 days from the issue date of the Consultant Warrants.

There is no established public trading market for the Consultant Warrants and we do not intend to list the Consultant Warrants on any national securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.

<u>Placement Agent Warrants</u>

In connection with the Offering, the Company entered into the 2025 Engagement Letter with GP Nurmenkari Inc. as placement agent (the "Placement Agent"). Pursuant to the 2025 Engagement Letter, the Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent (i) a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds from any sale of securities in the Offering and (ii) warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock equal to 3.0% of the number of shares of Common Stock that the Preferred Stock are initially convertible into, with an exercise price of $3.00 per share and a five-year term (the "2025 Placement Agent Warrants").

On September 10, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain accredited investors, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to certain accredited investors, in a private placement (the "2024 Private Placement"), an aggregate of (i) 3,207 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and (ii) warrants to acquire up to 1,250,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per share. In a concurrent registered direct offering, the Company sold 1,793 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock to the purchasers initially convertible into 448,250 shares of Common Stock.

In connection with the 2024 Private Placement, the Company entered into the 2024 Engagement Letter with the Placement Agent, whereby the Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent (i) a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds from any sale of securities in the 2024 Private Placement and (ii) warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock equal to 3.0% of the number of shares of Common Stock that the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock were initially convertible into, with an exercise price of $3.00 per share and a five-year term (the "2024 Placement Agent Warrants" and together with the 2025 Placement Agent Warrants, the "Placement Agent Warrants.") The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants are referred to herein as the "Placement Agent Warrant Shares."

There is no established public trading market for the Placement Agent Warrants and we do not intend to list the Placement Agent Warrants on any national securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.

The Investor Warrants, Consultant Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants are referred to collectively herein as the "Warrants." The Investor Warrant Shares, Consultant Warrant Shares and Placement Agent Warrant Shares are referred to herein as the "Warrant Shares."

**Risks Associated with Our Business**

Our business and our ability to implement our business strategy are subject to numerous risks, as more fully described in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in this prospectus and in our [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825000518/snpx-20241231x10k.htm), incorporated herein by reference. You should read these risks before you invest in our securities. We may be unable, for many reasons, including those that are beyond our control, to implement our business strategy.

**Corporate Information**

We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on October 31, 2012 as "Neurotrope Bioscience, Inc." On August 23, 2013, Neurotrope Acquisition, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Neurotrope, merged with and into us. We were the surviving corporation in this merger and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Neurotrope. On December 7, 2020, Neurotrope completed the complete legal and structural separation of Synaptogenix, Inc. from Neurotrope. On June 26, 2025, the Company changed its legal name from Synaptogenix, Inc. to TAO Synergies Inc.

Our principal executive offices are located at 1185 Avenue of the Americas, 3rd Floor, New York, New York, and our telephone number is (973) 242-0005. Our website is located at www.taosynergies.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

**THE OFFERING**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Shares of Common Stock that May be Offered by the Selling Stockholders** | Up to an aggregate of 5,044,850 shares of Common Stock, which are issuable to such selling stockholders pursuant to the terms of the Preferred Shares and Warrants. In accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement with the holders of the Preferred Shares and the Warrants, the Consulting Agreement and the Engagement Letters, as the case may be, the 5,044,850 shares of Common Stock reflects the sum of (i) 100% of the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares (assuming for purposes hereof that the Preferred Shares are convertible at the initial conversion price of $3.00), including payment of dividends on the Preferred Shares through December 9, 2026 in the form of shares of Common Stock and (ii) 100% of the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Investor Warrants (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation) at the initial exercise price of $3.00, (iii) 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Consultant Warrants (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation) and (iv) 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation). |
| **Use of Proceeds** | We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Conversion Shares and Warrant Shares by the selling stockholders. However, if all of the Warrants were exercised for cash, we would receive gross proceeds of approximately $14.9 million. We currently intend to use such proceeds for general corporate purposes and working capital, including the acquisition of Bittensor TAO as a treasury reserve asset. |
| **Offering Price** | The selling stockholders may sell all or a portion of their shares through public or private transactions at prevailing market prices or at privately negotiated prices. |
| **Nasdaq Capital Market Symbol** | "TAOX" |
| **Risk Factors** | Investing in our Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. See "Risk Factors" included in this prospectus and beginning on page 40 of our [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825000518/snpx-20241231x10k.htm), incorporated by reference herein, and any other risk factors described in the documents incorporated by reference herein, for a discussion of certain factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in our Common Stock. |

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Throughout this prospectus, when we refer to the shares of our Common Stock being registered on behalf of the selling stockholders for offer and sale, we are referring to the Conversion Shares and Warrant Shares, each as described under "The Offering" and "Selling Stockholders." When we refer to the selling stockholders in this prospectus, we are referring to the selling stockholders identified in this prospectus and, as applicable, their donees, pledgees, transferees or other successors-in-interest selling shares of Common Stock or interests in shares of Common Stock received after the date of this prospectus from a selling stockholder as a gift, pledge, partnership distribution or other transfer.

**RISK FACTORS**

Investing in our securities involves significant risk. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider the risks, uncertainties and assumptions discussed below and discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" included in our most recent [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825000518/snpx-20241231x10k.htm), as revised or supplemented by our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or our Current Reports on Form 8-K that we have filed with the SEC, all of which are incorporated herein by reference, and which may be amended, supplemented or superseded from time to time by other reports we file with the SEC in the future. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our operations. The occurrence of any of these risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment in the offered securities.

**Risks Related to our Crypto Asset Strategy**

***Our operating results are dependent on the price of TAO. If such price declines, our business, operating results, and financial condition would be adversely affected.***

Any declines in the volume of crypto asset transactions, the price of crypto assets, or market liquidity for crypto assets generally may adversely affect our operating results. We have significant investments in TAO. As of July 7, 2025, we held digital intangible assets of $7.54 million. Thus, changes in the value of TAO will generally have a significant impact on our results. Our operating results will be impacted by the revenues and profits we generate from the purchase, sale, and trading of crypto assets.

The market price of Bittensor's TAO token has been highly volatile and could decline sharply at any time. For example, TAO's price experienced a rise of over 1000% in 2024, reaching a high above $767 in April 2024, and subsequently corrected by roughly 45% from that peak. Such extreme fluctuations could significantly increase or reduce the value of our TAO holdings within a short period. The market price of TAO can be driven by a variety of factors beyond our control, including speculative investor behavior, regulatory developments, changes in market liquidity, the adoption and performance of the Bittensor network, cybersecurity incidents, macroeconomic events, or negative publicity about digital assets generally or TAO specifically. Because we have invested a substantial portion of our treasury in TAO, a major downturn in TAO's market price could materially impair the value of our assets and even jeopardize our ability to meet cash needs or financial obligations.

The price of crypto assets and associated demand for buying, selling, and trading of crypto assets have also historically been subject to significant volatility. For instance, in 2017 and 2021, the value of certain crypto assets, including bitcoin, experienced steep increases in value, followed by steep declines in 2018 and 2022. After recovering from the 2018 decline and reaching record highs in December 2021, the value of the total crypto market cap declined by approximately 64% in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. The collapse of several companies in the crypto asset industry such as Celsius, Voyager, and FTX impacted crypto asset prices in 2022 and the majority of 2023. We believe that the approval and launch of spot-based Bitcoin ETFs in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2024 and the election of President Donald Trump in the fourth quarter of 2024 contributed to an increase in the crypto market capitalization during 2024. However, the crypto market subsequently experienced a general decline in the first half of 2025.

The price and trading volume of any crypto asset is subject to significant uncertainty and volatility, and may significantly decline in the future, without recovery. Such uncertainty and volatility depend on a number of factors, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· market
 conditions across the cryptoeconomy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· changes
 in liquidity, volume, and trading activities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· trading
 activities on crypto asset trading platforms worldwide, many of which may be unregulated,
 and may include manipulative activities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· investment
 and trading activities of highly active retail and institutional users, speculators, miners,
 and investors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 speed and rate at which cryptocurrency is able to gain adoption as a medium of exchange,
 utility, store of value, consumptive asset, security instrument, or other financial asset
 worldwide, if at all;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· decreased
 user and investor confidence in crypto assets and crypto asset trading platforms;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· negative
 publicity and events relating to the cryptoeconomy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· unpredictable
 social media coverage or "trending" of crypto assets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 ability for crypto assets to meet user and investor demands;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 functionality and utility of crypto assets and their associated ecosystems and networks,
 including crypto assets designed for use in various applications;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· consumer
 preferences and perceived value of crypto assets and crypto asset markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· increased
 competition from other payment services or other crypto assets that exhibit better speed,
 security, scalability, or other characteristics;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· regulatory
 (including enforcement) or legislative changes and updates affecting the cryptoeconomy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 characterization of crypto assets under the laws of various jurisdictions around the world;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 maintenance, troubleshooting, and development of the blockchain networks underlying crypto
 assets, including by miners, validators, and developers worldwide;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 ability for cryptocurrency networks to attract and retain miners or validators to secure
 and confirm transactions accurately and efficiently;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· ongoing
 technological viability and security of crypto assets and their associated smart contracts,
 applications, and networks, including vulnerabilities against hacks and scalability;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· fees
 and speed associated with processing crypto asset transactions, including on the underlying
 blockchain networks and on crypto asset trading platforms;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· financial
 strength of market participants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 availability and cost of funding and capital;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· the
 liquidity of crypto asset trading platforms;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· interruptions
 in service from or failures of major crypto asset trading platforms;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· availability
 of an active derivatives market for various crypto assets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· availability
 of banking and payment services to support cryptocurrency-related projects;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· level
 of interest rates and inflation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· monetary
 policies of governments, trade restrictions, and fiat currency devaluations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· national
 and international economic and political conditions.

Furthermore, crypto asset prices may be subject to market manipulation or distortion, including pump-and-dump schemes, wash trading, spoofing, and front-running, particularly on unregulated exchanges. Such manipulation could significantly impact the perceived value and trading volume of TAO and undermine investor confidence in the crypto asset market, adversely affecting our business.

There is no assurance that any crypto asset will maintain its value or that there will be meaningful levels of trading activities. In the event that the price of crypto assets or the demand for trading crypto assets decline, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

***If we fail to successfully implement our crypto asset-related business strategy, or if our strategy proves ineffective, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.***

Our future performance depends significantly on the successful execution of our business strategy, which is focused, in part, on acquiring, holding and staking TAO and participating in the TAO ecosystem. This strategy is novel, involves exposure to emerging technologies and markets, and requires effective management of operational, technological, and financial resources. The successful implementation of this strategy will place substantial demands on our management team and infrastructure. Moreover, given the rapidly evolving regulatory and technological landscape surrounding crypto assets, there is no assurance that our strategy will be successful, or that it will result in improved financial performance or long-term shareholder value. We may, at any time, modify or abandon certain components of our business plan in response to market conditions, regulatory developments, or other factors. Additionally, our strategy is untested over extended market cycles, and unforeseen complications, operational failures, regulatory shifts, or insufficient demand for TAO could significantly impede our business objectives. If we are unable to effectively implement our strategy, or if the strategy does not yield the anticipated benefits, our business prospects, growth potential, and profitability could be materially and adversely impacted.

We may lack effective tools to hedge against TAO's price volatility, as no established derivatives market exists for TAO and broader crypto hedging instruments are generally limited to major tokens like Bitcoin. This leaves us more exposed to adverse market swings and unable to mitigate downside risk through conventional strategies. Our concentrated TAO holdings also present liquidity challenges, as TAO's trading volume is limited and large sales could depress prices and trigger steep losses. These constraints are compounded by the small number of platforms supporting TAO, some of which are offshore or decentralized. In adverse market conditions, we may be unable to liquidate TAO at reasonable prices, potentially impairing our ability to meet financial obligations. These combined factors make our treasury strategy more volatile and less liquid than one based on traditional assets.

Managing crypto assets like TAO also introduces operational complexities and control risks distinct from traditional treasury functions. Our limited experience in large-scale crypto custody increases the risk that our procedures may be inadequate to safeguard assets or accurately record transactions. Effective crypto asset management requires strict private key security, wallet controls, and transaction protocols; failures in these areas could result in irreversible losses. Even with third-party custodians, we must ensure proper oversight, reconcile blockchain data with financial records, and comply with evolving accounting standards. Human error, phishing attacks, or insider misconduct could also expose us to theft or fraud. Our finance team may experience a steep learning curve in navigating blockchain-based accounting, and weaknesses in our systems could lead to delays, errors, or regulatory issues. While we are investing in controls and personnel, there is no guarantee our risk management will remain effective as the crypto landscape evolves.

Our crypto asset strategy also relies heavily on evolving blockchain technology, which is subject to rapid change, technical challenges, and potential obsolescence. Protocols underlying TAO, including but not limited to key subnets, could experience security vulnerabilities, errors in code, malicious attacks, or other technical failures. Any such incidents could undermine confidence in TAO, result in significant financial losses, and materially impair our business. Additionally, future technological advances, including quantum computing, could potentially compromise the cryptographic foundations of blockchain technology underlying TAO, posing additional risk to the security and long-term viability of our crypto asset holdings.

***We will likely need to pursue additional equity or debt financings to meet our previously announced goal of acquiring $100 million of TAO.***

Based on our current balance sheet, we will likely need to pursue additional equity or debt financings in order to accumulate enough capital to acquire our previously stated target amount of TAO. With uncertainty in the capital markets and other factors, such financing may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve additional restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, we could face significant limitations on our ability to invest in our operations and otherwise suffer harm to our business.

***Certain of our directors, officers, employees and independent contractors may hold crypto assets.***

Certain of our directors, officers, employees, and independent contractors may hold crypto assets, including the same crypto assets in which the Company invests, or have other crypto-related personal investments. Such persons may actively invest in crypto projects and crypto assets on their own behalf, which could incentivize them to take actions (or refrain from actions) that favor their personal crypto holdings or related business interests over the interests of the Company and its shareholders. Affiliates of the Company may also have substantial direct investments in crypto assets and are under no obligation to prioritize or consider the Company's interests when managing those investments, potentially leading to conflicts of interest. Certain of our directors, officers, employees, and independent contractors may have outside business ventures or participate in other crypto-related initiatives, potentially diverting their time, attention, and resources away from our Company. The Company's internal policies and procedures may not fully eliminate these conflicts, and there is no assurance that the personal or outside interests of these individuals will consistently align with those of the Company or its shareholders. If such conflicts are not adequately managed, our decision-making processes, corporate governance, market perception, and overall financial performance may be adversely affected.

***Our historical financial statements do not reflect the potential variability in earnings that we may experience in the future relating to our proposed holdings of crypto assets.***

Our historical financial statements do not fully reflect the potential variability in earnings that we may experience in the future from holding or selling crypto assets. We will need to perform an analysis each quarter to identify whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that our crypto assets are impaired. As a result, volatility in our earnings may be significantly more than what we experienced in prior periods.

***The emergence or growth of other crypto assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of TAO and adversely affect our business.***

Our assets are concentrated in a single crypto asset, TAO. Accordingly, the emergence or growth of crypto assets other than TAO may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. As of June 30, 2025, TAO remained significantly smaller than many other crypto assets by market capitalization and liquidity. TAO's success hinges, in part, on Bittensor's ability to compete effectively in the decentralized AI ecosystem. Direct competitors include SingularityNET (AGIX), Fetch.ai (FET), Ocean Protocol, and others. If these platforms gain broader adoption, due to better performance, more user-friendly tools, or superior incentives, TAO could lose market share and relevance.

In addition, there are numerous alternative crypto assets and many entities, including consortiums and financial institutions, that are researching and investing resources into private or permissioned blockchain platforms or crypto assets that do not rely on decentralized machine learning or proof-of-intelligence models like the Bittensor network. For example, in late 2022, the Ethereum network transitioned to a proof-of-stake mechanism for validating transactions that requires significantly less computing power than proof-of-work mining. The Ethereum network has completed another major upgrade since then and may undertake additional upgrades in the future. If the mechanisms for validating transactions in Ethereum and other alternative crypto assets are perceived as superior to Bittensor's or as more attractive due to increased utility beyond Bittensor's narrower focus, those crypto assets could gain market share relative to TAO. Other alternative crypto assets that compete with TAO in certain ways include "stablecoins," which are designed to maintain a constant price because of, for instance, their issuers' promise to hold high-quality liquid assets (such as U.S. dollar deposits and short-term U.S. Treasury securities) equal to the total value of stablecoins in circulation. Stablecoins have grown rapidly as an alternative to non-pegged crypto assets such as TAO as a medium of exchange and store of value, particularly on crypto asset trading platforms.

Additionally, central banks in some countries have started to introduce digital forms of legal tender. For example, China's central bank digital currency ("CBDC") project was made available to consumers in January 2022, and governments including the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and Israel have been discussing the potential creation of new CBDCs. Whether or not they incorporate blockchain or similar technology, CBDCs, as legal tender in the issuing jurisdiction, could also compete with, or replace, TAO and other crypto assets as a medium of exchange or store of value. As a result, the emergence or growth of these or other crypto assets could cause the market price of TAO to decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

***Our financial results are heavily dependent on TAO, significantly increasing our exposure to crypto asset market volatility, valuation uncertainty, and concentrated credit risks.***

Our holdings in crypto assets are focused on TAO, which subjects us to heightened risks related to asset concentration and market volatility. A substantial decline in demand for TAO, if not offset by interest in other assets, would materially and adversely impact our revenues and overall financial performance. This concentration also amplifies our vulnerability to downturns in the broader crypto market, exposing us to outsized losses, asset write-downs, liquidity constraints, and difficulties in meeting collateral obligations.

Additionally, accurately valuing crypto assets, including TAO, can be challenging, especially during periods of market stress. Crypto assets trade globally across numerous exchanges, many of which are lightly regulated, causing significant price volatility and disparities across trading venues. The absence of a centralized market or definitive closing price means valuations can be unreliable or temporarily distorted due to liquidity shortages, market disruptions, or manipulation. Such valuation uncertainties complicate the accurate determination of our financial position and make it difficult for auditors to verify our asset values.

Moreover, new accounting standards requiring adjustments to how we mark crypto assets to market values could introduce substantial fluctuations in our reported earnings. These valuation changes might also trigger unintended tax liabilities, resulting in increased tax expenses or additional compliance burdens.

Our concentrated crypto asset holdings further expose us to credit risks. For instance, maintaining large asset balances with a single custodian or significant lending exposure to a single counterparty within the crypto industry could substantially increase the severity of an adverse event, as the failure or insolvency of such entities would directly jeopardize a major portion of our assets.

***We are highly dependent on James Altucher and other key personnel, and our inability to retain or attract experienced individuals could materially harm our business.***

We are highly dependent on the services of our TAO token consultant, James Altucher, for leading our TAO-based revenue generation strategy. Because we operate in a relatively new industry that requires highly skilled and technical personnel, our future success is highly dependent on the talents and contributions of Mr. Altucher. The loss of Mr. Altucher could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Mr. Altucher is free to engage in activities outside of the Company, although he is obligated under his consulting agreement to devote his TAO-related activities exclusively to us. Moreover, his contract expires on June 8, 2026. While Mr. Altucher has entered into a consulting agreement with the Company, Mr. Altucher is not expected to devote his full time, attention or efforts to us. Mr. Altucher may continue to manage significant crypto assets outside of the Company, which may consume some of his time, attention and efforts.

Additionally, our future growth and success depend on our ability to attract, retain, and motivate skilled employees and contractors in the crypto asset industry. Competition for qualified personnel in the crypto asset and blockchain industries is intense. The specialized nature of blockchain technology and crypto asset markets means there is limited availability of highly experienced personnel. Our growth strategy depends not only on retaining key individuals like Mr. Altucher but also on our ability to attract and retain additional experienced professionals. Any inability to secure or retain such personnel due to competitive pressures, reputational factors, regulatory uncertainty, or market conditions could adversely impact our ability to execute our strategic initiatives and could materially harm our business.

***Our TAO holdings are likely to be less liquid than our existing cash and cash equivalents and may not be able to serve as a source of liquidity for us to the same extent as cash and cash equivalents.***

Historically, the TAO market has been characterized by significant volatility in price, lower trading volumes, and less liquidity compared to major crypto assets like Bitcoin and traditional fiat currencies. During times of market instability, we may not be able to sell our TAO at favorable prices or at all. For example, TAO currently trades on a limited number of centralized and decentralized platforms, some of which may lack sufficient depth or infrastructure to support large-volume trades or institutional execution. As a result, our TAO holdings may not be able to serve as a source of liquidity for us to the same extent as cash and cash equivalents.

Additionally, we may be unable to enter into term loans or other capital raising transactions collateralized by our unencumbered TAO or otherwise generate funds using our TAO holdings, particularly in times of market instability or when the price of TAO has declined significantly. If we are unable to sell our TAO, enter into additional capital raising transactions (including transactions using TAO as collateral), or otherwise generate funds using our TAO holdings, or if we are forced to sell our TAO at a significant loss in order to meet our working capital requirements, our business and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

Additionally, we rely on third-party exchanges and custodians to facilitate transactions in TAO. These platforms may face operational disruptions, security breaches, regulatory enforcement, insolvency, or other issues beyond our control. Any impairment of our ability to access or transact on these platforms could limit our liquidity, force us into unfavorable asset sales, or prevent us from timely managing our crypto asset holdings, thereby materially affecting our operations and financial condition.

***Bittensor's TAO token, generated via a decentralized "Proof-of-Intelligence" mining process, faces significant volatility, governance centralization risks, regulatory uncertainty, limited liquidity, and ongoing security vulnerabilities related to its AI-focused consensus model and underlying decentralized infrastructure.***

Bittensor's native token, TAO, was launched via a "fair launch" mining process in January 2021 and, according to public reports, without a pre-sale, ICO, or pre-mined allocation. Circulating tokens were earned by miners, promoting decentralization but potentially resulting in wealth concentration among early participants. The project is managed by the Opentensor Foundation, a small team of developers, making it heavily dependent on their ongoing involvement. Until early 2024, governance power was concentrated in a small number of validators, posing centralization risks. Although a new dynamic governance system was introduced in 2025, it remains untested and could present unforeseen challenges and conflicts of interest.

TAO tokens are generated through Bittensor's "Proof-of-Intelligence" consensus mechanism, where validators assess AI contributions from miners to distribute rewards. This approach, however, introduces potential vulnerabilities such as subjective evaluations, collusion, and technical security risks. Notably, in July 2024, a supply-chain attack led to theft of private keys and prompted a temporary network shutdown, underscoring existing security concerns and highlighting the network's reliance on centralized emergency controls. TAO has a capped supply of 21 million tokens, with about 9 million mined as of mid-2025, and a halving of token issuance every four years, the next scheduled for August 2025. These dynamics could influence miner incentives and affect market liquidity.

TAO's value is speculative and highly dependent on future adoption and ecosystem growth. Trading liquidity is limited and primarily concentrated on offshore exchanges, increasing price volatility and counterparty risks. Currently, derivatives markets for TAO are limited, and while products such as the Grayscale Bittensor Trust may enhance market accessibility, they carry additional liquidity and regulatory uncertainties.

***Bittensor, a decentralized AI blockchain network using a "Proof-of-Intelligence" consensus model tied to AI model performance, faces significant technical, operational, scalability, governance, and regulatory risks, including dependence on third-party off-chain infrastructure, potential vulnerabilities in AI validation processes, limited scalability, decentralized governance inefficiencies, and regulatory uncertainties, all of which could adversely impact the value and adoption of its native TAO token.***

TAO functions on the Bittensor network, which operates as a decentralized AI network built on a custom blockchain utilizing the Substrate framework and employs a novel consensus mechanism known as "Proof-of-Intelligence," whereby blockchain validation and token rewards are directly tied to AI model performance. The complex architecture of this system introduces significant technical and operational risks. Given the sophisticated blockchain infrastructure and Bittensor's specialized AI-focused subnets, there exists a heightened potential for software errors, system vulnerabilities, and unforeseen operational disruptions. Such events could result in extended network downtime, diminished user confidence, or even irreversible losses of digital assets.

Moreover, Bittensor heavily depends on off-chain infrastructure for executing AI computations, leading to inherent trust and transparency issues. Users must rely on third-party providers to execute AI tasks accurately and securely. Any inaccuracies, misreporting, malicious actions, or operational failures in these off-chain processes could significantly damage the reliability and overall reputation of the Bittensor network and negatively impact the TAO token's value.

The decentralized nature of Bittensor further presents notable scalability challenges. As participation increases, the complexity and resource-intensiveness of validating and evaluating AI model contributions can create bottlenecks and degrade system performance. These scalability constraints could prevent Bittensor from effectively competing with centralized AI platforms, potentially limiting widespread adoption and constraining growth in demand for the TAO token.

In addition, maintaining robust quality control and verifying AI outputs within the Bittensor ecosystem pose ongoing challenges. While the platform employs a competitive, reputation-based reward system to incentivize quality contributions, this structure remains vulnerable to risks such as validator collusion, sabotage among competing model providers, and manipulation of reputation or reward mechanisms. Without robust on-chain verification processes, incorrect or deceptive AI outputs may proliferate, eroding trust and undermining the perceived value of services provided through the network.

The value and liquidity of the TAO token also depends substantially on its adoption among developers, researchers, and other users within decentralized AI markets. If Bittensor fails to expand beyond niche communities or becomes overshadowed by centralized AI alternatives, it may experience decreased demand for its services. This scenario would negatively impact the market price and liquidity of TAO, adversely affecting our financial position.

The decentralized governance structure of Bittensor, managed through consensus among TAO token holders, also introduces additional risks related to decision-making delays, political friction, and governance inefficiencies. Regulatory ambiguity and increased scrutiny surrounding decentralized AI systems and crypto tokens further compound these governance challenges. Adverse regulatory actions, unclear legal interpretations, or new compliance obligations could impose substantial additional costs or operational restrictions, or potentially force cessation of certain business activities altogether. This regulatory uncertainty could also deter institutional adoption and broader acceptance of Bittensor, further limiting its potential growth and stability. Collectively, these technical, operational, market, governance, and regulatory risks could result in substantial volatility in the value of TAO, materially affecting our business strategy involving this asset.

Blockchain networks like Bittensor can also undergo "forks," splitting into separate networks due to planned upgrades, technical disagreements, or vulnerabilities. Forks can cause significant uncertainty, market volatility, and TAO price declines. Forks may also result in token holders having assets on multiple blockchains, creating confusion around market acceptance and token value. Service providers, custodians, or exchanges supporting TAO might refuse to accommodate forked tokens, complicating custody, liquidity, and valuation. Forks could also expose holders to cybersecurity threats, including replay attacks and fraudulent schemes. Such disruptions may materially affect the Company's treasury assets, financial condition, operational results, and market reputation.

***The open-source structure of crypto asset networks, including the Bittensor network on which the TAO crypto asset functions, exposes us to risks related to software development, security vulnerabilities, and potential disruptions.***

The open-source structure of the Bittensor network, on which the TAO crypto asset operates, exposes us to risks related to software development, security vulnerabilities, and potential disruptions. Bittensor is designed as a decentralized, open-source protocol for collaborative machine intelligence, and although key contributors and the Opentensor Foundation play significant roles, no single entity formally controls the network as a whole.

Development, maintenance, and security depend heavily on voluntary contributions, community incentives, and ongoing engagement. Without mandated funding or guaranteed resources, efforts to address emerging issues, security updates, or network improvements may lag, exposing the protocol to risk. For example, the network faced a significant security incident in July 2024 when a malicious upload to PyPI led to a wallet exploit affecting users, prompting urgent mitigations by the Opentensor Foundation.

If the Bittensor software is not properly maintained or updated, the network (and by extension the TAO token) could become vulnerable to security threats, operational inefficiencies, or loss of user confidence, which could reduce the long-term viability of TAO and negatively impact our business.

***The irreversibility of crypto asset transactions exposes us to risks of theft, loss and human error, which could negatively impact our business.***

Crypto asset transactions are not, from an administrative perspective, reversible without the consent and active participation of the recipient of the transaction or, in theory, control or consent of a majority of the processing power on that crypto asset network. Once a transaction has been verified and recorded in a block that is added to the blockchain, an incorrect transfer of crypto assets or a theft of crypto assets generally will not be reversible, and we may not be capable of seeking compensation for any such transfer or theft.

It is possible that, through computer or human error, or through theft or criminal action, crypto assets could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties. To the extent we are unable to seek a corrective transaction to identify the third party which has received our crypto assets through error or theft, we will be unable to revert or otherwise recover the impacted crypto assets, and any such loss could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

***Decentralized AI networks, such as Bittensor, involve special risks related to unclear regulatory requirements, technical difficulties, limited transparency, intense competition, and complex intellectual property considerations.***

Regulatory oversight of AI remains fragmented, evolving, and lacking consistent standards or uniform frameworks. In the absence of clear global AI regulations, decentralized AI platforms, including Bittensor, face heightened uncertainty concerning compliance obligations, ethical governance standards, transparency, accountability, and intellectual property rights associated with AI model development and deployment.

Decentralized AI technologies inherently face increased technical risks, including model inaccuracies, embedded biases, scalability constraints, and vulnerabilities arising from complex model evaluation and validation processes. Unlike centralized AI systems, decentralized networks lack unified oversight or consistent quality standards for model training data, increasing the risk that AI models produce biased, inaccurate, discriminatory, or otherwise controversial outputs. Such issues may lead to reputational harm, diminished user trust, public criticism, and possible regulatory inquiries specifically targeting AI ethics and fairness.

Moreover, the inherent opacity of advanced decentralized AI models, such as deep neural networks, presents material transparency and explainability risks. As regulatory bodies increasingly demand clear interpretability and accountability of AI model decisions, particularly in high-risk or sensitive applications including healthcare, the inability to adequately explain or audit decentralized AI model behaviors could lead to regulatory scrutiny, litigation, or decreased consumer confidence.

The rapidly evolving AI landscape also introduces substantial competitive and technological obsolescence risks. Emerging AI platforms, research initiatives, or large technology companies may achieve superior innovations, broader adoption, or set higher benchmarks for AI performance and ethical standards. Failure to rapidly adapt to these advancements could diminish the competitive relevance and perceived value of decentralized AI platforms and the value of our TAO holdings.

Additionally, decentralized AI platforms present unique intellectual property ("IP") risks due to the collaborative and open-source nature of model and data contributions. Ambiguity surrounding IP ownership, potential infringement of third-party rights, difficulties in licensing enforcement, and disputes over intellectual property rights could lead to litigation, financial liabilities, reputational harm, or disruption of network operations, adversely affecting the Bittensor network.

**Risks Related to the Custodian and Prime Broker**

***We face additional risks related to our reliance on BitGo Prime LLC (the "Prime Broker") and BitGo Trust Company, Inc. (the "Custodian"), which are affiliated entities, for trading, custody, and settlement of TAO.***

We rely on the Prime Broker's proprietary trading system and the Custodian's custodial and settlement services for executing and settling transactions in TAO. The Prime Broker's trading system is subject to technical failures, operational errors, interruptions, or cyber-attacks that could lead to transaction failures, settlement delays, or loss of assets. Although the Prime Broker and the Custodian maintain policies and procedures to mitigate these risks, there is no guarantee these safeguards will prevent disruptions or losses. Any operational failures could materially harm our ability to conduct business operations.

Additionally, transactions executed through the Prime Broker's trading system and settled via the Custodian's settlement services are final and irreversible once completed. If an error occurs (whether through human mistake, operational failure, or fraudulent activity) we may be unable to reverse or recover funds, resulting in potential significant losses. Except in cases involving fraud, gross negligence, or willful misconduct, the Custodian's liability for direct damages arising from theft, operational errors, unauthorized access, or similar incidents may be limited to the fees paid or payable during the 6 months immediately preceding the incident. Both the Custodian's and Prime Broker's liability for direct damages caused by their gross negligence or willful misconduct may be limited to the value of the affected digital assets or fiat currency. The Prime Broker otherwise may not be liable for losses relating to theft, operational errors, unauthorized access, or similar incidents. Consequently, the Company's recourse, including for losses of TAO held by the Custodian, Prime Broker, or their service providers, may be substantially limited.

Neither the Custodian nor the Prime Broker is a banking institution or a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") or a broker-dealer and member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation ("SIPC"). Therefore, deposits held with, or assets held by, the Custodian are not subject to the protections enjoyed by depositors with FDIC- or SIPC-member institutions. The Custodian has advised us that it maintains insurance policies in the amount of $250 million, in the aggregate, which are intended to cover the loss of client assets held by the Custodian. The insurance maintained by the Custodian may not be available or sufficient to protect the Company from all possible losses or sources of losses. The Custodian's insurance may not cover the specific type of loss experienced by the Company. In addition, the TAO insurance markets are limited, and the level of insurance maintained by the Custodian may be substantially lower than the value of the assets of the Company. While the Custodian maintains certain capital reserve requirements based on the value of the assets under custody (which may provide additional means to cover client asset losses), the Company cannot be assured that the Custodian will maintain capital reserves sufficient to cover actual or potential losses with respect to the Company's crypto assets.

Additionally, the security of crypto assets held by the Custodian depends significantly on how effectively the Custodian safeguards private cryptographic keys associated with such assets. Although the Custodian uses both "hot" (online) and "cold" (offline) storage mechanisms designed to balance security and operational needs, any crypto assets stored in hot wallets may be at increased risk of theft, hacking, or unauthorized access compared to those held solely in cold storage. Furthermore, the Custodian's private key management practices, security protocols, and operational controls may not fully prevent cybersecurity breaches, human errors, or other security failures, which could result in partial or total loss of the Company's crypto assets.

Moreover, in the event of an insolvency or bankruptcy of the Custodian in the future, given that the contractual protections and legal rights of customers with respect to crypto assets held on their behalf by third parties are relatively untested in a bankruptcy of an entity such as the Custodian in the crypto asset industry, there is a risk that the Company's assets may be considered the property of the bankruptcy estate of the Custodian. The Company may be at risk of being treated as a general unsecured creditor of such entity and subject to the risk of total loss or significant impairment of the value of such assets.

Furthermore, the Prime Broker may engage in trading activities strictly as principal, meaning it may act as our direct counterparty rather than as an agent, fiduciary, or financial advisor. The Prime Broker may simultaneously engage in hedging transactions or market-making activities, potentially creating conflicts of interest, including scenarios where the Prime Broker's market activities negatively impact pricing or liquidity in our transactions. We do not have full visibility into these market-making or hedging activities, and these activities could result in less favorable execution terms than we might obtain elsewhere.

Additionally, the Custodian's custodial and settlement services depend on complex proprietary technology platforms and APIs provided by affiliates and third-party service providers. We are entirely dependent on the reliability and security of this technology infrastructure. Any operational disruption at the Custodian, Prime Broker, or their third-party providers could lead to delays, transaction failures, asset losses, or increased vulnerability to security breaches.

Regulatory scrutiny or enforcement actions directed at the Prime Broker or Custodian could also adversely impact their ability to offer services, force changes in business practices, or cause operational disruptions. Such events could materially impair our business activities, operations, and the value of our crypto assets held by the Custodian.

***Security threats to the Company's account at the Custodian could result in the halting of the Company's operations and a loss of the Company's assets or damage to the reputation of the Company, each of which could materially and adversely affect the Company.***

Security breaches, computer malware, and hacking attacks have been a prevalent concern in relation to crypto assets. The Company believes that its TAO held at the Custodian will be an appealing target to hackers or malware distributors seeking to destroy, damage, or steal the Company's TAO – a threat that will only become more appealing if the Company's TAO grows in value. To the extent that the Company and Custodian are unable to identify and mitigate or stop new security threats or adapt to technological changes in the crypto asset industry, the Company's TAO may be subject to theft, loss, destruction, or other attack.

The Company believes that the security procedures in place for the Custodian, including, but not limited to, offline storage (cold storage) and other measures, are reasonably designed to safeguard the Company's TAO. Nevertheless, no security procedure can guarantee the prevention of all loss due to a security breach, software defect, or act of God. Such events may have to be borne by the Company. Additionally, security procedures may not protect against all errors, software flaws, or other vulnerabilities in the technical infrastructure of the Company or Custodian, which could result in theft, loss, or damage of assets. The Company does not control the Custodian's operations or their implementation of such security procedures, and there can be no assurance that such security procedures will work as designed or prove successful in safeguarding the Company's assets against all possible sources of theft, loss, or damage. Assets not held in cold storage, such as assets held in a trading account, are more vulnerable to security breaches, hacking, or loss than assets held in cold storage.

The security procedures and operational infrastructure may be breached due to the actions of outside parties or error or malfeasance of an employee of the Company or Custodian. As a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to the Company's account at the Custodian, the relevant private keys (and therefore TAO), or other data or property of the Company. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees of the Company or the Custodian to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to the Company's infrastructure. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently (or may be designed to remain dormant until a predetermined event and often are not recognized until launched against a target), the Company and the Custodian may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures.

An actual or perceived breach of the Company's account at the Custodian could harm the Company's operations or result in partial or total loss of the Company's assets, resulting in a significant reduction or destruction in the value of the TAO.

**Risks Related to Staking**

***Staking activities involve significant risks, including the risks of borrower default, operational failures and the potential loss of TAO, which could materially and adversely affect the Company's financial performance and the value of its crypto assets.***

Staking TAO tokens exposes us to a variety of operational, economic, technological, and regulatory risks. Although staking can generate rewards, the process involves locking or delegating our TAO tokens to a validator, thereby restricting our immediate liquidity and ability to freely trade or use these tokens. Any operational disruptions, cybersecurity breaches, or software errors affecting our staking providers, validators, or the underlying blockchain network may result in partial or total loss of our staked TAO.

Unlike traditional financial instruments, staking transactions are final and irreversible once executed, increasing the risk associated with potential human errors, operational failures, or malicious activities. Additionally, the underlying validator operations and staking infrastructure may be subject to technical vulnerabilities or exploits. A failure, security breach, or operational deficiency in validator performance or infrastructure could significantly reduce or eliminate staking rewards or result in economic penalties that adversely affect our financial condition.

We depend on third-party providers, such as our Custodian, and affiliated or independent validators, including Yuma, to facilitate and manage our staking activities. If our Custodian or validator experiences financial distress, insolvency, cybersecurity incidents, or other operational failures, we may experience significant delays or difficulty recovering staked tokens, lose expected staking rewards, or incur permanent loss of the underlying staked assets. Additionally, third-party staking providers, including our Custodian, may not maintain insurance coverage sufficient to protect us against all types of loss scenarios, leaving us potentially exposed to substantial economic risk.

Staking activities may also subject us to regulatory uncertainty and evolving interpretations of securities, commodities, and financial services laws. Regulators may impose licensing, registration, reporting, or other compliance requirements on our staking activities, leading to increased legal and operational burdens, costs, or interruptions. Furthermore, we may be required to alter, limit, or cease staking activities altogether in response to future regulatory or enforcement developments.

With respect to staking activities, the Custodian's or an affiliate's liability for direct damages, including slashing penalties or missed staking rewards, is also limited. Specifically, liability for slashing penalties may be capped at staking service fees collected during the 6-month period prior to the relevant incident. Liability for missed rewards may be capped at staking service fees collected during the preceding 3-month period. The Custodian or an affiliate also may not be not liable for blockchain protocol malfunctions, software bugs, third-party validator errors, or any staking-related losses below $1,000 USD.

The occurrence of any of these risks could materially impair our crypto asset holdings, adversely affect the financial performance of our business, and significantly diminish the value of our TAO tokens.

***Our reliance on the Custodian and its third-party validator for TAO staking activities creates concentration and related risks.***

We rely on the Custodian to facilitate our staking activities with respect to TAO tokens. Through its staking services, the Custodian holds and stakes our TAO through its third-party validator partner, Yuma. While we believe Yuma has been selected by the Custodian due to its reputation for security, reliability, and operational performance, neither the Custodian nor Yuma guarantees staking rewards, uninterrupted service, or protection against all operational or security risks. Our staked TAO could be subject to loss, reduction, or impaired liquidity due to validator performance issues, slashing-like economic penalties (in the form of reduced or eliminated rewards), cybersecurity breaches, network disruptions, regulatory actions, or technical failures affecting the Custodian's staking infrastructure or the Bittensor blockchain itself. Moreover, we do not control Yuma's operational practices or technical infrastructure, and we have limited visibility into or control over the processes by which staking rewards are generated and allocated.

In addition, our reliance on a limited number of third-party providers, notably our primary Custodian and the validator Yuma, creates a concentration of operational risk. The failure, underperformance, insolvency, or malfeasance of any key provider could materially and adversely affect our assets and staking operations. Given our significant reliance on Yuma as our principal validator, disruptions affecting Yuma, such as downtime, operational deficiencies, cybersecurity breaches, or withdrawal from the market, could leave us unable to promptly identify or transition to an equivalent validator. This could result in our TAO tokens remaining unstaked, thereby causing us to forego anticipated staking rewards, or forcing us to hurriedly redelegate our tokens, potentially leading to suboptimal returns or additional costs.

Furthermore, any material changes in the terms or fee structures imposed by our staking providers, including increased commission rates, more restrictive withdrawal conditions, or diminished service quality, may significantly reduce our net rewards, making our staking activities financially less attractive. Limited diversification among staking counterparties exacerbates our exposure to the operational, financial, and cybersecurity risks specific to these providers, analogous to counterparty risk in traditional financial services. Consequently, operational failures, security incidents, regulatory issues, or adverse business developments affecting our primary staking counterparties could significantly harm our business, financial condition, and the value of our crypto asset holdings.

***Our TAO staking relies on the Custodian and our validator, Yuma, who may utilize subnet automated market maker ("AMM") pools, exposing us to additional liquidity, market, and operational risks beyond our direct control.***

We stake TAO tokens through arrangements facilitated and managed by the Custodian and its selected validator, Yuma. In connection with these staking arrangements, the Custodian and Yuma may choose to convert our TAO tokens into subnet-specific "Alpha tokens" using subnet AMM pools. The Custodian and Yuma would control decisions regarding which subnet pools to use, how tokens are allocated among those pools, and the timing and extent of token conversions. As a result, we are indirectly exposed to significant risks associated with subnet AMM pools, including liquidity constraints, volatile exchange rates, operational failures, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and potential market disruptions.

Because decisions regarding subnet AMM pools and staking strategies are made by the Custodian and Yuma, we have limited visibility into or control over these decisions and the underlying operational safeguards. The economic viability of subnet AMM pools remains largely unproven, and these pools are subject to experimental and rapidly evolving technological and regulatory environments. Any adverse event affecting these AMM pools or Yuma's or the Custodian's selection and use of such pools, including but not limited to unfavorable market conditions, liquidity shortages, smart contract vulnerabilities, cybersecurity breaches, or operational failures, could result in significant financial losses, impairment of the liquidity or value of our staked TAO, or even total loss of our crypto assets.

We must also rely upon the Custodian's and Yuma's operational due diligence, technical expertise, and risk management practices, without the ability to independently verify or control these measures. Consequently, failures in the Custodian's or Yuma's decision-making or operational processes, or the AMM pools they choose, could materially and adversely impact our business operations, financial condition, and results of operations.

**Crypto Asset Regulatory Risks**

***We are not subject to legal and regulatory obligations that apply to investment companies such as mutual funds, or to obligations applicable to investment advisers or other regulated entities.***

Mutual funds and other registered investment companies are subject to extensive federal regulation as "investment companies" under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Company Act"). Additionally, firms that manage the assets of registered investment companies generally must register as "investment advisers" under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Advisers Act"). These regulatory regimes impose stringent requirements relating to custody of assets, restrictions on transactions with affiliated parties, limits on investment activities, mandated governance structures, and detailed disclosure obligations designed to protect investors.

We are not an investment company and do not manage third-party assets. Therefore, we are neither registered nor required to register as an investment company or investment adviser. Although one of our key treasury reserve assets is a crypto asset (TAO) and we engage in activities such as staking, we conduct these activities solely for our own corporate treasury management and not on behalf of external investors. Consequently, our operations involving TAO, including custody arrangements, transactions with affiliates, investment decisions, and general business practices, are not subject to the extensive regulatory framework applicable to mutual funds and registered investment advisers. Investors in our company therefore do not benefit from the heightened protections provided under the Investment Company Act or the Investment Advisers Act.

For example, although significant changes to our crypto asset strategy require approval by our board of directors, these changes do not necessitate shareholder votes or regulatory approvals mandated for registered investment companies. As a result, our board retains broad discretion regarding investment and cash management policies, including the authority to modify, suspend, or expand our strategy of acquiring, holding, or staking TAO, without being subject to regulatory procedures applicable to investment companies.

***If crypto assets held by the Company are determined to be securities under U.S. federal or state law, the Company would become subject to significant regulatory burdens, which may materially and adversely affect its business, operations, and financial condition.***

The legal characterization of crypto assets under U.S. securities laws remains unsettled and continues to evolve. If the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), another federal agency, or a state regulator determines that TAO or any other crypto asset held by the Company constitutes a security under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the Investment Company Act, the Company could become subject to extensive regulatory obligations. These obligations may include registration requirements, enhanced disclosure and reporting, restrictions on business activities, and compliance with corporate governance and custody standards.

The SEC has taken the position that certain crypto assets, depending on their characteristics, method of distribution, and functional use, may be classified as investment contracts or otherwise fall within the definition of a "security." Although we do not believe that our current activities, including the holding and staking of TAO, involve investment securities or cause us to be an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act, there can be no assurance that regulators will agree with our assessment, particularly as new guidance, enforcement actions, or legal precedents develop.

If the Company were required to register as an investment company, or if the crypto assets it holds were deemed to be unregistered securities, we could be forced to significantly alter, limit, or cease certain operations, including staking or other network participation activities. In such a scenario, the Company may also become subject to enforcement actions, penalties, or other remedial measures, any of which could result in reputational harm, legal liability, or the inability to continue its current business model. In addition to federal law, the Company may be subject to regulation under state securities laws, some of which apply broader definitions of a "security" than those used by the SEC. As a result, the Company could face additional regulatory scrutiny, registration requirements, or enforcement exposure at the state level, even if federal regulators do not classify its crypto assets as securities.

Regulatory uncertainty surrounding the classification of crypto assets presents a continuing risk to the Company's operations. Any determination that the crypto assets held or activities conducted by the Company fall within the scope of U.S. securities laws could impose significant costs, create legal obstacles to continued operations, or materially impair the value of the Company's assets and the returns available to its investors. If we decide to cease certain operations in response to new regulatory obligations, such actions could occur at a time that is unfavorable to investors.

***Engaging in certain activities involving crypto assets classified as commodities, such as offering futures, derivatives, leveraged transactions, or providing trading advice or brokerage services, could subject us to additional regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC"), and potentially oversight by the National Futures Association ("NFA").***

If our activities require CFTC registration, we may be required to comply with extensive regulatory obligations, which could result in significant costs and operational disruptions. For example, depending on our activities, we could be required to register a commodity pool, commodity pool operator, and/or commodity trading advisor with the CFTC through the NFA. Compliance with these additional regulatory requirements could result in substantial, non-recurring expenses, adversely affecting an investment in our securities. If we determine not to comply with such regulations, we may be forced to cease certain operations, which could negatively impact our investors. Additionally, current and future legislative or regulatory developments, including new CFTC interpretations, could impact how crypto assets are classified and traded.

***Potential classification of our crypto asset activities including staking as money transmission could subject us to additional regulatory requirements, resulting in significant compliance costs or the cessation of certain operations.***

If regulatory changes or interpretations require us to register as a money services business ("MSB") with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN") under the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act ("BSA"), or as a money transmitter (an entity licensed to transfer money or monetary value between parties) under applicable state laws, we may become subject to extensive regulatory obligations, including anti-money laundering ("AML") programs, reporting, recordkeeping, licensing, and periodic examinations. Compliance with these requirements could result in significant expenses and operational burdens. If such requirements apply, we may incur extraordinary costs to maintain compliance, or alternatively, we may determine that continuing certain business activities is no longer economically viable.

***Regulatory scrutiny or shifting enforcement priorities could subject our crypto asset activities to significant compliance costs, legal liabilities, and operational disruptions, even absent formal classification as securities or commodities.***

Our crypto asset activities are subject to a rapidly evolving and uncertain regulatory environment involving multiple jurisdictions and regulatory authorities, including the SEC, CFTC, FinCEN, and various state and foreign regulators. Regulatory authorities across different countries often adopt inconsistent or conflicting approaches toward cryptocurrencies and related services, leading to uncertainty in regulatory application. Even absent formal classification of our crypto assets as securities, commodities, or other regulated products, shifting regulatory interpretations or enforcement priorities could significantly increase scrutiny of our activities.

Recent enforcement actions in the cryptocurrency industry illustrate the potential for rapid and unforeseen changes in regulatory stances. Should regulators assert jurisdiction over our crypto asset activities, we may face substantial compliance costs, legal liabilities, operational disruptions, reputational harm, or be compelled to substantially alter or discontinue certain activities altogether. In particular, the regulatory status of specific crypto assets, including TAO, remains unclear, and if regulators classify TAO as a security or other regulated instrument, we could be subject to regulatory inquiries and penalties.

This regulatory uncertainty elevates the risk of inadvertent violations, potentially resulting in enforcement actions, sanctions, or cease-and-desist orders requiring immediate changes to our business operations. Furthermore, new legislation or regulatory actions could ban, restrict, or impose stringent licensing or operational requirements on crypto asset activities. Given the interconnected nature of global regulatory oversight, regulatory developments in one jurisdiction can prompt similar actions elsewhere, amplifying the compliance burdens we face and further increasing operational complexity and costs.

We may also face litigation or regulatory enforcement actions related to crypto asset transactions, custody, disclosures, staking, or compliance practices. Regulatory agencies, including the SEC, CFTC, state regulators, or private plaintiffs, could assert claims alleging violations of securities laws, fraud, fiduciary breaches, or other misconduct. Defending such actions would involve significant costs, consume substantial management resources, and could result in adverse judgments, regulatory fines, cease-and-desist orders, forced operational modifications, or reputational damage that materially impact our business.

Companies that adopt crypto asset treasury or similar activities have also historically been subject to increased scrutiny from regulators, investors, and the public. Some transitions have triggered enforcement actions, investigations, and litigation relating to inadequate or misleading disclosures, potential insider trading, regulatory noncompliance, and operational deficiencies. We may similarly face heightened regulatory oversight and investor scrutiny, increasing the risk of litigation or regulatory investigations.

**Additional Crypto Asset Risks**

**Changes in tax law or adverse positions by tax authorities regarding crypto assets could result in increased tax burdens, reporting requirements, or other negative consequences<sup>2</sup>**

The tax treatment of cryptocurrencies and related transactions, including staking rewards, is an evolving area of law characterized by rapid changes, regulatory uncertainty, and ongoing debate. Currently, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") classifies cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, as property rather than currency, meaning transactions involving crypto assets are generally treated as dispositions subject to capital gains taxation. However, this classification and related tax positions could abruptly change as lawmakers, regulators, or courts respond to the increasing adoption and use of crypto assets.

New legislation, regulatory interpretations, or judicial rulings may significantly alter the existing tax framework, including any changes to reporting requirements. For instance, reclassification of cryptocurrencies as currencies or introduction of new transaction taxes, withholding requirements, or stringent reporting obligations could materially increase our tax liabilities and compliance costs. Due to the complexity and continuously changing nature of crypto taxation, we could inadvertently incur unexpected tax obligations, reporting deficiencies, or penalties for non-compliance, negatively affecting our financial position, operational efficiency, and reputation. Moreover, uncertainty surrounding crypto taxation could deter users from engaging in crypto transactions, indirectly reducing demand and adversely impacting our business.

Specifically, the taxation of staking rewards remains subject to significant uncertainty. Under IRS guidance provided in Revenue Ruling 2023-14 (the "2023 Revenue Ruling"), staking rewards are taxable as income at the time a cash-method taxpayer gains "dominion and control" over newly received tokens. However, the applicability of the 2023 Revenue Ruling to accrual method taxpayers, particularly those taxpayers with "applicable financial statements," is currently unclear. Consequently, we may incur immediate tax liabilities denominated in USD upon receipt of staking rewards, such as TAO tokens, irrespective of whether those tokens are liquidated or converted into cash. During periods of significant staking activity, we may face substantial tax obligations payable in USD, potentially necessitating the liquidation of holdings under unfavorable market conditions. Sudden declines in token values after the recognition of taxable income could create disproportionate tax liabilities relative to current token values, adversely affecting our liquidity and financial stability.

Furthermore, ongoing litigation is challenging the IRS's position on staking rewards taxation. Judicial decisions or future regulatory interpretations resulting from such cases could alter the timing, characterization, or taxable amounts related to staking income. Such changes would further complicate our accounting and tax planning, requiring rapid adjustments to internal procedures. We must maintain rigorous processes for accurately tracking, valuing, and reporting staking rewards, which is particularly challenging due to crypto market volatility. Any inaccuracies or process failures could lead to underpayment penalties, financial restatements, or adverse audit findings, materially impacting our financial results.

If our operations expand internationally, we may encounter additional complexities related to international taxation. Exposure to multiple foreign tax regimes, each with distinct approaches to crypto taxation, would significantly increase our compliance burdens, risks of double taxation, and the potential for inadvertent non-compliance.

***Environmental and social risks associated with crypto assets could lead to negative market perceptions of TAO and materially harm its value.***

Growing regulatory and public scrutiny regarding the environmental and energy consumption impact of blockchain technologies could negatively affect our reputation and operational freedom. Although TAO's consensus mechanism differs significantly from energy-intensive proof-of-work models, broader industry-wide environmental criticisms may negatively influence market perceptions and lead to restrictive regulations or reduced investor appetite for crypto assets. Any resulting decline in public acceptance or regulatory tightening could materially harm TAO's market value and our business prospects.

**SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), that relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Words such as, but not limited to, "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "intend," "may," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "targets," "likely," "will," "would," "could," "should," "continue," and similar expressions or phrases, or the negative of those expressions or phrases, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus and incorporated by reference in this prospectus, we caution you that these statements are based on our projections of the future that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements, to differ. The sections in our periodic reports, including our most recent [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825000518/snpx-20241231x10k.htm), as revised or supplemented by our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or our Current Reports on Form 8-K, entitled "Business," "Risk Factors," and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," as well as other sections in this prospectus and the other documents or reports incorporated by reference in this prospectus, discuss some of the factors that could contribute to these differences. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:

· our inability
 to obtain adequate financing;

· our ability
 to successfully implement our business strategies;

· our ability
 to attract and retain key personnel;

· the significant
 length of time associated with drug development and related insufficient cash flows and resulting illiquidity;

· existing or
 increased competition;

· our ability
 to protect our patent portfolio and other material proprietary rights;

· negative reputational
 and financial impacts resulting from future acquisitions or strategic transactions;

· significant
 government regulation of pharmaceuticals and the healthcare industry;

· our inability
 to expand our business;

· lack of product
 diversification;

· availability
 of our raw materials;

· our stock volatility
 and illiquidity;

· crypto asset trading activity,
 including trading volume and the prevailing trading prices for crypto assets, which can be highly volatile;

· market conditions of, and
 overall sentiment towards, the cryptoeconomy;

· system failures, outages
 or interruptions, including with respect to third-party crypto networks;

· our lack of control over
 decentralized or third-party blockchains and networks that may experience downtime, cyberattacks, critical failures, errors, bugs,
 corrupted files, data losses, or other similar software failures, outages, breaches and losses;

· regulatory developments
 related to crypto assets and crypto asset markets, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of
 operations;

· the crypto
 markets being historically characterized by limited liquidity and trading volumes compared to sovereign currencies markets, relative
 anonymity, potential susceptibility to market abuse and manipulation, compliance and internal control failures at exchanges, and
 various other risks inherent in its entirely electronic, virtual form and decentralized network;

· our failure
 to implement our business plans or strategies; and

· other factors
 described from time to time in documents that we file with the SEC.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important cautionary statements in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, particularly in the "Risk Factors" section, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. For a summary of such factors, please refer to the section entitled "Risk Factors" in this prospectus, as updated and supplemented by the discussion of risks and uncertainties under "Risk Factors" contained in any supplements to this prospectus and in our most recent [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825000518/snpx-20241231x10k.htm), as revised or supplemented by our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or our Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments thereto, as filed with the SEC and which are incorporated herein by reference. The information contained in this document is believed to be current as of the date of this document. We do not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this document to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.

**USE OF PROCEEDS**

We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of Common Stock by the selling stockholders named in this prospectus, and the selling stockholders will receive all of the proceeds from this offering. We may receive up to approximately $14.9 million in aggregate gross proceeds in the event all of the Warrants are exercised for cash. Any proceeds we receive from the exercise of the Warrants will be used for general corporate purposes and working capital, including the acquisition of Bittensor TAO as a treasury reserve asset. The holders of the Warrants are not obligated to exercise their Warrants for cash, and we cannot predict whether holders of the Warrants will choose to exercise all or any of their Warrants for cash.

**SELLING STOCKHOLDERS**

The shares of Common Stock being offered by the selling stockholders are those issuable to the selling stockholders upon conversion of the Preferred Shares and exercise of the Warrants. For additional information regarding the issuance of the Preferred Shares and the Warrants, see "Private Placement of Preferred Shares and Warrants" above. We are registering the Conversion Shares and Warrant Shares in order to permit the selling stockholders to offer the shares for resale from time to time. Except for the ownership of the Preferred Shares and the Warrants issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Consulting Agreement and the Engagement Letters, as applicable, and except as disclosed in our periodic reports and current reports filed with the SEC from time to time, the selling stockholders have not had any material relationship with us within the past three years.

The table below lists the selling stockholders and other information regarding the beneficial ownership (as determined under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder) of the shares of Common Stock held by each of the selling stockholders. The second column (titled "Number of Shares of Common Stock Owned Prior to Offering") lists the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholders, based on their respective ownership of shares of Common Stock as of June 30, 2025, assuming conversion of the Preferred Shares in full and exercise of the Warrants in full on that date without account of any limitations on conversion and exercise set forth therein.

The third column (titled "Maximum Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Sold Pursuant to this Prospectus") lists the shares of Common Stock being offered by this prospectus by the selling stockholders and does not take in account any limitations on (i) conversion of the Preferred Shares set forth therein or (ii) exercise of the Warrants set forth therein.

In accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement, the Consulting Agreement and the Engagement Letters, as the case may be, this prospectus generally covers the resale of the sum of (i) 100% of the number of shares of Common Stock issued or issuable pursuant to the Preferred Shares (assuming for purposes hereof that the Preferred Shares are convertible at the initial conversion price of $3.00), including payment of dividends on the Preferred Shares through December 9, 2026 in the form of shares of Common Stock, (ii) 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon exercise of the Investor Warrants, in each case, determined as if the outstanding Preferred Shares (including dividends on the Preferred Shares through December 9, 2026) and Warrants were converted or exercised (as the case may be) in full (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation) at the initial exercise price of $3.00, (iii) 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Consultant Warrants (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation) and (iv) 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation). Because the conversion price of the Preferred Shares and the exercise price of the Warrants may be adjusted, the number of shares that will actually be issued may be more or less than the number of shares being offered by this prospectus. The fourth and fifth columns (titled "Number of Shares of Common Stock Owned After Offering" and "Beneficial Ownership Following Offering") assume the sale of all of the shares offered by the selling stockholders pursuant to this prospectus.

Under the terms of the Preferred Shares and the Warrants, a selling stockholder may not convert the Preferred Shares or exercise the Warrants to the extent (but only to the extent) such selling stockholder or any of its affiliates would beneficially own a number of shares of our shares of Common Stock which would exceed 4.99%, or, at the election of the selling stockholder, 9.99% of the outstanding shares of the Company. The selling stockholders may sell all, some or none of their shares in this offering. See "Plan of Distribution."

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of Selling<br> Stockholder** | **Number of<br> Shares<br> of<br> Common<br> Stock <br> Owned<br> Prior to<br> Offering<sup>(1)</sup>** |  | **Maximum Number of Shares of<br> Common Stock to be Sold Pursuant<br> to this Prospectus<sup>(2)</sup>** | **Number of<br> Shares<br> of<br> Common<br> Stock <br> Owned<br> After<br> Offering<sup>(3)</sup>** | **Beneficial<br> Ownership<br> Following<br> Offering<sup>(3)</sup>** |
| Iroquois Master Fund Ltd. | 993949 | (4) | 989257 | 4692 | \*% |
| Iroquois Capital Investment Group, LLC | 548183 | (5) | 545803 | 2380 | \*% |
| Intracoastal Capital, LLC | 2363450 | (6) | 1535060 | 828390 | 4.99% |
| The Hewlett Fund LP | 350527 | (7) | 341123 | 9404 | \* |
| JD Advisors, LLC | 1541123 | (8) | 1541123 |  | \* |
| Jeffrey Berman | 55500 | (9) | 55500 |  | \* |
| Michael Silverman | 27750 | (10) | 27750 |  | \* |
| Albert Pezone | 9250 | (11) | 9250 |  | \* |

---

\*Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1% of the outstanding shares.

(1) This table and the information
 in the notes below are based upon information supplied by the selling stockholders and upon 2,328,690 shares of Common Stock issued
 and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 (prior to any deemed issuance of any shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of
 the Preferred Shares and exercise of the Warrants). Except as expressly noted in the footnotes below, beneficial ownership has been
 determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act.

(2) In accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement with
the holders of the Preferred Shares and the Warrants, the Consulting Agreement and the Engagement Letters, as the case may be, this column
reflects the sum of (i) 100% of the number of shares of Common Stock issued or issuable pursuant to the Preferred Shares (assuming
for purposes hereof that the Preferred Shares are convertible at the initial conversion price of $3.00), including payment of dividends
on the Preferred Shares through December 9, 2026 in the form of shares of Common Stock, (ii) 100% of the maximum number of shares
of Common Stock issued or issuable upon exercise of the Investor Warrants, in each case, determined as if the outstanding Preferred Shares
(including dividends on the Preferred Shares through December 9, 2026) and Warrants were converted or exercised (as the case may
be) in full (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation)
at the initial exercise price of $3.00, (iii) 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the
Consultant Warrants (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation)
and (iv) 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants (without regard
to any limitations on conversion or exercise contained therein solely for the purpose of such calculation). The actual number of shares
of Common Stock offered hereby and included in the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part includes, in accordance
with Rule 416 under the Securities Act, such indeterminate number of additional shares of our Common Stock as may become issuable
in connection with any proportionate adjustment for any stock splits, stock combinations, stock dividends, recapitalizations or similar
events with respect to the Common Stock.

(3) Assumes the maximum number
 of shares to be sold in this offering are sold.

(4) Includes (i) 989,257 shares being registered hereby on behalf of Iroquois Master Fund Ltd. ("IMF") (which includes 505,923 shares underlying Series D Preferred Stock and 483,333 shares underlying warrants) and (ii) 4,692 shares of Common Stock held by IMF prior to the Offering. Includes, for purposes of this table, certain warrants held by IMF that are not exercisable due to provisions in such warrants blocking exercise if such exercise will result in IMF having beneficial ownership of more than 4.99% of the Common Stock. Iroquois Capital Management L.L.C. is the investment manager of IMF. Iroquois Capital Management, LLC has voting control and investment discretion over securities held by IMF. As Managing Members of Iroquois Capital Management, LLC, Richard Abbe and Kimberly Page make voting and investment decisions on behalf of Iroquois Capital Management, LLC in its capacity as investment manager to IMF. As a result of the foregoing, Mr. Abbe and Mrs. Page may be deemed to have beneficial ownership (as determined under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act) of the securities held by Iroquois Capital Management and IMF. Each of Iroquois Capital Management, LLC, Mr. Abbe and Ms. Page disclaims beneficial ownership over the securities listed except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein. IMF's address is 2 Overhill Road, Suite 400, Scarsdale, NY 10583.

(5) Includes (i) 545,803 shares being
registered hereby on behalf of Iroquois Capital Investment Group, LLC ("ICIG") (which includes 279,137 shares underlying
Series D Preferred Stock and 266,667 shares underlying warrants) and (ii) 2,380 shares of Common Stock held by ICIG prior to the
Offering. Includes, for purposes of this table, certain warrants held by ICIG that are not exercisable due to provisions in such warrants
blocking exercise if such exercise will result in ICIG having beneficial ownership of more than 4.99% of the Common Stock. Richard
Abbe is the managing member of ICIG. Mr. Abbe has voting control and investment discretion over securities held by ICIG. As such,
Mr. Abbe may be deemed to be the beneficial owner (as determined under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act) of the securities
held by ICIG. Mr. Abbe disclaims beneficial ownership over the securities listed except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein.
ICIG's address is 2 Overhill Road, Suite 400, Scarsdale, NY 10583.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(6) Includes
 (i) 1,535,060 shares being registered hereby on behalf of Intracoastal (which includes
 785,060 shares underlying Series D Preferred Stock and 750,000 shares underlying warrants) and, (ii) 828,390 shares of Common
 Stock underlying warrants held by Intracoastal prior to this Offering. Mitchell P. Kopin ("Mr. Kopin")
 and Daniel B. Asher ("Mr. Asher"), each of whom are managers of Intracoastal Capital LLC
 ("Intracoastal"), have shared voting control and investment discretion over the securities reported herein that are held
 by Intracoastal. As a result, each of Mr. Kopin and Mr. Asher may be deemed to have beneficial ownership (as determined
 under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act) of the securities reported herein that are held by
 Intracoastal. Intracoastal's address is 245 Palm Trail, Delray Beach, FL 33483.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(7) Includes (i) 341,123 shares being registered hereby on behalf of The Hewlett Fund LP ("Hewlett") (which includes 174,457 shares underlying Series D Preferred Stock and 166,667 shares underlying warrants) and, (ii) 9,404 shares of Common Stock held by Hewlett prior to this Offering. Martin Chopp has voting and dispositive power over the securities held by Hewlett. Hewlett's address is 100 Merrick Road, Suite 400W, Rockville Centre, NY 11570.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(8) Includes (i) 1,541,123 shares being registered hereby on behalf
of JD Advisors, LLC ("JD Advisors") (which includes 174,457 shares underlying Series D Preferred Stock, 166,667 shares underlying
Investor Warrants and 1,200,000 shares underlying Consultant Warrants). Daniel Kelly and James Altucher, co-managers of JD Advisors, LLC,
have equal voting and dispositive power over the securities held by JD Advisors. JD Advisors' address is 3556 Outlook Avenue, Cincinnati,
OH 45208.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(9) Includes 55,500 shares of Common Stock underlying warrants held by
Jeffrey Berman as designee of GP Nurmenkari Inc. Mr. Berman's address is c/o GP Nurmenkari Inc., 22 Elizabeth Street,
Norwalk, CT 06854.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(10) Includes 27,750 shares of Common Stock underlying warrants held by
Michael Silverman as nominee of GP Nurmenkari Inc. Mr. Silverman's address is c/o GP Nurmenkari Inc., 22 Elizabeth Street,
Norwalk, CT 06854.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(11) Includes 9,250 shares of Common Stock underlying warrants held by Albert
Pezone as nominee of GP Nurmenkari Inc. Mr. Pezone's address is c/o GP Nurmenkari Inc., 22 Elizabeth Street, Norwalk,
CT 06854.

**PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION**

We are registering the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares and exercise of the Warrants to permit the resale of these shares of Common Stock by the holders of the Preferred Shares and Warrants from time to time after the date of this prospectus. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale by the selling stockholders of the shares of Common Stock, although we will receive the exercise price of any Warrants not exercised by the selling stockholders on a cashless exercise basis. We will bear all fees and expenses incident to our obligation to register the shares of Common Stock.

The selling stockholders may sell all or a portion of the shares of Common Stock held by them and offered hereby from time to time directly or through one or more underwriters, broker-dealers or agents. If the shares of Common Stock are sold through underwriters or broker-dealers, the selling stockholders will be responsible for underwriting discounts or commissions or agent's commissions. The shares of Common Stock may be sold in one or more transactions at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of the sale, at varying prices determined at the time of sale or at negotiated prices. These sales may be effected in transactions, which may involve crosses or block transactions, pursuant to one or more of the following methods:

· on any national securities
 exchange or quotation service on which the securities may be listed or quoted at the time of sale;

· in the over-the-counter
 market;

· in transactions otherwise
 than on these exchanges or systems or in the over-the-counter market;

· through the writing or
 settlement of options, whether such options are listed on an options exchange or otherwise;

· ordinary brokerage transactions
 and transactions in which the broker-dealer solicits purchasers;

· block trades in which the
 broker-dealer will attempt to sell the shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate
 the transaction;

· purchases by a broker-dealer
 as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its account;

· an exchange distribution
 in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange;

· privately negotiated transactions;

· short sales made after
 the date the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, is declared effective by the SEC;

· broker-dealers may agree
 with a selling security holder to sell a specified number of such shares at a stipulated price per share;

· a combination of any such
 methods of sale; and

· any other method permitted
 pursuant to applicable law.

The selling stockholders may also sell shares of Common Stock under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, if available, rather than under this prospectus. In addition, the selling stockholders may transfer the shares of Common Stock by other means not described in this prospectus. If the selling stockholders effect such transactions by selling shares of Common Stock to or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, such underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may receive commissions in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the selling stockholders or commissions from purchasers of the shares of Common Stock for whom they may act as agent or to whom they may sell as principal (which discounts, concessions or commissions as to particular underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may be in excess of those customary in the types of transactions involved). In connection with sales of the shares of Common Stock or otherwise, the selling stockholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers, which may in turn engage in short sales of the shares of Common Stock in the course of hedging in positions they assume. The selling stockholders may also sell shares of Common Stock short and deliver shares of Common Stock covered by this prospectus to close out short positions and to return borrowed shares in connection with such short sales. The selling stockholders may also loan or pledge shares of Common Stock to broker-dealers that in turn may sell such shares.

The selling stockholders may pledge or grant a security interest in some or all of the Preferred Shares, Warrants or shares of Common Stock owned by them and, if they default in the performance of their secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell the shares of Common Stock from time to time pursuant to this prospectus or any amendment to this prospectus under Rule 424(b)(3) or other applicable provision of the Securities Act amending, if necessary, the list of selling stockholders to include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as selling stockholders under this prospectus. The selling stockholders also may transfer and donate the shares of Common Stock in other circumstances in which case the transferees, donees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.

To the extent required by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, the selling stockholders and any broker-dealer participating in the distribution of the shares of Common Stock may be deemed to be "underwriters" within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any commission paid, or any discounts or concessions allowed to, any such broker-dealer may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. At the time a particular offering of the shares of Common Stock is made, a prospectus supplement, if required, will be distributed, which will set forth the aggregate amount of shares of Common Stock being offered and the terms of the offering, including the name or names of any broker-dealers or agents, any discounts, commissions and other terms constituting compensation from the selling stockholders and any discounts, commissions or concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to broker-dealers.

Under the securities laws of some states, the shares of Common Stock may be sold in such states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states the shares of Common Stock may not be sold unless such shares have been registered or qualified for sale in such state or an exemption from registration or qualification is available and is complied with.

There can be no assurance that any selling stockholder will sell any or all of the shares of Common Stock registered pursuant to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part.

The selling stockholders and any other person participating in such distribution will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, including, without limitation, to the extent applicable, Regulation M of the Exchange Act, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the shares of Common Stock by the selling stockholders and any other participating person. To the extent applicable, Regulation M may also restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the shares of Common Stock to engage in market-making activities with respect to the Common Stock. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the Common Stock and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to the Common Stock.

We will pay all expenses of the registration of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to the registration rights agreement, estimated to be approximately $50,000 in total, including, without limitation, Securities and Exchange Commission filing fees and expenses of compliance with state securities or "blue sky" laws; provided, however, a selling stockholder will pay all underwriting discounts and selling commissions, if any. We will indemnify the selling stockholders against liabilities, including some liabilities under the Securities Act in accordance with the registration rights agreements or the selling stockholders will be entitled to contribution. We may be indemnified by the selling stockholders against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act that may arise from any written information furnished to us by the selling stockholder specifically for use in this prospectus, in accordance with the related registration rights agreements or we may be entitled to contribution.

Once sold under the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, the shares of Common Stock will be freely tradable in the hands of persons other than our affiliates.

**LEGAL MATTERS**

The validity of the shares of Common Stock offered in this prospectus has been passed upon for us by Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C., New York, New York.

**EXPERTS**

The financial statements of Synaptogenix, Inc. as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2024 incorporated by reference in this registration statement and prospectus from our [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825000518/snpx-20241231x10k.htm) have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of Stephano Slack LLC and Morison Cogen LLP, each an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of such firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

**WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION**

We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act and we therefore file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC relating to our business, financial statements and other matters. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers like us that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC's website is <u>http://www.sec.gov</u>.

This prospectus constitutes part of a registration statement filed under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of Common Stock covered hereby. As permitted by the SEC's rules, this prospectus omits some of the information, exhibits and undertakings included in the registration statement. You may read and copy the information omitted from this prospectus but contained in the registration statement, as well as the periodic reports and other information we file with the SEC, at the public reference room and website of the SEC referred to above. You may also access our filings with the SEC on our website, which is located at https://www.taosynergies.com. The information contained on our website is not part of this prospectus.

Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document are not necessarily complete, and in each instance we refer you to the copy of the contract or other document filed or incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement or as an exhibit to our Exchange Act filings, each such statement being qualified in all respects by such reference.

**INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE**

The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document that we have filed separately with the SEC. You should read the information incorporated by reference because it is an important part of this prospectus. Information in this prospectus supersedes information incorporated by reference that we filed with the SEC prior to the date of this prospectus, while information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede the information in this prospectus. We incorporate by reference into this prospectus and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the information or documents listed below that we have filed with the SEC (Commission File No. 001-40458):

· [our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 27, 2025 ;](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825000518/snpx-20241231x10k.htm)

· our Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on [May 15, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000141057825001327/snpx-20250331x10q.htm) ;

· our Current Reports on
Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on [June 9, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_8k.htm) , [June 24, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925062128/tm2518831d1_8k.htm) , [June 27, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925063601/tm2519053d1_8k.htm) ; and

· the description of our
 Common Stock set forth in our registration statement on [Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on June 4, 2021](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465921076903/tm2118817d1_8a12b.htm) , including any further amendments thereto or reports filed for the purposes of updating this description.

We also incorporate by reference any future filings (other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits filed on such form that are related to such items unless such Form 8-K expressly provides to the contrary) made with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, including those made after the date of the initial filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and prior to effectiveness of such registration statement, until we file a post-effective amendment that indicates the termination of the offering of the Common Stock made by this prospectus and will become a part of this prospectus from the date that such documents are filed with the SEC. Information in such future filings updates and supplements the information provided in this prospectus. Any statements in any such future filings will automatically be deemed to modify and supersede any information in any document we previously filed with the SEC that is incorporated or deemed to be incorporated herein by reference to the extent that statements in the later filed document modify or replace such earlier statements.

We will furnish without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits that are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents. You should direct any requests for documents to TAO Synergies Inc., Attention: Corporate Secretary, 1185 Avenue of the Americas, 3rd Floor New York, New York 10036. Our phone number is (973) 242-0005.

You should rely only on information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus and any prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We are not making offers to sell the securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation.

**PART II**

**INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS**

**Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.**

The following table sets forth all costs and expenses payable by the Registrant, in connection with the sale of the securities being registered under this registration statement. All amounts shown are estimates except for the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, registration fee.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount** |
| SEC registration fee | $5777.30 |
| Legal fees and expenses | $50000 |
| Accounting fees and expenses | $5000 |
| Total | $60777.30 |

---

**Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.**

Section 102 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "Delaware General Corporation Law") permits a corporation to eliminate the personal liability of directors of a corporation to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except where the director breached his duty of loyalty, failed to act in good faith, engaged in intentional misconduct or knowingly violated a law, authorized the payment of a dividend or approved a stock repurchase in violation of Delaware corporate law or obtained an improper personal benefit.

Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law authorizes a court to award, or a corporation's board of directors to grant, indemnity to directors and officers in terms sufficiently broad to permit such indemnification under certain circumstances for liabilities, including reimbursement for expenses incurred, arising under the Securities Act.

**Item 16. Exhibits.**

**EXHIBIT LIST**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit**<br> **Number** | **Description** |
| [3.1\*](tm2520096d1_ex3-1.htm) | [Certificate of Designations for the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock.](tm2520096d1_ex3-1.htm) |
| [3.2](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925063601/tm2519053d1_ex3-1.htm) | [Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 27, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925063601/tm2519053d1_ex3-1.htm) |
| [4.1](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex4-1.htm) | [Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex4-1.htm) |
| [4.2](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex4-2.htm) | [Form of Consultant Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex4-2.htm) |
| [4.3\*](tm2520096d1_ex4-3.htm) | [Form of Placement Agent Warrant.](tm2520096d1_ex4-3.htm) |
| [5.1\*](tm2520096d1_ex5-1.htm) | [Opinion of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo P.C.](tm2520096d1_ex5-1.htm) |
| [10.1](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-1.htm) | [Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 9, 2025 by and among the Company and the Investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-1.htm) |
| [10.2](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-2.htm) | [Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 9, 2025, by and among the Company and the Investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-2.htm) |
| [10.3](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-3.htm) | [Engagement Letter, dated June 9, 2025 by and between Synaptogenix, Inc. and GP Nurmenkari Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-3.htm) |
| [10.4](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465924098800/tm2423592d1_ex10-3.htm) | [Engagement Letter, dated September 10, 2024 by and between Synaptogenix, Inc. and GP Nurmenkari Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 11, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465924098800/tm2423592d1_ex10-3.htm) |
| [10.5](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-6.htm) | [Consulting Services Agreement by and between the Company, James Altucher and Z-List Media, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571934/000110465925057640/tm2517474d1_ex10-6.htm) |
| [23.1\*](tm2520096d1_ex23-1.htm) | [Consent of Stephano Slack LLC.](tm2520096d1_ex23-1.htm) |
| [23.2\*](tm2520096d1_ex23-2.htm) | [Consent of Morison Cogen LLP.](tm2520096d1_ex23-2.htm) |
| [23.3\*](tm2520096d1_ex5-1.htm) | [Consent of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo P.C. (contained in Exhibit 5.1 hereto).](tm2520096d1_ex5-1.htm) |
| [24.1\*](#a_001) | [Powers of Attorney (included in the signature page of this registration statement).](#a_001) |
| [107\*](tm2520096d1_ex-filingfees.htm) | [Filing Fee Table.](tm2520096d1_ex-filingfees.htm) |
| \* Filed herewith. | \* Filed herewith. |

---

**Item 17. Undertakings.**

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales
 are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of
 the Securities Act;

(ii) To reflect in the prospectus
 any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof)
 which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement.
 Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities
 offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering
 range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate,
 the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the
 "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective registration statement;

(iii) To include any material
 information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change
 to such information in the registration statement;

provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (ii), and (iii) of this section do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of
 determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
 relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona
 fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration
 by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) That, for the purpose of
 determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities:

The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i) Any preliminary prospectus
 or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii) Any free writing prospectus
 relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

(iii) The portion of any other
 free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities
 provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

(iv) Any other communication
 that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant's annual report pursuant to section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan's annual report pursuant to section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial *bona fide* offering thereof.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers, and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1) For purposes of determining
 any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement
 in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or
 (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was
 declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under
 the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
 relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of these securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona
 fide offering.

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York, on July 11, 2025.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **TAO SYNERGIES INC.** | **TAO SYNERGIES INC.** |
| By: | /s/ Robert Weinstein |
|  | Robert Weinstein |
|  | *Chief Financial Officer* |

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**POWER OF ATTORNEY**

We, the undersigned directors and officers of TAO Synergies Inc., hereby severally constitute and appoint Robert Weinstein, our true and lawful attorney, with full power to him to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, the registration statement on Form S-3 filed herewith, and any and all pre-effective and post-effective amendments to said registration statement, and any registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, in connection with the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of equity securities of TAO Synergies Inc., and to file or cause to be filed the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as each of us might or could do in person, and hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys, and each of them, or their substitute or substitutes, shall do or cause to be done by virtue of this Power of Attorney.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement on Form S-3 has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Signature** | **Title** | **Date** |
| /s/ Joshua N. Silverman | Executive Chairman and Director | July 11, 2025 |
| Joshua N. Silverman | (*Principal Executive Officer*) |  |
| /s/ Robert Weinstein | Chief Financial Officer | July 11, 2025 |
| Robert Weinstein | (*Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer*) |  |
| /s/ Alan J. Tuchman, M.D. | Director | July 11, 2025 |
| Alan J. Tuchman, M.D. |  |  |
| /s/ William S. Singer | Director and Vice-Chairman of the Board | July 11, 2025 |
| William S. Singer |  |  |
| /s/ Bruce T. Bernstein | Director | July 11, 2025 |
| Bruce T. Bernstein |  |  |
| /s/ Jonathan L. Schechter | Director | July 11, 2025 |
| Jonathan L. Schechter |  |  |

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## Exhibit 3.1

**Exhibit 3.1**

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|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img001.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Delaware The First State Page 1 5234611 8100 Authentication: 203892169 SR# 20253001491 Date: 06-09-25 You may verify this certificate online at corp.delaware.gov/authver.shtml I, CHARUNI PATIBANDA-SANCHEZ, SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE, DO HEREBY CERTIFY THE ATTACHED IS A TRUE AND CORRECT COPY OF THE CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATION OF "SYNAPTOGENIX, INC.", FILED IN THIS OFFICE ON THE NINTH DAY OF JUNE, A.D. 2025, AT 11:23 O`CLOCK A.M.  |

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|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img002.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State of Delaware Secretary of State Division of Corporations Delivered 11 :23 AM 06/09/2025 FILED 11 :23 AM 06/09/2025 SR 20253001491 - File Number 5234611 CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS OF SERIES D CONVERTIBLE PREFERR ED STOCK OF SYNAPTOGENIX, INC. I, Joshua Silverman, hereby certify that I am the Executive Chairman of Synaptogenix, Inc. (the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"), and further do hereby certify: That pursuant to the authority expressly conferred upon the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") by the Company's Certificate oflncorporation (the "Certificate oflncorporation"), and Section 151 (g) of the DGCL, the Board on June 8, 2025 adopted the following resolution determining it desirable and in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders for the Company to create a series of five thousand five hundred (5500) shares of preferred stock designated as "Series D Convertible Preferred Stock", none of which shares have been issued: RESOLVED, that pursuant to the authority vested in the Board this Company, in accordance with the provisions of the Certificate ofincorporation, a series of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company be and hereby is created pursuant to this certificate of designations (this "Certificate of Designations"), and that the designation and number of shares thereof and the voting and other powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights of the shares of such series and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof are as follows: TERMS OF SERIES D CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK 1. Designation and Number of Shares. There shall hereby be created and established a series of preferred stock of the Company designated as "Series D Convertible Preferred Stock" (the "Preferred Shares"). The authorized number of Preferred Shares shall be five thousand five hundred (5500) shares. Each Preferred Share shall have a par value of $0.0001. Capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meaning as set forth in Section 33 below. 2. Ranking. Except to the extent that the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Preferred Shares (the "Required Holders") expressly consent to the creation of Parity Stock (as defined below) or Senior Preferred Stock (as defined below) in accordance with Section 18, all shares of capital stock of the Company shall be junior in rank to all Preferred Shares with respect to the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company (such junior stock is referred to herein collectively as "Junior Stock"). The rights of all such shares of capital stock of the Company shall be subject to the rights, powers, preferences and privileges of the Preferred Shares. Without limiting any other provision of this Certificate of Designations, without the prior express consent of the Required Holders, voting separately as a single class, the Company shall not hereafter authorize or issue any additional or other shares of capital stock that are (i) of senior rank to the Preferred Shares in respect of the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company (collectively, the "Senior Preferred Stock"), (ii) of pari passu rank to the Preferred Shares in respect of the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company (collectively, the "Parity Stock") or (iii) any Junior Stock having a maturity date or any other date requiring redemption or repayment of such shares of Junior Stock that is prior to the Maturity Date. In the event of the merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another corporation, the Preferred Shares shall maintain their relative rights, powers, designations, privileges and preferences provided for herein and no such merger or consolidation shall be consummated if it would result in the Preferred Shares being treated in any manner inconsistently with the foregoing. 3. Dividends and Payments. (a) From and after the first date of issuance of any Preferred Shares (the "Initial Issuance Date"), each holder of a Preferred Share (each, a "Holder" and collectively, the "Holders") shall be entitled to receive dividends on the Stated Value of the Preferred Shares ("Dividends") payable, subject to the conditions and other terms hereof, in cash at the Dividend Rate computed on the basis of a 360-day year and twelve 30-day months and shall be payable in arrears quarterly on each Installment Date and shall compound each calendar quarter and shall be payable  |

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|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img003.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in funds legally available therefor. Dividends shall be paid on each Installment Date in accordance with Section 9 as part of the applicable Installment Amount due on the applicable Installment Date. (b) Dividends shall accrue at the Dividend Rate and be payable byway of inclusion of the Dividends in the Conversion Amount on each Conversion Date in accordance with Section 4(b)(i) or upon any redemption in accordance with Section 12 or any required payment upon any Triggering Event. From and after the occurrence and during the continuance of any Triggering Event, Dividends shall accrue on the Stated Value each Preferred Share at fifteen percent (15.0%) per annum (the "Default Rate") and shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year and twelve 30-day months. (c) On each Installment Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder an amount equal to the fustallment Amount due on such Installment Date in accordance with Section 9. On the Maturity Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder an amount in funds legally available therefor (excluding any amounts paid in shares of Common Stock on the Maturity Date in accordance with Section 9) representing all outstanding Preferred Shares held by such Holder, accrued and unpaid Dividends and unpaid Late Charges. Other than as specifically permitted hereunder, the Company may not prepay any portion of the aggregate Stated Value underlying outstanding Preferred Shares, accrued and unpaid Dividends or accrued and unpaid Late Charges. 4. Conversion. At any time after the Initial Issuance Date, each Preferred Share shall be convertible into validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock (as defined below), on the terms and conditions set forth in this Section 4. (a) Holder's Conversion Right. Subject to the provisions of Section 4(d), at any time or times on or after the Initial Issuance Date, each Holder shall be entitled to convert any portion of the outstanding Preferred Shares held by such Holder into validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 4(c) at the Conversion Rate (as defined below). The Company shall not issue any fraction of a share of Common Stock upon any conversion. If the issuance would result in the issuance of a fraction of a share of Common Stock, the Company shall round such fraction of a share of Common Stock up to the nearest whole share. The Company shall pay any and all transfer, stamp, issuance and similar taxes, costs and expenses (including, without limitation, fees and expenses of the Transfer Agent (as defined below)) that may be payable with respect to the issuance and delivery of Common Stock upon conversion of any Preferred Shares. (b) Conversion Rate. The number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of any Preferred Share pursuant to Section 4(a) shall be determined by dividing (x) the Conversion Amount of such Preferred Share by (y) the Conversion Price (the "Conversion Rate"): (i) "Conversion Amount" means, with respect to each Preferred Share, as of the applicable date of determination, the sum of (I) the Stated Value thereof plus (2) the Additional Amount thereon and any accrued and unpaid Late Charges (as defined below in Section 26(c)) with respect to such Stated Value and Additional Amount as of such date of determination. (ii) "Conversion Price" means, with respect to each Preferred Share, as of any Conversion Date or other date of determination, $3.00, subject to adjustment as provided herein and for any stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions following the date hereof. (c) Mechanics of Conversion. The conversion of each Preferred Share shall be conducted in the following manner: (i) Optional Conversion. To convert a Preferred Share into shares of Common Stock on any date (a "Conversion Date"), a Holder shall deliver (whether via electronic mail or otherwise), for receipt on or prior to 11 :59 p.m., New York time, on such date, a copy of an executed notice of conversion of the share(s) of Preferred Shares subject to such conversion in the form attached hereto as Exhibit I (the "Conversion Notice") to the Company. If required by Section 4(c)(iii), within two (2) Trading Days following a conversion of any such Preferred Shares as aforesaid, such Holder 2  |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img004.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shall surrender to a nationally recognized overnight delivery service for delivery to the Company the original certificates, if any, representing the Preferred Shares (the "Preferred Share Certificates") so converted as aforesaid (or an indemnification undertaking with respect to the Preferred Shares in the case of its loss, theft or destruction as contemplated by Section 20(b)). On or before the first (1st) Trading Day following the date of receipt of a Conversion Notice, the Company shall transmit by electronic mail an acknowledgment of confirmation and representation as to whether such shares of Common Stock may then be resold pursuant to Rule 144 or an effective and available registration statement, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit II, of receipt of such Conversion Notice to such Holder and the Company's transfer agent (the "Transfer Agent"), which confirmation shall constitute an instruction to the Transfer Agent to process such Conversion Notice in accordance with the terms herein. On or before the first (1st) Trading Day following each date on which the Company has received a Conversion Notice (or such earlier date as required pursuant to the 1934 Act or other applicable law, rule or regulation for the settlement of a trade initiated on the applicable Conversion Date of such shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to such Conversion Notice) (the "Share Delivery Deadline"), the Company shall (I) provided that the Transfer Agent is participating in The Depository Trust Company's ("DTC") Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program ("FAST"), credit such aggregate number of shares of Common Stock to which such Holder shall be entitled pursuant to such conversion to such Holder's or its designee's balance account with DTC through its Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian system, or (2) if the Transfer Agent is not participating in FAST, upon the request of such Holder, issue and deliver (via reputable overnight courier) to the address as specified in such Conversion Notice, a certificate, registered in the name of such Holder or its designee, for the number of shares of Common Stock to which such Holder shall be entitled. If the number of Preferred Shares represented by the Preferred Share Certificate(s) submitted for conversion pursuant to Section 4(c)(iii) is greater than the number of Preferred Shares being converted, then the Company shall, as soon as practicable and in no event later than two (2) Trading Days after receipt of the Preferred Share Certificate(s) and at its own expense, issue and deliver to such Holder (or its designee) a new Preferred Share Certificate or a new Book-Entry (in either case, accordance with Section 20(d)) representing the number of Preferred Shares not converted. The Person or Persons entitled to receive the shares of Common Stock issuable upon a conversion of Preferred Shares shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder or holders of such shares of Common Stock on the Conversion Date. In connection with any conversion of Preferred Shares by a Holder, the number of Preferred Shares converted by such Holder shall be deducted from the Installment Amount(s) of such Holder relating to the Installment Date(s) as set forth in the applicable Conversion Notice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Conversion Notice delivered by a Buyer (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) to the Company on or prior to 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Trading Day immediately prior to the date of initial issuance of such applicable Preferred Shares to be converted pursuant to such Conversion Notice (each, an "Issuance Date"), which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of such Preferred Shares to be issued on such date subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on such applicable Issuance Date and such Issuance Date shall be the Share Delivery Deadline for purposes hereunder with respect to such Conversion Notice. (ii) Company's Failure to Timely Convert. If the Company shall fail, for any reason or for no reason, on or prior to the applicable Share Delivery Deadline, if the Transfer Agent is not participating in FAST, to issue and deliver to such Holder (or its designee) a certificate for the number of shares of Common Stock to which such Holder is entitled and register such shares of Common Stock on the Company's share register or, if the Transfer Agent is participating in FAST, to credit such Holder's or its designee's balance account with DTC for such number of shares of Common Stock to which such Holder is entitled upon such Holder's conversion of any Conversion Amount (as the case may be) (a "Conversion Failure"), then, in addition to all other remedies available to such Holder, (X) the Company shall pay in cash from funds legally available therefor to such Holder on each day after the Share Delivery Deadline that the issuance of such shares of Common Stock is not timely effected an amount equal to l % of the product of (A) the sum of the number of shares of Common Stock not issued to such Holder on or prior to the Share Delivery 3  |

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|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img005.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deadline and to which such Holder is entitled, multiplied by (B) any trading price of the Common Stock selected by such Holder in writing as in effect at any time during the period beginning on the applicable Conversion Date and ending on the applicable Share Delivery Deadline, and (Y) such Holder, upon written notice to the Company, may void its Conversion Notice with respect to, and retain or have returned, as the case may be, all, or any portion, of such Preferred Shares that has not been converted pursuant to such Conversion Notice; provided that the voiding of a Conversion Notice shall not affect the Company's obligations to make any payments which have accrued prior to the date of such notice pursuant to this Section 4(c)(ii) or otherwise. In addition to the foregoing, if on or prior to the Share Delivery Deadline the Transfer Agent is not participating in FAST, the Company shall fail to issue and deliver to such Holder (or its designee) a certificate and register such shares of Common Stock on the Company's share register or, if the Transfer Agent is participating in FAST, the Transfer Agent shall fail to credit the balance account of such Holder or such Holder's designee, as applicable, with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which such Holder is entitled upon such Holder's conversion hereunder or pursuant to the Company's obligation pursuant to clause (ii) below, and if on or after such Share Delivery Deadline such Holder acquires (in an open market transaction, stock loan or otherwise) shares of Common Stock corresponding to all or any portion of the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon such conversion that such Holder is entitled to receive from the Company and has not received from the Company in connection with such Conversion Failure (a "Buy-In"), then, in addition to all other remedies available to such Holder, the Company shall, within two (2) Business Days after receipt of such Holder's request and in such Holder's discretion, either: (I) pay cash from funds legally available therefor to such Holder in an amount equal to such Holder's total purchase price (including brokerage commission, stock loan costs and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so acquired (including, without limitation, by any other Person in respect, or on behalf, of such Holder) (the "Buy-In Price"), at which point the Company's obligation to so issue and deliver such certificate (and to issue such shares of Common Stock) or credit to the balance account of such Holder or such Holder's designee, as applicable, with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which such Holder is entitled upon such Holder's conversion hereunder (as the case may be) (and to issue such shares of Common Stock) shall terminate, or (II) promptly honor its obligation to so issue and deliver to such Holder a certificate or certificates representing such shares of Common Stock or credit the balance account of such Holder or such Holder's designee, as applicable, with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which such Holder is entitled upon such Holder's conversion hereunder (as the case may be) and pay cash from funds legally available therefor to such Holder in an amount equal to the excess (if any) of the Buy-In Price over the product of (x) such number of shares of Common Stock multiplied by (y) the lowest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date of the applicable Conversion Notice and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this clause (II). Nothing herein shall limit a Holder's right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity, including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company's failure to timely deliver certificates representing shares of Common Stock (or to electronically deliver such shares of Common Stock) upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares as required pursuant to the terms hereof. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, with respect to any given Conversion Failure, this Section 4(c)(ii) shall not apply to a Holder to the extent the Company has already paid such amounts in full to such Holder with respect to such Conversion Failure, as applicable, pursuant to the analogous sections of the Securities Purchase Agreement. (iii) Registration; Book-Entry. At the time of issuance of any Preferred Shares hereunder, the applicable Holder may, by written request (including by electronic-mail) to the Company, elect to receive such Preferred Shares in the form of one or more Preferred Share Certificates or in Book-Entry form. The Company (or the Transfer Agent, as custodian for the Preferred Shares) shall maintain a register (the "Register") for the recordation of the names and addresses of the Holders of each Preferred Share and the Stated Value of the Preferred Shares and whether the Preferred Shares are held by such Holder in Preferred Share Certificates or in Book-Entry form (the "Registered Preferred Shares"). The entries in the Register shall be conclusive and binding for all purposes absent manifest error. The Company and each Holder of the Preferred Shares shall treat 4  |

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|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img006.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each Person whose name is recorded in the Register as the owner of a Preferred Share for all purposes (including, without limitation, the right to receive payments and Dividends hereunder) notwithstanding notice to the contrary. A Registered Preferred Share may be assigned, transferred or sold only by registration of such assignment or sale on the Register. Upon its receipt of a written request to assign, transfer or sell one or more Registered Preferred Shares by such Holder thereof, the Company shall record the information contained therein in the Register and issue one or more new Registered Preferred Shares in the same aggregate Stated Value as the Stated Value of the surrendered Registered Preferred Shares to the designated assignee or transferee pursuant to Section 19, provided that if the Company does not so record an assignment, transfer or sale (as the case may be) of such Registered Preferred Shares within two (2) Business Days of such a request, then the Register shall be automatically deemed updated to reflect such assignment, transfer or sale (as the case may be). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this Section 4, following conversion of any Preferred Shares in accordance with the terms hereof, the applicable Holder shall not be required to physically surrender such Preferred Shares held in the form of a Preferred Share Certificate to the Company unless (A) the full or remaining number of Preferred Shares represented by the applicable Preferred Share Certificate are being converted (in which event such certificate(s) shall be delivered to the Company as contemplated by this Section 4(c)(iii)) or (B) such Holder has provided the Company with prior written notice (which notice may be included in a Conversion Notice) requesting reissuance of Preferred Shares upon physical surrender of the applicable Preferred Share Certificate. Each Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the Stated Value, Dividends and Late Charges converted and/or paid (as the case may be) and the dates of such conversions and/or payments (as the case may be) or shall use such other method, reasonably satisfactory to such Holder and the Company, so as not to require physical surrender of a Preferred Share Certificate upon conversion. If the Company does not update the Register to record such Stated Value, Dividends and Late Charges conve.rted and/or paid (as the case may be) and the dates of such conversions and/or payments (as the case may be) within two (2) Business Days of such occurrence, then the Register shall be automatically deemed updated to reflect such occurrence. In the event of any dispute or discrepancy, such records of such Holder establishing the number of Preferred Shares to which the record holder is entitled shall be controlling and determinative in the absence of manifest error. A Holder and any transferee or assignee, by acceptance of a certificate, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following conversion of any Preferred Shares, the number of Preferred Shares represented by such certificate may be less than the number of Preferred Shares stated on the face thereof. Each Preferred Share Certificate shall bear the following legend: ANY TRANSFEREE OR ASSIGNEE OF THIS CERTIFICATE SHOULD CAREFULLY REVIEW THE TERMS OF THE COMPANY'S CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS RELATING TO THE SHARES OF SERIES D PREFERRED STOCK REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE, INCLUDING SECTION 4(c)(iii) THEREOF. THE NUMBER OF SHARES OF SERIES D PREFERRED STOCK REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE MAY BE LESS THAN THE NUMBER OF SHARES OF SERIES D PREFERRED STOCK STATED ON THE FACE HEREOF PURSUANT TO SECTION 4(c)(iii) OF THE CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS RELATING TO THE SHARES OF SERIES D PREFERRED STOCK REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE. (iv) Pro Rata Conversion; Disputes. In the event that the Company receives a Conversion Notice from more than one Holder for the same Conversion Date and the Company can convert some, but not all, of such Preferred Shares submitted for conversion, the Company shall convert from each Holder electing to have Preferred Shares converted on such date a pro rata amount of such Holder's Preferred Shares submitted for conversion on such date based on the number of Preferred Shares submitted for conversion on such date by such Holder relative to the aggregate number of Preferred Shares submitted for conversion on such date. In the event of a dispute as to the number of shares of Common Stock issuable to a Holder in connection with a conversion of 5  |

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|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img007.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred Shares, the Company shall issue to such Holder the number of shares of Common Stock not in dispute and resolve such dispute in accordance with Section 25. (d) Limitation on Beneficial Ownership. (i) Beneficial Ownership. The Company shall not effect the conversion of any of the Preferred Shares held by a Holder, and such Holder shall not have the right to convert any of the Preferred Shares held by such Holder pursuant to the terms and conditions of this Certificate of Designations and any such conversion shall be null and void and treated as if never made, to the extent that after giving effect to such conversion, such Holder together with the other Attribution Parties collectively would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (the "Maximum Percentage") of the shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion. For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by such Holder and the other Attribution Parties shall include the number of shares of Common Stock held by such Holder and all other Attribution Parties plus the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares with respect to which the determination of such sentence is being made, but shall exclude shares of Common Stock which would be issuable upon (A) conversion of the remaining, nonconverted Preferred Shares beneficially owned by such Holder or any of the other Attribution Parties and (B) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any convertible notes, convertible preferred stock or warrants, including the Preferred Shares and the Warrants) beneficially owned by such Holder or any other Attribution Party subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained in this Section 4(d)(i). For purposes of this Section 4(d)(i), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section t3(d) of the 1934 Act. In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock a Holder may acquire upon the conversion of such Preferred Shares without exceeding the Maximum Percentage, such Holder may rely on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in (x) the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Current Report on Form 8-K or other public filing with the SEC, as the case may be, (y) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (z) any other written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent, if any, setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (the "Reported Outstanding Share Number"). If the Company receives a Conversion Notice from a Holder at a time when the actual number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is less than the Reported Outstanding Share Number, the Company shall notify such Holder in writing of the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding and, to the extent that such Conversion Notice would otherwise cause such Holder's beneficial ownership, as determined pursuant to this Section 4(d)(i), to exceed the Maximum Percentage, such Holder must notify the Company of a reduced number of shares of Common Stock to be purchased pursuant to such Conversion Notice. For any reason at any time, upon the written or oral request of any Holder, the Company shall within one (1) Business Day confirm orally and in writing or by electronic mail to such Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding. In any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including such Preferred Shares, by such Holder and any other Attribution Party since the date as of which the Reported Outstanding Share Number was reported. In the event that the issuance of shares of Common Stock to a Holder upon conversion of such Preferred Shares results in such Holder and the other Attribution Parties being deemed to beneficially own, in the aggregate, more than the Maximum Percentage of the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock (as determined under Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act), the number of shares so issued by which such Holder's and the other Attribution Parties' aggregate beneficial ownership exceeds the Maximum Percentage (the "Excess Shares") shall be deemed null and void and shall be cancelled ab initio, and such Holder shall not have the power to vote or to transfer the Excess Shares. Upon delivery of a written notice to the Company, any Holder may from time to time increase (with such increase not effective until the sixty-first (61 st) day after delivery of such notice) or decrease the Maximum Percentage of such Holder to any other percentage not in 6  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img008.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;excess of 9.99% as specified in such notice; provided that (i) any such increase in the Maximum Percentage will not be effective until the sixty-first (61 st) day after such notice is delivered to the Company and (ii) any such increase or decrease will apply only to such Holder and the other Attribution Parties and not to any other Holder that is not an Attribution Party of such Holder. For purposes of clarity, the shares of Common Stock issuable to a Holder pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations in excess of the Maximum Percentage shall not be deemed to be beneficially owned by such Holder for any purpose including for purposes of Section 13(d) or Rule 16a-l(a)(l) of the 1934 Act. No prior inability to convert such Preferred Shares pursuant to this paragraph shall have any effect on the applicability of the provisions of this paragraph with respect to any subsequent determination of convertibility. The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 4(d)(i) to the extent necessary to correct this paragraph (or any portion of this paragraph) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended beneficial ownership limitation contained in this Section 4(d)(i) or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitation contained in this paragraph may not be waived and shall apply to a successor holder of such Preferred Shares. (ii) Principal Market Regulation. The Company shall not issue any shares of Common Stock upon conversion of any Preferred Shares or otherwise pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations if the issuance of such shares of Common Stock (taken together with the issuance of all other shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Warrants) would exceed the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock which the Company may issue upon exercise or conversion (as the case may be) of the Preferred Shares and the Warrants without breaching the Company's obligations under the rules and regulations the listing rules of the Principal Market (the number of shares which may be issued without violating such rules and regulations, the "Exchange Cap"), except that such limitation shall not apply in the event that the Company (A) obtains the approval of its stockholders as required by the applicable rules and regulations of the Principal Market for issuances of shares of Common Stock in excess of such amount ("Stockholder Approval") or (B) obtains a written opinion from outside counsel to the Company that such approval is not required, which opinion shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Required Holders. Until such approval or such written opinion is obtained, no Holder shall be issued in the aggregate, upon conversion or exercise (as the case may be) of any Preferred Shares or any Warrant, shares of Common Stock in an amount greater than the product of (i) the Exchange Cap as of the Initial Issuance Date multiplied by (ii) the quotient of (1) the aggregate number of Preferred Shares issued to such Holder on the Initial Issuance Date divided by (2) the aggregate number of Preferred Shares issued to the Holders on the Initial Issuance Date (with respect to each Holder, the "Exchange Cap Allocation"). In the event that any Holder shall sell or otherwise transfer any of such Holder's Preferred Shares, the transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of such Holder's Exchange Cap Allocation with respect to such portion of such Preferred Shares so transferred, and the restrictions of the prior sentence shall apply to such transferee with respect to the portion of the Exchange Cap Allocation so allocated to such transferee. Upon conversion in full of a holder's Preferred Shares, the difference (if any) between such holder's Exchange Cap Allocation and the number of shares of Common Stock actually issued to such holder upon such holder's conversion in full of such Preferred Shares shall be allocated, to the respective Exchange Cap Allocations of the remaining holders of Preferred Shares and/or related Warrants on a pro rata basis in proportion to the shares of Common Stock underlying the Preferred Shares and/or related Warrants then held by each such holder of Preferred Shares and/or related Warrants. (e) Right of Alternate Conversion. (i) Alternate Conversion Upon a Triggering Event. Subject to Section 4(d), at any time during a Triggering Event Redemption Right Period (as defined below, such Holder may, at such Holder's option, by delivery of a Conversion Notice to the Company (the date of any such Conversion Notice, each an "Alternate Conversion Date"), convert all, or any number of Preferred Shares (such Conversion Amount of the Preferred Shares to be converted pursuant to this Section 4(e)(ii), each, an "Alternate Conversion Amount") into shares of Common Stock at the Alternate Conversion Price (each an "Alternate Conversion"). 7  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img009.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Mechanics of Alternate Conversion. On any Alternate Conversion Date, a Holder may voluntarily convert any Alternate Conversion Amount of Preferred Shares pursuant to Section 4(c) (with "Alternate Conversion Price" replacing "Conversion Price" for all purposes hereunder with respect to such Alternate Conversion and with "Required Premium of the Conversion Amount" replacing "Conversion Amount" in clause (x) of the definition of Conversion Rate above with respect to such Alternate Conversion) by designating in the Conversion Notice delivered pursuant to this Section 4(e) of this Certificate ofDesignations that such Holder is electing to use the Alternate Conversion Price for such conversion; provided that in the event of the Conversion Floor Price Condition, on the applicable Alternate Conversion Date the Company shall also deliver to the Holder the applicable Alternate Conversion Floor Amount. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 4(e), but subject to Section 4(d), until the Company delivers shares of Common Stock representing the applicable Alternate Conversion Amount of Preferred Shares to such Holder, such Preferred Shares may be converted by such Holder into shares of Common Stock pursuant to Section 4(c) without regard to this Section 4(e). 5. Triggering Event Redemptions. (a) Triggering Event. Each of the following events shall constitute a "Triggering Event" and each of the events in clauses (viii), (ix), and (x) shall constitute a "Bankruptcy Triggering Event": (i) the suspension from trading or the failure of the Common Stock to be trading or listed (as applicable) on an Eligible Market for a period of five (5) consecutive Trading Days; (ii) the Company's (A) failure to cure a Conversion Failure or a Delivery Failure (as defined in the Warrants) by delivery of the required number of shares of Common Stock within five (5) Trading Days after the applicable Conversion Date or exercise date (as the case may be) or (B) written notice to any holder of Preferred Shares or Warrants, including, without limitation, by way of public announcement or through any of its agents, at any time, of its intention not to comply, as required, with a request for exercise of any Warrants for Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of the Warrants or a request for conversion of any Preferred Shares into shares of Common Stock that is requested in accordance with the provisions of this Certificate of Designations, other than pursuant to Section 4(d) hereof; (iii) except to the extent the Company is in compliance with Section 1 l(b) below, at any time following the tenth (10th) consecutive day that a Holder's Authorized Share Allocation (as defined in Section 1 l(a) below) is less than the sum of(A) 200% of the number of shares ofCommon Stock that such Holder would be entitled to receive upon a conversion, in full, of all of the Preferred Shares then held by such Holder (assuming a conversion at the Floor Price then in effect and without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth in this Certificate of Designations) and (B) 200% of the number of shares of Common Stock that such Holder would then be entitled to receive upon exercise in full of such Holder's Warrants (without regard to any limitations on exercise set forth in the Warrants); (iv) subject to the provisions of Section 170 of the DGCL, the Board fails to declare any Dividend to be paid on the applicable Installment Date in accordance with Section 3; (v) the Company's failure to pay to any Holder any Dividend on any Installment Date (whether or not declared by the Board) or any other amount when and as due under this Certificate of Designations (including, without limitation, the Company's failure to pay any redemption payments or amounts hereunder), the Securities Purchase Agreement or any other Transaction Document or any other agreement, document, certificate or other instrument delivered in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby (in each case, whether or not permitted pursuant to the DGCL), except, in the case of a failure to pay Dividends and Late Charges when and as due, in each such case only if such failure remains uncured for a period of at least five (5) Trading Days; 8  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img010.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(vi) the Company fails to remove any restrictive legend on any certificate or any shares of Common Stock issued to the applicable Holder upon conversion or exercise (as the case may be) of any Securities (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) acquired by such Holder under the Transaction Documents as and when required by such Securities or the Securities Purchase Agreement, as applicable, unless otherwise then prohibited by applicable federal securities laws, and any such failure remains uncured for at least five (5) Trading Days; (vii) the occurrence of any default under, redemption of or acceleration prior to maturity of at least an aggregate of $250,000 of Indebtedness (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; (viii) bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or liquidation proceedings or other proceedings for the relief of debtors shall be instituted by or against the Company or any Subsidiary and, if instituted against the Company or any Subsidiary by a third party, shall not be dismissed within thirty (30) days of their initiation; (ix) the commencement by the Company or any Subsidiary of a voluntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or of any other case or proceeding to be adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, or the consent by it to the entry of a decree, order, judgment or other similar document in respect of the Company or any Subsidiary in an involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or to the commencement of any bankruptcy or insolvency case or proceeding against it, or the filing by it of a petition or answer or consent seeking reorganization or relief under any applicable federal, state or foreign law, or the consent by it to the filing of such petition or to the appointment of or taking possession by a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of the Company or any Subsidiary or of any substantial part of its property, or the making by it of an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or the execution of a composition of debts, or the occurrence of any other similar federal, state or foreign proceeding, or the admission by it in writing of its inability to pay its debts generally as they become due, the taking of corporate action by the Company or any Subsidiary in furtherance of any such action or the taking of any action by any Person to commence a Uniform Commercial Code foreclosure sale or any other similar action under federal, state or foreign law; (x) the entry by a court of (i) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document in respect of the Company or any Subsidiary of a voluntary or involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or (ii) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document adjudging the Company or any Subsidiary as bankrupt or insolvent, or approving as properly filed a petition seeking liquidation, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition of or in respect of the Company or any Subsidiary under any applicable federal, state or foreign law or (iii) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document appointing a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of the Company or any Subsidiary or of any substantial part of its property, or ordering the winding up or liquidation of its affairs, and the continuance of any such decree, order, judgment or other similar document or any such other decree, order, judgment or other similar document unstayed and in effect for a period of thirty (30) consecutive days; (xi) a final judgment or judgments for the payment of money aggregating in excess of $250,000 are rendered against the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries and which judgments are not, within thirty (30) days after the entry thereof, bonded, discharged, settled or stayed pending appeal, or are not discharged within thirty (30) days after the expiration of such stay; provided, however, any judgment which is covered by insurance or an indemnity from a credit worthy party shall not be included in calculating the $250,000 amount set forth above so long as the Company provides each Holder a written statement from such insurer or indemnity provider (which written statement shall be reasonably satisfactory to each Holder) to the effect that such judgment is covered 9  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img011.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by insurance or an indemnity and the Company or such Subsidiary (as the case may be) will receive the proceeds of such insurance or indemnity within thirty (30) days of the issuance of such judgment; (xii) the Company and/or any Subsidiary, individually or in the aggregate, either (i) fails to pay, when due, or within any applicable grace period, any payment with respect to any Indebtedness in excess of $250,000 due to any third party (other than, with respect to unsecured Indebtedness only, payments contested by the Company and/or such Subsidiary (as the case may be) in good faith by proper proceedings and with respect to which adequate reserves have been set aside for the payment thereof in accordance with GAAP) or is otherwise in breach or violation of any agreement for monies owed or owing in an amount in excess of $250,000, which breach or violation permits the other party thereto to declare a default or otherwise accelerate amounts due thereunder, or (ii) suffer to exist any other circumstance or event that would, with or without the passage of time or the giving of notice, result in a default or event of default under any agreement binding the Company or any Subsidiary, which default or event of default would or is likely to have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, operations (including results thereof), liabilities, properties, condition (including financial condition) or prospects of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, individually or in the aggregate, but only if such failure or occurrence remains uncured for a period of at least five (5) days; (xiii) other than as specifically set forth in another clause of this Section 5(a), the Company or any Subsidiary breaches any representation or warranty in any material respect (other than representations or warranties subject to material adverse effect or materiality, which may not be breached in any respect) or any covenant or other term or condition of any Transaction Document, except, in the case of a breach of a covenant or other term or condition that is curable, only if such breach remains uncured for a period of five (5) consecutive Trading Days; (xiv) a false or inaccurate certification (including a false or inaccurate deemed certification) by the Company that either (A) the Equity Conditions are satisfied, (B) there has been no Equity Conditions Failure, or (C) as to whether any Triggering Event has occurred; (xv) any breach or failure in any respect by the Company or any Subsidiary to comply with any provision of Section 15(m) of this Certificate ofDesignations; (xvi) any Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) occurs that has not been cured, if capable of curing, within five (5) Trading Days of the occurrence; or (xvii) any provision of any Transaction Document shall at any time for any reason (other than pursuant to the express terms thereof) cease to be valid and binding on or enforceable against the Company, or the validity or enforceability thereof shall be contested, directly or indirectly, by the Company or any Subsidiary, or a proceeding shall be commenced by the Company or any Subsidiary or any governmental authority having jurisdiction over any of them, seeking to establish the invalidity or unenforceability thereof or the Company or any of its Subsidiaries shall deny in writing that it has any liability or obligation purported to be created under one or more Transaction Documents. (b) Notice of a Triggering Event; Redemption Right. Upon the occurrence of a Triggering Event with respect to the Preferred Shares, the Company shall within one (1) Business Day deliver written notice thereof via electronic mail and overnight courier (with next day delivery specified) (a "Triggering Event Notice") to each Holder. At any time after the earlier of a Holder's receipt of a Triggering Event Notice and such Holder becoming aware of a Triggering Event (such earlier date, the "Triggering Event Right Commencement Date") and ending (such ending date, the "Triggering Event Right Expiration Date", and each such period, a "Triggering Event Redemption Right Period") on the fifteenth (15th) Trading Day after the later of (x) the later of (I) the date such Triggering Event is cured and (2) the date the Company delivers written notice to the Holders of the cure of such Triggering Event and (y) such Holder's receipt of a Triggering Event Notice that includes (I) a reasonable description of the applicable Triggering Event, (II) a certification as to whether, in the opinion of the Company, such Triggering Event is capable of being cured  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img012.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and, if applicable, a reasonable description of any existing plans of the Company to cure such Triggering Event and (III) a certification as to the date the Triggering Event occurred and, if cured on or prior to the date of such Triggering Event Notice, the applicable Triggering Event Right Expiration Date, such Holder may require the Company to redeem (regardless of whether such Triggering Event has been cured on or prior to the Triggering Event Right Expiration Date) all or any of the Preferred Shares by delivering written notice thereof (the "Triggering Event Redemption Notice") to the Company, which Triggering Event Redemption Notice shall indicate the number of the Preferred Shares such Holder is electing to redeem. Each of the Preferred Shares subject to redemption by the Company pursuant to this Section 5(b) shall be redeemed by the Company at a price equal to the greater of (i) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount to be redeemed multiplied by (B) the Redemption Premium and (ii) the product of (X) the Conversion Rate with respect to the Conversion Amount in effect at such time as such Holder delivers a Triggering Event Redemption Notice multiplied by (Y) the product of (I) the Redemption Premium multiplied by (2) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such Triggering Event and ending on the date the Company makes the entire payment required to be made under this Section 5(b) (the "Triggering Event Redemption Price"). Redemptions required by this Section 5(b) shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Section 12. To the extent redemptions required by this Section 5(b) are deemed or determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be prepayments of the Preferred Shares by the Company, such redemptions shall be deemed to be voluntary prepayments. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 5(b), but subject to Section 4(d), until the Triggering Event Redemption Price (together with any Late Charges thereon) is paid in full, the Conversion Amount submitted for redemption under this Section 5(b) (together with any Late Charges thereon) may be converted, in whole or in part, by such Holder into Common Stock pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations. In the event of a partial redemption of the Preferred Shares held by a Holder pursuant hereto, the number of Preferred Shares of such Holder redeemed shall be deducted from the Installment Amount(s) of such Holder relating to the applicable Installment Date(s) as set forth in the Triggering Event Redemption Notice including Section 4(e). In the event of the Company's redemption of any of the Preferred Shares under this Section 5(b), a Holder's damages would be uncertain and difficult to estimate because of the parties' inability to predict future interest rates and the uncertainty of the availability of a suitable substitute investment opportunity for such Holder. Accordingly, any redemption premium due under this Section 5(b) is intended by the parties to be, and shall be deemed, a reasonable estimate of such Holder's actual loss of its investment opportunity and not as a penalty. Any redemption upon a Triggering Event shall not constitute an election of remedies by the applicable Holder or any other Holder, and all other rights and remedies of each Holder shall be preserved. (c) Mandatory Redemption upon Bankruptcy Triggering Event. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, and notwithstanding any conversion that is then required or in process, upon any Ban.kruptcy Triggering Event, whether occurring prior to or following the Maturity Date, the Company shall immediately redeem, out of funds legally available therefor, each of the Preferred Shares then outstanding at a redemption price equal to the applicable Triggering Event Redemption Price (calculated as if such Holder shall have delivered the Triggering Event Redemption Notice immediately prior to the occurrence of such Bankruptcy Triggering Event), without the requirement for any notice or demand or other action by any Holder or any other person or entity, provided that a Holder may, in its sole discretion, waive such right to receive payment upon a Bankruptcy Triggering Event, in whole or in part, and any such waiver shall not affect any other rights of such Holder or any other Holder hereunder, including any other rights in respect of such Bankruptcy Triggering Event, any right to conversion, and any right to payment of such Triggering Event Redemption Price or any other Redemption Price, as applicable. 6. Rights Upon Fundamental Transactions. (a) Assumption. The Company shall not enter into or be party to a Fundamental Transaction unless (i) the Successor Entity (if the Successor Entity is not the Company) assumes in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Certificate of Designations and the other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section 6(a) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance satisfactory to the Required Holders and approved by the Required Holders prior to such Fundamental Transaction, including agreements to deliver to each holder of Preferred Shares in exchange for such Preferred Shares a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance 11  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img013.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to this Certificate ofDesignations, including, without limitation, having a stated value and dividend rate equal to the stated value and dividend rate of the Preferred Shares held by the Holders and having similar ranking to the Preferred Shares, and satisfactory to the Required Holders and (ii) the Successor Entity (including its Parent Entity) is a publicly traded corporation whose shares of common stock are quoted on or listed for trading on an Eligible Market. Upon the occurrence of any Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Certificate of Designations and the other Transaction Documents referring to the "Company" shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Certificate of Designations and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein and therein. In addition to the foregoing, upon consummation of a Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity (if the Successor Entity is not the Company) shall deliver to each Holder confirmation that there shall be issued upon conversion or redemption of the Preferred Shares at any time after the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, in lieu of the shares of Common Stock (or other securities, cash, assets or other property (except such items still issuable under Sections 7 and 17, which shall continue to be receivable thereafter)) issuable upon the conversion or redemption of the Preferred Shares prior to such Fundamental Transaction, such shares of the publicly traded common stock (or their equivalent) of the Successor Entity (including its Parent Entity) which each Holder would have been entitled to receive upon the happening of such Fundamental Transaction had all the Preferred Shares held by each Holder been converted immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitations on the conversion of the Preferred Shares contained in this Certificate of Designations), as adjusted in accordance with the provisions of this Certificate of Designations. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such Holder may elect, at its sole option, by delivery of written notice to the Company to waive this Section 6(a) to permit the Fundamental Transaction without the assumption of the Preferred Shares. The provisions of this Section 6 shall apply similarly and equally to successive Fundamental Transactions and shall be applied without regard to any limitations on the conversion or redemption of the Preferred Shares. (b) Notice of a Change of Control Redemption Right. No sooner than twenty (20) Trading Days nor later than ten (10) Trading Days prior to the consummation of a Change of Control (the "Change of Control Date"), but not prior to the public announcement of such Change of Control, the Company shall deliver written notice thereof via electronic mail and overnight courier to each Holder (a "Change of Control Notice"). At any time during the period beginning after a Holder's receipt of a Change of Control Notice or such Holder becoming aware of a Change of Control if a Change of Control Notice is not delivered to such Holder in accordance with the immediately preceding sentence (as applicable) and ending on the later of (A) the date of consummation of such Change of Control or (B) twenty (20) Trading Days after the date of receipt of such Change of Control Notice or (C) twenty (20) Trading Days after the date of the announcement of such Change of Control, such Holder may require the Company to redeem all or any portion of such Holder's Preferred Shares by delivering written notice thereof ("Change of Control Redemption Notice") to the Company, which Change of Control Redemption Notice shall indicate the number of Preferred Shares such Holder is electing to have the Company redeem. Each Preferred Share subject to redemption pursuant to this Section 6(b) shall be redeemed by the Company in funds legally available therefor at a price equal to the greatest of (i) the product of (w) the Change of Control Redemption Premium multiplied by (y) the Conversion Amount of the Preferred Shares being redeemed, (ii) the product of (x) the Change of Control Redemption Premium multiplied by (y) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount of the Preferred Shares being redeemed multiplied by (B) the quotient determined by dividing (I) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the shares of Common Stock during the period beginning on the date immediately preceding the earlier to occur of (1) the consummation of the applicable Change of Control and (2) the public announcement of such Change of Control and ending on the date such Holder delivers the Change of Control Redemption Notice by (II) the Conversion Price then in effect and (iii) the product of (y) the Change of Control Redemption Premium multiplied by (z) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount of the Preferred Shares being redeemed multiplied by (B) the quotient of (I) the aggregate cash consideration and the aggregate cash value of any non-cash consideration per share of Common Stock to be paid to such holders of the shares of Common Stock upon consummation of such Change of Control (any such non-cash consideration constituting publicly-traded securities shall be valued at the highest of the Closing Sale Price of such securities as of the Trading Day immediately prior to the consummation of such Change of Control, the Closing Sale Price of such securities on the Trading Day immediately following the public announcement of such proposed Change of 12  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img014.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Control and the Closing Sale Price of such securities on the Trading Day immediately prior to the public announcement of such proposed Change of Control) divided by (II) the Conversion Price then in effect (the "Change of Control Redemption Price"). Redemptions required by this Section 6(b) shall have priority to payments to all other stockholders of the Company in connection with such Change of Control. To the extent redemptions required by this Section 6(b) are deemed or determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be prepayments of the Preferred Shares by the Company, such redemptions shall be deemed to be voluntary prepayments. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 6(b), but subject to Section 4(d), until the applicable Change of Control Redemption Price (together with any Late Charges thereon) is paid in full to the applicable Holder, the Preferred Shares submitted by such Holder for redemption under this Section 6(b) may be converted, in whole or in part, by such Holder into Common Stock pursuant to Section 4 or in the event the Conversion Date is after the consummation of such Change of Control, stock or equity interests of the Successor Entity substantially equivalent to the Company's shares of Common Stock pursuant to Section 4. In the event of a partial redemption of the Preferred Shares held by a Holder pursuant hereto, the number of Preferred Shares of such Holder redeemed shall be deducted from the Installment Amount(s) of such Holder relating to the applicable Installment Date(s) as set forth in the Change of Control Redemption Notice. In the event of the Company's redemption of any of the Preferred Shares under this Section 6(b), such Holder's damages would be uncertain and difficult to estimate because of the parties' inability to predict future interest rates and the uncertainty of the availability of a suitable substitute investment opportunity for a Holder. Accordingly, any redemption premium due under this Section 6(b) is intended by the parties to be, and shall be deemed, a reasonable estimate of such Holder's actual loss of its investment opportunity and not as a penalty. The Company shall make payment of the applicable Change of Control Redemption Price concurrently with the consummation of such Change of Control if a Change of Control Redemption Notice is received prior to the consummation of such Change of Control and within two (2) Trading Days after the Company's receipt of such notice otherwise (the "Change of Control Redemption Date"). Redemptions required by this Section 6 shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Section 12. 7. Rights Upon Issuance of Purchase Rights and Other Corporate Events. (a) Purchase Rights. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 8 and Section 17 below, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to all or substantially all of the record holders of any class of Common Stock (the "Purchase Rights"), then each Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which such Holder could have acquired if such Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete conversion of all the Preferred Shares (without taking into account any limitations or restrictions on the convertibility of the Preferred Shares and assuming for such purpose that all the Preferred Shares were converted at the Alternate Conversion Price as of the applicable record date) held by such Holder immediately prior to the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, to the extent that such Holder's right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in such Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then such Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent of the Maximum Percentage (and shall not be entitled to beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right (and beneficial ownership) to such extent of any such excess) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance (and, if such Purchase Right has an expiration date, maturity date or other similar provision, such term shall be extended by such number of days held in abeyance, if applicable) for the benefit of such Holder until such time or times, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in such Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, at which time or times such Holder shall be granted such right (and any Purchase Right granted, issued or sold on such initial Purchase Right or on any subsequent Purchase Right held similarly in abeyance (and, if such Purchase Right has an expiration date, maturity date or other similar provision, such term shall be extended by such number of days held in abeyance, if applicable)) to the same extent as if there had been no such limitation). (b) Other Corporate Events. In addition to and not in substitution for any other rights hereunder, prior to the consummation of any Fundamental Transaction pursuant to which holders of shares of Common 13  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img015.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock are entitled to receive securities or other assets with respect to or in exchange for shares of Common Stock (a "Corporate Event"), the Company shall make appropriate provision to ensure that each Holder will thereafter have the right, at such Holder's option, to receive upon a conversion of all the Preferred Shares held by such Holder (i) in addition to the shares of Common Stock receivable upon such conversion, such securities or other assets to which such Holder would have been entitled with respect to such shares of Common Stock had such shares of Common Stock been held by such Holderupon the consummation of such Corporate Event (without taking into account any limitations or restrictions on the convertibility of the Preferred Shares set forth in this Certificate of Designations) or (ii) in lieu of the shares of Common Stock otherwise receivable upon such conversion, such securities or other assets received by the holders of shares of Common Stock in connection with the consummation of such Corporate Event in such amounts as such Holder would have been entitled to receive had the Preferred Shares held by such Holder initially been issued with conversion rights for the form of such consideration (as opposed to shares of Common Stock) at a conversion rate for such consideration commensurate with the Conversion Rate. Provision made pursuant the preceding sentence shall be in a form and substance satisfactory to the Required Holders. The provisions of this Section 7 shall apply similarly and equally to successive Corporate Events and shall be applied without regard to any limitations on the conversion or redemption of the Preferred Shares set forth in this Certificate of Designations. 8. Rights Upon Issuance of Other Securities. (a) Adjustment of Conversion Price upon Issuance of Common Stock. If and whenever on or after the Subscription Date the Company grants, issues or sells (or enters into any agreement or publicly announces its intention to grant, issue or sell), or in accordance with this Section 8(a) is deemed to have granted, issued or sold, any shares of Common Stock (including the granting, issuance or sale of shares of Common Stock owned or held by or for the account of the Company, but excluding any Excluded Securities granted, issued or sold or deemed to have been granted, issued or sold) for a consideration per share (the "New Issuance Price") less than a price equal to the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such granting, issuance or sale or deemed granting, issuance or sale (such Conversion Price then in effect is referred to herein as the "Applicable Price") (the foregoing a "Dilutive Issuance"), then, immediately after such Dilutive Issuance, the Conversion Price then in effect shall be reduced to an amount equal to the New Issuance Price. For all purposes of the foregoing (including, without limitation, determining the adjusted Conversion Price and the New Issuance Price under this Section 8(a)), the following shall be applicable: (i) Issuance of Options. If the Company in any manner grants, issues or sells (or enters into any agreement to grant, issue or sell) any Options and the lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the exercise of any such Option or upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities issuable upon exercise of any such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof is less than the Applicable Price, then such share of Common Stock shall be deemed to be outstanding and to have been issued and sold by the Company at the time of the granting, issuance or sale of such Option for such price per share. For purposes of this Section 8(a)(i), the "lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the exercise of any such Option or upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities issuable upon exercise of any such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof' shall be equal to (1) the lower of (x) the sum of the lowest amounts of consideration (if any) received or receivable by the Company with respect to any one share of Common Stock upon the granting, issuance or sale of such Option, upon exercise of such Option and upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Security issuable upon exercise of such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof and (y) the lowest exercise price set forth in such Option for which one share of Common Stock is issuable (or may become issuable assuming all possible market conditions) upon the exercise of any such Options or upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities issuable upon exercise of any such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof, minus (2) the sum of all amounts paid or payable to the holder of such Option (or any other Person) with respect to any one share of Common Stock upon the granting, issuance or sale of such Option, upon exercise of such Option and upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Security issuable upon exercise of such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof plus the value of any other consideration received or receivable by, or benefit conferred on, the holder of 14  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img016.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;such Option (or any other Person). Except as contemplated below, no further adjustment of the Conversion Price shall be made upon the actual issuance of such share of Common Stock or of such Convertible Securities upon the exercise of such Options or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof or upon the actual issuance of such shares of Common Stock upon conversion, exercise or exchange of such Convertible Securities. (ii) Issuance of Convertible Securities. If the Company in any manner issues or sells (or enters into any agreement to issue or sell) any Convertible Securities and the lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the conversion, exercise or exchange thereof or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof is less than the Applicable Price, then such share of Common Stock shall be deemed to be outstanding and to have been issued and sold by the Company at the time of the issuance or sale (or the time of execution of such agreement to issue or sell, as applicable) of such Convertible Securities for such price per share. For the purposes of this Section 8(a)(ii), the "lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the conversion, exercise or exchange thereof or otherwise pursuant to the te.nns thereof' shall be equal to (1) the lower of (x) the sum of the lowest amounts of consideration (if any) received or receivable by the Company with respect to one share of Common Stock upon the issuance or sale (or pursuant to the agreement to issue or sell, as applicable) of the Convertible Security and upon conversion, exercise or exchange of such Convertible Security or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof and (y) the lowest conversion price set forth in such Convertible Security for which one share of Common Stock is issuable (or may become issuable assuming all possible market conditions) upon conversion, exercise or exchange thereof or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof minus (2) the sum of all amounts paid or payable to the holder of such Convertible Security (or any other Person) with respect to any one share of Common Stock upon the issuance or sale (or the agreement to issue or sell, as applicable) of such Convertible Security plus the value of any other consideration received or receivable by, or benefit conferred on, the holder of such Convertible Security (or any other Person). Except as contemplated below, no further adjustment of the Conversion Price shall be made upon the actual issuance of such shares of Common Stock upon conversion, exercise or exchange of such Convertible Securities or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof, and if any such issuance or sale of such Convertible Securities is made upon exercise of any Options for which adjustment of the Conversion Price has been or is to be made pursuant to other provisions of this Section 8(a), except as contemplated below, no further adjustment of the Conversion Price shall be made by reason of such issuance or sale. (iii) Change in Option Price or Rate of Conversion. If the purchase or exercise price provided for in any Options, the additional consideration, if any, payable upon the issue, conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities, or the rate at which any Convertible Securities are convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock increases or decreases at any time (other than proportional changes in conversion or exercise prices, as applicable, in connection with an event referred to in Section 8(b) below), the Conversion Price in effect at the time of such increase or decrease shall be adjusted to the Conversion Price which would have been in effect at such time had such Options or Convertible Securities provided for such increased or decreased purchase price, additional consideration or increased or decreased conversion rate (as the case may be) at the time initially granted, issued or sold. For purposes of this Section 8(a)(iii), if the terms of any Option or Convertible Security (including, without limitation, any Option or Convertible Security that was outstanding as of the Subscription Date) are increased or decreased in the manner described in the immediately preceding sentence, then such Option or Convertible Security and the shares of Common Stock deemed issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange thereof shall be deemed to have been issued as of the date of such increase or decrease. No adjustment pursuant to this Section 8(a) shall be made if such adjustment would result in an increase of the Conversion Price then in effect. (iv) Calculation of Consideration Received. If any Option and/or Convertible Security and/or Adjustment Right is issued in connection with the issuance or sale or deemed issuance or sale of any other securities of the Company (as determined by the Required Holders, the "Primary Security", and such Option and/or Convertible Security and/or Adjustment Right, the "Secondary 15  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img017.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Securities" and together with the Primary Security, each a "Unit"), together comprising one integrated transaction, the aggregate consideration per share of Common Stock with respect to such Primary Security shall be deemed to be the lower of (x) the purchase price of such Unit, (y) if such Primary Security is an Option and/or Convertible Security, the lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the exercise or conversion of the Primary Security in accordance with Section 8(a)(i) or 8(a)(ii) above and (z) the lowest VWAP of the shares of Common Stock on any Trading Day during the five (5) Trading Day period (the "Adjustment Period") immediately following the public announcement of such Dilutive Issuance (for the avoidance of doubt, if such public announcement is released prior to the opening of the Principal Market on a Trading Day, such Trading Day shall be the first Trading Day in such five Trading Day period and if any Preferred Shares are converted, on any given Conversion Date during any such Adjustment Period, solely with respect to such Preferred Shares converted on such applicable Conversion Date, such applicable Adjustment Period shall be deemed to have ended on, and included, the Trading Day immediately prior to such Conversion Date). If any shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities are issued or sold or deemed to have been issued or sold for cash, the consideration received therefor will be deemed to be the net amount of consideration received by the Company therefor. If any shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities are issued or sold for a consideration other than cash, the amount of such consideration received by the Company will be the fair value of such consideration, except where such consideration consists of publicly traded securities, in which case the amount of consideration received by the Company for such securities will be the arithmetic average of the VW APs of such security for each of the five (5) Trading Days immediately preceding the date of receipt. If any shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities are issued to the owners of the non-surviving entity in connection with any merger in which the Company is the surviving entity, the amount of consideration therefor will be deemed to be the fair value of such portion of the net assets and business of the non-surviving entity as is attributable to such shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities (as the case may be). The fair value of any consideration other than cash or publicly traded securities will be determined jointly by the Company and the Required Holders. If such parties are unable to reach agreement within ten (10) days after the occurrence of an event requiring valuation (the "Valuation Event"), the fair value of such consideration will be determined within five (5) Trading Days after the tenth (10th) day following such Valuation Event by an independent, reputable appraiser jointly selected by the Company and the Required Holders. The determination of such appraiser shall be final and binding upon all parties absent manifest error and the fees and expenses of such appraiser shall be borne by the Company. (v) Record Date. If the Company takes a record of the holders of shares of Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them (A) to receive a dividend or other distribution payable in shares of Common Stock, Options or in Convertible Securities or (B) to subscribe for or purchase shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities, then such record date will be deemed to be the date of the issuance or sale of the shares of Common Stock deemed to have been issued or sold upon the declaration of such dividend or the making of such other distribution or the date of the granting of such right of subscription or purchase (as the case may be). (b) Adjustment of Conversion Price upon Subdivision or Combination of Common Stock. Without limiting any provision of Sections 7, 17 or 8(a), if the Company at any time on or after the Subscription Date subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a greater number of shares, the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such subdivision will be proportionately reduced. Without limiting any provision of Sections 7, 17 or 8(a), if the Company at any time on or after the Subscription Date combines (by any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such combination will be proportionately increased. Any adjustment pursuant to this Section 8(b) shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such subdivision or combination. If any event requiring an adjustment under this Section 8(b) occurs during the period that a Conversion Price is calculated hereunder, then the calculation of such Conversion Price shall be adjusted appropriately to reflect such event. 16  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img018.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Holder's Right of Adjusted Conversion Price. In addition to and not in limitation of the other provisions of this Section 8(b), if the Company in any manner issues or sells or enters into any agreement to issue or sell, any Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities (any such securities, "Variable Price Securities") after the Subscription Date that are issuable pursuant to such agreement or convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock at a price which varies or may vary with the market price of the shares of Common Stock, including by way of one or more reset(s) to a fixed price, but exclusive of such formulations reflecting customary anti-dilution provisions (such as share splits, share combinations, share dividends and similar transactions) (each of the formulations for such variable price being herein referred to as, the "Variable Price"), the Company shall provide written notice thereof via electronic mail and overnight courier to each Holder on the date of such agreement and/or the issuance of such shares of Common Stock, Convertible Securities or Options, as applicable. From and after the date the Company enters into such agreement or issues any such Variable Price Securities, each Holder shall have the right, but not the obligation, in its sole discretion to substitute the Variable Price for the Conversion Price upon conversion of the Preferred Shares by designating in the Conversion Notice delivered upon any conversion of Preferred Shares that solely for purposes of such conversion such Holder is relying on the Variable Price rather than the Conversion Price then in effect. A Holder's election to rely on a Variable Price for a particular conversion of Preferred Shares shall not obligate such Holder to rely on a Variable Price for any future conversions of Preferred Shares. (d) Stock Combination Event Adjustments. If at any time and from time to time on or after the Subscription Date there occurs any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination, reverse stock split, recapitalization or other similar transaction involving the Common Stock (each, a "Stock Combination Event", and such date thereof, the "Stock Combination Event Date") and the Event Market Price is less than the Conversion Price then in effect (after giving effect to the adjustment in Section 8(b) above), then on the sixteenth (16th) Trading Day immediately following such Stock Combination Event Date, the Conversion Price then in effect on such sixteenth (16th) Trading Day (after giving effect to the adjustment in Section 8(b) above) shall be reduced (but in no event increased) to the Event Market Price. For the avoidance of doubt, if the adjustment in the immediately preceding sentence would otherwise result in an increase in the Conversion Price hereunder, no adjustment shall be made. (e) Other Events. In the event that the Company (or any Subsidiary) shall take any action to which the provisions hereof are not strictly applicable, or, if applicable, would not operate to protect any Holder from dilution or if any event occurs of the type contemplated by the provisions of this Section 8 but not expressly provided for by such provisions (including, without limitation, the granting of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock rights or other rights with equity features), then the Board shall in good faith determine and implement an appropriate adjustment in the Conversion Price so as to protect the rights of such Holder, provided that no such adjustment pursuant to this Section 8(e) will increase the Conversion Price as otherwise determined pursuant to this Section 8, provided further that if such Holder does not accept such adjustments as appropriately protecting its interests hereunder against such dilution, then the Board and such Holder shall agree, in good faith, upon an independent investment bank of nationally recognized standing to make such appropriate adjustments, whose determination shall be final and binding absent manifest error and whose fees and expenses shall be borne by the Company. (f) Calculations. All calculations under this Section 8 shall be made by rounding to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as applicable. The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at any given time shall not include shares owned or held by or for the account of the Company, and the disposition of any such shares shall be considered an issue or sale of Common Stock. (g) Voluntary Adjustment by Company. Subject to the rules and regulations of the Principal Market, the Company may at any time any Preferred Shares remain outstanding, with the prior written consent of the Required Holders, reduce the then current Conversion Price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate by the Board. 9. Installment Redemption. 17  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img019.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) General. On each applicable Installment Date, the Company shall pay to each Holder of Preferred Shares the applicable Installment Amount due on such date by redeeming such Installment Amount in legally available funds at the Installment Redemption Price (an "Installment Redemption"). (b) Mechanics of Installment Redemption. On the applicable Installment Date, the applicable Installment Amount shall be redeemed by the Company in legally available funds by wire transfer to each Holder in an amount equal to 107% of the applicable Installment Amount (the "Installment Redemption Price"). Redemptions required by this Section 9(b) shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Section 12. (c) Deferred Installment Amount. Notwithstanding any provision of this Section 9(c) to the contrary, each Holder may, at its option and in its sole discretion, deliver a written notice to the Company no later than the Trading Day immediately prior to the applicable Installment Date electing to have the payment of all or any portion of an Installment Amount of such Holder payable on such Installment Date deferred (such amount deferred, plus any accrued and unpaid Dividends following the applicable Installment Date, the "Deferral Amount", and such deferral, each a "Deferral") until any subsequent Installment Date selected by such Holder, in its sole discretion, in which case, the Deferral Amount shall be added to, and become part of, such subsequent Installment Amount. Any notice delivered by such Holder pursuant to this Section 9(c) shall set forth (i) the Deferral Amount and (ii) the date that such Deferral Amount shall now be payable. 10. Noncircumvention. The Company hereby covenants and agrees that the Company will not, by amendment of its Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, scheme of arrangement, dissolution, issue or sale of securities, or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Certificate of Designations, and will at all times in good faith carry out all the provisions of this Certificate of Designations and take all action as may be required to protect the rights of the Holders hereunder. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing or any other provision of this Certificate of Designations or the other Transaction Documents, the Company (a) shall not increase the par value of any shares of Common Stock receivable upon the conversion of any Preferred Shares above the Conversion Price then in effect, (b) shall take all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock upon the conversion of Preferred Shares and (c) shall, so long as any Preferred Shares are outstanding, take all action necessary to reserve and keep available out of its authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the Preferred Shares, the maximum number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be necessary to effect the conversion of the Preferred Shares then outstanding (without regard to any limitations on conversion contained herein). Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if after the sixty (60) calendar day anniversary of the Initial Issuance Date, each Holder is not permitted to convert such Holder's Preferred Shares in full for any reason (other than pursuant to restrictions set forth in Section 4(d)(i) hereof), the Company shall use its best efforts to promptly remedy such failure, including, without limitation, obtaining such consents or approvals as necessary to effect such conversion into shares of Common Stock. 11. Authorized Shares. (a) Reservation. So long as any Preferred Shares remain outstanding, the Company shall at all times reserve out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock a number of shares of Common Stock equal to at least 200% of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be necessary to effect the conversion, including without limitation, Alternate Conversions, of all of the Preferred Shares then outstanding at the Floor Price then in effect (without regard to any limitations on conversions and assuming the Preferred Shares remain outstanding until the Maturity Date) (the "Required Reserve Amount"). The Required Reserve Amount (including, without limitation, each increase in the number of shares so reserved) shall be allocated pro rata among the Holders based on the number of the Preferred Shares held by each Holder on the Initial Issuance Date or increase in the number of reserved shares, as the case may be (the "Authorized Share Allocation"). In the event that a Holder shall sell or otherwise transfer any of such Holder's Preferred Shares, each transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of such Holder's Authorized Share Allocation. Any shares of Common Stock reserved and allocated to any Person which ceases to hold any Preferred Shares shall be allocated to the remaining Holders of Preferred Shares, pro rata based on the number of the Preferred Shares then held by the Holders. 18  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img020.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Insufficient Authorized Shares. If, notwithstanding Section 11 (a) and not in limitation thereof, at any time while any of the Preferred Shares remain outstanding the Company does not have a sufficient number of authorized and unreserved shares of Common Stock to satisfy its obligation to reserve for issuance upon conversion of the Preferred Shares at least a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Required Reserve Amount (an "Authorized Share Failure"), then the Company shall immediately take all action necessary to increase the Company's authorized shares of Common Stock to an amount sufficient to allow the Company to reserve the Required Reserve Amount for the Preferred Shares then outstanding (or deemed outstanding pursuant to Section l l(a) above). Without limiting the generality of the foregoing sentence, as soon as practicable after the date of the occurrence of an Authorized Share Failure, but in no event later than sixty (60) days after the occurrence of such Authorized Share Failure, the Company shall hold a meeting of its stockholders for the approval of an increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock. In connection with such meeting, the Company shall provide each stockholder with a proxy statement and shall use its best efforts to solicit its stockholders' approval of such increase in authorized shares of Common Stock and to cause its board of directors to recommend to the stockholders that they approve such proposal (or, if a majority of the voting power then in effect of the capital stock of the Company consents to such increase, in lieu of such proxy statement, deliver to the stockholders of the Company an information statement that has been filed with (and either approved by or not subject to comments from) the SEC with respect thereto). In the event that the Company is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock to a Holder upon any conversion due to the failure by the Company to have sufficient shares of Common Stock available out of the authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock (such unavailable number of shares of Common Stock, the "Authorized Failure Shares"), in lieu of delivering such Authorized Failure Shares to such Holder, the Company shall pay legally available funds in exchange for the redemption of such portion of the Conversion Amount of the Preferred Shares convertible into such Authorized Failure Shares at a price equal to the sum of (i) the product of (x) such number of Authorized Failure Shares and (y) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date such Holder delivers the applicable Conversion Notice with respect to such Authorized Failure Shares to the Company and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this Section 11 (a); and (ii) to the extent such Holder purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by such Holder of Authorized Failure Shares, any brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any, of such Holder incurred in connection therewith. Nothing contained in Section l l(a) or this Section 11 (b) shall limit any obligations of the Company under any provision of the Securities Purchase Agreement. 12. Redemptions. (a) General. If a Holder has submitted a Triggering Event Redemption Notice in accordance with Section 5(b), the Company shall deliver the applicable Triggering Event Redemption Price to such Holder in legally available funds within five (5) Business Days after the Company's receipt of such Holder's Triggering Event Redemption Notice. If a Holder has submitted a Change of Control Redemption Notice in accordance with Section 6(b), the Company shall deliver the applicable Change of Control Redemption Price to such Holder in legally available funds concurrently with the consummation of such Change of Control if such notice is received prior to the consummation of such Change of Control and within five (5) Business Days after the Company's receipt of such notice otherwise. The Company shall deliver the applicable Installment Redemption Price to each Holder in legally available funds on the applicable Installment Date. If a Holder has submitted a Maturity Redemption Notice in accordance with Section 13 below, the Company shall deliver the applicable Maturity Redemption Price to such Holder in legally available funds. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, in connection with any redemption hereunder at a time a Holder is entitled to receive a cash payment under any of the other Transaction Documents, at the option of such Holder delivered in writing to the Company, the applicable Redemption Price hereunder shall be increased by the amount of such cash payment owed to such Holder under such other Transaction Document and, upon payment in full or conversion in accordance herewith, shall satisfy the Company's payment obligation under such other Transaction Document. In the event of a redemption of less than all of the Preferred Shares, the Company shall promptly cause to be issued and delivered to such Holder a new Preferred Share Certificate (in accordance with Section 20) (or evidence of the creation of a new Book-Entry) representing the number of Preferred Shares which have not been redeemed. In the event that the Company does not pay the applicable Redemption Price to a Holder within the time period required for any reason (including, without limitation, 19  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img021.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the extent such payment is prohibited pursuant to the DGCL), at any time thereafter and until the Company pays such unpaid Redemption Price in full, such Holder shall have the option, in lieu of redemption, to require the Company to promptly return to such Holder all or any of the Preferred Shares that were submitted for redemption and for which the applicable Redemption Price (together with any Late Charges thereon) has not been paid. Upon the Company's receipt of such notice, (x) the applicable Redemption Notice shall be null and void with respect to such Preferred Shares, (y) the Company shall immediately return the applicable Preferred Share Certificate, or issue a new Preferred Share Certificate (in accordance with Section 20(d)), to such Holder (unless the Preferred Shares are held in Book-Entry form, in which case the Company shall deliver evidence to such Holder that a Book-Entry for such Preferred Shares then exists), and in each case the Additional Amount of such Preferred Shares shall be increased by an amount equal to the difference between (I) the applicable Redemption Price (as the case may be, and as adjusted pursuant to this Section 12, if applicable) minus (2) the Stated Value portion of the Conversion Amount submitted for redemption and (z) the Conversion Price of such Preferred Shares shall be automatically adjusted with respect to each conversion effected thereafter by such Holder to the lowest of (A) the Conversion Price as in effect on the date on which the applicable Redemption Notice is voided, (B) the greater of (x) the Floor Price and (y) 75% of the lowest Closing Bid Price of the Common Stock during the period beginning on and including the date on which the applicable Redemption Notice is delivered to the Company and ending on and including the date on which the applicable Redemption Notice is voided and (C) the greater of (x) the Floor Price and (y) 75% of the quotient of (I) the sum of the five (5) lowest VW APs of the Common Stock during the twenty (20) consecutive Trading Day period ending and including the Trading Day immediately preceding the applicable Conversion Date divided by (II) five (5) (it being understood and agreed that all such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such period). A Holder's delivery of a notice voiding a Redemption Notice and exercise of its rights following such notice shall not affect the Company's obligations to make any payments of Late Charges which have accrued prior to the date of such notice with respect to the Preferred Shares subject to such notice. (b) Redemption by Multiple Holders. Upon the Company's receipt of a Redemption Notice from any Holder for redemption or repayment as a result of an event or occurrence substantially similar to the events or occurrences described in Section 5(b) or Section 6(b), the Company shall immediately, but no later than one (1) Business Day of its receipt thereof, forward to each other Holder by electronic mail a copy of such notice. If the Company receives one or more Redemption Notices, during the seven (7) Business Day period beginning on and including the date which is two (2) Business Days prior to the Company's receipt of the initial Redemption Notice and ending on and including the date which is two (2) Business Days after the Company's receipt of the initial Redemption Notice and the Company is unable to redeem all of the Conversion Amount of such Preferred Shares designated in such initial Redemption Notice and such other Redemption Notices received during such seven (7) Business Day period, then the Company shall redeem a pro rata amount from each Holder based on the Stated Value of the Preferred Shares submitted for redemption pursuant to such Redemption Notices received by the Company during such seven (7) Business Day period. 13. [Reserved] 14. Voting Rights. Except as otherwise provided herein or as required by applicable law and subject to the provisions of Section 4(d) hereof, Holders of Preferred Shares shall be entitled to vote with the holders of Common Stock on all matters that such holders of Common Stock are entitled to vote upon, in the same manner and with the same effect as the holders of Common Stock, voting together with the holders of Common Stock as a single class. Subject to the provisions of Section 4(d) hereof, each Preferred Share shall entitle the Holder thereof to cast that number of votes per Preferred Share as is equal to the Stated Value of such Preferred Share divided by the then applicable Conversion Price; provided, however that in no event shall the then applicable Conversion Price for purposes of this Section 14 be less than the "Minimum Price" (as defined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d)) on the date immediately preceding the Subscription Date (or $2.41 per share, as of the date of this Certificate of Designations, and subject to adjustments for any stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions following the date hereof). For purposes of clarity, this Nasdaq Minimum Price shall apply only for purposes of this Section 14 of the Certificate of Designations and not apply to any other section of the Certificate of Designations or any Transaction Document. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent that under the DGCL the vote of the holders of the Preferred Shares, voting separately as a class or series, as applicable, is required to authorize 20  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img022.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a given action of the Company, the affirmative vote or consent of the Required Holders of the shares of the Preferred Shares, voting together in the aggregate and not in separate series unless required under the DGCL, represented at a duly held meeting at which a quorum is present or by written consent of the Required Holders (except as otherwise may be required under the DGCL), voting together in the aggregate and not in separate series unless required under the DGCL, shall constitute the approval of such action by both the class or the series, as applicable. For the avoidance of doubt, for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum at any meeting of the stockholders of the Company at which the Preferred Shares are entitled to vote, the number of Preferred Shares and votes represented by such shares shall be counted on an as converted to Common Stock basis, subject to any limitations on conversion set forth herein. Holders of the Preferred Shares shall be entitled to written notice of all stockholder meetings or written consents (and copies of proxy materials and other information sent to stockholders) with respect to which they would be entitled to vote, which notice would be provided pursuant to the Company's bylaws and the DGCL. 15. Covenants. For so long as any Preferred Shares are outstanding, without the prior written consent of the Required Holders: (a) Incurrence of Indebtedness. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, incur or guarantee, assume or suffer to exist any Indebtedness (other than Permitted Indebtedness). (b) Existence of Liens. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, allow or suffer to exist any mortgage, lien, pledge, charge, security interest or other encumbrance upon or in any property or assets (including accounts and contract rights) owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (collectively, "Liens") other than Permitted Liens. (c) Restricted Payments and Investments. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, redeem, defease, repurchase, repay or make any payments in respect of, by the payment of cash or cash equivalents (in whole or in part, whether by way of open market purchases, tender offers, private transactions or otherwise), all or any portion of any Indebtedness (other pursuant to this Certificate of Designations) whether by way of payment in respect of principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on, such Indebtedness or make any Investment, as applicable, if at the time such payment with respect to such Indebtedness and/or Investment, as applicable, is due or is otherwise made or, after giving effect to such payment, (i) an event constituting a Triggering Event has occurred and is continuing or (ii) an event that with the passage of time and without being cured would constitute a Triggering Event has occurred and is continuing. (d) Restriction on Redemption and Cash Dividends. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, redeem, repurchase or declare or pay any cash dividend or distribution on any of its capital stock (other than as required by this Certificate of Designations). (e) Restriction on Transfer of Assets. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, spin-off, split-off, close, convey or otherwise dispose of any assets or rights of the Company or any Subsidiary owned or hereafter acquired whether in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, other than (i) sales, leases, licenses, assignments, transfers, conveyances and other dispositions of such assets or rights by the Company and its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business consistent with its past practice, or (ii) sales of inventory and product in the ordinary course of business. (f) Maturity of Indebtedness. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, permit any Indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to mature or accelerate prior to the Maturity Date. (g) Change in Nature of Business. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, engage in any material line of business substantially different from those lines of business conducted by or publicly contemplated to be conducted by the Company and/or its Subsidiaries on the Subscription Date or any business reasonably related or incidental thereto. The Company 21  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img023.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, modify its or their corporate structure or purpose in any material respect. (h) Preservation of Existence, Etc. The Company shall maintain and preserve, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to maintain and preserve, its existence, rights and privileges, and become or remain, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to become or remain, duly qualified and in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the character of the properties owned or leased by it or in which the transaction of its business makes such qualification necessary; provided, however, that the Company shall have the right to merge or combine wholly-owned Subsidiaries hereunder, or eliminate or dissolve foreign Subsidiaries, in each case where such restructuring does not have a material impact on the Company's assets or ability to comply with the provisions hereof. (i) Maintenance of Properties, Etc. The Company shall maintain and preserve, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to maintain and preserve, all of its properties which are necessary or useful in the proper conduct of its business in good working order and condition, ordinary wear and tear excepted, and comply, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to comply, at all times with the provisions of all leases to which it is a party as lessee or under which it occupies property, so as to prevent any loss or forfeiture thereof or thereunder. (j) Maintenance oflntellectual Property. The Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, take all action necessary or advisable to maintain all of the Intellectual Property Rights of the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries that are necessary or material to the conduct of its business in full force and effect. (k) Maintenance ofinsurance. The Company shall use reasonable best efforts to maintain, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to maintain, insurance with responsible and reputable insurance companies or associations (including, without limitation, comprehensive general liability, hazard, rent and business interruption insurance) with respect to its properties (including all real properties leased or owned by it) and business, in such amounts and covering such risks as are generally consistent with the coverage held by the Company on the Initial Issuance Date. (l) Transactions with Affiliates. The Company shall not, nor shall it permit any of its Subsidiaries to, enter into, renew, extend or be a party to, any transaction or series of related transactions (including, without limitation, the purchase, sale, lease, transfer or exchange of property or assets of any kind or the rendering of services of any kind) with any affiliate, except transactions in the ordinary course of business in a manner and to an extent, if applicable, consistent with past practice and necessary or desirable for the prudent operation of its business, for fair consideration and on terms no less favorable to it or its Subsidiaries than would be reasonably expected to be obtained in a comparable arm's length transaction with a Person that is not an affiliate thereof. (m) Restricted Issuances. The Company shall not, directly or indirectly, without the prior written consent of the Required Holders, (i) issue any Preferred Shares (other than as contemplated by the Securities Purchase Agreement and this Certificate of Designations) or (ii) issue any other securities that would cause a breach or default under this Certificate of Designations or the Warrants. (n) Stay, Extension and Usury Laws. To the extent that it may lawfully do so, the Company (A) agrees that it will not at any time insist upon, plead, or in any manner whatsoever claim or take the benefit or advantage of, any stay, extension or usury law (wherever or whenever enacted or in force) that may affect the covenants or the performance of this Certificate of Designations; and (B) expressly waives all benefits or advantages of any such law and agrees that it will not, by resort to any such law, hinder, delay or impede the execution of any power granted to the Holders by this Certificate of Designations, but will suffer and permit the execution of every such power as though no such law has been enacted. (o) Taxes. The Company and its Subsidiaries shall pay when due all taxes, fees or other charges of any nature whatsoever (together with any related interest or penalties) now or hereafter imposed or assessed against the Company and its Subsidiaries or their respective assets or upon their ownership, possession, use, operation or disposition thereof or upon their rents, receipts or earnings arising therefrom (except where the 22  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img024.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;failure to pay would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect on the Company or any of its Subsidiaries). The Company and its Subsidiaries shall file on or before the due date therefor all personal property tax returns (except where the failure to file would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect on the Company or any of its Subsidiaries). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company and its Subsidiaries may contest, in good faith and by appropriate proceedings, taxes for which they maintain adequate reserves therefor in accordance with GAAP. (p) Cash Minimum. From the Closing Date until no shares of Preferred Shares are outstanding, the Company shall, at all times, maintain unencumbered, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents on hand in amount equal to at least an aggregate of $5,500,000. Such cash shall be maintained in one or more domestic deposit accounts, money market accounts or certificates of deposit (with a maturity of no more than three months) with one or more Eligible Banks. For purposes hereof, an "Eligible Bank" is a U.S. chartered commercial bank with total assets in excess of $300 billion. (p) Independent Investigation. At the request of any Holder either (x) at any time when a Triggering Event has occurred and is continuing, (y) upon the occurrence of an event that with the passage of time or giving of notice would constitute a Triggering Event or (z) at any time such Holder reasonably believes a Triggering Event may have occurred or be continuing, the Company shall hire an independent, reputable investment bank selected by the Company and approved by such Holder to investigate as to whether any breach of the Certificate of Designations has occurred (the "Independent Investigator"). If the Independent Investigator determines that such breach of the Certificate of Designations has occurred, the Independent Investigator shall notify the Company of such breach and the Company shall deliver written notice to each Holder of such breach. In connection with such investigation, the Independent Investigator may, during normal business hours, inspect all contracts, books, records, personnel, offices and other facilities and properties of the Company and its Subsidiaries and, to the extent available to the Company after the Company uses reasonable efforts to obtain them, the records of its legal advisors and accountants (including the accountants' work papers) and any books of account, records, reports and other papers not contractually required of the Company to be confidential or secret, or subject to attorney-client or other evidentiary privilege, and the Independent Investigator may make such copies and inspections thereof as the Independent Investigator may reasonably request. The Company shall furnish the Independent Investigator with such financial and operating data and other information with respect to the business and properties of the Company as the Independent Investigator may reasonably request. The Company shall permit the Independent Investigator to discuss the affairs, finances and accounts of the Company with, and to make proposals and furnish advice with respect thereto to, the Company's officers, directors, key employees and independent public accountants or any of them (and by this provision the Company authorizes said accountants to discuss with such Independent Investigator the finances and affairs of the Company and any Subsidiaries), all at such reasonable times, upon reasonable notice, and as often as may be reasonably requested. 16. Liquidation, Dissolution, Winding-Up. In the event of a Liquidation Event, the Holders shall be entitled to receive in cash out of the assets of the Company, whether from capital or from earnings available for distribution to its stockholders (the "Liquidation Funds"), before any amount shall be paid to the holders of any of shares of Junior Stock, but pari passu with any Parity Stock then outstanding, an amount per Preferred Share equal to the greater of (A) 125% of the Conversion Amount of such Preferred Share on the date of such payment and (B) the amount per share such Holder would receive if such Holder converted such Preferred Share into Common Stock immediately prior to the date of such payment, provided that if the Liquidation Funds are insufficient to pay the full amount due to the Holders and holders of shares of Parity Stock, then each Holder and each holder of Parity Stock shall receive a percentage of the Liquidation Funds equal to the full amount of Liquidation Funds payable to such Holder and such holder of Parity Stock as a liquidation preference, in accordance with their respective certificate of designations (or equivalent), as a percentage of the full amount of Liquidation Funds payable to all holders of Preferred Shares and all holders of shares of Parity Stock. To the extent necessary, the Company shall cause such actions to be taken by each of its Subsidiaries so as to enable, to the maximum extent permitted by law, the proceeds of a Liquidation Event to be distributed to the Holders in accordance with this Section 16. All the preferential amounts to be paid to the Holders under this Section 16 shall be paid or set apart for payment before the payment or setting apart for payment of any amount for, or the distribution of any Liquidation Funds of the Company to the holders of shares of Junior Stock in connection with a Liquidation Event as to which this Section 16 applies. 23  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img025.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17. Distribution of Assets. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 7(a) and Section 8, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distributions of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to any or all holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (the "Distributions"), then each Holder, as holders of Preferred Shares, will be entitled to such Distributions as if such Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete conversion of the Preferred Shares (without taking into account any limitations or restrictions on the convertibility of the Preferred Shares and assuming for such purpose that the Preferred Share was converted at the Alternate Conversion Price as of the applicable record date)immediately prior to the date on which a record is taken for such Distribution or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Common Stock are to be determined for such Distributions (provided, however, that to the extent that such Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in such Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then such Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent of the Maximum Percentage (and shall not be entitled to beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Distribution (and beneficial ownership) to such extent of any such excess) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of such Holder until such time or times as its right thereto would not result in such Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, at which time or times, if any, such Holder shall be granted such Distribution (and any Distributions declared or made on such initial Distribution or on any subsequent Distribution held similarly in abeyance) to the same extent as if there had been no such limitation). 18. Vote to Change the Terms of or Issue Preferred Shares. In addition to any other rights provided by law, except where the vote or written consent of the holders of a greater number of shares is required by law or by another provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, without first obtaining the affirmative vote at a meeting duly called for such purpose or the written consent without a meeting of the Required Holders, voting together as a single class, the Company shall not (in any case, whether by amendment, modification, recapitalization, merger, consolidation or otherwise): (a) amend or repeal any provision of, or add any provision to, its Certificate of Incorporation or bylaws, or file any certificate of designations or articles of amendment of any series of shares of preferred stock, if such action would adversely alter or change in any respect the preferences, rights, privileges or powers, or restrictions provided for the benefit of the Preferred Shares hereunder, regardless of whether any such action shall be by means of amendment to the Certificate oflncorporation or by merger, consolidation or otherwise; (b) increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the authorized number of Preferred Shares; (c) without limiting any provision of Section 2, create or authorize (by reclassification or otherwise) any new class or series of Senior Preferred Stock or Parity Stock; (d) purchase, repurchase or redeem any shares of Junior Stock (other than pursuant to the terms of the Company's equity incentive plans and options and other equity awards granted under such plans (that have in good faith been approved by the Board)); (e) without limiting any provision of Section 2, pay dividends or make any other distribution on any shares of any Junior Stock; (f) issue any Preferred Shares other than as contemplated hereby or pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement; or (g) without limiting any provision of Section 10, whether or not prohibited by the terms of the Preferred Shares, circumvent a right of the Preferred Shares hereunder. 19. Transfer of Preferred Shares. A Holder may transfer some or all ofits Preferred Shares without the consent of the Company, but any such transfer shall be in compliance with all applicable securities laws. 20. Reissuance of Preferred Share Certificates and Book Entries. (a) Transfer. If any Preferred Shares are to be transferred, the applicable Holder shall surrender the applicable Preferred Share Certificate to the Company (or, if the Preferred Shares are held in Book-Entry form, a written instruction letter to the Company), whereupon the Company will forthwith issue and deliver upon the order of such Holder a new Preferred Share Certificate (in accordance with Section 20(d)) (or evidence of the transfer of such Book-Entry), registered as such Holder may request, representing the outstanding number of Preferred Shares being transferred by such Holder and, if less than the entire outstanding number of Preferred Shares is being transferred, a new Preferred Share Certificate (in accordance with Section 20(d)) to such Holder representing the outstanding number of Preferred Shares not being transferred (or evidence of such remaining Preferred Shares in a Book-Entry for such Holder). Such Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of the Preferred Share Certificate or evidence of Book-Entry issuance, as applicable, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of Section 4(c)(i) following conversion 24  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img026.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or redemption of any of the Preferred Shares, the outstanding number of Preferred Shares represented by the Preferred Shares may be less than the number of Preferred Shares stated on the face of the Preferred Shares. (b) Lost, Stolen or Mutilated Preferred Share Certificate. Upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of a Preferred Share Certificate (as to which a written certification and the indemnification contemplated below shall suffice as such evidence), and, in the case of loss, theft or destruction, of any indemnification undertaking by the applicable Holder to the Company in customary and reasonable form and, in the case of mutilation, upon surrender and cancellation of such Preferred Share Certificate, the Company shall execute and deliver to such Holder a new Preferred Share Certificate (in accordance with Section 20(d)) representing the applicable outstanding number of Preferred Shares. (c) Preferred Share Certificate and Book-Entries Exchangeable for Different Denominations and Forms. Each Preferred Share Certificate is exchangeable, upon the surrender hereof by the applicable Holder at the principal office of the Company, for a new Preferred Share Certificate or Preferred Share Certificate(s) or new Book-Entry (in accordance with Section 20(d)) representing, in the aggregate, the outstanding number of the Preferred Shares in the original Preferred Share Certificate, and each such new Preferred Share Certificate and/or new Book-Entry, as applicable, will represent such portion of such outstanding number of Preferred Shares from the original Preferred Share Certificate as is designated in writing by such Holder at the time of such surrender. Each Book-Entry may be exchanged into one or more new Preferred Share Certificates or split by the applicable Holder by delivery of a written notice to the Company into two or more new Book-Entries (in accordance with Section 20(d)) representing, in the aggregate, the outstanding number of the Preferred Shares in the original Book-Entry, and each such new Book-Entry and/or new Preferred Share Certificate, as applicable, will represent such portion of such outstanding number of Preferred Shares from the original Book-Entry as is designated in writing by such Holder at the time of such surrender. (d) Issuance of New Preferred Share Certificate or Book-Entry. Wbenever the Company is required to issue a new Preferred Share Certificate or a new Book-Entry pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations, such new Preferred Share Certificate or new Book-Entry (i) shall represent, as indicated on the face of such Preferred Share Certificate or in such Book-Entry, as applicable, the number of Preferred Shares remaining outstanding (or in the case of a new Preferred Share Certificate or new Book-Entry being issued pursuant to Section 20(a) or Section 20(c), the number of Preferred Shares designated by such Holder) which, when added to the number of Preferred Shares represented by the other new Preferred Share Certificates or other new Book-Entry, as applicable, issued in connection with such issuance, does not exceed the number of Preferred Shares remaining outstanding under the original Preferred Share Certificate or original Book-Entry, as applicable, immediately prior to such issuance of new Preferred Share Certificate or new Book-Entry, as applicable, and (ii) shall have an issuance date, as indicated on the face of such new Preferred Share Certificate or in such new Book-Entry, as applicable, which is the same as the issuance date of the original Preferred Share Certificate or in such original Book-Entry, as applicable. 21. Remedies, Characterizations. Other Obligations. Breaches and Injunctive Relief. The remedies provided in this Certificate of Designations shall be cumulative and in addition to all other remedies available under this Certificate of Designations and any of the other Transaction Documents, at law or in equity (including a decree of specific performance and/or other injunctive relief), and nothing herein shall limit any Holder's right to pursue actual and consequential damages for any failure by the Company to comply with the terms of this Certificate of Designations. No failure on the part of a Holder to exercise, and no delay in exercising, any right, power or remedy hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof; nor shall any single or partial exercise by such Holder of any right, power or remedy preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, power or remedy. In addition, the exercise of any right or remedy of a Holder at law or equity or under this Certificate of Designations or any of the documents shall not be deemed to be an election of such Holder's rights or remedies under such documents or at law or equity. The Company covenants to each Holder that there shall be no characterization concerning this instrument other than as expressly provided herein. Amounts set forth or provided for herein with respect to payments, conversion and the like (and the computation thereof) shall be the amounts to be received by a Holder and shall not, except as expressly provided herein, be subject to any other obligation of the Company (or the perfom1ance thereof). No failure on the part of a Holder to exercise, and no delay in exercising, any right, power or remedy hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof; nor shall any single or partial exercise by such Holder of any right, power or remedy 25  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img027.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, power or remedy. In addition, the exercise of any right or remedy of any Holder at law or equity or under Preferred Shares or any of the documents shall not be deemed to be an election of such Holder's rights or remedies under such documents or at law or equity. The Company acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations hereunder will cause irreparable harm to the Holders and that the remedy at law for any such breach may be inadequate. The Company therefore agrees that, in the event of any such breach or threatened breach, each Holder shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to specific performance and/or temporary, preliminary and permanent injunctive or other equitable relief from any court of competent jurisdiction in any such case without the necessity of proving actual damages and without posting a bond or other security. The Company shall provide all information and documentation to a Holder that is requested by such Holder to enable such Holder to confirm the Company's compliance with the terms and conditions of this Certificate of Designations. 22. Payment of Collection, Enforcement and Other Costs. If (a) any Preferred Shares are placed in the hands of an attorney for collection or enforcement or is collected or enforced through any legal proceeding or a Holder otherwise takes action to collect amounts due under this Certificate of Designations with respect to the Preferred Shares or to enforce the provisions of this Certificate of Designations or (b) there occurs any bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership of the Company or other proceedings affecting Company creditors' rights and involving a claim under this Certificate of Designations, then the Company shall pay the costs incurred by such Holder for such collection, enforcement or action or in connection with such bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership or other proceeding, including, without limitation, attorneys' fees and disbursements. The Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that no amounts due under this Certificate of Designations with respect to any Preferred Shares shall be affected, or limited, by the fact that the purchase price paid for each Preferred Share was less than the original Stated Value thereof. 23. Construction: Headings. This Certificate of Designations shall be deemed to be jointly drafted by the Company and the Holders and shall not be construed against any such Person as the drafter hereof. The headings of this Certificate of Designations are for convenience of reference and shall not form part of, or affect the interpretation of, this Certificate of Designations. Unless the context clearly indicates otheiwise, each pronoun herein shall be deemed to include the masculine, feminine, neuter, singular and plural forms thereof. The terms "including," "includes," "include" and words of like import shall be construed broadly as if followed by the words "without limitation." The terms "herein," "hereunder," "hereof' and words of like import refer to this entire Certificate of Designations instead of just the provision in which they are found. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, all section references are to sections of this Certificate of Designations. Terms used in this Certificate of Designations and not otheiwise defined herein, but defined in the other Transaction Documents, shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms on the Initial Issuance Date in such other Transaction Documents unless otherwise consented to in writing by the Required Holders. 24. Failure or Indulgence Not Waiver. No failure or delay on the part of a Holder in the exercise of any power, right or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such power, right or privilege preclude other or further exercise thereof or of any other right, power or privilege. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by an authorized representative of the waiving party. This Certificate of Designations shall be deemed to be jointly drafted by the Company and all Holders and shall not be construed against any Person as the drafter hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing contained in this Section 24 shall permit any waiver of any provision of Section 4(d). 25. Dispute Resolution. (a) Submission to Dispute Resolution. (i) In the case of a dispute relating to a Closing Bid Price, a Closing Sale Price, a Conversion Price, an Alternate Conversion Price, a VW AP or a fair market value or the arithmetic calculation of a Conversion Rate, or the applicable Redemption Price (as the case may be) (including, without limitation, a dispute relating to the determination of any of the foregoing), the Company or the applicable Holder (as the case may be) shall submit the dispute to the other party via electronic mail (A) if by the Company, within two (2) Business Days after the occurrence of the circumstances giving rise to such dispute or (B) if by such Holder at any time after such Holder 26  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img028.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;learned of the circumstances giving rise to such dispute. If such Holder and the Company are unable to promptly resolve such dispute relating to such Closing Bid Price, such Closing Sale Price, such Conversion Price, such Alternate Conversion Price, such VW AP or such fair market value, or the arithmetic calculation of such Conversion Rate or such applicable Redemption Price (as the case may be), at any time after the second (2nd) Business Day following such initial notice by the Company or such Holder (as the case may be) of such dispute to the Company or such Holder (as the case may be), then such Holder may, at its sole option, select an independent, reputable investment bank to resolve such dispute. (ii) Such Holder and the Company shall each deliver to such investment bank (A) a copy of the initial dispute submission so delivered in accordance with the first sentence of this Section 25 and (B) written documentation supporting its position with respect to such dispute, in each case, no later than 5:00 p.m. (New York time) by the fifth (5th) Business Day immediately following the date on which such Holder selected such investment bank (the "Dispute Submission Deadline") (the documents referred to in the immediately preceding clauses (A) and (B) are collectively referred to herein as the "Required Dispute Documentation") (it being understood and agreed that if either such Holder or the Company fails to so deliver all of the Required Dispute Documentation by the Dispute Submission Deadline, then the party who fails to so submit all of the Required Dispute Documentation shall no longer be entitled to (and hereby waives its right to) deliver or submit any written documentation or other support to such investment bank with respect to such dispute and such investment bank shall resolve such dispute based solely on the Required Dispute Documentation that was delivered to such investment bank prior to the Dispute Submission Deadline). Unless otherwise agreed to in writing by both the Company and such Holder or otherwise requested by such investment bank, neither the Company nor such Holder shall be entitled to deliver or submit any written documentation or other support to such investment bank in connection with such dispute (other than the Required Dispute Documentation). (iii) The Company and such Holder shall cause such investment bank to determine the resolution of such dispute and notify the Company and such Holder of such resolution no later than ten (10) Business Days immediately following the Dispute Submission Deadline. The fees and expenses of such investment bank shall be borne solely by the Company, and such investment bank's resolution of such dispute shall be final and binding upon all parties absent manifest error. (b) Miscellaneous. The Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that (i) this Section 25 constitutes an agreement to arbitrate between the Company and each Holder (and constitutes an arbitration agreement) under § 7501, et seq. of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules ("CPLR") and that any Holder is authorized to apply for an order to compel arbitration pursuant to CPLR § 7503(a) in order to compel compliance with this Section 25, (ii) a dispute relating to a Conversion Price includes, without limitation, disputes as to (A) whether an issuance or sale or deemed issuance or sale of Common Stock occurred under Section 8(a), (B) the consideration per share at which an issuance or deemed issuance of Common Stock occurred, (C) whether any issuance or sale or deemed issuance or sale of Common Stock was an issuance or sale or deemed issuance or sale of Excluded Securities, (D) whether an agreement, instrument, security or the like constitutes and Option or Convertible Security and (E) whether a Dilutive Issuance occurred, (iii) the terms of this Certificate of Designations and each other applicable Transaction Document shall serve as the basis for the selected investment bank's resolution of the applicable dispute, such investment bank shall be entitled (and is hereby expressly authorized) to make all findings, determinations and the like that such investment bank determines are required to be made by such investment bank in connection with its resolution of such dispute and in resolving such dispute such investment bank shall apply such findings, determinations and the like to the terms of this Certificate of Designations and any other applicable Transaction Documents, (iv) the applicable Holder (and only such Holder with respect to disputes solely relating to such Holder), in its sole discretion, shall have the right to submit any dispute described in this Section 25 to any state or federal court sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, New York, in lieu of utilizing the procedures set forth in this Section 25 and (v) nothing in this Section 25 shall limit such Holder from obtaining any injunctive relief or other equitable remedies (including, without limitation, with respect to any matters described in this Section 25). 27  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img029.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26. Notices; Currency; Payments. (a) Notices. The Company shall provide each Holder of Preferred Shares with prompt written notice of all actions taken pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations, including in reasonable detail a description of such action and the reason therefor. Whenever notice is required to be given under this Certificate of Designations, unless otherwise provided herein, such notice must be in writing and shall be given in accordance with Section 9(f) of the Securities Purchase Agreement. The Company shall provide each Holder with prompt written notice of all actions taken pursuant to this Certificate of Designations, including in reasonable detail a description of such action and the reason therefore. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company shall give written notice to each Holder (i) immediately upon any adjustment of the Conversion Price, setting forth in reasonable detail, and certifying, the calculation of such adjustment and (ii) at least fifteen (15) days prior to the date on which the Company closes its books or takes a record (A) with respect to any dividend or distribution upon the Common Stock, (B) with respect to any grant, issuances, or sales of any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property to holders of shares of Common Stock or (C) for determining rights to vote with respect to any Fundamental Transaction, dissolution or liquidation, provided in each case that such information shall be made known to the public prior to or in conjunction with such notice being provided to such Holder. (b) Currency. All dollar amounts referred to in this Certificate of Designations are in United States Dollars ("U.S. Dollars"), and all amounts owing under this Certificate of Designations shall be paid in U.S. Dollars. All amounts denominated in other currencies (if any) shall be converted into the U.S. Dollar equivalent amount in accordance with the Exchange Rate on the date of calculation. "Exchange Rate" means, in relation to any amount of currency to be converted into U.S. Dollars pursuant to this Certificate of Designations, the U.S. Dollar exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on the relevant date of calculation (it being understood and agreed that where an amount is calculated with reference to, or over, a period of time, the date of calculation shall be the final date of such period of time). (c) Payments. Whenever any payment of cash is to be made by the Company to any Person pursuant to this Certificate of Designations, unless otherwise expressly set forth herein, such payment shall be made in lawful money of the United States of America by wire transfer of immediately available funds pursuant to wire transfer instructions that Holder shall provide to the Company in writing from time to time. Whenever any amount expressed to be due by the terms of this Certificate of Designations is due on any day which is not a Business Day, the same shall instead be due on the next succeeding day which is a Business Day. Any amount due under the Transaction Documents which is not paid when due (except to the extent such amount is simultaneously accruing Dividends at the Default Rate hereunder) shall result in a late charge being incurred and payable by the Company in an amount equal to interest on such amount at the rate of fifteen percent (15%) per annum from the date such amount was due until the same is paid in full ("Late Charge"). 27. Waiver of Notice. To the extent permitted by law, the Company hereby irrevocably waives demand, notice, presentment, protest and all other demands and notices in connection with the delivery, acceptance, performance, default or enforcement of this Certificate of Designations and the Securities Purchase Agreement. 28. Governing Law. This Certificate of Designations shall be construed and enforced in accordance with, and all questions concerning the construction, validity, interpretation and performance of this Certificate of Designations shall be governed by, the internal laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to any choice oflaw or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of Delaware or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of Delaware. Except as otherwise required by Section 25 above, the Company hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, New York, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process 28  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img030.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in any manner permitted by law. Nothing contained herein (i) shall be deemed or operate to preclude any Holder from bringing suit or taking other legal action against the Company in any other jurisdiction to collect on the Company's obligations to such Holder, to realize on any collateral or any other security for such obligations, or to enforce a judgment or other court ruling in favor of such Holder or (ii) shall limit, or shall be deemed or construed to limit, any provision of Section 25 above. THE COMP ANY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HA VE TO, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL .FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY. 29. Judgment Currency. (a) If for the purpose of obtaining or enforcing judgment against the Company in any court in any jurisdiction it becomes necessary to convert into any other currency (such other currency being hereinafter in this Section 29 referred to as the "Judgment Currency") an amount due in U.S. dollars under this Certificate of Designations, the conversion shall be made at the Exchange Rate prevailing on the Trading Day immediately preceding: (i) the date actual payment of the amount due, in the case of any proceeding in the courts of New York or in the courts of any other jurisdiction that will give effect to such conversion being made on such date: or (ii) the date on which the foreign court determines, in the case of any proceeding in the courts of any other jurisdiction (the date as of which such conversion is made pursuant to this Section 29(a)(ii) being hereinafter referred to as the "Judgment Conversion Date"). (b) If in the case of any proceeding in the court of any jurisdiction referred to in Section 29(a)(ii) above, there is a change in the Exchange Rate prevailing between the Judgment Conversion Date and the date of actual payment of the amount due, the applicable party shall pay such adjusted amount as may be necessary to ensure that the amount paid in the Judgment Currency, when converted at the Exchange Rate prevailing on the date of payment, will produce the amount of US dollars which could have been purchased with the amount of Judgment Currency stipulated in the judgment or judicial order at the Exchange Rate prevailing on the Judgment Conversion Date. (c) Any amount due from the Company under this provision shall be due as a separate debt and shall not be affected by judgment being obtained for any other amounts due under or in respect of this Certificate of Designations. 30. Severability. If any provision of this Certificate of Designations is prohibited by law or otherwise determined to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the provision that would otherwise be prohibited, invalid or unenforceable shall be deemed amended to apply to the broadest extent that it would be valid and enforceable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of such provision shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this Certificate of Designations so long as this Certificate of Designations as so modified continues to express, without material change, the original intentions of the parties as to the subject matter hereof and the prohibited nature, invalidity or unenforceability of the provision(s) in question does not substantially impair the respective expectations or reciprocal obligations of the parties or the practical realization of the benefits that would otherwise be conferred upon the parties. The parties will endeavor in good faith negotiations to replace the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s) with a valid provision(s), the effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s). 31. Maximum Payments. Without limiting Section 9(c) of the Securities Purchase Agreement, nothing contained herein shall be deemed to establish or require the payment of a rate of interest or other charges in excess of the maximum permitted by applicable law. In the event that the rate of interest required to be paid or other charges hereunder exceed the maximum permitted by such law, any payments in excess of such maximum shall be credited against amounts owed by the Company to the applicable Holder and thus refunded to the Company. 32. Stockholder Matters: Amendment. 29  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img031.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Stockholder Matters. Any stockholder action, approval or consent required, desired or otheIWise sought by the Company pursuant to the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation, this Certificate of Designations or otheIWise with respect to the issuance of Preferred Shares may be effected by written consent of the Company's stockholders or at a duly called meeting of the Company's stockholders, all in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the DGCL. This provision is intended to comply with the applicable sections of the DGCL permitting stockholder action, approval and consent affected by written consent in lieu of a meeting. (b) Amendment. Except for Section 4(d)(i), which may not be amended or waived hereunder, this Certificate of Designations or any provision hereof may be amended by obtaining the affirmative vote at a meeting duly called for such purpose, or written consent without a meeting in accordance with the DGCL, of the Required Holders, voting separately as a single class, and with such other stockholder approval, if any, as may then be required pursuant to the DGCL and the Certificate oflncorporation. 33. Certain Defined Terms. For purposes of this Certificate of Designations, the following terms shall have the following meanings: (a) thereunder. "1933 Act" means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations (b) "1934 Act" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder. (c) "Additional Amount" means, as of the applicable date of determination, with respect to each Preferred Share, all accrued and unpaid Dividends on such Preferred Share. (d) "Adjustment Right" means any right granted with respect to any securities issued in connection with, or with respect to, any issuance or sale (or deemed issuance or sale in accordance with Section 8(a)) of shares of Common Stock (other than rights of the type described in Section 7(a) hereof) that could result in a decrease in the net consideration received by the Company in connection with, or with respect to, such securities (including, without limitation, any cash settlement rights, cash adjustment or other similar rights). (e) "Affiliate" or "Affiliated" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, such Person, it being understood for purposes of this definition that "control" of a Person means the power directly or indirectly either to vote 10% or more of the stock having ordinary voting power for the election of directors of such Person or direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such Person whether by contract or otheIWise. (f) "Alternate Conversion Floor Amount" means an amount in cash, to be delivered by wire transfer of immediately available funds pursuant to wire instructions delivered to the Company by the Holder in writing, equal to the product obtained by multiplying (A) the higher of (I) the highest price that the Common Stock trades at on the Trading Day immediately preceding the relevant Alternate Conversion Date and (II) the applicable Alternate Conversion Price and (B) the difference obtained by subtracting (I) the number of shares of Common Stock delivered (or to be delivered) to the Holder on the applicable Share Delivery Deadline with respect to such Alternate Conversion from (II) the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the applicable Conversion Amount that the Holder has elected to be the subject of the applicable Alternate Conversion, by (y) the applicable Alternate Conversion Price without giving effect to clause (x) of such definition. (g) "Alternate Conversion Price" means, with respect to any Alternate Conversion that price which shall be the lowest of (i) the applicable Conversion Price as in effect on the applicable Conversion Date of the applicable Alternate Conversion, and (ii) the greater of (x) the Floor Price and (y) 85% of the lowest VW AP of the Common Stock of any Trading Day during the twenty (20) consecutive Trading Day period ending and including the Trading Day immediately preceding the delivery or deemed delivery of the 30  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img032.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;applicable Conversion Notice (such period, the "Alternate Conversion Measuring Period"). All such determinations to be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, reclassification or similar transaction that proportionately decreases or increases the Common Stock during such Alternate Conversion Measuring Period. (h) "Approved Stock Plan" means any employee benefit plan or agreement which has been approved by the Board prior to or subsequent to the Subscription Date pursuant to which shares of Common Stock and standard options to purchase Common Stock may be issued to any employee, officer, consultant or director for services provided to the Company in their capacity as such. (i) "Attribution Parties" means, collectively, the following Persons and entities: (i) any investment vehicle, including, any funds, feeder funds or managed accounts, currently, or from time to time after the Initial Issuance Date, directly or indirectly managed or advised by a Holder's investment manager or any of its Affiliates or principals, (ii) any direct or indirect Affiliates of such Holder or any of the foregoing, (iii) any Person acting or who could be deemed to be acting as a Group together with such Holder or any of the foregoing and (iv) any other Persons whose beneficial ownership of the Company's Common Stock would or could be aggregated with such Holder's and the other Attribution Parties for purposes of Section t 3(d) of the t 934 Act. For clarity, the purpose of the foregoing is to subject collectively such Holder and all other Attribution Parties to the Maximum Percentage. G) "Bloomberg" means Bloomberg, L.P. (k) "Book-Entry" means each entry on the Register evidencing one or more Preferred Shares held by a Holder in lieu of a Preferred Share Certificate issuable hereunder. (I) "Business Day" means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to "stay at home", "shelter-in-place", "non-essential employee" or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day. (m) "Change of Control" means (a) any Fundamental Transaction other than (i) any merger of the Company or any of its, direct or indirect, wholly-owned Subsidiaries with or into any of the foregoing Persons, (ii) any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of the Common Stock in which holders of the Company's voting power immediately prior to such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification continue after such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification to hold publicly traded securities and, directly or indirectly, are, in all material respects, the holders of the voting power of the surviving entity (or entities with the authority or voting power to elect the members of the board of directors (or their equivalent if other than a corporation) of such entity or entities) after such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification, (iii) pursuant to a migratory merger effected solely for the purpose of changing the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (iv) bona fide arm's length sales or acquisitions by the Company (including, without limitation, the sale by the Company of its Computex business) with one or more third parties as long as holders of the Company's voting power as of the Issuance Date continue after such sale or acquisition to hold publicly traded securities and, directly or indirectly, are, in all material respects, the holders of at least 5 t % of the voting power of the surviving entity (or entities with the authority or voting power to elect the members of the board of directors (or their equivalent if other than a corporation) of such entity or entities) after such sale or acquisition or (b) individuals who constitute the Continuing Directors, taken together, ceasing for any reason to constitute at least a majority of the Board. (n) "Change of Control Redemption Premium" means the greater of (i) t 25% or (ii) the Black-Scholes Value of the remaining unconverted shares of Preferred Stock on the date of the consummation of such Change of Control. For purposes of this definition "Black Scholes Value" means the value of the unconverted shares of Preferred Stock based on the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the "OV" function on Bloomberg, L.P. ("Bloomberg") determined as of the date in question for pricing purposes 31  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img033.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and reflecting (A) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable Change of Control and the Maturity Date, (B) an expected volatility equal to the 100 day volatility obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 365 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Change of Control, (C) the underlying price per share used in such calculation shall be the greater of (i) the sum of the price per share being offered in cash, if any, plus the value of any non-cash consideration, if any, being offered in such Change of Control and (ii) the highest VW AP during the period beginning on the Trading Day immediately preceding the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Change of Control (or the consummation of the applicable Change of Control, if earlier) and ending on the Trading Day of the Holder's request pursuant to this section, (D) a remaining option time equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Change of Control and the Maturity Date, and (E) a zero cost of borrow. (o) "Closing Bid Price" and "Closing Sale Price" means, for any security as of any date, the last closing bid price and last closing trade price, respectively, for such security on the Principal Market, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market begins to operate on an extended hours basis and does not designate the closing bid price or the closing trade price (as the case may be) then the last bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security prior to 4:00:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal securities exchange or trading market for such security, the last closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security on the principal securities exchange or trading market where such security is listed or traded as reported by Bloomberg, or if the foregoing do not apply, the last closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, is reported for such security by Bloomberg, the average of the bid prices, or the ask prices, respectively, of any market makers for such security as reported in The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices). If the Closing Bid Price or the Closing Sale Price cannot be calculated for a security on a particular date on any of the foregoing bases, the Closing Bid Price or the Closing Sale Price (as the case may be) of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Required Holder. If the Company and the Required Holders are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 25. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions during such period. (p) "Oosing Date" shall have the meaning set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement, which date is the date the Company initially issued the Preferred Shares and the Warrants pursuant to the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement. (q) "Common Stock" means (i) the Company's shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and (ii) any capital stock into which such common stock shall have been changed or any share capital resulting from a reclassification of such common stock. (r) "Contingent Obligation" means, as to any Person, any direct or indirect liability, contingent or otherwise, of that Person with respect to any Indebtedness, lease, dividend or other obligation of another Person if the primary purpose or intent of the Person incurring such liability, or the primary effect thereof, is to provide assurance to the obligee of such liability that such liability will be paid or discharged, or that any agreements relating thereto will be complied with, or that the holders of such liability will be protected (in whole or in part) against loss with respect thereto. (s) "Continuing Directors" means the directors of the Company on the date hereof and each other director, if, in each case, such other director is nominated for election by the Board a majority of whom are directors on the date hereof or whose election or nomination for election was approved by one or more of such directors. (t) "Conversion Floor Price Condition" means that the relevant Alternate Conversion Price is being determined based on clause (x) of such definition. 32  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img034.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(u) "Convertible Securities" means any stock or other security (other than Options) that is at any time and under any circumstances, directly or indirectly, convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, or which otherwise entitles the holder thereof to acquire, any shares of Common Stock. (v) "Dividend Rate" means five percent (5.0%) per annum, as may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with Section 2. (w) "Eligible Market" means The New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market or the Principal Market. (x) "Equity Conditions" means, with respect to a given date of determination: (i) on each day during the period beginning thirty Trading Days prior to such applicable date of determination and ending on and including such applicable date of determination all shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares shall be eligible to be resold by the Holders without restriction or any legend under any applicable federal or state securities laws (in each case, disregarding any limitation on conversion of the Preferred Shares, other issuance of securities with respect to the Preferred Shares); (ii) on each day during the period beginning thirty Trading Days prior to the applicable date of determination and ending on and including the applicable date of determination (the "Equity Conditions Measuring Period"), the Common Stock (including all shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares and exercise of the Warrants) is listed or designated for quotation (as applicable) on an Eligible Market and shall not have been suspended from trading on an Eligible Market (other than suspensions of not more than two (2) days and occurring prior to the applicable date of determination due to business announcements by the Company) nor shall delisting or suspension by an Eligible Market have been threatened (with a reasonable prospect of delisting occurring after giving effect to all applicable notice, appeal, compliance and hearing periods) or reasonably likely to occur or pending as evidenced by (A) a writing by such Eligible Market or (B) the Company falling below the minimum listing maintenance requirements of the Eligible Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or designated for quotation, as applicable; (iii) during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, the Company shall have delivered all shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares on a timely basis as set forth in Section 4 hereof and all other shares of capital stock required to be delivered by the Company on a timely basis as set forth in the other Transaction Documents; (iv) any shares of Common Stock to be issued in connection with the event requiring determination (or issuable upon conversion of the Conversion Amount being redeemed in the event requiring this determination) may be issued in full without violating Section 4(d) hereof; (v) any shares of Common Stock to be issued in connection with the event requiring determination (or issuable upon conversion of the Conversion Amount being redeemed in the event requiring this determination (without regards to any limitations on conversion set forth herein)) may be issued in full without violating the rules or regulations of the Eligible Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or designated for quotation (as applicable); (vi) on each day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, no public announcement of a pending, proposed or intended Fundamental Transaction shall have occurred which has not been abandoned, terminated or consummated; (vii) none of the Holders shall be in possession of any material, non-public information provided to any of them by the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective affiliates, employees, officers, representatives, agents or the like; (viii) on each day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, the Company otherwise shall have been in compliance with each, and shall not have breached any representation or warranty in any material respect (other than representations or warranties subject to material adverse effect or materiality, which may not be breached in any respect) or any covenant or other term or condition of any Transaction Document, including, without limitation, the Company shall not have failed to timely make any payment pursuant to any Transaction Document; (ix) on each Trading Day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, there shall not have occurred any Volume Failure or Price Failure as of such applicable date of determination; (x) on the applicable date of determination (A) no Authorized Share Failure shall exist or be continuing and the applicable Required Reserve Amount of shares of Common Stock are available under the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company and reserved by the Company to be issued pursuant to this Certificate of Designations and the Warrants and (B) all shares of Common Stock to be issued in connection with the event requiring this determination may be issued in full without resulting in an Authorized Share Failure; (xi) on each day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, there shall not have occurred and there shall not exist a Triggering 33  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img035.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Event or an event that with the passage of time or giving of notice would constitute a Triggering Event; or (xii) the shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to the event requiring the satisfaction of the Equity Conditions are duly authorized and listed and eligible for trading without restriction on an Eligible Market. (y) "Equity Conditions Failure" means that with respect to any date of determination, on any day during the thirty Trading Day period ending on, and including, such date of determination, the Equity Conditions have not been satisfied (or waived in writing by the applicable Holder). (z) "Event Market Price" means, with respect to any Stock Combination Event Date, the lower of (i) the Conversion Price in effect immediately after such Stock Combination Event Date, and (ii) the lowest VW AP of the Common Stock during the eleven (11) Trading Period commencing on the fifth (5th) Trading Day immediately preceding the date of such Stock Combination Event and ending on the fifth (5th) Trading immediately following the Stock Combination Event. (aa) "Excluded Securities" means (i) shares of Common Stock or standard options to purchase Common Stock issued to directors, officers or employees of the Company for services rendered to the Company in their capacity as such pursuant to an Approved Stock Plan (as defined above), provided that (A) all such issuances (taking into account the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such options) after the Subscription Date pursuant to this clause (i) do not, in the aggregate, exceed more than 5% of the Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Subscription Date and (B) the exercise price of any such options is not lowered, none of such options are amended to increase the number of shares issuable thereunder and none of the terms or conditions of any such options are otherwise materially changed in any manner that adversely affects any of the Buyers (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement); (ii) shares of Common Stock issued upon the conversion or exercise of Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Stock Plan that are covered by clause (i) above) issued prior to the Subscription Date, provided that the conversion price of any such Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Stock Plan that are covered by clause (i) above) is not lowered (other than in accordance with the terms thereof in effect as of the Subscription Date) from the conversion price in effect as of the Subscription Date (whether pursuant to the terms of such Convertible Securities or otherwise), none of such Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Stock Plan that are covered by clause (i) above) are amended to increase the number of shares issuable thereunder and none of the terms or conditions of any such Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Stock Plan that are covered by clause (i) above) are otherwise materially changed in any manner that adversely affects any of the Buyers; (iii) the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares or otherwise pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations; provided, that the terms of this Certificate of Designations are not amended, modified or changed on or after the Subscription Date (other than in accordance with the terms thereof, including antidilution adjustments pursuant to the terms thereof in effect as of the Subscription Date), and (iv) the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants; provided, that the terms of the Warrants are not amended, modified or changed on or after the Subscription Date (other than antidilution adjustments pursuant to the terms thereof in effect as of the Subscription Date). (bb) "Floor Price" means the lower of (i) $0 .49 (or such lower amount as permitted, from time to time, by the Principal Market) and (ii) 20% of the "Minimum Price" (as defined in Rule 5635 of the Rule of the Nasdaq Stock Market) on the Stockholder Approval Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) (or such lower amount as permitted, from time to time, by the Principal Market); in each case, subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar events. (cc) "Fundamental Transaction" means (A) that the Company shall, directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, (i) consolidate or merge with or into (whether or not the Company is the surviving corporation) another Subject Entity, or (ii) sell, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the properties or assets of the Company or any of its "significant subsidiaries" (as defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) to one or more Subject Entities, or (iii) make, or allow one or more Subject Entities to make, or allow the Company to be 34  |

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|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img036.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;subject to or have its Common Stock be subject to or party to one or more Subject Entities making, a purchase, tender or exchange offer that is accepted by the holders of at least either (x) 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (y) 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entities making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer were not outstanding; or (z) such number of shares of Common Stock such that all Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entity making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer, become collectively the beneficial owners (as defined in Rule l 3d-3 under the 1934 Act) of at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, or (iv) consummate a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with one or more Subject Entities whereby all such Subject Entities, individually or in the aggregate, in any transaction or series or related transactions, acquire, either (x) at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (y) at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all the Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entity making or party to, such stock purchase agreement or other business combination were not outstanding; or (z) such number of shares of Common Stock such that the Subject Entities become collectively the beneficial owners (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the 1934 Act) of at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, or (v) reorganize, recapitalize or reclassify its Common Stock, (B) that the Company shall, directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, allow any Subject Entity individually or the Subject Entities in the aggregate to be or become the "beneficial owner" (as defined in Rule l 3d-3 under the 1934 Act), directly or indirectly, whether through acquisition, purchase, assignment, conveyance, tender, tender offer, exchange, reduction in outstanding shares of Common Stock, merger, consolidation, business combination, reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, scheme of arrangement, reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification or otherwise in any manner whatsoever, of either (x) at least 50% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding Common Stock, (y) at least 50% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding Common Stock not held by all such Subject Entities as of the date of this Certificate of Designations calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all such Subject Entities were not outstanding, or (z) a percentage of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock or other equity securities of the Company sufficient to allow such Subject Entities to effect a statutory short form merger or other transaction requiring other stockholders of the Company to surrender their shares of Common Stock without approval of the stockholders of the Company or (C) directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, the issuance of or the entering into any other instrument or transaction structured in a manner to circumvent, or that circumvents, the intent of this definition in which case this definition shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this definition to the extent necessary to correct this definition or any portion of this definition which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended treatment of such instrument or transaction. (dd) applied. "GAAP" means United States generally accepted accounting principles, consistently (ee) "Group" means a "group" as that term is used in Section I3(d) of the 1934 Act and as defined in Rule I3d-5 thereunder. (ff) "Holder Pro Rata Amount" means, with respect to any Holder, a fraction (i) the numerator of which is the number of Preferred Shares issued to such Holder pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Initial Issuance Date and (ii) the denominator of which is the number of Preferred Shares issued to all Holders pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Initial Issuance Date. (gg) "Indebtedness" means of any Person means, without duplication (A) all indebtedness for borrowed money, (B) all obligations issued, undertaken or assumed as the deferred purchase price of property or services, including, without limitation, "capital leases" in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles consistently applied for the periods covered thereby (other than trade payables entered into in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice), (C) all reimbursement or payment obligations with respect to letters of credit, surety bonds and other similar instruments, (D) all 35  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img037.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;obligations evidenced by notes, bonds, debentures or similar instruments, including obligations so evidenced incurred in connection with the acquisition of property, assets or businesses, (E) all indebtedness created or arising under any conditional sale or other title retention agreement, or incurred as financing, in either case with respect to any property or assets acquired with the proceeds of such indebtedness (even though the rights and remedies of the seller or bank under such agreement in the event of default are limited to repossession or sale of such property), (F) all monetary obligations under any leasing or similar arrangement which, in connection with United States generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied for the periods covered thereby, is classified as a capital lease, (G) all indebtedness referred to in clauses (A) through (F) above secured by (or for which the holder of such Indebtedness has an existing right, contingent or otherwise, to be secured by) any mortgage, deed of trust, lien, pledge, charge, security interest or other encumbrance of any nature whatsoever in or upon any property or assets (including accounts and contract rights) with respect to any asset or property owned by any Person, even though the Person which owns such assets or property has not assumed or become liable for the payment of such indebtedness, and (H) all Contingent Obligations in respect of indebtedness or obligations of others of the kinds referred to in clauses (A) through (G) above. (hh) "Installment Amount" means, as of the applicable date of determination, with respect to a particular Holder, (A) a number of Preferred Shares equal to (i) the product of (I) the Installment Schedule Amount multiplied by (2) such Holder's Pro Rata Amount (rounded to the nearest whole number) or (ii) all Preferred Shares then held by such Holder only if such number of Preferred Shares then held by such Holder is less than the amount determined under the immediately preceding clause (i), and (B) any Deferral Amount deferred pursuant to Section 9(c) to such applicable Installment Date and included in such Installment Amount in accordance therewith. The Installment Amount expressed in dollars means such number of Preferred Shares multiplied by the Conversion Amount per Preferred Share. (ii) "Installment Schedule Amount" means 834 Preferred Shares. (jj) "Installment Date" means (i) September 30, 2025, and (ii) thereafter, the last Trading Day of the third calendar month immediately following the previous Installment Date until the applicable Maturity Date. (kk) "Intellectual Property Rights" means, with respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries, all of their rights or licenses to use all trademarks, trade names, service marks, service mark registrations, service names, original works of authorship, patents, patent rights, copyrights, inventions, licenses, approvals, governmental authorizations, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights and all applications and registrations therefor. (ll) "Investment" means any beneficial ownership (including stock, partnership or limited liability company interests) of or in any Person, or any loan, advance or capital contribution to any Person or the acquisition of all, or substantially all, of the assets of another Person or the purchase of any assets of another Person for greater than the fair market value of such assets. (mm) "Liquidation Event" means, whether in a single transaction or series of transactions, the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or such Subsidiaries the assets of which constitute all or substantially all of the assets of the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. (nn) "Material Adverse Effect" means any material adverse effect on the business, properties, assets, liabilities, operations, results of operations, condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries, if any, individually or taken as a whole, or on the transactions contemplated hereby or on the other Transaction Documents (as defined below), or by the agreements and instruments to be entered into in connection therewith or on the authority or ability of the Company to perform its obligations under the Transaction Documents. (oo) "Maturity Date" shall mean December 9, 2026; provided, however, the Maturity Date may be extended upon the mutual consent of a Holder and the Company with respect to such Holder; and provided further, however, the Maturity Date may be extended at the option of a Holder with respect to such 36  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img039.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(vv) "Price Failure" means, with respect to a particular date of determination, the VW AP of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the twenty (20) Trading Day period ending on the Trading Day immediately preceding such date of determination fails to exceed the Floor Price (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions occurring after the Subscription Date). All such determinations to be appropriately adjusted for any stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions during any such measuring period. (ww) "Principal Market" means the Nasdaq Capital Market. (xx) "Redemption Notices" means, collectively, the Triggering Events Redemption Notices, the Maturity Redemption Notice and the Change of Control Redemption Notices, and each of the foregoing, individually, a "Redemption Notice." (yy) "Redemption Premium" means 130%. (zz) "Redemption Prices" means, collectively, any Triggering Event Redemption Price, Change of Control Redemption Price, and Maturity Redemption Price and each of the foregoing, individually, a "Redemption Price." thereto. (aaa) "SEC" means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or the successor (bbb) "Securities Purchase Agreement" means that certain securities purchase agreement by and among the Company and the initial holders of Preferred Shares, dated as of the Subscription Date, as may be amended from time in accordance with the terms thereof. (ccc) "Stated Value" shall mean $1,000 per share, subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations, reorganizations, reclassifications, combinations, subdivisions or other similar events occurring after the Initial Issuance Date with respect to the Preferred Shares. (ddd) "Subscription Date" means June 8, 2025. (eee) "Subject Entity" means any Person, Persons or G roup or any Affiliate or associate of any such Person, Persons or G roup. (fff) "Subsidiaries" shall have the meaning as set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement. (ggg) "Successor Entity" means the Person (or, if so elected by the Required Holders, the Parent Entity) formed by, resulting from or surviving any Fundamental Transaction or the Person (or, if so elected by the Required Holders, the Parent Entity) with which such Fundamental Transaction shall have been entered into. (hhh) "Trading Day" means, as applicable, (x) with respect to all price or trading volume determinations relating to the Common Stock, any day on which the Common Stock is traded on the Principal Market, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for the Common Stock, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which the Common Stock is then traded, provided that "Trading Day" shall not include any day on which the Common Stock is scheduled to trade on such exchange or market for less than 4.5 hours or any day that the Common Stock is suspended from trading during the final hour of trading on such exchange or market (or if such exchange or market does not designate in advance the closing time of trading on such exchange or market, then during the hour ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time) unless such day is otherwise designated as a Trading Day in writing by the applicable Holder or (y) with respect to all determinations other than price determinations relating to the Common Stock, any day on which The New York Stock Exchange (or any successor thereto) is open for trading of securities. (iii) "Transaction Documents" means the Securities Purchase Agreement, this Certificate of Designations, the Warrants and each of the other agreements and instruments entered into or delivered by the 38  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img040.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Company or any of the Holders in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Securities Purchase Agreement, all as may be amended from time to time in accordance with the terms thereof. (jjj) "Volume Failure" means, with respect to a particular date of determination, the aggregate daily dollar trading volume (as reported on Bloomberg) of the Common Stock on the Principal Market on any Trading Day during the twenty (20) Trading Day period ending on the Trading Day immediately preceding such date of determination (such period, the "Volume Failure Measuring Period"), is less than $1,000,000 (as adjusted for any stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions occurring after the Subscription Date). (kkk) "VW AP" means, for any security as of any date, the dollar volume-weighted average price for such security on the Principal Market (or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for such security, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which such security is then traded), during the period beginning at 9:30 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg through its "V AP" function (set to 09:30 start time and 16:00 end time) or, if the foregoing does not apply, the dollar volume-weighted average price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security during the period beginning at 9:30 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no dollar volume-weighted average price is reported for such security by Bloomberg for such hours, the average of the highest closing bid price and the lowest closing ask price of any of the market makers for such security as reported in The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices). If the VW AP cannot be calculated for such security on such date on any of the foregoing bases, the VW AP of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Required Holders. If the Company and the Required Holders are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 25. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction during such period. (Ill) "Warrants" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Securities Purchase Agreement, and shall include all warrants issued in exchange therefor or replacement thereof. (mmm) "Warrant Shares" means, collectively, the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants. 34. Disclosure. Upon receipt or delivery by the Company of any notice in accordance with the terms of this Certificate of Designations, unless the Company has in good faith determined that the matters relating to such notice do not constitute material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company shall on or prior to 9:00 am, New York city time on the Business Day immediately following such notice delivery date, publicly disclose such material, non-public information on a Current Report on Form 8-K or otherwise. In the event that the Company believes that a notice contains material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company so shall indicate to the Holder explicitly in writing in such notice (or immediately upon receipt of notice from such Holder, as applicable), and in the absence of any such written indication in such notice (or notification from the Company immediately upon receipt of notice from such Holder), such Holder shall be entitled to presume that information contained in the notice does not constitute material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Nothing contained in this Section 34 shall limit any obligations of the Company, or any rights of any Holder, under Section 4(1) of the Securities Purchase Agreement. 35. Absence of Trading and Disclosure Restrictions. The Company acknowledges and agrees that no Holder is a fiduciary or agent of the Company and that each Holder shall have no obligation to (a) maintain the confidentiality of any information provided by the Company or (b) refrain from trading any securities while in possession of such information in the absence of a written non-disclosure agreement signed by an officer of such Holder that explicitly provides for such confidentiality and trading restrictions. In the absence of such an executed, written non-disclosure agreement, the Company acknowledges that each Holder may freely trade in any securities issued by the Company, may possess and use any information provided by the Company in connection with such trading activity, and may disclose any such information to any third party. 39  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img041.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\* \* \* \* \* 40  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img042.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Certificate of Designations of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock ofSynaptogenix, Inc. to be signed by its Executive Chairman on this 9 day of June, 2025. 41 SYNAPTOGENIX, INC. By: /s/ Joshua Silverman Name: Joshua Silverman Title: Executive Chairman  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img043.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SYNAPTOGENIX, INC. CONVERSION NOTICE EXHIBIT I Reference is made to the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock of Synaptogenix, Inc. (the "Certificate of Designations"). In accordance with and pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, the undersigned hereby elects to convert the number of shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the "Preferred Shares"), of Synaptogenix, Inc. a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), indicated below into shares of common stock, $0.0001 value per share (the "Common Stock"), of the Company, as of the date specified below. Date of Conversion: Aggregate number of Preferred Shares to be converted Aggregate Stated Value of such Preferred Shares to be converted: Aggregate accrued and unpaid Dividends and accrued and unpaid Late Charges with respect to such Preferred Shares and such Aggregate Dividends to be converted: AGGREGATE CONVERSION AMOUNT TO BE CONVERTED: Please confirm the following information: Conversion Price: Number of shares of Common Stock to be issued: Installment Amount(s) to be reduced (and corresponding Installment Date(s)) and amount of reduction: □If this Conversion Notice is being delivered with respect to an Alternate Conversion, check here if Holder is electing to use the following Alternate Conversion Price: ____ _ Please issue the Common Stock into which the applicable Preferred Shares are being converted to Holder, or for its benefit, as follows: □ Check here if requesting delivery as a certificate to the following name and to the following address: Issue to: □ Check here if requesting delivery by Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian as follows: DTC Participant: DTC Number: Account Number: ---------------------------------- 42  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img044.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Date: _____ _ , __ Name of Registered Holder By: Name: Title: Tax ID: __________ _ E-mail Address: __________ _ 40 43  |

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;![GRAPHIC](tm2520096d1_ex3-1img045.jpg) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;EXHIBIT II ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Company hereby (a) acknowledges this Conversion Notice, (b) certifies that the above indicated number of shares of Common Stock are eligible to be resold by the Holder without restriction or any legend and (c) hereby directs ________ to issue the above indicated number of shares of Common Stock in accordance with the Transfer Agent Instructions dated ----�2025 from the Company and acknowledged and agreed to by SYNAPTOGENIX, INC. By: Name: Title: 529986759v.4 44  |

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## Exhibit 4.3

**Exhibit 4.3**

**NEITHER THE ISSUANCE AND SALE OF THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE NOR THE SECURITIES INTO WHICH THESE SECURITIES ARE EXERCISABLE HAVE BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. THE SECURITIES MAY NOT BE OFFERED FOR SALE, SOLD, TRANSFERRED OR ASSIGNED (I) IN THE ABSENCE OF (A) AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FOR THE SECURITIES UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR (B) AN OPINION OF COUNSEL TO THE HOLDER (IF REQUESTED BY THE COMPANY), IN A FORM REASONABLY ACCEPTABLE TO THE COMPANY, THAT REGISTRATION IS NOT REQUIRED UNDER SAID ACT OR (II) UNLESS SOLD OR ELIGIBLE TO BE SOLD PURSUANT TO RULE 144 OR RULE 144A UNDER SAID ACT. NOTWITHSTANDING THE FOREGOING, THE SECURITIES MAY BE PLEDGED IN CONNECTION WITH A BONA FIDE MARGIN ACCOUNT OR OTHER LOAN OR FINANCING ARRANGEMENT SECURED BY THE SECURITIES. THE NUMBER OF SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THIS WARRANT MAY BE LESS THAN THE AMOUNTS SET FORTH ON THE FACE HEREOF PURSUANT TO SECTION 1(a) OF THIS WARRANT.**

**SYNAPTOGENIX, INC.**

**Warrant To Purchase Common Stock**

Warrant No.:

Date of Issuance: June 10, 2025 ("**Issuance Date**")

Synaptogenix, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "**Company**"), hereby certifies that, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, [BUYER], the registered holder hereof or its permitted assigns (the "**Holder**"), is entitled, subject to the terms set forth below, to purchase from the Company, at the Exercise Price (as defined below) then in effect, upon exercise of this Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (including any Warrants to Purchase Common Stock issued in exchange, transfer or replacement hereof, the "**Warrant**"), at any time or times on or after the Issuance Date, but not after 11:59 p.m., New York time, on the Expiration Date (as defined below), ______________ (subject to adjustment as provided herein) fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock (as defined below) (the "**Warrant Shares**", and such number of Warrant Shares, the "**Warrant Number**"). Except as otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms in this Warrant shall have the meanings set forth in Section 17 or in the Securities Purchase Agreement (as defined below). This Warrant is one of the Warrants to Purchase Common Stock (the "**SPA Warrants**") issued pursuant to Section 1 of that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 9, 2025 (the "**Subscription Date**"), by and among the Company and the investors (the "**Buyers**") referred to therein, as amended from time to time (the "**Securities Purchase Agreement**").

1. <u>EXERCISE OF WARRANT.</u>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Mechanics of Exercise</u>. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof (including, without limitation, the limitations set forth in Section 1(f)), this Warrant may be exercised by the Holder on any day on or after the Issuance Date (an "**Exercise Date**"), in whole or in part, by delivery (whether via facsimile or otherwise) of a written notice, in the form attached hereto as **<u>Exhibit A</u>** (the "**Exercise Notice**"), of the Holder's election to exercise this Warrant. Within one (1) Trading Day (or any other settlement cycle as may be in effect pursuant to Rule 15c6-1 under the Exchange Act from time to time) following an exercise of this Warrant as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver payment to the Company of an amount equal to the Exercise Price in effect on the date of such exercise multiplied by the number of Warrant Shares as to which this Warrant was so exercised (the "**Aggregate Exercise Price**") in cash or via wire transfer of immediately available funds if the Holder did not notify the Company in such Exercise Notice that such exercise was made pursuant to a Cashless Exercise (as defined in Section 1(d)). The Holder shall not be required to deliver the original of this Warrant in order to effect an exercise hereunder. Execution and delivery of an Exercise Notice with respect to less than all of the Warrant Shares shall have the same effect as cancellation of the original of this Warrant and issuance of a new Warrant evidencing the right to purchase the remaining number of Warrant Shares. Execution and delivery of an Exercise Notice for all of the then-remaining Warrant Shares shall have the same effect as cancellation of the original of this Warrant after delivery of the Warrant Shares in accordance with the terms hereof. On or before the first (1st) Trading Day following the date on which the Company has received an Exercise Notice, the Company shall transmit by facsimile or electronic mail an acknowledgment of confirmation of receipt of such Exercise Notice, in the form attached hereto as **<u>Exhibit B</u>**, to the Holder and the Company's transfer agent (the "**Transfer Agent**"), which confirmation shall constitute an instruction to the Transfer Agent to process such Exercise Notice in accordance with the terms herein. On or before the first (1st) Trading Day following the date on which the Company has received such Exercise Notice (or such earlier date as required pursuant to the 1934 Act or other applicable law, rule or regulation for the settlement of a trade of such Warrant Shares initiated on the applicable Exercise Date), the Company shall (X) provided that the Transfer Agent is participating in The Depository Trust Company ("**DTC**") Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program ("**FAST**"), upon the request of the Holder, credit such aggregate number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the Holder's or its designee's balance account with DTC through its Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian system, or (Y) if the Transfer Agent is not participating in the DTC FAST, upon the request of the Holder, issue and deliver (via reputable overnight courier) to the address as specified in the Exercise Notice, a certificate, registered in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder shall be entitled pursuant to such exercise. Upon delivery of an Exercise Notice, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date such Warrant Shares are credited to the Holder's DTC account or the date of delivery of the certificates evidencing such Warrant Shares (as the case may be). If this Warrant is submitted in connection with any exercise pursuant to this Section 1(a) and the number of Warrant Shares represented by this Warrant submitted for exercise is greater than the number of Warrant Shares being acquired upon an exercise and upon surrender of this Warrant to the Company by the Holder, then, at the request of the Holder, the Company shall as soon as practicable and in no event later than two (2) Business Days after any exercise and at its own expense, issue and deliver to the Holder (or its designee) a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)) representing the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares purchasable immediately prior to such exercise under this Warrant, less the number of Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant is exercised. No fractional shares of Common Stock are to be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant, but rather the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued shall be rounded up to the nearest whole number. The Company shall pay any and all transfer, stamp, issuance and similar taxes, costs and expenses (including, without limitation, fees and expenses of the Transfer Agent) that may be payable with respect to the issuance and delivery of Warrant Shares upon exercise of this Warrant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, except in the case where an exercise of this Warrant is validly made pursuant to a Cashless Exercise, the Company's failure to deliver Warrant Shares to the Holder on or prior to the later of (i) two (2) Trading Days after receipt of the applicable Exercise Notice (or such earlier date as required pursuant to the 1934 Act or other applicable law, rule or regulation for the settlement of a trade of such Warrant Shares initiated on the applicable Exercise Date) and (ii) one (1) Trading Day after the Company's receipt of the Aggregate Exercise Price (or valid notice of a Cashless Exercise if permissible) (such later date, the "**Share Delivery Date**") shall not be deemed to be a breach of this Warrant. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Warrant or the Registration Rights Agreement, after the effective date of the Registration Statement (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) and prior to the Holder's receipt of the notice of a Grace Period (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement), the Company shall cause the Transfer Agent to deliver unlegended shares of Common Stock to the Holder (or its designee) in connection with any sale of Registrable Securities (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) with respect to which the Holder has entered into a contract for sale, and delivered a copy of the prospectus included as part of the particular Registration Statement to the extent applicable, and for which the Holder has not yet settled. From the Issuance Date through and including the Expiration Date, the Company shall maintain a transfer agent that participates in FAST.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Exercise Price</u>. For purposes of this Warrant, "**Exercise Price**" means $3.00, subject to adjustment as provided herein.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Company's Failure to Timely Deliver Securities</u>. If the Company shall fail, for any reason or for no reason, on or prior to the Share Delivery Date, either (I) if the Transfer Agent is not participating in FAST, to issue and deliver to the Holder (or its designee) a certificate for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled and register such Warrant Shares on the Company's share register or, if the Transfer Agent is participating in FAST, to credit the balance account of the Holder or the Holder's designee with DTC for such number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder's exercise of this Warrant (as the case may be) or (II) if a Registration Statement covering the resale of the Warrant Shares that are the subject of the Exercise Notice (the "**Unavailable Warrant Shares**") is not available for the resale of such Unavailable Warrant Shares and the Company fails to promptly, but in no event later than as required pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement (x) so notify the Holder and (y) deliver the Warrant Shares electronically without any restrictive legend by crediting such aggregate number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the Holder's or its designee's balance account with DTC through its Deposit/Withdrawal At Custodian system (the event described in the immediately foregoing clause (II) is hereinafter referred as a "**Notice Failure**" and together with the event described in clause (I) above, a "**Delivery Failure**"), then, in addition to all other remedies available to the Holder, (X) the Company shall pay in cash to the Holder on each day after the Share Delivery Date and during such Delivery Failure an amount equal to 2% of the product of (A) the sum of the number of shares of Common Stock not issued to the Holder on or prior to the Share Delivery Date and to which the Holder is entitled, multiplied by (B) any trading price of the Common Stock selected by the Holder in writing as in effect at any time during the period beginning on the applicable Exercise Date and ending on the applicable Share Delivery Date, and (Y) the Holder, upon written notice to the Company, may void its Exercise Notice with respect to, and retain or have returned, as the case may be, any portion of this Warrant that has not been exercised pursuant to such Exercise Notice; provided that the voiding of an Exercise Notice shall not affect the Company's obligations to make any payments which have accrued prior to the date of such notice pursuant to this Section 1(c) or otherwise. In addition to the foregoing, if on or prior to the Share Delivery Date either (I) the Transfer Agent is not participating in the DTC FAST, the Company shall fail to issue and deliver to the Holder (or its designee) a certificate and register such shares of Common Stock on the Company's share register or, if the Transfer Agent is participating in the DTC FAST, the Transfer Agent shall fail to credit the balance account of the Holder or the Holder's designee with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder's exercise hereunder or pursuant to the Company's obligation pursuant to clause (ii) below or (II) a Notice Failure occurs, and if on or after such Share Delivery Date the Holder acquires (in an open market transaction, stock loan or otherwise) shares of Common Stock corresponding to all or any portion of the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon such exercise that the Holder is entitled to receive from the Company and has not received from the Company in connection with such Delivery Failure or Notice Failure, as applicable (a "**Buy-In**"), then, in addition to all other remedies available to the Holder, the Company shall, within two (2) Business Days after the Holder's request and in the Holder's discretion, either (i) pay cash to the Holder in an amount equal to the Holder's total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, stock loan costs and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so acquired (including, without limitation, by any other Person in respect, or on behalf, of the Holder) (the "**Buy-In Price**"), at which point the Company's obligation to so issue and deliver such certificate (and to issue such shares of Common Stock) or credit the balance account of such Holder or such Holder's designee, as applicable, with DTC for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder's exercise hereunder (as the case may be) (and to issue such Warrant Shares) shall terminate, or (ii) promptly honor its obligation to so issue and deliver to the Holder a certificate or certificates representing such Warrant Shares or credit the balance account of such Holder or such Holder's designee, as applicable, with DTC for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder's exercise hereunder (as the case may be) and pay cash to the Holder in an amount equal to the excess (if any) of the Buy-In Price over the product of (A) such number of Warrant Shares multiplied by (B) the lowest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date of the applicable Exercise Notice and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this clause (ii) (the "**Buy-In Payment Amount**"). Nothing shall limit the Holder's right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity, including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company's failure to timely deliver certificates representing shares of Common Stock (or to electronically deliver such shares of Common Stock) upon the exercise of this Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof. While this Warrant is outstanding, the Company shall cause its transfer agent to participate in FAST. In addition to the foregoing rights, (i) if the Company fails to deliver the applicable number of Warrant Shares upon an exercise pursuant to Section 1 by the applicable Share Delivery Date, then the Holder shall have the right to rescind such exercise in whole or in part and retain and/or have the Company return, as the case may be, any portion of this Warrant that has not been exercised pursuant to such Exercise Notice; provided that the rescission of an exercise shall not affect the Company's obligation to make any payments that have accrued prior to the date of such notice pursuant to this Section 1(c) or otherwise, and (ii) if a registration statement (which may be the Registration Statement) covering the issuance or resale of the Warrant Shares that are subject to an Exercise Notice is not available for the issuance or resale, as applicable, of such Warrant Shares, as required by and in accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement, and the Holder has submitted an Exercise Notice prior to receiving notice of the non-availability of such registration statement and the Company has not already delivered the Warrant Shares underlying such Exercise Notice electronically without any restrictive legend by crediting such aggregate number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the Holder's or its designee's balance account with DTC through its Deposit / Withdrawal At Custodian system, the Holder shall have the option, by delivery of notice to the Company, to (x) rescind such Exercise Notice in whole or in part and retain or have returned, as the case may be, any portion of this Warrant that has not been exercised pursuant to such Exercise Notice; provided that the rescission of an Exercise Notice shall not affect the Company's obligation to make any payments that have accrued prior to the date of such notice pursuant to this Section 1(c) or otherwise, and/or (y) switch some or all of such Exercise Notice from a cash exercise to a Cashless Exercise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) <u>Cashless Exercise</u>. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary (other than Section 1(f) below), if at the time of exercise hereof a Registration Statement (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) is not effective (or the prospectus contained therein is not available for use) for the resale by the Holder of all of the Warrant Shares, then the Holder may, in its sole discretion, exercise this Warrant in whole or in part and, in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to the Company upon such exercise in payment of the Aggregate Exercise Price, elect instead to receive upon such exercise the "Net Number" of Warrant Shares determined according to the following formula (a "**Cashless Exercise**"):

Net Number = <u>(A x B) - (A x C)</u> <br> B

For purposes of the foregoing formula:

A= the total number of shares with respect to which this Warrant is then being exercised.

B = as elected by the Holder: (i) the VWAP of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Exercise Notice if such Exercise Notice is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of "regular trading hours" (as defined in Rule 600(b)(64) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii) at the option of the Holder, either (y) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Exercise Notice or (z) the Bid Price of the Common Stock as of the time of the Holder's execution of the applicable Exercise Notice if such Exercise Notice is executed during "regular trading hours" on a Trading Day and is delivered within two (2) hours thereafter pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof, or (iii) the Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on the date of the applicable Exercise Notice if the date of such Exercise Notice is a Trading Day and such Exercise Notice is both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof after the close of "regular trading hours" on such Trading Day.

C = the Exercise Price then in effect for the applicable Warrant Shares at the time of such exercise.

If the Warrant Shares are issued in a Cashless Exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the 1933 Act, the Warrant Shares take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised. For purposes of Rule 144(d) promulgated under the 1933 Act, as in effect on the Subscription Date, it is intended that the Warrant Shares issued in a Cashless Exercise shall be deemed to have been acquired by the Holder, and the holding period for the Warrant Shares shall be deemed to have commenced, on the date this Warrant was originally issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)<u>Disputes</u>. In the case of a dispute as to the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic calculation of the number of Warrant Shares to be issued pursuant to the terms hereof, the Company shall promptly issue to the Holder the number of Warrant Shares that are not disputed and resolve such dispute in accordance with Section 15.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) <u>Limitations on Exercises</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Beneficial Ownership. The Company shall not effect the exercise of any portion of this Warrant, and the Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms and conditions of this Warrant and any such exercise shall be null and void and treated as if never made, to the extent that after giving effect to such exercise, the Holder together with the other Attribution Parties collectively would beneficially own in excess of [4.99][9.99]% (the "**Maximum Percentage**") of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Holder and the other Attribution Parties shall include the number of shares of Common Stock held by the Holder and all other Attribution Parties plus the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which the determination of such sentence is being made, but shall exclude shares of Common Stock which would be issuable upon (A) exercise of the remaining, unexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of the other Attribution Parties and (B) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or unconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any convertible notes or convertible preferred stock or warrants, including other SPA Warrants) beneficially owned by the Holder or any other Attribution Party subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained in this Section 1(f)(i). For purposes of this Section 1(f)(i), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act. In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock the Holder may acquire upon the exercise of this Warrant without exceeding the Maximum Percentage, the Holder may rely on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in (x) the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Current Report on Form 8-K or other public filing with the SEC, as the case may be, (y) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (z) any other written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent, if any, setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (the "**Reported Outstanding Share Number**"). If the Company receives an Exercise Notice from the Holder at a time when the actual number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is less than the Reported Outstanding Share Number, the Company shall (i) notify the Holder in writing of the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding and, to the extent that such Exercise Notice would otherwise cause the Holder's beneficial ownership, as determined pursuant to this Section 1(f)(i), to exceed the Maximum Percentage, the Holder must notify the Company of a reduced number of Warrant Shares to be acquired pursuant to such Exercise Notice (the number of shares by which such purchase is reduced, the "**Reduction Shares**") and (ii) as soon as reasonably practicable, the Company shall return to the Holder any exercise price paid by the Holder for the Reduction Shares. For any reason at any time, upon the written or oral request of the Holder, the Company shall within one (1) Business Day confirm orally and in writing or by electronic mail to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding. In any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder and any other Attribution Party since the date as of which the Reported Outstanding Share Number was reported. In the event that the issuance of shares of Common Stock to the Holder upon exercise of this Warrant results in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties being deemed to beneficially own, in the aggregate, more than the Maximum Percentage of the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock (as determined under Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act), the number of shares so issued by which the Holder's and the other Attribution Parties' aggregate beneficial ownership exceeds the Maximum Percentage (the "**Excess Shares**") shall be deemed null and void and shall be cancelled ab initio, and the Holder shall not have the power to vote or to transfer the Excess Shares. As soon as reasonably practicable after the issuance of the Excess Shares has been deemed null and void, the Company shall return to the Holder the exercise price paid by the Holder for the Excess Shares. Upon delivery of a written notice to the Company, the Holder may from time to time increase (with such increase not effective until the sixty-first (61st) day after delivery of such notice) or decrease the Maximum Percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99% as specified in such notice; provided that (i) any such increase in the Maximum Percentage will not be effective until the sixty-first (61st) day after such notice is delivered to the Company and (ii) any such increase or decrease will apply only to the Holder and the other Attribution Parties and not to any other holder of SPA Warrants that is not an Attribution Party of the Holder. For purposes of clarity, the shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to the terms of this Warrant in excess of the Maximum Percentage shall not be deemed to be beneficially owned by the Holder for any purpose including for purposes of Section 13(d) or Rule 16a-1(a)(1) of the 1934 Act. No prior inability to exercise this Warrant pursuant to this paragraph shall have any effect on the applicability of the provisions of this paragraph with respect to any subsequent determination of exercisability. The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 1(f)(i) to the extent necessary to correct this paragraph or any portion of this paragraph which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended beneficial ownership limitation contained in this Section 1(f)(i) or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitation contained in this paragraph may not be waived and shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) <u>Principal Market Regulation</u>. The Company shall not issue any shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of this Warrant if the issuance of such shares of Common Stock (taken together with the issuance of such shares upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Certificate of Designations) would exceed the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock which the Company may issue upon exercise or conversion or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Certificate of Designations and the SPA Warrants without breaching the Company's obligations under the rules or regulations of the Principal Market (the number of shares which may be issued without violating such rules and regulations, the "**Exchange Cap**"), except that such limitation shall not apply in the event that the Company (A) obtains the approval of its stockholders as required by the applicable rules of the Principal Market for issuances of shares of Common Stock in excess of such amount or (B) obtains a written opinion from outside counsel to the Company that such approval is not required, which opinion shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Holder. Until such approval or such written opinion is obtained, no Buyer shall be issued in the aggregate, upon conversion or exercise (as the case may be) of any Preferred Shares or any of the SPA Warrants or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Certificate of Designations or the SPA Warrants, shares of Common Stock in an amount greater than the product of (i) the Exchange Cap as of the Issuance Date multiplied by (ii) the quotient of (1) the aggregate number of Preferred Shares issued to such Buyer pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) divided by (2) the aggregate stated value of all Preferred Shares issued to the Buyers pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date (with respect to each Buyer, the "**Exchange Cap Allocation**"). In the event that any Buyer shall sell or otherwise transfer any of such Buyer's SPA Warrants, the transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of such Buyer's Exchange Cap Allocation with respect to such portion of such SPA Warrants so transferred, and the restrictions of the prior sentence shall apply to such transferee with respect to the portion of the Exchange Cap Allocation so allocated to such transferee. Upon conversion and exercise in full of a holder's Preferred Shares and SPA Warrants, the difference (if any) between such holder's Exchange Cap Allocation and the number of shares of Common Stock actually issued to such holder upon such holder's conversion in full of such Preferred Shares and such holder's exercise in full of such SPA Warrants shall be allocated, to the respective Exchange Cap Allocations of the remaining holders of Preferred Shares and related SPA Warrants on a pro rata basis in proportion to the shares of Common Stock underlying the Preferred Shares and related SPA Warrants then held by each such holder of Preferred Shares and related SPA Warrants.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) <u>Reservation of Shares</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) <u>Required Reserve Amount</u>. So long as this Warrant remains outstanding, the Company shall at all times keep reserved for issuance under this Warrant a number of shares of Common Stock at least equal to 200% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock as shall be necessary to satisfy the Company's obligation to issue shares of Common Stock under the SPA Warrants then outstanding (without regard to any limitations on exercise) (the "**Required Reserve Amount**"); provided that at no time shall the number of shares of Common Stock reserved pursuant to this Section 1(g)(i) be reduced other than proportionally in connection with any exercise or redemption of SPA Warrants or such other event covered by Section 2(a) below. The Required Reserve Amount (including, without limitation, each increase in the number of shares so reserved) shall be allocated pro rata among the holders of the SPA Warrants based on the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of SPA Warrants held by each holder on the Closing Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) (without regard to any limitations on exercise) or increase in the number of reserved shares, as the case may be (the "**Authorized Share Allocation**"). In the event that a holder shall sell or otherwise transfer any of such holder's SPA Warrants, each transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of such holder's Authorized Share Allocation. Any shares of Common Stock reserved and allocated to any Person which ceases to hold any SPA Warrants shall be allocated to the remaining holders of SPA Warrants, pro rata based on the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the SPA Warrants then held by such holders (without regard to any limitations on exercise).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) <u>Insufficient Authorized Shares</u>. If, notwithstanding Section 1(g)(i) above, and not in limitation thereof, at any time while any of the SPA Warrants remain outstanding, the Company does not have a sufficient number of authorized and unreserved shares of Common Stock to satisfy its obligation to reserve the Required Reserve Amount (an "**Authorized Share Failure**"), then the Company shall use its best efforts to take all action necessary to increase the Company's authorized shares of Common Stock to an amount sufficient to allow the Company to reserve the Required Reserve Amount for all the SPA Warrants then outstanding. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing sentence, as soon as practicable after the date of the occurrence of an Authorized Share Failure, but in no event later than sixty (60) days after the occurrence of such Authorized Share Failure, the Company shall hold a meeting of its stockholders for the approval of an increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock. In connection with such meeting, the Company shall provide each stockholder with a proxy statement and shall use its best efforts to solicit its stockholders' approval of such increase in authorized shares of Common Stock and to cause its board of directors to recommend to the stockholders that they approve such proposal. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if at any such time of an Authorized Share Failure, the Company is able to obtain the written consent of a majority of the shares of its issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock to approve the increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock, the Company may satisfy this obligation by obtaining such consent and submitting for filing with the SEC an Information Statement on Schedule 14C. In the event that the Company is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock upon an exercise of this Warrant due to the failure by the Company to have sufficient shares of Common Stock available out of the authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock (such unavailable number of shares of Common Stock, the "**Authorization Failure Shares**"), in lieu of delivering such Authorization Failure Shares to the Holder, the Company shall pay cash in exchange for the cancellation of such portion of this Warrant exercisable into such Authorization Failure Shares at a price equal to the sum of (i) the product of (x) such number of Authorization Failure Shares and (y) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date the Holder delivers the applicable Exercise Notice with respect to such Authorization Failure Shares to the Company and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this Section 1(g); and (ii) to the extent the Holder purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of Authorization Failure Shares, any Buy-In Payment Amount, brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any, of the Holder incurred in connection therewith. Nothing contained in this Section 1(g) shall limit any obligations of the Company under any provision of the Securities Purchase Agreement.

2. ADJUSTMENT OF EXERCISE PRICE AND NUMBER OF WARRANT SHARES. The Exercise Price and number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant are subject to adjustment from time to time as set forth in this Section 2.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Stock Dividends and Splits</u>. Without limiting any provision of Section 2(b), Section 3 or Section 4, if the Company, at any time on or after the Subscription Date, (i) pays a stock dividend on one or more classes of its then outstanding shares of Common Stock or otherwise makes a distribution on any class of capital stock that is payable in shares of Common Stock, other than Excluded Securities (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement), (ii) subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or otherwise) one or more classes of its then outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares or (iii) combines (by combination, reverse stock split or otherwise) one or more classes of its then outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares then in each such case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event. Any adjustment made pursuant to clause (i) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution, and any adjustment pursuant to clause (ii) or (iii) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such subdivision or combination. If any event requiring an adjustment under this paragraph occurs during the period that an Exercise Price is calculated hereunder, then the calculation of such Exercise Price shall be adjusted appropriately to reflect such event.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Adjustment Upon Issuance of Shares of Common Stock</u>. If and whenever on or after the Subscription Date, the Company grants, issues or sells (or enters into any agreement or publicly announces its intention to grant, issue or sell), or in accordance with this Section 2 is deemed to have granted, issued or sold, any shares of Common Stock (including the issuance or sale of shares of Common Stock owned or held by or for the account of the Company, but excluding any Excluded Securities granted issued or sold or deemed to have been granted issued or sold) for a consideration per share (the "**New Issuance Price**") less than a price equal to the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such granting, issuance or sale or deemed granting, issuance or sale (such Exercise Price then in effect is referred to herein as the "**Applicable Price**") (the foregoing a "**Dilutive Issuance**"), then immediately after such Dilutive Issuance, the Exercise Price then in effect shall be reduced to an amount equal to the New Issuance Price. Simultaneously with any decrease in the Exercise Price pursuant to Section 2(b), the number of Warrant Shares that may be purchased upon exercise of this Warrant shall be increased proportionately, so that after such adjustment the aggregate Exercise Price payable hereunder for the adjusted number of Warrant Shares shall be the same as the aggregate Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such adjustment (without regard to any limitations on exercise contained herein). For all purposes of the foregoing (including, without limitation, determining the adjusted Exercise Price and the New Issuance Price under this Section 2(b)), the following shall be applicable:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) <u>Issuance of Options</u>. If the Company in any manner grants, issues or sells (or enters into any agreement to grant, issue or sell) any Options and the lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the exercise of any such Option or upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities issuable upon exercise of any such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof is less than the Applicable Price, then such share of Common Stock shall be deemed to be outstanding and to have been issued and sold by the Company at the time of the granting, issuance or sale (or the time of execution of such agreement to grant, issue or sell, as applicable) of such Option for such price per share. For purposes of this Section 2(b)(i), the "lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the exercise of any such Options or upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities issuable upon exercise of any such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof" shall be equal to (1) the lower of (x) the sum of the lowest amounts of consideration (if any) received or receivable by the Company with respect to any one share of Common Stock upon the granting, issuance or sale (or pursuant to the agreement to grant, issue or sell, as applicable) of such Option, upon exercise of such Option and upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Security issuable upon exercise of such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof and (y) the lowest exercise price set forth in such Option for which one share of Common Stock is issuable (or may become issuable assuming all possible market conditions) upon the exercise of any such Options or upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities issuable upon exercise of any such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof minus (2) the sum of all amounts paid or payable to the holder of such Option (or any other Person) upon the granting, issuance or sale (or the agreement to grant, issue or sell, as applicable) of such Option, upon exercise of such Option and upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Security issuable upon exercise of such Option or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof plus the value of any other consideration received or receivable by, or benefit conferred on, the holder of such Option (or any other Person). Except as contemplated below, no further adjustment of the Exercise Price shall be made upon the actual issuance of such shares of Common Stock or of such Convertible Securities upon the exercise of such Options or otherwise pursuant to the terms of or upon the actual issuance of such shares of Common Stock upon conversion, exercise or exchange of such Convertible Securities.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) <u>Issuance of Convertible Securities</u>. If the Company in any manner issues or sells (or enters into any agreement to issue or sell) any Convertible Securities and the lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the conversion, exercise or exchange thereof or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof is less than the Applicable Price, then such share of Common Stock shall be deemed to be outstanding and to have been issued and sold by the Company at the time of the issuance or sale (or the time of execution of such agreement to issue or sell, as applicable) of such Convertible Securities for such price per share. For the purposes of this Section 2(b)(ii), the "lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the conversion, exercise or exchange thereof or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof" shall be equal to (1) the lower of (x) the sum of the lowest amounts of consideration (if any) received or receivable by the Company with respect to one share of Common Stock upon the issuance or sale (or pursuant to the agreement to issue or sell, as applicable) of the Convertible Security and upon conversion, exercise or exchange of such Convertible Security or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof and (y) the lowest conversion price set forth in such Convertible Security for which one share of Common Stock is issuable (or may become issuable assuming all possible market conditions) upon conversion, exercise or exchange thereof or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof minus (2) the sum of all amounts paid or payable to the holder of such Convertible Security (or any other Person) upon the issuance or sale (or the agreement to issue or sell, as applicable) of such Convertible Security plus the value of any other consideration received or receivable by, or benefit conferred on, the holder of such Convertible Security (or any other Person). Except as contemplated below, no further adjustment of the Exercise Price shall be made upon the actual issuance of such shares of Common Stock upon conversion, exercise or exchange of such Convertible Securities or otherwise pursuant to the terms thereof, and if any such issuance or sale of such Convertible Securities is made upon exercise of any Options for which adjustment of this Warrant has been or is to be made pursuant to other provisions of this Section 2(b), except as contemplated below, no further adjustment of the Exercise Price shall be made by reason of such issuance or sale.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) <u>Change in Option Price or Rate of Conversion</u>. If the purchase or exercise price provided for in any Options, the additional consideration, if any, payable upon the issue, conversion, exercise or exchange of any Convertible Securities, or the rate at which any Convertible Securities are convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock increases or decreases at any time (other than proportional changes in conversion or exercise prices, as applicable, in connection with an event referred to in Section 2(a)), the Exercise Price in effect at the time of such increase or decrease shall be adjusted to the Exercise Price which would have been in effect at such time had such Options or Convertible Securities provided for such increased or decreased purchase price, additional consideration or increased or decreased conversion rate, as the case may be, at the time initially granted, issued or sold. For purposes of this Section 2(b)(iii), if the terms of any Option or Convertible Security (including, without limitation, any Option or Convertible Security that was outstanding as of the Subscription Date) are increased or decreased in the manner described in the immediately preceding sentence, then such Option or Convertible Security and the shares of Common Stock deemed issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange thereof shall be deemed to have been issued as of the date of such increase or decrease. No adjustment pursuant to this Section 2(b) shall be made if such adjustment would result in an increase of the Exercise Price then in effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) <u>Calculation of Consideration Received</u>. If any Option and/or Convertible Security and/or Adjustment Right is issued in connection with the issuance or sale or deemed issuance or sale of any other securities of the Company (as determined by the Holder, the "**Primary Security**", and such Option and/or Convertible Security and/or Adjustment Right, the "**Secondary Securities**" and together with the Primary Security, each a "**Unit**"), together comprising one integrated transaction, the aggregate consideration per share of Common Stock with respect to such Primary Security shall be deemed to be the lower of (x) the purchase price of such Unit, (y) if such Primary Security is an Option and/or Convertible Security, the lowest price per share for which one share of Common Stock is at any time issuable upon the exercise or conversion of the Primary Security in accordance with Sections 2(b)(i) or 2(b)(ii) above and (z) the lowest VWAP of the shares of Common Stock on any Trading Day during the five (5) Trading Day period (the "**Adjustment Period**") immediately following the public announcement of such Dilutive Issuance (for the avoidance of doubt, if such public announcement is released prior to the opening of the Principal Market on a Trading Day, such Trading Day shall be the first Trading Day in such five Trading Day period and if this Warrant is exercised, on any given Exercise Date during any such Adjustment Period, solely with respect to such portion of this Warrant exercised on such applicable Exercise Date, such applicable Adjustment Period shall be deemed to have ended on, and included, the Trading Day immediately prior to such Exercise Date). If any shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities are issued or sold or deemed to have been issued or sold for cash, the consideration received therefor will be deemed to be the net amount of consideration received by the Company therefor. If any shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities are issued or sold for a consideration other than cash, the amount of such consideration received by the Company will be the fair value of such consideration, except where such consideration consists of publicly traded securities, in which case the amount of consideration received by the Company for such securities will be the arithmetic average of the VWAPs of such security for each of the five (5) Trading Days immediately preceding the date of receipt. If any shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities are issued to the owners of the non-surviving entity in connection with any merger in which the Company is the surviving entity, the amount of consideration therefor will be deemed to be the fair value of such portion of the net assets and business of the non-surviving entity as is attributable to such shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities (as the case may be). The fair value of any consideration other than cash or publicly traded securities will be determined jointly by the Company and the Holder. If such parties are unable to reach agreement within ten (10) days after the occurrence of an event requiring valuation (the "**Valuation Event**"), the fair value of such consideration will be determined within five (5) Trading Days after the tenth (10<sup>th</sup>) day following such Valuation Event by an independent, reputable appraiser jointly selected by the Company and the Holder. The determination of such appraiser shall be final and binding upon all parties absent manifest error and the fees and expenses of such appraiser shall be borne by the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v) <u>Record Date</u>. If the Company takes a record of the holders of shares of Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them (A) to receive a dividend or other distribution payable in shares of Common Stock, Options or in Convertible Securities or (B) to subscribe for or purchase shares of Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities, then such record date will be deemed to be the date of the issuance or sale of the shares of Common Stock deemed to have been issued or sold upon the declaration of such dividend or the making of such other distribution or the date of the granting of such right of subscription or purchase (as the case may be).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)<u>Number of Warrant Shares</u>. Simultaneously with any adjustment to the Exercise Price pursuant to Section 2, the number of Warrant Shares that may be purchased upon exercise of this Warrant shall be increased or decreased proportionately, so that after such adjustment the aggregate Exercise Price payable hereunder for the adjusted number of Warrant Shares shall be the same as the aggregate Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such adjustment (without regard to any limitations on exercise contained herein).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) <u>Reserved</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) <u>Stock Combination Event Adjustment</u>. If at any time and from time to time on or after the Issuance Date there occurs any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination, reverse stock split, recapitalization or other similar transaction involving the outstanding Common Stock (each, a "**Stock Combination Event**", and such date thereof, the "**Stock Combination Event Date**") and the Event Market Price is less than the Exercise Price then in effect (after giving effect to the adjustment in clause 2(a) above), then on the sixteenth (16th) Trading Day immediately following such Stock Combination Event ("**Stock Combination Event Adjustment Date**"), the Exercise Price then in effect on the Stock Combination Event Adjustment Date (after giving effect to the adjustment in clause 2(a) above) shall be reduced (but in no event increased) to the Event Market Price. For the avoidance of doubt, if the adjustment in the immediately preceding sentence would otherwise result in an increase in the Exercise Price hereunder, no adjustment shall be made.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) <u>Other Events</u>. In the event that the Company (or any Subsidiary (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement)) shall take any action to which the provisions hereof are not strictly applicable, or, if applicable, would not operate to protect the Holder from dilution or if any event occurs of the type contemplated by the provisions of this Section 2 but not expressly provided for by such provisions (including, without limitation, the granting of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock rights or other rights with equity features), then the Company's board of directors shall in good faith determine and implement an appropriate adjustment in the Exercise Price and the number of Warrant Shares (if applicable) so as to protect the rights of the Holder, provided that no such adjustment pursuant to this Section 2(f) will increase the Exercise Price or decrease the number of Warrant Shares as otherwise determined pursuant to this Section 2, provided further that if the Holder does not accept such adjustments as appropriately protecting its interests hereunder against such dilution, then the Company's board of directors and the Holder shall agree, in good faith, upon an independent investment bank of nationally recognized standing to make such appropriate adjustments, whose determination shall be final and binding absent manifest error and whose fees and expenses shall be borne by the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) <u>Calculations</u>. All calculations under this Section 2 shall be made by rounding to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as applicable. The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at any given time shall not include shares owned or held by or for the account of the Company, and the disposition of any such shares shall be considered an issuance or sale of shares of Common Stock.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h) <u>Voluntary Adjustment By Company</u>. Subject to the rules and regulations of the Principal Market, the Company may at any time during the term of this Warrant, with the prior written consent of the Required Holders (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement), reduce the then current Exercise Price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate by the board of directors of the Company.

3. <u>RIGHTS UPON DISTRIBUTION OF ASSETS</u>. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 2 above or Section 4(a) below, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property, options, evidence of indebtedness or any other assets by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a "**Distribution**"), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations or restrictions on exercise of this Warrant, including without limitation, the Maximum Percentage) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the extent of the Maximum Percentage (and shall not be entitled to beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Distribution (and beneficial ownership) to the extent of any such excess) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time or times, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, at which time or times the Holder shall be granted such Distribution (and any Distributions declared or made on such initial Distribution or on any subsequent Distribution held similarly in abeyance) to the same extent as if there had been no such limitation).

4. <u>PURCHASE RIGHTS; FUNDAMENTAL TRANSACTIONS.</u>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Purchase Rights</u>. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Sections 2 or 3 above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to the record holders of any class of Common Stock (the "**Purchase Rights**"), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations or restrictions on exercise of this Warrant, including without limitation, the Maximum Percentage) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights (<u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to the extent of the Maximum Percentage (and shall not be entitled to beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right (and beneficial ownership) to the extent of any such excess) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time or times, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, at which time or times the Holder shall be granted such right (and any Purchase Right granted, issued or sold on such initial Purchase Right or on any subsequent Purchase Right held similarly in abeyance) to the same extent as if there had been no such limitation).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Fundamental Transactions</u>. The Company shall not enter into or be party to a Fundamental Transaction unless (i) the Successor Entity assumes in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) in accordance with the provisions of this Section 4(b) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder prior to such Fundamental Transaction, including agreements to deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant, including, without limitation, which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such adjustments to the number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction) and (ii) the Successor Entity (including its Parent Entity) is a publicly traded corporation whose common stock is quoted on or listed for trading on an Eligible Market. Upon the consummation of each Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the "Company" shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein. Upon consummation of each Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall deliver to the Holder confirmation that there shall be issued upon exercise of this Warrant at any time after the consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, in lieu of the shares of Common Stock (or other securities, cash, assets or other property (except such items still issuable under Sections 3 and 4(a) above, which shall continue to be receivable thereafter)) issuable upon the exercise of this Warrant prior to the applicable Fundamental Transaction, such shares of publicly traded common stock (or its equivalent) of the Successor Entity (including its Parent Entity) which the Holder would have been entitled to receive upon the happening of the applicable Fundamental Transaction had this Warrant been exercised immediately prior to the applicable Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant), as adjusted in accordance with the provisions of this Warrant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, and without limiting Section 1(f) hereof, the Holder may elect, at its sole option, by delivery of written notice to the Company to waive this Section 4(b) to permit the Fundamental Transaction without the assumption of this Warrant. In addition to and not in substitution for any other rights hereunder, prior to the consummation of each Fundamental Transaction pursuant to which holders of shares of Common Stock are entitled to receive securities or other assets with respect to or in exchange for shares of Common Stock (a "**Corporate Event**"), the Company shall make appropriate provision to insure that the Holder will thereafter have the right to receive upon an exercise of this Warrant at any time after the consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction but prior to the Expiration Date, in lieu of the shares of the Common Stock (or other securities, cash, assets or other property (except such items still issuable under Sections 3 and 4(a) above, which shall continue to be receivable thereafter)) issuable upon the exercise of the Warrant prior to such Fundamental Transaction, such shares of stock, securities, cash, assets or any other property whatsoever (including warrants or other purchase or subscription rights) which the Holder would have been entitled to receive upon the happening of the applicable Fundamental Transaction had this Warrant been exercised immediately prior to the applicable Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant). Provision made pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Black Scholes Value</u>. Notwithstanding the foregoing and the provisions of Section 4(b) above, at the request of the Holder delivered at any time commencing on the earliest to occur of (x) the public disclosure of any Fundamental Transaction, (y) the consummation of any Fundamental Transaction and (z) the Holder first becoming aware of any Fundamental Transaction through the date that is ninety (90) days after the public disclosure of the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction by the Company pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC, the Company or the Successor Entity (as the case may be) shall purchase this Warrant from the Holder on the date of such request by paying to the Holder cash in an amount equal to the greatest of (i) the Black Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of this Warrant, and (ii) 125% of the positive difference between (1) product of the number of Warrant Shares underlying the unexercised portion of the Warrant and the highest VWAP for the Common Stock during the period commencing twenty (20) Trading Days prior to the public announcement of the Fundamental Transaction and ending on the consummation thereof and (2) the remaining aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant. Payment of such amounts shall be made by the Company (or at the Company's direction) to the Holder on or prior to the later of (x) the second (2nd) Trading Day after the date of such request and (y) the date of consummation of such Fundamental Transaction; provided, however, that if the Fundamental Transaction is not within the Company's control, including in the event that such Fundamental Transaction is not approved by the board of directors of the Company, the Holder shall only be entitled to receive from the Company or any Successor Entity the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Common Stock of the Company in connection with the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration be in the form of cash, stock or any combination thereof, or whether the holders of Common Stock are given the choice to receive from among alternative forms of consideration in connection with the Fundamental Transaction; provided, further, that if holders of Common Stock of the Company are not offered or paid any consideration in such Fundamental Transaction, such holders of Common Stock will be deemed to have received common stock of the Successor Entity (which such Successor Entity may be the Company following such Fundamental Transaction) in such Fundamental Transaction.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) <u>Application</u>. The provisions of this Section 4 shall apply similarly and equally to successive Fundamental Transactions and Corporate Events and shall be applied as if this Warrant (and any such subsequent warrants) were fully exercisable and without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant (provided that the Holder shall continue to be entitled to the benefit of the Maximum Percentage, applied however with respect to shares of capital stock registered under the 1934 Act and thereafter receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (or any such other warrant)).

5. <u>NONCIRCUMVENTION</u>. The Company hereby covenants and agrees that the Company will not, by amendment of its Certificate of Incorporation (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement), Bylaws (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, scheme of arrangement, dissolution, issuance or sale of securities, or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, and will at all times in good faith carry out all the provisions of this Warrant and take all action as may be required to protect the rights of the Holder. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company (a) shall not increase the par value of any shares of Common Stock receivable upon the exercise of this Warrant above the Exercise Price then in effect, and (b) shall take all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of this Warrant. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if after the sixty (60) calendar day anniversary of the Issuance Date, the Holder is not permitted to exercise this Warrant in full for any reason (other than pursuant to restrictions set forth in Section 1(f) hereof), the Company shall use its best efforts to promptly remedy such failure, including, without limitation, obtaining such consents or approvals as necessary to permit such exercise into shares of Common Stock.

6. <u>WARRANT HOLDER NOT DEEMED A STOCKHOLDER</u>. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, the Holder, solely in its capacity as a holder of this Warrant, shall not be entitled to vote or receive dividends or be deemed the holder of capital stock of the Company for any purpose, nor shall anything contained in this Warrant be construed to confer upon the Holder, solely in its capacity as the Holder of this Warrant, any of the rights of a stockholder of the Company or any right to vote, give or withhold consent to any corporate action (whether any reorganization, issue of stock, reclassification of stock, consolidation, merger, conveyance or otherwise), receive notice of meetings, receive dividends or subscription rights, or otherwise, prior to the issuance to the Holder of the Warrant Shares which it is then entitled to receive upon the due exercise of this Warrant. In addition, nothing contained in this Warrant shall be construed as imposing any liabilities on the Holder to purchase any securities (upon exercise of this Warrant or otherwise) or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liabilities are asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company. Notwithstanding this Section 6, the Company shall provide the Holder with copies of the same notices and other information given to the stockholders of the Company generally, contemporaneously with the giving thereof to the stockholders; provided that the Company shall have no such obligation to the extent such information is filed with the SEC through EDGAR and are available to the public through the EDGAR system.

7. <u>REISSUANCE OF WARRANTS.</u>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Transfer of Warrant</u>. If this Warrant is to be transferred, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company, whereupon the Company will forthwith issue and deliver upon the order of the Holder a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)), registered as the Holder may request, representing the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares being transferred by the Holder and, if less than the total number of Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant is being transferred, a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)) to the Holder representing the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares not being transferred.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Lost, Stolen or Mutilated Warrant</u>. Upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant (as to which a written certification and the indemnification contemplated below shall suffice as such evidence), and, in the case of loss, theft or destruction, of any indemnification undertaking by the Holder to the Company in customary and reasonable form and, in the case of mutilation, upon surrender and cancellation of this Warrant, the Company shall execute and deliver to the Holder a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)) representing the right to purchase the Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Exchangeable for Multiple Warrants</u>. This Warrant is exchangeable, upon the surrender hereof by the Holder at the principal office of the Company, for a new Warrant or Warrants (in accordance with Section 7(d)) representing in the aggregate the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant, and each such new Warrant will represent the right to purchase such portion of such Warrant Shares as is designated by the Holder at the time of such surrender; provided, however, no warrants for fractional shares of Common Stock shall be given.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) <u>Issuance of New Warrants</u>. Whenever the Company is required to issue a new Warrant pursuant to the terms of this Warrant, such new Warrant (i) shall be of like tenor with this Warrant, (ii) shall represent, as indicated on the face of such new Warrant, the right to purchase the Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant (or in the case of a new Warrant being issued pursuant to Section 7(a) or Section 7(c), the Warrant Shares designated by the Holder which, when added to the number of shares of Common Stock underlying the other new Warrants issued in connection with such issuance, does not exceed the number of Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant), (iii) shall have an issuance date, as indicated on the face of such new Warrant which is the same as the Issuance Date, and (iv) shall have the same rights and conditions as this Warrant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) <u>Representation by the Holder</u>. The Holder, by the acceptance hereof, represents and warrants that it is acquiring this Warrant and, upon any exercise hereof, will acquire the Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise, for its own account and not with a view to or for distributing or reselling such Warrant Shares or any part thereof in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law, except pursuant to sales registered or exempted under the Securities Act.

8. <u>NOTICES</u>. Whenever notice is required to be given under this Warrant, unless otherwise provided herein, such notice shall be given in accordance with Section 9(f) of the Securities Purchase Agreement. The Company shall provide the Holder with prompt written notice of all actions taken pursuant to this Warrant (other than the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise in accordance with the terms hereof), including in reasonable detail a description of such action and the reason therefor. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will give written notice to the Holder (i) immediately upon each adjustment of the Exercise Price and the number of Warrant Shares, setting forth in reasonable detail, and certifying, the calculation of such adjustment(s), (ii) at least fifteen (15) days prior to the date on which the Company closes its books or takes a record (A) with respect to any dividend or distribution upon the Common Stock, (B) with respect to any grants, issuances or sales of any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property to holders of Common Stock or (C) for determining rights to vote with respect to any Fundamental Transaction, dissolution or liquidation, provided in each case that such information shall be made known to the public prior to or in conjunction with such notice being provided to the Holder, and (iii) at least ten (10) Trading Days prior to the consummation of any Fundamental Transaction. To the extent that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the SEC (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K. If the Company or any of its Subsidiaries provides material non-public information to the Holder that is not simultaneously filed in a Current Report on Form 8-K and the Holder has not agreed to receive such material non-public information, the Company hereby covenants and agrees that the Holder shall not have any duty of confidentiality to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective officers, directors, employees, affiliates or agents with respect to, or a duty to any of the foregoing not to trade on the basis of, such material non-public information. It is expressly understood and agreed that the time of execution specified by the Holder in each Exercise Notice shall be definitive and may not be disputed or challenged by the Company.

9. <u>DISCLOSURE</u>. Upon delivery by the Company to the Holder (or receipt by the Company from the Holder) of any notice in accordance with the terms of this Warrant, unless the Company has in good faith determined that the matters relating to such notice do not constitute material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company shall on or prior to 9:00 am, New York City time on the Business Day immediately following such notice delivery date, publicly disclose such material, non-public information on a Current Report on Form 8-K or otherwise. In the event that the Company believes that a notice contains material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company so shall indicate to the Holder explicitly in writing in such notice (or immediately upon receipt of notice from the Holder, as applicable), and in the absence of any such written indication in such notice (or notification from the Company immediately upon receipt of notice from the Holder), the Holder shall be entitled to presume that information contained in the notice does not constitute material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Nothing contained in this Section 9 shall limit any obligations of the Company, or any rights of the Holder, under Section 4(i) of the Securities Purchase Agreement.

10. <u>ABSENCE OF TRADING AND DISCLOSURE RESTRICTIONS</u>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Holder is not a fiduciary or agent of the Company and that the Holder shall have no obligation to (a) maintain the confidentiality of any information provided by the Company or (b) refrain from trading any securities while in possession of such information in the absence of a written non-disclosure agreement signed by an officer of the Holder that explicitly provides for such confidentiality and trading restrictions. In the absence of such an executed, written non-disclosure agreement, the Company acknowledges that the Holder may freely trade in any securities issued by the Company, may possess and use any information provided by the Company in connection with such trading activity, and may disclose any such information to any third party.

11. <u>AMENDMENT AND WAIVER</u>. Except as otherwise provided herein, the provisions of this Warrant (other than Section 1(f)) may be amended and the Company may take any action herein prohibited, or omit to perform any act herein required to be performed by it, only if the Company has obtained the written consent of the Holder. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by an authorized representative of the waiving party.

12. <u>SEVERABILITY</u>. If any provision of this Warrant is prohibited by law or otherwise determined to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the provision that would otherwise be prohibited, invalid or unenforceable shall be deemed amended to apply to the broadest extent that it would be valid and enforceable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of such provision shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this Warrant so long as this Warrant as so modified continues to express, without material change, the original intentions of the parties as to the subject matter hereof and the prohibited nature, invalidity or unenforceability of the provision(s) in question does not substantially impair the respective expectations or reciprocal obligations of the parties or the practical realization of the benefits that would otherwise be conferred upon the parties. The parties will endeavor in good faith negotiations to replace the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s) with a valid provision(s), the effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s).

13. <u>GOVERNING LAW</u>. This Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with, and all questions concerning the construction, validity, interpretation and performance of this Warrant shall be governed by, the internal laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of New York or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of New York. The Company hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof to the Company at the address set forth in Section 9(f) of the Securities Purchase Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. The Company hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed or operate to preclude the Holder from bringing suit or taking other legal action against the Company in any other jurisdiction to collect on the Company's obligations to the Holder, to realize on any collateral or any other security for such obligations, or to enforce a judgment or other court ruling in favor of the Holder. **THE COMPANY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS WARRANT OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.**

14. <u>CONSTRUCTION; HEADINGS</u>. This Warrant shall be deemed to be jointly drafted by the Company and the Holder and shall not be construed against any Person as the drafter hereof. The headings of this Warrant are for convenience of reference and shall not form part of, or affect the interpretation of, this Warrant. Terms used in this Warrant but defined in the other Transaction Documents shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms on the Closing Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) in such other Transaction Documents unless otherwise consented to in writing by the Holder.

15. <u>DISPUTE RESOLUTION</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Submission to Dispute Resolution</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) In the case of a dispute relating to the Exercise Price, the Closing Sale Price, the Bid Price, Black Scholes Consideration Value, Black Scholes Value or fair market value or the arithmetic calculation of the number of Warrant Shares (as the case may be) (including, without limitation, a dispute relating to the determination of any of the foregoing), the Company or the Holder (as the case may be) shall submit the dispute to the other party via facsimile (A) if by the Company, within two (2) Business Days after the occurrence of the circumstances giving rise to such dispute or (B) if by the Holder, at any time after the Holder learned of the circumstances giving rise to such dispute. If the Holder and the Company are unable to promptly resolve such dispute relating to such Exercise Price, such Closing Sale Price, such Bid Price, such Black Scholes Consideration Value, Black Scholes Value or such fair market value or such arithmetic calculation of the number of Warrant Shares (as the case may be), at any time after the second (2nd) Business Day following such initial notice by the Company or the Holder (as the case may be) of such dispute to the Company or the Holder (as the case may be), then the Holder may, at its sole option, select an independent, reputable investment bank to resolve such dispute.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) The Holder and the Company shall each deliver to such investment bank (A) a copy of the initial dispute submission so delivered in accordance with the first sentence of this Section 15 and (B) written documentation supporting its position with respect to such dispute, in each case, no later than 5:00 p.m. (New York time) by the fifth (5th) Business Day immediately following the date on which the Holder selected such investment bank (the "**Dispute Submission Deadline**") (the documents referred to in the immediately preceding clauses (A) and (B) are collectively referred to herein as the "**Required Dispute Documentation**") (it being understood and agreed that if either the Holder or the Company fails to so deliver all of the Required Dispute Documentation by the Dispute Submission Deadline, then the party who fails to so submit all of the Required Dispute Documentation shall no longer be entitled to (and hereby waives its right to) deliver or submit any written documentation or other support to such investment bank with respect to such dispute and such investment bank shall resolve such dispute based solely on the Required Dispute Documentation that was delivered to such investment bank prior to the Dispute Submission Deadline). Unless otherwise agreed to in writing by both the Company and the Holder or otherwise requested by such investment bank, neither the Company nor the Holder shall be entitled to deliver or submit any written documentation or other support to such investment bank in connection with such dispute (other than the Required Dispute Documentation).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) The Company and the Holder shall cause such investment bank to determine the resolution of such dispute and notify the Company and the Holder of such resolution no later than ten (10) Business Days immediately following the Dispute Submission Deadline. The fees and expenses of such investment bank shall be borne solely by the Company, and such investment bank's resolution of such dispute shall be final and binding upon all parties absent manifest error.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Miscellaneous</u>. The Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that (i) this Section 15 constitutes an agreement to arbitrate between the Company and the Holder (and constitutes an arbitration agreement) under the rules then in effect under § 7501, et seq. of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules ("**CPLR**") and that the Holder is authorized to apply for an order to compel arbitration pursuant to CPLR § 7503(a) in order to compel compliance with this Section 15, (ii) the terms of this Warrant and each other applicable Transaction Document shall serve as the basis for the selected investment bank's resolution of the applicable dispute, such investment bank shall be entitled (and is hereby expressly authorized) to make all findings, determinations and the like that such investment bank determines are required to be made by such investment bank in connection with its resolution of such dispute, (iii) the Holder (and only the Holder), in its sole discretion, shall have the right to submit any dispute described in this Section 15 to any state or federal court sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan in lieu of utilizing the procedures set forth in this Section 15 and (iv) nothing in this Section 15 shall limit the Holder from obtaining any injunctive relief or other equitable remedies (including, without limitation, with respect to any matters described in this Section 15).

16. <u>REMEDIES, CHARACTERIZATION, OTHER OBLIGATIONS, BREACHES AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF</u>. The remedies provided in this Warrant shall be cumulative and in addition to all other remedies available under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents, at law or in equity (including a decree of specific performance and/or other injunctive relief), and nothing herein shall limit the right of the Holder to pursue actual and consequential damages for any failure by the Company to comply with the terms of this Warrant. The Company covenants to the Holder that there shall be no characterization concerning this instrument other than as expressly provided herein. Amounts set forth or provided for herein with respect to payments, exercises and the like (and the computation thereof) shall be the amounts to be received by the Holder and shall not, except as expressly provided herein, be subject to any other obligation of the Company (or the performance thereof). The Company acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations hereunder will cause irreparable harm to the Holder and that the remedy at law for any such breach may be inadequate. The Company therefore agrees that, in the event of any such breach or threatened breach, the holder of this Warrant shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to specific performance and/or temporary, preliminary and permanent injunctive or other equitable relief from any court of competent jurisdiction in any such case without the necessity of proving actual damages and without posting a bond or other security. The Company shall provide all information and documentation to the Holder that is requested by the Holder to enable the Holder to confirm the Company's compliance with the terms and conditions of this Warrant (including, without limitation, compliance with Section 2 hereof). The issuance of shares and certificates for shares as contemplated hereby upon the exercise of this Warrant shall be made without charge to the Holder or such shares for any issuance tax or other costs in respect thereof, provided that the Company shall not be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issuance and delivery of any certificate in a name other than the Holder or its agent on its behalf.

17. <u>PAYMENT OF COLLECTION, ENFORCEMENT AND OTHER COSTS</u>. If (a) this Warrant is placed in the hands of an attorney for collection or enforcement or is collected or enforced through any legal proceeding or the holder otherwise takes action to collect amounts due under this Warrant or to enforce the provisions of this Warrant or (b) there occurs any bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership of the company or other proceedings affecting company creditors' rights and involving a claim under this Warrant, then the Company shall pay the costs incurred by the Holder for such collection, enforcement or action or in connection with such bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership or other proceeding, including, without limitation, attorneys' fees and disbursements.

18. <u>TRANSFER</u>. This Warrant may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without the consent of the Company, except as may otherwise be required by Section 2(g) of the Securities Purchase Agreement and applicable securities laws.

19. <u>CERTAIN DEFINITIONS</u>. For purposes of this Warrant, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) "**1933 Act**" means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) "**1934 Act**" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) "**Adjustment Right**" means any right granted with respect to any securities issued in connection with, or with respect to, any issuance or sale (or deemed issuance or sale in accordance with Section 2) of Common Stock (other than rights of the type described in Section 3 and 4 hereof) that could result in a decrease in the net consideration received by the Company in connection with, or with respect to, such securities (including, without limitation, any cash settlement rights, cash adjustment or other similar rights).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) "**Affiliate**" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, such Person, it being understood for purposes of this definition that "control" of a Person means the power directly or indirectly either to vote 10% or more of the stock having ordinary voting power for the election of directors of such Person or direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such Person whether by contract or otherwise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) "**Attribution Parties**" means, collectively, the following Persons and entities: (i) any investment vehicle, including, any funds, feeder funds or managed accounts, currently, or from time to time after the Issuance Date, directly or indirectly managed or advised by the Holder's investment manager or any of its Affiliates or principals, (ii) any direct or indirect Affiliates of the Holder or any of the foregoing, (iii) any Person acting or who could be deemed to be acting as a Group together with the Holder or any of the foregoing and (iv) any other Persons whose beneficial ownership of the Company's Common Stock would or could be aggregated with the Holder's and the other Attribution Parties for purposes of Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act. For clarity, the purpose of the foregoing is to subject collectively the Holder and all other Attribution Parties to the Maximum Percentage.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) "**Bid Price**" means, for any security as of the particular time of determination, the bid price for such security on the Principal Market as reported by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal securities exchange or trading market for such security, the bid price of such security on the principal securities exchange or trading market where such security is listed or traded as reported by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, or if the foregoing does not apply, the bid price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security as reported by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, or, if no bid price is reported for such security by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, the average of the bid prices of any market makers for such security as reported in The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices) as of such time of determination. If the Bid Price cannot be calculated for a security as of the particular time of determination on any of the foregoing bases, the Bid Price of such security as of such time of determination shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 15. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) Black Scholes Consideration Value" means the value of the applicable Option, Convertible Security or Adjustment Right (as the case may be) as of the date of issuance thereof calculated using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the "OV" function on Bloomberg utilizing (i) an underlying price per share equal to the Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the public announcement of the execution of definitive documents with respect to the issuance of such Option or Convertible Security (as the case may be), (ii) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the remaining term of such Option, Convertible Security or Adjustment Right (as the case may be) as of the date of issuance of such Option, Convertible Security or Adjustment Right (as the case may be), (iii) a zero cost of borrow and (iv) an expected volatility equal to the 30 day volatility obtained from the "HVT" function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 365 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the date of issuance of such Option, Convertible Security or Adjustment Right (as the case may be).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h) "**Black Scholes Value**" means the value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant remaining on the date of the Holder's request pursuant to Section 4(c)(i), which value is calculated using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the "OV" function on Bloomberg utilizing (i) an underlying price per share equal to the greater of (1) the highest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock during the period beginning on the Trading Day immediately preceding the announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction (or the consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, if earlier) and ending on the Trading Day of the Holder's request pursuant to Section 4(c)(i) and (2) the sum of the price per share being offered in cash in the applicable Fundamental Transaction (if any) plus the value of the non-cash consideration being offered in the applicable Fundamental Transaction (if any), (ii) a strike price equal to the Exercise Price in effect on the date of the Holder's request pursuant to Section 4(c)(i), (iii) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the greater of (1) the remaining term of this Warrant as of the date of the Holder's request pursuant to Section 4(c)(i) and (2) the remaining term of this Warrant as of the date of consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction or as of the date of the Holder's request pursuant to Section 4(c)(i) if such request is prior to the date of the consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, (iv) a zero cost of borrow and (v) an expected volatility equal to the 30 day volatility obtained from the "HVT" function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 365 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the earliest to occur of (A) the public disclosure of the applicable Fundamental Transaction and (B) the date of the Holder's request pursuant to Section 4(c)(i).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) "**Bloomberg**" means Bloomberg, L.P.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(j) "**Business Day**" means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to "stay at home", "shelter-in-place", "non-essential employee" or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(k) "**Closing Sale Price**" means, for any security as of any date, the last closing trade price for such security on the Principal Market, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market begins to operate on an extended hours basis and does not designate the closing trade price, then the last trade price of such security prior to 4:00:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal securities exchange or trading market for such security, the last trade price of such security on the principal securities exchange or trading market where such security is listed or traded as reported by Bloomberg, or if the foregoing does not apply, the last trade price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no last trade price is reported for such security by Bloomberg, the average of the ask prices of any market makers for such security as reported in The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices). If the Closing Sale Price cannot be calculated for a security on a particular date on any of the foregoing bases, the Closing Sale Price of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 15. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(l) "**Common Stock**" means (i) the Company's shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and (ii) any capital stock into which such common stock shall have been changed or any capital stock resulting from a reclassification of such common stock.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(m) "**Convertible Securities**" means any stock or other security (other than Options) that is at any time and under any circumstances, directly or indirectly, convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, or which otherwise entitles the holder thereof to acquire, any Common Stock.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(n) "**Eligible Market**" means The New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Capital Market or the Principal Market.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(o) **[Reserved]**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(p) "**Event Market Price**" means, with respect to any Stock Combination Event Date, the lower of (i) the Exercise Price in effect immediately after such Stock Combination Event Date, and (ii) the lowest VWAP of the Common Stock during the eleven (11) Trading Period commencing on the fifth (5th) Trading Day immediately preceding the date of such Stock Combination Event and ending on the fifth (5th) Trading immediately following the Stock Combination Event. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction during such period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(o) "**Expiration Date**" means the date that is the fifth (5th) anniversary of the Issuance Date or, if such date falls on a day other than a Trading Day or on which trading does not take place on the Principal Market (a "**Holiday**"), the next date that is not a Holiday.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(q) "**Fundamental Transaction**" means (A) that the Company shall, directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, (i) consolidate or merge with or into (whether or not the Company is the surviving corporation) another Subject Entity, or (ii) sell, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the properties or assets of the Company or any of its "significant subsidiaries" (as defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) to one or more Subject Entities, or (iii) make, or allow one or more Subject Entities to make, or allow the Company to be subject to or have its Common Stock be subject to or party to one or more Subject Entities making, a purchase, tender or exchange offer that is accepted by the holders of at least either (x) 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (y) 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entities making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer were not outstanding; or (z) such number of shares of Common Stock such that all Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entity making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer, become collectively the beneficial owners (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the 1934 Act) of at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, or (iv) consummate a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with one or more Subject Entities whereby all such Subject Entities, individually or in the aggregate, acquire, either (x) at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (y) at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all the Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entity making or party to, such stock purchase agreement or other business combination were not outstanding; or (z) such number of shares of Common Stock such that the Subject Entities become collectively the beneficial owners (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the 1934 Act) of at least 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, or (v) reorganize, recapitalize or reclassify its Common Stock, (B) that the Company shall, directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, allow any Subject Entity individually or the Subject Entities in the aggregate to be or become the "beneficial owner" (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the 1934 Act), directly or indirectly, whether through acquisition, purchase, assignment, conveyance, tender, tender offer, exchange, reduction in outstanding shares of Common Stock, merger, consolidation, business combination, reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, scheme of arrangement, reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification or otherwise in any manner whatsoever, of either (x) at least 50% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock, (y) at least 50% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock not held by all such Subject Entities as of the date of this Warrant calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all such Subject Entities were not outstanding, or (z) a percentage of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock or other equity securities of the Company sufficient to allow such Subject Entities to effect a statutory short form merger or other transaction requiring other stockholders of the Company to surrender their shares of Common Stock without approval of the stockholders of the Company or (C) directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, the issuance of or the entering into any other instrument or transaction structured in a manner to circumvent, or that circumvents, the intent of this definition in which case this definition shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this definition to the extent necessary to correct this definition or any portion of this definition which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended treatment of such instrument or transaction.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(r) "**Group**" means a "group" as that term is used in Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act and as defined in Rule 13d-5 thereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(s) **[Reserved]**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(t) **[Reserved]**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(u) "**Options**" means any rights, warrants or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of Common Stock or Convertible Securities.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v) "**Parent Entity**" of a Person means an entity that, directly or indirectly, controls the applicable Person and whose common stock or equivalent equity security is quoted or listed on an Eligible Market, or, if there is more than one such Person or Parent Entity, the Person or Parent Entity with the largest public market capitalization as of the date of consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(w) "**Person**" means an individual, a limited liability company, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, a trust, an unincorporated organization, any other entity or a government or any department or agency thereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(x) "**Principal Market**" means the Nasdaq Capital Market.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(y) "**Registration Rights Agreement**" means that certain registration rights agreement, dated as of the Closing Date, by and among the Company and the Buyers of the Preferred Shares and SPA Warrants relating to, among other things, the registration of the resale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Certificate of Designations and exercise of the SPA Warrants, as may be amended from time to time.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(z) "**SEC**" means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or the successor thereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(aa) "**Subject Entity**" means any Person, Persons or Group or any Affiliate or associate of any such Person, Persons or Group.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ab) "**Successor Entity**" means the Person (or, if so elected by the Holder, the Parent Entity) formed by, resulting from or surviving any Fundamental Transaction or the Person (or, if so elected by the Holder, the Parent Entity) with which such Fundamental Transaction shall have been entered into.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ac) "**Trading Day**" means, as applicable, (x) with respect to all price or trading volume determinations relating to the Common Stock, any day on which the Common Stock is traded on the Principal Market, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for the Common Stock, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which the Common Stock is then traded, provided that "Trading Day" shall not include any day on which the Common Stock is scheduled to trade on such exchange or market for less than 4.5 hours or any day that the Common Stock is suspended from trading during the final hour of trading on such exchange or market (or if such exchange or market does not designate in advance the closing time of trading on such exchange or market, then during the hour ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time) unless such day is otherwise designated as a Trading Day in writing by the Holder or (y) with respect to all determinations other than price or trading volume determinations relating to the Common Stock, any day on which The New York Stock Exchange (or any successor thereto) is open for trading of securities.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ad) **[Reserved]**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ae) "**VWAP**" means, for any security as of any date, the dollar volume-weighted average price for such security on the Principal Market (or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for such security, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which such security is then traded), during the period beginning at 9:30 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg through its "VAP" function (set to 09:30 start time and 16:00 end time) or, if the foregoing does not apply, the dollar volume-weighted average price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security during the period beginning at 9:30 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no dollar volume-weighted average price is reported for such security by Bloomberg for such hours, the average of the highest closing bid price and the lowest closing ask price of any of the market makers for such security as reported in The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices). If the VWAP cannot be calculated for such security on such date on any of the foregoing bases, the VWAP of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 15. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction during such period.

[*signature page follows*]

**IN WITNESS WHEREOF,** the Company has caused this Warrant to Purchase Common Stock to be duly executed as of the Issuance Date set out above.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **SYNAPTOGENIX, INC.** | **SYNAPTOGENIX, INC.** | **SYNAPTOGENIX, INC.** |
| By: |  |  |
|  | Name: | Robert Weinstein |
|  | Title: | Chief Financial Officer |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**EXHIBIT A**

**EXERCISE NOTICE**

**TO BE EXECUTED BY THE REGISTERED HOLDER TO EXERCISE THIS**

**WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK**

**SYNAPTOGENIX, INC.**

The undersigned holder hereby elects to exercise the Warrant to Purchase Common Stock No.________ (the "**Warrant**") of SYNAPTOGENIX, INC., a Delaware corporation (the "**Company**"), as specified below. Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the respective meanings set forth in the Warrant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <u>Form of Exercise Price</u>. The Holder intends that payment of the Aggregate Exercise Price shall be made as:

◻ a "<u>Cash Exercise</u>" with respect to _________________ Warrant Shares; and/or

◻ a "<u>Cashless Exercise</u>" with respect to _______________ Warrant Shares.

In the event that the Holder has elected a Cashless Exercise with respect to some or all of the Warrant Shares to be issued pursuant hereto, the Holder hereby represents and warrants that (i) this Exercise Notice was executed by the Holder at __________ [a.m.][p.m.] on the date set forth below and (ii) if applicable, the Bid Price as of such time of execution of this Exercise Notice was $________.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <u>Payment of Exercise Price</u>. In the event that the Holder has elected a Cash Exercise with respect to some or all of the Warrant Shares to be issued pursuant hereto, the Holder shall pay the Aggregate Exercise Price in the sum of $___________________ to the Company in accordance with the terms of the Warrant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <u>Delivery of Warrant Shares</u>. The Company shall deliver to Holder, or its designee or agent as specified below, __________ shares of Common Stock in accordance with the terms of the Warrant. Delivery shall be made to Holder, or for its benefit, as follows:

◻ Check here if requesting delivery as a certificate to the following name and to the following address:

Issue to:

◻ Check here if requesting delivery by Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian as follows:

DTC Participant:   <br> DTC Number:   <br> Account Number:  

Date: ___________________________ __, __

---

| |
|:---|
| Name of Registered Holder |
| By: |
| Name: |
| Title: |

---

Tax ID:

Facsimile:  

E-mail Address:  

**EXHIBIT B**

**ACKNOWLEDGMENT**

The Company hereby acknowledges this Exercise Notice and hereby directs ______________ to issue the above indicated number of shares of Common Stock in accordance with the Transfer Agent Instructions dated _________, 202_, from the Company and acknowledged and agreed to by _______________.

---

| |
|:---|
| SYNAPTOGENIX, INC. |
| By: |
| Name: |
| Title: |

---

## Exhibit 5.1

**Exhibit 5.1**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![](tm2520096d1_ex4-3img001.jpg) | 919 Third Avenue<br> New York, NY 10022<br> 212 935 3000<br> mintz.com |

---

July 11, 2025

TAO Synergies Inc.

1185 Avenue of the Americas, 3rd Floor

New York, New York 10036

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as counsel to TAO Synergies Inc. (the "Company") in connection with the filing by the Company of a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (as amended, the "Registration Statement") with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") relating to the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), of the offering from time to time by the selling stockholders, as described in the Registration Statement, of up to 5,044,850 shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Common Stock"), including (i) 1,919,016 shares of Common Stock (the "Conversion Shares") that are issuable upon conversion of the Company's Series D convertible preferred stock (the "Preferred Shares") and (ii) 3,125,833 shares of Common Stock (the "Warrant Shares") issuable upon the exercise of warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the "Warrants"). The terms of the Preferred Shares are set forth in the Certificate of Designations of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company (the "Certificate of Designations"). The Preferred Shares and Warrants were issued (a) to certain accredited investors pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 9, 2025, (b) to a consultant pursuant to a Consulting Agreement dated June 8, 2025 by and among the Company, James Altucher and Z-List Media, Inc. and (c) to GP Nurmenkari Inc. as consideration for placement agent services pursuant to engagement letters.

In connection with this opinion, we have examined the Certificate of Designations, the Company's Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, each as currently in effect; such other records of the corporate proceedings of the Company and certificates of the Company's officers as we have deemed relevant; and the Registration Statement and the exhibits thereto.

In our examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies and the authenticity of the originals of such copies, and the truth and correctness of any representations and warranties contained therein. As to questions of fact material to this opinion, we have relied upon certificates or comparable documents of public officials and of officers and representatives of the Company.

Our opinion is limited to the general corporate laws of the State of New York and we express no opinion with respect to the laws of any other jurisdiction. No opinion is expressed herein with respect to the qualification of the Conversion Shares and Warrants under the securities or blue sky laws of any state or any foreign jurisdiction.

Based upon the foregoing and subject to the qualifications and assumptions stated herein, we are of the following opinion:

(1) The Conversion Shares, when delivered in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Designations, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

(2) The Warrant Shares, when delivered and paid for in accordance with the terms of the Warrants, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

Please note that we are opining only as to the matters expressly set forth herein, and no opinion should be inferred as to any other matters. This opinion is based upon currently existing statutes, rules, regulations and judicial decisions, and we disclaim any obligation to advise you of any change in any of these sources of law or subsequent legal or factual developments which might affect any matters or opinions set forth herein.

We understand that you wish to file this opinion with the Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act and to reference the firm's name under the caption "Legal Matters" in the prospectus which forms part of the Registration Statement, and we hereby consent thereto. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.

---

| |
|:---|
| Very truly yours, |
| /s/ Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. |
| Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. |

---

## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form S-3 of our report dated March 27, 2025, relating to the financial statements, which appear in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of TAO Synergies Inc. (formerly Synaptogenix, Inc.) for the year ended December 31, 2024. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading "Experts" in such Registration Statement.

/s/ Stephano Slack LLC

Wayne, Pennsylvania

July 11, 2025

## Exhibit 23.2

**Exhibit 23.2**

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 001-40458) of our report dated April 1, 2024 with respect to our audit of the financial statements of Synaptogenix, Inc. as of December 31, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2023, and to the reference to us under the caption "Experts."

/s/ Morison Cogen LLP

Blue Bell, Pennsylvania

July 11, 2025

## Ex-Filing

**Exhibit 107**

**Calculation of Filing Fee Table**

**Form S-3**<br> (Form Type)

**TAO Synergies Inc.**<br> (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

**Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities**

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Security Type** | **Security<br> Class<br> Title** | **Fee<br> Calculation<br> or Carry<br> Forward Rule** | **Amount<br> Registered (1)** | **Proposed<br> Maximum<br> Offering Price<br> Per Unit (2)** | **Maximum<br> Aggregate<br> Offering<br> Price (2)** | **Fee Rate** | **Amount of<br> Registration<br> Fee(1)(2)** |
| **Fees to Be Paid** | Equity | Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, underlying shares of Series D convertible preferred stock | 457(c) | 1919016 | $7.48 | $14354239.68 | $0.00015310 | $2197.63 |
|  | Equity | Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, underlying Investor Warrants | 457(c) | 1833333 | $7.48 | $13713330.84 | $0.00015310 | $2099.51 |
|  | Equity | Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, underlying Consultant Warrants | 457(c) | 1200000 | $7.48 | $8976000 | $0.00015310 | $1374.23 |
|  | Equity | Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, underlying Placement Agent Warrants | 457(c) | 92500 | $7.48 | $691900 | $0.00015310 | $105.93 |
| **Fees Previously Paid** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Total Offering Amounts** | **Total Offering Amounts** | **Total Offering Amounts** | **Total Offering Amounts** |  | $37735470.52 |  |  |
|  | **Total Fees Previously Paid** | **Total Fees Previously Paid** | **Total Fees Previously Paid** | **Total Fees Previously Paid** |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Total Fee Offsets** | **Total Fee Offsets** | **Total Fee Offsets** | **Total Fee Offsets** |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Net Fee Due** | **Net Fee Due** | **Net Fee Due** | **Net Fee Due** |  |  |  | $5777.30 |

---

(1) This Registration Statement registers 5,044,850 shares of common stock,
par value $0.0001 per share (the "Common Stock"), of TAO Synergies Inc. (the "Company"), issuable upon (i) the
conversion of shares of Series D convertible preferred stock, (ii) exercise of warrants (the "Investor Warrants") that
were sold in a private placement, (iii) exercise of warrants that were issued to a consultant (the "Consultant Warrants")
pursuant to that certain Consulting Agreement dated June 8, 2025, by and among the Company, James Altucher and Z-List Media, Inc.,
and (iv) exercise of warrants that were issued pursuant to the engagement letters between the Company and GP Nurmenkari Inc. as consideration
for placement agent services in connection with the Offering and the 2024 Private Placement (the "Placement Agent Warrants").

(2) Estimated in accordance with Rule 457(c) solely for purposes of calculating the registration fee on the basis of the average of the high and low prices of the Common Stock as reported on The Nasdaq Capital Market on July 9, 2025, a date within five business days prior to filing this Registration Statement.