# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000805267
**File Stem:** 0001104659-25-119339
**Filing Date:** 2025-12
**Character Count:** 573128
**Document Hash:** 2c63dda43940a51e3e57a1f6e4fca609
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001104659-25-119339.hdr.sgml**: 20251208

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001104659-25-119339

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: N-CSR

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 15

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251208

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251208

**EFFECTIVENESS DATE**: 20251208

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** abrdn Healthcare Investors
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000805267

**ORGANIZATION NAME:**
- **EIN:** 046564285
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** MA
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 0930

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** N-CSR
- **SEC ACT:** 1940 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 811-04889
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251556720

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 1900 MARKET STREET
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 200
- **CITY:** PHILADELPHIA
- **STATE:** PA
- **ZIP:** 19103
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 6177728515

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 1900 MARKET STREET
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 200
- **CITY:** PHILADELPHIA
- **STATE:** PA
- **ZIP:** 19103

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** TEKLA HEALTHCARE INVESTORS
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20141015

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** H&Q HEALTHCARE INVESTORS
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 19920703

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

**FORM N-CSR**

**CERTIFIED SHAREHOLDER REPORT OF REGISTERED MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Investment Company Act file number: | 811-04889 |
| Exact name of registrant as specified in charter: | abrdn Healthcare Investors |
| Address of principal executive offices: | 1900 Market Street, Suite 200 |
|  | Philadelphia, PA 19103 |
| Name and address of agent for service: | Sharon Ferrari |
|  | abrdn Inc. |
|  | 1900 Market Street Suite 200 |
|  | Philadelphia, PA 19103 |
| Registrant's telephone number, including area code: | 1-800-522-5465 |
| Date of fiscal year end: | September 30 |
| Date of reporting period: | September 30, 2025 |

---

**Item 1. Reports to Stockholders.**

(a) ![](tm2527059d11hqhreporti001.gif)

![](tm2527059d11hqhreporti002.gif)

## abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH)

### Annual Report
September 30, 2025

aberdeeninvestments.com

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### Managed Distribution Policy (unaudited)<br>

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The Board of Trustees (the "Board") of the abrdn Healthcare Investors (the "Fund") has authorized a managed distribution policy ("MDP") of paying quarterly distributions at an annual rate, set once a year, that is a percentage of the rolling average of the Fund's net asset values over the preceding three month period ending on the last day of the month immediately preceding the distribution's declaration date (the "Distribution Policy"). The Distribution Policy is subject to regular review by the Board. The Distribution Policy seeks to provide investors with a distribution out of current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid-in capital.

With each distribution, the Fund will issue a notice to shareholders and an accompanying press release which will provide detailed information regarding the estimated amount and composition of the distribution and other information required by the Fund's MDP exemptive order. The Board may amend or terminate the MDP at any time without prior notice to shareholders; however, at this time, there are no reasonably foreseeable circumstances that might cause the termination of the MDP. You should not draw any conclusions about the Fund's investment performance from the amount of distributions or from the terms of the Fund's MDP.

### Distribution Disclosure Classification (unaudited)<br>

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The Fund's policy is to provide investors with a stable distribution rate. Each quarterly distribution will be paid out of current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid-in capital.

The Fund is subject to U.S. corporate, tax and securities laws. Under U.S. tax rules, the amount applicable to the Fund and character of distributable income for each fiscal period depends on the actual exchange rates during the entire year between the U.S. Dollar and the currencies in which the Fund's assets are denominated and on the aggregate gains and losses realized by the Fund during the entire year.

Therefore, the exact amount of distributable income for each fiscal year can only be determined as of the end of the Fund's fiscal year, September 30. Under Section 19 of the Investment Company Act of

1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"), the Fund is required to indicate the sources of certain distributions to shareholders. The estimated distribution composition may vary from quarter to quarter because it may be materially impacted by future income, expenses and realized gains and losses on securities and fluctuations in the value of the currencies in which the Fund assets are denominated.

The distributions for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 consisted of 95% net investment income, 1% net realized gains and 4% return of capital.

In January 2026, a Form 1099-DIV will be sent to shareholders, which will state the final amount and composition of distributions and provide information with respect to their appropriate tax treatment for the 2025 calendar year.

abrdn Healthcare Investors

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Letter to Shareholders (unaudited)

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Dear Shareholder,

We present the Annual Report, which covers the activities of abrdn Healthcare Investors (the "Fund"), for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025. The Fund's investment objective is to seek long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in equity and related securities (including securities subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale) of U.S. and foreign companies principally engaged in the healthcare industries ("Healthcare Companies"). In addition, the Fund seeks to provide regular distribution of realized capital gains.

#### Total Investment Return<sup>1</sup>
For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the total return to shareholders of the Fund based on the net asset value ("NAV") and market price of the Fund, respectively, compared to the Fund's benchmark, is as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;NAV<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup> | 10.90% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Market Price<sup>2</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;13.47% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;80% Nasdaq Biotechnology Index, 20% S&P Composite 1500 Health Care Index<sup>4</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.05% |

---

For more information about Fund performance, please visit the Fund on the web at www.aberdeenhqh.com. Here, you can view quarterly commentary on the Fund's performance, monthly fact sheets, distribution and performance information, and other Fund literature.

#### NAV, Market Price and Premium(+)/Discount(-)
The below table represents a comparison between the current fiscal year end and the prior fiscal year end of the Fund's market price to NAV and associated Premium(+) and Discount(-).

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **NAV** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Closing<br> Market<br> Price** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Premium(+)/<br> Discount(-)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;9/30/2025 | $19.70 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$18.46 | &nbsp;&nbsp;-6.29% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;9/30/2024 | $20.32 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$18.62 | &nbsp;&nbsp;-8.37% |

---

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund's NAV was within a range of $15.74 to $20.69 and the Fund's market price traded within a range of $14.14 to $18.73. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund's shares traded within a range of a premium(+)/discount(-) of -12.77% to -5.01%.

#### Aberdeen Name Change
On March 4, 2025, abrdn plc, the parent company of the Fund's adviser, announced that it would change its name, and from that date, will use `Aberdeen' as the principal trading identity for its Investments business. On March 12, 2025, abrdn plc completed the steps to legally change its name to Aberdeen Group plc. Aberdeen has retained `abrdn' as an operational abbreviation across its subsidiary legal entities (including the Fund's adviser, fund names and descriptors).

#### Managed Distribution Policy
The Fund has a managed distribution policy of paying quarterly distributions at an annual rate, set by the Board of Trustees (the "Board") once a year, as a percentage of the rolling average of the Fund's NAV over the preceding three month period ending on the last day of the month immediately preceding the distribution's declaration date. On March 11, 2025, the Board determined the rolling distribution rate to be 12% for the 12-month period commencing with the distribution payable in June 2025. This policy will be subject to regular review by the Board. The distributions will be made from current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid-in capital, which is a nontaxable return of capital.

On November 11, 2025, the Fund announced that it will pay on January 12, 2026, a stock distribution of US $0.57 per share to all shareholders of record as of November 21, 2025. This stock distribution will automatically be paid in newly issued shares of the Fund unless otherwise instructed by the shareholder. Shares of common stock will be issued at the lower of the NAV per share or the market price per share with a floor for the NAV of not less than 95% of the market price. Fractional shares will generally be settled in cash, except for registered shareholders with book entry accounts at Computershare Investor Services who will have whole and fractional shares added to their account.

{foots1}

<sup>1</sup> Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Investment returns and principal value will fluctuate and shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than original cost. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance quoted. NAV return data include investment management fees, custodial charges and administrative fees (such as Trustee and legal fees) and assumes the reinvestment of all distributions.

{foots1}

<sup>2</sup> Assuming the reinvestment of dividends and distributions.

{foots1}

<sup>3</sup> The Fund's total return is based on the reported NAV for each financial reporting period end and may differ from what is reported on the Financial Highlights due to financial statement rounding or adjustments.

{foots1}

<sup>4</sup> The NASDAQ Biotechnology Index is an unmanaged stock market index made up of securities of NASDAQ-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as either the Biotechnology or the Pharmaceutical industry. The S&P Composite 1500<sup>®</sup> Health Care Index is an unmanaged index that comprises those companies included in the S&P Composite 1500 that are classified as members of the GICS<sup>®</sup> Health Care sector. Indexes are unmanaged and have been provided for comparison purposes only. No fees or expenses are reflected. You cannot invest directly in an index.

abrdn Healthcare Investors<sub>1</sub>

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Letter to Shareholders (unaudited) (continued)

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Shareholders may request to be paid their quarterly distributions in cash instead of shares of common stock by providing advance notice to the bank, brokerage or nominee who holds their shares if the shares are in "street name" or by filling out in advance an election card received from Computershare Investor Services if the shares are in registered form.

The Fund is covered under exemptive relief received by the Fund's investment manager from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") that allows the Fund to distribute long-term capital gains as frequently as quarterly in any one taxable year.

#### Unclaimed Share Accounts
Please be advised that abandoned or unclaimed property laws for certain states require financial organizations to transfer (escheat) unclaimed property (including Fund shares) to the state. Each state has its own definition of unclaimed property, and Fund shares could be considered "unclaimed property" due to account inactivity (e.g., no owner-generated activity for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned to the Fund's transfer agent as undeliverable), or a combination of both. If your Fund shares are categorized as unclaimed, your financial advisor or the Fund's transfer agent will follow the applicable state's statutory requirements to contact you, but if unsuccessful, laws may require that the shares be escheated to the appropriate state. If this happens, you will have to contact the state to recover your property, which may involve time and expense. For more information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account, please contact your financial adviser or the Fund's transfer agent.

#### Options Writing
In order to further support the increase in distribution rate for the Fund, the Fund employs a strategy of writing (selling) covered call options on a portion of the common stocks in its portfolio, writing (selling) put options on a portion of the common stocks in its portfolio and, to a lesser extent, writing (selling) covered call and writing (selling) put options on indices of securities and sectors of securities generally within the healthcare industry. This option strategy is intended to generate current income from option premiums as a means to enhance distributions payable to the Fund's shareholders. The Fund's investment team does not anticipate any adverse implications to the Fund's existing total return potential or risk profile as a result of the strategy; however, the investment adviser may choose to decrease or modify its use of the option writing strategy to the extent that it may negatively impact the Fund's ability to benefit from capital appreciation. The Fund currently expects that it will not write options on more than 10% of its assets.

#### Open Market Repurchase Program
The Board has approved an open market repurchase and discount management policy (the "Program"). The Program allows the Fund to purchase, in the open market for a one-year period ending

September 30, 2026, up to 12% of its outstanding common shares, with the amount and timing of any repurchase determined at the discretion of the Fund's investment adviser. Such purchases may be made opportunistically at certain discounts to NAV per share in the reasonable judgment of management based on historical discount levels and current market conditions. If shares are repurchased, the Fund reports repurchase activity on its website on a monthly basis. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund did not repurchase any shares through the Program.

On a quarterly basis, the Board will receive information on any transactions made pursuant to this policy during the prior quarter.

#### Portfolio Holdings Disclosure
The Fund's complete schedule of portfolio holdings for the second and fourth quarters of each fiscal year are included in the Fund's semi-annual and annual reports to shareholders. The Fund files its complete schedule of portfolio holdings with the SEC for the first and third quarters of each fiscal year as an exhibit to its reports on Form N-PORT. These reports are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. The Fund makes the information available to shareholders upon request and without charge by calling Investor Relations toll-free at 1-800-522-5465.

#### Proxy Voting
A description of the policies and procedures that the Fund uses to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities and information regarding how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available by August 31 of the relevant year: (1) upon request without charge by calling Investor Relations toll-free at 1-800-522-5465; and (2) on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

#### Investor Relations Information
As part of Aberdeen's commitment to shareholders, we invite you to visit the Fund on the web at www.aberdeenhqh.com. Here, you can view monthly fact sheets, quarterly commentary, distribution and performance information, as well as other Fund literature. Enroll in Aberdeen's email services to receive content related to your fund. In addition, you will receive monthly factsheets based on your preferences. Sign up today at www.aberdeenhqh.com.

Contact Us:

• Visit: www.aberdeenhqh.com

• Email: Investor.Relations@aberdeenplc.com; or

• Call: 1-800-522-5465 (toll free in the U.S.).

Yours sincerely,

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **2** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Letter to Shareholders (unaudited) (concluded)

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/s/ Alan Goodson<br> **Alan Goodson**<br> President

{foots1}

#### All amounts are U.S. Dollars unless otherwise stated.
**abrdn Healthcare Investors** <sub>3</sub>

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Report of the Investment Adviser (unaudited)

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#### Performance Review
For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, HQH returned 10.90%<sup>1</sup> on a net asset value<sup>2</sup> (NAV) basis, compared with 1.05% for the Fund's blended performance target<sup>3</sup>. On a market–price basis for the same period, shares returned 13.47%. The positive outcome reflected stock selection driven primarily by a few investments, but additionally by a broad SMID–cap biotechnology rally and a constructive cadence of clinical and regulatory catalysts.

#### Market Review
U.S. stocks, as measured by the broad S&P 500 Index, posted strong gains over the 12 months ended September 30, 2025.

Global markets fluctuated over the review period amid monetary policy shifts, trade developments, and geopolitical tensions. The U.S. Federal Reserve cut rates twice in late 2024 and again in mid–2025, supporting sentiment alongside hopes for a soft landing and easing inflation. President Trump's election initially boosted equities, but optimism faded as tariff concerns and tighter immigration policies weighed on markets, leading to a sharp sell–off in April before rebounding after most tariffs were paused. Further support came from a U.S.–China tariff truce extension and new trade agreements with the EU and Japan, though optimism was tempered by steep new tariffs on pharmaceuticals and higher duties on several countries. Geopolitical risks, including Middle East violence, briefly pressured markets, but a U.S.–brokered ceasefire helped stabilize conditions. However, the partial shutdown of the U.S. government starting in September added to economic and political uncertainty. Inflation eased earlier in the year, but remaining above target, central banks maintained a data–dependent stance. Global economic growth held up better than expected, with early–2025 fears of a U.S. recession proving to be short–lived.

The performance of the U.S. healthcare sector notably lagged that of the S&P 500 Index over the period due to the sector's defensive nature. In addition, the nomination of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to run the Department of Health and Human Services affected the healthcare sector's returns shortly after the announcement. Subsequently, healthcare stocks faced headwinds from regulatory uncertainty, including proposed Medicaid work requirements and uncertainty in biotechnology regulation and funding. Although the Trump administration announced high tariffs on branded and patented pharmaceutical imports, the tariff rate implemented was lower than initially feared. Moreover, companies building manufacturing

facilities in the U.S. were exempted, which helped to limit the policy's perceived impact on the healthcare sector.

#### Portfolio Review
Allocation remained diversified across the healthcare ecosystem, with emphasis on therapeutics (biotech/biopharma) and diversified healthcare, complemented by select exposure to tools/diagnostics and med–tech. During the period we deliberately rotated down the market–cap spectrum within therapeutics—trimming select large–cap biopharma and reallocating to SMID–cap biotech—where we saw pronounced relative–value gaps versus larger peers, particularly in late–stage assets with visible milestones. This shift built on our ongoing focus on innovation–led franchises and tilted the portfolio further toward late–stage therapeutics, while maintaining balanced exposure elsewhere to manage subsector dispersion and event risk.

Performance was supported by targeted exposure to innovators with advancing pipelines and resilient franchises. uniQure, benefited from renewed gene–therapy optimism, including progress in Huntington's disease (AMT–130, an unpartnered program) and epilepsy. The portfolio did benefit materially from share price gains in this company. Gilead Sciences contributed as investor focus on its HIV prevention franchise increased. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals rose on strong Amvuttra uptake and updates to its RNA cardiovascular platform with reaffirmed growth targets. Together these holdings exemplify the pipeline visibility and cash–flow durability we seek.

As in any portfolio, some investments did not perform as anticipated and detracted from overall results, notably Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sarepta Therapeutics, and UnitedHealth Group, where manufacturing costs/competition, clinical/regulatory scrutiny, and medical–cost/utilization trends, respectively, pressured sentiment. We have kept measured exposure where we see enduring competitive advantages and attractive long–term opportunity—in payers, scale and data assets that support cash generation as visibility improves; in innovative therapeutics, significant unmet need and milestone–rich pipelines; and in med–tech, durable adoption curves even as budgets reset. Several positions have de–rated, improving forward risk–reward while we await clarity on utilization, reimbursement, or regulatory pathways. Positions are sized to near–term uncertainty, reassessed around defined catalysts, and balanced within a broadly diversified portfolio.

{foots1}

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 1 | Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Investment returns and principal value will fluctuate and shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than original cost. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance quoted. Net asset value return data include investment management fees, custodial charges and administrative fees (such as Director and legal fees) and assumes the reinvestment of all distributions. |

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{foots1}

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2 | Net asset value ("NAV") – A key measure of the value of a company, fund or trust – the total value of assets less liabilities, divided by the number of shares. |

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{foots1}

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 3 | The blended performance target of the fund consists of 80% NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, 20% S&P Composite 1500 Health Care Index. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **4** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Report of the Investment Adviser (unaudited) (continued)

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We employed a modest degree of call–option<sup>4</sup> writing/overwriting<sup>5</sup>,<sup>6</sup>, which was additive during the period. Selling covered calls on select holdings generated incremental income—especially around clinical–event volatility—and can partially offset downside following unfavorable outcomes. Trade–offs include capped upside during sharp rallies and potential assignment of called–away positions.

Venture exposure is a distinct, intentional feature of HQH. Our aim is to access differentiated science near pivotal inflection points, where rigorous diligence and structuring can create asymmetric long–term optionality alongside our public holdings. We emphasize: (i) milestone–based sizing (positions are small at inception, with increases tied to data, regulatory, or commercial progress); (ii) portfolio–level balance (diversified across mechanisms and stages); and (iii) discipline on valuation and syndicate quality. Venture investments can be volatile and are not expected to drive near–term results every year, but we believe they add a unique source of long–duration growth when pipelines convert to products or when strategic acquirers seek external innovation. During the period, the Fund invested in Crystalys Therapeutics (Dotinurad for gout/hyperuricemia) and participated in the initial financing of Third Arc Bio (multi–specific antibodies for oncology and immunology). Venture activity was measured and not a material driver of annual performance, consistent with our philosophy of carefully sized optionality.

#### Portfolio Activity
We introduced several new holdings in late 2024, including Halozyme Therapeutics, Vir Biotechnology and Travere Therapeutics, for a variety of reasons, including near–term clinical data events and commercial opportunities.

Moving into 2025, we made several changes to the portfolio. The portfolio management team identified relative value differentials favoring smaller–cap equities over large–cap pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Additionally, concerns over pending tariffs led us to adopt a more cautious stance toward the large–cap pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector. Examples of new initiations included Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Personalis, Cidara Therapeutics, Avidity Biosciences, ARS Pharmaceuticals, NewAmsterdam Pharma, Tempus AI, and Sionna Therapeutics.

We also initiated Humana, a managed–care company, after its shares had underperformed earlier in 2025. The decision reflected the company's stable Medicare Advantage franchise, along with demographic trends and recent membership gains. We added

Codexis, a small–cap company, as a new holding after a significant downturn in its share price. The investment reflected developments in its enzyme engineering pipeline, with particular focus on the company's core biocatalyst technology used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and gene therapy development, as well as anticipated opportunities. We also initiated a position in Acadia Healthcare, which operates psychiatric hospitals and treatment centers, to gain exposure to behavioral health services. The company was added as a mid–cap holding with improving fundamentals. The decision reflected factors, such as moderating labor cost pressures and sustained demand for mental health services.

New positions initiated later in the period were CVS Health, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Arcus Biosciences, Aquestive Therapeutics, Equillium, Abivax, and InspireMD, targeting diversified cash flows and clinical catalysts.

As part of the Fund's venture activities, we made two new investments into two pre–public, venture–backed drug companies: Nuvig Therapeutics and Aviceda Therapeutics. We also made a new investment in a pre–public, venture–backed company, Abcuro.

Conversely, we sold several positions. These disposals included Exelixis after the company won a patent lawsuit, Pfizer due to reduced conviction and Edwards Lifesciences based on an assessment of revenue growth trends.

Some sales were motivated by a lack of confidence in the companies' prospects, while others resulted from failed clinical trials. Examples included Biogen, Johnson & Johnson, IDEXX Laboratories, Avantor, 89bio, Moderna, and Marinus Pharmaceuticals.

Meanwhile, we sold Stryker, HCA Healthcare and Medpace Holdings after periods of strong share–price performance. The disposals also reflected sector reallocation, a shift away from large–cap providers, and broader portfolio strategy considerations. We also sold Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Halozyme Therapeutics, and others to recycle capital into higher–conviction companies. The portfolio tilted further towards late–stage therapeutics while maintaining diversified exposure.

The monthly distribution<sup>7</sup> reflects the Fund's current policy to provide shareholders with a relatively stable cash flow per share. During the 12–month period ended September 30, 2025, the distributions comprised ordinary income, capital gains, and a return of capital.

{foots1}

4 Call option – A contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy an asset at a specified price within a set period.

{foots1}

5 Call-option writing – Selling a call option, which obligates the seller to sell the asset at the strike price if the option is exercised.

{foots1}

6 Overwriting – Selling a call option on an asset the seller does not expect to reach the strike price before expiration, aiming to collect the premium without exercise.

{foots1}

7 Distribution – The payment of any income, capital gains or return of capital by a fund.

abrdn Healthcare Investors<sub>5</sub>

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Report of the Investment Adviser (unaudited) (concluded)

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#### Outlook and Strategy

#### abrdn Inc.

#### Risk Considerations
Past performance is not an indication of future results.

The healthcare industries can be volatile and a concentration of investments in any healthcare industry or in healthcare companies generally may increase the risk and volatility of an investment company's portfolio. No assurance can be given that future declines in the market prices of securities of companies in the industries in which the Fund may invest will not occur, or that such declines will not adversely affect the Fund.

Healthcare-related issuers are likely to be more sensitive to, and possibly more adversely affected by, regulatory, economic or political factors or trends relating to the healthcare, agricultural and environmental technology industries. Healthcare companies have, in the past, been characterized by limited product focus, rapidly changing technology and extensive government regulation. In particular, technological advances can render an existing product, which may account for a disproportionate share of a company's revenue, obsolete. Obtaining governmental approval from U.S. governmental agencies and from non-U.S. governmental agencies for new products can be lengthy, expensive and uncertain as to the outcome. Such delays in product development may result in the need to seek additional capital, potentially diluting the interests of existing investors such as the Fund.

Intense competition exists within and among certain healthcare industries, including competition to obtain and sustain proprietary technology protection upon which healthcare companies can be highly dependent for maintenance of profit margins and market exclusivity. The complex nature of the technologies involved can lead to patent disputes, including litigation, that may be costly and that could result in a company losing an exclusive right to a patent. Additionally, certain healthcare companies may be exposed to potential product liability risks that are inherent to the healthcare industries. A product liability claim may have a material adverse effect on a company in which the Fund has invested.

All of these factors, as well as others may cause the value of the Fund's shares to fluctuate significantly over relatively short periods of time.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **6** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Total Investment Return (unaudited)

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The following table summarizes the average annual Fund performance compared to the Fund's primary benchmark for the 1-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year periods ended September 30, 2025.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1 Year** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3 Years** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**5 Years** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10 Years** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net Asset Value (NAV) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.90% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.81% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.57% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.98% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Market Price | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.47% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.68% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.48% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.04% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;80% Nasdaq Biotechnology Index, 20% S&P Composite 1500 Health Care Index | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.05% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.32% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.48% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.68% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Nasdaq Biotechnology Index | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.19% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.90% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.58% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.09% |

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#### Performance of a $10,000 Investment (as of September 30, 2025)
This graph shows the change in value of a hypothetical investment of $10,000 in the Fund for the periods indicated. For comparison, the same investment is shown in the indicated index.

![](tm2527059d11hqhreporti003.jpg)

*Returns represent past performance. Total investment return at NAV is based on changes in the NAV of Fund shares and assumes reinvestment of dividends and distributions, if any, at market prices pursuant to the dividend reinvestment program sponsored by the Fund's transfer agent. All return data at NAV includes fees charged to the Fund, which are listed in the Fund's Statement of Operations under "Expenses." Total investment return at market value is based on changes in the market price at which the Fund's shares traded on the NYSE during the period and assumes reinvestment of dividends and distributions, if any, at market prices pursuant to the dividend reinvestment program sponsored by the Fund's transfer agent. The Fund's total investment return is based on the reported NAV as of the financial reporting period end date of September 30, 2025. Because the Fund's shares trade in the stock market based on investor demand, the Fund may trade at a price higher or lower than its NAV. Therefore, returns are calculated based on both market price and NAV. **Past performance is no guarantee of future results**. The performance information provided does not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on distributions received from the Fund or the sale of Fund shares. The current performance of the Fund may be lower or higher than the figures shown. The Fund's yield, return, market price and NAV will fluctuate. Performance information current to the most recent month-end is available at www.aberdeenhqh.com or by calling 800-522-5465.*

*The gross operating expense ratio based on the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 was 1.11%.* 

abrdn Healthcare Investors<sub>7</sub>

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### Portfolio Summary (as a percentage of net assets) (unaudited)
As of September 30, 2025

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Asset Allocation** | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common Stocks | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;88.8% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible Preferred Stocks | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.8% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Milestone Interests | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.0% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Warrants | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.7% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible Notes | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.4% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Short-Term Investments | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.4% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Call Options Written | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.1%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other Assets in Excess of Liabilities | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0% |
|  | 100.0% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Industries** | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Biotechnology | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65.9% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Pharmaceuticals | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Health Care Equipment & Supplies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Life Sciences Tools & Services | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.1% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Health Care Providers & Services | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.7% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Short-Term Investments | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.4% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Liabilities in Excess of Other Assets | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.1%) |
|  | 100.0% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Top Ten Holdings** | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;uniQure NV | &nbsp;&nbsp;7.6% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amgen, Inc. | 3.0% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;2.5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Argenx SE, ADR | &nbsp;&nbsp;2.5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;2.3% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cytokinetics, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;2.2% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;2.2% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;2.1% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Eli Lilly & Co. | &nbsp;&nbsp;2.1% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Abbott Laboratories | &nbsp;&nbsp;1.9% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **8** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

---

------

### Portfolio of Investments
As of September 30, 2025

------

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Shares or<br> Principal<br> Amount** | **Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Convertible Preferred Stocks<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—6.8%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Convertible Preferred Stocks<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—6.8%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Convertible Preferred Stocks<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—6.8%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—4.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—4.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—4.0%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Abcuro, Inc. Series B | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;532816 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$2925000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Abcuro, Inc. Series C1 | &nbsp;&nbsp; 117926 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 712120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arbor Biotechnologies, Inc. Series B, 8.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82076 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1359999 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arbor Biotechnologies, Inc. Series C, 8.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;827250 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3399997 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arkuda Therapeutics, Inc. Series A, 6.00%<sup>(d)</sup> | 2353932 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 948870 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arkuda Therapeutics, Inc. Series B, 6.00%<sup>(d)</sup> | 1044322 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 375016 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Atalanta Therapeutics, Inc. Series B | &nbsp;&nbsp; 1777778 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3200000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Aviceda Therapeutics Series C | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;86599 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 498793 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Flamingo Therapeutics, Inc. Series A3 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;243458 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 327278 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Glycomine, Inc. Series C, 8.00% | 6584840 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3950904 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Hotspot Therapeutics, Inc. Series B, 6.00% | 2875000 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6900000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Hotspot Therapeutics, Inc. Series C, 6.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;632394 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2049526 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Incendia Therapeutics, Inc. Series A | 1769383 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3399993 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Priothera Co. Ltd. Series A, 6.00%<sup>(d)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;346666 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 41 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Quell Therapeutics Ltd. Series B<sup>(e)</sup> | 1798941 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3739998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Recode Therapeutics, Inc. Series B, 5.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;331413 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3060003 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Seismic Therapeutics, Inc. Series B | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;647722 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2924983 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Third Arc Bio, Inc. Series A, 8.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;1853436 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3900000 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**43672521** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Equipment & Supplies—0.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Equipment & Supplies—0.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Equipment & Supplies—0.0%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;IO Light Holdings, Inc. Series A2 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;421634 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;42 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—2.8%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—2.8%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—2.8%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Biotheryx, Inc. Series E, 8.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1295238 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;736213 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Crystalys Therapeutics, Inc. Series A | &nbsp;&nbsp;2328492 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2332800 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Curasen Therapeutics, Inc. Series A<sup>(d)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;21114774 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10124534 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Curasen Therapeutics, Inc. Series B<sup>(d)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3219587 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1543792 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Endeavor Biomedicines, Inc. Series B, 8.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;657322 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3099996 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Endeavor Biomedicines, Inc. Series C, 8.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;121377 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;791936 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Engrail Therapeutics, Inc., 8.00% | &nbsp;&nbsp;4768649 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5049999 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc. Series B | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2773472 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1103010 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc. Series C | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1529261 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;708966 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Nuvig Therapeutics, Inc. Series B | &nbsp;&nbsp;1644892 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1724998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Qlaris Bio, Inc. Series B<sup>(d)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;4394904 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3450000 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**30666244** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Convertible Preferred Stocks** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Convertible Preferred Stocks** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**74338807** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Convertible Notes<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—0.4%** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—0.3%** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Hotspot Therapeutics, Inc., 6.00%, 04/10/26 | $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;720872 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;720872 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Incendia Therapeutics, Inc., 8.00%, 04/18/26 | &nbsp;&nbsp;1569230 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1569230 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Incendia Therapeutics, Inc., 10.00%, 09/09/26 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;547370 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;547370 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**2837472** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Providers & Services—0.0%** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Recode Therapeutics, Inc., 8.00%, 03/23/27 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;161370 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;161371 |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Shares or<br> Principal<br> Amount** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Shares or<br> Principal<br> Amount** | **Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—0.1%** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc., 10.00%, 12/31/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;439002 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$439002 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Curasen Therapeutics, Inc., 8.00%, 03/31/26<sup>(d)</sup> |  | 1029195 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1029195 |
|  |  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1468197** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Convertible Notes** |  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**4467040** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Common Stocks—88.8%** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—60.6%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—60.6%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—60.6%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—60.6%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;AbbVie, Inc. |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;46238 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10705946 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Abivax SA, ADR<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;109000 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 9254100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Akero Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;324750 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 15419130 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Alkermes PLC<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(e)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82930 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2487900 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;55209 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 25175304 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amgen, Inc. |  | &nbsp;&nbsp; 118123 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 33334311 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arcus Biosciences, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp; 137136 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1865050 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;456927 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8613074 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Argenx SE, ADR<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36398 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 26845709 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;307633 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10610262 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;ARS Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;1258342 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12646337 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ascendis Pharma AS, ADR<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29241 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5813403 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Avidity Biosciences, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;158583 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6909461 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;433273 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23466066 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;BioNTech SE, ADR<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;156035 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15388172 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Chinook Therapeutics, Inc. CVR<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;91800 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29376 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cidara Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;121218 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11607836 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cytokinetics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;429845 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23624281 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Denali Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;636019 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9234996 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Geron Corp.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;3928864 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5382544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gilead Sciences, Inc. |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;153299 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17016189 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;GRAIL, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;181466 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10730085 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ideaya Biosciences, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;344524 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9374498 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Immunic, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4738771 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4177700 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Immunovant, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;650869 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10492008 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Insmed, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;133612 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19241464 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;44059 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2882340 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Janux Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;252161 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6162815 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Krystal Biotech, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;39218 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6923154 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Merus NV<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;103372 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9732474 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;62060 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8711983 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Newamsterdam Pharma Co. NV<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;268916 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7647971 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Nuvalent, Inc., Class A<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;42867 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3707138 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Palvella Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;35018 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2195278 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41838 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23524252 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15073 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1522222 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;865589 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16679900 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sera Prognostics, Inc., Class A<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1145722 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3505909 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sionna Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;661270 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19447951 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Summit Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;745674 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15405625 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sutro Biopharma, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69389 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;60257 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tectonic Therapeutic, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;240675 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3776191 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Travere Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;665607 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15908007 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;TScan Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;559214 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1017769 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Twist Bioscience Corp.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;209543 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5896540 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;624540 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18786163 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;uniQure NV<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(e)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;1432300 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83603351 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Vaxcyte, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;492580 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17742732 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Vericel Corp.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;241950 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7614166 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;70373 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;27560882 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Vir Biotechnology, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;973173 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5556818 |

---

abrdn Healthcare Investors<sub>9</sub>

------

### Portfolio of Investments (continued)
As of September 30, 2025

------

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Shares or<br> Principal<br> Amount** | **Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Common Stocks (continued)** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology (continued)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology (continued)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology (continued)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Xencor, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;300730 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$3527563 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;367341 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 14748741 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**663293394** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Equipment & Supplies—8.5%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Equipment & Supplies—8.5%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Equipment & Supplies—8.5%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Abbott Laboratories | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;153748 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 20593007 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Becton Dickinson & Co.<sup>(f)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;58286 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10909391 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Boston Scientific Corp.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;81310 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7938295 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Dexcom, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;86217 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5801542 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;156787 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 11633595 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;InspireMD, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | 1219960 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2940104 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Insulet Corp.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14645 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4521351 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Intuitive Surgical, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26558 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 11877534 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Medtronic PLC<sup>(e)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;141255 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13453126 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;292029 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3545232 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Willow Laboratories, Inc.<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;160000 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 16 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**93213193** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Providers & Services—4.7%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Providers & Services—4.7%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Providers & Services—4.7%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Acadia Healthcare Co., Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;158106 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3914705 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;CVS Health Corp. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;119183 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8985206 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Elevance Health, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23761 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7677654 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Guardant Health, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;75303 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4704932 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Humana, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;47510 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12360677 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;McKesson Corp. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2045 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1579844 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Molina Healthcare, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37834 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7239914 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tenet Healthcare Corp.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11261 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2286434 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;UnitedHealth Group, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7554 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2608396 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**51357762** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Life Sciences Tools & Services—5.1%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Life Sciences Tools & Services—5.1%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Life Sciences Tools & Services—5.1%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;619649 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9269949 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Codexis, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;2504728 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6111536 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Danaher Corp.<sup>(f)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;60739 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12042114 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Illumina, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;77288 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7340041 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Personalis, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1313531 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8564222 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tempus AI, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(f)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;99921 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8064624 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7923 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3842814 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**55235300** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—9.9%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—9.9%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—9.9%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;428840 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2397216 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;AstraZeneca PLC, ADR | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;114076 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8751911 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Axsome Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;55429 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6731852 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.<sup>(f)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;31852 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1436525 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;208197 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8671405 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Edgewise Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;356587 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5783841 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Eli Lilly & Co. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29564 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22557332 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;520522 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7412233 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Fusion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. CVR<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup><sup>,(e)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7593 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10478 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Jazz Pharmaceuticals PLC<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;50964 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6717055 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;LENZ Therapeutics, Inc.<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;91389 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4256900 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Merck & Co., Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74337 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6239105 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Oculis Holding AG<sup>(b)</sup><sup>,(e)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;407012 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7216323 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. CVR<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;79790 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Structure Therapeutics, Inc., ADR<sup>(b)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;381989 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10695692 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Zoetis, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64019 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9367260 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**108245128** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Common Stocks** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Common Stocks** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**971344777** |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Shares or<br> Principal<br> Amount** | **Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Warrants<sup>(b)</sup>—0.7%** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—0.7%** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Immunic, Inc., Series A(expiration date 12/31/2025)<sup>(a)</sup> | 5247245 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1028830 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Immunic, Inc. | 5247245 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4625971 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Immunic, Inc., Series B(expiration date 6/30/2030)<sup>(a)</sup> | 5247245 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1379169 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**7033970** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Health Care Providers & Services—0.0%** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Recode Therapeutics, Inc.(expiration date 9/23/2035, exercise price $0.01)<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp; 161371 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—0.0%** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc.(expiration date 09/15/28, exercise price $0.46) | 1529261 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc.(expiration date 09/13/34, exercise price $0.08) | 5487525 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**7** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Warrants** |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**7033977** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Short-Term Investment—1.4%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Short-Term Investment—1.4%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Short-Term Investment—1.4%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State Street Institutional U.S. Government Money Market Fund, Premier Class, 4.09%<sup>(g)</sup> | 15607345 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 15607345 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Short-Term Investment** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Short-Term Investment** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**15607345** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investments Before Milestone Interests—98.1%<br> (Cost $857,572,048)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investments Before Milestone Interests—98.1%<br> (Cost $857,572,048)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1072791946** |
|  | **Interests** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Milestone Interests<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—2.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Milestone Interests<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—2.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Milestone Interests<sup>(a)</sup><sup>,(b)</sup><sup>,(c)</sup>—2.0%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—0.3%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—0.3%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Biotechnology—0.3%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amphivena Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Invetx, Inc. Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3243635 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3243635** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—1.7%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—1.7%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Pharmaceuticals—1.7%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Afferent Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amolyt Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2516698 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ethismos Research Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Neurovance Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16077438 |
|  |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**18594136** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Milestone Interests** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Milestone Interests** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**21837771** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investments (Cost $864,303,087)<sup>(h)</sup>—100.1%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investments (Cost $864,303,087)<sup>(h)</sup>—100.1%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1094629717** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Liabilities in Excess of Other Assets—(0.1%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;Liabilities in Excess of Other Assets—(0.1%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(800910) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Assets—100.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Assets—100.0%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$1093828807** |

---

(a) Level 3 security. See Note 2(a) of the accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

(b) Non-income producing security.

(c) Restricted security.

(d) Affiliated issuers in which the Fund holds 5% or more of the voting securities (total market value of $19,538,041).

(e) Foreign security.

(f) A portion of security is pledged as collateral for call options written.

(g) Registered investment company advised by State Street Investment Management. The rate shown is the 7 day yield as of September 30, 2025.

(h) See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements for tax unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) of securities.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **10** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

---

------

As of September 30, 2025

------

ADR American Depositary Receipt <br> CVR Contingent Value Right <br> PLC Public Limited Company

abrdn Healthcare Investors<sub>11</sub>

------

### Portfolio of Investments (concluded)
As of September 30, 2025

------

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Number of Contracts<br> (100 shares each)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Notional Amount ($)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Value ($)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Option Contracts Written—(0.1)%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Option Contracts Written—(0.1)%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Option Contracts Written—(0.1)%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Option Contracts Written—(0.1)%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Call Options Written—(0.1)%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Call Options Written—(0.1)%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Call Options Written—(0.1)%** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Call Options Written—(0.1)%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Argenx SE Oct 25 770 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;13 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1001000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(11245) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oct 25 35 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;563 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1970500) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(92895) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ascendis Pharma AS Oct 25 210 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;70 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1470000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(23590) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Becton Dickinson & Co. Oct 25 190 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;78 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1482000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(17784) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc. Oct 25 57.5 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;257 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1477750) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(15420) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;BioNTech SE Oct 25 105 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;94 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(987000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(9400) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Oct 25 45.5 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;217 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(987350) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(6510) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cidara Therapeutics, Inc. Oct 25 80 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;185 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1480000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(352425) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cytokinetics, Inc. Oct 25 55 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;269 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1479500) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(71285) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Danaher Corp. Oct 25 195 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;76 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1482000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(33440) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;GRAIL, Inc. Oct 25 50 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;200 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1000000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(207400) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;GRAIL, Inc. Oct 25 55 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;140 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(770000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(148120) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;GRAIL, Inc. Oct 25 70 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;100 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(700000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(48000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Oct 25 20 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;740 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1480000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(25900) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tempus AI, Inc. Oct 25 90 Call | &nbsp;&nbsp;150 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1350000) | &nbsp;&nbsp;(29250) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Call Options Written<br> (Premiums received $(484995))** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Call Options Written<br> (Premiums received $(484995))** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Call Options Written<br> (Premiums received $(484995))** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**(1092664)** |

---

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **12** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

---

------

### Statement of Assets and Liabilities
As of September 30, 2025

------

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Assets** | |
| Investments in unaffiliated issuers, at value (cost $813,988,920) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$1037646560 |
| Investments in affiliated issuers, at value (cost $27,975,783) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 19538041 |
| Short-term investment, at value (cost $15,607,345) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 15607345 |
| Milestone interests, at value (cost $6,731,039) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 21837771 |
| Foreign currency, at value (cost $56) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;59 |
| Receivable for investments sold | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2089229 |
| Interest and dividends receivable | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;449324 |
| Tax reclaim receivable | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13787 |
| Prepaid expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;75341 |
| Other assets (Note 2j) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272 |
| **Total assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1097257729** |
| **Liabilities** |  |
| Payable for investments purchased | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1213010 |
| Written options, at value (premiums received $484,995) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1092664 |
| Investment advisory fees payable (Note 3) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;789878 |
| Investor relations fees payable (Note 3) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;45456 |
| Trustee fees payable | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;35187 |
| Administration fees payable | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21564 |
| Other accrued expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;231163 |
| **Total liabilities** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3428922** |
| Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 8 & 10) |  |
| **Net Assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$1093828807** |
| **Composition of Net Assets** |  |
| Common stock (par value $0.010 per share) (Note 5) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$555103 |
| Paid-in capital in excess of par | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 991687903 |
| Distributable earnings | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 101585801 |
| **Net Assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$1093828807** |
| Net asset value per share based on 55,510,323 shares issued and outstanding | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$19.70<sup>(a)</sup> |

---

(a) The NAV shown above differs from the traded NAV on September 30, 2025 due to financial statement rounding and/or financial statement adjustments.

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

abrdn Healthcare Investors<sub>13</sub>

------

### Statement of Operations
For the Year Ended September 30, 2025

------

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Net Investment Income** | |
| **Investment Income:** |  |
| Dividends | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$6531989 |
| Interest and other income | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1001370 |
| Total investment income | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7533359 |
| **Expenses:** |  |
| Investment advisory fee (Note 3) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 9679507 |
| Legal fees and expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 186194 |
| Investor relations fees and expenses (Note 3) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 177463 |
| Reports to shareholders and proxy solicitation | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 159212 |
| Independent auditors' fees and tax expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 150628 |
| Trustees' fees and expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 144128 |
| Custodian's fees and expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89740 |
| Administration fee | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 57750 |
| Transfer agent's fees and expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 55726 |
| Insurance expense | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 52089 |
| Miscellaneous | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 127264 |
| Total expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10879701 |
| Net Investment Loss | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3346342) |
| **Net Realized/Unrealized Gain/(Loss):** |  |
| **Net realized gain/(loss) from:** |  |
| Investments | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22757010 |
| Written options | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3286105 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26043115 |
| **Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on:** |  |
| Investments in unaffiliated issuers | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74321064 |
| Investments in affiliated issuers | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1911863 |
| Milestone interests | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;492251 |
| Written options | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(808673) |
| Foreign currency translation | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3 |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;75916508 |
| Net realized and unrealized gain from investments, milestone interests, written options and foreign currencies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;101959623 |
| **Change in Net Assets Resulting from Operations** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$98613281** |

---

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **14** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

---

------

Statements of Changes in Net Assets

------

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**For the<br> Year Ended<br> September 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**For the<br> Year Ended<br> September 30, 2024** |
| **Increase/(Decrease) in Net Assets:** |  |  |
| **Operations:** |  |  |
| Net investment loss | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(3346342) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(349962) |
| Net realized gain from investments and written options | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26043115 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;47763436 |
| Net change in unrealized appreciation on investments, milestone interests, written options and foreign currency translations | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;75916508 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;137533157 |
| Net increase in net assets resulting from operations | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;98613281 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;184946631 |
| **Distributions to Shareholders From:** |  |  |
| Distributable earnings | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(114973477) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(72972514) |
| Return of capital | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4562869) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(30002831) |
| Net decrease in net assets from distributions | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(119536346) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(102975345) |
| Reinvestment of dividends resulting in the issuance of 3,380,431 and 2,687,876 shares of common stock, respectively | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;55155920 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;46281675 |
| Change in net assets | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;34232855 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;128252961 |
| **Net Assets:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Beginning of year | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1059595952 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;931342991 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**End of year** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$1093828807** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$1059595952** |

---

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **15** |

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------

Financial Highlights

------

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30,** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30,** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30,** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30,** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30,** |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**2025**  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**2024<br> <sup>(a)</sup>** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**2023**  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**2022<br> <sup>(b)</sup>** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**2021<br> <sup>(b)</sup>** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**PER SHARE OPERATING PERFORMANCE:** |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net asset value per common share, beginning of year | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$20.33 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$18.84 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$19.36 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$25.47 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$24.04 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net investment loss<sup>(c)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.06) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.01) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.02) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.08) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.14) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net realized and unrealized gains/(losses) on investments, written options and foreign currency transactions | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.67 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.54 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.11 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4.20) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.63 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total from investment operations applicable to common shareholders | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.61 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.53 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.09 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4.28) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.49 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Distributions to common shareholders from:** |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net investment income | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2.11) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.56) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.11) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.61) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net realized gains | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.04) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.89) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1.61) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1.72) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1.45) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Return of capital | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.09) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.59) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total distributions | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2.24) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2.04) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1.61) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1.83) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2.06) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net asset value per common share, end of year | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$19.70 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$20.33 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$18.84 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$19.36 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$25.47 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Market price, end of year | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$18.46 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$18.62 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$15.55 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$17.28 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$25.57 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investment Return Based on<sup>(d)</sup>:** |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Market price | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.47% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;34.58% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1.24%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(26.01%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;34.64% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net asset value | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.90%<sup>(e)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21.28%<sup>(e)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.80% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(16.78%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15.03% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Ratio to Average Net Assets Applicable to Common Shareholders/Supplementary Data:** |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net assets applicable to common shareholders, end of year (000 omitted) | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1093829 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1059596 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$931343 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$916565 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1156902 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Average net assets applicable to common shareholders (000 omitted) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$977805 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$989149 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$976134 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1007052 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1143870 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gross operating expenses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.11% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.12% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.18% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.19% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.11% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net Investment loss | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.34%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.04%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.12%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.36%) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0.54%) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Portfolio turnover | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;71% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;44% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;43% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41% | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69% |

---

(a) Effective October 27, 2023, abrdn Inc. became the investment adviser of the Fund. Prior to October 27, 2023, the Fund was managed by Tekla Capital Management, LLC. Members of the portfolio management
team from Tekla joined abrdn Inc., and continue to manage the Fund.

(b) Beginning with the year ended September 30, 2023, the Fund's financial statements were audited by KPMG LLP. Previous years were audited by a different independent registered public accounting
firm.

(c) Based on average shares outstanding.

(d) Total investment return based on market value is calculated assuming that shares of the Fund's common stock were purchased at the closing market price as of the beginning of the period, dividends,
capital gains and other distributions were reinvested as provided for in the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan and then sold at the closing market price per share on the last day of the period. The computation
does not reflect any sales commission investors may incur in purchasing or selling shares of the Fund. The total investment return based on the net asset value is similarly computed except that the Fund's net
asset value is substituted for the closing market value.

(e) The total return shown above includes the impact of financial statement rounding of the NAV per share and/or financial statement adjustments.

Amounts listed as "–" are $0 or round to $0.

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **16** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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------

### Notes to Financial Statements <br> September 30, 2025

------

1. Organization

abrdn Healthcare Investors (the "Fund") is a Massachusetts business trust formed on October 31, 1986 and registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 as a non-diversified closed-end management investment company. The Fund commenced operations on April 22, 1987. The Fund's investment objective is to seek long-term capital appreciation by investing in equity and related securities (including securities subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale) of U.S. and foreign companies principally engaged in the healthcare industries ("Healthcare Companies"). In addition, the Fund seeks to provide regular distribution of realized capital gains. The Fund invests primarily in securities of public and private companies that are believed by the Fund's investment adviser, abrdn Inc. (the "Investment Adviser," the "Adviser" or "Aberdeen") to have significant potential for above-average growth. The Fund may invest up to 20% of its net assets in securities of foreign issuers, expected to be located primarily in Western Europe, Canada and Japan, and securities of U.S. issuers that are traded primarily in foreign markets.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Fund is an investment company and accordingly follows the investment company accounting and reporting guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification Topic 946 Financial Services-Investment Companies. The following is a summary of significant accounting policies followed by the Fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The policies conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of income and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The accounting records of the Fund are maintained in U.S. Dollars and the U.S. Dollar is used as both the functional and reporting currency.

a. Security Valuation:

The Fund values its securities at fair value, consistent with regulatory requirements. "Fair value" is defined in the Fund's Valuation and Liquidity Procedures as the price that could be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing market participants without a compulsion to transact at the measurement date, also referred to as market value. Pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, the Board designated Aberdeen as the valuation designee ("Valuation Designee") for the Fund to perform the fair value determinations relating to Fund investments for which market quotations are not readily available or deemed unreliable and the Fund's investments in securities of early and/or later stage financing of a privately held companies ("Venture Capital Securities").

In accordance with the authoritative guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures under U.S. GAAP, the Fund discloses the fair value of its investments using a three-level hierarchy that classifies the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure the fair value. The hierarchy assigns Level 1, the highest level, measurements to valuations based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, Level 2 measurements to valuations based upon other significant observable inputs, including adjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets, and Level 3, the lowest level, measurements to valuations based upon unobservable inputs that are significant to the valuation. Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk, for example, the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique used to measure fair value including a pricing model and/or the risk inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. Inputs may be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, which are based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Open-end mutual funds are valued at the respective NAV as reported by such company. The prospectuses for the registered open-end management investment companies in which the Fund invests explain the circumstances under which those companies will use fair value pricing and the effects of using fair value pricing. Closed-end funds and exchange-traded funds ("ETFs") are valued at the market price of the security at the Valuation Time (defined below). A security using any of these pricing methodologies is generally determined to be a Level 1 investment.

Long-term debt and other fixed-income securities are valued at the last quoted or evaluated bid price on the valuation date provided by an independent pricing service provider. If there are no current day bids, the security is valued at the previously applied bid. Pricing services generally price debt securities assuming orderly transactions of an institutional "round lot" size and the strategies employed by the Valuation Designee generally trade in round lot sizes. In certain circumstances, some trades may occur in smaller "odd lot" sizes which may be effected at lower, or higher, prices than institutional round lot trades. Short-term debt securities (such as commercial paper and U.S. treasury bills) having a remaining maturity of 60 days or less are valued at the last quoted or evaluated bid price on the valuation date provided by an independent pricing service, or on the basis of amortized cost, if it represents the best approximation of fair value.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **17** |

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------

### Notes to Financial Statements (continued)<br> September 30, 2025

------

Debt and other fixed-income securities are generally determined to be Level 2 investments.

Equity securities that are traded on an exchange are valued at the last quoted sale price or the official close price on the principal exchange on which the security is traded at the "Valuation Time" subject to application, when appropriate, of the valuation factors described in the paragraph below. Under normal circumstances, the Valuation Time is as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") (usually 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time). In the absence of a sale price, the security is valued at the mean of the bid/ask price quoted at the close on the principal exchange on which the security is traded. Securities traded on NASDAQ are valued at the NASDAQ official closing price.

Convertible preferred shares, warrants or convertible note interests in Venture Capital Securities, milestone interests, and other restricted securities are typically valued in good faith, based upon the recommendations made by the Valuation Designee pursuant to fair valuation policies and procedures approved by the Board.

Derivative instruments are valued at fair value. Exchange-traded futures are generally Level 1 investments and centrally cleared swaps and forwards are generally Level 2 investments. Forward foreign currency contracts are generally valued based on the bid price of the forward rates and the current spot rate. Forward exchange rate quotations are available for scheduled settlement dates, such as 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month periods. An interpolated valuation is derived based on the actual settlement dates of the forward contracts held. Futures contracts are valued at the settlement price or at the last bid price if no settlement price is available. Swap agreements are generally valued by an approved pricing agent based on the terms of the swap agreement (including future cash flows). When market quotations or exchange rates are not readily available, or if the Adviser concludes that such market quotations do not accurately reflect fair value, the fair value of the Fund's assets are determined in good faith in accordance with the Valuation Procedures.

Foreign equity securities that are traded on foreign exchanges that close prior to the Valuation Time are valued by applying valuation factors to the last sale price or the mean price as noted above. Valuation factors are provided by an independent pricing service provider. These valuation factors are used when pricing the Fund's portfolio holdings to estimate market movements between the time foreign markets close and the time the Fund values such foreign securities. These valuation factors are based on inputs such as depositary receipts, indices, futures, sector indices/ETFs, exchange rates, and local exchange opening and closing prices of each security. When prices with the application of valuation factors are utilized, the value assigned to the foreign securities may not be the same as quoted or published prices of the securities on their primary markets. A security that applies a valuation factor is generally determined to be a

Level 2 investment because the exchange-traded price has been adjusted. Valuation factors are not utilized if the independent pricing service provider is unable to provide a valuation factor or if the valuation factor falls below a predetermined threshold; in such case, the security is determined to be a Level 1 investment.

Short-term investments are comprised of cash and cash equivalents invested in short-term investment funds which are redeemable daily. The Fund sweeps available cash into the State Street Institutional U.S. Government Money Market Fund, which has elected to qualify as a "government money market fund" pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, and has an objective, which is not guaranteed, to maintain a $1.00 per share NAV. Generally, these investment types are categorized as Level 1 investments.

In the event that a security's, other than a Venture Capital Security, market quotations are not readily available or are deemed unreliable (for reasons other than because the foreign exchange on which it trades closes before the Valuation Time), the security is valued at fair value as determined by the Valuation Designee, taking into account the relevant factors and surrounding circumstances using valuation policies and procedures approved by the Board. A security that has been fair valued by the Valuation Designee may be classified as Level 2 or Level 3 depending on the nature of the inputs.

Venture Capital Securities are valued based on a consideration of relevant factors, including both observable and unobservable inputs. Observable and unobservable inputs considered may include (i) the existence of any contractual restrictions on the disposition of securities; (ii) information obtained from the company, which may include an analysis of the company's financial statements, products, intended markets or technologies; (iii) the price of the same or similar security negotiated at arm's length in an issuer's completed subsequent round of financing; (iv) the price and extent of public trading in similar securities of the issuer or of comparable companies; or (v) a probability and time value adjusted analysis of contractual terms. Where available and appropriate, multiple valuation methodologies are applied to confirm fair value. Significant unobservable inputs are often used in the fair value determination. A significant change in any of these inputs may result in a significant change in the fair value measurement. Additionally, changes in the market environment and other events that may occur over the life of the investments may cause the gains or losses ultimately realized on these investments to be different from the valuations used at the date of these financial statements.

The three-level hierarchy of inputs is summarized below:

Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical investments;

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **18** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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------

Level 2 - other significant observable inputs (including valuation factors, quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, and credit risk, etc.); or

Level 3 - significant unobservable inputs (including the Fund's own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments).

Level 3 investments are valued using significant unobservable inputs. The derived value of a Level 3 investment may not represent the value which is received upon disposition and this could impact the results of operations.

The following is a summary of the inputs used as of September 30, 2025 in valuing the Fund's investments and other financial instruments at fair value. The inputs or methodology used for valuing securities are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in those securities. Please refer to the Portfolio of Investments for a detailed breakout of the security types:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Investments, at Value** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Level 1 – Quoted<br> Prices** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Level 2 – Other Significant<br> Observable Inputs** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Level 3 – Significant<br> Unobservable Inputs** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Assets** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Investments in Securities** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Investments in Securities** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common Stocks | &nbsp;&nbsp;$971304907 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$39870 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$971344777 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible Preferred Stocks | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74338807 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74338807 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Milestone Interests | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21837771 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21837771 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Warrants | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4625971 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2408006 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7033977 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Convertible Notes | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4467040 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4467040 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Short-Term Investment | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15607345 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15607345 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investments** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$986912252** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$4625971** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$103091494** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$1094629717** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Other Assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$**–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$**–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$**272** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$**272** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investment Assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$986912252** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$4625971** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$103091766** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$1094629989** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Other Financial Instruments** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Other Financial Instruments** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Written Options | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(1092664) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(1092664) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Investment Liabilities** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$(1092664)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**$(1092664)** |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **19** |

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements<br> For the Year Ended September 30, 2025** | **Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements<br> For the Year Ended September 30, 2025** | **Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements<br> For the Year Ended September 30, 2025** | **Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements<br> For the Year Ended September 30, 2025** | **Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements<br> For the Year Ended September 30, 2025** | **Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements<br> For the Year Ended September 30, 2025** | **Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements<br> For the Year Ended September 30, 2025** |
| **Investments<br> in Securities** | **Balance<br> as of<br> September 30,<br> 2024** | **Net Realized<br> Gain (Loss)<br> and Change<br> in Unrealized<br> Appreciation/<br> Depreciation** | **Net<br> Purchases<br> and<br> conversions** | **Net<br> Sales<br> and<br> conversions** | **Balance<br> as of<br> September 30,<br> 2025** | **Net Change in<br> Unrealized<br> Appreciation/<br> Depreciation<br> from<br> Investments<br> Held at<br> September 30,<br> 2025** |
| **Common Stocks** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Biotechnology | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$207468 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$5508 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(183600) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$29376 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(142490) |
| Health Care Equipment & Supplies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| Pharmaceuticals | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12203 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1725) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10478 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4025 |
| **Convertible Notes** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Biotechnology | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2290102 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;547370 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2837472 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| Health Care Providers & Services | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;161371 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;161371 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| Pharmaceuticals | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;439002 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1029195 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1468197 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| **Convertible Preferred Stocks** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Biotechnology | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;34452920 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1787123 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9249436 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1816958) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;43672521 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1787123 |
| Health Care Equipment & Supplies | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;42 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;42 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| Pharmaceuticals | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;27169007 | &nbsp;&nbsp;(1333405) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4830642 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30666244 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1333405) |
| **Milestone Interests** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Biotechnology | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3119480 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;334815 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(210660) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3243635 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;334815 |
| Pharmaceuticals | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18436700 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;157436 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18594136 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;157436 |
| **Warrants** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Biotechnology | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2407999 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2407999 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2407999 |
| Health Care Providers & Services | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| Pharmaceuticals | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| **Other Assets** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| **Total** | **$86127219** | **$3357751** | **$15818014** | **$(2211218)** | **$103091766** | **$3215503** |

---

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Description** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Fair Value at<br> September 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Valuation Technique (s)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unobservable Inputs** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Range** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Weighted<br> Average** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Relationship<br> Between<br> Fair Value<br> and Input;<br> if Input value<br> increases then<br> Fair Value:** |
| Common Stocks | &nbsp;&nbsp;$16 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Market approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Transaction Price<sup>(a)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;Increases |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;$39854 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Income approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Probability of events<br> Timing of events | &nbsp;&nbsp;0.00% - 46.00%<br> 0.25 - 4.25 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;23.89%<br> 4.16 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;Increases<br> Decreases |
| Convertible Notes | &nbsp;&nbsp;$4467040 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Market approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Transaction Price<sup>(a)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;Increases |
| Convertible Preferred Stocks | &nbsp;&nbsp;$71202945 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Market approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Transaction Price<sup>(a)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;Increases |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **20** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

---

------

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Description** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Fair Value at<br> September 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Valuation Technique (s)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unobservable Inputs** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Range** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Weighted<br> Average** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Relationship<br> Between<br> Fair Value<br> and Input;<br> if Input value<br> increases then<br> Fair Value:** |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1811976 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Market approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Timing of events<br> Implied market volatility<br> Risk free rate<br> Transaction Price<sup>(a)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;3.00 years<br> 111.65%<br> 3.72%<br> N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;3.00 years<br> 111.65%<br> 3.72%<br> N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;Decreases<br> Decreases<br> Decreases<br> Increases |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1323886 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Income approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Discount rate<br> Probability of events<br> Timing of events | &nbsp;&nbsp;3.84% - 4.27%<br> 1.84% - 90.00%<br> 1.00 - 11.50 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;3.98%<br> 24.28%<br> 5.42 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;Decreases<br> Increases<br> Decreases |
| Milestone Interests | &nbsp;&nbsp;$21837771 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Income approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Discount rate<br> Probability of events<br> Timing of events | &nbsp;&nbsp;3.70% - 10.00%<br> 0.00% - 81.00%<br> 0.00 - 8.00 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;4.74%<br> 9.82%<br> 3.01 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;Decreases<br> Increases<br> Decreases |
| Warrants | &nbsp;&nbsp;$7 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Market approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Transaction Price<sup>(a)</sup> | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;N/A | &nbsp;&nbsp;Increases |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;$2407999 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Income Approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Discount Rate<br> Implied market volatility<br> Timing of events<br> Marketability Discount | &nbsp;&nbsp;3.74% - 3.93%<br> 0.48%<br> 0.25 - 4.68 years<br> 0.75% | &nbsp;&nbsp;3.82%<br> 0.48%<br> 2.79 years<br> 0.75% | &nbsp;&nbsp;Decreases<br> Decreases<br> Decreases<br> Decreases |
| Other Assets | &nbsp;&nbsp;$272 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Income approach | &nbsp;&nbsp;Discount rate<br> Probability of events<br> Timing of events | &nbsp;&nbsp;4.04%<br> 5.00%<br> 6.25 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;4.04%<br> 5.00%<br> 6.25 years | &nbsp;&nbsp;Decreases<br> Increases<br> Decreases |
| **Total** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$103091766** |  |  |  |  |  |

---

Amounts listed as "–" are $0 or round to $0.

(a) The valuation technique used as a basis to approximate fair value of these investments is based on a transaction price or subsequent financing rounds.

b. Restricted Securities:

Restricted securities are privately-placed securities whose resale is restricted under U.S. securities laws. The Fund may invest in restricted securities, including unregistered securities eligible for resale without registration pursuant to Rule 144A and privately-placed securities of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers offered outside the U.S. without registration pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "1933 Act"). Rule 144A securities may be freely traded among certain qualified institutional investors, such as the Fund, but resale of such securities in the U.S. is permitted only in limited circumstances.

c. Foreign Currency Translation:

Foreign securities, currencies, and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate of said currencies against the U.S. Dollar, as of the Valuation Time, as provided by an independent pricing service approved by the Board.

Foreign currency amounts are translated into U.S. Dollars on the following basis:

(i) fair value of investment securities, other assets and liabilities – at the current daily rates of exchange at the Valuation Time; and

(ii) purchases and sales of investment securities, income and expenses – at the relevant rates of exchange prevailing on the respective dates of such transactions.

The Fund does not isolate that portion of gains and losses on investments in equity securities due to changes in the foreign exchange rates from the portion due to changes in market prices of equity securities. Accordingly, realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses with respect to such securities are included in the reported net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investment transactions balances.

Net unrealized currency gains or losses from valuing foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities at period end exchange rates are reflected as a component of net unrealized appreciation/depreciation

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **21** |

---

------

in value of investments, and translation of other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

Net realized foreign exchange gains or losses represent foreign exchange gains and losses from transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts, exchange gains or losses realized between the trade date and settlement date on security transactions, and the difference between the amounts of interest and dividends recorded on the Fund's books and the U.S. Dollar equivalent of the amounts actually received.

Foreign security and currency transactions may involve certain considerations and risks not typically associated with those of domestic origin, including unanticipated movements in the value of the foreign currency relative to the U.S. Dollar. Generally, when the U.S. Dollar rises in value against foreign currency, the Fund's investments denominated in that foreign currency will lose value because the foreign currency is worth fewer U.S. Dollars; the opposite effect occurs if the U.S. Dollar falls in relative value.

d. Rights Issues and Warrants:

Rights issues give the right, normally to existing shareholders, to buy a proportional number of additional securities at a given price (generally at a discount) within a fixed period (generally a short-term period) and are offered at the company's discretion. Warrants are securities that give the holder the right to buy common stock at a specified price for a specified period of time. Rights issues and warrants are speculative and have no value if they are not exercised before the expiration date. Rights issues and warrants are valued at the last sale price on the exchange on which they are traded.

e. Options:

An option contract is a contract in which the writer (seller) of the option grants the buyer of the option, upon payment of a premium, the right to purchase from (call option) or sell to (put option) the

writer a designated instrument at a specified price within a specified period of time. Certain options, including options on indices, will require cash settlement by the Fund if the option is exercised.

The Fund's obligation under an exchange traded written option or investment in an exchange traded purchased option is valued at the last sale price, or in the absence of a sale, the mean between the closing bid and asked prices. Gain or loss is recognized when the option contract expires, is exercised or is closed.

If the Fund writes a covered call option, the Fund foregoes, in exchange for the premium, the opportunity to profit during the option period from an increase in the market value of the underlying security above the exercise price. If the Fund writes a put option it accepts the risk of a decline in the market value of the underlying security below the exercise price. Over-the-counter options have the risk of the potential inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. The Fund's maximum exposure to purchased options is limited to the premium initially paid. In addition, certain risks may arise upon entering into option contracts including the risk that an illiquid secondary market will limit the Fund's ability to close out an option contract prior to the expiration date and that a change in the value of the option contract may not correlate exactly with changes in the value of the securities or currencies hedged.

All options on securities and securities indices written by the Fund are required to be covered. When the Fund writes a call option, this means that during the life of the option the Fund may own or have the contractual right to acquire the securities subject to the option or may maintain with the Fund's custodian in a segregated account appropriate liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the market value of the securities underlying the option. When the Fund writes a put option, this means that the Fund will maintain with the Fund's custodian in a segregated account appropriate liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the exercise price of the option.

#### Summary of Derivative Instruments:
The Fund may use derivatives for various purposes as noted above. The following is a summary of the fair value of derivative instruments, not accounted for as hedging instruments, as of September 30, 2025:

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Interest<br> Rate<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Foreign<br> Currency<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Credit<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Equity<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Commodity<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Other** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Liabilities:** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized depreciation on:** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Written Options, fair value | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1092664 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1092664 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$1092664** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$1092664** |

---

Amounts listed as "–" are $0 or round to $0.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **22** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

---

------

### Notes to Financial Statements (continued)<br> September 30, 2025

------

The effect of derivative instruments on the Statement of Operations for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Risk Exposure Category** |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Interest<br> Rate<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Foreign<br> Currency<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Credit<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Equity<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Commodity<br> Contracts** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized<br> as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized<br> as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized<br> as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized<br> as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized<br> as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized<br> as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized<br> as a Result of Operations:** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Written Options | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$3286105 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$3286105 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$3286105** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$3286105** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation on<br> Derivatives Recognized as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation on<br> Derivatives Recognized as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation on<br> Derivatives Recognized as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation on<br> Derivatives Recognized as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation on<br> Derivatives Recognized as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation on<br> Derivatives Recognized as a Result of Operations:** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation on<br> Derivatives Recognized as a Result of Operations:** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Written Options | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$(808673) | &nbsp;&nbsp;$– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$(808673) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$(808673)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$–** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$(808673)** |

---

Amounts listed as "–" are $0 or round to $0.

Information about derivatives reflected as of the date of this report is generally indicative of the type of activity for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025. The table below summarizes the weighted average values of derivatives holdings for the Fund during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Derivative** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Average Monthly<br> Notional Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Written Options Contracts | &nbsp;&nbsp;$419051 |

---

f. Security Transactions, Investment Income and Expenses:

Security transactions are recorded on the trade date. Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) from security and currency transactions are calculated on the identified cost basis. Dividend income and corporate actions are recorded generally on the ex-date, except for certain dividends and corporate actions which may be recorded after the ex-date, as soon as the Fund acquires information regarding such dividends or corporate actions. Interest income and expenses are recorded on an accrual basis.

g. Distributions:

The Fund has a managed distribution policy to pay distributions from net investment income supplemented by net realized capital gains and return of capital distributions, if necessary, on a quarterly basis. The managed distribution policy is subject to regular review by the Board. The Fund will also declare and pay distributions at least annually from net realized gains on investment transactions and net realized foreign exchange gains, if any. Dividends and distributions to shareholders are recorded on the ex-dividend date. Dividends and distributions to shareholders are determined in accordance with federal income tax regulations, which may differ from U.S. GAAP.

h. Federal Income Taxes:

The Fund intends to continue to qualify as a "regulated investment company" ("RIC") by complying with the provisions available to certain investment companies, as defined in Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), and to make distributions of net investment income and net realized capital gains sufficient to relieve the Fund from all federal income taxes. Therefore, no federal income tax provision is required.

The Fund recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only where the position is "more likely than not" to be sustained assuming examination by tax authorities. Management of the Fund has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions that would require recognition in the financial statements. Since tax authorities can examine previously filed tax returns, the Fund's U.S. federal and state tax returns for each of the most recent four fiscal years up to the most recent fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 are subject to such review.

i. Milestone Interests

The Fund holds financial instruments which reflect the current value of future milestone payments the Fund may receive as a result of contractual obligations from other parties. The value of such payments are adjusted to reflect the estimated risk based on the relative uncertainty of both the timing and the achievement of individual milestones. A risk to the Fund is that the milestones will not be achieved and no payment will be received by the Fund. The milestone interests were received as part of the proceeds from the sale of six private companies. Any payments received are treated as a reduction of the cost basis of the milestone interests with payments received in excess of the cost basis treated as a realized gain. The contractual obligations with respect to the milestone interests provide for

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **23** |

---

------

payments at various stages of the development of Afferent, Amolyt, Amphivena, Ethismos Research, Invetx and Neurovance principal product candidate as of the date of the sale.

The following is a summary of the impact of the milestone interests on the financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Statement of Assets and Liabilities, Milestone interests, at value | &nbsp;&nbsp;$21837771 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Statement of Assets and Liabilities, Total distributable earnings | &nbsp;&nbsp;$15106732 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Statement of Operations, Change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$492251 |

---

j. Other Assets

Other assets in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities consists of amounts due to the Fund at various times in the future in connection with the sale of investments in one private company.

3. Agreements and Transactions with Affiliates

a. Investment Adviser and Other Affiliated Fees

Aberdeen serves as the Fund's Investment Adviser pursuant to an investment advisory agreement (the "Advisory Agreement") with the Fund. Aberdeen also provides administration services under the same agreement. The Adviser is a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Aberdeen Group plc. In rendering management services, the Adviser may use the resources of investment adviser subsidiaries of Aberdeen Group plc. These affiliates have entered into procedures pursuant to which investment professionals from affiliates may render portfolio management and research services as associated persons of the Adviser. As compensation for its services to the Fund, the Investment Adviser receives an annual investment advisory fee at an annual rate of (i) 2.50% of the average net assets for the month of its venture capital and other restricted securities up to 25% of net assets and (ii) for all other net assets, 0.98% of the average net assets up to $250 million, 0.88% of the average net assets for the next $250 million, 0.80% of the average net assets for the next $500 million and 0.70% of the average net assets thereafter. Based on the Portfolio of Investments as of September 30, 2025 the aggregate fee would not exceed a rate when annualized of 1.36%. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund paid the Adviser $9,679,507.

Effective upon the close of business on October 27, 2023, the Adviser entered into a written contract with the Fund to limit the total ordinary operating expenses of the Fund (excluding leverage costs, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses and any non-routine expenses) from exceeding 1.17% of the average daily net assets of the Fund on an annualized basis for two

years (the "Expense Limitation Agreement"). The Expense Limitation Agreement terminated on October 27, 2025. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 the Adviser did not waive any Fund's expenses pursuant to the Expense Limitation Agreement.

b. Investor Relations:

Effective March 1, 2024, under the terms of the Investor Relations Services Agreement, Aberdeen is compensated to provide and may pay third parties to provide investor relations services to the Fund and certain other funds advised by Aberdeen or its affiliates as part of an Investor Relations Program. Under the Investor Relations Services Agreement, the Fund owes a portion of the fees related to the Investor Relations Program (the "Fund's Portion"). However, investor relations services fees are limited by Aberdeen so that the Fund will only pay up to an annual rate of 0.05% of the Fund's average weekly net assets. Any difference between the capped rate of 0.05% of the Fund's average weekly net assets and the Fund's Portion is paid for by Aberdeen.

Pursuant to the terms of the Investor Relations Services Agreement, Aberdeen (or third parties engaged by Aberdeen), among other things, provides objective and timely information to shareholders based on publicly-available information; provides information efficiently through the use of technology while offering shareholders immediate access to knowledgeable investor relations representatives; develops and maintains effective communications with investment professionals from a wide variety of firms; creates and maintains investor relations communication materials such as fund manager interviews, films and webcasts, publishes white papers, magazine articles and other relevant materials discussing the Fund's investment results, portfolio positioning and outlook; develops and maintains effective communications with large institutional shareholders; responds to specific shareholder questions; and reports activities and results to the Board and management detailing insight into general shareholder sentiment.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund incurred investor relations fees of approximately $177,463. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, Aberdeen did not contribute to the investor relations fees for the Fund because the Fund's contribution was below 0.05% of the Fund's average weekly net assets on an annual basis.

4. Investment Transactions

Purchases and sales of investment securities (excluding short-term securities) for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, were $698,835,710 and $744,667,147, respectively.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **24** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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5. Capital

The Fund is authorized to issue an unlimited number of common shares of beneficial interest at par value $0.01 per common share. As of September 30, 2025, there were 55,510,323 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

The following table shows the shares issued by the Fund as a part of a quarterly distribution to shareholders during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Payment Date** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Shares Issued** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;January 10, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;884,565 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;March 31, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;847,727 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;June 30, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;867,215 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;September 30, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;780,924 |

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6. Other Transactions with Affiliates

An affiliate company is a company in which the Fund holds 5% or more of the voting securities. Transactions involving such companies during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 were as follows:

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| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Value at<br> September 30,<br> 2024** | **Cost of<br> Purchases** | **Proceeds<br> from<br> Shares Sold** | **Realized<br> Gain (Loss)** | **Change in<br> Unrealized<br> Appreciation/<br> Depreciation** | **Value at<br> September 30,<br> 2025** | **Shares held at<br> September 30,<br> 2025** | **Principal<br> Amount at<br> September 30,<br> 2025** | **Dividend<br> Income** | **Capital<br> Gains<br> Distributions** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arkuda Therapeutics, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$1196819 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$525 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$(1816958) | $– | &nbsp;&nbsp;$1943500 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$1323886 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3398254 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$– | $– | $– |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Curasen Therapeutics, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10922803 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1788465 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(13747) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12697521 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24334361 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1029195 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Priothera Co. Ltd. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;39 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3407 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3405) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;346666 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Incendia Therapeutics, Inc. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4969223 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;552725 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5355) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5516593 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1769383 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2116600 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** | **$17088884** | **$2345122** | **$(1816958)** | **$0** | **$1920993** | **$19538041** | **29848664** | **$3145795** | **$0** | **$0** |

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Amounts listed as "–" are $0 or round to $0.

7. Open Market Repurchase Program

The Board has approved an open market repurchase and discount management policy (the "Program"). The Program allows the Fund to purchase, in the open market, up to 12% of its outstanding common shares in the fiscal year, with the amount and timing of any repurchase determined at the discretion of the Fund's investment adviser. Such purchases may be made opportunistically at certain discounts to NAV per share in the reasonable judgment of management based on

historical discount levels and current market conditions. If shares are repurchased, the Fund reports repurchase activity on its website on a monthly basis. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund did not repurchase any shares through the Program.

On a quarterly basis, the Board will receive information on any transactions made pursuant to this policy during the prior quarter.

8. Private Companies and Other Restricted Securities

The Fund may invest in private companies and other restricted securities if these securities currently comprise 40% or less of net assets. The value of these securities represented 9.20% of the Fund's net assets at September 30, 2025.

At September 30, 2025, the Fund had a commitment of $9,585,405 relating to additional investments in three private companies.

The following table details the acquisition date, cost, carrying value per unit, and value of the Fund's private companies and other restricted securities at September 30, 2025. The Fund on its own does not have the right to demand that such securities be registered.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **25** |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Security** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Acquisition<br> Date** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Cost** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Carrying Value<br> per Unit** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Abcuro, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;12/19/23, 8/10/23 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$2930481 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$5.49 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$2925000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Abcuro, Inc., Series C1 — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;2/7/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;712830 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.04 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;712120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Afferent Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;7/27/16 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;57299 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amolyt Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;7/12/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1598208 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;157.47 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2516698 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amphivena Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;10/18/22 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arbor Biotechnologies, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;10/29/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1367906 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16.57 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1359999 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arbor Biotechnologies, Inc., Series C — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;9/27/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3408611 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.11 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3399997 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arkuda Therapeutics, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;1/24/22, 1/23/23 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1398615 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.36 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;375016 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Arkuda Therapeutics, Inc., Series A — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;5/16/19, 04/2/20,<br> 7/15/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4245252 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.40 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;948870 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Atalanta Therapeutics, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;10/11/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3201518 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.80 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3200000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Aviceda Therapeutics, Series C — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;12/17/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;509922 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.76 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;498793 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Biotheryx, Inc., Series E — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;5/19/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6814111 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.57 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;736213 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Chinook Therapeutics, Inc. CVR — Common Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;8/14/23 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.32 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29376 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Crystalys Therapeutics, Inc., Series A | &nbsp;&nbsp;6/23/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2333339 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2332800 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Curasen Therapeutics, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;8/20/24, 1/7/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1546067 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.48 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1543792 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Curasen Therapeutics, Inc., Series A — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;8/20/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10169281 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.48 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10124534 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Curasen Therapeutics, Inc. |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1029195 | &nbsp;&nbsp;100.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1029195 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Endeavor Biomedicines, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;1/21/22 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3106638 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.72 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3099996 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Endeavor Biomedicines, Inc., Series C — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;4/19/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;792452 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.52 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;791936 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Engrail Therapeutics, Inc. — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;3/14/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5053176 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.06 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5049999 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ethismos Research Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;10/31/17 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Flamingo Therapeutics, Inc., Series A3 — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;4/21/20, 10/28/20 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5612058 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.34 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;327278 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Fusion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. CVR — Common Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;7/10/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4176 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.38 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10478 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Glycomine, Inc., Series C — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;7/22/24, 3/26/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3955459 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.60 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3950904 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc., Series C — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;5/5/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;711659 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.46 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;708966 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;5/5/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3415841 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.40 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1103010 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc. — Warrant, expiration date 9/15/28 | &nbsp;&nbsp;9/20/22 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2749 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc. — Convertible Note | &nbsp;&nbsp;9/13/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;439002 | &nbsp;&nbsp;100.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;439002 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;HiberCell, Inc. — Warrant, expiration date 9/13/34 | &nbsp;&nbsp;9/13/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Hotspot Therapeutics, Inc., Series C — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;11/15/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2055041 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2049526 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Hotspot Therapeutics, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;4/22/20, 6/17/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6925074 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.40 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6900000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Hotspot Therapeutics, Inc. — Convertible Note | &nbsp;&nbsp;4/12/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;720872 | &nbsp;&nbsp;100.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;720872 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Incendia Therapeutics, Inc., Series A — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;8/12/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3418315 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.92 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3399993 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Incendia Therapeutics, Inc. — Convertible Note | &nbsp;&nbsp;4/18/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1569230 | &nbsp;&nbsp;100.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1569230 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Incendia Therapeutics, Inc. — Convertible Note | &nbsp;&nbsp;9/9/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;547370 | &nbsp;&nbsp;100.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;547370 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Invetx, Inc. Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;9/4/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2908820 | &nbsp;&nbsp;103.98 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3243635 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;IO Light Holdings, Inc., Series A2 — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;4/30/20, 5/17/21,<br> 9/15/21 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1395847 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;42 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Neurovance Milestone Interest | &nbsp;&nbsp;3/20/17 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2166711 | &nbsp;&nbsp;328.07 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16077438 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Nuvig Therapeutics, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;10/18/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1731484 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.05 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1724998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Priothera Co. Ltd., Series A — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;10/7/20 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4052458 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Qlaris Bio, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;4/11/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3453838 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.79 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3450000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Quell Therapeutics Ltd., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;11/29/21, 03/23/22,<br> 2/18/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3420830 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.08 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3739998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Recode Therapeutics, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;1/26/24, 10/12/21,<br> 2/16/22 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3074644 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.23 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3060003 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Recode Therapeutics, Inc. — Convertible Note | &nbsp;&nbsp;9/23/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;161371 | &nbsp;&nbsp;100.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;161371 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Recode Therapeutics, Inc. |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Seismic Therapeutics, Inc., Series B — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;8/30/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2931369 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.52 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2924983 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. CVR — Common Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;8/2/23 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6383 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **26** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Security** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Acquisition<br> Date** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Cost** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Carrying Value<br> per Unit** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Value** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Third Arc Bio, Inc., Series A — Convertible Preferred Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;7/15/24, 4/24/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$3906945 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$2.10 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$3900000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Willow Laboratories, Inc. — Common Stock | &nbsp;&nbsp;3/31/98 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.00 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total** |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$108862447** |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$100683495** |

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9. Portfolio Investment Risks

a. Concentration Risk:

The Fund's portfolio may be more sensitive to, and possibly more adversely affected by, regulatory, economic or political factors or trends relating to the healthcare industries than a portfolio of companies representing a larger number of industries. This risk is in addition to the risks normally associated with any strategy seeking capital appreciation by investing in a portfolio of equity securities. As a result of its concentration policy, the Fund's investments may be subject to greater risk than a fund that has securities representing a broader range of investments and may cause the value of the Fund's shares to fluctuate significantly over relatively short periods of time.

b. Derivatives Risk (including Options):

Derivatives are speculative and may hurt the Fund's performance. The potential benefits to be derived from the Fund's options strategy are dependent upon the portfolio managers' ability to discern pricing inefficiencies and predict trends in these markets, which decisions could prove to be inaccurate.

c. Equity Securities Risk:

The stock or other security of a company may not perform as well as expected, and may decrease in value, because of factors related to the company (such as poorer than expected earnings or certain management decisions), to the industry in which the company is engaged (such as a reduction in the demand for products or services in a particular industry) or to the market as a whole (such as periods of market volatility or instability, or general and prolonged periods of economic decline). Holders of common stock generally are subject to more risks than holders of preferred stock or debt securities because the right to repayment of common shareholders' claims is subordinated to that of preferred stock and debt securities upon the bankruptcy of the issuer.

d. Key Personnel Risk:

There may be only a limited number of securities professionals who have comparable experience to that of the Fund's existing portfolio management team in the area of healthcare companies. If one or more of the team members dies, resigns, retires or is otherwise unable to act on behalf of the Investment Adviser, there can be no assurance that a suitable replacement could be found immediately.

e. Restricted Securities and Valuation Risk:

Some of the Fund's investments are subject to restrictions on resale and generally have no established trading market or are otherwise illiquid with little or no trading activity. The valuation process requires an analysis of various factors. The Fund's fair value methodology includes the examination of, among other things, (i) the existence of any contractual restrictions on the disposition of the securities; (ii) information obtained from the issuer which may include an analysis of the company's financial statements, the company's products or intended markets, or the company's technologies; and (iii) the price of a security sold at arm's length in an issuer's subsequent completed round of financing. As there is typically no readily available market value for some of the Restricted Securities in the Fund's portfolio, such Restricted Securities in the Fund's portfolio are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board pursuant to the Fund's valuation policy and a consistently applied valuation process. Because of the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of the Fund's investments determined in good faith by the Board may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market existed for the investments, and the differences could be material.

f. Risks Associated with the Fund's Option Strategy:

The ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective is partially dependent on the successful implementation of its option strategy. There are several risks associated with transactions in options on securities used in connection with the Fund's option strategy. For example, there are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. A decision as to whether, when and how to use options involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even a well-conceived transaction may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected events.

As the writer of a call option covered with a security held by the Fund, the Fund forgoes, during the option's life, the opportunities to profit from increases in the market value of the security covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call but retains the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **27** |

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decline. As the Fund writes such covered calls over more of its portfolio, its ability to benefit from capital appreciation becomes more limited. To the extent the Fund writes call options that are not fully covered by securities in its portfolio (such as calls on an index or sector), it will lose money if the portion of the security or securities underlying the option that is not covered by securities in the Fund's portfolio appreciate in value above the exercise price of the option by an amount that exceeds the premium received on the option plus the exercise price of the option. The amount of this loss theoretically could be unlimited. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligations as a writer of the option.

When the Fund writes put options, it bears the risk of loss if the value of the underlying stock declines below the exercise price minus the put premium. If the option is exercised, the Fund could incur a loss if it is required to purchase the stock underlying the put option at a price greater than the market price of the stock at the time of exercise plus the put premium the Fund received when it wrote the option. While the Fund's potential gain as the writer of a covered put option is limited to the premium received from the purchaser of the put option, the Fund risks a loss equal to the entire exercise price of the option minus the put premium.

g. Sector Risk:

To the extent that the Fund has a significant portion of its assets invested in securities conducting business in a broadly related group of industries within an economic sector, the Fund may be more vulnerable to unfavorable developments in that economic sector than funds that invest more broadly.

*Biotechnology Industry Risk. The success of biotechnology companies is highly dependent on the development, procurement and/or marketing of drugs. The values of biotechnology companies are also dependent on the development, protection and exploitation of intellectual property rights and other proprietary information, and the profitability of biotechnology companies may be significantly affected by such things as the expiration of patents or the loss of, or the inability to enforce, intellectual property rights. The research and other costs associated with developing or procuring new drugs, products or technologies and the related intellectual property rights can be significant, and the results of such research and expenditures are unpredictable. There can be no assurance that those efforts or costs will result in the development of a profitable drug, product or technology.*

The biotechnology sector is also subject to rapid and significant technological change and competitive forces that may make drugs, products or technologies obsolete or make it difficult to raise prices and, in fact, may result in price discounting. Companies in the biotechnology sector may also be subject to expenses and losses from

extensive litigation based on intellectual property, product liability and similar claims. Companies in the biotechnology sector may be adversely affected by government regulation and changes in reimbursement rates. Healthcare providers, principally hospitals, that transact with companies in the biotechnology industry, often rely on third party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid, private health insurance plans and health maintenance organizations to reimburse all or a portion of the cost of healthcare related products or services. Biotechnology companies will continue to be affected by the efforts of governments and third-party payors to contain or reduce health care costs.

*Pharmaceutical Sector Risk. The success of companies in the pharmaceutical sector is highly dependent on the development, procurement and marketing of drugs. The values of pharmaceutical companies are also dependent on the development, protection and exploitation of intellectual property rights and other proprietary information, and the profitability of pharmaceutical companies may be significantly affected by such things as the expiration of patents or the loss of, or the inability to enforce, intellectual property rights. The research and other costs associated with developing or procuring new drugs and the related intellectual property rights can be significant, and the results of such research and expenditures are unpredictable. There can be no assurance that those efforts or costs will result in the development of a profitable drug.*

The pharmaceutical sector is also subject to rapid and significant technological change and competitive forces that may make drugs obsolete or make it difficult to raise prices and, in fact, may result in price discounting. Companies in the pharmaceutical sector may also be subject to expenses and losses from extensive litigation based on intellectual property, product liability and similar claims. Companies in the pharmaceutical sector may be adversely affected by government regulation and changes in reimbursement rates. The ability of many pharmaceutical companies to commercialize and monetize current and any future products depends in part on the extent to which reimbursement for the cost of such products and related treatments are available from third-party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid, private health insurance plans and health maintenance organizations.

*Managed Care Sector Risk. Companies in the managed care sector often assume the risk of both medical and administrative costs for their customers in return for monthly premiums. The profitability of these products depends in large part on the ability of such companies to predict, price for, and effectively manage medical costs. Managed care companies base the premiums they charge and their Medicare bids on estimates of future medical costs over the fixed contract period; however, many factors may cause actual costs to exceed what was estimated and reflected in premiums or bids.*

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|:---|:---|
| **28** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Managed care companies are regulated at the federal, state, local and international levels. The evolution of the ACA and other regulatory reforms could materially and adversely affect the manner in which U.S. managed care companies conduct business and their results of operations, financial position and cash flows. New laws or regulations could drive substantial change to the way healthcare products and services are currently delivered and paid for in the United States. A transformative overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system could impact the financial viability of managed care companies in which the Fund may invest.

*Life Science and Tools Industry Risk. Life science industries are characterized by limited product focus, rapidly changing technology, extensive government regulation, and intense competition. In particular, technological advances can render an existing product, which may account for a disproportionate share of a company's revenue, obsolete. Extensive regulation can delay cause delays in product development, which may disadvantage a company in an intensely competitive environment. These various factors may result in abrupt advances and declines in the securities prices of particular companies, and, in some cases, may have a broad effect on the prices of securities of companies in particular life science industries.*

*Healthcare Technology Sector Risk. Companies in the healthcare technology sector may incur substantial cost related to product-related liabilities, interruptions at their data centers or client support facilities, claims for infringement or misappropriation of intellectual property rights of others, or infringement or misappropriation of their intellectual property. Each of these may adversely impact the prices of securities of companies in the healthcare technology sector.*

Additionally, the success of healthcare technology companies depends upon the recruitment and retention of key personnel. The failure to attract and retain qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on healthcare technology companies' prospects for long-term growth.

*Healthcare Services Sector Risk. The operations of healthcare services companies are subject to extensive federal, state and local government regulations. A violation or departure from any of these legal requirements may result in government audits, lower reimbursements, significant fines and penalties, the potential loss of certification, recoupment efforts or voluntary repayments. If healthcare services companies fail to adhere to all of the complex government regulations that apply to their businesses, such companies could suffer severe consequences that would substantially reduce revenues, earnings, cash flows and stock prices.*

A substantial percentage of a healthcare services company's service revenues may be generated from patients who have state Medicaid or other non-Medicare government-based programs, such as coverage through the Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA"), as their primary

coverage. As state governments and other governmental organizations face increasing budgetary pressure, healthcare services companies may in turn face reductions in payment rates, delays in the receipt of payments, limitations on enrollee eligibility or other changes to the applicable programs.

*Healthcare Supplies Sector Risk. If healthcare supplies companies are unable to successfully expand their product lines through internal research and development and acquisitions or are unable to successfully grow their business through marketing partnerships, their business may be materially and adversely affected.*

Quality is extremely important to healthcare supplies companies and their customers due to the serious and costly consequences of product failure. Quality certifications are critical to the marketing success of their products and services. If a healthcare supplies company fails to meet these standards or fails to adapt to evolving standards, its reputation could be damaged, it could lose customers, and its revenue and results of operations could decline.

*Healthcare Facilities Sector Risk. A healthcare facility's ability to negotiate favorable contracts significantly affects the revenues and operating results of such healthcare facilities. If a healthcare facility is unable to enter into and maintain managed care contractual arrangements on acceptable terms, if it experiences material reductions in the contracted rates received from managed care payers, or if it has difficulty collecting from managed care payers, its results of operations could be adversely affected.*

Further changes in the Medicare and Medicaid programs or other government health care programs could have an adverse effect on a healthcare facility's business. In addition to the changes affected by the ACA, the Medicare and Medicaid programs are subject to other regulatory changes which could materially increase or decrease payments from government programs in the future, as well as affect the cost of providing services to patients and the timing of payments to facilities, which could in turn adversely affect a healthcare facility's overall business, financial condition, results of operations or cashflows.

*Healthcare Equipment Sector Risk. The medical device markets are highly competitive and characterized by rapid change, which may affect a company's ability to be competitive. They are also rigorously regulated and it is anticipated that governmental authorities will continue to scrutinize this industry closely, and that additional regulation may increase compliance and legal costs, exposure to litigation, and other adverse effects to operations.*

Healthcare equipment companies are substantially dependent on patent and other proprietary rights and failing to protect such rights or to be successful in litigation related to such rights may negatively impact the ability of healthcare equipment companies to sell current or future products. Quality problems with the processes, goods and

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|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **29** |

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services of a healthcare equipment company could harm the company's reputation for producing high-quality products and erode its competitive advantage, sales and market share. Quality certifications are critical to the marketing success of goods and services. If a healthcare equipment company fails to meet these standards, its reputation could be damaged, it could lose customers, and its revenue and results of operations could decline.

*Healthcare Distributors Sector Risk. Companies in the healthcare distribution sector operate in markets that are highly competitive and in an industry that is highly regulated and often subject to legal proceedings. Due to the nature of the business of healthcare distribution companies, each of the above may have an adverse impact on the securities prices of companies in the healthcare distribution sector.*

Healthcare distribution companies depend on the availability of various components, compounds, raw materials and energy supplied by others for their operations. Any of these supplier relationships could be interrupted due to events beyond the control of such companies, including pandemics, epidemics or natural disasters, or could be terminated. A sustained supply interruption could have an adverse effect on business.

h. Valuation Risk:

The price that the Fund could receive upon the sale of any particular portfolio investment may differ from the Fund's valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair valuation methodology or a price provided by an independent pricing service. As a result, the price received upon the sale of an investment may be less than the value ascribed by the Fund, and the Fund could realize a greater than expected loss or lower than expected gain upon the sale of the investment. The Fund's ability to value its investments may also be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services or other third-party service providers.

i. Venture Capital Investments Risk:

The Fund may occasionally invest in venture capital opportunities. While these securities offer the opportunity for significant capital

gains, such investments also involve a degree of risk that can result in substantial losses. Some of the venture capital opportunities in which the Fund may invest are expected to be companies that are in a "start-up" stage of development, have little or no operating history, operate at a loss or with substantial variations in operating results from period to period, have limited products, markets, financial resources or management depth, or have the need for substantial additional "follow-on" capital to support expansion or to achieve or maintain a competitive position. Such additional investments may dilute the interests of prior investors, such as the Fund. Some of these companies may be emerging companies at the research and development stage with no marketable or approved products or technology. There can be no assurance that securities of start-up or emerging growth companies will, in the future, yield returns commensurate with their associated risks.

These investments, which are considered Restricted Securities, will be made primarily in convertible preferred stock. The Fund may also purchase non-convertible debt securities in connection with its venture capital investments, and otherwise when the Investment Adviser believes that such investments would be consistent with the Fund's investment objective. While these debt investments typically will not be rated, the Investment Adviser believes that, in light of the risk characteristics associated with investments in emerging growth companies, if such investments were to be compared with investments rated by S&P or Moody's, they may be rated as low as "C" in the rating categories established by S&P and Moody's. Such securities are commonly referred to as "junk bonds" and are considered, on balance, as predominantly speculative.

10. Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Fund may provide general indemnifications pursuant to certain contracts and organizational documents. The Fund's maximum exposure under these arrangements is dependent on future claims that may be made against the Fund, and therefore, cannot be estimated; however, the Fund expects the risk of loss from such claims to be remote.

11. Tax Information

The U.S. federal income tax basis of the Fund's investments (including derivatives, if applicable) and the net unrealized appreciation as of September 30, 2025, were as follows:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Tax Cost of<br> Securities** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized<br> Appreciation** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Unrealized<br> Depreciation** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Net<br> Unrealized<br> Appreciation/<br> (Depreciation)** |
| $992424782 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$313543826 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(212431555) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$101112271 |

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|:---|:---|
| **30** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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The tax character of distributions paid during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 was as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;**September 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**September 30, 2024** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Distributions paid from: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ordinary Income | &nbsp;&nbsp;$113069931 | &nbsp;&nbsp;$28244550 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net Long-Term Capital Gains | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1903546 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;44727964 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Return of Capital | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4562869 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30002831 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total tax character of distributions** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$119536346** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**$102975345** |

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As of September 30, 2025, the components of accumulated earnings on a tax basis were as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Undistributed Ordinary Income | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$- |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Undistributed Long-Term Capital Gains | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total undistributed earnings | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$- |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated Capital and Other Losses | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(11468) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capital loss carryforward | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$-\* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other currency gains | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other Temporary Differences | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Unrealized Appreciation/(Depreciation) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;101,597,269\*\* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total accumulated earnings/(losses) – net** | **$101585801** |

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Amounts listed as "–" are $0 or round to $0.

\* During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund did not utilize a capital loss carryforward.

\*\* The difference between book-basis and tax-basis unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) is attributable to the difference between the tax deferral of wash sales, the realization for tax purposes of unrealized gains on investments in passive foreign investment companies and Milestone installment sale adjustments.

12. Segment Reporting

In this reporting period, the Fund adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). Adoption of the new standard impacted disclosures only and did not affect the Fund's financial position nor the results of its operations. Operating segments are components of a public entity that engage in business activities from which it may recognize revenues and incur expenses, have discrete financial information available, and have their operating results regularly reviewed by the public entity's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") when assessing segment performance and making decisions about segment resources. The Chief Financial Officer of the Fund acts as the Fund's CODM. The CODM monitors the operating results of the Fund as a whole, and the Fund's asset allocation is managed in accordance with its Prospectus. The Fund operates as a single operating and reporting segment pursuant to its investment objective and principal investment strategy. The Fund's portfolio composition, total returns, expense ratios and changes in net assets used by the CODM to assess segment performance and make resource allocations are consistent with the information presented within the Fund's financial statements. Segment assets are reflected on the Fund's Statement of Assets and Liabilities as "Total Assets" and

significant segment expenses are listed on the Statement of Operations.

13. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09 ("ASU 2023-09"), Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which amends quantitative and qualitative income tax disclosure requirements in order to increase disclosure consistency, bifurcate income tax information by jurisdiction and remove information that is no longer beneficial. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. Fund Management is evaluating the impacts of these changes on the Fund's financial statements.

14. Subsequent Events

Management has evaluated the need for disclosures and/or adjustments resulting from subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued.

Based on this evaluation, no disclosures and/or adjustments were required to the financial statements as of September 30, 2025, other than as noted below.

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|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **31** |

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### Notes to Financial Statements (concluded)<br> September 30, 2025

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On November 11, 2025, the Fund announced that it will pay on January 12, 2026, a stock distribution of US $0.57 per share to all shareholders of record as of November 21, 2025.

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|:---|:---|
| **32** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

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To the Shareholders and Board of Trustees<br> abrdn Healthcare Investors:

*Opinion on the Financial Statements*

We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities of abrdn Healthcare Investors (the Fund), including the portfolio of investments, as of September 30, 2025, the related statement of operations for the year then ended, the statements of changes in net assets for each of the years in the two-year period then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the financial statements) and the financial highlights for each of the years in the three-year period then ended. In our opinion, the financial statements and financial highlights present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of September 30, 2025, the results of its operations for the year then ended, the changes in its net assets for each of the years in the two-year period then ended, and the financial highlights for each of the years in the three-year period then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The financial highlights for each of the years in the two-year period ended September 30, 2022 were audited by other independent registered public accountants whose report, dated November 21, 2022, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial highlights.

*Basis for Opinion*

These financial statements and financial highlights are the responsibility of the Fund's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial highlights based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements and financial highlights are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements and financial highlights, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements and financial highlights. Such procedures also included confirmation of securities owned as of September 30, 2025, by correspondence with the custodian, respective portfolio company, and brokers; when replies were not received from brokers, we performed other auditing procedures. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and financial highlights. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

![](tm2527059d11hqhreporti004.jpg)

We have served as the auditor of one or more abrdn investment companies since 2009.

Columbus, Ohio<br> November 28, 2025

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|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **33** |

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Federal Tax Information: Dividends and Distributions (Unaudited)

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#### Designation Requirements
Of the distributions paid by the Fund from ordinary income for the year ended September 30, 2025, the following percentages met the requirements to be treated as qualifying for the corporate dividends received deduction and qualified dividend income, respectively.

Dividends Received Deduction 5.20%

Qualified Dividend Income 5.75%

$1,903,546 from long-term capital gains, subject to a long-term capital gains tax rate of not greater than 20%..

The above amounts are based on the best available information at this time. In early 2026, the Fund will notify applicable shareholders of final amounts for use in preparing 2025 U.S. federal income tax forms.

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|:---|:---|
| **34** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Supplemental Information (Unaudited)

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#### Results of Annual Meeting of Shareholders
The Annual Meeting of Shareholders was held on May 28, 2025. The description of each proposal and number of shares voted at the meeting areas follows:

To elect two Class C Trustees to the Board of Trustees:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Votes For** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Votes Against/<br> Withheld** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Kathleen Goetz | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;39,046,950 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,645,083 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Todd Reit | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;39,049,811 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,642,222 |

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#### Summary of Board Considerations in Approving the Investment Advisory Agreement
At a regularly scheduled meeting (the "Meeting") of the Board of Directors (the "Board") of abrdn Healthcare Investors ("HQH" or the "Fund") held on June 10, 2025, the Board, including those Directors (the "Independent Directors") who are not "interested persons" (as that term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, (the "1940 Act")) of the Fund, approved the continuation of the investment advisory agreement (the "Advisory Agreement") between abrdn Inc. (the "Adviser") and the Fund. In connection with their consideration of whether to approve the continuation of the Advisory Agreement, the Board members received and reviewed a variety of information provided by the Adviser relating to the Fund, the Advisory Agreement and the Adviser. The information provided to the Board members included (but was not limited to): comparative performance, fee and expense information (as well as information on the limitations of such comparable data) of a peer group of funds based on the Fund's Morningstar Category (the "Peer Funds"), as selected by Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. ("ISS"), an independent third-party provider of investment company data and other performance information. The Peer Funds presented for fee and expense data comparison consisted of a sub-set of the Morningstar Category as determined independently by ISS, and the Peer Funds presented for the performance data comparison consisted of the Fund's Morningstar category, as determined by ISS. The Board also received information regarding relevant benchmark indices and information regarding the nature, extent and quality of services provided by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement.

The materials provided to the Board generally included, among other items: (i) information on the investment performance of the Fund, the performance of the Peer Funds, comparable funds, if any, and the Fund's performance benchmark; (ii) reports prepared by the Adviser in response to requests submitted by the Independent Directors' independent legal counsel on behalf of such Directors; (iii) information on the Fund's management fee and other expenses, including information comparing the Fund's expenses to the Peer Funds, comparable funds, if any, and information about applicable fee "breakpoints" in the Fund's fee structure and expense limitations, if any; (iv) information regarding the Adviser's revenues and costs of providing services to the funds and any compensation paid to affiliates of the Adviser; and (v) a memorandum from the Independent Directors' independent legal counsel on the responsibilities of the Board in considering the approval of the investment advisory arrangement under the 1940 Act and Massachusetts law.

The Independent Directors met with representatives of the Adviser and separately in executive session with independent legal counsel on June 10, 2025 to discuss the continuation of the Advisory Agreement. The Independent Directors also met with representatives of the Adviser and separately in executive session with independent legal counsel on May 29, 2025 to discuss the materials provided to the Board by the Adviser in response to a request for information sent to them by the Independent Directors' independent legal counsel.

In evaluating whether to renew the Advisory Agreement for the Fund, the Board considered numerous factors, including: (i) the nature, extent and quality of services provided to the Fund by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement; (ii) the costs of services provided to the Fund and the profits realized by the Adviser (and its affiliates) from its relationship with the Fund; (iii) the Fund's total expense ratio as well as the management fee paid by the Fund pursuant to the Advisory Agreement relative to the total expense ratios of and the management fees charged to the Peer Funds and comparable accounts, if any; (iv) the investment performance of the Fund relative to that of its benchmark index as well as the performance of the Peer Funds and comparable funds, if any; (v) any additional benefits (such as soft dollars, if any) received by the Adviser or its affiliates; (vi) the extent to which economies of scale are being realized by shareholders and will be realized as the Fund's assets increase; (vii) the Adviser's compliance program; and (viii) any other considerations deemed relevant by the Board. The Independent Directors also discussed the Advisory Agreement in an executive session with independent legal counsel at which no representatives of the Adviser were present. No single factor reviewed by the Board was identified as the principal factor in determining whether to renew the Advisory Agreement, and individual Directors may have given different weight to various factors.

The discussion immediately below outlines in greater detail certain of the materials and information presented to the Board by the Adviser in connection with the Board's consideration and approval of the continuation of the Advisory Agreement, and the conclusions made by the Board at the Meeting when determining to renew the Advisory Agreement.

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|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **35** |

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Supplemental Information (Unaudited) (continued)

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#### The Nature, Extent and Quality of Services Provided to the Fund Under the Advisory Agreement
The Directors considered the nature, extent and quality of services provided by the Adviser to the Fund. They reviewed information about the resources dedicated to the Fund by the Adviser and its affiliates. Among other things, the Board reviewed and discussed the background and experience of the Adviser's senior management personnel who serviced the Fund and the qualifications, background and responsibilities of the portfolio managers primarily responsible for providing day-to-day portfolio management services for the Fund. The Directors also considered the financial condition of the Adviser and the Adviser's ability to provide quality service to the Fund. Management representatives reported to the Board and responded to questions on, among other things, the Adviser's business plans and any current or proposed organizational changes. The Directors also took into account the Adviser's experience as an asset manager and considered information regarding the Adviser's compliance with applicable laws and Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and other regulatory agency inquiries or audits of the Fund, the Adviser and/or its affiliates. The Board considered reports from the Adviser on its risk management processes. The Board noted that it received information on a regular basis from the Fund's Chief Compliance Officer regarding the Adviser's compliance policies and procedures and information concerning the Adviser's brokerage policies and practices. The Directors also noted that the Adviser had provided information and periodic reporting, including updates on the management of the Fund and the quality of its performance, and had discussed these matters with the Directors at meetings held regularly throughout the preceding year.

Based on the totality of the information considered, the Board concluded that the nature, extent and quality of the Adviser's services provided to the Fund were of high quality, and that the Adviser has provided and could reasonably be expected to continue to provide these services on an ongoing basis based on its experience, operations and resources.

#### The Costs of Services Provided and Profits Realized by the Adviser and its Affiliates from their Relationships with the Fund
The Board reviewed information compiled by ISS that compared the Fund's effective annual management fee rate with the fees paid by its Peer Funds. The Board reviewed with management the effective annual management fee paid by the Fund to the Adviser for investment management services. The Board considered the Fund's management fee structure. The Directors also considered information from management about the fees charged by the Adviser to other clients investing primarily in an asset class similar to that of the Fund. The Board considered the fee comparisons in light of the differences in resources and costs required to manage the different types of accounts. In evaluating the Fund's management fees, the Board took into account the regulatory regimes, fund structure, level of services, complexity and quality of the investment management of the Fund.

In addition to the foregoing, the Board considered the Fund's fees and expenses relative to the fees and expenses of the Peer Funds, as well as information on the limitations of such comparable data given differences between the Fund and the Peer Funds presented. This information showed that the Fund's net management fee and total net expenses, exclusive of investment-related expenses, were below the median of the Peer Funds. The Board noted that the Fund has the ability to utilize leverage and that the Adviser oversees opportunities for leverage, as well as the Fund's structure, including any discount to the Fund's net asset value during market trading. The Board also reviewed the profitability of the investment advisory relationship with the Fund to the Adviser. The Board concluded that the Fund's fees and expenses, as well as the Investment Adviser's profitability, were reasonable in light of the nature, extent and quality of services provided.

#### Investment Performance of the Fund
The Board received and reviewed with the Fund's management, among other performance data, information that compared the Fund's return over the one-year period to the Peer Funds and discussed this information and other related performance data with the Adviser. In addition, the Board received and reviewed information regarding the Fund's total return on a gross and net basis and relative to the Fund's benchmark. The Board also considered information about the Fund's discount/premium ranking relative to its Peer Funds and the Adviser's discussion of the Fund's performance. The Directors noted that the Fund outperformed the average of the Peer Funds for the 1-year period ended March 31, 2025, and outperformed its benchmark for the 1-year period ended March 31, 2025. The Board noted that the Adviser began managing the strategy in October 2023, and that prior performance is attributed to another adviser. The Board considered the Adviser's discussion of Fund performance relative to the benchmark and the Peer Funds, including distinguishing features between the benchmark and the Fund and that the Peer Funds have varying investment objectives, strategies and policies, as well as varying exposures to the healthcare sector which limits the comparability of Peer Fund performance to the Fund. The Board also considered the Adviser's plans for the Fund, among other factors, in determining to continue the Advisory Agreement.

#### Direct and Indirect Benefits
The Board then considered whether or the extent to which the Adviser derives any direct, ancillary or indirect benefits, such as reputational benefits, that could accrue to the Adviser from the Fund's operations as a result of the Adviser's relationship with the Fund. The Board recognized the services provided to the Fund by affiliates of the Adviser and the related compensation paid by the Fund for those services. Based on the totality of the information considered, the Board concluded that any benefits accruing to the Adviser by virtue of its relationship with the Fund appeared to be reasonable.

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| **36** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Supplemental Information (Unaudited) (concluded)

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#### Economies of Scale
The Board next considered management's discussion of the Fund's management fee structure and determined that the management fee structure was reasonable and reflected the sharing of economies of scale between the Fund and the Adviser as the Fund's assets increased. The Board based its determination on various factors, including how the Fund's management fee compared relative to the Peer Funds at higher asset levels and that the breakpoints in the Fund's Advisory Agreement would adjust the management fee rate downward to reflect anticipated economies of scale in the event of asset increases, if applicable. The Board also considered that the Fund had an expense limitation agreement in place until October 27, 2025, pursuant to which the Adviser agreed to waive a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses as a means of limiting the Fund's total annual operating expenses. The Board concluded that the economies of scale shared with the Fund were reasonable.

*\* \* \**

Based on the Board's deliberations and its evaluation of the information described above and other factors and information the Directors deemed relevant in the exercise of their individual reasonable business judgment, the Board, including the Independent Directors, with the assistance of fund counsel and independent legal counsel to the Independent Directors, unanimously determined that the fees charged pursuant to the Advisory Agreement were fair and reasonable and approved the continuation of the Advisory Agreement.

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| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **37** |

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#### RECENT CHANGES
*The following information is a summary of certain changes during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025. This information may not reflect all of the changes that have occurred since you purchased the Fund.*

During the applicable period, there have been: (i) no material changes to the Fund's investment objective and policies that constitute its principal portfolio emphasis that have not been approved by the Fund's shareholders (the "Shareholders"), (ii) no material changes to the Fund's principal risks, (iii) no changes to the persons primarily responsible for day-to-day management of the Fund; and (iv) no changes to the Fund's charter or by-laws that would delay or prevent a change of control that have not been approved by Shareholders.

#### INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE, STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
The Fund's investment objective is to seek long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in securities of healthcare companies. The Fund's investment objective is a fundamental policy and may not be changed without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares (as that term is defined in Section 2(a)(42) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Company Act")).

In an effort to achieve its investment objective, the Fund will invest primarily in equity and related securities (including securities subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale) of U.S. and foreign companies principally engaged in the healthcare industries ("Healthcare Companies"). The Fund invests primarily in Healthcare Companies that are generally believed by the Investment Adviser to have significant potential for above-average long-term growth in revenues and earnings. The Investment Adviser expects that such companies generally will possess some or all of the following characteristics, in the Investment Adviser's judgment: current or anticipated strong market position for their services or products, experienced business management, recognized technological expertise, and the ability either to generate funds internally to finance growth or to secure outside sources of capital. For companies with earnings, the Investment Adviser generally will attempt to invest in securities that sell at price-earnings ratios or at multiples of underlying asset or potential values which, have upside potential.

The Fund may invest in securities of emerging growth healthcare companies, which may offer limited products or services or which are at the research and development stage with no marketable or approved products or technologies. The Fund also may invest in securities of large, well-known companies with existing products in the healthcare industries that are believed by the Investment Adviser to be undervalued in relation to their long-term growth potential or asset value.

The Fund also may invest up to 40% of its net assets in venture capital and other securities that are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale ("Restricted Securities").

The Fund also may invest up to 20% of its net assets in securities of foreign issuers, expected to be located primarily in Western Europe, Canada and Japan, and securities of U.S. issuers traded in foreign markets ("Foreign Securities"). The Fund may buy and sell currencies for the purpose of settlement of transactions in Foreign Securities.

Under normal market conditions, the Fund expects to invest at least 80% of its net assets insecurities of Healthcare Companies. This policy may not be changed without 60 days' prior notice to Shareholders. The Fund is required, except for temporary defensive purposes, to invest at least 25% of its net assets in such companies. For purposes of satisfying the foregoing requirements, a company will be deemed to be a healthcare company if, at the time the Fund makes an investment therein, 50% or more of such company's sales, earnings efforts or assets arise from or are dedicated to, or are expected to arise from or be dedicated to, healthcare products or services or medical technology activities. Determinations as to whether a company is a healthcare company will be made by the Investment Adviser in its discretion.

The equity and related securities in which the Fund may invest consist of common stock of healthcare companies and, to a lesser extent, of preferred stock, convertible debt, limited partnership interests and warrants or other rights to acquire common or preferred stocks of such companies. The Fund's investments in venture capital opportunities, which are considered Restricted Securities, will be made primarily in convertible preferred stock. The Fund may also purchase non-convertible debt securities in connection with its venture capital investments, and otherwise when the Investment Adviser believes that such investments would be consistent with the Fund's investment objective. While these debt investments typically will not be rated, the Investment Adviser believes that, in light of the risk characteristics associated with investments in emerging growth companies (see "Risk Factors"), if such investments were to be compared with investments rated by S&P Global Ratings ("S&P") or Moody's, they may be rated as low as "C" in the rating categories established by S&P and Moody's. Such securities are commonly referred to as "junk bonds" and are considered, on balance, as predominantly speculative.

#### Put or Call Options
The Fund may purchase and sell (or write) put or call options on any security in which it is permitted to invest or on any index of securities or other index, the change in value of which has a high degree of correlation with the changes in value of the Fund's portfolio securities,and may purchase and sell (or write) on a covered basis financial futures contracts and options on such futures.

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#### RISK FACTORS
Investing in any investment company security involves risk, including the risk that you may receive little or no return on your investment or even that you may lose part or all of your investment. Investors should consider the following Risk Factors and special considerations associated with investing in the Fund's shares.

**Portfolio Market Risk. The Fund is subject to market risk—the possibility that the prices of equity securities will decline over short or extended periods of time. The price of an equity security of an issuer may be particularly sensitive to general movements in the stock market, or a drop in the stock market may depress the price of most or all of the equity securities held by the Fund. In addition, equity securities held by the Fund may decline in price if the issuer fails to make anticipated distributions or dividend payments because, among other reasons, the issuer experiences a decline in its financial condition. As a result, the value of an investment in the Fund's shares will fluctuate with the market. You could lose some or all of your investment over short or long periods of time. Political and economic news can influence market-wide trends and can cause disruptions in the U.S. or world financial markets. Other factors may be ignored by the market as a whole but may cause movements in the price of one company's stock or the stock of companies in one or more industries. All of these factors may have a greater impact on initial public offerings and emerging company shares.**

**Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk. The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the market prices of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect markets generally, as well as those that affect particular regions, countries, industries, companies or governments. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or less depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which the securities trade. The increasing interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Securities in the Fund's portfolio may underperform due to inflation (or expectations for inflation), interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, natural/ environmental disasters, pandemics, epidemics, cyber-attacks, terrorism, armed conflicts, regulatory events and governmental or quasi-governmental actions. The occurrence of global events, such as terrorist attacks around the world, natural/environmental disasters-, social and political discord or debt crises and downgrades, among others, may result in market volatility and may have long term effects on both the U.S. and global financial markets. A disruption of financial markets or other terrorist attacks could adversely affect Fund service providers and/or the Fund's operations as well as interest rates, secondary trading, credit risk, inflation and other factors relating to the shares. The Fund cannot**

predict the effects or likelihood of similar events in the future on the U.S. and world economies, the value of the shares or the NAV of the Fund.

Social, political, economic and other conditions and events, such as natural disasters, health emergencies (e.g., epidemics and pandemics such as COVID-19, avian influenza or HINI/09), terrorism, actual or threatened wars or other armed conflicts (such as the Russia/Ukraine war and Middle East conflicts), may occur and could significantly impact issuers, industries, governments and other systems, including the financial markets. These impacts could negatively affect the Fund's investments in securities and instruments that are economically tied to the applicable region, and include (but are not limited to) declines in value and reductions in liquidity. In addition, to the extent new sanctions are imposed or previously relaxed sanctions are reimposed, complying with such restrictions may prevent the Fund from pursuing certain investments, cause delays or other impediments with respect to consummating such investments or divestments, require divestment or freezing of investments on unfavorable terms, render divestment of underperforming investments impracticable, negatively impact the Fund's ability to achieve its investment objective, prevent the Fund from receiving payments otherwise due it, increase diligence and other similar costs to the Fund, render valuation of affected investments challenging, or require the Fund to consummate an investment on terms that are less advantageous than would be the case absent such restrictions. As global systems, economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, events that once had only local impact are now more likely to have regional or even global effects. Events that occur in one country, region or financial market will, more frequently, adversely impact issuers in other countries, regions or markets. These impacts can be exacerbated by failures of governments and societies to adequately respond to an emerging event or threat. These types of events quickly and significantly impact markets in the U.S. and across the globe leading to extreme market volatility and disruption. The extent and nature of the impact on supply chains or economies and markets from these events is unknown, particularly if these types of events persist for an extended period of time. These types of events, could reduce consumer demand or economic output, result in market closures, travel restrictions or quarantines, and generally have a significant impact on the economies and financial markets and the Investment Adviser's investment advisory activities and services of other service providers, which in turn could adversely affect the Fund's investments and other operations. The value of the Fund's investments impact the operations and effectiveness of the Investment Adviser or key service providers or if these events disrupt systems and processes necessary or beneficial to the investment advisory or other activities on behalf the Fund. Systemic risk events and/or resulting government actions in the financial markets can negatively impact the Fund, for example, through less credit being

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Additional Information Regarding the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

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available to issuers or uncertainty regarding safety of deposits at other institutions. These risks also may adversely affect financial intermediaries, such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms, and exchanges, with which the Fund interacts.

**Market Events Risk. The market values of securities or other assets will fluctuate, sometimes sharply and unpredictably, due to changes in general market conditions, overall economic trends or events, governmental actions or intervention, actions taken by the US Federal Reserve or foreign central banks, market disruptions caused by trade disputes or other factors, political events within the U.S. and abroad, such as changes in the U.S. presidential administration and Congress, investor sentiment and other factors that may or may not be related to the issuer of the security or other asset. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events, imposition of sanctions and other measures, trading and tariff arrangements, actual or threatened war or armed conflicts, terrorism, social unrest, natural or environmental disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries directly affected, the value and liquidity of the Fund's investments may be negatively affected. In addition, public health emergencies (such as the spread of infectious diseases, pandemics and epidemics) or similar issues could reduce consumer demand or economic output, result in market closures, travel restrictions or quarantines, and generally have a significant impact on the world economy, which in turn could adversely affect the Fund's investments. The impact of the recent U.S. elections on such policies remains uncertain and policies supported by the new administration (or the reversal of policies supported by the previous administration) could impact U.S. interest rates or inflation or otherwise impact the Fund.**

**Security Market Risk—Discount to NAV. Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount from NAV. The risk that the Fund's common shares may trade at a discount is separate from the risk of a decline in the Fund's NAV as a result of investment activities.**

Whether shareholders will realize a gain or loss for federal income tax purposes upon the sale of their common shares depends upon whether the market value of the common shares at the time of sale is above or below the shareholder's basis in such common shares, taking into account transaction costs, and it is not directly dependent upon the Fund's NAV. Because the market price of the Fund's common shares will be determined by factors such as the relative demand for and supply of the shares in the market, general market conditions and other factors beyond the Fund's control, The Fund cannot predict

whether its common shares will trade at, below or above the NAV, or at, below or above the public offering price for the Fund's common shares.

**Non-Diversification Risk. The Fund is non-diversified, meaning that the Fund is permitted to invest more of its assets in fewer issuers than "diversified" funds. Thus, the Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.**

**Selection Risk. Different types of equity securities tend to shift into and out of favor with investors, depending on market and economic conditions. The performance of funds that invest in equity securities of healthcare companies may at times be better or worse than the performance of funds that focus on other types of securities or that have a broader investment style.**

**Concentration in the Healthcare Industries. Under normal market conditions, the Fund expects to invest primarily in securities of healthcare companies representing a small number of industries and to invest at least 25% of its net assets in securities of healthcare companies. As a result, the Fund's portfolio may be more sensitive to, and possibly more adversely affected by, regulatory, economic or political factors or trends relating to the healthcare industries than a portfolio of companies representing a larger number of industries. This risk is in addition to the risks normally associated with any strategy seeking capital appreciation by investing in a portfolio of equity securities. As a result of its concentration policy, the Fund's investments may be subject to greater risk and market fluctuation than a fund that has securities representing a broader range of investments. The healthcare industries can be volatile. The Fund may occasionally make investments in a company with the objective of controlling or influencing the management and policies of that company, which could potentially make the Fund more susceptible to declines in the value of the company's stock. The Investment Adviser may seek control in public companies only occasionally and most often in companies with a small capitalization.**

Healthcare companies have in the past been characterized by limited product focus, rapidly changing technology and extensive government regulation. In particular, technological advances can render an existing product, which may account for a disproportionate share of a company's revenue, obsolete. Obtaining governmental approval from U.S. governmental agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA"), from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and other U.S. and non-U.S. governmental agencies for new products can be lengthy, expensive and uncertain as to outcome. Such delays in product development may result in the need to seek additional capital, potentially diluting the interests of existing investors such as the Fund. In addition,governmental agencies may, for a variety of

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reasons, restrict the release of certain innovative technologies of commercial significance, such as genetically altered material. These various factors may result in abrupt advances and declines in the securities prices of particular companies and, in some cases, may have a broad effect on the prices of securities of companies in particular healthcare industries.

A concentration of investments in any healthcare industry or in healthcare companies generally may increase the risk and volatility of an investment company's portfolio. Such volatility is not limited to the biotechnology industry, and companies in other industries maybe subject to similar abrupt movements in the market prices of their securities. No assurance can be given that future declines in the market prices of securities of companies in the industries in which the Fund may invest will not occur, or that such declines will not adversely affect the NAV or the price of the shares.

Intense competition exists within and among certain healthcare industries, including competition to obtain and sustain proprietary technology protection. Healthcare companies can be highly dependent on the strength of patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights for maintenance of profit margins and market share. Accordingly, such companies may be significantly affected by such things as the expiration of patents or the loss of , or the inability to enforce, intellectual property rights. The complex nature oft he technologies involved can lead to patent disputes, including litigation that could result in a company losing an exclusive right to a patent. Competitors of healthcare companies,particularly of the emerging growth healthcare companies in which the Fund may invest, may have substantially greater financial resources, more extensive development, manufacturing,marketing and service capabilities, and a larger number of qualified managerial and technical personnel. Such competitors may succeed in developing technologies and products that are more effective or less costly than any that may be developed by healthcare companies in which the Fund invests and may also prove to be more successful in production and marketing. Competition may increase further as a result of potential advances in health services and medical technology and greater availability of capital for investment in these fields.

With respect to healthcare industries, cost containment measures already implemented by national governments, state or provincial governments, international organizations and the private sector have adversely affected certain sectors of these industries. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act ("ACA") has created increased demand for healthcare products and services, but potential changes to the ACA and future healthcare laws and regulations may impact demand for healthcare products and services and has had or may have an adverse effect on some companies in the healthcare industries. Increased emphasis on managed care in the United States and a shift toward value-based payment models may put pressure on

the price and usage of products sold by healthcare companies in which the Fund may invest and may adversely affect the sales and revenues of healthcare companies.

Product development efforts by healthcare companies may not result in commercial products for many reasons, including, but not limited to, failure to achieve acceptable clinical trial results, limited effectiveness in treating the specified condition or illness, harmful side effects,failure to obtain regulatory approval, and high manufacturing costs. Even after a product is commercially released, governmental agencies may require additional clinical trials or change the labeling requirements for products if additional product side effects are identified, which could have a material adverse effect on the market price of the securities of those healthcare companies.

Certain healthcare companies in which the Fund may invest may be exposed to potential product liability risks that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of pharmaceuticals, medical devices or other products. There can be no assurance that a product liability claim would not have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition or securities prices of a company in which the Fund has invested.

All of these factors as well as others may cause the value of the Fund's shares to fluctuate significantly over relatively short periods of time.

**Pharmaceutical Sector Risk. The success of companies in the pharmaceutical sector is highly dependent on the development, procurement and marketing of drugs. The values of pharmaceutical companies are also dependent on the development, protection and exploitation of intellectual property rights and other proprietary information, and the profitability of pharmaceutical companies may be significantly affected by such things as the expiration of patents or the loss of, or the inability to enforce, intellectual property rights.**

The research and other costs associated with developing or procuring new drugs and the related intellectual property rights can be significant, and the results of such research and expenditures are unpredictable. There can be no assurance that those efforts or costs will result in the development of a profitable drug. Pharmaceutical companies may be susceptible to product obsolescence. Many pharmaceutical companies face intense competition from new products and less costly generic products. Moreover, the process for obtaining regulatory approval by the FDA or other governmental regulatory authorities is long and costly and there can be no assurance that the necessary approvals will be obtained or maintained.

The pharmaceutical sector is also subject to rapid and significant technological change and competitive forces that may make drugs obsolete or make it difficult to raise prices and, in fact, may result in price discounting. Companies in the pharmaceutical sector may also

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Additional Information Regarding the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

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be subject to expenses and losses from extensive litigation based on intellectual property,product liability and similar claims. Failure of pharmaceutical companies to comply with applicable laws and regulations can result in the imposition of civil and criminal fines,penalties and, in some instances, exclusion of participation in government sponsored programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.

Companies in the pharmaceutical sector may be adversely affected by government regulation and changes in reimbursement rates. The ability of many pharmaceutical companies to commercialize and monetize current and any future products depends in part on the extent to which reimbursement for the cost of such products and related treatments are available from third party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid, private health insurance plans and health maintenance organizations. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and cost-effectiveness of many medical products.

Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of health care products, and there can be no assurance that adequate third-party coverage will be available for pharmaceutical companies to obtain satisfactory price levels for their products.

The international operations of many pharmaceutical companies expose them to risks associated with instability and changes in economic and political conditions, foreign currency fluctuations, changes in foreign regulations and other risks inherent to international business. Additionally, a pharmaceutical company's valuation can often be based largely on the potential or actual performance of a limited number of products. A pharmaceutical company's valuation can also be greatly affected if one of its products proves unsafe, ineffective or unprofitable. Such companies also may be characterized by thin capitalization and limited markets, financial resources or personnel, as well as dependence on wholesale distributors. The stock prices of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have been and will likely continue to be extremely volatile.

**Biotechnology Industry Risk. The success of biotechnology companies is highly dependent on the development, procurement and/or marketing of drugs. The values of biotechnology companies are also dependent on the development, protection and exploitation of intellectual property rights and other proprietary information, and the profitability of biotechnology companies may be significantly affected by such things as the expiration of patents or the loss of, or the inability to enforce, intellectual property rights.**

The research and other costs associated with developing or procuring new drugs, products or technologies and the related intellectual property rights can be significant, and the results of such research and expenditures are unpredictable. There can be no assurance that those efforts or costs will result in the development of a profitable drug, product or technology.

Moreover, the process for obtaining regulatory approval by the FDA or other governmental regulatory authorities is long and costly and there can be no assurance that the necessary approvals will be obtained or maintained.

The biotechnology sector is also subject to rapid and significant technological change and competitive forces that may make drugs, products or technologies obsolete or make it difficult to raise prices and, in fact, may result in price discounting. Companies in the biotechnology sector may also be subject to expenses and losses from extensive litigation based on intellectual property, product liability and similar claims. Failure of biotechnology companies to comply with applicable laws and regulations can result in the imposition of civil and/or criminal fines, penalties and, in some instances, exclusion of participation in government sponsored programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.

Companies in the biotechnology sector may be adversely affected by government regulation and changes in reimbursement rates. Healthcare providers, principally hospitals, that transact with companies in the biotechnology industry, often rely on third party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid, private health insurance plans and health maintenance organizations to reimburse all or a portion of the cost of healthcare related products or services. Biotechnology companies will continue to be affected by the efforts of governments and third party payors to contain or reduce health care costs. For example, certain foreign markets control pricing or profitability of biotechnology products and technologies. In the United States, there has been, and there will likely continue to be, a number of federal and state proposals to implement similar controls.

A biotechnology company's valuation could be based on the potential or actual performance of a limited number of products and could be adversely affected if one of its products proves unsafe, ineffective or unprofitable. Such companies may also be characterized by thin capitalization and limited markets, financial resources or personnel. The stock prices of companies involved in the biotechnology sector have been and will likely continue to be extremely volatile.

**Managed Care Sector Risk. Companies in the managed care sector often assume the risk of both medical and administrative costs for their customers in return for monthly premiums. The profitability of these products depends in large part on the ability of such companies to predict, price for, and effectively manage medical costs. Managed care companies base the premiums they charge and their Medicare bids on estimates of future medical costs over the fixed contract period; however, many factors may cause actual costs to exceed what was estimated and reflected in premiums or bids. These factors may include medical cost inflation, increased use of services, increased cost of individual services, natural catastrophes or other large-scale medical emergencies, epidemics, the introduction of new or costly**

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treatments and technology, new mandated benefits (such as the expansion of essential benefits coverage) or other regulatory changes and insured population characteristics. Relatively small differences between predicted and actual medical costs or utilization rates as a percentage of revenues can result in significant changes in financial results.

Managed care companies are regulated at the federal, state, local and international levels. Insurance and Health Maintenance Organizations ("HMOs") subsidiaries must be licensed by and are subject to the regulations of the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. U.S. health plans and insurance companies are also regulated under state insurance holding company regulations, and some of their activities may be subject to other health care-related regulations. The health care industry is also regularly subject to negative publicity, including as a result of governmental investigations, adverse media coverage and political debate surrounding industry regulation. Negative publicity may adversely affect stock price, damage the reputation of managed care companies in various markets or foster an increasingly active regulatory environment, which, in turn, could further increase the regulatory burdens under which such companies operate and their costs of doing business.

The evolution of the ACA and other regulatory reforms could materially and adversely affect the manner in which U.S. managed care companies conduct business and their results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The ACA includes guaranteed coverage and expanded benefit requirements, eliminates pre-existing condition exclusions and annual and lifetime maximum limits, restricts the extent to which policies can be rescinded, establishes minimum medical loss ratios, creates a federal premium review process, imposes new requirements on the format and content of communications (such as explanations of benefits) between health insurers and their members, grants to members new and additional appeal rights, and imposes new and significant taxes on health insurers and health care benefits.

New laws or regulations could drive substantial change to the way healthcare products and services are currently delivered and paid for in the United States. Health plans and insurance companies could face meaningful disruption or disintermediation if the U.S. migrates to a single payer healthcare system where the government acts as the sole payer of healthcare services for the entire population. A transformative overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system could impact the financial viability of managed care companies in which the Fund may invest.

Managed care companies contract with physicians, hospitals, pharmaceutical benefit service providers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and other health care providers for services.

Suchcompanies' results of operations and prospects are substantially dependent on their continued ability to contract for these services at competitive prices. Failure to develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with health care providers, whether in-network or out-of network,could materially and adversely affect business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

**Life Science and Tools Industry Risk. Life sciences industries are characterized by limited product focus, rapidly changing technology and extensive government regulation. In particular, technological advances can render an existing product, which may account for a disproportionate share of a company's revenue, obsolete. Obtaining governmental approval from agencies such as the FDA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and other U.S. and non-U.S. governmental agencies for new products can be lengthy, expensive and uncertain as to outcome. Such delays in product development may result in the need to seek additional capital, potentially diluting the interests of existing investors such as the Fund. In addition,governmental agencies may, for a variety of reasons, restrict the release of certain innovative technologies of commercial significance, such as genetically altered material. These various factors may result in abrupt advances and declines in the securities prices of particular companies and, in some cases, may have a broad effect on the prices of securities of companies in particular life sciences industries.**

Intense competition exists within and among certain life sciences industries, including competition to obtain and sustain proprietary technology protection. Life sciences companies can be highly dependent on the strength of patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights for maintenance of profit margins and market share. Accordingly, such companies may be significantly affected by such things as the expiration of patents or the loss of , or the inability to enforce, intellectual property rights. The complex nature of the technologies involved can lead to patent disputes, including litigation that could result in a company losing an exclusive right to a patent. Competitors of life sciences companies may have substantially greater financial resources, more extensive development, manufacturing,marketing and service capabilities, and a larger number of qualified managerial and technical personnel. Such competitors may succeed in developing technologies and products that are more effective or less costly than any that may b e developed by life sciences companies in which the Fund invests and may also prove to be more successful in production and marketing. Competition may increase further as a result of potential advances in health services and medical technology and greater availability of capital for investment in these fields.

With respect to healthcare industries, cost containment measures already implemented by the federal government, state governments and the private sector have adversely affected certain sectors of these industries. Increased emphasis on managed care in the United States

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Additional Information Regarding the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

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may put pressure on the price and usage of products sold by life sciences companies in which the Fund may invest and may adversely affect the sales and revenues of life sciences companies.

Product development efforts by life sciences companies may not result in commercial products for many reasons, including, but not limited to, failure to achieve acceptable clinical trial results, limited effectiveness in treating the specified condition or illness, harmful side effects, failure to obtain regulatory approval, and high manufacturing costs. Even after a product is commercially released, governmental agencies may require additional clinical trials or change the labeling requirements for products if additional product side effects are identified, which could have a material adverse effect on the market price of the securities of those life sciences companies.

Certain life sciences companies in which the Fund may invest may be exposed to potential product liability risks that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of pharmaceuticals, medical devices or other products. There can be no assurance that a product liability claim would not have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition or securities prices of a company in which the Fund has invested.

**Healthcare Technology Sector Risk. Companies in the healthcare technology sector may incur substantial costs related to product-related liabilities. Many of the software solutions,health care devices or services developed by such companies are intended for use in collecting, storing and displaying clinical and health care-related information used in the diagnosis and treatment of patients and in related health care settings such as admissions,billing, etc. The limitations of liability set forth in the companies' contracts may not be enforceable or may not otherwise protect these companies from liability for damages. Healthcare technology companies may also be subject to claims that are not covered by contract, such as a claim directly by a patient. Although such companies may maintain liability insurance coverage, there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover any particular claim that has been brought or that may be brought in the future, that such coverage will prove to be adequate or that such coverage will continue to remain available on acceptable terms, if at all.**

Healthcare technology companies may experience interruption at their data centers or client support facilities. The business of such companies often relies on the secure electronic transmission, data center storage and hosting of sensitive information, including protected health information, financial information and other sensitive information relating to clients,company and workforce. In addition, such companies may perform data center and/or hosting services for certain clients, including the storage of critical patient and administrative data and support services through various client support facilities. If any of these systems are interrupted, damaged or

breached by an unforeseen event or actions of a third party,including a cyber-attack, or fail for any extended period of time, it could have a material adverse impact on the results of operations for such companies.

The proprietary technology developed by healthcare technology companies may be subject to claims for infringement or misappropriation of intellectual property rights of others, or maybe infringed or misappropriated by others. Despite protective measures and intellectual property rights, such companies may not be able to adequately protect against theft, copying,reverse-engineering, misappropriation, infringement or unauthorized use or disclosure of their intellectual property, which could have an adverse effect on their competitive position. In addition, these companies are routinely involved in intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims and it is expected that this activity will continue or even increase as the number of competitors, patents and patent enforcement organizations in the healthcare technology market increases, the functionality of software solutions and services expands, the use of open-source software increases and new markets such as health care device innovation, health care transactions, revenue cycle, population health management and life sciences are entered into. These claims, even if not meritorious, are expensive to defend and are often incapable of prompt resolution.

The success of healthcare technology companies depends upon the recruitment and retention of key personnel. To remain competitive, such companies must attract, motivate and retain highly skilled managerial, sales, marketing, consulting and technical personnel, including executives, consultants, programmers and systems architects skilled in healthcare technology,health care devices, health care transactions, population health management, revenue cycle and life sciences industries and the technical environments in which solutions, devices and services are needed. Competition for such personnel in the healthcare technology sector is intense in both the United States and abroad. The failure to attract additional qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on healthcare technology companies' prospects for long-term growth.

**Healthcare Services Sector Risk. The operations of healthcare services companies are subject to extensive federal, state and local government regulations, including Medicare and Medicaid payment rules and regulations, federal and state anti-kickback laws, the physician self-referral law ("Stark Law") and analogous state self-referral prohibition statutes, Federal Acquisition Regulations, the False Claims Act and federal and state laws regarding the collection, use and disclosure of patient health information and the storage, handling and administration of pharmaceuticals. The Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rules related to claims submission, enrollment and licensing requirements, cost reporting, and payment processes impose complex and extensive requirements upon dialysis**

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| **44** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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providers as well. A violation or departure from any of these legal requirements may result in government audits,lower reimbursements, significant fines and penalties, the potential loss of certification,recoupment efforts or voluntary repayments. If healthcare services companies fail to adhere to all of the complex government regulations that apply to their businesses, such companies could suffer severe consequences that would substantially reduce revenues, earnings, cash flows and stock prices.

A substantial percentage of a healthcare services company's service revenues may be generated from patients who have state Medicaid or other non-Medicare government-based programs, such as coverage through the Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA"), as their primary coverage. As state governments and other governmental organizations face increasing budgetary pressure, healthcare services companies may in turn face reductions in payment rates, delays in the receipt of payments, limitations on enrollee eligibility or other changes to the applicable programs.

Adverse economic conditions could adversely affect the business and profitability of healthcare services companies. Among other things, the potential decline in federal, non-U.S. government and state revenues that may result from such conditions may create additional pressures to contain or reduce reimbursements for services from Medicare, Medicaid and other government sponsored programs. Increasing job losses or slow improvement in the unemployment rate in the United States and elsewhere as a result of adverse or recent economic conditions may result in a smaller percentage of patients being covered by an employer group health plan and a larger percentage being covered by lower paying Medicare and Medicaid programs. Employers may also select more restrictive commercial plans with lower reimbursement rates. To the extent that payors are negatively impacted by a decline in the economy, healthcare services companies may experience further pressure on commercial rates, a further slowdown in collections and a reduction in the amounts they expect to collect. In addition, uncertainty in the financial markets could adversely affect the variable interest rates payable under credit facilities or could make it more difficult to obtain or renew such facilities or to obtain other forms of financing in the future, if at all. Any or all of these factors, as well as other consequences of the adverse economic conditions which cannot currently be anticipated, could have a material adverse effect on a healthcare services company's revenues, earnings and cash flows and otherwise adversely affect its financial condition.

**Healthcare Supplies Sector Risk. If healthcare supplies companies are unable to successfully expand their product lines through internal research and development and acquisitions, their business may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if these companies are unable to successfully grow their businesses through marketing**

partnerships and acquisitions, their business may be materially and adversely affected.

Consolidation of healthcare providers has increased demand for price concessions and caused the exclusion of suppliers from significant market segments. It is expected that market demand, government regulation, third-party reimbursement policies, government contracting requirements and societal pressures will continue to change the worldwide healthcare industry, resulting in further business consolidations and alliances among customers and competitors. This may exert further downward pressure on the prices of healthcare suppliescompanies' products and adversely impact their businesses, financial conditions or results of operations.

Quality is extremely important to healthcare supplies companies and their customers due to the serious and costly consequences of product failure. Quality certifications are critical to the marketing success of their products and services. If a healthcare supplies company fails to meet these standards or fails to adapt to evolving standards, its reputation could be damaged, it could lose customers, and its revenue and results of operations could decline.

**Healthcare Facilities Sector Risk. A healthcare facility's ability to negotiate favorable contracts with HMOs, insurers offering preferred provider arrangements and other managed care plans significantly affects the revenues and operating results of such healthcare facilities.**

In addition, private payers are increasingly attempting to control health care costs through direct contracting with hospitals to provide services on a discounted basis, increased utilization reviews and greater enrollment in managed care programs, such as HMOs and Preferred Provider Organizations ("PPOs"). The trend toward consolidation among private managed care payers tends to increase their bargaining power over prices and fee structures. As various provisions of the ACA evolve, it is not clear what impact, if any, the increased obligations on private payers imposed by the health care reform law will have on a healthcare facility's ability to negotiate reimbursement increases. Non-government payers may increasingly demand reduced fees. If a healthcare facility is unable to enter into and maintain managed care contractual arrangements on acceptable terms, if it experiences material reductions in the contracted rates received from managed care payers, or if it has difficulty collecting from managed care payers, its results of operations could be adversely affected.

Further changes in the Medicare and Medicaid programs or other government health care programs could have an adverse effect on a healthcare facility's business. In addition to the changes affected by the ACA, the Medicare and Medicaid programs are subject to other statutory and regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations and determinations concerning patient eligibility

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| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **45** |

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requirements, funding levels and the method of calculating payments or reimbursements, among other things, requirements for utilization review, and federal and state funding restrictions. All of these could materially increase or decrease payments from government programs in the future, as well as affect the cost of providing services to patients and the timing of payments to facilities, which could in turn adversely affect a healthcare facility's overall business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Healthcare facilities are adversely affected by uninsured and underinsured patients, as well as a growing mix of Medicare and Medicaid patients that typically have lower reimbursement rates than commercial managed care patients As a result, healthcare facilities continue to experience a shift in payer mix and a high level of uncollectible accounts, which could worsen if there is an increase in unemployment. Healthcare facilities may continue to experience significant levels of bad debt expense and may have to provide uninsured discounts and charity care for undocumented immigrants who are not permitted to enroll in a health insurance exchange or government health care program. The trend of higher co-pays and deductibles and a focus on migrating healthcare utilization to lower cost sites of care, may also pressure volumes and revenue at certain healthcare facilities which could adversely impact the financial condition of hospitals and facilities with high fixed cost structures.

**Healthcare Equipment Sector Risk. The medical device markets are highly competitive and a healthcare equipment company many be unable to compete effectively. These markets are characterized by rapid change resulting from technological advances and scientific discoveries.**

Development by other companies of new or improved products, processes, or technologies may make a healthcare equipment company's products or proposed products less competitive. In addition, these companies face competition from providers of alternative medical therapies such as pharmaceutical companies.

Medical devices and related business activities are subject to rigorous regulation, including by the FDA, the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ"), and numerous other federal, state, and foreign governmental authorities. These authorities and members of Congress have been increasing their scrutiny of the healthcare equipment industry. In addition, certain states have passed or are considering legislation restricting healthcare equipment companies' interactions with health care providers and requiring disclosure of certain payments to them. It is anticipated that governmental authorities will continue to scrutinize this industry closely,and that additional regulation may increase compliance and legal costs, exposure to litigation, and other adverse effects to operations.

Healthcare equipment companies are substantially dependent on patent and other proprietary rights and failing to protect such rights

or to be successful in litigation related to such rights may result in the payment of significant monetary damages and/or royalty payments, may negatively impact the ability of healthcare equipment companies to sell current or future products, or may prohibit such companies from enforcing their patent and other proprietary rights against others.

Quality problems with the processes, goods and services of a healthcare equipment company could harm the company's reputation for producing high-quality products and erode its competitive advantage, sales and market share. Quality is extremely important to healthcare equipment companies and their customers due to the serious and costly consequences of product failure. Quality certifications are critical to the marketing success of goods and services. If a healthcare equipment company fails to meet these standards, its reputation could be damaged, it could lose customers, and its revenue and results of operations could decline.

**Healthcare Distributors Sector Risk. Companies in the healthcare distribution sector operate in markets that are highly competitive. Because of competition, many of these companies face pricing pressures from customers and suppliers. If these companies are unable to offset margin reductions caused by pricing pressures through steps such as effective sourcing and enhanced cost control measures, the financial condition of such companies could be adversely affected. In addition, the healthcare industry has continued to consolidate. Further consolidation among customers and suppliers (including branded pharmaceutical manufacturers) could give the resulting enterprises greater bargaining power,which may adversely impact the financial condition of companies in the healthcare distribution sector.**

Fewer generic pharmaceutical launches or launches that are less profitable than those previously experienced may have an adverse effect on the profits of companies in the healthcare distribution sector. Additionally, prices for existing generic pharmaceuticals generally decline over time, although this may vary. Price deflation on existing generic pharmaceuticals may have an adverse effect on company profits. With respect to branded pharmaceutical price appreciation, if branded manufacturers increase prices less frequently or by amounts that are smaller than have been experienced historically, healthcare distribution companies may profit less from branded pharmaceutical agreements.

The healthcare industry is highly regulated, and healthcare distribution companies are subject to regulation in the United States at both the federal and state level and in foreign countries. If healthcare distribution companies fail to comply with these regulatory requirements, the financial condition of such companies could be adversely affected.

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| **46** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Additional Information Regarding the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

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Due to the nature of the business of healthcare distribution companies, such companies may from time to time become involved in disputes or legal proceedings. For example, some of the products that these companies distribute may be alleged to cause personal injury or violate the intellectual property rights of another party, subjecting such companies to product liability or infringement claims. Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and the unfavorable resolution of one or more of these legal proceedings could adversely affect the cash flows and balance sheets of healthcare distribution companies. Pharmaceutical distributors currently face lawsuits related to the abuse of opioid medications in the United States. The allegations include that pharmaceutical distributors failed to provide effective controls around the quantities of opioid medications distributed to certain pharmacies, failed to properly prevent the diversion of medications and failed to report suspicious orders. Pharmaceutical distributors are in discussions with federal, state and local jurisdictions related to their role in the distribution of opioid pharmaceuticals and it is possible that they will be required to pay multi-billion dollar settlements related to the ongoing litigation.

Healthcare distribution companies depend on the availability of various components,compounds, raw materials and energy supplied by others for their operations. Any of these supplier relationships could be interrupted due to events beyond the control of such companies, including pandemics, epidemics or natural disasters, or could be terminated. A sustained supply interruption could have an adverse effect on business.

**Risks Associated with Regulatory and Policy Changes. At any time after the date hereof, U.S. and non-U.S. governmental agencies and other regulators may implement additional regulations and legislators may pass new laws that affect the investments held by the Fund, the strategies used by the Fund or the level of regulation or taxation applying to the Fund. These regulations and laws impact the investment strategies, performance, costs and operations of the Fund, as well as the way investments in, and Shareholders of, the Fund are taxed. In particular, changes to U.S. healthcare policy could affect the Fund and its investments. The affordability of healthcare in the U.S. will remain a topic of debate, and proposals, laws and regulations to reduce the costs of healthcare products and services could adversely impact healthcare companies that the Fund invests in.**

**Investment in Emerging Growth Companies. The Fund may invest in equity securities of emerging growth healthcare companies. While these securities offer the opportunity for significant capital gains, such investments also involve a degree of risk that can result insubstantial losses. There can be no assurance that securities of start-up or emerging growth companies will, in the future, yield returns commensurate with their associated risks.**

**Liquidity of Portfolio Investments. The Fund may invest in securities that are traded in the over-the-counter markets or on regional stock exchanges where the low trading volume of a particular security may result in abrupt and erratic price movements or that are not traded in any market. An investment in such securities may have limited liquidity, and the Fund may find it necessary to sell at a discount from recent prices or to sell over extended periods of time when disposing of such securities. In addition, the Fund may invest up to40% of its net assets in Restricted Securities, which by their terms are illiquid. In many cases,Restricted Securities in which the Fund may invest cannot be sold except in a public offering registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to an exemption from the Securities Act or in compliance with applicable Securities and Exchange Commission regulations.**

**Venture Capital Investments Risk. The Fund may occasionally invest in venture capital opportunities. While these securities offer the opportunity for significant capital gains, such investments also involve a degree of risk that can result in substantial losses. Some of the venture capital opportunities in which the Fund may invest are expected to be companies that are in a "start-up" stage of development, have little or no operating history, operate at a loss or with substantial variations in operating results from period to period, have limited products, markets, financial resources or management depth, or have the need for substantial additional "follow-on" capital to support expansion or to achieve or maintain a competitive position. Such additional investments may dilute the interests of prior investors, such as the Fund. Some of these companies may be emerging companies at the research and development stage with no marketable or approved products or technology. There can be no assurance that securities of start-up or emerging growth companies will, in the future, yield returns commensurate with their associated risks.**

These investments, which are considered Restricted Securities, will be made primarily in convertible preferred stock. The Fund may also purchase non-convertible debt securities in connection with its venture capital investments, and otherwise when the Investment Adviser believes that such investments would be consistent with the Fund's investment objective. While these debt investments typically will not be rated, the Investment Adviser believes that,in light of the risk characteristics associated with investments in emerging growth companies,if such investments were to be compared with investments rated by S&P or Moody's, they may be rated as low as "C" in the rating categories established by S&P and Moody's. Such securities are commonly referred to as "junk bonds" and are considered, on balance, as predominantly speculative.

**Restricted Securities and Valuation Risk. Some of the Fund's investments are subject to restrictions on resale and generally have no established trading market or are otherwise illiquid with little or no**

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| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **47** |

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Additional Information Regarding the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

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trading activity. The valuation process requires an analysis of various factors. The Fund's fair value methodology includes the examination of, among other things,(i) the existence of any contractual restrictions on the disposition of the securities; (ii) information obtained from the issuer which may include an analysis of the company's financial statements, the company's products or intended markets, or the company's technologies; and (iii) the price of a security sold at arm's length in an issuer's subsequent completed round of financing. As there is typically no readily available market value for some of the Restricted Securities in the Fund's portfolio, such Restricted Securities in the Fund's portfolio are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board pursuant to the Fund's valuation policy and a consistently applied valuation process. Because of the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of the Fund's investments determined in good faith by the Board may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market existed for the investments, and the differences could be material. There is no single standard for determining fair value in good faith.

As a result, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each portfolio investment, while employing a consistently applied valuation process for the types of investments the Fund makes.

**Foreign Securities Risk. The Fund may invest up to 20% of its net assets in Foreign Securities. Foreign Securities involve special risks that are not typically associated with U.S. dollar denominated or quoted securities of U.S. issuers. Foreign Securities may be affected by changes in currency rates, changes in foreign or U.S. laws or restrictions applicable to such investments and changes in exchange control regulations (e.g., currency blockage). A decline in the exchange rate of the currency (i.e., weakening of the currency against the U.S. dollar) in which a portfolio security is quoted or denominated relative to the U.S. dollar would reduce the value of the portfolio security. In addition, if the currency in which the Fund receives dividends, interest or other payments declines in value against the U.S. dollar before such income is distributed as dividends to Shareholders or converted to U.S. dollars, the Fund may have to sell portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to pay such dividends.**

Brokerage commissions, custodial services and other costs relating to investment in international securities markets generally are more expensive than in the United States. In addition, clearance and settlement procedures may be different in foreign countries and, in certain markets, such procedures have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, thus making it difficult to conduct such transactions.

Foreign issuers are not generally subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards comparable to those applicable to U.S. issuers. There may be less publicly available information about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer. In addition, there is generally less government regulation of foreign markets, companies and securities dealers than in the United States, and the legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States. Foreign securities markets may have substantially less volume than U.S. securities markets and securities of many foreign issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. Furthermore, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is a possibility of nationalization, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding or other taxes on dividend or interest payments (or, in some cases, capital gains distributions), limitations on the removal of funds or other assets from such countries, and risks of political or social instability or diplomatic developments which could adversely affect investments in those countries. Adverse diplomatic developments may include the imposition of economic or trade sanctions or other measures by the U.S. or other governments and supranational organizations or changes in trade policies. These developments may, among other things, limit the ability of the Fund to invest in certain securities or require the disposition of an investment.

**Management Risk. The Fund's ability to achieve its investment objective is directly related to the Investment Adviser's investment strategies for the Fund. The value of your investment in the Fund's common shares may vary with the effectiveness of the research and analysis conducted by the Investment Adviser and its ability to identify and take advantage of attractive investment opportunities. If the investment strategies of the Investment Adviser do not produce the expected results, the value of your investment could be diminished or even lost entirely, and the Fund could underperform the market or other funds with similar investment objective.**

**Key Personnel Risk. There may be only a limited number of securities professionals who have comparable experience to that of the Fund's existing portfolio management team in the area of healthcare companies. If one or more of the team members dies, resigns, retires or is otherwise unable to act on behalf of the Investment Adviser, there can be no assurance that a suitable replacement could be found immediately.**

**Concentration of Investments. The Fund may from time to time concentrate its investments in a few issuers and take large positions in those issuers. As a result, the Fund may be subject to a greater risk of loss than an investment company that diversifies its investments more broadly. Taking larger positions is also likely to increase the volatility of the Fund's NAV reflecting fluctuation in the value of its large holdings. The Fund may make investments in any company with**

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| **48** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Additional Information Regarding the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

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the objective of controlling or influencing the management and policies of that company. Investing for the purpose of controlling or influencing the management and policies of a company could potentially make the Fund less diversified and more susceptible to declines in the value of the company's stock. The Investment Adviser may seek a control position in private venture capital investments where the Investment Adviser believes its knowledge and experience will be of significant benefit to the invested company and, therefore, to the Fund's investment. The Investment Adviser expects to seek control in public companies only occasionally and most often in companies with a small capitalization.

**Anti-Takeover Provisions Risk. The Fund's Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust("Declaration of Trust"), dated April 21, 1987, as amended, has provisions that could have the effect of limiting the ability of other entities or persons to (1) acquire control of the Fund, (2) cause it to engage in certain transactions, or (3) modify its structure. The By-Laws also contain provisions regarding qualifications for nominees for Trustee positions, advance notice of Shareholder proposals, and requirements for the call of special Shareholder meetings. These provisions may be considered "anti-takeover" provisions.**

**Related Party Transactions Risk. The Fund may be subject to certain potential conflicts of interest. Although the Fund has no obligation to do so, it may place brokerage orders with brokers who provide supplemental investment research and market and statistical information about healthcare companies and the healthcare industries. In addition, other investment companies advised by the Investment Adviser may concurrently invest with the Fund in Restricted Securities under certain conditions. The Fund also may invest, subject to applicable law, in companies in which the principals of the Investment Adviser or Trustees of the Fund have invested, or for which they serve as directors or executive officers.**

The Investment Company Act prohibits the Fund from engaging in certain transactions involving its "affiliates," including, among others, the Fund's Trustees, officers and employees,the Investment Adviser and any "affiliates" of such affiliates except pursuant to an exemptive order or the provisions of certain rules under the Investment Company Act. In the view of the staff of the Commission, other investment companies advised by the Investment Adviser may,in some instances, be viewed to be affiliates of the Fund. Such legal restrictions and delays and costs involved in obtaining necessary regulatory approvals may preclude or discourage the Fund from making certain investments and no assurance can be given that any exemptive order sought by the Fund will be granted.

The Investment Adviser's investment team is responsible for managing the Fund as well as three other closed-end investment companies. In the future, the investment team may manage other

funds and accounts, including proprietary accounts, separate accounts and other pooled investment vehicles, such as unregistered hedge funds. In the future, a portfolio manager may manage a separate account or other pooled investment vehicle which may have materially higher fee arrangements than the Fund and may also have a performance based fee. The side-by-side management of these funds or accounts may raise potential conflicts of interest relating to cross trading, the allocation of investment opportunities and the aggregation and allocation of trades.

**Regulation as a "Commodity Pool". The Investment Adviser has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term "commodity pool operator" with respect to the Fund pursuant to Regulation 4.5 promulgated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC"). For the Investment Adviser to continue to qualify for the exclusion under CFTC Regulation 4.5 with respect to the Fund, the aggregate initial margin and premiums required to establish our positions in derivative instruments subject to the jurisdiction of the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended ("CEA") (other than positions entered into for hedging purposes) may not exceed five percent of the Fund's liquidation value or, alternatively, the net notional value of the Fund's aggregate investments in CEA-regulated derivative instruments (other than positions entered into for hedging purposes) may not exceed 100% of the Fund's liquidation value. In the event the Investment Adviser fails to qualify for the exclusion with respect to the Fund and is required to register as a "commodity pool operator", it will become subject to additional disclosure, record keeping and reporting requirements with respect to the Fund, which may increase the Fund's expenses.**

**Special Purpose Acquisition Company Risk. The Fund may invest in SPACs. SPACs are collective investment structures that pool funds in order to seek potential acquisition opportunities. Unless and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests its assets (less an amount to cover expenses) in U.S. Government securities, money market fund securities and cash. SPACs and similar entities may be blank check companies with no operating history or ongoing business other than to seek a potential acquisition. Certain SPACs may seek acquisitions only in limited industries or regions. If an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed within a predetermined period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity's shareholders, unless such shareholders approve alternative arrangements. Investments in SPACs may be illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale.**

#### FUNDAMENTAL INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
The Fund has adopted the following fundamental restrictions, which, like its investment objective, may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the Fund's outstanding voting securities (which for this purpose and under the Investment Company

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Additional Information Regarding the Fund (Unaudited) (concluded)

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Act, means the lesser of (1) 67% of the voting shares present in person or by proxy at a meeting at which more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares are present in person or by proxy, or (2) more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares).

1. The Fund may not purchase or sell commodities or commodities contracts. The prohibition on the purchase or sale of commodities applies to the purchase or sale of "physical" commodities.

2. The Fund may not purchase or sell real estate; provided that the Fund may invest in securities secured by real estate or interests therein or issued by companies which invest in real estate or interests
therein.

3. The Fund may not underwrite securities of other issuers, except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio securities, the Fund may be deemed an underwriter under federal or
state securities law.

4. The Fund may not invest less than 25% of its net assets in securities of companies in the healthcare industries.

5. The Fund may not invest more than 40% of the Fund's net assets in venture capital or other Restricted Securities.

6. The Fund may issue senior securities to the extent permitted under the Investment Company Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

7. The Fund may not mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or in any manner transfer, as security for indebtedness, any securities owned or held by the Fund, except as may be necessary in connection with permitted
borrowings under 6 above.

8. The Fund may not make loans of money, except by the purchase of debt obligations in which the Fund may invest consistent with its investment objective and policies. The Fund reserves the authority to
enter into repurchase agreements and to make loans of its portfolio securities to qualified institutional investors, brokers, dealers, banks or other financial institutions, so long as the terms of the loans are not
inconsistent with the requirements of the Investment Company Act. Such loans may not exceed an aggregate amount of 33 1/3% of the Fund's net assets.

#### NON-FUNDAMENTAL INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
In addition, the Fund has adopted the following investment policies, which may be changed by the action of the Board of Trustees (the "Board") without Shareholder approval:

1. The Fund, under normal circumstances, will have at least 80% of its net assets invested in securities of healthcare companies. This investment policy may not be changed without 60 days' prior
notice to Shareholders.

2. To the extent not invested in the securities of Healthcare Companies, assets of the Fund will be invested in cash, U.S. Government Securities, money market instruments or money market mutual funds for
liquidity. When, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, adverse market conditions or industry expectations support such action, the Fund may temporarily take a defensive position of up to 75% of net assets in
liquid investments. The money market instruments in which the Fund may invest include certificates of deposit and bankers' acceptances issued by domestic branches of federally-insured U.S. banks and savings and loan
associations and commercial paper and high and upper medium grade corporate debt securities rated, as of the date of purchase, among the highest rating categories of Moody's Investors Service Inc. (Aaa, Aa or A for
bonds; MIG-1, MIG-2 or MIG-3 for notes; P-1 for commercial paper) or Standard & Poor's Corporation (AAA, AA or A for bonds; SP-1+ to SP-2 for notes; A-1 for commercial paper). The Fund also may invest in shares of
money market mutual funds that invest in money market instruments and U.S. Government Securities.

3. The Fund may not invest more than 20% of its net assets at the time of purchase in securities of foreign issuers.

Except as otherwise noted, all percentage limitations set forth above apply immediately after a purchase and a subsequent change in the applicable percentage resulting from market fluctuations does not require elimination of any security from the portfolio.

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Dividend Reinvestment and Optional Cash Purchase Plan (Unaudited)

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The Fund intends to distribute to shareholders substantially all of its net investment income and to distribute any net realized capital gains at least annually. Net investment income for this purpose is income other than net realized long-term and short-term capital gains net of expenses. Pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment and Optional Cash Purchase Plan (the "Plan"), shareholders whose shares of common stock are registered in their own names will be deemed to have elected to have all distributions automatically reinvested by Computershare Trust Company N.A. (the "Plan Agent") in the Fund shares pursuant to the Plan, unless such shareholders elect to receive distributions in cash. Shareholders who elect to receive distributions in cash will receive such distributions paid by check in U.S. Dollars mailed directly to the shareholder by the Plan Agent, as dividend paying agent. In the case of shareholders such as banks, brokers or nominees that hold shares for others who are beneficial owners, the Plan Agent will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of shares certified from time to time by the shareholders as representing the total amount registered in such shareholders' names and held for the account of beneficial owners that have not elected to receive distributions in cash. Investors that own shares registered in the name of a bank, broker or other nominee should consult with such nominee as to participation in the Plan through such nominee and may be required to have their shares registered in their own names in order to participate in the Plan. Please note that the Fund does not issue certificates so all shares will be registered in book entry form. The Plan Agent serves as agent for the shareholders in administering the Plan. If the Trustees of the Fund declare an income dividend or a capital gains distribution payable either in the Fund's common stock or in cash, nonparticipants in the Plan will receive cash and participants in the Plan will receive common stock, to be issued by the Fund or purchased by the Plan Agent in the open market, as provided below. If the market price per share (plus expected per share fees) on the valuation date equals or exceeds NAV per share on that date, the Fund will issue new shares to participants at NAV; provided, however, that if the NAV is less than 95% of the market price on the valuation date, then such shares will be issued at 95% of the market price. The valuation date will be the payable date for such distribution or dividend or, if that date is not a trading day on the NYSE, the immediately preceding trading date. If NAV exceeds the market price of Fund shares at such time, or if the Fund should declare an income dividend or capital gains distribution payable only in cash, the Plan Agent will, as agent for the participants, buy Fund shares in the open market, on the NYSE or elsewhere, for the participants' accounts on, or shortly after, the payment date. If, before the Plan Agent has completed its purchases, the market price exceeds the NAV of the Fund's share, the average per share purchase price paid by the Plan Agent may exceed the NAV of the Fund's shares, resulting in the acquisition of fewer shares than if the distribution had been paid in shares issued by the Fund on the dividend payment date. Because of

the foregoing difficulty with respect to open-market purchases, the Plan provides that if the Plan Agent is unable to invest the full dividend amount in open-market purchases during the purchase period or if the market discount shifts to a market premium during the purchase period, the Plan Agent will cease making open-market purchases and will receive the uninvested portion of the dividend amount in newly issued shares at the close of business on the last purchase date.

Participants have the option of making additional cash payments of a minimum of $50 per investment (by check, one-time online bank debit or recurring automatic monthly ACH debit) to the Plan Agent for investment in the Fund's common stock, with an annual maximum contribution of $250,000. The Plan Agent will wait up to three business days after receipt of a check or electronic funds transfer to ensure it receives good funds. Following confirmation of receipt of good funds, the Plan Agent will use all such funds received from participants to purchase Fund shares in the open market on the 25th day of each month or the next trading day if the 25th is not a trading day.

If the participant sets up recurring automatic monthly ACH debits, funds will be withdrawn from his or her U.S. bank account on the 20th of each month or the next business day if the 20th is not a banking business day and invested on the next investment date. The Plan Agent maintains all shareholder accounts in the Plan and furnishes written confirmations of all transactions in an account, including information needed by shareholders for personal and tax records. Shares in the account of each Plan participant will be held by the Plan Agent in the name of the participant, and each shareholder's proxy will include those shares purchased pursuant to the Plan. There will be no brokerage charges with respect to common shares issued directly by the Fund. However, each participant will pay a per share fee of $0.02 incurred with respect to the Plan Agent's open market purchases in connection with the reinvestment of dividends, capital gains distributions and voluntary cash payments made by the participant. Per share fees include any applicable brokerage commissions the Plan Agent is required to pay.

Participants also have the option of selling their shares through the Plan. The Plan supports two types of sales orders. Batch order sales are submitted on each market day and will be grouped with other sale requests to be sold. The price will be the average sale price obtained by Computershare's broker, net of fees, for each batch order and will be sold generally within 2 business days of the request during regular open market hours. Please note that all written sales requests are always processed by Batch Order. ($10 and $0.12 per share). Market Order sales will sell at the next available trade. The shares are sold real time when they hit the market, however an available trade must be presented to complete this transaction. Market Order sales may only

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **51** |

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Dividend Reinvestment and Optional Cash Purchase Plan (Unaudited) (concluded)

------

be requested by phone at 1-800-647-0584 or using Investor Center through www.computershare.com/buyaberdeen. ($25 and $0.12 per share).

The receipt of dividends and distributions under the Plan will not relieve participants of any income tax that may be payable on such dividends or distributions. The Fund or the Plan Agent may terminate the Plan as applied to any voluntary cash payments made and any dividend or distribution paid subsequent to notice of the termination sent to members of the Plan at least 30 days prior to the record date for such dividend or distribution. The Plan also may be amended by

the Fund or the Plan Agent, but (except when necessary or appropriate to comply with applicable law or the rules or policies of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory authority) only by mailing a written notice at least 30 days prior to the effective date to the participants in the Plan. All correspondence concerning the Plan should be directed to the Plan Agent by phone at 1-800-647-0584, using Investor Center through <u>www.computershare.com/buyaberdeen</u> or in writing to Computershare Trust Company N.A., P.O. Box 43006, Providence, RI 02940-3078.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **52** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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------

Management of the Fund (Unaudited)

As of October 31, 2025<br>

------

The names, years of birth and business addresses of the Board Members and officers of the Fund as of October 31, 2025, their principal occupations during at least the past five years, the number of portfolios each Board Member oversees and other directorships they hold are provided in the tables below. Board Members that are deemed "interested persons" (as that term is defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended) of the Fund or the Fund's Advisers are included in the table below under the heading "Interested Board Members." Board Members who are not interested persons, as described above, are referred to in the table below under the heading "Independent Board Members." abrdn Inc., its parent company Aberdeen Group plc, and its advisory affiliates are collectively referred to as "Aberdeen" in the tables below.

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name, Address and<br> Year of Birth** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Position(s) Held<br> with the Fund** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Term of Office<br> and Length of<br> Time Served** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Principal Occupation(s)<br> During at Least the Past Five Years** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Number of Registered<br> Investment Companies<br> ("Registrants") consisting<br> of Investment Portfolios<br> ("Portfolios") in<br> Fund Complex\*<br> Overseen by<br> Board Members** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Other<br> Directorships<br> Held by<br> Board Member\*\*** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;<u>Interested Board Member</u> |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Christian Pittard\*\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1973 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Class A Trustee and Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Term expires 2026; Trustee since 2024 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Pittard is Head of Closed End Funds for abrdn and is responsible for the US and UK businesses. Aberdeen is currently the 5th largest listed Closed-End Fund manager in the world. He is also Managing Director of Corporate Finance, having done a significant number of closed end fund transactions in the US and UK since joining abrdn in 1999. Previously, he was Head of the Americas and the North American Funds business for Aberdeen based in the US. | &nbsp;&nbsp;12 Registrants<br> consisting of<br> 12 Portfolios | &nbsp;&nbsp;None. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;<u>Independent Board Members</u> |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Jeffrey A. Bailey<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1962 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Class A Trustee | &nbsp;&nbsp;Term expires 2026; Trustee since 2020 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Bailey was the CEO of IllummOss Inc from 2018-2020. He also served as the Board Chairman of Aileron Therapeutics Inc. 2017-2024 and Independent Board Chair of Tekla Funds 2020 - 2023. Most recently he served as the Director and CEO of BioDelivery Systems, Inc. from 2020-2022. He currently also serves on the board of Aurinia Pharmaceuticals. | &nbsp;&nbsp;4 Registrants<br> consisting of<br> 4 Portfolios | &nbsp;&nbsp;Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, Director since 2023. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Rose DiMartino<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1952 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Class B Trustee | &nbsp;&nbsp;Term expires 2027; Trustee since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Ms. DiMartino has been retired since 2019. Previously, she was Partner (1991-2017) and Senior Counsel (2017-2019) at the law firm of Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP. | &nbsp;&nbsp;5 Registrants<br> consisting of<br> 7 Portfolios | &nbsp;&nbsp;None. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **53** |

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------

Management of the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

As of October 31, 2025<br>

------

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name, Address and<br> Year of Birth** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Position(s) Held<br> with the Fund** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Term of Office<br> and Length of<br> Time Served** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Principal Occupation(s)<br> During at Least the Past Five Years** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Number of Registered<br> Investment Companies<br> ("Registrants") consisting<br> of Investment Portfolios<br> ("Portfolios") in<br> Fund Complex\*<br> Overseen by<br> Board Members** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Other<br> Directorships<br> Held by<br> Board Member\*\*** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Kathleen Goetz<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1966 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Class C Trustee | &nbsp;&nbsp;Term expires 2028; Trustee since 2021 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Ms. Goetz is a healthcare advisor and biotech consultant since 2020. She brings over 30 years of biotech and pharma industry experience spanning commercial strategy, business and product development, finance, operational effectiveness, corporate governance, and market access.She most recently served in multiple roles at Novartis Pharmaceuticals, including Vice President of Sales (2017-2019) and Executive Director and Head of US Strategic Accounts (2014-2017). She currently serves on the board of Aurinia Pharmaceuticals. | &nbsp;&nbsp;4 Registrants<br> consisting of<br> 4 Portfolios | &nbsp;&nbsp;Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, Director, since 2025. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;C. William Maher<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1961 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Class B Trustee | &nbsp;&nbsp;Term expires 2027; Trustee since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Maher is a Co-founder of Asymmetric Capital Management LLC from May 2018 to September 2020. Formerly Chief Executive Officer of Santa Barbara Tax Products Group ("SBTPG") from October 2014 to April 2016. Previously, he held senior financial leadership positions as CFO for SBTPG, CFO and Managing Director at LPL Financial, CFO and Managing Director at Nicholas Applegate Capital Management and CFO at Mitchell Hutchins Asset Management. | &nbsp;&nbsp;7 Registrants<br> consisting of<br> 7 Portfolios | &nbsp;&nbsp;None. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **54** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Management of the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

As of October 31, 2025<br>

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---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name, Address and<br> Year of Birth** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Position(s) Held<br> with the Fund** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Term of Office<br> and Length of<br> Time Served** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Principal Occupation(s)<br> During at Least the Past Five Years** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Number of Registered<br> Investment Companies<br> ("Registrants") consisting<br> of Investment Portfolios<br> ("Portfolios") in<br> Fund Complex\*<br> Overseen by<br> Board Members** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Other<br> Directorships<br> Held by<br> Board Member\*\*** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Todd Reit<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1968 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Chair of the Board; Class C Trustee | &nbsp;&nbsp;Term expires 2028; Trustee since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Reit is a Managing Member of Cross Brook Partners LLC, a real estate investment and management company since 2017. Mr. Reit is also Director and Financial Officer of Shelter Our Soldiers, a charity to support military veterans, since 2016. Mr. Reit was formerly a Managing Director and Global Head of Asset Management Investment Banking for UBS AG, where he was responsible for overseeing all the bank's asset management client relationships globally, including all corporate security transactions, mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Reit retired from UBS in 2017 after an over 25-year career at the company and its predecessor company, PaineWebber Incorporated (merged with UBS AG in 2000). | &nbsp;&nbsp;10 Registrants<br> consisting of<br> 10 Portfolios | &nbsp;&nbsp;None. |

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\* As of October 31, 2025, the Fund Complex has a total of 17 Registrants with each Board member serving on the Boards of the number of Registrants listed. Each Registrant in the Fund Complex has one Portfolio except for two Registrants that are open-end funds, abrdn Funds and abrdn ETFs, which each have multiple Portfolios. The Registrants in the Fund Complex are as follows: abrdn Asia-Pacific Income Fund, Inc., abrdn Global Income Fund, Inc., abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc., abrdn Emerging Markets ex-China Fund, Inc., The India Fund, Inc., abrdn Income Credit Strategies Fund, abrdn Global Dynamic Dividend Fund, abrdn Global Premier Properties Fund, abrdn Total Dynamic Dividend Fund, abrdn Global Infrastructure Income Fund, abrdn National Municipal Income Fund, abrdn Healthcare Investors, abrdn Life Sciences Investors, abrdn Healthcare Opportunities Fund, abrdn World Healthcare Fund, abrdn Funds (17 Portfolios), and abrdn ETFs (3 Portfolios).

\*\* Current directorships (excluding Fund Complex) as of the date of this report held in (1) any other investment companies registered under the 1940 Act, (2) any company with a class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "1934 Act") or (3) any company subject to the requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

\*\*\* Mr. Pittard is deemed to be an interested person because of his affiliation with the Fund's investment adviser.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **55** |

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Management of the Fund (Unaudited) (continued)

As of October 31, 2025<br>

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Officers of the Fund

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name, Address and<br> Year of Birth** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Position(s) Held<br> with the Fund** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Term of Office\*<br> and Length of<br> Time Served** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Principal Occupation(s) During at Least the Past Five Years** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Jason Akus\*\*<br> c/o abrdn Inc.<br> 28 State Street<br> 17th floor<br> Boston, MA 02109<br> Year of Birth: 1974 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently Senior Investment Director. Dr. Akus joined abrdn Inc in October 2023 from Tekla Capital Management where he was employed as a Senior Vice President of Research. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Joshua Duitz\*\*<br> c/o abrdn Inc.<br> 875 Third Ave<br> 4th Floor, Suite 403<br> New York, NY 10022<br> Year of Birth: 1970 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Head of Global Income at abrdn Inc. Mr. Duitz joined abrdn Inc. in 2018 from Alpine Woods Capital Investors LLC where he was a Portfolio Manager. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sharon Ferrari\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1977 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Director, Product Management for abrdn Inc. Ms. Ferrari joined abrdn Inc. as a Senior Fund Administrator in 2008. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Katie Gebauer\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1986 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Chief Compliance Officer and Vice President - Compliance | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Ms. Gebauer is Head of US Registered Fund Compliance. She serves as the Chief Compliance Officer for Aberdeen's US closed end funds, open end funds and ETFs. Ms. Gebauer joined abrdn Inc. in 2014. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Alan Goodson\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1974 | &nbsp;&nbsp;President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Executive Director and Head of Product & Client Solutions – Americas for abrdn Inc., overseeing Product Management & Governance, Product Development and Client Solutions for registered and unregistered investment companies in the U.S., Brazil and Canada. Mr. Goodson is Director and Vice President of abrdn Inc. and joined abrdn Inc. in 2000. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Heather Hasson\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1982 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Senior Product Development Manager. Previously, Senior Product Solutions and Implementation Manager, Product Governance US for abrdn Inc. Ms. Hasson joined the company in November 2006. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Robert Hepp\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1986 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Senior Product Governance Manager – US for abrdn Inc. Mr. Hepp joined abrdn Inc. as a Senior Paralegal in 2016. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Megan Kennedy\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1974 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Secretary and Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Senior Director, Product Governance for abrdn Inc. Ms. Kennedy joined abrdn Inc. in 2005. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Andrew Kim\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1983 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Senior Product Governance Manager – Attorney for abrdn Inc. Mr. Kim joined abrdn Inc. as a Product Manager in 2013. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **56** | abrdn Healthcare Investors |

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Management of the Fund (Unaudited) (concluded)

As of October 31, 2025<br>

------

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name, Address and<br> Year of Birth** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Position(s) Held<br> with the Fund** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Term of Office\*<br> and Length of<br> Time Served** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Principal Occupation(s) During at Least the Past Five Years** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Michael Marsico\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1980 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Senior Product Manager – US for abrdn Inc. Mr. Marsico joined abrdn Inc. as a Fund Administrator in 2014. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ben Ritchie\*\*<br> c/o abrdn Investments Limited<br> 280 Bishopsgate<br> London, EC2M 4AG<br> Year of Birth: 1980 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently Head of the Developed Markets Equity team at abrdn. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Kolotioloma Silue\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1977 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2024 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Senior Product Manager for abrdn Inc. Mr. Silue joined abrdn Inc in October 2023 from Tekla Capital Management where he was employed as a Senior Manager of Fund Administration. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Lucia Sitar\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1971 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Chief Legal Officer and Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Vice President and U.S. Counsel - Head of Product Governance for abrdn Inc. Previously, Ms. Sitar was Head of Product Governance and Management and Managing U.S. Counsel for abrdn Inc. She joined abrdn Inc. as U.S. Counsel in 2007. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Michael Taggart\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1970 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently, Head of Closed-End Fund Investor Relations at abrdn Inc since 2023. Prior to that, he was Vice President of Investment Research and Operations at Relative Value Partners, LLC from June 2022. Prior to that, he was self-employed after having left Nuveen in November 2020, where he had served as Vice President of Closed-End Fund Product Strategy since November 2013. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loretta Tse\*\*<br> c/o abrdn Inc.<br> 28 State Street<br> 17th floor<br> Boston, MA 02109<br> Year of Birth: 1967 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2023 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently Investment Director at abrdn. Ms. Tse joined abrdn in October 2023 from Tekla Capital Management LLC where she was a Vice President investing in venture. Previously, she worked for the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Oxford Biosciences Partners. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Ashton Wilson\*\*<br> c\o abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street<br> Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> Year of Birth: 1986 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President | &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Currently Senior Investment Director in healthcare portfolio management. Mr. Wilson joined abrdn in October 2023 from Tekla Capital Management where he was a Senior Vice President. Previously, he worked for Goldman Sachs and Co. |

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\* Officers hold their positions with the Fund until a successor has been duly elected and qualifies. Officers are elected annually at a meeting of the Fund Board.

\*\* Each officer may hold officer position(s) in one or more other funds which are part of the Fund Complex.

Further information about the Fund's Board Members and Officers is available in the Fund's Statement of Additional Information, which can be obtained without charge by calling (800) 522-5465.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| abrdn Healthcare Investors | **57** |

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Corporate Information

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#### Trustees
Todd Reit, *Chair*<br> Jeffrey Bailey<br> Rose DiMartino<br> Kathleen Goetz<br> C. William Maher<br> Christian Pittard

#### Investment Adviser
abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street, Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103

#### Custodian
State Street Bank and Trust Company<br> John Adams Building<br> 1776 Heritage Drive<br> North Quincy, MA 02171

#### Transfer Agent
Computershare Trust Company, N.A.<br> P.O. Box 43006<br> Providence, RI 02940-3078

#### Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
KPMG LLP<br> 191 West Nationwide Blvd., Suite 500<br> Columbus, OH 43215

#### Legal Counsel
Dechert LLP<br> 1900 K Street N.W.<br> Washington, D.C. 20006

#### Investor Relations
abrdn Inc.<br> 1900 Market Street, Suite 200<br> Philadelphia, PA 19103<br> 1-800-522-5465<br> Investor.Relations@aberdeenplc.com

![](tm2527059d11hqhreporti005.jpg)

Notice is hereby given in accordance with Section 23(c) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, that the Fund may purchase, from time to time, shares of its common stock in the open market.

Shares of abrdn Healthcare Investors are traded on the NYSE under the symbol "HQH." Information about the Fund's net asset value and market price is available at www.aberdeenhqh.com.

This report, including the financial information herein, is transmitted to the shareholders of abrdn Healthcare Investors for their general information only. It does not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and the particular needs of any specific person. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

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HQH-ANNUAL

(b) Not applicable.

**Item 2. Code of Ethics.**

(a) As of September 30, 2025, abrdn Healthcare Investors (the "Fund" or the "Registrant") had adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to the Registrant's principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, regardless of whether these individuals are employed by the Registrant or a third party (the "Code of Ethics").

(b) Definitional.

(c) There have been no amendments, during the period covered by this report, to a provision of the Code of Ethics.

(d) During the period covered by this report, there were no waivers to the provisions of the Code of Ethics.

(e) Not applicable

(f) A copy of the Code of Ethics has been filed as an exhibit to this Form N-CSR.

**Item 3. Audit Committee Financial Expert.**

The Registrant's Board of Trustees has determined that C. William Maher, a member of the Board of Trustees' Audit Committee, possesses the attributes, and has acquired such attributes through means, identified in instruction 2 of Item 3 to Form N-CSR to qualify as an "audit committee financial expert," and has designated Mr. Maher as the Audit Committee's financial expert. Mr. Maher is considered to be an "independent" trustee, as such term is defined in paragraph (a)(2) of Item 3 to Form N-CSR.

**Item 4. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.**

(a) – (d) Below is a table reflecting the fee information requested in Items 4(a) through (d):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fiscal Year<br> Ended** | **(a)<br> Audit Fees<sup>1</sup>** | **(b)<br> Audit-Related Fees<sup>2</sup>** | **(c)<br> Tax Fees<sup>3</sup>** | **(d)<br> All Other Fees<sup>4</sup>** |
| September 30, 2025 | $126900 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| Percentage approved pursuant to pre-approval exception**<sup>5</sup>** | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| September 30, 2024 | $123200 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| Percentage approved pursuant to pre-approval exception**<sup>5</sup>** | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |

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<sup>1</sup> "Audit Fees" are the aggregate fees billed for professional services for the audit of the Fund's annual financial statements and services provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

<sup>2</sup> "Audit Related Fees" are the aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of financial statements that are not reported under "Audit Fees". These fees include offerings related to the Fund's common shares.

<sup>3</sup> "Tax Fees" are the aggregate fees billed for professional services for tax advice, tax compliance, and tax planning. These fees include: federal and state income tax returns, review of excise tax distribution calculations and federal excise tax return.

<sup>4</sup> "All Other Fees" are the aggregate fees billed for products and services other than "Audit Fees", "Audit-Related Fees" and "Tax Fees".

**<sup>5</sup>** Pre-approval exception under Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X. The pre-approval exception for services provided directly to the Fund waives the pre-approval requirement for services other than audit, review or attest services if: (A) the aggregate amount of all such services provided constitutes no more than 5% of the total amount of revenues paid by the Fund to its accountant during the fiscal year in which the services are provided; (B) the Fund did not recognize the services as non-audit services at the time of the engagement; and (C) the services are promptly brought to the Audit Committee's attention, and the Committee (or its delegate) approves the services before the audit is completed.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| (e)(1) | The Registrant's Audit Committee (the "Committee") has adopted a Charter that provides that the Committee shall annually select, retain or terminate, and recommend to the Independent Directors for their ratification, the selection, retention or termination, the Registrant's independent auditor and, in connection therewith, to evaluate the terms of the engagement (including compensation of the independent auditor) and the qualifications and independence of the independent auditor, including whether the independent auditor provides any consulting, auditing or tax services to the Registrant's investment adviser (the "Adviser") or any sub-adviser, and to receive the independent auditor's specific representations as to their independence, delineating all relationships that may affect the independent auditor's independence, including the disclosures required by PCAOB Rule 3526 or any other applicable auditing standard. PCAOB Rule 3526 requires that, at least annually, the auditor: (1) disclose to the Committee in writing all relationships between the auditor and its related entities and the Registrant and its related entities that in the auditor's professional judgment may reasonably be thought to bear on independence; (2) confirm in the letter that, in its professional judgment, it is independent of the Registrant within the meaning of the Securities Acts administered by the SEC; and (3) discuss the auditor's independence with the audit committee. The Committee is responsible for actively engaging in a dialogue with the independent auditor with respect to any disclosed relationships or services that may impact the objectivity and independence of the independent auditor and for taking, or recommending that the full Board take, appropriate action to oversee the independence of the independent auditor. The Committee Charter also provides that the Committee shall review in advance, and consider approval of, any and all proposals by Management or the Adviser that the Registrant, the Adviser or their affiliated persons, employ the independent auditor to render "permissible non-audit services" to the Registrant and to consider whether such services are consistent with the independent auditor's independence. "Permissible non-audit services" include any professional services, including tax services, provided to the Registrant by the independent auditor, other than those provided to the Registrant in connection with an audit or a review of the financial statements of the Registrant. Permissible non-audit services may not include: (i) bookkeeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the Registrant; (ii) financial information systems design and implementation; (iii) appraisal or valuation services, fairness opinions or contribution-in-kind reports; (iv) actuarial services; (v) internal audit outsourcing services; (vi) management functions or human resources; (vii) broker or dealer, investment adviser or investment banking services; (viii) legal services and expert services unrelated to the audit; and (ix) any other service the PCAOB determines, by regulation, is impermissible. Pre-approval by the Committee of any permissible non-audit services is not required so long as: (i) the aggregate amount of all such permissible non-audit services provided to the Registrant constitutes not more than 5% of the total amount of revenues paid by the Registrant to its auditor during the fiscal year in which the permissible non-audit services are provided; (ii) the permissible non-audit services were not recognized by the Registrant at the time of the engagement to be non-audit services; and (iii) such services are promptly brought to the attention of the Committee and approved by the Committee or its Delegate(s) prior to the completion of the audit. The Committee may delegate to one or more of its members ("Delegates") authority to pre-approve permissible non-audit services to be provided to the Registrant. Any pre-approval determination of a Delegate shall be presented to the full Committee at its next meeting. Any pre-approval determination of a Delegate shall be presented to the full Committee at its next meeting. Pursuant to this authority, the Registrant's Committee delegates to the Committee Chair, subject to subsequent ratification by the full Committee, up to a maximum amount of $25,000, which includes any professional services, including tax services, provided to the Registrant by its independent registered public accounting firm other than those provided to the Registrant in connection with an audit or a review of the financial statements of the Registrant. The Committee shall communicate any pre-approval made by it or a Delegate to the Adviser, who will ensure that the appropriate disclosure is made in the Registrant's periodic reports required by Section 30 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and other documents as required under the federal securities laws. |

---

(e)(2) None of the services described in each of paragraphs (b) through (d) of this Item involved a waiver of the pre-approval requirement by the Audit Committee pursuant to Rule 2-01 (c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation S-X.

(f) Not applicable.

(g) Non-Audit Fees

The following table shows the amount of fees that KPMG LLP billed during the Fund's last two fiscal years for non-audit services to the Registrant, and to the Adviser, and any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Adviser that provides ongoing services to the Fund ("Affiliated Fund Service Provider"):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fiscal Year Ended** | **Total Non-Audit Fees<br> Billed to Fund** | **Total Non-Audit Fees<br> billed to Adviser and<br> Affiliated Fund Service<br> Providers (engagements<br> related directly to the<br> operations and financial<br> reporting of the Fund)** | **Total Non-Audit Fees<br> billed to Adviser and<br> Affiliated Fund Service<br> Providers (all other<br> engagements)** | **Total** |
| September 30, 2025 | $0 | $0 | $1253744 | $1253744 |
| September 30, 2024 | $0 | $0 | $629124 | $629124 |

---

"Non-Audit Fees billed to Fund" for both fiscal years represent "Tax Fees" and "All Other Fees" billed to Fund in their respective amounts from the previous table.

(h) Not applicable.

(i) Not applicable.

(j) Not applicable.

**Item 5. Audit Committee of Listed Registrants.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The Registrant has a separately-designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(58)(A)).

As of the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Audit Committee members were:

Jeffrey Bailey

Rose DiMartino

Kathleen Goetz

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C. William Maher

Todd Reit

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Not applicable.

**Item 6. Schedule of Investments.**

(a) Included as part of the Report to Shareholders filed under Item 1 of this Form N-CSR.

(b) Not applicable.

**Item 7. Financial Statements and Financial Highlights for Open-End Management Investment Companies.**

Not applicable.

**Item 8. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants for Open-End Management Investment Companies.**

Not applicable.

**Item 9. Proxy Disclosures for Open-End Management Investment Companies.**

Not applicable.

**Item 10. Remuneration Paid to Directors, Officers, and Others of Open-End Management Investment Companies.**

Not applicable.

**Item 11. Statement Regarding Basis for Approval of Investment Advisory Contract.**

The statement regarding the basis for approval of the investment advisory contract is included in the response to Item 1, above.

**Item 12. Disclosure of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures for Closed-End Management Investment Companies.**

Pursuant to the Registrant's Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures, the Registrant has delegated responsibility for its proxy voting to its Adviser, provided that the Registrant's Board of Trustees has the opportunity to periodically review the Adviser's proxy voting policies and material amendments thereto.

The proxy voting policies of the Registrant are included herewith as Exhibit (d) and policies of the Adviser are included as Exhibit (e).

**Item 13. Portfolio Managers of Closed-End Management Investment Companies.**

(a)(1) PORTFOLIO MANAGER BIOGRAPHIES

As of the date of filing this report, Jason Akus, M.D./M.B.A., Ashton L. Wilson, Christopher Abbott, Robert Benson, Kelly Girskis, Ph.D., Richard Goss, and Loretta Tse, Ph.D. are members of a team that analyzes investments on behalf of the Fund. Dr. Akus exercises ultimate decision-making authority with respect to investments..

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Individual & Position | Past Business Experience | Served on<br> the Fund <br> Since |
| Jason Akus, M.D./M.B.A<br>Head of Healthcare Investments | Head of Healthcare Investments of the investment adviser and is responsible for investment research and due diligence in the biotechnology, medical device, and diagnostic areas. He joined the predecessor investment adviser in 2001, where he was Senior Vice President, Research. Dr. Akus joined abrdn Inc. in October 2023. | 2001 |
| Ashton Wilson<br>Senior Investments Director | Senior Investments Director of the investment adviser. He joined the predecessor investment adviser in 2018, where he was Senior Vice President. He was previously a Vice President in equity derivative trading at Goldman Sachs and Co. and was an equity derivative trader at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. He joined abrdn Inc. in October 2023 | 2018 |
| Christopher Abbott<br>Investment Director | Investment Director of the investment adviser. He joined the predecessor investment adviser in 2016, where he was Vice President, Research. Previously, Mr. Abbott was at Leerink Partners where he was a Vice President on the Equity Research Team. He joined abrdn Inc. in October 2023. | 2016 |
| Robert Benson<br>Investment Director | Investment Director of the investment adviser. He joined the predecessor investment adviser in 2016, where he was Vice President. Previously, Mr. Benson was at State Street Global Advisors (SSgA) where he performed quantitative research for asset allocation, equities, and alternatives teams. He joined abrdn Inc. in October 2023. | 2016 |
| Kelly Girskis, Ph.D.<br>Investment Director | Investment Director of the investment adviser. She joined the predecessor investment adviser in 2021, where she was Vice President, Research. Previously, Dr. Girskis was an Equity Research Associate at SVB Leerink. She joined abrdn Inc. in October 2023. | 2021 |
| Richard Goss<br>Investment Director | Investment Director of the investment adviser. He joined the predecessor investment adviser in 2018, where he was Vice President, Research. Previously, Mr. Goss was at Leerink Partners where he was a Vice President on the Large Pharma and Biotech Equity Research Teams and a Healthcare Analyst at Datamonitor. He joined abrdn Inc. in October 2023. | 2018 |
| Loretta Tse, Ph.D.<br>Investment Director | Investment Director of the investment adviser. She joined the predecessor investment adviser in 2015, where she was Vice President. She previously ran a biotech consulting business and worked at various venture funds and start-up companies and was Managing Director at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. She joined abrdn Inc. in October 2023. | 2015 |

---

(a)(2) OTHER ACCOUNTS MANAGED BY PORTFOLIO MANAGERS.

The following chart summarizes information regarding other accounts for which each portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities. Accounts are grouped into the following three categories: (1) registered investment companies; (2) other pooled investment vehicles; and (3) other accounts. To the extent that any of these accounts pay advisory fees that are based on account performance ("performance-based fees"), information on those accounts is provided separately. The figures in the chart below for the category of "registered investment companies" include the Fund. The "Other Accounts Managed" represents the accounts managed by the teams of which the portfolio manager is a member. The information in the table below is as of September 30, 2025.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Name of<br> Portfolio Manager | Type of Accounts | Other <br> Accounts <br> Managed | Total Assets ($M) | Number of<br> Accounts<br> Managed for<br> Which<br> Advisory<br> Fee is Based<br> on<br> Performance | Total Assets for<br> Which<br> Advisory Fee is<br> Based on<br> Performance ($M) |
| Jason Akus | Registered Investment Companies | 4 | $3209.00 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pooled Investment Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Other Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ashton Wilson | Registered Investment Companies | 4 | $3209.00 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pooled Investment Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Other Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Christopher Abbot | Registered Investment Companies | 4 | $3209.00 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pooled Investment Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Other Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Robert Benson | Registered Investment Companies | 4 | $3209.00 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pooled Investment Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Other Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kelly Girskis | Registered Investment Companies | 4 | $3209.00 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pooled Investment Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Other Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Richard Goss | Registered Investment Companies | 4 | $3209.00 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pooled Investment Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Other Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Loretta Tse | Registered Investment Companies | 4 | $3209.00 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pooled Investment Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Other Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

---

POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The Adviser and its affiliates (collectively referred to herein as "Aberdeen") serve as investment advisers for multiple clients, including the Registrant and other investment companies registered under the 1940 Act and private funds (such clients are also referred to below as "accounts"). The portfolio managers' management of "other accounts" may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Registrant's investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Registrant. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the portfolio manager could favor one account over another. However, the Adviser believes that these risks are mitigated by the fact that: (i) accounts with like investment strategies managed by a particular portfolio manager are generally managed in a similar fashion, subject to exceptions to account for particular investment restrictions or policies applicable only to certain accounts, differences in cash flows and account sizes, and similar factors; and (ii) portfolio manager personal trading is monitored to avoid potential conflicts. In addition, the Adviser has adopted trade allocation procedures that require equitable allocation of trade orders for a particular security among participating accounts.

In some cases, another account managed by the same portfolio manager may compensate Aberdeen based on the performance-based fees with qualified clients. The existence of such a performance-based fee may create additional conflicts of interest for the portfolio manager in the allocation of management time, resources and investment opportunities.

Another potential conflict could include instances in which securities considered as investments for the Registrant also may be appropriate for other investment accounts managed by the Adviser or its affiliates. Whenever decisions are made to buy or sell securities for the Registrant and one or more of the other accounts simultaneously, the Adviser may aggregate the purchases and sales of the securities and will allocate the securities transactions in a manner that it believes to be equitable under the circumstances. As a result of the allocations, there may be instances where the Registrant will not participate in a transaction that is allocated among other accounts. While these aggregation and allocation policies could have a detrimental effect on the price or amount of the securities available to the Registrant from time to time, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the benefits from the policies outweigh any disadvantage that may arise from exposure to simultaneous transactions. The Registrant has adopted policies that are designed to eliminate or minimize conflicts of interest, although there is no guarantee that procedures adopted under such policies will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises.

With respect to non-discretionary model delivery accounts (including UMA accounts) and discretionary SMA accounts, abrdn Inc. will utilize a third party service provider to deliver model portfolio recommendations and model changes to the Sponsors. abrdn Inc. seeks to treat clients fairly and equitably over time, by delivering model changes to our service provider and investment instructions for our other discretionary accounts to our trading desk, simultaneously or approximately at the same time. The service provider will then deliver the model changes to each Sponsor on a when-traded, randomized full rotation schedule. All Sponsors will be included in the rotation schedule, including SMA and UMA.

UMA Sponsors will be responsible for determining how and whether to implement the model portfolio or model changes and implementation of any client specific investment restrictions. The Sponsors are solely responsible for determining the suitability of the model portfolio for each model delivery client, executing trades and seeking best execution for such clients.

As it relates to SMA accounts, abrdn Inc. will be responsible for managing the account on the basis of each client's financial situation and objectives, the day to day investment decisions, best execution, accepting or rejecting client specific investment restrictions and performance. The SMA Sponsors will collect suitability information and will provide a summary questionnaire for our review and approval or rejection. For dual contract SMAs, abrdn Inc. will collect a suitability assessment from the client, along with the Sponsor suitability assessment. Our third party service provider will monitor client specific investment restrictions on a day to day basis. For SMA accounts, model trades will be traded by the Sponsor or may be executed through a "step-out transaction,"- or traded away- from the client's Sponsor if doing so is consistent with Aberdeen's obligation to obtain best execution. When placing trades through Sponsor Firms (instead of stepping them out), we will generally aggregate orders where it is possible and in the client's best interests. In the event we are not comfortable that a Sponsor can obtain best execution for a specific security and trading away is infeasible, we may exclude the security from the model.

Trading costs are not covered by the Wrap Program fee and may result in additional costs to the client. In some instances, step-out trades are executed without any additional commission, mark-up, or mark-down, but in many instances, the executing broker-dealer may impose a commission or a mark-up or mark-down on the trade. Typically, the executing broker will embed the added costs into the price of the trade execution, making it difficult to determine and disclose the exact added cost to clients. In this instance, these additional trading costs will be reflected in the price received for the security, not as a separate commission, on trade confirmations or on account statements. In determining best execution for SMA accounts, abrdn Inc. takes into consideration that the client will not pay additional trading costs or commission if executing with the Sponsor.

While UMA accounts are invested in the same strategies as and may perform similarly to SMA accounts, there are expected to be performance differences between them. There will be performance dispersions between UMAs and other types of accounts because Aberdeen does not have discretion over trading and there may be client specific restrictions for SMA accounts.

Aberdeen may have already commenced trading for its discretionary client accounts before the model delivery accounts have executed Aberdeen's recommendations. In this event, trades placed by the model delivery clients may be subject to price movements, particularly with large orders or where securities are thinly traded, that may result in model delivery clients receiving less favorable prices than our discretionary clients. Aberdeen has no discretion over transactions executed by model delivery clients and is unable to control the market impact of those transactions.

Timing delays or other operational factors associated with the implementation of trades may result in non-discretionary and model delivery clients receiving materially different prices relative to other client accounts. In addition, the constitution and weights of stocks within model portfolios may not always be exactly aligned with similar discretionary accounts. This may create performance dispersions within accounts with the same or similar investment mandate.

(a)(3)

<u>DESCRIPTION OF COMPENSATION STRUCTURE</u>

Aberdeen's remuneration policies are designed to support its business strategy as a leading international asset manager. The objective is to attract, retain and reward talented individuals for the delivery of sustained, superior returns for Aberdeen's clients and shareholders. Aberdeen operates in a highly competitive international employment market, and aims to maintain its strong track record of success in developing and retaining talent.

Aberdeen's policy is to recognize corporate and individual achievements each year through an appropriate annual bonus scheme. The bonus is a single, fully discretionary variable pay award. The aggregate value of awards in any year is dependent on the group's overall performance and profitability. Consideration is also given to the levels of bonuses paid in the market. Individual awards, which are payable to all members of staff, are determined by a rigorous assessment of achievement against defined objectives.

The variable pay award is composed of a mixture of cash and a deferred award, the portion of which varies based on the size of the award. Deferred awards are by default Aberdeen Group plc shares, with an option to put up to 50% of the deferred award into funds managed by Aberdeen. Overall compensation packages are designed to be competitive relative to the investment management industry.

**<u>Base Salary</u>**

Aberdeen's policy is to pay a fair salary commensurate with the individual's role, responsibilities and experience, and having regard to the market rates being offered for similar roles in the asset management sector and other comparable companies. Any increase is generally to reflect inflation and is applied in a manner consistent with other Aberdeen employees; any other increases must be justified by reference to promotion or changes in responsibilities.

**<u>Annual Bonus</u>**

The Remuneration Committee determines the key performance indicators that will be applied in considering the overall size of the bonus pool. In line with practices amongst other asset management companies, individual bonuses are not subject to an absolute cap. However, the aggregate size of the bonus pool is dependent on the group's overall performance and profitability. Consideration is also given to the levels of bonuses paid in the market. Individual awards are determined by a rigorous assessment of achievement against defined objectives, and are reviewed and approved by the Remuneration Committee.

Aberdeen has a deferral policy which is intended to assist in the retention of talent and to create additional alignment of executives' interests with Aberdeen's sustained performance and, in respect of the deferral into funds managed by abrdn, to align the interest of portfolio managers with our clients.

Staff performance is reviewed formally at least once a year. The review process evaluates the various aspects that the individual has contributed to Aberdeen, and specifically, in the case of portfolio managers, to the relevant investment team. Discretionary bonuses are based on client service, asset growth and the performance of the respective portfolio manager. Overall participation in team meetings, generation of original research ideas and contribution to presenting the team externally are also evaluated.

In the calculation of a portfolio management team's bonus, Aberdeen takes into consideration investment matters (which include the performance of funds, adherence to the company investment process, and quality of company meetings) as well as more subjective issues such as team participation and effectiveness at client presentations through key performance indicator scorecards. To the extent performance is factored in, such performance is not judged against any specific benchmark and is evaluated over the period of a year - January to December. The pre- or after-tax performance of an individual account is not considered in the determination of a portfolio manager's discretionary bonus; rather the review process evaluates the overall performance of the team for all of the accounts the team manages.

Portfolio manager performance on investment matters is judged over all of the accounts the portfolio manager contributes to and is documented in the appraisal process. A combination of the team's and individual's performance is considered and evaluated.

Although performance is not a substantial portion of a portfolio manager's compensation, Aberdeen also recognizes that fund performance can often be driven by factors outside one's control, such as (irrational) markets, and as such pays attention to the effort by portfolio managers to ensure integrity of our core process by sticking to disciplines and processes set, regardless of momentum and 'hot' themes. Short-terming is thus discouraged and trading-oriented managers will thus find it difficult to thrive in the Aberdeen environment. Additionally, if any of the aforementioned undue risks were to be taken by a portfolio manager, such trend would be identified via Aberdeen's dynamic compliance monitoring system.

In rendering investment management services, the Adviser may use the resources of additional investment adviser subsidiaries of Aberdeen Group plc. These affiliates have entered into a memorandum of understanding ("MOU") pursuant to which investment professionals from each affiliate may render portfolio management, research or trading services to Aberdeen clients. Each investment professional who renders portfolio management, research or trading services under a MOU or personnel sharing arrangement ("Participating Affiliate") must comply with the provisions of the Advisers Act, the 1940 Act, the Securities Act of 1933, the Exchange Act, and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, and the laws of states or countries in which the Adviser does business or has clients. No remuneration is paid by the Fund with respect to the MOU/personnel sharing arrangements.

(a)(4)

---

| |
|:---|
| **Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the <br> Registrant Beneficially Owned by the Portfolio<br> Manager as of September 30, 2025** |
| Jason Akus |
| Ashton Wilson |
| Christopher Abbot |
| Robert Benson |
| Kelly Girkskis |
| Richard Goss |
| Loretta Tse |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Not applicable.

**Item 14. Purchases of Equity Securities by Closed-End Management Investment Company and Affiliated Purchasers.**

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Period** | **(a) Total <br> No.<br> of Shares<br> Purchased<br> (1)** | **(b) Average<br> Price Paid <br> per<br> Share** | **(c) Total No.<br> of Shares<br> Purchased as<br> Part of<br> Publicly<br> Announced <br> Plans<br> or Programs** | **(d) Maximum <br> No.<br> of Shares that<br> May Yet Be<br> Purchased<br> Under<br> the Plans or<br> Programs** |
| **Month #1 (Oct. 1, 2024-Oct. 31, 2024)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #2 (Nov. 1, 2024 – Nov. 30, 2024)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #3 (Dec. 1, 2024– Dec. 31, 2024)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #4 (Jan. 1, 2025 – Jan. 31, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #5 (Feb. 1, 2025 – Feb. 28, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #6 (Mar. 1, 2025 – Mar. 31, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #7 (Apr. 1, 2025 – Apr. 30, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #8 (May 1, 2025 – May 31, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #9 (June 1, 2025 – June 30, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6169130 |
| **Month #10 (Jul. 1, 2025 – Jul. 31, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6567527 |
| **Month #11 (Aug. 1, 2025 – Aug. 31, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6567527 |
| **Month #12 (Sep. 1, 2025– Sep. 30, 2025)** |  |  |  | 6567527 |
| **Total** |  |  |  |  |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) On June 30, 2011, the share repurchase program (the "Program") was announced, which has been subsequently reviewed and approved by the Board of Trustees. In March 2025, the Board approved the renewal of the repurchase program to allow the Fund to repurchase up to 12% of its outstanding shares in the open market for a one-year period ending July 14, 2026. Prior to this renewal, in March 2024, the Trustees approved the renewal of the share repurchase program to allow the Fund to repurchase up to 12% of its outstanding shares for a one-year period ending July 14, 2025. In September 2025, the Board approved a change to the Program allowing the Fund to purchase, in the open market for a one-year period from October 1, 2025 to September 30, 2026, up to 12% of its outstanding common shares as of September 30, 2025, with the amount and timing of any repurchase determined at the discretion of the Fund's investment adviser. Such purchases may be made opportunistically at certain discounts to NAV per share in the reasonable judgment of management based on historical discount levels and current market conditions. If shares are repurchased, the Fund reports repurchase activity on its website on a monthly basis. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the Fund did not repurchase any shares through the Program.

**Item 15. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.**

During the year ended September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to the Registrant's Board of Trustees.

**Item 16. Controls and Procedures.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The Registrant's principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, have concluded that the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "Act") (17 CFR 270.30a-3(c)) are effective, as of a date within 90 days of the filing date of the report that includes the disclosure required by this paragraph, based on the evaluation of these controls and procedures required by Rule 30a-3(b) under the Act (17 CFR 270.30a3(b)) and Rule 13a-15(b) or 15d-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (17 CFR 240.13a-15(b) or 240.15d15(b)).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) There were no changes in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Act (17 CFR 270.30a-3(d))) that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

**Item 17. Disclosure of Securities Lending Activities for Closed-End Management Investment Companies**

Not applicable

**Item 18. Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.**

Not applicable.

**Item 19. Exhibits.**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[(a)(1)](tm2527059d11_ex99-codeeth.htm) | [Code of Ethics of the Registrant for the period covered by this report as required pursuant to Item 2 of this Form N-CSR.](tm2527059d11_ex99-codeeth.htm) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)(2) | Any policy required by the listing standards adopted pursuant to Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.10D-1) by the registered national securities exchange or registered national securities association upon which the registrant's securities are listed. Not applicable. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[(a)(3)](tm2527059d11_ex99-cert.htm) | [The certifications of the registrant as required by Rule 30a-2(a) under the Act are exhibits to this Form N-CSR.](tm2527059d11_ex99-cert.htm) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)(4) | Any written solicitation to purchase securities under Rule 23c-1 under the 1940 Act (17 CFR 270.23c-1) sent or given during the period covered by the report by or on behalf of the registrant to 10 or more persons. Not applicable. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)(5) | Change in Registrant's independent public accountant. Not applicable. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[(b)](tm2527059d11_ex99-906cert.htm) | [The certifications of the registrant as required by Rule 30a-2(b) under the Act are exhibits to this Form N-CSR.](tm2527059d11_ex99-906cert.htm) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) | A copy of the Registrant's notices to stockholders, which accompanied distributions paid, pursuant to the Registrant's Managed Distribution Policy since the Registrant's last filed N-CSR, are filed herewith as Exhibits [(c)(1)](tm2527059d11_ex99-xcx1.htm) and [(c)(2)](tm2527059d11_ex99-xcx2.htm) as required by the terms of the Registrant's SEC exemptive order. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[(d)](tm2527059d11_ex99-xd.htm) | [Proxy Voting Policy of Registrant](tm2527059d11_ex99-xd.htm) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[(e)](tm2527059d11_ex99-xe.htm) | [Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures of Adviser.](tm2527059d11_ex99-xe.htm) |

---

**<u>SIGNATURES</u>**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

abrdn Healthcare Investors

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | */s/ Alan Goodson* |
|  | Alan Goodson, |
|  | Principal Executive Officer of |
|  | abrdn Healthcare Investors |
| Date: December 8, 2025 | Date: December 8, 2025 |

---

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | */s/ Alan Goodson* |
|  | Alan Goodson, |
|  | Principal Executive Officer of |
|  | abrdn Healthcare Investors |
| Date: December 8, 2025 | Date: December 8, 2025 |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | */s/ Sharon Ferrari* |
|  | Sharon Ferrari, |
|  | Principal Financial Officer of |
|  | abrdn Healthcare Investors |
| Date: December 8, 2025 | Date: December 8, 2025 |

---

## Ex-99.Code

**Exhibit 99.CODEETH**

**<u>CODE OF ETHICS (PERSONAL TRADING)</u>**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**I.** **Introduction** 

Rule 17j-1(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"), makes it unlawful for any affiliated person, officer or Board member of the Funds in connection with the purchase or sale by such person of a Security (as defined below) "held or to be acquired" by the Funds:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud the Funds;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To make to the Funds any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state to the Funds a material
fact necessary in order to make the statement made, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit
upon the Funds; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To engage in any manipulative practice with respect to the Funds' investment portfolios.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**II.** **Purpose of the Code of Ethics** 

The Funds expect that the officers and Fund Board members will conduct their personal investment activities in accordance with (1) the duty at all times to place the interests of the Funds' shareholders first; (2) the requirement that all personal Securities transactions be conducted consistent with this Code of Ethics and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of an individual's position of trust and responsibility; and (3) the fundamental standard that investment company personnel should not take inappropriate advantage of their positions.

In view of the foregoing, the provisions of Section 17(j) of the 1940 Act, Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, and various pronouncements by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and the Investment Company Institute on personal investing by investment company personnel, <sup>1</sup> the Funds have adopted this Code of Ethics to specify a code of conduct for certain types of personal Securities transactions that might involve conflicts of interest or an appearance of impropriety, and to establish reporting requirements and enforcement procedures. This Code does not attempt to identify all possible conflicts of interest, and literal compliance with each of its specific provisions will not shield Fund personnel from liability for personal trading or other conduct that violates a fiduciary duty to Fund shareholders.

This Code of Ethics does not apply to any officer, Board member or employee of the Funds who is also an Access Person or Investment Personnel (as defined under Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act) employed by the Funds' investment adviser, investment sub-advisers or principal underwriter ("Excluded Advisory Personnel"). Those individuals are covered by the Codes of Ethics that have been adopted by their respective entities and approved by the Board of each of the Funds in accordance with the provisions of Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act.

<sup>1</sup> See Investment Adviser Code of Ethics, SEC Release No. IC-26492 (July 9, 2004); Personal Investment Activities of Investment Company Personnel, SEC Release No. IC-23958 (August 24, 1999); Personal Investment Activities of Investment Company Personnel, Report by the Securities and Exchange Commission (September 1994); and Report of the Advisory Group on Personal Investing, Investment Company Institute (May 9, 1994).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**III.** **Definitions** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. "  **<u>Access Person</u>**" means (1) each Board member or officer of the Funds; and
(2) any Advisory Person of the Funds except Excluded Advisory Personnel.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. "  **<u>Advisory Person</u>**" means (1) each Board member, officer, general partner
or employee of the Funds (or of any company in a control relationship to the Funds) who in connection with his or her regular functions
or duties, makes, participates in, or obtains information regarding the purchase or sale of a Reportable Security (as defined below) by
the Funds or whose functions relate to the making of any recommendations with respect to such purchases or sales; and (2) any natural
person in a control relationship to the Funds who obtains information concerning recommendations made to the Funds with regard to the
purchase or sale of a Reportable Security by the Funds.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C. "  **<u>Automatic Investment Plan</u>**" means a program in which regular periodic purchases
(or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation. An
Automatic Investment Plan includes a dividend reinvestment plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D. "  **<u>Beneficial Ownership</u>**" shall be interpreted in the same manner as it would be
in determining whether a person is considered a "beneficial owner" as defined in Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("1934 Act"), which generally speaking, encompasses those situations where the beneficial
owner has the right to enjoy some economic benefit from the ownership of the Reportable Security. You will be treated as a "beneficial
owner" of a Security under this Code only if you have a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in the Security. A direct pecuniary
interest is the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit, or to share the profit, from the transaction. An indirect pecuniary interest
is any nondirect financial interest, but is specifically defined in the rules to include, among other things, Securities held by
members of your immediate family sharing the same household; Securities held by a partnership of which you are a general partner; Securities
held by a trust of which you are the settlor if you can revoke the trust without the consent of another person, or a beneficiary if you
have or share investment control with the trustee; and equity Securities which may be acquired upon exercise of an option or other right,
or through conversion. For interpretive guidance on this test, you should consult your counsel. A person is normally regarded as the beneficial
owner of Reportable Securities held in the name of his or her spouse or minor children and adults living in his or her household.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E. "  **<u>Control</u>**" shall have the same meaning as set forth in Section 2(a)(9) of
the 1940 Act. Generally, control is the power to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of a company unless
such power is solely the result of an official position with such company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F. "  **<u>Exempt Transactions</u>**" means: (1) purchases or sales effected in any account
over which an Access Person or Investment Personnel has no direct or indirect influence or control; (2) purchases or sales which
are non-volitional<sup>2</sup> on the part of the Access Person, Investment Personnel or the Funds; (3) purchases which are
part of an Automatic Investment Plan; or (4) purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro-rata to all holders
of a class of its Reportable Securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer, and sales of such rights so acquired.

<sup>2</sup> Non-volitional purchases or sales include those transactions, which do not involve a willing act or conscious decision on the part of the Board Member, officer or employee. For example, shares received or disposed of by Access Persons or Investment Personnel in a merger, recapitalization or similar transaction are considered non-volitional.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G. A Security is "  **<u>held or to be acquired</u>**" if within the most recent 15 days it
(1) is or has been held by the Funds, (2) is being or has been considered by the Funds or the investment adviser or investment
sub-adviser for purchase by the Funds or (3) any option to purchase or sell and any Security convertible into or exchangeable for
a Reportable Security that is described in (1) or (2) of this definition.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H. An Access Person's "  **<u>immediate family</u>**" means a spouse, minor children and
adults living in the same household as the Access Person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I. "  **<u>Independent Board Member</u>**" means each Board member who is not an "interested
person" of the Funds (as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act) and who would be required to make a report under Section V
of this Code solely by reason of being a Board member of the Funds.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J. An "  **<u>Initial Public Offering</u>**" means an offering of Securities registered under
the Securities Act of 1933, the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to the reporting requirements of
Sections 13 or 15(d) of the 1934 Act.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;K. "  **<u>Investment Personnel</u>**" of the Funds means (1) any employee of the Funds
(or of any company in a control relationship to the Funds) who, in connection with his or her regular functions or duties, makes or participates
in making recommendations regarding the purchase or sale of Securities by the Funds or (2) any natural person who controls the Funds
and who obtains information concerning recommendations made to the Funds regarding the purchase or sale of Securities by the Funds.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L. A "  **<u>Limited Offering</u>**" means an offering that is exempt from registration under
the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to Section 4(2) or Section 4(6) or pursuant to Rule 504, Rule 505, or
Rule 506 under the Securities Act of 1933.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;M. "  **<u>Purchase or sale of a Reportable Security</u>**" includes, among other things, the
writing of an option to purchase or sell a Reportable Security.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N. "  **<u>Reportable Security</u>**" means a Security excluding (1) direct obligations
of the Government of the United States; (2) banker's acceptances; (3) bank certificates of deposit; (4) commercial
paper; (5) high quality short-term debt instruments (any instrument having a maturity at issuance of less than 366 days and that
is rated in one of the two highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization), including repurchase
agreements; and (6) shares of registered open-end investment companies other than those advised by an Aberdeen Adviser.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O. "  **<u>Security</u>**" means a security as defined in Section 2(a)(36)of the 1940 Act
which is defined as any note, stock, treasury stock, security future, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest
or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable
share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a security, fractional undivided interest in oil, gas,
or other mineral rights, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security (including a certificate of deposit) or on any
group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege
entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known
as a "security," or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, guarantee
of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**IV.** **Policies of the Funds Regarding Personal Securities Transactions** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. General Policy

No Access Person of the Funds shall engage in any act, practice or course of business that would violate the provisions of Rule 17j-1(b) set forth above, or in connection with any personal investment activity, engage in conduct inconsistent with this Code of Ethics.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. Specific Policies

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. **Restrictions on Personal Securities Transactions by Independent Board Members** 

The Funds recognize that an Independent Board Member does not have on-going, day-to-day interaction with the operations of the Funds. In addition, it has been the practice of the Funds to give information about Securities purchased or sold by the Funds or considered for purchase or sale by the Funds to Independent Board Members in materials circulated more than 15 days after such Securities are purchased or sold by the Funds or are considered for purchase or sale by the Funds. Accordingly, the Funds believe the following controls are appropriate for Independent Board Members:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Personal Account Dealing in Fund Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i. Independent Board Members are prohibited from buying or selling any Aberdeen-advised U.S. Registered Fund
(closed-end, open-end, and ETFs) shares during the two week period prior to or following Board meetings of which they are aware.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ii. Independent Board Members are required to pre-clear with the Fund CCO or his/her designee all Aberdeen-advised
U.S. Registered Fund buys or sells including funds for which an Independent Board Member does not serve as a director/trustee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iii. The Fund CCO may waive this prohibition in exceptional circumstances and upon a determination that the
transaction does not violate any applicable laws or regulations. The Fund CCO will document any such waivers.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Limited Pre-clearance. The Securities pre-clearance
requirement contained in IV.B.2. below shall only apply to an Independent Board Member if he or she knew that during the fifteen day
period before the proposed transaction in a Reportable Security (other than Exempt Transactions) or at the time of the transaction that
the Reportable Security to be purchased or sold by him or her (other than Exempt Transactions) was also purchased or sold by the Fund(s) or
considered for the purchase or sale by the Fund(s) (i) for which such Independent Board Member acts as a Director or Trustee
or (ii) any Aberdeen-advised U.S. Registered Fund (closed-end, open-end, and ETFs).<sup>3</sup>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Pre-clearance Not Granted. When the securities pre-clearance requirement applies to an Independent Board
Member, no clearance will be given to the Independent Board Member to purchase or sell any Reportable Security (1) on a day when
any Fund has a pending "buy" or "sell" order in that same Reportable Security until that order is executed or
withdrawn or (2) when the Funds' Chief Compliance Officer has been advised by the Funds' investment adviser or investment
sub-adviser that the same Reportable Security is being considered for purchase or sale for any Fund.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. **Restrictions on Initial Public Offering or Limited Offering Personal Securities Transactions by Access Persons Who Are Not Independent Board Members** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Pre-clearance. An Access Person who is not an Independent Board Member is prohibited from buying or selling
any Security through an Initial Public Offering or a Limited Offering for his or her personal portfolio or the portfolio of a member of
his or her immediate family without obtaining (i) email or other written authorization or (ii) oral authorization from a Funds
Chief Compliance Officer prior to effecting such Reportable Security transaction.

A written authorization for such Security transaction will be provided by the Funds' Chief Compliance Officer or his/her delegate to the person receiving the oral authorization (if granted). The written authorization will also be provided to the Funds' administrator to memorialize the email and oral authorization that was granted.

<u>Note</u>: If an Access Person has questions as to whether purchasing or selling a Reportable Security for his or her personal portfolio or the portfolio of a member of his or her immediate family requires prior oral authorization, the Access Person should consult the Funds' Chief Compliance Officer for clearance or denial of clearance to trade prior to effecting any Reportable Securities transition.

<sup>3</sup> Because monitoring the publication of the portfolio holdings of series of abrdn ETFs and abrdn Funds that operate as ETFs is not construed to be within the ordinary course of fulfilling the duties of a board member, the publication or availability of such portfolio holdings shall not be construed to impart actual or constructive knowledge of such series' portfolio transactions on an Independent Board Member.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Pre-clearance Expiration. Pre-clearance approval will expire at the close of business on the trading day
after the date on which written or oral authorization is received, and the Access Person is required to renew clearance for the transaction
if the trade is not completed before the authority expires.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Pre-clearance Not Granted. No pre-clearance will be given to purchase or sell any Reportable Security
(1) on a day when any Fund has a pending "buy" or "sell" order in that same Reportable Security until that
order is executed or withdrawn or (2) when the Funds' Chief Compliance Officer has been advised by the Funds' investment
adviser or investment sub-adviser that the same Reportable Security is being considered for purchase or sale for any Fund.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. **Additional Restrictions on Investment Personnel** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Gifts. No investment personnel shall receive any gift or other thing of more than *de minimis* value
from any person or entity that does business with or on behalf of the Funds.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Board Service. Investment Personnel shall not serve on the boards of directors of publicly traded companies
absent prior authorization by the Funds' Chief Compliance Officer.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**V.** **Procedures – Initial Holdings Reports, Annual Holdings Reports and Quarterly Transaction Reports** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. In order to provide the Funds with information to enable it to determine with reasonable assurance whether
the provisions of this Code of Ethics are being observed by its Access Persons:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. **Independent Board Members** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Holdings Reports Not Required – Each Independent Board Member need not make initial or annual holdings
reports.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Limited Quarterly Transaction Reporting – An Independent Board Member must submit the same quarterly
transaction report as required under paragraph V.A.2.d below to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds, but only for a transaction
in a Reportable Security where he or she knew at the time of the transaction or, in the ordinary course of fulfilling his or her official
duties as an Independent Board Member, should have known that during the 15-day period immediately preceding or after the date of the
transaction, such Reportable Security is or was purchased or sold, or considered by the Funds, its investment adviser or investment sub-adviser
for purchase or sale by the Fund (i) for which such Independent Board Member acts as a Director or Trustee or (ii) any Aberdeen-advised
U.S. Registered Fund (closed-end, open-end, and ETFs).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. **Access Persons Who Are Not Independent Board Members** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Initial Holdings Reports – Each Access Person who is not an Independent Board Member will submit
to the Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee of the Funds an Initial Holdings Report in the form attached hereto as **Exhibit A** that lists all Reportable Securities in which the Access Person has Beneficial Ownership.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) The Initial Holdings Report must be submitted within ten days of becoming an Access Person and must contain
information current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to becoming an Access Person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) The Initial Holdings Report must include the title of each Reportable Security, the number of shares held
(for equity securities), the principal amount (for debt securities) of each Reportable Security, the date the report is submitted as well
as a list of any Securities accounts maintained with any broker, dealer or bank in which any Securities were held for the direct or indirect
benefit of the Access Person as of the date the person became an Access Person of the Funds.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) An Access Person need not include in the report transactions effected for, and Reportable Securities held
in, any account over which the Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) The report may contain a statement that the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person
making such report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Reportable Security to which the report relates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Annual Holdings Reports – Each Access Person of the Funds who is not an Independent Board Member
will also submit to the Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee of the Funds an Annual Holdings Report attached hereto as **Exhibit A** no later than 30 days after the end of the calendar year.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) The information contained in the Annual Holdings Report must be current as of a date no more than 45 days
before the report is submitted.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) The Annual Holdings Report must list all Reportable Securities in which the Access Person has Beneficial
Ownership, the title of each Reportable Security, the number of shares held (for equity securities), the principal amount (for debt securities)
of the Reportable Security, and the date the report is submitted. The Report must also list any Securities accounts maintained with any
broker, dealer or bank in which any Securities were held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access Person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) An Access Person need not include in the report transactions effected for, and Reportable Securities held
in, any account over which the Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) The report may contain a statement that the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person
making such report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Reportable Security to which the report relates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Securities Confirmations – Each Access Person of the Funds who is not an Independent Board Member
shall direct his or her broker to supply to a Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee of the Funds, on a timely basis, duplicate
copies of confirmation of all personal Securities transactions and copies of periodic statements for all Securities accounts in which
the Access Person has Beneficial Ownership.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. Quarterly Transaction Reports – Each Access Person of the Funds who is not an Independent Board
Member shall submit reports in the form attached hereto as **Exhibit B** to the Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee of
the Funds, showing all transactions in Reportable Securities in which the person has, or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct
or indirect Beneficial Ownership, as well as all accounts established with brokers, dealers or banks during the quarter in which any Securities
were held for the direct or indirect beneficial interest of the Access Person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Quarterly transaction reports shall be filed no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) The report shall include (a) the date of the transaction, (b) the title of the Reportable Security,
(c) the interest rate and maturity date (if applicable), (d) the number of shares (for equity securities), (e) the principal
amount of each Reportable Security involved; (f) the nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition
or disposition), (g) the price at which the transaction was effected, (h) the name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through
whom the transaction was effected; and (i) the date the report is submitted. In addition, with respect to any account established
by the Access Person in which any Reportable Securities were held during the quarter for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access
Person, the Access Person shall report the following information: (a) the name and address of the broker, dealer or bank with whom
the Access Person established the account; (b) the date the account was established; and (c) the date the report is submitted.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) An Access Person of the Funds need not make a quarterly transaction report with respect to (a) transactions
effected pursuant to an Automatic Investment Plan, (b) a transaction if all of the information required by paragraph (ii) above
is contained in the brokerage confirmations or account statements required to be submitted under paragraph (c) above, and (c) transactions
effected for, and Reportable Securities held in, any account over which the Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) The report may contain a statement that the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person
making such report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Reportable Security to which the report relates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. **Identification of Access Persons** – The Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee of the
Funds shall notify each Access Person of the Funds who may be subject to the pre-clearance requirement or required to make reports pursuant
to this Code of Ethics that such person is subject to the pre-clearance or reporting requirements and shall deliver a copy of this Code
of Ethics to each such person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. **Compliance Review** – The Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee of the Funds shall (i) with
regard to any Access Persons or Investment Personnel reporting directly under this Code of Ethics, review any initial holdings reports,
annual holdings reports, and quarterly transaction reports that are received by the Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee under
this Code of Ethics, and as appropriate compare the reports with the pre-clearance authorization received; (ii) with regard to any
Excluded Advisory Personnel reporting under a Code of Ethics of the Funds' investment adviser, sub-advisers or principal underwriter,
quarterly contact the compliance officer of such investment adviser, sub-advisers or principal underwriter regarding the compliance of
such Access Persons or Investment Personnel with their Code of Ethics and (iii) report to the Funds' Board: (a) with respect
to any transaction that appears to evidence a violation of this Code or the investment adviser's, sub-advisers' or principal
underwriter's Codes of Ethics; and (b) violations of the reporting requirement stated in such Codes of Ethics.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. **Board Review** – The Board shall review the operation of this Code of Ethics at least once
a year.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. **Service Provider Code of Ethics** – The investment adviser, any investment sub-advisers and
the principal underwriter shall adopt, maintain and enforce a separate code of ethics with respect to their personnel in compliance with
Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act and Rule 204A-1 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as applicable. Any material changes to the
investment adviser's, investment sub-adviser's or principal underwriter's code will be approved by the Board no later
than six months after such change.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7. **Board Reporting** – At each quarterly Board meeting, the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds'
investment adviser, any investment sub-adviser and the principal underwriter of the Funds shall provide a written report to the Funds'
Board stating:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. any reported Securities transaction that occurred during the prior quarter that materially violated (either
individually or in the aggregate) the provisions of the code of ethics adopted by the investment adviser, any investment sub-adviser or
principal underwriter; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. all disciplinary actions<sup>4</sup> taken in response to such violations.

<sup>4</sup> Disciplinary action includes but is not limited to any action that has a material financial effect upon the employee, such as fining, suspending, or demoting the employee, imposing a substantial fine or requiring the disgorgement of profits.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8. **Annual Reports** – At least once a year, the Funds' Chief Compliance Officer shall provide
to the Board a written report that contains any previously reported material violations of the code or procedures and sanctions imposed
in response to material violations, any recommended changes in the code or procedures, and a certification that the procedures which have
been adopted are those reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons (as defined under Rule 17j-1) from violating their respective
Codes of Ethics. The written report will also include an assessment of the effectiveness of the Service Providers' Codes of Ethics
outlined in Section 6 above.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9. **Recordkeeping –** This Code, the codes of the investment adviser, any investment sub-adviser and principal underwriter,
a copy of each report by an Access Person, any record of any violation of this Code of Ethics and any action taken as a result thereof,
any written report hereunder by the Chief Compliance Officer of the investment adviser, investment sub-adviser or the principal underwriter,
records of approvals relating to Initial Public Offerings and Limited Offerings, lists of all persons required to make reports and a list
of all persons responsible for reviewing such reports shall be preserved with the Funds' records for the period required by Rule 17j-1
of the 1940 Act.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**IV. Certification**

Each Access Person, including an Independent Board Member, will be required to certify annually that he or she has read and understood this Code of Ethics, and will abide by it. Each Access Person, including an Independent Board Member, will further certify that he or she has disclosed or reported all personal Securities transactions required to be disclosed or reported under the Code of Ethics. Certification of compliance with the Code of Ethics by an Independent Board Member will occur annually.

**Code of Ethics**

**Exhibit A**

**HOLDINGS REPORT**

For the Year/Period Ended _______________________ <br> (Month/day/year)

⌧ Check here if this is an Initial Holdings Report

To: ______________, as the Chief Compliance Officer of [Name of Aberdeen Fund]

From: ____________________________________

As of the calendar year/period referred to above, I have a direct or indirect beneficial ownership interest in the Securities listed below which are required to be reported pursuant to the Code of Ethics of the Funds.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Title of Security** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Number of Shares** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Principal Amount** |

---

The name and address of any broker, dealer or bank with whom I maintain an account in which my Securities are held for my direct or indirect benefit are as follows.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Name** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Address** |

---

For Initial Holdings Reports: This report contains information current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date of becoming an Access Person.

For Annual Holdings Reports: This report contains information current as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted.

This report (i) excludes transactions with respect to which I had no direct or indirect influence or control, (ii) excludes other transactions not required to be reported and (iii) is not an admission that I have or had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Securities listed above.

Date: _____________ Signature: ________________________

**Code of Ethics**

**Exhibit B**

**QUARTERLY SECURITIES TRANSACTION REPORT**

For the Calendar Quarter Ended _______________________ <br> (month/day/year)

To: ______________, Chief Compliance Officer

From: ____________________________________

During the quarter referred to above, the following transactions were effected in Securities of which I had, or by reason of such transaction acquired, direct or indirect beneficial ownership, and which are required to be reported pursuant to the Code of Ethics of the Funds:

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Security** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Date of<br> Transaction** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Number <br> of <br> Shares** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Principal<br> Amount** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Interest <br> Rate and<br> Maturity <br> Rate (if<br> applicable)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Nature of<br> Transaction<br> (Purchase, <br> Sale, or <br> Other)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Price** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Broker/Dealer <br> or Bank <br> Though Whom <br> Effected** |

---

During the quarter referred to above, I established the following accounts in which Securities were held during the quarter for my direct or indirect benefit:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name and address of the broker, dealer or bank with which I established the account.** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**The date the account was established.** |

---

This report (i) excludes transactions with respect to which I had no direct or indirect influence or control, (ii) excludes other transactions not required to be reported, and (iii) is not an admission that I have or had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Securities listed above.

Date: _____________ Signature: ________________________

## Ex-99.Cert

**Exhibit 99.CERT**

**<u>Certification Pursuant to Rule 30</u>** **<u>a-2(a) under the 1940 Act and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>**

I, Sharon Ferrari, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form N-CSR of abrdn Healthcare Investors (the "Registrant");

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not
misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,
fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the
financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this
report;

4. The Registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining
disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control
over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the Registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to
be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries,
is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial
reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented
in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to
the filing date of this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting
that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the
Registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed to the Registrant's
auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over
financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and
report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant
role in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 8, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Sharon Ferrari |
| Sharon Ferrari |
| Principal Financial Officer |

---

**<u>Certification Pursuant to Rule 30</u>** **<u>a-2(a) under the 1940 Act and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>**

I, Alan Goodson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form N-CSR of abrdn Healthcare Investors (the "Registrant");

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not
misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,
fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the
financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this
report;

4. The Registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining
disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control
over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the Registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to
be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries,
is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial
reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented
in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to
the filing date of this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting
that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the
Registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed to the Registrant's
auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over
financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and
report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant
role in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 8, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Alan Goodson |
| Alan Goodson |
| Principal Executive Officer |

---

## Exhibit 99.906

**Exhibit 99.906CERT**

**<u>Certification Pursuant to Rule 30</u>** **<u>a-2(b) under the 1940 Act and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>**

Alan Goodson, Principal Executive Officer, and Sharon Ferrari, Principal Financial Officer, of abrdn Healthcare Investors (the "Registrant"), each certify that:

1. The Registrant's periodic report on Form N-CSR for the period ended September 30, 2025
(the "Form N-CSR") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as applicable; and

2. The information contained in the Form N-CSR fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial
condition and results of operations of the Registrant.

PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

abrdn Healthcare Investors

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Alan Goodson |
| Alan Goodson |
| Date: December 8, 2025 |

---

PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

abrdn Healthcare Investors

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Sharon Ferrari |
| Sharon Ferrari |
| Date: December 8, 2025 |

---

This certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and is not being filed as part of Form N-CSR or as a separate disclosure document. A signed original of this written statement, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Registrant and will be retained by the Registrant and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

## Ex-99.(C)(1)

**Exhibit 99.(c)(1)**

![](tm2527059d11_ex99-xcx1img01.jpg)

**Press Release**

**FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE**

**For More Information Contact:**

Aberdeen Investments U.S. Closed-End Funds

Investor Relations

1-800-522-5465

Investor.Relations@aberdeenplc.com

**ABERDEEN INVESTMENTS U.S. CLOSED-END FUNDS**

**ANNOUNCE DISTRIBUTION PAYMENT DETAILS**

(Philadelphia, June 30, 2025) - The <u>Aberdeen Investments U.S. Closed-End Funds</u> (NYSE: ASGI, HQH, HQL, IFN, THQ), (NYSE American: IAF) (the "Funds" or individually the "Fund"), today announced that the Funds paid the distributions noted in the table below on June 30, 2025, on a per share basis to all shareholders of record as of June 23, 2025 (ex-dividend date June 23, 2025). These dates apply to the Funds listed below with the exception of abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH), abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL), abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and the India Fund Inc. (IFN) which paid on June 30, 2025, to all shareholders of record as of May 22, 2025 (ex-dividend date May 22, 2025).

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Ticker** | **Exchange** | **Fund** | **Amount** |
| ASGI | NYSE | abrdn Global Infrastructure Income Fund | $0.2100 |
| HQH | NYSE | abrdn Healthcare Investors | $0.5400 |
| HQL | NYSE | abrdn Life Sciences Investors | $0.4300 |
| IAF | NYSE American | abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. | $0.1200 |
| IFN | NYSE | The India Fund, Inc. | $0.4100 |
| THQ | NYSE | abrdn Healthcare Opportunities Fund | $0.1800 |

---

Each Fund has adopted a distribution policy to provide investors with a stable distribution out of current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid-in capital.

For the abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH), abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL), abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and the India Fund Inc. (IFN) the stock distributions were automatically paid in newly issued shares of the Fund unless otherwise instructed by the shareholder to be paid in cash. Shares of common stock were issued at the lower of the net asset value ("NAV") per share or the market price per share with a floor for the NAV of not less than 95% of the market price on June 17, 2025. The reinvestment prices per share for these distributions were as follows: $15.32 for abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH); $12.60 for abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL); $4.44 for abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and $15.94 for the India Fund, Inc. (IFN). Fractional shares were generally settled in cash, except for registered shareholders with book entry accounts at Computershare Investor Services who had whole and fractional shares added to their account.

To have received the abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH), abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL), abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and the India Fund Inc. (IFN) quarterly distributions payable in June 2025 in cash instead of shares of common stock, for shareholders who hold shares in "street name," the bank, brokerage or nominee who holds the shares must have advised the Depository Trust Company as to the full and fractional shares for which they want the distribution paid in cash by June 16, 2025; and for shares that are held in registered form, written notification for the election of cash by registered shareholders must have been received by Computershare Investor Services prior to June 16, 2025.

Under applicable U.S. tax rules, the amount and character of distributable income for each Fund's fiscal year can be finally determined only as of the end of the Fund's fiscal year. However, under Section 19 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act") and related rules, the Funds may be required to indicate to shareholders the estimated source of certain distributions to shareholders.

The following tables set forth the estimated amounts of the sources of the distributions for purposes of Section 19 of the 1940 Act and the rules adopted thereunder. The tables have been computed based on generally accepted accounting principles. The tables include estimated amounts and percentages for the current distributions paid this month as well as for the cumulative distributions paid relating to fiscal year to date, from the following sources: net investment income; net realized short-term capital gains; net realized long-term capital gains; and return of capital. The estimated compositions of the distributions may vary because the estimated composition may be impacted by future income, expenses and realized gains and losses on securities and currencies.

The Funds' estimated sources of the current distribution paid this month and for its current fiscal year to date are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** |
| **Fund** | **Distribution<br> Amount** | **Net Investment <br> Income** | **Net Investment <br> Income** | **Net Realized Short- <br> Term Gains\*\*** | **Net Realized Short- <br> Term Gains\*\*** | **Net Realized Long- <br> Term Gains** | **Net Realized Long- <br> Term Gains** | **Return of Capital** | **Return of Capital** |
| ASGI | $0.2100 | $0.0252 | 12% | $0.0042 | 2% | $0.0861 | 41% | $0.0945 | 45% |
| HQH | $0.5400 |  |  | $0.2322 | 43% | $0.0486 | 9% | $0.2592 | 48% |
| HQL | $0.4300 |  |  | $0.1986 | 46% | $0.0916 | 21% | $0.1398 | 33% |
| IAF | $0.1200 | $0.0120 | 10% |  |  | $0.0264 | 22% | $0.0816 | 68% |
| IFN | $0.4100 |  |  |  |  | $0.4100 | 100% |  |  |
| THQ | $0.1800 |  |  | $0.0126 | 7% |  |  | $0.1674 | 93% |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** |
| **Fund** | **Distribution<br> Amount** | **Net Investment Income** | **Net Investment Income** | **Net Realized <br> Short- Term <br> Gains\*\*** | **Net Realized <br> Short- Term <br> Gains\*\*** | **Net Realized Long- Term<br> Gains** | **Net Realized Long- Term<br> Gains** | **Return of <br> Capital** | **Return of <br> Capital** |
| ASGI | $1.8100 | $0.2172 | 12% | $0.0362 | 2% | $0.7421 | 41% | $0.8145 | 45% |
| HQH | $1.7300 |  |  | $0.7439 | 43% | $0.1557 | 9% | $0.8304 | 48% |
| HQL | $1.4000 |  |  | $0.6468 | 46% | $0.2982 | 21% | $0.4550 | 33% |
| IAF | $0.3700 | $0.0370 | 10% |  |  | $0.0814 | 22% | $0.2516 | 68% |
| IFN | $0.8700 |  |  |  |  | $0.8700 | 100% |  |  |
| THQ | $1.6200 |  |  | $0.1134 | 7% |  |  | $1.5066 | 93% |

---

\* ASGI, HQH, HQL and THQ have a 9/30 fiscal year end. IAF has a 10/31 fiscal year end. IFN has a 12/31 fiscal year end.

\*\*includes currency gains

Where the estimated amounts above show a portion of the distribution to be a "Return of Capital," it means that Fund estimates that it has distributed more than its income and capital gains; therefore, a portion of your distribution may be a return of capital. A return of capital may occur for example, when some or all the money that you invested in a Fund is paid back to you. A return of capital distribution does not necessarily reflect the Fund's investment performance and should not be confused with "yield" or "income."

As of June 20, 2025, after giving effect to this payment HQL estimates it has a net deficit $2,445,453. of A net deficit results when the Fund has net unrealized losses that are in excess of any net realized gains that have not yet been distributed.

**The amounts and sources of distributions reported in this notice are only estimates and are not being provided for tax reporting purposes. The final determination of the source of all distributions for the current year will only be made after year-end. The actual amounts and sources of the amounts for tax reporting purposes will depend upon the Fund's investment experience during the remainder of the fiscal year and may be subject to change based on tax regulations. After the end of each calendar year, a Form 1099-DIV will be sent to shareholders for the prior calendar year that will tell you how to report these distributions for federal income tax purposes.**

The following tables provide the Funds' total return performance based on net asset value (NAV) over various time periods compared to the Funds' annualized and cumulative distribution rates.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** |
| **Fund** | **Average<br> Annual Total<br> Return on NAV<br> for the 5 Year<br> Period Ending<br> 05/31/2025<sup>1</sup>** |  | **Current Fiscal<br> Period's<br> Annualized<br> Distribution<br> Rate on NAV** | **Cumulative<br> Total Return <br> on NAV<sup>1</sup>** | **Cumulative<br> Distribution <br> Rate on NAV<sup>2</sup>** |
| ASGI**³** | 9.96 | %3 | 11.35% | 7.93% | 7.54% |
| THQ | 5.03 | % | 12.22% | -16.81% | 8.15% |

---

<sup>1</sup> Return data is net of all Fund expenses and fees and assumes the reinvestment of all distributions reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan.

<sup>2</sup> Based on the Fund's NAV as of May 31, 2025.

<sup>3</sup> The Fund launched within the past 5 years; the performance and distribution rate information presented reflects data from inception (July 29, 2020) through May 31, 2025.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** |
| **Fund** | **Average <br> Annual Total<br> Return on NAV<br> for the 5 Year<br> Period Ending<br> 04/30/2025<sup>1</sup>** | **Current Fiscal<br> Period's<br> Annualized<br> Distribution<br> Rate on NAV** | **Cumulative<br> Total Return<br> on NAV<sup>1</sup>** | **Cumulative<br> Distribution<br> Rate on NAV<sup>2</sup>** |
| HQH | 4.82% | 13.01% | -5.48% | 6.64% |
| HQL | 3.78% | 13.45% | -6.93% | 6.83% |
| IAF | 12.39% | 10.40% | -0.50% | 5.31% |
| IFN | 14.16% | 10.68% | -3.10% | 2.67% |

---

<sup>1</sup> Return data is net of all Fund expenses and fees and assumes the reinvestment of all distributions reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan. <br> <sup>2</sup> Based on the Fund's NAV as of April 30, 2025.

**Shareholders should not draw any conclusions about a Fund's investment performance from the amount of the Fund's current distributions or from the terms of the distribution policy (the **"Distribution Policy").**

While NAV performance may be indicative of the Fund's investment performance, it does not measure the value of a shareholder's investment in the Fund. The value of a shareholder's investment in the Fund is determined by the Fund's market price, which is based on the supply and demand for the Fund's shares in the open market.

Pursuant to an exemptive order granted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Funds may distribute any long-term capital gains more frequently than the limits provided in Section 19(b) under the 1940 Act and Rule 19b-1 thereunder. Therefore, distributions paid by the Funds during the year may include net income, short-term capital gains, long-term capital gains and/or a return of capital. Net income dividends and short-term capital gain dividends, while generally taxable at ordinary income rates, may be eligible, to the extent of qualified dividend income earned by the Funds, to be taxed at a lower rate not to exceed the maximum rate applicable to your long-term capital gains. Distributions made in any calendar year in excess of investment company taxable income and net capital gain are treated as taxable ordinary dividends to the extent of undistributed earnings and profits, and then as a return of capital that reduces the adjusted basis in the shares held. To the extent return of capital distributions exceed the adjusted basis in the shares held, capital gain is recognized with a holding period based on the period the shares have been held at the date such amount is received.

The payment of distributions in accordance with the Distribution Policy may result in a decrease in the Fund's net assets. A decrease in the Fund's net assets may cause an increase in the Fund's annual operating expense ratio and a decrease in the Fund's market price per share to the extent the market price correlates closely to the Fund's net asset value per share. The Distribution Policy may also negatively affect the Fund's investment activities to the extent that the Fund is required to hold larger cash positions than it typically would hold or to the extent that the Fund must liquidate securities that it would not have sold, for the purpose of paying the distribution. Each Fund's Board has the right to amend, suspend or terminate the Distribution Policy at any time. The amendment, suspension or termination of the Distribution Policy may affect the Fund's market price per share. Investors should consult their tax advisor regarding federal, state, and local tax considerations that may be applicable in their particular circumstances.

<u>Circular 230 disclosure</u>: To ensure compliance with requirements imposed by the U.S. Treasury, we inform you that any U.S. tax advice contained in this communication (including any attachments) is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein.

Aberdeen Investments Global is the trade name of Aberdeen's investments business, herein referred to as "Aberdeen Investments" or "Aberdeen". In the United States, Aberdeen Investments refers to the following affiliated, registered investment advisers: abrdn Inc., abrdn Investments Limited, and abrdn Asia Limited.

Closed-end funds are traded on the secondary market through one of the stock exchanges. A Fund's investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor's shares may be worth more or less than the original cost. Shares of closed-end funds may trade above (a premium) or below (a discount) the net asset value (NAV) of the fund's portfolio. There is no assurance that a Fund will achieve its investment objective. Past performance does not guarantee future results.

<u>Closed end funds \| Aberdeen</u>

###

## Ex-99.(C)(2)

**Exhibit 99.(c)(2)**

![](tm2527059d11_ex99-xcx2img01.jpg)

**Press Release**

**FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE**

**For More Information Contact:**

Aberdeen Investments U.S. Closed-End Funds

Investor Relations

1-800-522-5465

Investor.Relations@aberdeenplc.com

**ABERDEEN INVESTMENTS U.S. CLOSED-END FUNDS**

**ANNOUNCE DISTRIBUTION PAYMENT DETAILS**

(Philadelphia, September 30, 2025) - The <u>Aberdeen Investments U.S. Closed-End Funds</u> (NYSE: ASGI, HQH, HQL, IFN, THQ), (NYSE American: IAF) (the "Funds" or individually the "Fund"), today announced that the Funds paid the distributions noted in the table below on September 30, 2025, on a per share basis to all shareholders of record as of September 23, 2025 (ex-dividend date September 23, 2025). These dates apply to the Funds listed below with the exception of abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH), abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL), abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and the India Fund Inc. (IFN) which paid on September 30, 2025, to all shareholders of record as of August 22, 2025 (ex-dividend date August 22, 2025).

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Ticker** | **Exchange** | **Fund** | **Amount** |
| ASGI | NYSE | abrdn Global Infrastructure Income Fund | $0.2100 |
| HQH | NYSE | abrdn Healthcare Investors | $0.5100 |
| HQL | NYSE | abrdn Life Sciences Investors | $0.4200 |
| IAF | NYSE American | abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. | $0.1200 |
| IFN | NYSE | The India Fund, Inc. | $0.4300 |
| THQ | NYSE | abrdn Healthcare Opportunities Fund | $0.1800 |

---

Each Fund has adopted a distribution policy to provide investors with a stable distribution out of current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid-in capital.

For the abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH), abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL), abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and the India Fund Inc. (IFN) the stock distributions were automatically paid in newly issued shares of the Fund unless otherwise instructed by the shareholder to be paid in cash. Shares of common stock were issued at the lower of the net asset value ("NAV") per share or the market price per share with a floor for the NAV of not less than 95% of the market price on September 17, 2025. The reinvestment prices per share for these distributions were as follows: $16.50 for abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH); $13.95 for abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL); $4.63 for abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and $15.14 for the India Fund, Inc. (IFN). Fractional shares were generally settled in cash, except for registered shareholders with book entry accounts at Computershare Investor Services who had whole and fractional shares added to their account.

To have received the abrdn Healthcare Investors (HQH), abrdn Life Sciences Investors (HQL), abrdn Australia Equity Fund, Inc. (IAF) and the India Fund Inc. (IFN) quarterly distributions payable in September 2025 in cash instead of shares of common stock, for shareholders who hold shares in "street name," the bank, brokerage or nominee who holds the shares must have advised the Depository Trust Company as to the full and fractional shares for which they want the distribution paid in cash by September 16, 2025; and for shares that are held in registered form, written notification for the election of cash by registered shareholders must have been received by Computershare Investor Services prior to September 16, 2025.

Under applicable U.S. tax rules, the amount and character of distributable income for each Fund's fiscal year can be finally determined only as of the end of the Fund's fiscal year. However, under Section 19 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act") and related rules, the Funds may be required to indicate to shareholders the estimated source of certain distributions to shareholders.

The following tables set forth the estimated amounts of the sources of the distributions for purposes of Section 19 of the 1940 Act and the rules adopted thereunder. The tables have been computed based on generally accepted accounting principles. The tables include estimated amounts and percentages for the current distributions paid this month as well as for the cumulative distributions paid relating to fiscal year to date, from the following sources: net investment income; net realized short-term capital gains; net realized long-term capital gains; and return of capital. The estimated compositions of the distributions may vary because the estimated composition may be impacted by future income, expenses and realized gains and losses on securities and currencies.

The Funds' estimated sources of the current distribution paid this month and for its current fiscal year to date are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Current Distribution per Share** |
| **Fund** | **Distribution<br> Amount** | **Net Investment <br> Income** | **Net Investment <br> Income** | **Net Realized Short- <br> Term Gains\*\*** | **Net Realized Short- <br> Term Gains\*\*** | **Net Realized Long- <br> Term Gains** | **Net Realized Long- <br> Term Gains** | **Return of Capital** | **Return of Capital** |
| ASGI | $0.2100 | $0.0252 | 12% | $0.0063 | 3% | $0.0714 | 34% | $0.1071 | 51% |
| HQH | $0.5100 |  |  | $0.1020 | 20% |  |  | $0.4080 | 80% |
| HQL | $0.4200 |  |  | $0.2461 | 59% |  |  | $0.1739 | 41% |
| IAF | $0.1200 | $0.0132 | 11% |  |  | $0.0348 | 29% | $0.0720 | 60% |
| IFN | $0.4300 |  |  |  |  | $0.4300 | 100% |  |  |
| THQ | $0.1800 |  |  | $0.0018 | 1% |  |  | $0.1782 | 99% |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** | **Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year\* to Date Cumulative Distributions per Share** |
| **Fund** | **Distribution<br> Amount** | **Net Investment Income** | **Net Investment Income** | **Net Realized <br> Short-Term <br> Gains \*\*** | **Net Realized <br> Short-Term <br> Gains \*\*** | **Net Realized Long-Term <br> Gains** | **Net Realized Long-Term <br> Gains** | **Return of <br> Capital** | **Return of <br> Capital** |
| ASGI | $2.4400 | $0.2928 | 12% | $0.0732 | 3% | $0.8296 | 34% | $1.2444 | 51% |
| HQH | $2.2400 |  |  | $0.4480 | 20% |  |  | $1.7920 | 80% |
| HQL | $1.8200 |  |  | $1.0665 | 59% |  |  | $0.7535 | 41% |
| IAF | $0.4900 | $0.0539 | 11% |  |  | $0.1421 | 29% | $0.2940 | 60% |
| IFN | $1.3000 |  |  |  |  | $1.3000 | 100% |  |  |
| THQ | $2.1600 |  |  | $0.0216 | 1% |  |  | $2.1384 | 99% |

---

\* ASGI, HQH, HQL and THQ have a 9/30 fiscal year end. IAF has a 10/31 fiscal year end. IFN has a 12/31 fiscal year end.

\*\*includes currency gains

Where the estimated amounts above show a portion of the distribution to be a "Return of Capital," it means that Fund estimates that it has distributed more than its income and capital gains; therefore, a portion of your distribution may be a return of capital. A return of capital may occur for example, when some or all the money that you invested in a Fund is paid back to you. A return of capital distribution does not necessarily reflect the Fund's investment performance and should not be confused with "yield" or "income."

**The amounts and sources of distributions reported in this notice are only estimates and are not being provided for tax reporting purposes. The final determination of the source of all distributions for the current year will only be made after year-end. The actual amounts and sources of the amounts for tax reporting purposes will depend upon the Fund's investment experience during the remainder of the fiscal year and may be subject to change based on tax regulations. After the end of each calendar year, a Form 1099-DIV will be sent to shareholders for the prior calendar year that will tell you how to report these distributions for federal income tax purposes.**

The following tables provide the Funds' total return performance based on net asset value (NAV) over various time periods compared to the Funds' annualized and cumulative distribution rates.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** |
| **Fund** | **Average<br> Annual Total<br> Return on NAV<br> for the 5 Year<br> Period Ending<br> 08/31/2025<sup>1</sup>** | **Current Fiscal<br> Period's<br> Annualized<br> Distribution<br> Rate on NAV** | **Cumulative<br> Total Return <br> on NAV<sup>1</sup>** | **Cumulative<br> Distribution <br> Rate on NAV<sup>2</sup>** |
| ASGI | 9.97% | 11.61% | 10.68% | 10.60% |
| THQ | 4.64% | 12.21% | -14.06% | 11.19% |

---

<sup>1</sup> Return data is net of all Fund expenses and fees and assumes the reinvestment of all distributions reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan.

<sup>2</sup> Based on the Fund's NAV as of August 31, 2025.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** | **Fund Performance and Distribution Rate Information** |
| **Fund** | **Average <br> Annual Total<br> Return on NAV<br> for the 5 Year<br> Period Ending<br> 07/31/2025<sup>1</sup>** | **Current Fiscal<br> Period's<br> Annualized<br> Distribution<br> Rate on NAV** | **Cumulative<br> Total Return<br> on NAV<sup>1</sup>** | **Cumulative<br> Distribution<br> Rate on NAV<sup>2</sup>** |
| HQH | 3.44% | 13.11% | -5.37% | 9.99% |
| HQL | 3.50% | 12.55% | -1.18% | 9.60% |
| IAF | 10.33% | 9.78% | 8.69% | 7.39% |
| IFN | 10.89% | 10.27% | -5.05% | 5.29% |

---

<sup>1</sup> Return data is net of all Fund expenses and fees and assumes the reinvestment of all distributions reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan. <br> <sup>2</sup> Based on the Fund's NAV as of July 31, 2025.

**Shareholders should not draw any conclusions about a Fund's investment performance from the amount of the Fund's current distributions or from the terms of the distribution policy (the "Distribution Policy").**

**The value at which a closed-end fund stock may trade on a public exchange is a function of external market factors that are not at the control of the Fund's Board or Investment Advisor. Closed-end Fund shares may therefore trade at a premium or a discount to net asset value at any given time. Shareholders should be aware that a fund trading at a premium to net asset value may not be sustainable and a fund's discount to net asset value, can widen as well as narrow. Shareholders of a fund trading at a premium who participate in that fund's dividend reinvestment plan should note the reinvestment of distributions may occur at a premium to net asset value.**

While NAV performance may be indicative of the Fund's investment performance, it does not measure the value of a shareholder's investment in the Fund. The value of a shareholder's investment in the Fund is determined by the Fund's market price, which is based on the supply and demand for the Fund's shares in the open market.

Pursuant to an exemptive order granted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Funds may distribute any long-term capital gains more frequently than the limits provided in Section 19(b) under the 1940 Act and Rule 19b-1 thereunder. Therefore, distributions paid by the Funds during the year may include net income, short-term capital gains, long-term capital gains and/or a return of capital. Net income dividends and short-term capital gain dividends, while generally taxable at ordinary income rates, may be eligible, to the extent of qualified dividend income earned by the Funds, to be taxed at a lower rate not to exceed the maximum rate applicable to your long-term capital gains. Distributions made in any calendar year in excess of investment company taxable income and net capital gain are treated as taxable ordinary dividends to the extent of undistributed earnings and profits, and then as a return of capital that reduces the adjusted basis in the shares held. To the extent return of capital distributions exceed the adjusted basis in the shares held, capital gain is recognized with a holding period based on the period the shares have been held at the date such amount is received.

The payment of distributions in accordance with the Distribution Policy may result in a decrease in the Fund's net assets. A decrease in the Fund's net assets may cause an increase in the Fund's annual operating expense ratio and a decrease in the Fund's market price per share to the extent the market price correlates closely to the Fund's net asset value per share. The Distribution Policy may also negatively affect the Fund's investment activities to the extent that the Fund is required to hold larger cash positions than it typically would hold or to the extent that the Fund must liquidate securities that it would not have sold, for the purpose of paying the distribution. Each Fund's Board has the right to amend, suspend or terminate the Distribution Policy at any time. The amendment, suspension or termination of the Distribution Policy may affect the Fund's market price per share. Investors should consult their tax advisor regarding federal, state, and local tax considerations that may be applicable in their particular circumstances.

<u>Circular 230 disclosure</u>: To ensure compliance with requirements imposed by the U.S. Treasury, we inform you that any U.S. tax advice contained in this communication (including any attachments) is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein.

Aberdeen Investments Global is the trade name of Aberdeen's investments business, herein referred to as "Aberdeen Investments" or "Aberdeen". In the United States, Aberdeen Investments refers to the following affiliated, registered investment advisers: abrdn Inc., abrdn Investments Limited, and abrdn Asia Limited.

Closed-end funds are traded on the secondary market through one of the stock exchanges. A Fund's investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor's shares may be worth more or less than the original cost. Shares of closed-end funds may trade above (a premium) or below (a discount) the net asset value (NAV) of the fund's portfolio. There is no assurance that a Fund will achieve its investment objective. Past performance does not guarantee future results.

<u>Closed end funds \| Aberdeen</u>

###

## Ex-99.(D)

**Exhibit 99.(d)**

**Appendix A - Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures**

**Aberdeen Investments U.S. Registered Advisers (the "Advisers")**

**Proxy Voting Guidelines**<br> *Effective as of March 2025*

Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Advisers Act") requires the Advisers to vote proxies in a manner consistent with clients' best interest and must not place its interests above those of its clients when doing so. It requires the Advisers to: (i) adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the Advisers vote proxies in the best interest of the clients, and (ii) to disclose to the clients how they may obtain information on how the Advisers voted proxies. In addition, Rule 204-2 requires the Advisers to keep records of proxy voting and client requests for information. As of August 31, of each year, investment managers that are required to file reports under Section 13(f) are required to report their proxy voting records on Form N-PX for the twelve-month period ended June 30, with respect to certain shareholder advisory votes on executive compensation (those required by Section 14A of the Exchange Act). As registered investment advisers, the Advisers have an obligation to vote proxies with respect to securities held in its client portfolios in the best interests of the clients for which it has proxy voting authority.

The Advisers are committed to exercising responsible ownership with a conviction that companies adopting best practices in corporate governance will be more successful in their core activities and deliver enhanced returns to shareholders.

The Advisers have adopted a proxy voting policy. The proxy voting policy is designed and implemented in a way that is reasonably expected to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interests of clients.

Resolutions are analysed by a member of our regional investment teams or our Active Ownership Team and votes instructed following consideration of our policies, our views of the company and our investment insights. To enhance our analysis, we will often engage with a company prior to voting to understand additional context and explanations, particularly where there is a deviation from what we believe to be best practice.

Where contentious issues arise in relation to motions put before a shareholders' meeting, Advisers will usually contact the management of the company to exchange views and give management the opportunity to articulate its position. The long-term nature of the relationships that we develop with investee company boards should enable us to deal with any concerns that we may have over strategy, the management of risk or governance practices directly with the chairman or senior independent director. In circumstances where this approach is unsuccessful, Advisers are prepared to escalate their intervention by expressing their concerns through the company's advisers, through interaction with other shareholders or attending and speaking at General Meetings.

In managing third party money on behalf of clients, there are a limited number of situations where potential conflicts of interest could arise in the context of proxy voting. One case is where funds are invested in companies that are either clients or related parties of clients. Another case is where one fund managed by Aberdeen Investments invests in other funds managed by Aberdeen Investments.

For cases involving potential conflicts of interest, Advisers have implemented procedures to ensure the appropriate handling of proxy voting decisions. The guiding principle of the Advisers' conflicts of interest policy is simple – to exercise our right to vote in the best interests of the clients on whose behalf we are managing funds.

We employ ISS as a service provider to facilitate electronic voting. We require ISS to provide recommendations based on our own set of parameters to tailored Aberdeen's assessment and approach but remain conscious that all voting decisions, where we have been given voting authority, are our own on behalf of our clients. We consider ISS's recommendations and those based on our custom parameters as input to our voting decisions. We make use of the ISS standard research and recommendations and those based on our own custom policy as input to our voting decisions. Where our analysts make a voting decision that is different from the recommendations based on our custom policy they will provide a rationale for such decisions which will be made available upon request.

In order to make proxy voting decisions, an Aberdeen Investments analyst will assess the resolutions at general meetings of companies held in our active investment portfolios. This analysis will be based on our knowledge of the company, but will also make use of the custom and standard recommendations provided by ISS as described above. The product of this analysis will be a final voting decision instructed through ISS and applied to all funds for which Aberdeen have been appointed to vote. For funds managed by a sub-adviser, we may delegate to the sub-adviser the authority to vote proxies; however, the sub-adviser will be required to either follow our policies and procedures or to demonstrate that their policies and procedures are consistent with ours, or otherwise implemented in the best interest of clients.

There may be certain circumstances where Aberdeen may take a more limited role in voting proxies. We will not vote proxies for client accounts in which the client contract specifies that Aberdeen will not vote. We may abstain from voting a client proxy if the voting is uneconomic or otherwise not in clients' best interests. For companies held only in passively managed portfolios the Aberdeen custom recommendations provided by ISS will be used to automatically apply our voting approach; we have scope to intervene to test that this delivers appropriate results and will on occasions opt to instruct a vote differently from custom recommendations if we consider this to be in clients' best interests. If voting securities are part of a securities lending program, we may be unable to vote while the securities are on loan. However, we have the ability to recall shares on loan or to restrict lending when required, in order to ensure all shares have voted. In addition, certain jurisdictions may impose share-blocking restrictions at various times which may prevent Aberdeen from exercising our voting authority.

We recognize that there may be situations in which we vote at a company meeting where we encounter a conflict of interest. Such situations include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· where a portfolio manager owns the holding in a personal account

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· An investee company that is also a segregated client

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· An investee company where an executive director or officer of our company is also a director of that company

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· An investee company where an employee of Aberdeen is a director of that company

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· A significant distributor of our products

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Any other companies which may be relevant from time to time

In order to manage such conflicts of interests, we have established procedures to escalate decision-making so as to ensure that our voting decisions are based on our clients' best interests and are not impacted by any conflict.

The implementation of this policy, along with conflicts of interest, will be reviewed periodically by the Active Ownership team. Aberdeen Investments' Listed Company Sustainable Investment Principles and Voting Policies are published on our website.

To the extent that an Adviser may rely on sub-advisers, whether affiliated or unaffiliated, to manage any client portfolio on a discretionary basis, the Adviser may delegate responsibility for voting proxies to the sub-adviser. However, such sub-advisers will be required either to follow these Policies and Procedures or to demonstrate that their proxy voting policies and procedures are consistent with these Policies and Procedures or otherwise implemented in the best interests of the Adviser's clients. Clients that have not granted Aberdeen voting authority over securities held in their accounts will receive their proxies in accordance with the arrangements they have made with their service providers.

As disclosed in Part 2A of each Adviser's Form ADV, a client may obtain information on how its proxies were voted by requesting such information from its Adviser. Unless specifically requested by a client in writing, and other than as required for the Funds, the Advisers do not generally disclose client-specific proxy votes to third parties.

Our proxy voting records are available per request and on the SEC's website at SEC.gov.

On occasions when it is deemed to be a fiduciary for an ERISA client's assets, Aberdeen will vote the Plan assets in accordance with Aberdeen Investments' Listed Company Sustainable Investment Principles and Voting Policies and in line with DOL guidance.

**Listed Company ESG Principles & Voting Policies March 2024**

Active Ownership and Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) considerations are a driver of our investment process, our investment activity, our client journey and our corporate influence.

Through engagement with the companies in which we invest, and by exercising votes on behalf of our clients, we seek to improve the financial resilience and performance of our clients' investments. Where we believe change is needed, we endeavour to catalyse this through our stewardship capabilities.

**Our expectations**

As global investors, we are particularly aware that ESG structures and frameworks vary across regions. Furthermore, what we expect of the companies in which we invest varies between different stages of business development and the underlying history and nature of the company in question. We seek to understand each company's individual circumstances and so evaluate how it can best be governed and overseen. As such, we strive to apply the principles and policies set out on these pages in response to the needs of that individual company at that particular time. Our heritage as a predominantly active fund manager helps drive this bespoke approach to understanding good governance and risk management.

We have a clear perception of what we consider to be best practice globally – as set out in this document. However we will reflect the nature of the business, our close understanding of individual companies and regional considerations, where appropriate, in our approach to applying these policies, which are not exhaustive.

The principles and voting policies noted herein reflect our current position. We are monitoring and contributing to the many reform agendas and consultations underway in the governance arena, particularly in the UK, on areas such as market competitiveness, listing rules, the approval of corporate transactions and greater flexibility in remuneration practices, including wider use of restricted stock. We are actively involved in these discussions, both as a corporate issuer and an investor, and our position will evolve as rules, guidance and practice develops.

This document has received approval from the Head of Public Markets and the Chief Sustainability Officer - Investments following consultation with various internal stakeholders.

**Our approach to stewardship**

We seek to integrate and appraise environmental, social and governance factors in our investment process. Our aim is to generate the best long-term outcomes for our clients, proportionate to the risk preference they have accepted, and we will actively take steps as stewards and owners to protect and enhance the value of our clients' assets.

Stewardship is a reflection of this bespoke approach to good governance and risk management. We seek to understand each company's specific approach to governance, how value is created through business success and how investors' interests are protected through the management of risks that materially impact business success. This requires us to play our part in the governance process by being active stewards of companies, involved in dialogue with management and non-executive directors where appropriate, understanding the material risks and opportunities – including those relating to environmental and social factors and helping to shape the future success of the business.

We will:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Take into consideration, in our investment process, the policies and practices on environmental, social and governance matters of
the companies in which we invest.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Seek to enhance long-term shareholder value through constructive engagement with the companies in which we invest.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Actively engage with companies and assets in which we invest where we believe we can influence or gain insight.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Seek to exercise voting rights, where held, in a manner consistent with our clients' long-term best interests.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Seek to influence the development of appropriately high standards
of corporate governance and corporate responsibility in relation to environmental and social factors for the benefit of our clients.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Communicate our Listed Company ESG Principles and Voting Policies to clients, companies and other interested parties.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Be accountable to clients within the constraints of professional confidentiality and legislative and regulatory requirements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Be transparent in reporting our engagement and voting activities.

abrdn is committed to exercising responsible ownership with a conviction that companies seeking to upgrade their practices in corporate governance and risk management will be more successful in their core activities and deliver enhanced long-term returns to shareholders. As owners of companies, the process of stewardship is a natural part of our investment approach as we seek to benefit from their long-term success on our clients' behalf.

**Engagement**

It is a central tenet of our active investment approach that we strive to meet with the management and directors of our investee companies on a regular basis. We will concentrate that engagement on investee companies undergoing transformation or facing exceptional challenges or opportunities. The discussions we have cover a wide range of topics, including: strategic, operational, and ESG issues and consider the long-term drivers of value.

Engagement with companies on ESG risks an opportunities is a fundamental part of our investment process. It is a process through which we can discuss how a company identifies, prioritises and mitigates its key risks and optimises outcomes from its most significant opportunities. As such, we regard engagement as:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Important to understanding investee companies holistically.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Helpful when conducting comprehensive ESG analysis.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Useful to maintaining open dialogue and constructive relationships with companies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· An opportunity to generate positive change on a company's holistic risk management programme–be active with our holdings
rather than activist.

**Proxy Voting**

Proxy voting is an integral part of our active stewardship approach and we seek to exercise voting rights in a manner in line with our clients' best interests. We seek to ensure that voting reflects our understanding of the companies in which we invest on behalf of our clients. We believe that voting is a vital mechanism for holding boards and management teams to account, and is an important tool for escalation and shareholder action.

This document includes our process and overarching policy guidelines which we apply when voting at general meetings. These policies are not exhaustive and we evaluate our voting on a case by case basis. As a global investment firm we recognise the practical necessity of adopting a regional approach, taking into account differing and developing market practices. Where a policy is specific to one region this is denoted.

We endeavour to engage with companies regarding our voting decisions to maintain a dialogue on matters of concern.

**Voting Process**

In line with our active ownership approach, we review the majority of general meeting agendas convened by companies which are held in our active equity portfolios. Analysis is undertaken by a member of our regional investment teams or our Active Ownership team and votes instructed following consideration of our policies, our views of the company and our investment insights. To enhance our analysis we may engage with a company prior to voting to understand additional context and explanations, particularly where there is deviation from what we believe to be best practice.

To supplement our own analysis we make use of the benchmark research and recommendations provided by ISS, a provider of proxy voting services. In the UK we also make use of the Investment Association's (IA) Institutional Voting Information Service. We have implemented regional voting policy guidelines with ISS which ISS applies to all meetings in order to produce customised vote recommendations. These custom recommendations help identify resolutions which deviate from our expectations. They are also used to determine votes where a company is held only in passive funds. Within our custom policies, however, we do specify numerous resolutions which should be referred to us for active review. For example we will analyse all proposals marked by ISS as environmental or social proposals.

While it is most common for us to vote in line with a board's voting recommendation we will vote our clients' shares against resolutions which we believe are not consistent with their best interests. We may also vote against resolutions which conflict with local governance guidelines, such as the IA in the UK. Although we seek to vote either in favour or against a resolution we do make use of an abstain vote where this is considered appropriate. For example we may use an abstention to acknowledge some improvement, but as a means to reserve our position in expectation that further improvement is needed before we can vote in favour. Where we vote against a resolution we endeavour to inform companies of our rationale.

In exceptional circumstances we may attend and speak at a shareholder meeting to reinforce our views to the company's board.

We endeavour to vote all shares for which we have voting authority. We may not vote when there are obstacles to do so, for example those impacting liquidity, such as shareblocking, or where there is a significant conflict of interest. We use the voting platform of ISS to instruct our votes. Where we lend stock on behalf of clients, and subject to the terms of client agreements, we hold the right to recall shares where it is in clients' interests to do so and where we take the view that to maintain full voting weight on a particular meeting or resolution may impact the final vote.

Our votes are disclosed publicly on our website one day after a general meeting has taken place.

**Strategy**

We invest in companies that will create the best outcome for our clients in line with their investment mandates. Companies must be clear about the drivers of their business success and their strategy for maintaining and enhancing it. Investment is a forward-looking process; we seek to understand the opportunity for a business and its scope for future value-creation over the long term. In order to do this, we need clarity on past business delivery and its drivers, and on the effective track record of management; we require honest and open reporting to build confidence in that track record. We seek confidence that companies and their management can maintain their competitive positioning and operational performance and subsequently enhance returns for investors. A clear strategy and clarity about the drivers of operational success provides the lens through which we will consider most corporate issues, not least assessing performance and risk management.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will consider voting against executive or non-executive directors if we have serious concerns regarding the oversight or implementation
of strategy.

**Board of Directors**

We believe effective board governance promotes the long-term success and value creation of the company. The board should be responsible for establishing the company's purpose and strategy, overseeing management in their implementation of strategy and performance against objectives. The board should ensure a strong framework of control and risk oversight, including material ESG risks. The board should assess and monitor culture and be engaged with the workforce, shareholders and wider society.

**Board Composition**

Effective decision making requires a mix of skills around the table and constructive debate between diverse and different-minded individuals. A range of skills, experience and perspectives should be drawn together on the board. These include industry knowledge, experience from other sectors and relevant geographical knowledge. Independence of thought plays a crucial role in the ability of a board to generate the debate and discussion that will challenge management, help enhance business performance and improve decision-making. Board assessments will help the board ensure it has the necessary mix of skills, diversity and quality of individuals to address the risks and opportunities the company faces. Unitary boards should comprise an appropriate combination of executive and non-executive directors such that no group of individuals dominates decision-making. We expect the size of the board to reflect the size, nature and complexity of the business. We also expect regular internal and external board evaluations which include an assessment of board composition and effectiveness.

**Leadership**

Running businesses effectively for the long term requires effective collaboration and cooperation, with no individual or small group having unfettered powers. Nor should any individual or small group have dominant influence over the way a business is run or over major decisions about its operations or future. There should be a division of responsibility between board leadership and executive leadership of the business. We believe that there should be a division of roles at the top of the organisation, typically between a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and an independent Chair.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will consider supporting the re-election of an existing Chair & CEO role combination, recognising that this remains common
in certain geographies. In reviewing this on a case by case basis we will take account of the particular circumstances of the company
and consider what checks and balances are in place, such as the presence of a strong Senior Independent Director with a clear scope of
responsibility.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally oppose any re-combination of the roles of CEO and Chair, unless the move is on a temporary basis due to exceptional
circumstances or other mitigating factors.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally oppose any move of a retiring CEO to the role of Chair.

**Independence**

Companies should be led and overseen by genuinely independent boards. When looking at board composition we generally expect to see a majority of independent directors, with boards identifying their independence classifications in the Annual Report. It is preferable to see an identified Senior Independent Director (SID) on the board, who will lead the appraisal of and succession planning for the Chair. We expect SIDs to meet with investors and be a point of contact for escalating concerns if required.

In assessing a director's independence we will have due regard for whether a director:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i. Has been an employee of the company within the last five years.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ii. Has had within the last three years a material business relationship with the company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iii. Has received remuneration in addition to director fees or participates in the company's option or variable incentive schemes,
or is a member of the company's pension scheme.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iv. Has close family ties with any of the company's advisers, directors or senior employees.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v. Holds cross-directorships or has significant links with other directors through involvement in other companies or bodies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vi. Represents a significant shareholder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vii. Has served on the board for more than 12 years (or 9 for UK companies).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will consider voting against the re-election of non-independent directors if the board is not majority independent (excluding employee
representatives). In doing so we will have regard for whether a company is controlled and the nature of the non-independence – for
example, we are unlikely to vote against shareholder representatives unless their representation is disproportionate to their shareholding

**Succession Planning & Refreshment**

Regular refreshment of the non-executive portion of a board helps draw in fresh perspectives, not least in the context of changes to business and emerging opportunities and risks. It also helps limit the danger of group-think. Thoughtful and proactive succession planning is therefore needed for board continuity, to ensure that a board is populated by individuals with an appropriate mix of skills, experience and perspective. We expect the board to implement a formal process for the recruitment and appointment of new directors, and to provide transparency of this in the Annual Report.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will vote against non-executive directors where there are concerns regarding board refreshment or excessive tenure. Where there
are directors who have served for over 12 years on a board which has seen no refreshment in 3 years (2 in UK), we will generally vote
against their re-election. If a director has served for over 15 years we will generally vote against their re-election. We will, however,
consider the impact on board continuity and the company's succession planning efforts prior to doing so. We may also not apply the
tenure limit to directors who are founders or shareholder representatives where we believe this is appropriate.

**Diversity**

We believe that companies that make progress in diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) are better positioned for long-term sustainability and outperformance. Diversity of thought, paired with a culture of inclusion, can help companies to tackle increasingly complex challenges and markets. We expect boards to report on how they promote DEI throughout the business and believe that setting targets is important to addressing imbalances. We recognise the necessity of adopting a regional approach to diversity, equity and inclusion, allowing us to press for progress with appropriate consideration for the starting point. We have for several years, actively encouraged progress in gender diversity at all levels, and have expanded our scope in relation to diversity, equity and inclusion across geographies. In respect of ethnic diversity, this is coming increasingly into focus as we encourage boards to progress in ensuring that their composition reflects their employee and customer bases. Our regional specific policies are below. In determining our votes we will take account of mitigating factors, such as the sudden departure of a female board member. We will also consider any clear progress being made by the company on diversity and any assurance that diversity shortfalls will soon be addressed.

**Gender Diversity.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· UK: We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of FTSE 350 companies if the board is not comprised of at least
one third female directors. We expect companies to seek to comply with the FCA's diversity targets and may vote against the Chair
of the Nomination Committee if we have concerns regarding the Committee's efforts in succession planning to achieve the gender diversity
target of 40% female members. For smaller companies, we will take action if the board does not include at least one female director.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Europe: We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of LargeCap companies if the supervisory board is not comprised
of at least 30% female directors, or is not in line with the local standard if higher. For smaller companies, we will take this action
if the supervisory board does not include at least one female director.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Australia: We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of ASX300 companies if the board is not comprised of at least
30% female directors.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· North America: We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of LargeCap companies if the board is not comprised of
at least 30% female directors. For smaller companies, we will take this action if the board does not include at least one female director

**Ethnic Diversity**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· UK: We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair at the boards of FTSE 100 companies, if the board does not include
at least one member from an ethnic minority background. This is in line with targets set up by the Parker Review.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· US: We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair at the boards of S&P 1500 & Russell 3000 companies
if the board does not include at least one member from a racial or ethnic minority background.

**Directors' Time Commitment**

Individual directors need sufficient time to carry out their role effectively and therefore we seek to ensure that all directors maintain an appropriate level of overall commitments such that allows them to be properly diligent.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will consider opposing the election or re-election of any director where there is a concern regarding their ability to dedicate
sufficient time to the role. In making this assessment we will have regard to the ISS classification of 'overboarding'.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally oppose the re-election of any director who has attended fewer than 75% of board meetings in two consecutive years.

**Board Committees**

Boards should establish committees, populated by independent and appropriately skilled non-executive directors, to oversee (as a minimum) the nomination, audit and remuneration processes. It may also be appropriate for additional committees to be established, such as a risk or sustainability committee. These committees should report openly on an annual basis about their activities and key decisions taken.

We will consider voting against committee members if we have concerns regarding the composition of a committee in relation to independence or skills.

**Nomination Committee**

This committee has responsibility for leading the process for orderly non-executive and senior management succession planning and recruitment, and for overseeing the composition of the board including skillset, experience and diversity. We expect the committee to be comprised of a majority of independent directors with an independent Chair.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will consider voting against the re-election of the Nomination Committee Chair if we have concerns regarding the composition of
the board or concerns regarding poor succession planning.

**Audit Committee**

This committee has responsibility for monitoring the integrity of the financial statements, reviewing the company's internal financial controls and risk management systems, reviewing the effectiveness of the company's internal audit function and appointing and overseeing the quality of the work done by external auditors. We prefer the committee to be wholly independent, and expect this at UK and US companies in view of general market practice and board composition. In other regions, as a minimum, we expect the committee to be comprised of a majority of independent directors with an independent Chair. Furthermore we expect at least one member of the committee to have recent and relevant financial experience.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· UK & US: We will generally vote against the re-election of non-independent members of the Audit Committee..

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Europe: We will generally vote against the re-election of non-independent members of the Audit Committee if the Committee is not majority
independent. We will also generally vote against a non-independent Chair of the Audit Committee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally vote against the re-election of the Audit Committee Chair if at least one member of the Committee does not have
recent and relevant financial experience.

**Remuneration Committee**

The committee is responsible for determining the policy and setting remuneration levels for executive and nonexecutive directors. The committee should ensure that directors' remuneration is aligned with strategy and company performance and should clearly demonstrate that outcomes have had regard to the experience of the company's employees and wider society. Remuneration policy should be cognisant of the company's licence to operate and the potential overall level of remuneration. We expect remuneration committees to be robust in their approach to developing and implementing remuneration policies, with formal and transparent procedures for developing policies and for determining remuneration packages. Remuneration committees should be comprised of a majority of independent directors with an independent Chair and we expect members to have appropriate experience and knowledge of the business and remuneration practices in the jurisdiction in which they operate. No executive should be involved in setting their own remuneration..

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Where we have significant concerns regarding the company's remuneration policy or reward outcomes we may escalate these concerns
through a vote against the Chair or members of the Remuneration Committee.

**Director Accountability**

We expect to be able to hold boards to account through engagement and regular director re-elections and directors should feel that they are accountable to investors. We encourage individual, rather than bundled, director elections. While our preference is for directors to be subject to re- election annually, we expect re-elections to take place at least every three years. Lengthier board mandates, while not uncommon in some markets, risk divorcing directors from an appropriate sense of accountability. Directors and management should make themselves available for discussions with major shareholders as we expect to have open dialogue to share our perspectives and gain confidence that the individuals are carrying out their roles with appropriate vigour and diligence. A further important element of director accountability to shareholders is that investors should have the right, both formal and informal, to propose and promote individual directors to be considered for election to the board by all shareholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally oppose the re-election of nonindependent NEDs who are proposed for a term exceeding three years. We may not apply
this to directors who are shareholder representatives.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Where we have significant concerns regarding a board member's performance, actions or inaction to address issues raised we may
vote against their re-election.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We may vote against directors who decline appropriate requests for
meetings without a clear justification.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Where a director has held a position of responsibility at a company which has suffered a material governance failure, we will consider
whether we are comfortable to support their re-election at other listed companies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally support resolutions to discharge the supervisory board or management board members from legal liability unless we
have serious concerns regarding actions taken during the year under review. Where there is insufficient information regarding allegations
of misconduct, we may prefer to abstain. In exceptional circumstances we may vote against the discharge resolution to reflect serious
ESG concerns if there is not another appropriate resolution.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will not support the election of directors who are not personally identified but are proposed as corporations.

**Reporting**

Audited reporting and financial numbers should be published ahead of any relevant shareholder meetings. We continue to monitor the evolving reporting landscape and consider new reporting developments as they emerge, either voluntary or regulatory.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We may consider voting against a company's Annual Report & Accounts if we have concerns regarding timely provision
or adequacy of disclosure.

**Political Donations & Lobbying**

Companies should be consistent in their public statements and not undermine these in private commentary to market participants or to politicians and regulators. We welcome transparency from companies about their lobbying activities and believe that good companies have nothing to hide in this respect. Similarly we encourage transparency of any political donations that companies deem appropriate – and we expect a clear explanation of why such donations are an appropriate use of corporate funds.

**Risk & Audit**

The board is responsible for determining the company's risk appetite, establishing procedures to manage risk and for monitoring the company's internal controls. We expect boards to conduct robust assessments of the company's material risks and report to shareholders on risks, controls and effectiveness. The introduction of global accounting standards has led to much greater investor confidence in the accounts produced by companies around the world. It has also assisted in creating consistency of reporting across companies, enabling fairer comparisons between different operating businesses. We therefore encourage companies seeking international investment to report under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or US GAAP. As a firm abrdn supports the continued development of high quality global accounting standards.

An independent audit, delivered by a respected audit firm, is a required element for investor confidence in reporting by companies. We strongly favour meaningful, transparent and informative auditor reports, giving us additional insights into the audit process and accounting outcomes. Audit fees must be sufficient to pay for an appropriately in-depth assurance process. We would be concerned if a company sought to make unjustified savings in this respect as the cost in terms of damage to audit effectiveness and confidence in the company's accounts would be much more substantial.

The independence of the auditor and the standard of their work, particularly in challenging management, should be subject to regular assessment that is appropriately disclosed. Even when individuals carrying out the audit are refreshed, we believe that the independence of the audit firm erodes over time and we will encourage a tender process and change of audit firm where an engagement has lasted for an extended period. In order to demonstrate the level of independence, companies should not have the same audit firm in place for more than 20 years.

The relationship with the auditor should be mediated through the audit committee. Where we are significant shareholders, we expect to be consulted on plans to tender and replace auditors.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally vote against the re-election of an auditor which has a tenure of 20 years or over, if there are no plans for rotation
in the near term.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will consider voting against the auditors if we have concerns regarding the accounts presented or the audit procedures used.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will vote against the approval of auditor fees if we have concerns regarding the level of fees or the balance of non-audit and
audit fees.

**Remuneration**

Remuneration policies and the overall levels of pay should be aligned with strategy, attracting and retaining talent and incentivising the decisions and behaviours needed to create long-term value. The component parts of remuneration should be structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance and they should be considered in the context of the remuneration policies when taken as a whole. We recognise the benefits of simplicity in forming the policy, which should clearly link outcomes and expectations for those receiving the remuneration, as well as external stakeholders. The structure should be transparent and understandable.

A company's annual report should contain an informative statement of remuneration policy which communicates clearly to stakeholders how it has developed and evolved. This should include details of any stress testing that may have been undertaken to understand the policy outcomes for different business scenarios. The remuneration committee should provide a clear description of the application of policy and the outcomes achieved.

Base salary should be set at a level appropriate for the role and responsibility of the executive. We discourage increases which are driven solely by peer benchmarking, and expect increases to be aligned with the wider workforce. Consideration should also be given to the knock-on impact to variable remuneration potential. Pension arrangements and benefits should be clearly disclosed. We generally expect pension structures to be aligned with the wider workforce.

A company should structure variable, performancerelated pay to incentivise and reward management in a manner that is aligned with the company's sustainable performance and risk appetite over the long term. We expect all variable pay to be capped, preferably with reference to base salary. In the UK we expect variable pay to be capped with reference to base salary. In other markets, if variable pay is capped at a number of shares, we expect the value of grants to be kept under review annually to ensure the value remains appropriate and is not excessive.

Performance metrics used to determine variable pay should be clearly disclosed and aligned with the company's strategy. A significant portion of performance metrics should seek to measure significant improvements in the underlying financial performance of the company. We also encourage the inclusion of non-financial metrics linked to targets which are aligned with the company's progress on its ESG strategy. Where possible we expect these targets to be quantifiable and disclosed.

Variable pay arrangements should incentivise participants to achieve above-average performance through the use of challenging targets. We encourage sliding-scale performance measures and expect performance target ranges to be disclosed to enable shareholders to assess the level of challenge and pay for performance alignment. We expect annual bonus targets to be disclosed retrospectively and encourage the disclosure of long term incentive (LTI) targets at the beginning of the performance period, but at minimum we expect retrospective disclosure. Where bonus or LTI targets are not disclosed due to commercial sensitivity we expect an explanation of why the targets continue to be considered sensitive retrospectively and expect some detail regarding the level of achievement vs target. Where a share price metric is being used, we expect this to be underpinned by a challenging measure of underlying performance. We encourage settlement of a portion of the annual bonus in shares which are deferred for at least one year. We expect settlement of long term incentives to be in shares, with rationale provided for any awards settled in cash. Long term incentives should have a performance period of no less than three years. In the UK we expect a further holding period of two years to be applied, and we encourage this in other markets. We do not generally support value creation plans. We will consider supporting the use of restricted share plans in the UK which have been structured consistent with the guidelines of the Investment Association. We expect appropriate malus and clawback provisions to be applied to variable remuneration plans. We expect shareholding guidelines to be adopted for executive directors and encourage the adoption of postdeparture shareholding guidelines. We expect details of any use of discretion to be disclosed and its use should be justifiable, appropriate and clearly explained. We would expect policies to be sufficiently robust so that discretion is only necessary in exceptional circumstances. We do not generally support exceptional awards, and are particularly sensitive to such awards being granted to reward a corporate transaction. We expect executive service contracts to provide for a maximum notice period of 12 months. We will consider local best practice provisions related to severance arrangements when voting. Non-executive fees should reflect the role's level of responsibility and time commitment. We do not support NED's participation in option or performance-related arrangements. However we do support the payment of fees in shares, particularly where conservation of cash is an issue. In the UK our expectations of companies are aligned with the Investment Association's Principles of Remuneration. Where significant changes to remuneration arrangements are being considered, we would expect remuneration committees to consult with their largest shareholders prior to finalising any changes. Where any increase to variable remuneration is proposed, we would expect this to be accompanied by a demonstrable increase in the stretch of the targets. Furthermore we expect any increases to remuneration to be subject to shareholder approval.

In response to the issues arising from the cost of living crisis being experienced by many people in the UK, we expect companies to focus additional capacity towards those members of the workforce who need it most. We expect Remuneration Committees to take into account factors arising from the cost of living crisis when deliberating over executive pay outcomes. We would be concerned by reputational issues arising from decisions made in these unusual circumstances and may make this a factor in our voting decisions at relevant AGMs.

In line with the expectations set out above we will generally vote against the appropriate resolution(s) where:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We consider the overall reward potential or outcome to be excessive.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· A significant increase to salary has been granted which is not aligned with the workforce or is not sufficiently justified.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· A significant increase to performance-related pay has been granted which is not sufficiently justified, is not accompanied by an increase
in the level of stretch required for achievement or results in the potential for excessive reward.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· There is no appropriate cap on variable incentive schemes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Performance targets for annual bonus awards are not disclosed retrospectively and the absence of disclosure is not explained.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Performance targets for long term incentive awards are not disclosed up front and there is no compelling explanation regarding the
absence of disclosure or a commitment to disclose retrospectively.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Performance targets are not considered sufficiently challenging, either at threshold, target or maximum.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Relative performance targets allow vesting of awards for below median performance.. Retesting provisions apply.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Incentives that have been conditionally awarded have been repriced or performance conditions changed part way through a performance
period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We have concerns regarding the use of discretion or the grant of exceptional awards.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Pension arrangements are excessive.. Pension arrangements are not aligned with the wider workforce (UK).

**Investor Rights**

The interests of minority shareholders must be protected and any major, or majority, investor should not enjoy preferential treatment. The structure of ownership or control should minimise the potential for abuse of public shareholders.

**Corporate Transactions**

Companies should not make significant changes to their structure or nature without being fully transparent to their investors. Shareholders should have the opportunity to vote on significant corporate activity, such as mergers and acquisitions. Where a transaction is with a related party, only independent shareholders should have a vote. Even in markets where no vote is given to shareholders in these circumstances, investors need transparent disclosure of the reasons for any such major change. Companies should expect that shareholders may want to discuss and debate proposed developments

Diversification beyond the core skills of the business needs to be justified as it is more often than not a distraction from operational performance. All major deals need to be clearly explained and justified in the context of the preexisting strategy and be subject to shareholder approval.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will vote on corporate transactions on a case by case basis.

**Dividends**

We will generally support the payment of dividends but will scrutinise the proposed level where it appears excessive given the company's financial position.

**Share Capital**

The board carries responsibility for prudent capital management and allocation.

**Share Issuance**

We will consider capital raises which are proposed for a specific purpose on a case by case basis but recognise that it can be beneficial for companies to have some general flexibility to issue shares to raise capital. However we expect issuances to be limited to the needs of the business and companies should not issue significant portions of shares unless offering these on a pro-rata basis to existing shareholders to protect against inappropriate dilution of investments.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Where a company seeks a general authority to issue shares we generally expect this to be limited to 25% of the company's share
capital for pre- emptive issuances. In the UK we are aligned with the guidance of the Investment Association Share Capital Management
Guidelines.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Where a company seeks a general authority to issue shares we generally expect this to be limited to 10% of the company's share
capital for non- pre-emptive issuances. In the UK we are aligned with the guidance of the Investment Association Share Capital Management
Guidelines and those of the Pre-Emption Group.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will not generally support share issuances at investment trusts unless there is a commitment that shares would only be issued at
a price at or above net asset value.

When considering our votes we will, however, take account of the company's circumstances and any further detail regarding proposed capital issuance authorities prior to voting.

Following changes to the UK's Pre-Emption Group Guidelines in November 2022, which reflect an increase on previous limits, we will hold the Chair of the company accountable for any perceived misuse of the increased flexibility through a vote against their re-election.

**Buyback**

We recognise that share buybacks can be a flexible means of returning cash to shareholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally support buyback authorities of up to 10% of the issued share capital. In the UK we will generally support authorities
which are in line with the levels permitted under the Listing Rules.

**Related Party Transactions**

The nature of relations – particularly any related party transactions (RPTs) – with parent or related companies, or other major investors, must be disclosed fully. Related party transactions must be agreed on arm's length terms and be made fully transparent. Where they are material, they should be subject to the approval of independent shareholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will vote against RPTs where there is insufficient transparency of the nature of the transaction, the rationale, the terms or the
views and assessment of directors and advisors.

**Article/Bylaw amendments**

While it is standard to see proposals from companies to amend their articles of association or bylaws, we will review these on a case by case basis. When doing so we expect full transparency of the proposed changes to be disclosed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will vote against amendments which will reduce shareholder rights.

**Anti-Takeover Defences**

There should be no artificial structures put in place to entrench management and protect companies from takeover. The best defence from hostile takeover is strong operational delivery.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally vote against anti-takeover/'poison pill' proposals.

**Voting Rights**

We are strong supporters of the principle of 'one share, one vote' and therefore favour equal voting rights for all shareholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally vote against proposals which seek to introduce or continue capital structures with multiple voting rights.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will consider voting against proposals to raise new capital at companies with multiple share classes and voting rights.

**General Meetings**

Shareholder meetings provide an important opportunity to hold boards to account not only through voting on the proposed resolutions but also by enabling investors the opportunity to raise questions, express views and emphasise concerns to the entire board. We may make a statement at a company's AGM as a means of escalation to reinforce our views to a company's board.

We welcome the opportunity to attend meetings virtually, being of the view that this can increase participation given obstacles such as location or meeting concentration. However we are not supportive of companies adopting virtual-only meetings as we believe this format reduces accountability. Our preference is for a hybrid meeting format to balance the flexibility of remote attendance with the accountability of an in-person meeting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally support resolutions seeking approval to shorten the EGM notice period to minimum 14 days, unless we have concerns
regarding previous inappropriate use of this flexibility.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· We will generally support proposals to enable virtual meetings to take place as long as there is confirmation that the format will
be hybrid, with physical meetings continuing to take place (unless prohibited by law). We expect virtual attendees to have the same rights
to speak and raise questions as those attending in-person. We will generally vote against proposals which permit wholly virtual general
meetings.

**As part of strategic planning, boards need to have oversight of, and clearly articulate, the key opportunities and risks affecting the sustainability of the business model. This includes having a process for, and transparent disclosure of, potential and emerging opportunities and risks and the actions being taken to address them.**

The effective management of risks extends to long-term issues that are hard to measure and whose timeframe is uncertain and will include the management of environmental and social issues. We use the UN Global Compact's four areas of focus in assessing how companies are performing in this area.

Specifically we expect companies to be able to demonstrate how they manage their exposures under the following headings.

**The Environment**

It is generally accepted that companies are responsible for the effects of their operations and products on the environment. The steps they take to assess and reduce those impacts can lead to cost savings and reduce potential reputational damage. Companies are held responsible for their impact on the climate and they face increased regulation from world governments on activities that contribute to climate change.

We expect that companies will

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Identify, manage and reduce their environmental impacts.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Understand the impact of climate change along the company value chain.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Develop group-level climate policies and, where relevant, set targets to manage the impact, report on policies, practices and actions
taken to reduce carbon and other environmental risks within their operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Comply with all environmental laws and regulations, or recognised international best practice as a minimum.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, in relation to the environment we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

We will use the indicators within the Carbon Disclosure Project to identify companies which are not fulfilling their climate commitments. Where appropriate we will take voting action to encourage better practice among companies which we deem to be laggards.

**Labour and employment**

Companies that respect internationally recognised labour rights and provide safe and healthy working environments for employees are likely to reap the benefits. This approach is likely to foster a more committed and productive workforce, and help reduce damage to reputation and a company's license to operate. We expect companies to comply with all employment laws and regulations and adopt practices in line with the International Labour Organization's core labour standards. a minimum.

In particular, companies will:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Take affirmative steps to ensure that they uphold decent labour standards.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Adopt strong health and safety policies and programmes to implement such policies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Adopt equal employment opportunity and diversity policies and a programme for ensuring compliance with such policies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Adopt policies and programmes for investing in employee training and development.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Adopt initiatives to attract and retain talented employees, foster higher productivity and quality, and encourage in their workforce
a commitment to achieving the company's purpose.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Ensure policies are in place for a company's suppliers that promote decent labour standards, and programmes are in place to
ensure high standards of labour along supply chains.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Report regularly on its policy and implementation of managing human capital.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, in relation to labour and employment we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

**Human rights**

We recognise the impact that human-rights issues can have on our investments and the role we can play in stimulating progress. We draw upon a number of international, legal and voluntary agreements for guidance on human-rights responsibilities and compliance. Our primary sources are the International Bill of Rights and the core conventions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), which form the list of internationally agreed human rights, and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), which clarifies the roles of states and businesses. We encourage companies to use the UNGPs Reporting Framework and encourage disclosure in line with this guidance.

We expect companies to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Continually work to understand their actual and potential impacts on human rights.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Establish systems that actively ensure respect for human rights.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Take appropriate action to remedy any infringements on human rights.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, in relation to human rights we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

**Business ethics**

As institutions of wealth and influence, companies have a significant impact on the prosperity of their local communities and the wider world. Having a robust code of ethics and ensuring professional conduct mean companies operate more effectively, particularly when it comes to ethical principles governing decision- making. A company's failure to conform to internationally recognised standards of business ethics on matters such as bribery and corruption, can increase its risk of facing investigation, litigation and fines. This could undermine its license to operate, and affect its reputation and image.

We expect companies to have policies in place to support the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Ethics at the heart of the organisation's governance.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· A zero-tolerance policy on bribery and corruption.. How people are rewarded, as pay can influence behaviour.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Respect for human rights.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Tax transparency.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Ethical training for employees.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, related to business ethics we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

**We will review any resolution at company meetings we have identified as covering environmental and social factors. The following will detail our overarching approach and expectations.**

Our approach to vote analysis is consistent across active and quantitative investment strategies **Review** the resolution, proponent and board statements, existing disclosures, and external research. **Engage** with the company, proponents, and other stakeholders as required.

**Involve** thematic experts, regional specialists, and investment analysts in decision-making to harness a wide range of expertise and include all material factors in our analysis.

**Ensure** consistency by using our own in-house guidance to frame case-by-case analysis.

**Monitor** the outcomes of votes.

**Follow-up** with on-going engagement as required.

Given the nature of the topics covered by these resolutions we do not apply binary voting policies. We adopt a nuanced approach to our voting research and outcomes and will consider the specific circumstances of the company concerned. Our objective is not to vote in favour of all shareholder resolutions but to determine the best outcome for the company in the context of the best outcome for our clients. There are instances where we are supportive of the spirit of a resolution however there may be a reason which prevents our support for the proposal. For example, where the purpose of the resolution is unclear, where the wording is overly prescriptive, when suggested implementation is overly burdensome or where the proposal strays too closely to the board's responsibility for setting the company's strategy.

**Management Proposals**

We are supportive of the steps being taken by companies to provide transparent, detailed reporting of their ESG strategies and targets. While shareholder proposals on environmental and social topics have been common on AGM agendas for several years, an increasing number of companies are presenting management proposals, such as so called 'say on climate' votes, for shareholder approval. While we welcome the intention of accountability behind these votes, we have reservations about the potential for them to limit the scope for subsequent investor challenge and diminish the direct responsibility and accountability of the board and individual directors. We believe it is the role of the board and the executive to develop and apply strategy, including ESG strategies, and we will continue to use existing voting items to hold boards to account on the implementation of these strategies. As active investors we also regularly engage with investee companies on ESG topics and find this dialogue to be the best opportunity to provide feedback.

We will review the appropriateness of 'say on climate' votes and consider if other voting mechanisms should be applied to ensure both Boards and Executives apply the appropriate rigour to initiate and deliver strategies to support the climate transition.

**Shareholder Proposals**

The number of resolutions focused on environmental and social (E&S) issues filed by shareholders continues to grow rapidly. The following provides an overview of some of the factors we consider when assessing the most prevalent themes for shareholder proposals.

**Climate Change**

We are members of the Net Zero Asset Managers Initiatives and this is reflected in our Active Ownership approach. We encourage the companies in which we invest to demonstrate a robust methodology underpinning Paris aligned goals and targets and are supportive of resolutions that will help companies to achieve this. Once a credible climate strategy is in place, we prioritise evidence of implementation over requests to re-draft strategies and targets after only a year or two.

A growing number of resolutions call on companies to increase the transparency of their reporting on climaterelated lobbying. These proposals typically encompass direct lobbying undertaken by the company and indirect lobbying undertaken by trade associations and other organisations of which it is a member or supporter. Lobbying contrary to the objectives of the Paris Agreement is effective in creating climate policy inertia and impeding the transition to net zero economies.

We do not evaluate resolutions in isolation. Our approach recognises the links between corporate governance, strategy and climate approach. Where a company's operational response to climate change is inadequate, the effectiveness of board oversight and corporate governance may also be called into question.

We expect and encourage companies to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Demonstrate that a robust methodology underpins Paris aligned, net zero goals and targets.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Set targets for absolute emission reduction, not just carbon intensity, to show a clear pathway to net zero.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Report in alignment with the TCFD framework.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Link targets to remuneration and ensure they are reflected in capital expenditure and R&D plans.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Carefully manage climate-related lobbying by ensuring appropriate oversight, transparent disclosure of activities, and alignment of
activities with the company's strategy and publicly stated positions.

**Diversity & Inclusion**

Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI) is an important and growing theme for shareholder resolutions. In recent years resolutions have focussed on racial equity audits, pay gap reporting, transparent disclosure of DEI metrics and assessments of the efficacy of DEI programmes.

A racial equity audit is an independent analysis of a company's business practices designed to identify practices that may have a discriminatory effect. We are supportive of racial equity audits in relation to internal and external DEI programmes. It is appropriate that these programmes should have KPIs and audit mechanisms in place to measure and evaluate outcomes. Some proposals request racial equity audits of provision of services. We are aware that measuring provision of service is challenging and gathering racial data on customers can be difficult and inappropriate. There are also multiple different factors that can influence service provision and which could be misconstrued as being racially motivated. We will however, support resolutions which are not unduly prescriptive and allow companies to carry out audits within a reasonable timeframe, at a reasonable cost, and excluding confidential or proprietary information.

We consider standardised gender pay gap disclosure to be an important tool for assessing how companies are addressing gender inequality. Reporting on gender pay gaps across global operations can help companies to remain ahead of the regulatory curve. It also enables them to offer better opportunities and remuneration for women around the world. We are therefore supportive of resolutions which are likely to deliver these benefits.

Proposals must be carefully drafted to achieve these outcomes. For instance, in the past we have been unable to support resolutions which called for global median gender and racial pay gap reporting as it was unclear how this would reveal potential pay disparities at a local level and how it could be implemented by companies with operations in jurisdictions where collection of racial identity data is illegal.

In the US market we support public disclosure of EEO-1 forms by companies. The EEO-1 form details a comprehensive breakdown of workforce by race and gender according to ten employment categories. The form is submitted privately to the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on an annual basis. When publicly disclosed, it offers investors and other stakeholders data in a standardised and comparable form. We have used our engagement programme to ask the companies in which we invest to disclose this form for their US operations while making it central to our D&I voting approach and supporting resolutions that request it.

**Human rights**

As a supporter of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), we expect companies to demonstrate how human rights due diligence is conducted across operations, services, product use and the supply chain. Companies can have a significant impact on human rights directly through operations and provision of services, and indirectly through product use and the supply chain. In recent years the sale and end-use of controversial technologies, such as facial recognition software, has emerged as a prominent theme.

We expect and encourage companies to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Have robust due diligence processes to assess the actual and potential human rights impacts of their operations, services, product
use and supply chain.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Conduct customer and supplier vetting processes commensurate with the risk of human rights abuse.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;· Publicly disclose information about the operation of these processes and utilise the UNGPs' Reporting Framework. This will improve
the standard and consistency of human rights reporting and enable more informed investment decision making.

**Corporate Lobbying & Political Contributions**

Corporate lobbying and political contributions are a recurrent theme of shareholder resolutions, particularly in the US. These proposals typically encompass direct lobbying undertaken by the company and indirect lobbying undertaken by trade associations and other organisations of which it is a member or supporter. Proposals may also request the disclosure of more information regarding the process and rationale for political contributions. We expect companies to make transparent, consolidated disclosures of direct and indirect lobbying and political expenditure. This disclosure should be underpinned by a coherent policy that: explains public policy priorities and the rationale for associated expenditure, identifies the management positions responsible for public policy engagement, and provides appropriate mechanisms for board oversight. These measures should mitigate the risks associated with corporate lobbying and political contributions, protecting the interest of shareholders and other stakeholders.

**Nuclear Energy**

In the Japanese market nuclear energy is a recurrent theme of shareholder resolutions. The Japanese government is seeking to reduce the nation's reliance on coal and its energy strategy presents safe nuclear power generation as an important source of base-load power. In this context, resolutions which seek to limit or cease the nuclear operations of an individual company do not appear to be in the best interests of shareholders and other stakeholders. The health & safety risks associated with nuclear energy are high, must be managed carefully across the industry, and are an important consideration in our voting.

**Important Information**

This document is strictly for information purposes only and should not be considered as an offer, investment recommendation, or solicitation, to deal in any of the investments or funds mentioned herein and does not constitute investment research. abrdn does not warrant the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of the information and materials contained in this document and expressly disclaims liability for errors or omissions in such information and materials.

Any research or analysis used in the preparation of this document has been procured by abrdn for its own use and may have been acted on for its own purpose. The results thus obtained are made available only coincidentally and the information is not guaranteed as to its accuracy. Some of the information in this document may contain projections or other forward looking statements regarding future events or future financial performance of countries, markets or companies. These statements are only predictions and actual events or results may differ materially. The reader must make their own assessment of the relevance, accuracy and adequacy of the information contained in this document and make such independent investigations, as they may consider necessary or appropriate for the purpose of such assessment. This material serves to provide general information and is not meant to be investment, legal or tax advice for any particular investor. No warranty whatsoever is given and no liability whatsoever is accepted for any loss arising whether directly or indirectly as a result of the reader, any person or group of persons acting on any information, opinion or estimate contained in this document. abrdn reserves the right to make changes and corrections to any information in this document at any time, without notice. This material is not to be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written consent of abrdn.

Applying ESG and sustainability criteria in the investment process may result in the exclusion of securities within the universe of potential investments. The interpretation of ESG and sustainability criteria is subjective meaning that products may invest in companies which similar products do not (and thus perform differently) and which do not align with the personal views of any individual investor. Furthermore, the lack of common or harmonized definitions and labels regarding ESG and sustainability criteria may result in different approaches by managers when integrating ESG and sustainability criteria into investment decisions. This means that it may be difficult to compare strategies within ostensibly similar objectives and that these strategies will employ different security selection and exclusion criteria. Consequently, the performance profile of otherwise similar vehicles may deviate more substantially than might otherwise be expected. Additionally, in the absence of common or harmonized definitions and labels, a degree of subjectivity is required and this will mean that a product may invest in a security that another manager or an investor would not.

abrdn plc is registered in Scotland (SC286832) at 1 George Street, Edinburgh EH2 2LL.

## Ex-99.(E)

**Exhibit 99.(e)**

**U.S. Registered Advisers**

**Summary of Proxy Voting Guidelines**

***as of October 26, 2022***

Where clients appoint abrdn Inc. to vote proxies on their behalf, policies have been established to vote these proxies in the best interests of our clients.

We employ ISS as a service provider to facilitate electronic voting. We require ISS to provide recommendations based on our own set of parameters tailored to abrdn's assessment and approach, but remain conscious that all voting decisions are our own on behalf of our clients. We consider ISS's recommendations and those based on our custom parameters as input to our voting decisions. We make use of the ISS standard research and recommendations and those based on our own custom policy as input to our voting decisions. Where our analysts make a voting decision that is different from the recommendations based on our custom policy they will provide a rationale for such a decisions which will be made publicly available in our voting disclosures.

In order to make proxy voting decisions, an abrdn analyst assesses the resolutions at general meetings in our active investment portfolios. This analysis will be based on our knowledge of the company, but will also make use of the custom and standard recommendations provided by ISS as described above. The product of this analysis will be a final voting decision instructed through ISS and applied to all funds for which abrdn have been appointed to vote. For funds managed by a sub-adviser, we may delegate to the sub-adviser the authority to vote proxies; however, the sub-adviser will be required to either follow our policies and procedures or to demonstrate that their policies and procedures are consistent with ours, or otherwise implemented in the best interest of clients.

There may be certain circumstances where abrdn Inc. may take a more limited role in voting proxies. We will not vote proxies for client accounts in which the client contract specifies that abrdn Inc. will not vote. We may abstain from voting a client proxy if the voting is uneconomic or otherwise not in clients' best interests. For companies held only in passively managed portfolios, abrdn Inc. custom recommendations provided by ISS will be used to automatically apply our voting approach; we have scope to intervene to test that this delivers appropriate results, and will on occasions intrude to apply a vote more fully in clients' best interests. If voting securities are part of a securities lending program, we may be unable to vote while the securities are on loan. However, we have the ability to recall shares on loan or to restrict lending when required, in order to ensure all shares have voted. In addition, certain jurisdictions may impose share-blocking restrictions at various times which may prevent abrdn Inc. from exercising our voting authority.

We recognize that there may be situations in which we vote at a company meeting where we encounter a conflict of interest. Such situations include:

· Where
 a portfolio manager owns the holding in a personal account.

· An
 investee company that is also a segregated client.

· An
 investee company where an Executive Director or Officer of our company or that of abrdn plc
 or another affiliate is also a Director of that company.

· An
 investee company where an employee of abrdn plc or an affiliate or subsidiary is a Director
 of that company.

· A
 significant distributor of our products.

· Any
 other companies which may be relevant from time to time.

We have adopted procedures within our proxy voting process to identify where a conflict exists. These procedures are designed to ensure that our voting decisions are based on our client's best interests and are not impacted by any conflict.

The implementation of this policy, along with conflicts of interest, will be reviewed periodically by the Active Ownership team. abrdn's Global ESG Principles & Voting Policies are published on our website.

Clients may obtain a free copy of abrdn Inc.'s proxy voting policies and procedures and/or proxy voting records for their account by contacting us at (215) 405-5700. abrdn publishes ESG Principles & Voting Policies, which describe our approach to investment analysis, shareholder engagement and proxy voting across companies worldwide. There are published on our website.

Clients that have not granted abrdn Inc. voting authority over securities held in their accounts will receive their proxies in accordance with the arrangements they have made with their service providers.

**Listed Company ESG Principles & Voting Policies**

**February 2023**

Introduction

Active Ownership and Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) considerations are a driver of our investment process, our investment activity, our client journey and our corporate influence.

Through engagement with the companies in which we invest, and by exercising votes on behalf of our clients, we seek to improve the financial resilience and performance of our clients' investments. Where we believe change is needed, we endeavour to catalyse this through our stewardship capabilities.

**Our expectations**

As global investors, we are particularly aware that ESG structures and frameworks vary across regions. Furthermore, what we expect of the companies in which we invest varies between different stages of business development and the underlying history and nature of the company in question. We seek to understand each company's individual circumstances and so evaluate how it can best be governed and overseen. As such, we strive to apply the principles and policies set out on these pages in response to the needs of that individual company at that particular time. Our heritage as a predominantly active fund manager helps drive this bespoke approach to understanding good governance and risk management.

We have a clear perception of what we consider to be best practice globally – as set out in this document. However we will reflect the nature of the business, our close understanding of individual companies and regional considerations, where appropriate, in our approach to applying these policies, which are not exhaustive.

This document has received approval from the Head of Public Markets and the Investment Vector's Chief Sustainability Officer following consultation with various internal stakeholders.

**Our approach to stewardship**

We seek to integrate and appraise environmental, social and governance factors in our investment process. Our aim is to generate the best long-term outcomes for our clients and we will actively take steps as stewards and owners to protect and enhance the value of our clients' assets.

Stewardship is a reflection of this bespoke approach to good governance and risk management. We seek to understand each company's specific approach to governance, how value is created through business success and how investors' interests are protected through the management of risks that materially impact business success. This requires us to play our part in the governance process by being active stewards of companies, involved in dialogue with management and non-executive directors where appropriate, understanding the material risks and opportunities – including those relating to environmental and social factors and helping to shape the future success of the business.

We will:

· Take
 into consideration, in our investment process, the policies and practices on environmental,
 social and governance matters of the companies in which we invest.

· Seek
 to enhance long-term shareholder value through constructive engagement with the companies
 in which we invest.

· Actively
 engage with the companies and assets in which we invest where we believe we can influence
 or gain insight.

· Seek
 to exercise voting rights, where held, in a manner consistent with our clients ' long-term best interests.

· Seek
 to influence the development of high standards of corporate governance and corporate responsibility
 in relation to environmental and social factors for the benefit of our clients.

· Communicate
 our Listed Company ESG Principles and Voting Policies to clients, companies and other interested
 parties.

· Be
 accountable to clients within the constraints of professional confidentiality and legislative
 and regulatory requirements.

· Be
 transparent in reporting our engagement and voting activities.

abrdn is committed to exercising responsible ownership with a conviction that companies adopting improving practices in corporate governance and risk management will be more successful in their core activities and deliver enhanced returns to shareholders. As owners of companies, the process of stewardship is a natural part of our investment approach as we seek to benefit from their long-term success on our clients' behalf.

**Engagement**

It is a central tenet of our active investment approach that we strive to meet with the management and directors of our investee companies on a regular basis. The discussions we have cover a wide range of topics, including: strategic, operational, and ESG issues and consider the long-term drivers of value. Engagement with companies on ESG risks and opportunities is a fundamental part of our investment process. It is a process by which we can discuss how a company identifies, prioritises and mitigates its key risks and optimises its most significant opportunities. As such, we regard engagement as:

· Important
 to understanding investee companies as a whole.

· Helpful
 when conducting proper ESG analysis.

· Useful
 to maintaining open dialogue and solid relationships with companies.

· An
 opportunity to inflect positive change on a company ' s
 holistic risk management programme – be
 active with our holdings rather than activist.

**Proxy Voting**

Proxy voting is an integral part of our active stewardship approach and we seek to exercise voting rights in a manner in line with our clients' best interests. We seek to ensure that voting reflects our understanding of the companies in which we invest on behalf of our clients. We believe that voting is a vital mechanism for holding boards and management teams to account, and is an important tool for escalation and shareholder action.

This document includes our process and overarching policy guidelines which we apply when voting at general meetings. These policies are not exhaustive and we evaluate our voting on a case by case basis. As a global investment firm we recognise the importance of adopting a regional approach, taking into account differing and developing market practices. Where a policy is specific to one region this is denoted.

We endeavour to engage with companies regarding our voting decisions to maintain a dialogue on matters of concern.

**Voting Process**

In line with our active ownership approach, we review the majority of general meeting agendas convened by companies which are held in our active equity portfolios. Analysis is undertaken by a member of our regional investment teams or our Active Ownership team and votes instructed following consideration of our policies, our views of the company and our investment insights. To enhance our analysis we may engage with a company prior to voting to understand additional context and explanations, particularly where there is deviation from what we believe to be best practice.

To supplement our own analysis we make use of the benchmark research and recommendations provided by ISS, a provider of proxy voting services. In the UK we also make use of the Investment Association's (IA) Institutional Voting Information Service. We have implemented regional voting policy guidelines with ISS which ISS applies to all meetings in order to produce customised vote recommendations. These custom recommendations help identify resolutions which deviate from our expectations. They are also used to determine votes where a company is held only in passive funds. Within our custom policies, however, we do specify numerous resolutions which should be referred to us for active review. For example we will analyse all proposals marked by ISS as environmental or social proposals.

While it is most common for us to vote in line with a board's voting recommendation we will vote our clients' shares against resolutions which are not consistent with their best interests. We may also vote against resolutions which conflict with local governance guidelines, such as the IA in the UK. Although we seek to vote either in favour or against a resolution we do make use of an abstain vote where this is considered appropriate. For example we may use an abstention to acknowledge some improvement, but as a means to reserve our position in expectation that further improvement is needed before we can vote in favour. Where we vote against a resolution we endeavour to inform companies of our rationale.

In exceptional circumstances we may attend and speak at a shareholder meeting to reinforce our views to the company's board.

We endeavour to vote all shares for which we have voting authority. We may not vote when there are obstacles to do so, for example those impacting liquidity, such as share- blocking, or where there is a significant conflict of interest. We use the voting platform of ISS to instruct our votes. Where we lend stock on behalf of clients, and subject to the terms of client agreements, we hold the right to recall shares where it is in clients' interests and we take the view that it will impact the final vote to maintain full voting weight on a particular meeting or resolution.

Our votes are disclosed publicly on our website one day after a general meeting has taken place.

**Strategy**

We invest in companies to create the best outcome for our clients. Companies must be clear about the drivers of their business success and their strategy for maintaining and enhancing it. Investment is a forward-looking process; we seek to understand the opportunity for a business and its scope for future value-creation over the long term. In order to do this, we need clarity on past business delivery and its drivers, and on the effective track record of management; we require honest and open reporting to build confidence in that track record. We seek confidence that companies and their management can maintain their competitive positioning and operational performance and subsequently enhance returns for investors. A clear strategy and clarity about the drivers of operational success provides the lens through which we will consider most corporate issues, not least assessing performance and risk management.

· We
 will consider voting against executive or non-executive directors if we have serious concerns
 regarding the oversight or implementation of strategy.

**Board of Directors**

We believe effective board governance promotes the long-term success and value creation of the company. The board should be responsible for establishing the company's purpose and strategy, overseeing management in their implementation of strategy and performance against objectives. The board should ensure a strong framework of control and risk oversight, including material ESG risks. The board should assess and monitor culture and be engaged with the workforce, shareholders and wider society.

**Board Composition**

Effective decision making requires a mix of skills around the table and constructive debate between diverse and different-minded individuals. A range of skills, experience and perspectives should be drawn together on the board. These include industry knowledge, experience from other sectors and relevant geographical knowledge. Independence of thought plays a crucial role in the ability of a board to generate the debate and discussion that will challenge management, help enhance business performance and improve decision-making. Board assessments will help the board ensure it has the necessary mix of skills, diversity and quality of individuals to address the current risks and opportunities the company faces. Unitary boards should comprise an appropriate combination of executive and non- executive directors such that no group of individuals dominates decision-making. We expect the size of the board to reflect the size, nature and complexity of the business. We also expect regular internal and external board evaluations which include an assessment of board composition and effectiveness.

**Leadership**

Running businesses effectively for the long term requires effective collaboration and cooperation, with no individual or small group having unfettered powers. Nor should they have dominant influence over the way a business is run or over major decisions about its operations or future. There should be a division of responsibility between board leadership and executive leadership of the business. We believe that there should be a division of roles at the top of the organisation, typically between a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and an independent Chair.

· We
 will consider supporting the re-election of an existing Chair & CEO role combination,
 recognising that this remains common in certain geographies. In reviewing on a case by case
 basis we will take account of the particular circumstances of the company and consider what
 checks and balances are in place, such as the presence of a strong Senior Independent Director
 with a clear scope of responsibility.

· We
 will generally oppose any re-combination of the roles of CEO and Chair, unless the move is
 on a temporary basis due to exceptional circumstances or other mitigating factors.

· We
 will generally oppose any move of a retiring CEO to the role of Chair.

**Independence**

Companies should be led and overseen by genuinely independent boards. When looking at board composition we generally expect to see a majority of independent directors, with boards identifying their independence classifications in the Annual Report. It is preferable to see an identified Senior Independent Director (SID) on the board, who will lead the appraisal of and succession planning for the Chair. We expect SIDs to meet with investors and be a point of contact for escalating concerns if required.

In assessing a director's independence we will have due regard for whether a director:

(I) Has been an employee of the company within the last five years.

(II) Has had within the last three years a material business relationship
 with the company.

(III) Has
 received remuneration in addition to director fees or participates in the company ' s
 option or variable incentive schemes, or is a member of the company ' s
 pension scheme.

(IV) Has
 close family ties with any of the company ' s
 advisers, directors or senior employees.

(V) Holds cross-directorships or has significant links with other directors
 through involvement in other companies or bodies.

(VI) Represents a significant shareholder.

(VII) Has served on the board for more than 12 years (or 9 for UK companies).

· We
 will consider voting against the re-election of non-independent directors if the board is
 not majority independent (excluding employee representatives). In doing so we will have regard
 for whether a company is controlled and the nature of the non-independence – for example, we are unlikely to
 vote against shareholder representatives unless their representation is disproportionate
 to their shareholding.

**Succession Planning & Refreshment**

Regular refreshment of the non-executive portion of a board helps draw in fresh perspectives, not least in the context of changes to business and emerging opportunities and risks. It also helps limit the danger of group-think. Thoughtful and proactive succession planning is therefore needed for board continuity, to ensure that a board is populated by individuals with an appropriate mix of skills, experience and perspective. We expect the board to implement a formal process for the recruitment and appointment of new directors, and to provide transparency of this in the Annual Report.

· We
 will vote against non-executive directors where there are concerns regarding board refreshment
 or excessive tenure. Where there are directors who have served for over 12 years on a board
 which has seen no refreshment in 3 years (2 in UK), we will generally vote against their
 re-election. If a director has served for over 15 years we will generally vote against their
 re-election. We will, however, consider the impact on board continuity and the company ' s
 succession planning efforts prior to doing so. We may not apply the tenure limit to directors
 who are founders or shareholder representatives.

**Diversity**

We believe that companies that make progress in diversity and inclusion (D&I) are better positioned for long-term sustainability and outperformance. Diversity of thought, paired with a culture of inclusion, can help companies to tackle increasingly complex challenges and markets. We expect boards to report on how they promote D&I throughout the business and believe that setting targets is important to addressing imbalances. We recognise the importance of adopting a regional approach to diversity and inclusion, allowing us to press for progress with appropriate consideration for the starting point. We have for several years, actively encouraged progress in gender diversity at all levels, and have expanded our scope in relation to diversity and inclusion across geographies. In respect of ethnic diversity, this is coming increasingly into focus as we encourage boards to progress in ensuring that their composition reflects their employee and customer bases.

Our regional specific policies are below. In determining our votes we will take account of mitigating factors, such as the sudden departure of a female board member. We will also consider any clear progress being made by the company on diversity and any assurance that diversity shortfalls will soon be addressed.

Gender Diversity

· UK:
 We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of FTSE 350 companies if the
 board is not comprised of at least one third female directors. For smaller companies, we
 will take this action if the board does not include at least one female director.

· Europe:
 We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of LargeCap companies if the
 supervisory board is not comprised of at least 30% female directors, or is not in line with
 the local standard if higher. For smaller companies, we will take this action if the supervisory
 board does not include at least one female director.

· Australia:
 We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of ASX300 companies if the
 board is not comprised of at least 30% female directors.

· North
 America: We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair of LargeCap companies
 if the board is not comprised of at least 30% female directors. For smaller companies, we
 will take this action if the board does not include at least one female director

Ethnic Diversity

· UK:
 We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair at the boards of FTSE 100 companies,
 if the board does not include at least one member from an ethnic minority background. This
 is in line with targets set up by the Parker Review.

· US:
 We will generally vote against the Nomination Committee Chair at the boards of S&P 1500
 & Russell 3000 companies if the board does not include at least one member from a racial
 or ethnic minority background.

**Directors** **' Time Commitment**

Individual directors need sufficient time to carry out their role effectively and therefore we seek to ensure that all directors maintain an appropriate level of overall commitments such that allows them to be properly diligent.

· We
 will consider opposing the election or re-election of any director where there is a concern
 regarding their ability to dedicate sufficient time to the role. In making this assessment
 we will have regard for the ISS classification of ' overboarding ' .

· We
 will generally oppose the re-election of any director who has attended fewer than 75% of
 board meetings in two consecutive years.

**Board Committees**

Boards should establish committees, populated by independent and appropriately skilled non-executive directors, to oversee (as a minimum) the nomination, audit and remuneration processes. It may also be appropriate for additional committees to be established, such as a risk or sustainability committee. These committees should report openly on an annual basis about their activities and key decisions taken.

· We
 will consider voting against committee members if we have concerns regarding the composition
 of a committee.

**Nomination Committee**

This committee has responsibility for leading the process for orderly non-executive and senior management succession planning and recruitment, and for overseeing the composition of the board including skillset, experience and diversity. We expect the committee to be comprised of a majority of independent directors with an independent Chair.

· We
 will consider voting against the re-election of the Nomination Committee Chair if we have
 concerns regarding the composition of the board or concerns regarding poor succession planning.

**Audit Committee**

This committee has responsibility for monitoring the integrity of the financial statements, reviewing the company's internal financial controls and risk management systems, reviewing the effectiveness of the company's internal audit function and appointing auditors. While we prefer the committee to be wholly independent, at minimum we expect the committee to be comprised of a majority of independent directors with an independent Chair and at least one member having recent and relevant financial experience.

· We
 will generally vote against the re-election of the Audit Committee Chair if at least one
 member of the Committee does not have recent and relevant financial experience.

**Remuneration Committee**

This committee is responsible for determining the policy and setting remuneration for executive and non-executive directors. The committee should ensure that remuneration is aligned with strategy and company performance and should clearly demonstrate regard for the company's employees, for wider society and be cognisant of the company's licence to operate when considering policy and the overall level of remuneration. We expect remuneration committees to be robust in their approach to developing and implementing remuneration policies, with formal and transparent procedures for developing policies and for determining remuneration packages. Remuneration committees should be comprised of a majority of independent directors with an independent Chair and we expect members to have appropriate experience and knowledge of the business. No executive should be involved in setting their own remuneration.

· Where
 we have significant concerns regarding the company ' s
 remuneration policy or reward outcomes we may escalate these concerns through a vote against
 the Chair or members of the Remuneration Committee.

**Director Accountability**

We expect to be able to hold boards to account through engagement and regular director re-elections and directors should feel that they are accountable to investors. We encourage individual, rather than bundled, director elections. While our preference is for directors to be subject to re-election annually, we expect re-elections to take place at least every three years. Lengthier board mandates, while not uncommon in some markets, risk divorcing directors from an appropriate sense of accountability. Directors and management should make themselves available for discussions with major shareholders as we expect to have open dialogue to share our perspectives and gain confidence that the individuals are carrying out their roles with appropriate vigour and diligence. A further important element of director accountability to shareholders is that investors should have the right, both formal and informal, to propose and promote individual directors to be considered for election to the board by all shareholders.

· We
 will generally oppose the re-election of non- independent NEDs who are proposed for a term
 exceeding three years. We may not apply this to directors who are shareholder representatives.

· Where
 we have significant concerns regarding a board member ' s
 performance, actions or inaction to address issues raised we may vote against their re-election.

· We
 may vote against directors who decline appropriate requests for meeting without a clear justification.

· Where
 a director has held a position of responsibility at a company which has suffered a material
 governance failure, we will consider whether we are comfortable to support their re-election
 at other listed companies.

· We
 will generally support resolutions to discharge the supervisory board or management board
 members unless we have serious concerns regarding actions taken during the year under review.
 Where there is insufficient information regarding allegations of misconduct, we may prefer
 to abstain. In exceptional circumstances we may vote against the discharge resolution to
 reflect serious ESG concerns if there is not another appropriate resolution.

· We
 will not support the election of directors who are not personally identified but are proposed
 as corporations.

**Reporting**

· We
 may consider voting against a company ' s
 Annual Report & Accounts if we have concerns regarding timely provision or disclosure.

**Political Donations & Lobbying**

Companies should be consistent in their public statements and not undermine these in private commentary to market participants or to politicians and regulators. We welcome transparency from companies about their lobbying activities and believe that good companies have nothing to hide in this respect. Similarly we encourage transparency of any political donations that companies deem appropriate – and we expect a clear explanation of why such donations are an appropriate use of corporate funds.

**Risk & Audit**

The board is responsible for determining the company's risk appetite, establishing procedures to manage risk and for monitoring the company's internal controls. We expect boards to conduct robust assessments of the company's material risks and report to shareholders on risks, controls and effectiveness. The introduction of global accounting standards has led to much greater investor confidence in the accounts produced by companies around the world. It has also assisted in creating consistency of reporting across companies, enabling fairer comparisons between different operating businesses. We therefore encourage companies seeking international investment to report under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or US GAAP. As a firm abrdn supports the continued development of high quality global accounting standards.

An independent audit, delivered by a respected audit firm, is a required element for investor confidence in reporting by companies. We strongly favour meaningful, transparent and informative auditor reports, giving us additional insights into the audit process and accounting outcomes. Audit fees must be sufficient to pay for an appropriately in-depth assurance process. We would be concerned if a company sought to make savings in this respect as the cost in terms of damage to audit effectiveness and confidence in the company's accounts would be much more substantial.

The independence of the auditor and the standard of their work, particularly in challenging management, should be subject to regular assessment that is appropriately disclosed. Even when individuals carrying out the audit are refreshed, we believe that the independence of the audit firm erodes over time and we will encourage a tender process and change of audit firm where an engagement has lasted for an extended period. In order to demonstrate the level of independence, companies should not have the same audit firm in place for more than 20 years.

The relationship with the auditor should be mediated through the audit committee. Where we are significant shareholders, we expect to be consulted on plans to tender and replace auditors.

· We
 will generally vote against the re-election of an auditor which has a tenure of 20 years
 or over, if there are no plans for rotation in the near term.

· We
 will consider voting against the auditors if we have concerns regarding the accounts presented
 or the audit procedures used.

· We
 will vote against the approval of auditor fees if we have concerns regarding the level of
 fees or the balance of non-audit and audit fees.

**Remuneration**

Remuneration policies and the overall levels of pay should be aligned with strategy, attracting and retaining talent and incentivising the decisions and behaviours needed to create long-term value. The component parts of remuneration should be structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance and they should be considered in the context of the remuneration policies when taken as a whole. We recognise the benefits of simplicity in forming the policy, which should clearly link outcomes and expectations for those receiving the remuneration, as well as external stakeholders. The structure should be transparent and understandable.

A company's annual report should contain an informative statement of remuneration policy which communicates clearly to stakeholders how it has developed and evolved. This should include details of any stress testing that may have been undertaken to understand the policy outcomes for different business scenarios. The remuneration committee should provide a clear description of the application of policy and the outcomes achieved.

Base salary should be set at a level appropriate for the role and responsibility of the executive. We discourage increases which are driven by peer benchmarking, and expect increases to be aligned with the wider workforce. Consideration should also be given to the knock on impact to variable remuneration potential. Pension arrangements and benefits should be clearly disclosed. We generally expect pension structures to be aligned with the wider workforce.

A company should structure variable, performance- related pay to incentivise and reward management in a manner that is aligned with the company's sustainable performance and risk appetite over the long term. We expect all variable pay to be capped, preferably as a proportion of base salary. In the UK we expect variable pay to be capped as a proportion of salary. In other markets, if variable pay is capped at a number of shares, we expect the value of grants to be kept under review annually to ensure the value remains appropriate and is not excessive.

Performance metrics used to determine variable pay should be clearly disclosed and aligned with the company's strategy. A significant portion of performance metrics should seek to measure significant improvements in the underlying financial performance of the company. We also encourage the inclusion of non-financial metrics linked to targets which are aligned with the company's progress on its ESG strategy. Where possible we expect these targets to be quantifiable and disclosed.

Variable pay arrangements should incentivise participants to achieve above-average performance through the use of challenging targets. We encourage sliding-scale performance measures and expect performance target ranges to be disclosed to enable shareholders to assess the level of challenge and pay for performance alignment. We expect annual bonus targets to be disclosed retrospectively and encourage the disclosure of long term incentive (LTI) targets at the beginning of the performance period, but at minimum we expect retrospective disclosure. Where bonus or LTI targets are not disclosed due to commercial sensitivity we expect an explanation of why the targets continue to be considered sensitive retrospectively and expect some detail regarding the level of achievement vs target. Where a share price metric is being used, we expect this to be underpinned by a challenging measure of underlying performance.

We encourage settlement of a portion of the annual bonus in shares which are deferred for at least one year.

We expect settlement of long term incentives to be in shares, with rationale provided for any awards settled in cash. Long term incentives should have a performance period of no less than three years. In the UK we expect a further holding period of two years to be applied, and we encourage this in other markets.

We do not generally support restricted share schemes or value creation plans. We will consider supporting the use of restricted share plans which have been structured consistent with the guidelines of the Investment Association.

We expect appropriate malus and clawback provisions to be applied to variable remuneration plans.

We expect shareholding guidelines to be adopted for executive directors and encourage the adoption of post- departure shareholding guidelines.

We expect details of any use of discretion to be disclosed and its use should be justifiable, appropriate and clearly explained. We would expect policies to be sufficiently robust so that discretion is only necessary in exceptional circumstances. We do not generally support exceptional awards, and are particularly sensitive to such awards being granted to reward a corporate transaction.

We expect executive service contracts to provide for a maximum notice period of 12 months. We will consider local best practice provisions related to severance arrangements when voting.

Non-executive fees should reflect the role's level of responsibility and time commitment. We do not support NED's participation in option or performance-related arrangements. However we do support the payment of fees in shares, particularly where conservation of cash is an issue.

In the UK our expectations of companies are aligned with the Investment Association's Principles of Remuneration.

Where significant changes to remuneration arrangements are being considered, we would expect remuneration committees to consult with their largest shareholders prior to finalising any changes. Where any increase to variable remuneration is proposed, we would expect this to be accompanied by a demonstrable increase in the stretch of the targets. Furthermore we expect any increases to remuneration to be subject to shareholder approval.

In response to the issues arising from the cost of living crisis being experienced by many people in the UK, we expect companies to focus any additional help towards those members of the workforce who need it most. We expect Remuneration Committees to take into account factors arising from the cost of living crisis when deliberating over executive pay outcomes. We would be concerned by reputational issues arising from decisions made in these unusual circumstances and may make this a factor in our voting decisions at relevant AGMs.

In line with the expectations set out above we will generally vote against the appropriate resolution(s) where:

· We
 consider the overall reward potential or outcome to be excessive.

· A
 significant increase to salary has been granted which is not aligned with the workforce or
 is not sufficiently justified.

· A
 significant increase to performance-related pay has been granted which is not sufficiently
 justified, is not accompanied by an increase in the level of stretch required for achievement
 or results in the potential for excessive reward.

· There
 is no appropriate cap on variable incentive schemes.

· Performance
 targets for annual bonus awards are not disclosed retrospectively and the absence of disclosure
 is not explained.

· Performance
 targets for long term incentive awards are not disclosed up front and there is no compelling
 explanation regarding the absence of disclosure or a commitment to disclose retrospectively.

· Performance
 targets are not considered sufficiently challenging, either at threshold, target or maximum.

· Relative
 performance targets allow vesting of awards for below median performance.

· Retesting
 provisions apply.

· Incentives
 that have been conditionally awarded have been repriced or performance conditions changed
 part way through a performance period.

· We
 have concerns regarding the use of discretion or the grant of exceptional awards.

· Pension
 arrangements are excessive.

· Pension
 arrangements are not aligned with the wider workforce (UK).

**Investor Rights**

The interests of minority shareholders must be protected and any major, or majority, investor should not enjoy preferential treatment. The structure of ownership or control should minimise the potential for abuse of public shareholders.

**Corporate Transactions**

Companies should not make significant changes to their structure or nature without being fully transparent to their investors. Shareholders should have the opportunity to vote on significant corporate activity, such as mergers and acquisitions. Where a transaction is with a related party, only independent shareholders should have a vote. Even in markets where no vote is given to shareholders in these circumstances, investors need transparent disclosure of the reasons for any such major change. Companies should expect that shareholders may want to discuss and debate proposed developments

Diversification beyond the core skills of the business needs to be justified as it is more often than not a distraction from operational performance. All major deals need to be clearly explained and justified in the context of the pre- existing strategy and be subject to shareholder approval.

We will vote on corporate transactions on a case by case basis.

**Dividends**

We will generally support the payment of dividends but will scrutinise the proposed level where it appears excessive given the company's financial position.

**Share Capital**

The board carries responsibility for prudent capital management and allocation.

**Share Issuance**

We will consider capital raises which are proposed for a specific purpose on a case by case basis but recognise that it can be beneficial for companies to have some general flexibility to issue shares to raise capital. However we expect issuances to be limited to the needs of the business and companies should not issue significant portions of shares unless offering these on a pro-rata basis to existing shareholders to protect against inappropriate dilution of investments.

· Where
 a company seeks a general authority to issue shares we generally expect this to be limited
 to 25% of the company ' s
 share capital for pre- emptive issuances. In the UK we are aligned with the guidance of the
 Investment Association Share Capital Management Guidelines.

· Where
 a company seeks a general authority to issue shares we generally expect this to be limited
 to 10% of the company ' s
 share capital for non-pre-emptive issuances. In the UK we are aligned with the guidance of
 the Investment Association Share Capital Management Guidelines and those of the Pre-Emption
 Group.

· We
 will not generally support share issuances at investment trusts unless there is a commitment
 that shares would only be issued at a price at or above net asset value.

When considering our votes we will, however, take account of the company's circumstances and any further detail regarding proposed capital issuance authorities prior to voting.

Following changes to the UK's Pre-Emption Group Guidelines in November 2022, which reflect an increase on previous limits, we will hold the Chair of the company accountable for any perceived misuse of the increased flexibility through a vote against their re-election.

**Buyback**

We recognise that share buybacks can be a flexible means of returning cash to shareholders.

· We
 will generally support buyback authorities of up to 10% of the issued share capital.

**Related Party Transactions**

The nature of relations – particularly any related party transactions (RPTs) – with parent or related companies, or other major investors, must be disclosed fully. Related party transactions must be agreed on arm's length terms and be made fully transparent. Where they are material, they should be subject to the approval of independent shareholders.

· We
 will vote against RPTs where there is insufficient transparency of the nature of the transaction,
 the rationale, the terms or the views and assessment of directors and advisors.

**Article/Bylaw amendments**

While it is standard to see proposals from companies to amend their articles of association or bylaws, we will review these on a case by case basis. When doing so we expect full transparency of the proposed changes to be disclosed.

· We
 will vote against amendments which will reduce shareholder rights.

**Anti-Takeover Defences**

There should be no artificial structures put in place to entrench management and protect companies from takeover. The best defence from hostile takeover is strong operational delivery.

· We
 will generally vote against anti-takeover/ ' poison
 pill ' proposals.

<u>Voting Rights</u>

We are strong supporters of the principle of 'one share, one vote' and therefore favour equal voting rights for all shareholders.

· We
 will generally vote against proposals which seek to introduce or continue capital structures
 with multiple voting rights.

· We
 will consider voting against proposals to raise new capital at companies with multiple share
 classes and voting rights.

**General Meetings**

Shareholder meetings provide an important opportunity to hold boards to account not only through voting on the proposed resolutions but also by enabling investors the opportunity to raise questions, express views and emphasise concerns to the entire board. We may make a statement at a company's AGM as a means of escalation to reinforce our views to a company's board.

We welcome the opportunity to attend meetings virtually, being of the view that this can increase participation given obstacles such as location or meeting concentration. However we are not supportive of companies adopting virtual-only meetings as we believe this format reduces accountability. Our preference is for a hybrid meeting format to balance the flexibility of remote attendance with the accountability of an in-person meeting.

· We
 will generally support resolutions seeking approval to shorten the EGM notice period to minimum
 14 days, unless we have concerns regarding previous inappropriate use of this flexibility.

· We
 will generally support proposals to enable virtual meetings to take place as long as there
 is confirmation that the format will be hybrid, with physical meetings continuing to take
 place (unless prohibited by law). We expect virtual attendees to have the same rights to
 speak and raise questions as those attending in-person.

**As part of strategic planning, boards need to have oversight of, and clearly articulate, the key opportunities and risks affecting the sustainability of the business model. This includes having a process for, and transparent disclosure of, potential and emerging opportunities and risks and the actions being taken to address them.**

The effective management of risks extends to long-term issues that are hard to measure and whose timeframe is uncertain and will include the management of environmental and social issues. We use the UN Global Compact's four areas of focus in assessing how companies are performing in this area.

Specifically we expect companies to be able to demonstrate how they manage their exposures under the following headings.

**The Environment**

It is generally accepted that companies are responsible for the effects of their operations and products on the environment. The steps they take to assess and reduce those impacts can lead to cost savings and reduce potential reputational damage. Companies are responsible for their impact on the climate and they face increased regulation from world governments on activities that contribute to climate change.

We expect that companies will

· Identify,
 manage and reduce their environmental impacts.

· Understand
 the impact of climate change along the company value chain.

· Develop
 group-level climate policies and, where relevant, set targets to manage the impact, report
 on policies, practices and actions taken to reduce carbon and other environmental risks within
 their operations.

· Comply
 with all environmental laws and regulations, or recognised international best practice as
 a minimum.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, in relation to the environment we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

We will use the indicators within the Carbon Disclosure Project to identify companies which are not fulfilling their climate commitments. Where appropriate we will take voting action to encourage better practice among companies which we deem to be laggards.

**Labour and employment**

Companies that respect internationally recognised labour rights and provide safe and healthy working environments for employees are likely to reap the benefits. This approach is likely to foster a more committed and productive workforce, and help reduce damage to reputation and a company's license to operate. We expect companies to comply with all employment laws and regulations and adopt practices in line with the International Labour Organization's core labour standards. a minimum.

In particular, companies will:

· Take
 affirmative steps to ensure that they uphold decent labour standards.

· Adopt
 strong health and safety policies and programmes to implement such policies.

· Adopt
 equal employment opportunity and diversity policies and a programme for ensuring compliance
 with such policies.

· Adopt
 policies and programmes for investing in employee training and development.

· Adopt
 initiatives to attract and retain talented employees, foster higher productivity and quality,
 and encourage in their workforce a commitment to achieving the company ' s
 purpose.

· Ensure
 policies are in place for a company ' s
 suppliers that promote decent labour standards, and programmes are in place to ensure high
 standards of labour along supply chains.

· Report
 regularly on its policy and implementation of managing human capital.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, in relation to labour and employment we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

**Human rights**

We recognise the impact that human-rights issues can have on our investments and the role we can play in stimulating progress. We draw upon a number of international, legal and voluntary agreements for guidance on human-rights responsibilities and compliance. Our primary sources are the International Bill of Rights and the core conventions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), which form the list of internationally agreed human rights, and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), which clarifies the roles of states and businesses. We encourage companies to use the UNGPs Reporting Framework and encourage disclosure in line with this guidance.

We expect companies to:

· Continually
 work to understand their actual and potential impacts on human rights.

· Establish
 systems that actively ensure respect for human rights.

· Take
 appropriate action to remedy any infringements on human rights.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, in relation to human rights we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

**Business ethics**

As institutions of wealth and influence, companies have a significant impact on the prosperity of their local communities and the wider world. Having a robust code of ethics and ensuring professional conduct mean companies operate more effectively, particularly when it comes to ethical principles governing decision- making. A company's failure to conform to internationally recognised standards of business ethics on matters such as bribery and corruption, can increase its risk of facing investigation, litigation and fines. This could undermine its license to operate, and affect its reputation and image.

We expect companies to have policies in place to support the following:

· Ethics
 at the heart of the organisation ' s
 governance.

· A
 zero-tolerance policy on bribery and corruption.. How people are rewarded, as pay can influence
 behaviour.

· Respect
 for human rights.

· Tax
 transparency.

· Ethical
 training for employees.

Where we have serious concerns regarding a board's actions, or inaction, related to business ethics we will consider taking voting action on an appropriate resolution.

**We will review any resolution at company meetings which ISS has identified as covering environmental and social factors. The following will detail our overarching approach and expectations.**

Our approach to vote analysis is consistent across active and quantitative investment strategies

**Review** the resolution, proponent and board statements, existing disclosures, and external research.

**Engage** with the company, proponents, and other stakeholders as required.

**Involve** thematic experts, regional specialists, and investment analysts in decision-making to harness a wide range of expertise and include all material factors in our analysis.

**Ensure** consistency by using our own in-house guidance to frame case-by-case analysis.

**Monitor** the outcomes of votes.

**Follow-up** with on-going engagement as required.

Given the nature of the topics covered by these resolutions we do not apply binary voting policies. We adopt a nuanced approach to our voting research and outcomes and will consider the specific circumstances of the company concerned. Our objective is not to vote in favour of all shareholder resolutions but to determine the best outcome for the company in the context of the best outcome for our clients. There are instances where we are supportive of the spirit of a resolution however there may be a reason which prevents our support for the proposal. For example, where the purpose of the resolution is unclear, where the wording is overly prescriptive, when suggested implementation is overly burdensome or where the proposal strays too closely to the board's responsibility for setting the company's strategy.

**Management Proposals**

We are supportive of the steps being taken by companies to provide transparent, detailed reporting of their ESG strategies and targets. While shareholder proposals on environmental and social topics have been common on AGM agenda for several years, an increasing number of companies are presenting management proposals, such as so called 'say on climate' votes, for shareholder approval. While we welcome the intention of accountability behind these votes, we have reservations about the potential for them to limit the scope for subsequent investor challenge and diminish the direct responsibility and accountability of the board and individual directors. We believe it is the role of the board and the executive to develop and apply strategy, including ESG strategies, and we will continue to use existing voting items to hold boards to account on the implementation of these strategies. As active investors we also regularly engage with investee companies on ESG topics and find this dialogue to be the best opportunity to provide feedback.

We will review the appropriateness of 'say on climate' votes and consider if other voting mechanisms should be applied to ensure both Boards and Executives apply the appropriate rigour to initiate and deliver strategies to support the climate transition.

**Shareholder Proposals**

The number of resolutions focused on environmental and social (E&S) issues filed by shareholders continues to grow rapidly. The following provides an overview of some of the factors we consider when assessing the most prevalent themes for shareholder proposals.

**Climate Change**

We are members of the Net Zero Asset Manager Initiatives and this is reflected in our Active Ownership approach. We encourage the companies in which we invest to demonstrate a robust methodology underpinning Paris aligned goals and targets and are supportive of resolutions that will help companies to achieve this. Once a credible climate strategy is in place, we prioritise evidence of implementation over requests to re-draft strategies and targets after only a year or two.

A growing number of resolutions call on companies to increase the transparency of their reporting on climate- related lobbying. These proposals typically encompass direct lobbying undertaken by the company and indirect lobbying undertaken by trade associations and other organisations of which it is a member or supporter. Lobbying contrary to the objectives of the Paris Agreement is effective in creating climate policy inertia and impeding the transition to net zero economies.

We do not evaluate resolutions in isolation. Our approach recognises the links between corporate governance, strategy and climate approach. Where a company's operational response to climate change is inadequate, the effectiveness of board oversight and corporate governance may also be called into question.

We expect and encourage companies to:

· Demonstrate
 that a robust methodology underpins Paris aligned, net zero goals and targets.

· Set
 targets for absolute emission reduction, not just carbon intensity, to show a clear pathway
 to net zero.

· Report
 in alignment with the TCFD framework.

· Link
 targets to remuneration and ensure they are reflected in capital expenditure and R&D
 plans.

· Carefully
 manage climate-related lobbying by ensuring appropriate oversight, transparent disclosure
 of activities, and alignment of activities with the company ' s
 strategy and publicly stated positions.

**Diversity & Inclusion**

Diversity & Inclusion (D&I) is an important and growing theme for shareholder resolutions. In recent years resolutions have focussed on racial equity audits, pay gap reporting, transparent disclosure of D&I metrics and assessments of the efficacy of D&I programmes.

A racial equity audit is an independent analysis of a company's business practices designed to identify practices that may have a discriminatory effect. We are supportive of racial equity audits in relation to internal and external D&I programmes. It is appropriate that these programmes should have KPIs and audit mechanisms in place to measure and evaluate outcomes. Some proposals request racial equity audits of provision of services. We are aware that measuring provision of service is challenging and gathering racial data on customers can be difficult and inappropriate. There are also multiple different factors that can influence service provision and which could be misconstrued as being racially motivated. We will however, support resolutions which are not unduly prescriptive and allow companies to carry out audits within a reasonable timeframe, at a reasonable cost, and excluding confidential or proprietary information.

We consider standardised gender pay gap disclosure to be an important tool for assessing how companies are addressing gender inequality. Reporting on gender pay gaps across global operations can help companies to remain ahead of the regulatory curve. It also enables them to offer better opportunities and remuneration for women around the world. We are therefore supportive of resolutions which are likely to deliver these benefits. Proposals must be carefully drafted to achieve these outcomes. For instance, in the past we have been unable to support resolutions which called for global median gender and racial pay gap reporting as it was unclear how this would reveal potential pay disparities at a local level and how it could be implemented by companies with operations in jurisdictions where collection of racial identity data is illegal.

In the US market we support public disclosure of EEO-1 forms by companies. The EEO-1 form details a comprehensive breakdown of workforce by race and gender according to ten employment categories. The form is submitted privately to the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on an annual basis. When publicly disclosed, it offers investors and other stakeholders data in a standardised and comparable form. We have used our engagement programme to ask the companies in which we invest to disclose this form for their US operations while making it central to our D&I voting approach and supporting resolutions that request it.

**Human rights**

As a supporter of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), we expect companies to demonstrate how human rights due diligence is conducted across operations, services, product use and the supply chain. Companies can have a significant impact on human rights directly through operations and provision of services, and indirectly through product use and the supply chain. In recent years the sale and end-use of controversial technologies, such as facial recognition software, has emerged as a prominent theme.

We expect and encourage companies to:

· Have
 robust due diligence processes to assess the actual and potential human rights impacts of
 their operations, services, product use and supply chain.

· Conduct
 customer and supplier vetting processes commensurate with the risk of human rights abuse.

· Publicly
 disclose information about the operation of these processes and utilise the UNGPs ' Reporting Framework. This will improve
 the standard and consistency of human rights reporting and enable more informed investment
 decision making.

**Corporate Lobbying & Political Contributions**

Corporate lobbying and political contributions are a recurrent theme of shareholder resolutions, particularly in the US. These proposals typically encompass direct lobbying undertaken by the company and indirect lobbying undertaken by trade associations and other organisations of which it is a member or supporter. Proposals may also request the disclosure of more information regarding the process and rationale for political contributions. We expect companies to make transparent, consolidated disclosures of direct and indirect lobbying and political expenditure. This disclosure should be underpinned by a coherent policy that: explains public policy priorities and the rationale for associated expenditure, identifies the management positions responsible for public policy engagement, and provides appropriate mechanisms for board oversight. These measures should mitigate the risks associated with corporate lobbying and political contributions, protecting the interest of shareholders and other stakeholders.

**Nuclear Energy**

In the Japanese market nuclear energy is a recurrent theme of shareholder resolutions. The Japanese government is seeking to reduce the nation's reliance on coal and its energy strategy presents safe nuclear power generation as an important source of base-load power. In this context, resolutions which seek to limit or cease the nuclear operations of an individual company do not appear to be in the best interests of shareholders and other stakeholders. The health & safety risks associated with nuclear energy are high, must be managed carefully across the industry, and are an important consideration in our voting.

**Important Information**

This document is strictly for information purposes only and should not be considered as an offer, investment recommendation, or solicitation, to deal in any of the investments or funds mentioned herein and does not constitute investment research. abrdn does not warrant the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of the information and materials contained in this document and expressly disclaims liability for errors or omissions in such information and materials.

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Applying ESG and sustainability criteria in the investment process may result in the exclusion of securities within the universe of potential investments. The interpretation of ESG and sustainability criteria is subjective meaning that products may invest in companies which similar products do not (and thus perform differently) and which do not align with the personal views of any individual investor. Furthermore, the lack of common or harmonized definitions and labels regarding ESG and sustainability criteria may result in different approaches by managers when integrating ESG and sustainability criteria into investment decisions. This means that it may be difficult to compare strategies within ostensibly similar objectives and that these strategies will employ different security selection and exclusion criteria. Consequently, the performance profile of otherwise similar vehicles may deviate more substantially than might otherwise be expected. Additionally, in the absence of common or harmonized definitions and labels, a degree of subjectivity is required and this will mean that a product may invest in a security that another manager or an investor would not.

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