# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000846913
**File Stem:** 0001437749-26-006623
**Filing Date:** 2026-3
**Character Count:** 313182
**Document Hash:** 5d18a6206e9beea2fdf27662fac7f905
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001437749-26-006623.hdr.sgml**: 20260303

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001437749-26-006623

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 103

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260303

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260303

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** FUEL TECH, INC.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000846913
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL FANS & BLOWERS & AIR PURIFYING EQUIP [3564]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 205657551
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-33059
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26715022

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 27601 BELLA VISTA PARKWAY
- **CITY:** WARRENVILLE
- **STATE:** IL
- **ZIP:** 60555
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 6308454431

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 27601 BELLA VISTA PARKWAY
- **CITY:** WARRENVILLE
- **STATE:** IL
- **ZIP:** 60555

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** FUEL TECH N V
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 19930510

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? ftek20251231_10k.htm

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**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

______________________________

**Form 10-K**

**(Mark One)**

☒ **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2025**

**OR**

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the transition period from** <u>**&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**</u> **to** <u>**&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**</u>

**Commission File Number 001-33059**

______________________________

**Fuel Tech, Inc.**

**(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)**

______________________________

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **20-5657551** |
| **(State of Incorporation)** | **(I.R.S. ID)** |

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**Fuel Tech, Inc.**

**27601 Bella Vista Parkway**

**Warrenville, IL 60555-1617**

**(630) 845-4500**

**www.ftek.com**

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| Common Stock | FTEK | NASDAQ |

---

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE**

______________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes ☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes ☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes ☒&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes ☒&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Accelerated Filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated Filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |
| Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financials statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to (§240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes ☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ☒

As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $70,878,624 based on the closing sale price as reported on the NASDAQ National Market System.

As of February 28, 2026, there were 30,708,273 shares of common stock outstanding.

**Documents incorporated by reference:**

Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after the close of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

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**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | **Page** |
|  | [**PART I**](#part1) |  |
| Item 1. | [Business](#item1) | [3](#item1) |
| Item 1A. | [Risk Factors](#item1a) | [7](#item1a) |
| Item 1B. | [Unresolved Staff Comments](#item1b) | [9](#item1b) |
| Item 1C. | [Cybersecurity](#Item_1C_Cybersecurity) | [9](#Item_1C_Cybersecurity) |
| Item 2. | [Properties](#item2) | [9](#item2) |
| Item 3. | [Legal Proceedings](#item3) | [9](#item3) |
| Item 4. | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#item4) | [9](#item4) |
|  | [**PART II**](#part2) |  |
| Item 5. | [Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities](#item5) | [10](#item5) |
| Item 6. | [Reserved](#item6) | [10](#item6) |
| Item 7. | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#item7) | [10](#item7) |
| Item 7A. | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk](#item7a) | [14](#item7a) |
| Item 8. | [Financial Statements and Supplementary Data](#item8) | [15](#item8) |
| Item 9. | [Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure](#item9) | [41](#item9) |
| Item 9A. | [Controls and Procedures](#item9a) | [41](#item9a) |
| Item 9B. | [Other Information](#item9b) | [41](#item9b) |
|  | [**PART III**](#part3) |  |
| Item 10. | [Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance](#item10) | [42](#item10) |
| Item 11. | [Executive Compensation](#item11) | [42](#item11) |
| Item 12. | [Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters](#item12) | [42](#item12) |
| Item 13. | [Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence](#item13) | [42](#item13) |
| Item 14. | [Principal Accountant Fees and Services](#item14) | [42](#item14) |
|  | [**PART IV**](#part4) |  |
| Item 15. | [Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules](#item15) | [43](#item15) |
| Item 16. | [Form 10-K Summary](#item16) | [44](#item16) |
| [Signatures and Certifications](#sigs) | [Signatures and Certifications](#sigs) | [45](#sigs) |

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**TABLE OF DEFINED TERMS**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| <u>**Term**</u> | <u>**Definition**</u> |
| AIG | Ammonia Injection Grid |
| APC | Air Pollution Control Technology |
| ASCR<sup>®</sup> | A trademark used to describe our Advanced Selective Catalytic Reduction process |
| BACT | Best Available Control Technology |
| BREF | Best Available Reference Technology. European emission requirements |
| CFD | Computational Fluid Dynamics |
| CKM | Chemical Kinetics Modeling |
| DGI<sup>®</sup> | Dissolved Gas Infusion |
| EPA | The United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| ESP | Electrostatic Precipitator |
| FGC | Flue Gas Conditioning |
| FUEL CHEM<sup>®</sup> | A trademark used to describe our fuel and flue gas treatment processes, including its TIFI<sup>®</sup> Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ technology to control slagging, fouling, corrosion and a variety of sulfur trioxide-related issues |
| GSG™ | A trademark used to describe our Graduated Straightening Grid |
| NOx | Oxides of nitrogen |
| NOxOUT<sup>®</sup> | A trademark used to describe one of our SNCR processes for the reduction of NOx |
| SCR | Selective Catalytic Reduction |
| SNCR | Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction |
| TIFI<sup>®</sup> Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ | A trademark used to describe our proprietary technology that enables the precise injection of a chemical reagent into a boiler or furnace as part of a FUEL CHEM program |
| UDI™ | Urea Direct Injection as the process to provide urea reagent directly into a duct for SCR applications |
| ULTRA<sup>®</sup> | A trademark used to describe our process for generating ammonia from urea for use as a Selective Catalytic Reduction reagent |
| U2A | Urea to ammonia conversion process for SCR applications |

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![orgchart2025v1.jpg](orgchart2025v1.jpg)

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**PART I**

**Forward-Looking Statements**

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements," as defined in Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and reflect our current expectations regarding our future growth, results of operations, cash flows, performance and business prospects, and opportunities, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. We have tried to identify forward-looking statements by using words such as "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "expect," "intend," "will," and similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements.

For us, particular uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different than those expressed in our forward-looking statements include:

● our success in winning new contract awards;

● global economic and geopolitical conditions and related impacts, including spending and demand for our products and global supply chain disruptions and price inflation;

● changes in macroeconomic and market conditions and market volatility, including inflation, interest rates, and the impact of such changes and volatility on our customers' financial position and businesses;

● the amount and timing of our cash flows and earnings, which may be impacted by customer, supplier, competitive, contractual and other dynamics and conditions;

● market developments or customer actions that may affect demand and the financial performance of major industries and customers we serve, such as secular, cyclical and competitive pressures in the electric power industry; pricing, the timing of customer investment and other factors in energy markets; and other shifts in the competitive landscape for our products and services;

● operational execution by our businesses, including our success in improving operational performance;

● our decisions about investments in research and development, and new products, services and platforms, and our ability to launch new products in a cost-effective manner;

● our ability to increase or maintain margins through implementation of operational changes, restructuring and other cost reduction measures;

● the impact of actual or potential failures of our products or third-party products with which our products are integrated, and related reputational effects;

● the impact of potential information technology, cybersecurity or data security breaches at our company or third parties; and

● the other factors that are described in "Risk Factors" in this form 10-K report.

These or other uncertainties may cause our actual future results to be materially different than those expressed in our forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements. This document includes certain forward-looking projected financial information that is based on current estimates and forecasts. Actual results could differ materially.

**ITEM 1 - BUSINESS**

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms "we," "us," or "our," refer to Fuel Tech, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries.

**GENERAL**

We are a leading technology company engaged in the worldwide development, commercialization and application of sustainable state-of-the-art proprietary technologies for air pollution control, process optimization, water treatment and advanced engineering services. These technologies enable our customers to operate efficiently in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner.

● The Company's nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction technologies include NOxOUT<sup>®</sup> and Advanced Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) systems and ASCR<sup>®</sup> Advanced Selective Catalytic Reduction systems. SCR reagent supply systems include the ULTRA<sup>®</sup> and U2A processes for safe ammonia generation and UDI™ Urea Direct Injection systems, along with aqueous and anhydrous ammonia storage and delivery systems. These technologies have established Fuel Tech as a leader in NOx reduction, with installations on over 2,000 units worldwide.

● Fuel Tech's Air Pollution Control (APC) technologies include particulate control with Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) products and services with experience on units up to 700 MW. Flue Gas Conditioning (FGC) systems include treatment using sulfur trioxide (SO3) and ammonia-based conditioning agents to improve the performance of ESPs by modifying the properties of fly ash particles. Fuel Tech's particulate control technologies have been installed on more than 600 units worldwide.

● Our FUEL CHEM technologies revolve around the unique application of chemical injection programs which improve the efficiency, reliability, fuel flexibility, boiler heat rate and environmental status of combustion units by controlling slagging, fouling, corrosion, opacity and acid plume, as well as the formation of sulfur trioxide, ammonium bisulfate, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide. We use our proprietary TIFI<sup>®</sup> Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ processes to apply specialty chemical programs to units burning a wide variety of fuels including coal, heavy oil, biomass, and municipal waste. These TIFI<sup>®</sup> programs incorporate design, modeling, equipment, reagent, and service to provide complete customized on-site programs designed to improve plant operations and provide a return on investment in addition to helping meet emission regulatory requirements. We have FUEL CHEM experience on more than 100 applications worldwide.

● Water treatment technologies include DGI<sup>®</sup> Dissolved Gas Infusion Systems which utilize a proprietary channel injector and a patented saturator to provide a competitive advantage over conventional water and wastewater treatment by infusing oxygen, carbon dioxide or other gases into water. An innovative alternative to current technologies among other applications, DGI<sup>®</sup> systems can deliver supersaturated oxygen solutions and other gas-water combinations to target process applications or environmental issues. This infusion process has a variety of applications in the water and wastewater treatment segments, including irrigation, treatment of natural waters, aquaculture, supply of oxygen for biological remediation, wastewater odor management, pH adjustment, re-carbonization, and alkalinity control, etc. DGI<sup>®</sup> technology benefits include improved treatment performance and reduced treatment time, and the potential for reduced energy consumption, along with lower installation and operating costs. The DGI<sup>®</sup> technology is currently in the demonstration phase and we expect additional revenue generating demonstrations and opportunities throughout 2026. Third party validation testing of the efficiency of transferring oxygen to a treatment basin has been completed and results have been published.

Many of our products and services rely heavily on our Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Chemical Kinetics Modeling (CKM) capabilities, which are enhanced by internally developed, high-end visualization software. These capabilities, coupled with our innovative technologies and multi-disciplined team approach, enable us to provide practical solutions to some of our customers' most challenging issues.

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**AIR POLLUTION CONTROL (APC)**

*Regulations and Markets: Domestic*

The future growth of our APC technology segment is dependent upon the adoption and enforcement of environmental regulations in the United States (U.S.) and globally. In the U.S., federal and state laws regulating the emission of NOx are the primary driver in our APC technology segment. The principal regulatory drivers currently in effect are as follows:

*Clean Air Act (CAA):* The CAA requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) at levels that are protective of public health with an adequate margin of safety. The six pollutants specified include: Ozone, Particulate Matter, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Lead, and Carbon Monoxide. The NAAQS provisions require that states comply with ozone and particulate emissions standards. NOx emissions are a precursor to ozone formation and contribute to fine particulate emissions. Since 1990, EPA rules and programs have been established at the regional and federal level to help states in their mission to define and meet their State Implementation Plans for attainment. The NAAQS ground-level ozone standards that were issued in 1997 were made more stringent in 2008 and again in 2015. The EPA kept the 2025 NAAQS ozone standard at 70 parts per billion, the same limit which has been in place since 2015.

For ozone NAAQS compliance, upwind states are required by the Good Neighbor obligations as defined in the CAA to not contribute significantly to the ozone levels in downwind states. If downwind states are not able to meet their emission standards due to the contribution of NOx emissions from upwind states, downwind states may challenge upwind states based on their ability to meet regulatory compliance standards. Fuel Tech will monitor the potential impact on these upcoming NOx emission requirements.

*New Unit Permits:* New gas fired units for both electricity generation and industrial use will require Best Available Control Technology (BACT) as a permit requirement. SCR technology is very often BACT for NOx, and these permit requirements generate new market opportunities. New unit permits are granted at the state level, and individual state emission requirements can be more stringent than any national standards.

*Consent Decrees:* Consent decree activity through the U.S. Department of Justice or EPA may require emission sources to meet individual requirements. Sources may also agree to specific air pollution requirements with states or environmental groups.

*State and Local Mandates:* While the EPA sets broad national goals under the CAA, many states exercise their independent authority to impose more aggressive emissions caps, often removing historical exemptions for startup and shutdown periods or mandating Best Available Retrofit Control Technology (BARCT) on existing aging fleets. In regions with persistent air quality challenges, state-specific rules such as California's South Coast AQMD requirements or the Northeast's 'Good Neighbor' SIP provisions effectively transition SCR from a high-tier option to a mandatory operational baseline. Consequently, for our customer base operating in such regions these localized regulations often represent the most stringent and immediate compliance hurdle, dictating the technical specifications and timing of pollution control upgrades.

*Regulations and Markets: International*

We also sell air pollution control systems outside the U.S., specifically in Europe, South Africa, South America, India (under a license agreement) and in the Pacific Rim. The demand for our technologies comes from specific governmental regulations in NOx and particulate matter emission limits which vary by country. We expect that there will be further opportunities to implement our technologies globally in 2026.

The European Union's Best Available Reference Technology (BREF) emission guidelines continue to be implemented gradually and updated regularly. These guidelines impact all combustion sources from large utility boilers down to small industrial units. The last major update of the BREF guidelines reduced NOx limit values by up to 25% which in some cases required an upgrade of the first-generation NOx abatement systems. That has presented new opportunities for Fuel Tech, especially on biomass and waste incineration plants. New NOx abatement opportunities are also being identified and followed in hydrogen production, chemical production and in petrochemical industries. European engineering companies are supplying power generation and flue gas treatment systems to industrial and utility customers globally. Middle Eastern countries have become a major focus for these companies due to the local initiatives for reducing pollution and improving tourism. Fuel Tech's NOx control technologies can be integrated into both new and existing combustion systems supplied into this market.

In Brazil, there are stricter NOx emission limits in and around large population centers compared to rural areas. Multi-national industrial companies setting up operations in these areas typically specify air pollution abatement systems similar to those installed in Europe and the U.S. New biomass fired power plants in Chile have also started specifying NOx control technologies. We have well-established relationships with engineering companies in the region to be able to supply our proven technologies.

In South Africa, the state-owned utility Eskom and metallurgical companies are continuing with refurbishing aging ESPs and adding FGC technology to further improve ESP performance. Fuel Tech is well placed to compete for this business with our local partner Lesedi.

The Indian government has prioritized sulfur oxide treatment over NOx abatement in the refurbishment of thermal power units. However, new biomass fired boilers are expected to be outfitted with SNCR technology. Particulate matter emission reductions continue to be an area of focus in the country and that presents an ongoing opportunity for Fuel Tech's FGC technology. These technologies will be implemented through a collaboration with our local partner ISGEC.

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*Products*

Our NOx reduction and particulate control technologies are installed worldwide on over 2,000 combustion units, including utility, industrial and municipal solid waste applications. Our products include customized NOx control systems and our proprietary ULTRA<sup>®</sup> technology, which converts urea-to-ammonia on site and provides safe reagent for use in SCR systems.

● SCR Systems and Services: Our SCR systems control NOx emissions from industrial and utility sources including boilers, incinerators, kilns, reformers, turbines, engines and many other types of heat recovery equipment firing coal, natural gas, oil, and a variety of process gases and waste fuels. The SCR systems typically include urea or ammonia storage and delivery subsystems, reagent injection systems in the form of an Ammonia Injection Grid (AIG), catalyst reactor vessel and SCR catalyst. In addition, other related services, including start-ups, maintenance support and general consulting services for SCR systems, AIG design and tuning to help optimize catalyst performance, and catalyst management services to help optimize catalyst life, are now offered to customers around the world. We also specialize in CFD models, which simulate fluid and gas flow by generating a virtual replication of real-world geometry and operating inputs. We design flow corrective devices, such as turning vanes, ash screens, static mixers and our GSG™ Graduated Straightening Grid. Our SCR systems utilize urea or ammonia as the SCR catalyst reagent to achieve NOx reductions of up to 95% from industrial combustion sources.

● ULTRA<sup>®</sup> Technology: Our ULTRA<sup>®</sup> process is designed to convert urea to ammonia safely and economically for use as a reagent in the SCR process for NOx reduction. Recent local objections in the ammonia permitting process have raised concerns regarding the safety of ammonia shipment and storage in quantities sufficient to supply SCR. In addition, the Department of Homeland Security has characterized anhydrous ammonia as a Toxic Inhalation Hazard commodity. The safe conversion of urea to ammonia just prior to injection into the flue gas duct is particularly important near densely populated cities, major waterways, harbors or islands, or where the storage or transport of anhydrous or aqueous ammonia is a safety concern. UDI™ Urea Direct Injection systems utilize direct injection of urea reagent without the need for an ammonia injection grid.

● SNCR Systems: Our NOxOUT<sup>®</sup> SNCR processes use urea or ammonia reagent injected into a variety of combustion furnaces to reduce NOx by up to 25% - 50% for utilities and by potentially significantly greater amounts for industrial units. Capital costs range from $5 - $20/kW for utility boilers, with total annualized operating costs ranging from $1,000 - $2,000/ton of NOx removed. Advanced SNCR (ASNCR) systems are also available to improve performance and minimize reagent costs through in-furnace monitoring and an advanced control system.

● ESP and FGC Processes and Services: ESP technologies for particulate control include ESP products and services including ESP Inspection Services, Performance Modeling, and Performance and Efficiency Upgrades, along with engineering capability for ESP retrofits. FGC systems include treatment using sulfur trioxide (SO3) and ammonia-based systems to improve the performance of ESPs by modifying the properties of fly ash particles. Our ULTRA<sup>®</sup> technology can provide the ammonia system feed requirements for FGC applications as a safe alternative to ammonia reagent-based systems. FGC systems offer a lower capital cost approach to improving ash particulate capture versus the alternative of installing larger ESPs or utilizing fabric filter technology to meet targeted emissions and opacity limits. Fuel Tech's particulate control technologies have been installed on more than 600 units worldwide.

A market factor for the APC product line is the continued use of coal and natural gas and the growth of biomass for global electricity production. The growth of natural gas in the U.S. for industrial applications in support of traditional electricity generation, as well as the increased demand in support of the growth of data centers, which require significant power generation capability, has increased the need for SCR technology since it often meets the definition of BACT and is required on new industrial units.

Sales of APC products were $8.9 million and $11.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

*APC Competition*

Competition with our products may be expected from companies supplying SCR Systems, SNCR systems, ESP retrofits and FGC technologies. In addition, we experience competition in the urea-to-ammonia conversion market.

The SCR process is an effective and proven method of control for removal of NOx up to 90%. SCR systems have a high capital cost of $300+/kW on retrofit coal applications. Companies including Babcock Power, Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) Company, CECO Environmental and Mitsubishi are active SCR system and reagent feed system providers.

The use of both urea and ammonia as the reagent for the SNCR process can reduce NOx by 30% - 70%, depending on a number of factors. Ammonia can be effective on incinerators and on Circulating Fluidized Bed combustion units, but has limited applicability for most utility boilers, where urea is dominant. The ammonia-based systems utilize either anhydrous or aqueous ammonia, both of which are hazardous substances. Competitors for ammonia based SNCR include CECO Environmental, B&W, and Yara, with CECO Environmental and B&W for urea based SNCR systems.

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ESP retrofit competitors include B&W and Southern Environmental. FGC competition includes Chemithon, Inc.

Lastly, with respect to urea-to-ammonia conversion technologies, our controlled urea decomposition system competes with ammonia-based processes.

*APC Backlog*

Consolidated APC segment backlog at December 31, 2025 was $7.0 million versus backlog at December 31, 2024 of $6.2 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately $6.0 million of the backlog over the next 12 months with the remaining recognized thereafter.

**FUEL CHEM**

*Product and Markets*

The FUEL CHEM<sup>®</sup> technology segment revolves around the unique application of specialty chemicals to improve the efficiency, reliability and environmental status of plants operating in the electric utility, industrial, pulp and paper, waste-to-energy, university and district heating markets. FUEL CHEM programs are currently in place on combustion units in North America, Mexico, Europe, and the Pacific Rim, treating a wide variety of solid and liquid fuels, including coal, heavy oil, black liquor, biomass and municipal waste.

Central to the FUEL CHEM approach is the introduction of chemical reagents, such as magnesium hydroxide, to combustion units via in-body fuel application (pre-combustion) or via direct injection (post-combustion) utilizing our proprietary TIFI<sup>®</sup> technology. By attacking performance-hindering problems, such as slagging, fouling and corrosion, as well as the formation of sulfur trioxide (SO3), and ammonium bisulfate, our programs offer numerous operational, financial and environmental benefits to owners of boilers, furnaces and other combustion units.

A key market factor for this product line is the continued use of coal for global electricity production. In 2025, coal accounted for approximately 17% of all U.S. electricity generation and roughly 33% of global electricity generation. Major coal consumers include the U.S., China and India. Additional market dynamics include a growing, worldwide utilization of biomass for both steam and electrical production, and the continued use of heavy fuel oil for power generation. The principal markets for this product line are electric power plants burning coals with slag-forming constituents such as sodium, iron and high levels of sulfur. Sodium is typically found in the Powder River Basin coals of Wyoming and Montana. High sulfur content can give rise to unacceptable levels of SO3 formation especially in plants with SCR systems and flue gas desulphurization units (scrubbers). As coal units strive to compete in electricity supply markets, lower cost, higher slagging fuels can create more operational challenges which TIFI<sup>®</sup> Programs can help mitigate. The current Mexican government is utilizing more indigenous fuel sources for power generation because the international market for high sulfur fuel oil (what Mexico produces) has been significantly reduced with the adoption of the new International Maritime Organization restrictions. Fuel Tech's TIFI<sup>®</sup> systems can help with SO3 mitigation at these oil-fired power generation units.

The combination of slagging coals and SO3-related issues, such as "blue plume" formation, air pre-heater fouling and corrosion, SCR fouling and the proclivity to suppress certain mercury removal processes, represents an attractive market potential for Fuel Tech.

Sales of the FUEL CHEM products were $17.8 million and $13.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

*Competition*

Competition for our FUEL CHEM product line includes chemicals sold by specialty chemical companies, such as Imerys, Environmental Energy Services, Inc., and SUEZ Water Technologies. No technologically comparable substantive competition currently exists for our TIFI<sup>®</sup> technology, which is designed primarily for slag control and SO3 abatement, but there can be no assurance that such lack of substantive competition will continue.

**INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY**

We own 32 granted patents worldwide including 12 US patents and 20 non-US patents. We have five patent applications pending: including three in the U.S. and two in non-U.S. jurisdictions. These patents and applications cover some 37 inventions, 23 associated with our NOx reduction business, five associated with the FUEL CHEM business, and nine associated with water treatment. Our granted patents have expiration dates ranging from December of 2028 to August of 2042.

Management believes that the protection provided by the numerous claims in the above referenced patents or patent applications is substantial and affords us a significant competitive advantage in our business. Accordingly, any significant reduction in the protection afforded by these patents or any significant development in competing technologies could have a material adverse effect on our business.

**EMPLOYEES**

At December 31, 2025, we had 77 employees, 72 in North America, and five in Europe. We enjoy good relations with our employees and are not a party to any labor management agreement.

**HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES**

We believe our employees are our most valuable asset and we endeavor to provide a safe, inclusive, high-performance culture where our people can thrive. As such, we continually work to recruit, develop, engage, train and protect our employees. The following are key human capital measures and objectives on which we currently focus.

*Employee Total Compensation and Benefits Philosophy.* We provide access to benefits and offer programs that support work-life balance and overall well-being, including financial, physical and mental health resources, such as those listed below.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Financial** | **Health and Wellness** | **Work-Life Balance** |
| Competitive Base Pay | Medical, Dental and Vision Benefits | Paid time off, paid holidays and jury duty pay |
| Corporate Objectives Plan (Potential Annual Bonus Based on Achievement of Qualitative Milestones) | Flexible Spending Accounts and Health Savings Accounts | Paid Parental Leave (maternity, paternity, adoption) |
| Corporation Incentive Plan (Potential Annual Bonus Based on Company's Achievement of Operating Income) | On-site and complimentary Vaccinations | Employee Assistance Program (mental health, legal, financial services) |
| 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan with Company Match (Traditional and Roth) |  | Flexible Work Arrangements |
| Life Insurance |  | Tuition Reimbursement |
| Short-term and Long-term Disability Insurance |  | Complimentary on-line learning and training |

---

*Commitment to Safe Working Environment.* All employees are required to understand and obey local laws, to report any suspected violations, and to act in accordance with our Code of Conduct.

*Compensation Equity.* We conduct comprehensive pay equity analyses encompassing all staff members and job levels at appropriate intervals. We believe we have made compensation adjustments to rectify compensation disparities. We have also implemented hiring and promotional practices to support our goal of ensuring offers to new employees or to employees being promoted internally are aligned with the market and equitable on an internal basis.

*Talent Acquisition and Retention.* We strive to attract, develop and retain high-performing talent, and we support and reward employee performance. Programs to strengthen our talent include an employee referral program, tuition reimbursement, continued training and development and succession planning. We prioritize employee engagement and transparency by implementing programs and processes to ensure our employees have opportunities to ask questions, voice concerns, and share feedback. This is accomplished in part by conducting employee satisfaction surveys as part of the annual review process, and quarterly town hall meetings. In 2025, our employee turnover rate was approximately 16%.

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**AVAILABLE INFORMATION**

We are a fully integrated company using a suite of advanced technologies to provide boiler optimization, efficiency improvement and air pollution reduction and control solutions to utility and industrial customers worldwide. Originally incorporated in 1987 under the laws of the Netherlands Antilles as Fuel-Tech N.V., we were domesticated in the United States on September 30, 2006, and continue as a Delaware corporation with our corporate headquarters at 27601 Bella Vista Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois, 60555-1617. Fuel Tech maintains an Internet website at <u>www.ftek.com</u>. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act are made available through our website as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file or furnish the reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our website also contains our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, as well as the charters of the Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance committees of the Board of Directors. All of these documents are available in print without charge to stockholders who request them. Information on our website is not incorporated into this report.

**ITEM 1A - RISK FACTORS**

The following is a discussion of the material risk factors; however, they may not be the only risks that we may face. The risks described below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks that we face, and additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also negatively impact our business. If any of these risks develop into actual or expected events, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be materially and adversely affected, and, as a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline. You should carefully consider the risk factors described below, together with the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before you decide to invest in our securities. Please read the cautionary notice regarding forward-looking statements under the heading "Forward-Looking Statements."

**RISKS RELATED TO OUR PRODUCTS AND PRICING**

**Our Product Portfolio Lacks Diversification**

We have two broad technology segments that provide advanced engineering solutions to meet the pollution control, efficiency improvement, and operational optimization needs of coal, biomass and natural gas-fired energy-related facilities worldwide. They are as follows:

• The Air Pollution Control technology segment includes technologies to reduce NOx emissions in flue gas generated by the firing of natural gas, coal, or biomass from boilers, incinerators, furnaces and other stationary combustion sources. These include NOxOUT<sup>®</sup> SNCR systems and SCR systems. Our SCR systems can also include AIG, and GSG™ systems to provide high NOx reductions at significantly lower capital and operating costs than conventional SCR systems. ULTRA<sup>®</sup> technology creates ammonia at a plant site using safe urea for use with any SCR application. ESP technologies make use of electrostatic precipitator products and services to reduce particulate matter. FGC systems are chemical injection systems offered in markets outside the U.S. and Canada to enhance electrostatic precipitator and fabric filter performance in controlling particulate emissions.

• The FUEL CHEM<sup>®</sup> technology segment which uses chemical processes in combination with advanced CFD and CKM boiler modeling for the control of slagging, fouling, corrosion, opacity and other sulfur trioxide-related issues in coal-fired furnaces and boilers through the addition of chemicals into the furnace using TIFI<sup>®</sup> Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ technology.

An adverse development in our advanced engineering solutions business as a result of competition, technological change, government regulation, customers converting to use natural gas or other fuels, or any other factor could have a significantly greater impact than if we maintained more diverse operations.

**We Face Substantial Competition**

Competition in the Air Pollution Control market comes from competitors utilizing their own NOx reduction processes, including SCR systems, SNCR systems, ammonia and urea-based delivery systems for SNCR and SCR, which do not infringe our patented or proprietary technologies. Indirect competition will also arise from business practices such as the purchase rather than the generation of electricity, fuel switching, closure or de-rating of units, and sale or trade of pollution credits and emission allowances. Utilization by customers of such processes or business practices or combinations thereof may adversely affect our pricing and participation in the NOx control market if customers elect to comply with regulations by methods other than the purchase of our Air Pollution Control products. See Item 1 "*Products*" and "*APC Competition*" in the *Air Pollution Control* segment overview.

Competition for our FUEL CHEM markets include chemicals sold by specialty chemical companies, such as Imerys, Environmental Energy Services, Inc., and SUEZ Water Technologies.

**Our Dependence Upon Fixed-price Contracts Could Adversely Affect our Operating Results**

The majority of our air pollution control projects are currently performed on a fixed-price basis. Under a fixed-price contract, we agree on the price that we will receive for the entire project, based upon a defined scope, which includes specific assumptions and project criteria. If our estimates of the costs to complete the project are below the actual costs that we incur, our margins will decrease, or we may incur a loss. The revenue, cost and gross profit realized on a fixed-price contract will often vary from the estimated amounts because of unforeseen conditions or changes in job conditions and variations in labor and equipment productivity over the term of the contract. While our fixed-price contracts are typically not individually material to our operating results, if we are unsuccessful in mitigating these risks, we may realize gross profits that are different from those originally estimated and incur reduced profitability or losses on projects. Depending on the size of a project, these variations from estimated contract performance could have a significant effect on our operating results. In general, turnkey contracts to be performed on a fixed-price basis involve an increased risk of significant variations. Generally, our contracts and projects vary in length, depending on the size and complexity of the project, project owner demands and other factors. The foregoing risks are exacerbated for projects with longer-term durations and the inherent difficulties in estimating costs and of the interrelationship of the integrated services to be provided under these contracts whereby unanticipated costs or delays in performing part of the contract can have compounding effects by increasing costs of performing other parts of the contract.

**Customers May Cancel or Delay Projects**

Customers may cancel or delay projects for reasons beyond our control. Our orders normally contain cancellation provisions that permit us to recover our costs, and, for most contracts, a portion of our anticipated profit in the event a customer cancels an order. If a customer elects to cancel an order, we may not realize the full amount of revenues included in our backlog.

Revenue recognition occurs over long periods of time and is subject to unanticipated delays. If projects are delayed, the timing of our revenues could be adversely affected and projects may remain in our backlog for extended periods of time. If we receive relatively large orders in any given quarter, fluctuations in the levels of our quarterly backlog can result because the backlog in that quarter may reach levels that may not be sustained in subsequent quarters. Customer-driven delays may also lead to increased material costs and other adverse financial impacts.

**Our Operating Results May Be Adversely Affected by Product Pricing**

We typically experience significant competition for both of our technology segments which may require us to lower our product prices in order to remain competitive and have a corresponding adverse impact on our realized gross margins and operating profitability. See the risk factor entitled "We Face Substantial Competition" above.

**Our Customer Base Is Highly Concentrated**

A small number of customers have historically accounted for a significant portion of our revenues. During 2025, our five largest customers accounted for approximately 58% of our net revenues, with our largest customer accounting for approximately 21% of our net revenues. These five customers contributed revenues to the FUEL CHEM business segment during 2025. There can be no assurance that all significant customers will continue to purchase our products in the same quantities that they have in the past. The loss of any one of our significant customers or a material reduction in sales to a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations.

**RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS**

**Our Financial Performance May Vary Significantly From Period to Period**

Our annual revenues and earnings have varied in the past and are likely to vary in the future. Our contracts generally stipulate customer specific delivery terms and may have contract cycles of a year or more, which subjects these contracts to many factors beyond our control. In addition, contracts that are significantly larger in size than our typical contracts tend to intensify their impact on our annual operating results. Furthermore, as a significant portion of our operating costs are fixed, an unanticipated decrease in our revenues, a delay or cancellation of orders in backlog, or a decrease in the demand for our products, may have a significant impact on our annual operating results. Therefore, our annual operating results may be subject to significant variations and our operating performance in one period may not be indicative of our future performance.

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**Energy Transition** 

The strategic priorities and financial performance of our businesses are subject to market and other dynamics related to decarbonization, which can pose risks in addition to opportunities for those businesses. Given the nature of our businesses and the industries we serve, we must anticipate and respond to market, technological, regulatory and other changes driven by broader trends related to decarbonization efforts in response to climate change. These changes present both risks and opportunities for our businesses, many of which provide products and services to customers in sectors like power generation that have historically been carbon intensive and will remain important to efforts globally to lower greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come. For example, the significant decreases in recent years in the levelized cost of energy for renewable sources of power generation (such as wind and solar), along with ongoing changes in government, investor, customer and consumer policies, commitments, preferences and considerations related to climate change, in some cases have adversely affected, and are expected to continue to affect, the demand for and the competitiveness of products and services related to carbonaceous fuel-based power generation, including sales of new air pollution control equipment and the utilization and servicing needs for existing power plants. Continued shifts toward greater penetration by renewables in both new capacity additions and the proportionate share of power generation, particularly depending on the pace and timeframe for such shifts across different markets globally, could have a material adverse effect on our business and our consolidated results.

**Our Manufacturing Operations Are Dependent on Third-party Suppliers**

Although we are not dependent on any one supplier, we are dependent on the ability of our third-party suppliers to supply our raw materials, as well as certain specific component parts. The third-party suppliers upon which we depend may default on their obligations to us due to bankruptcy, insolvency, lack of liquidity, adverse economic conditions, operational failure, fraud, loss of key personnel, or other reasons. We cannot assure that our third-party suppliers will dedicate sufficient resources to meet our scheduled delivery requirements or that our suppliers will have sufficient resources to satisfy our requirements during any period of sustained demand. Failure of suppliers to supply, or delays in supplying, our raw materials or certain components, or allocations in the supply of certain high demand raw components, for any reason, including, without limitation, disruptions in our suppliers' business activities due to cybersecurity incidents, terrorist activity, public health crises, fires or other natural disasters could materially adversely affect our operations and ability to meet our own delivery schedules on a timely and competitive basis. Additionally, our third-party suppliers may provide us with raw materials or component parts that fail to meet our expectations or the expectations of our customers, which could subject us to product liability claims, other claims and litigation.

**Our Use of Subcontractors Could Potentially Harm our Profitability and Business Reputation**

Occasionally we act as a prime contractor in some of the engineered projects we undertake. In our capacity as lead provider and when acting as a prime contractor, we perform a portion of the work on our projects with our own resources and typically subcontract activities such as manufacturing and installation work. In our industry, the lead contractor is normally responsible for the performance of the entire contract, including subcontract work. Thus, when acting as a prime contractor, we are subject to risk associated with the failure of one or more subcontractors to perform as anticipated.

We employ subcontractors at various locations around the world to meet our customers' needs in a timely manner, meet local content requirements and reduce costs. Subcontractors perform all of our manufacturing for customers. The use of subcontractors decreases our control over the performance of these functions and could result in project delays, escalated costs and substandard quality. These risks could adversely affect our profitability and business reputation. In addition, many of our competitors, who have greater financial resources and greater bargaining power than we have, use the same subcontractors that we use and could potentially influence our ability to hire these subcontractors. If we were to lose relationships with key subcontractors, our business could be adversely impacted.

**Operational Execution** 

Operational challenges could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The Company's financial results depend on the successful execution of our businesses' operating plans across all steps of the engineering and design, manufacture, installation and service lifecycle. We continue working to improve the operations and execution of our businesses and our ability to make the desired improvements will be a significant factor in our overall financial performance. Operational failures in any of our business segments that result in quality problems or potential product, environmental, health or safety risks, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial position and results of operations. In addition, for some large-scale projects we may be required by our customer to take on the full scope of engineering, procurement, construction or other services. These types of projects often pose unique risks related to their location, scale, complexity, duration and pricing or payment structure. Performance issues or schedule delays can arise due to inadequate technical expertise, unanticipated project modifications, developments at project sites, environmental, health and safety issues, execution by or coordination with suppliers, subcontractors or consortium partners, financial difficulties of our customers or significant partners or compliance with government regulations, and these can lead to cost overruns, contractual penalties, liquidated damages and other adverse consequences. Operational, quality or other issues at large projects, or across our projects portfolio more broadly, can adversely affect our business, reputation or results of operations.

**We Rely on Several Key Employees Whose Absence or Loss Could Disrupt our Operations or Be Adverse to our Business**

We are highly dependent on the experience of our management in the continuing development of our operations. The loss of the services of certain of these individuals would have a material adverse effect on our business. Although we have employment and non-competition agreements with certain of our key employees, as a practical matter, those agreements will not assure the retention of our employees, and we may not be able to enforce all of the provisions in any employment or non-competition agreement. Our future success will depend in part on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel to manage our development and future growth. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel. Our failure to recruit additional key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

**Increasing Costs for Manufactured Components May Adversely Affect our Profitability**

Our products utilize a variety of manufactured components, including metallurgical catalysts, storage tanks, pumps and fans. The current economic environment has resulted, and may continue to result, in price volatility and inflation of these costs. Further increases in the price of these items could further materially increase our operating costs and materially adversely affect our profit margins if we are unable to successfully pass such costs on to our customers.

**Cybersecurity**

Increased cybersecurity requirements, vulnerabilities, threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime pose a risk to our systems, networks, products, solutions, services and data. Increased global cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats, computer viruses and more sophisticated and targeted cyber-related attacks such as ransomware, as well as cybersecurity failures resulting from human error and technological errors, pose a risk to the security of Fuel Tech and its customers', partners', suppliers' and third-party service providers' infrastructure, products, systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of Fuel Tech's and its customers' data. As the perpetrators of such attacks become more capable, and as critical infrastructure is increasingly becoming digitized, the risks in this area continue to grow. There can be no assurance that our efforts to mitigate cybersecurity risks by employing a number of measures, including employee training, monitoring and testing, vulnerability testing and maintenance of protective systems and contingency plans, will be sufficient to prevent, detect and limit the impact of cyber-related attacks, and we remain vulnerable to known or unknown threats. A significant cyber-related attack could result in other negative consequences, including damage to our reputation or competitiveness, remediation, increased digital infrastructure or other costs that are not covered by insurance, litigation or regulatory action.

**We May Not Be Able to Successfully Protect our Patents and Proprietary Rights**

We hold licenses to or own a number of patents for our products and processes. We also have patent applications pending both in the U.S. and abroad. There can be no assurance that any of our pending patent applications will be granted or that our outstanding patents will not be challenged, overturned or otherwise circumvented by competitors. In foreign markets, the absence of harmonized patent laws makes it more difficult to ensure consistent respect for our patent rights in emerging markets. In addition, certain critical technical information relating to our products which is not patented is held as trade secret, and protected by trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure contained in our confidentiality and licensing agreements. There can be no assurance that such protections will prove adequate or that we will have adequate remedies against contractual counterparties for disclosure of our trade secrets or other violations of our intellectual property rights. See Item 1 above under the caption *"Intellectual Property."*

**Our Results May Be Affected By Foreign Operations**

We currently have foreign operations predominantly in Europe with our office located in Gallarate, Italy. The future business opportunities in this market are dependent on the continued implementation and enforcement of regulatory policies that will benefit our technologies, the acceptance of our engineering solutions in such markets, the ability of potential customers to utilize our technologies on a competitive, cost-effective basis, and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights.

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**We May Not Be Able to Purchase Raw Materials on Commercially Advantageous Terms**

Our FUEL CHEM technology segment is dependent, in part, upon a supply of magnesium hydroxide. Any adverse changes in the availability of this chemical will likely have an adverse impact on the ongoing operation of our FUEL CHEM programs. On March 4, 2009, we entered into a Restated Product Supply Agreement (PSA) with Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, LLC (MMMS) in order to assure the continuance of a stable supply from MMMS of magnesium hydroxide products for our requirements in the U.S. and Canada. The PSA is renegotiated annually. Pursuant to the PSA, MMMS supplies us with magnesium hydroxide products manufactured pursuant to our specifications and we have agreed to purchase from MMMS, and MMMS has agreed to supply, 100% of our requirements for such magnesium hydroxide products for our customers who purchase such products for delivery in the U.S. and Canada. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain a stable source of magnesium hydroxide in markets outside the U.S.

**RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDUSTRY**

**Demand for Our APC and FUEL CHEM Products is Affected by External Market Factors**

Reduced coal-fired electricity demand across the U.S. has led to production declines. Contributing factors to this decline in coal-fired generation were: 1) lower natural gas prices which allowed utility operators to increase the amount of power generated from natural gas plants, 2) increased cost of environmental compliance with current environmental regulations, 3) constrained funding for capital projects, and 4) the increased production of electricity from renewable sources, such as wind and solar.

**Our Business Is Dependent on Continuing Air Pollution Control Regulations and Enforcement**

Our business is significantly impacted by and dependent upon the regulatory environment surrounding the electricity generation market. Our business will be adversely impacted to the extent that regulations are repealed or amended to significantly reduce the level of required NOx or particulate matter reduction, or to the extent that regulatory authorities delay or otherwise minimize enforcement of existing laws. Additionally, long-term changes in environmental regulation that threaten or preclude the use of coal or other fossil fuels as a primary fuel source for electricity production which result in the reduction or closure of a significant number of fossil fuel-fired power plants may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Item 1 above under the caption "*Regulations and Markets*" in the *Air Pollution Control* segment overview.

Changes in environmental regulations and enforcement priorities, specifically regarding NOx emissions from small and medium-sized gas turbines, may materially and adversely affect the demand for our Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. Our business is significantly driven by federal and state air quality standards that mandate the use of post-combustion emission control technologies. On January 9, 2026, the EPA finalized amendments to the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for Stationary Combustion Turbines. Under these new rules, the EPA determined that combustion controls, rather than SCR technology, constitute the 'Best System of Emission Reduction' (BSER) for many new, modified, or reconstructed turbines, particularly those with a heat rating of less than 850 MMBtu/h (typically units of 100MW or less). The relaxation of these standards or the non-enforcement of more stringent state-level requirements could lead current and potential customers to bypass SCR installations in favor of less expensive combustion-only control methods. If our customers are not legally required to achieve the ultra-low NOx levels that our SCR systems provide, our order pipeline for 100MW and smaller units may decline significantly. Furthermore, any further delays in the implementation of stricter NOx standards, or a shift in regulatory focus away from stationary source emissions, could reduce our revenue, increase price competition, and negatively impact our overall financial condition.

**GENERAL RISK FACTORS**

**Geopolitical and Unexpected Events May Impact New or Existing Projects and Prices and Availability of Raw Materials, Energy and Other Materials** 

These events may also impact energy and regulatory policy nationally or regionally for the impacted regions. Such disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.

**ITEM 1B - UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS**

None

**ITEM *1C* - CYBERSECURITY**

**Risk Assessment and Strategy**

Fuel Tech regularly evaluates cybersecurity risk from computer viruses and more sophisticated and targeted cyber-related attacks such as ransomware, as well as cybersecurity failures resulting from human error and technological errors. Such risks are reviewed by our Information Technology Steering Committee on a monthly basis, or more frequently if deemed appropriate.

Our overall strategy in combatting known cybersecurity risks includes a variety of individual tactics, including:

● the use of antivirus software, virtual private networks, email security, as well as other software to prevent and detect data intrusions.

● the use of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) to add another layer of protection to company accounts and sensitive data.

● the deployment of updates and patches as they are available and maintaining the current versions of major software to reduce the exposure to vulnerabilities.

● the use of third-party service to conduct quarterly mandatory online training for all employees regarding identifying and avoiding cyber-security risks.

● the use of monthly phishing prevention campaigns to stimulate and measure awareness in order to prevent incidents caused by human error.

● the review of the security procedures used by third parties that *may* host or otherwise have access to Fuel Tech's data.

● the deployment of *third*-party cyber-security experts to perform annual penetration testing on our internal and external networks and systems in an effort to identify potential vulnerabilities.

● if necessary, the use of *third*-party security experts if and when an incident is detected

We are not aware of having experienced any material cybersecurity incidents. We are not aware of any existent cybersecurity threats that would materially affect, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our business strategy, results of operations or financial conditions. For more information, please see "Cybersecurity" under Item *1A* "Risk Factors" above.

**Management Oversight**

Day-to day management of cybersecurity threats is conducted by our Information Technology department which is charged with identifying and reporting threats to senior management. On a monthly basis, cybersecurity is reviewed by our Information Technology Steering Committee, which is comprised of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel and Head of Information Technology.

**Board Oversight**

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, which is composed of all non-employee directors, is responsible for oversight of management's efforts to eliminate cybersecurity risks.

**ITEM 2 - PROPERTIES**

We own an office building in Warrenville, Illinois, which has served as our corporate headquarters since June 23, 2008. This facility, with approximately 40,000 square feet of office space, is sufficient to meet our requirements for the foreseeable future.

We also operate from leased office facilities and we do not segregate any of these leased facilities by operating business segment. The terms of the Company's primary lease arrangements as of December 31, 2025 are as follows:

• The Gallarate, Italy building lease, for approximately 1,335 square feet, runs through April 30, 2031. This facility serves as the operating headquarters for our European operations.

• The Aurora, IL warehouse lease, for approximately 11,000 square feet, runs through March 31, 2031. This facility serves as an outside warehouse facility.

**ITEM 3 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS**

From time to time we are involved in litigation with respect to matters arising from the ordinary conduct of our business. In the opinion of management, based upon presently available information, either adequate provision for anticipated costs have been accrued or the ultimate anticipated costs will not materially affect our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

See Note 9 "Commitments and Contingencies" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

**ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES**

Not Applicable

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**PART II**

**ITEM 5 - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES**

**Market**

Our common stock has been traded since September, 1993 on The NASDAQ Stock Market, Inc, where it trades under the symbol FTEK.

**Holders**

As of February 28, 2026, there were 49 holders of record of our common stock, which does not include the number of beneficial owners whose common stock was held in street name or through fiduciaries.

**Dividends**

We have never paid cash dividends on the common stock and have no current plan to do so in the foreseeable future. The declaration and payment of dividends on the common stock is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors. The decision of the Board of Directors to pay future dividends will depend on general business conditions, the effect of a dividend payment on our financial condition, and other factors the Board of Directors may consider relevant. The current policy of the Board of Directors is to reinvest earnings in operations to promote future growth.

**ITEM 6 - RESERVED**

**ITEM 7 - MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS** *(amounts in thousands of dollars)*

*Management*'*s discussion and analysis (*"*MD&A*"*) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which include additional information about our accounting policies, practices and the transactions underlying our financial results. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes including various claims and contingencies related to lawsuits, taxes, environmental and other matters arising during the normal course of business. We apply our best judgment, our knowledge of existing facts and circumstances and actions that we may undertake in the future in determining the estimates that affect our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis using our historical experience, as well as other factors we believe appropriate under the circumstances, such as current economic conditions, and adjust or revise our estimates as circumstances change. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results may differ from these estimates.*

**Overview**

In 2025, we achieved revenue growth of over $1.5M compared to 2024. Throughout 2025, we maintained our momentum by successfully fulfilling existing orders while investing in R&D to bring new technologies to the water and wastewater treatment markets. Our financial position remains robust, providing ample liquidity for both immediate operations and long-term growth. Supported by a dedicated workforce and disciplined cost management, we are well positioned to leverage new business opportunities and enhance our overall market standing.

**Key Operating Factors**

Sales growth for our two reportable business segments is dependent upon the continued utilization of carbon-based fuels, such as natural gas and coal, for the generation of electric power. For our APC market segment, sales are driven primarily by our customers need to comply with federal, state and local regulatory mandates for the reduction or control of emissions of NOx. For our FUEL CHEM market segment, sales are dependent primarily upon our customers usage of our chemical technologies in order to mitigate slagging and fouling on coal or oil fired combustion units in order to enjoy longer run times without the necessity of taking the combustion unit off line for cleaning.

We believe continued demand for our products will be led by the increased demand for electricity in emerging markets and new industries that are highly dependent upon electric power, such as the mega-computers required in order to power artificial intelligence and cryptocurrencies. While the market will continue to shift towards alternate forms of power generation, we anticipate natural gas and coal will remain significant sources of electricity generation in the future.

Our FUEL CHEM segment showed improved performance in 2025, experiencing an increase in segment revenues compared to 2024. Revenue growth was driven by increased regularity of orders from legacy customers as well as a full year of revenue from a new commercial program which was added in the second half of 2024 following a successful site demonstration. Also contributing to this increase was a new commercial demonstration program which commenced in the fourth quarter of 2025.

Our APC business experienced a decline in revenues and segment operating profits in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to customer-driven project delays and project timing. Despite this, we are encouraged by the pace and depth of our business development activities, which reflect an increased focus on global emissions protocols across a variety of fuel sources. Our Consolidated APC backlog at year end was $7,047.

**Market Pressures**

Our senior management team monitors and manages our ability to operate effectively as the result of market pressures. In particular, we are currently experiencing inflationary pressures for certain materials and labor, and long lead times for equipment components embodied in our products such as pumps, fans and SCR catalyst. We continue to monitor the activities of our existing and alternate suppliers and have taken other mitigating actions to mitigate supply disruptions; however, we cannot guarantee that we can continue to do so in the future. In this event, our business, results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

**Background**

We have two broad technology segments that provide advanced engineered solutions to meet the pollution control, efficiency improvement and operational optimization needs of energy-related facilities worldwide. They are as follows:

*Air Pollution Control Technologies*

The Air Pollution Control technology segment includes technologies to reduce NOx emissions in flue gas generated by the firing of natural gas, biomass or coal from boilers, incinerators, furnaces and other stationary combustion sources. These include SCR systems along with NOxOUT and Advanced SNCR systems. Our SCR systems can also include AIG, and GSG™ systems to provide high NOx reductions at significantly lower capital and operating costs than conventional SCR systems. ULTRA<sup>®</sup> technology creates ammonia at a plant site using safe urea for use with any SCR application. Our ammonia storage and delivery systems supply reagent for SCR applications. ESP technologies make use of electrostatic precipitator products and services to reduce particulate matter. FGC systems are chemical injection systems offered in markets outside the U.S. and Canada to enhance electrostatic precipitator and fabric filter performance in controlling particulate emissions. We distribute our products through our direct sales force and third-party sales agents.

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*FUEL CHEM Technologies*

The FUEL CHEM technology segment, which uses chemical processes in combination with advanced CFD and CKM boiler modeling, for the control of slagging, fouling, corrosion, opacity and other sulfur trioxide-related issues in coal-fired furnaces and boilers through the addition of chemicals into the furnace using TIFI<sup>®</sup> Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ technology. Fuel Tech sells its FUEL CHEM program through its direct sales force and agents to industrial and utility power-generation facilities. FUEL CHEM programs have been installed on combustion units in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim, treating a wide variety of solid and liquid fuels, including coal, heavy oil, biomass and municipal waste. The FUEL CHEM program improves the efficiency, reliability and environmental status of plants operating in the electric utility, industrial, pulp and paper, waste-to-energy, university and district heating markets and offers numerous operational, financial and environmental benefits to owners of boilers, furnaces and other combustion units.

The key market dynamic for both technology segments is the continued use of fossil fuels, especially coal, as the principal fuel source for global electricity production. In 2025, coal accounted for approximately 17% of all U.S. electricity generation and roughly 33% of global electricity generation. Major coal consumers include China, the U.S. and India.

**Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates**

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP), which require us to make estimates and assumptions. We believe that certain accounting policies (see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements) involve a higher degree of judgment, estimates and assumptions and are deemed critical. We routinely discuss our critical accounting policies with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

*Revenue Recognition: Air Pollution Control Technology*

Fuel Tech's APC contracts are typically eight to twenty months in length. A typical contract will have three or four critical operational measurements that, when achieved, serve as the basis for us to invoice the customer via progress billings. At a minimum, these measurements will include the generation of engineering drawings, the shipment of equipment and the completion of a system performance test.

As part of most of its contractual APC project agreements, Fuel Tech will agree to customer-specific acceptance criteria that relate to the operational performance of the system that is being sold. These criteria are determined based on modeling that is performed by Fuel Tech personnel, which is based on operational inputs that are provided by the customer. The customer will warrant that these operational inputs are accurate as they are specified in the binding contractual agreement. Further, the customer is solely responsible for the accuracy of the operating condition information; typically all performance guarantees and equipment warranties granted by us are voidable if the operating condition information is inaccurate or is not met.

Since control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the single performance obligation. Fuel Tech uses the cost-to-cost input measure of progress for our contracts since it best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the cost-to-cost input measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill include all internal and external engineering costs, equipment charges, inbound and outbound freight expenses, internal and site transfer costs, installation charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, warehousing costs, project personnel travel expenses and other direct and indirect expenses specifically identified as project- or product-line related, as appropriate (e.g. test equipment depreciation and certain insurance expenses). Unexpected or unknown costs could affect the timing of revenue recognition and the cumulative profitability of the related projects.

Fuel Tech's APC product line also includes ancillary revenue for post contractual goods and services. Revenue associated with these activities are recognized at a point in time when delivery of goods or completion of the service obligation is performed.

Fuel Tech has installed over 2,000 units with APC technology and normally provides performance guarantees to our customers based on the operating conditions for the project. As part of the project implementation process, we perform system start-up and optimization services that effectively serve as a test of actual project performance. We believe that this test, combined with the accuracy of the modeling that is performed, enables revenue to be recognized prior to the receipt of formal customer acceptance.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had no construction contracts in progress that were identified as a loss contract.

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheets. In our Air Pollution Control technology segment, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. These assets are reported on the consolidated balance sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. At December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 contract assets for APC technology projects were approximately $887, $2,075, and $2,285, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

However, the Company will periodically bill in advance of costs incurred before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These liabilities are reported on the consolidated balance sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Contract liabilities were $1,026, $721, and $1,279 at December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and are included in other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

*Assessment of Potential Impairment of Goodwill*

Goodwill is not amortized but rather is reviewed annually as of the first day of the fourth quarter, or more frequently if indicators arise, for impairment. Such indicators include a decline in expected cash flows, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, unanticipated competition, a decrease in our market capitalization to an amount less than the carrying value of our assets, or slower growth rates, among others. We do not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill.

Goodwill is allocated among and evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. We have two reporting units: the FUEL CHEM segment and the APC technology segment. Goodwill is only related to the FUEL CHEM segment.

Our evaluation of goodwill impairment involves first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. We may bypass this qualitative assessment, or determine that based on our qualitative assessment considering the totality of events and circumstances including macroeconomic factors, industry and market considerations, current and projected financial performance, a sustained decrease in our share price, or other factors, that additional impairment analysis is necessary. This additional analysis involves comparing the current fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. Fuel Tech uses a discounted cash flow (DCF) model to determine the current fair value of its FUEL CHEM reporting unit as this methodology was deemed to best quantify the present values of our expected future cash flows and yield a fair value that should be in line with the aggregate market value placed on the outstanding common stock as reflected by the current stock price multiplied by the outstanding shares of common stock. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model to forecast operating cash flows, including markets and market share, sales volumes and prices, and costs to produce. Events outside our control, specifically market conditions that impact revenue growth assumptions, could significantly impact the fair value calculated. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the fair values of its reporting units are estimated. However, actual fair values that could be realized in an actual transaction may differ from those used to evaluate the impairment of goodwill.

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The application of our DCF model in estimating the fair value of each reporting segment is based on the 'net asset' approach to business valuation. In using this approach for each reportable segment, we forecast segment revenues and expenses out to perpetuity and then discount the resulting cash flows to their present value using an appropriate discount rate. The forecast considers, among other items, the current and expected business environment, expected changes in the fixed and variable cost structure as the business grows, and a revenue growth rate that we feel is both achievable and sustainable. The discount rate used is composed of a number of identifiable risk factors, including equity risk, company size, and certain company-specific risk factors such as our debt-to-equity ratio, among other factors, that when added together, results in a total return that a prudent investor would demand for an investment in our Company. In the event the estimated fair value of a reporting unit per the DCF model is less than the carrying value, we would record an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the reporting unit.

The Company utilizes Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment for the annual goodwill impairment test.

Fuel Tech performed its annual goodwill impairment analysis for its FUEL CHEM reporting unit as of October 1, 2025 and determined that no impairment of goodwill existed within the FUEL CHEM technology segment.

 

*Impairment of Long-Lived Assets*

Under the guidance set forth in Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-08, Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360), long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets (or asset group) may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators exist, we perform a more detailed analysis and an impairment loss is recognized when either estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset (or asset group) and its eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount or the determined fair value is less than the carrying amount. This process of analyzing impairment involves examining the operating condition of individual assets (or asset group) and estimating a fair value based upon current condition, relevant market factors and the remaining estimated operational life compared to the asset's remaining depreciable life. Quoted market prices and other valuation techniques are used to determine expected fair value. We performed a detailed analysis of potential long-lived asset impairment during the fourth quarter of 2025 and determined no impairment exists. There was no impairment recorded during 2025.

A significant portion of our property and equipment is comprised of assets deployed at customer locations relating to our FUEL CHEM technology asset group, and due to the shorter-term duration over which this equipment is depreciated, the likelihood of impairment is mitigated. The discontinuation of a FUEL CHEM program at a customer site would most likely result in the re-deployment of all or most of the affected assets to another customer location rather than an impairment.

*Valuation Allowance for Deferred Income Taxes*

 

Deferred tax assets represent deductible temporary differences and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. At the end of each reporting period, management reviews the realizability of the deferred tax assets. As part of this review, we consider if there are taxable temporary differences that could generate taxable income in the future, if there is the ability to carry back the net operating losses or credits, if there is a projection of future taxable income, and if there are any tax planning strategies that can be readily implemented. As required by ASC 740 'Income Taxes', a valuation allowance must be established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. This assessment resulted in a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets of $14,761 and $13,697 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements**

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public business entities to disclose in the notes to their financial statements disaggregated information about certain costs and expenses in both annual and interim filings. The standard will become effective for the annual reporting period beginning January 1, 2027 for Fuel Tech. The Company is reviewing the impact of this new pronouncement and expects to incorporate the additional disclosures in the relevant footnotes when the ASU is adopted.

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**2025 versus 2024**

Highlights for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 2024:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | For the years ended December 31, | For the years ended December 31, | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| **Revenues** | $26677 | $25133 | $1544 |
| **Costs and expenses:** |  |  |  |
| Cost of sales | 14294 | 14510 | (216) |
| Selling, general and administrative | 14050 | 13761 | 289 |
| Research and development | 2014 | 1564 | 450 |
| Total costs and expenses | 30358 | 29835 | 523 |
| **Operating loss** | (3681) | (4702) | 1021 |
| Interest income | 1415 | 1251 | 164 |
| Other (expense) income, net | (43) | 1585 | (1628) |
| **Loss before income taxes** | (2309) | (1866) | (443) |
| Income tax expense | (15) | (77) | 62 |
| **Net loss** | $(2324) | $(1943) | $(381) |

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**Revenues**

Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $26,677 and $25,133, respectively. The year-over-year increase of $1,544 or 6%, was driven by the increase in FUEL CHEM technology segment revenues, partially offset by a decrease in revenue in our APC technology segment. Our U.S. revenues increased by $3,220, or 18%, from $17,802 in 2024 to $21,022 in 2025, and our international revenues decreased by $1,676, or 23%, from $7,331 in 2024 to $5,655 in 2025.

Revenues for the APC technology segment were $8,908 for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of $2,334, or 21%, versus fiscal 2024. The decrease in APC revenue for the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2025 in comparison to the prior year amount was principally related to the timing of project execution and customer-driven delays in contract awards. Consolidated APC backlog was $7,047 and $6,175 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our backlog at December 31, 2025 consists of U.S. domestic projects totaling $3,411 and international projects totaling $3,636.

Revenues for the FUEL CHEM technology segment for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $17,769, an increase of $3,878, or 28%, versus fiscal 2024. The increase in FUEL CHEM revenue was due primarily to renewed orders from previously dormant customers as well as a full year of revenues from the addition of a new customer in the second half of 2024 following a successful site demonstration. We remain focused on attracting new customers in our FUEL CHEM business for both coal and non-coal applications. Our ability to attract new coal customers continues to be affected by the electric demand market, fuel switching as a result of low natural gas prices, and growth of renewable wind and solar power.

**Cost of sales and gross margin**

Consolidated cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $14,294 and $14,510, respectively. Consolidated gross margin percentages for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were 46% and 42%, respectively. The gross margins for the APC technology segment increased to 43% in 2025 from 37% in 2024. The increase in gross margin in the APC technology segment is primarily due to product and project mix. Gross margin percentage for the FUEL CHEM technology segment increased to 48% from 46% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. This improvement is primarily due to an increase in revenue generation from accounts that had periods of dormancy due to outages in the prior year.

**Selling, general and administrative**

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $14,050 and $13,761, respectively. The increase of $289, or 2%, is primarily attributed to the following:

• An increase in employee related costs of $257

• An increase in travel expense of $38

• An increase in professional services and other expenses of $26

• An increase in office and administrative costs relating to our foreign subsidiaries of $15

• A decrease in depreciation expense of $49

**Depreciation and Amortization**

Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method and included in selling, general and administrative expense. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded depreciation of $663 and $403 and amortization of $36 and $57, respectively.

 **Research and development**

Research and development expenses were $2,014 and $1,564 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The expenditures in our research and development department were focused on new product development efforts in the pursuit of commercial applications for technologies outside of our traditional markets, and in the development and analysis of new technologies that could represent incremental market opportunities. Expenditures were mainly attributed to water treatment technologies and more specifically, our DGI<sup>®</sup> Dissolved Gas Infusion Systems, an innovative alternative to current gas transfer and chemical replacement technologies. This infusion process has a variety of applications in the water and wastewater segments, including irrigation, treatment of natural waters, supply of oxygen for biological remediation, wastewater odor management, pH adjustment, re-carbonization, etc. DGI<sup>®</sup> technology benefits include improved treatment performance and reduced treatment time, and the potential for reduced energy consumption, along with lower installation and operating costs. Third party validation testing of the efficiency of transferring oxygen to a treatment basin has been completed and results have been published.

**Interest income**

Interest income was $1,415 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $1,251 for the same period in 2024. Interest income increased primarily due to $263 of interest received during the year ended December 31, 2025 related to the employee retention credit.

**Other (expense) income, net**

Other expense, net was $43 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to Other income, net of $1,585 for the same period in 2024. Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily relates to bank fees and foreign currency exchange losses. Other income for the same period in 2024 primarily relates to a $1,677 gain recorded related to the employee retention credit.

**Income tax expense**

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded an income tax expense of $15 on pre-tax loss of $2,309. Our effective tax rates were (0.7)% and (2.9)% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded an income tax expense of $77 on pre-tax income of $1,866. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% as a result of establishing a deferred tax liability associated with a certain book-to-tax timing difference.

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**Liquidity and Sources of Capital**

At December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $11,939 (which includes $2,621 of cash equivalents) and working capital of $25,671 versus cash and cash equivalents of $8,510 (which includes $631 of cash equivalents) and working capital of $23,764 at December 31, 2024. We have no outstanding debt other than our outstanding letters of credit, under our Investment Collateral Security agreement with BMO Harris Bank, N.A. (the Investment Collateral Security agreement), which does not have any financial covenants. We expect to continue operating under this arrangement for the foreseeable future.

Operating activities provided cash of $3,016 for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to a decrease in accounts receivable balances of $2,518, the collection of the employee retention credit receivable of $1,677, an increase in accounts payable balances of $258, and adjustments for non-cash items from our net loss from continuing operations for depreciation and amortization of $699 and stock compensation expense of $326, partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses, other current assets, and other non-current assets of $172.

Operating activities used cash of $3,433 for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the employee retention credit receivable of $1,677, an increase in accounts receivable balances of $1,127, a decrease in accrued liabilities and other non-current liabilities of $312, and adjustments for non-cash items from our net loss from continuing operations for non-cash interest income on held-to-maturity securities of $132, partially offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses, other current assets, and other non-current assets of $292, an increase in accounts payable balances of $519, a decrease in inventory balances of $41, and adjustments for non-cash items from our net loss from continuing operations for depreciation and amortization of $460 and stock compensation expense of $446.

Investing activities provided cash of $545 and used cash of $5,443 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 primarily consisted of purchases of HTM debt securities as investments of $12,031 and $18,060, respectively, and the purchases of equipment and patent and other intangible asset related costs of $674 and $378, respectively. Investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were partially funded by the maturities of debt securities of $13,250 and $12,995, respectively.

Financing activities used cash of $222 and $95 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Financing activities in both periods relate to taxes paid on behalf of equity award participants on the vesting of restricted stock units.

We continue to monitor our liquidity needs and in response to our recent periods of net losses have taken measures to reduce expenses and restructure operations which we feel are necessary to ensure we maintain sufficient working capital and liquidity to operate the business and invest in our future. We have evaluated our ongoing business needs and considered the cash requirements of our base business of Air Pollution Control and FUEL CHEM. This evaluation included consideration of customer and revenue trends in our APC and FUEL CHEM business segments, current operating structure and expenditure levels, and other research and development initiatives. Based on this analysis, management believes that currently we have sufficient cash and working capital to operate our base APC and FUEL CHEM businesses. We believe our current cash position and net cash flows expected to be generated from operations are adequate to fund planned operations of the Company for the next 12 months.

We expect capital expenditures in 2026 for the DGI<sup>®</sup> business, maintenance of field equipment, computer and systems, and general office equipment. We expect to fund our capital expenditures with cash from operations or cash on hand.

The Company's investment policy provides for $20,000 in funds at BMO Harris Bank (BMO Harris) to be invested in held-to-maturity debt securities of United States (US) Treasuries, including Notes, Bonds, and Bills, or US Government Agency securities. The funds are held in money market funds until they are invested in those securities. The investments are structured to create a maturity "ladder" where the proceeds from maturities are re-invested to maintain a balance of short- and long-term investments based on the expected business needs. Maturities are between three and thirty-six months.

The Company's Investment Collateral Security agreement with BMO Harris is used for the sole purpose of issuing standby letters of credit and requires us to pledge our investments as collateral for 150% of the aggregate face amount of outstanding standby letters of credit. The Company pays 250 basis points on the face values of outstanding letters of credit. There are no financial covenants set forth in the Investment Collateral Security agreement. At December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding standby letters of credit totaling approximately $2,437 under the Investment Collateral Security agreement. At December 31, 2025, the investments held as collateral totaled $3,655. Fuel Tech is committed to reimbursing the issuing bank for any payments made by the bank under these instruments. The outstanding standby letters of credit mature as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total** | **2026** | **2027** | **Thereafter** |
| Standby letters of credit and bank guarantees | $2437 | $1432 | $969 | $36 |
| Total | $2437 | $1432 | $969 | $36 |

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**ITEM 7A - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK**

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not enter into foreign currency forward contracts or into foreign currency option contracts to manage this risk due to the nature of the transactions involved.

We are also exposed to changes in interest rates primarily due to our debt arrangement (refer to Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements). A hypothetical 100 basis point adverse move in interest rates along the entire interest rate yield curve would not have a materially adverse effect on interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2025.

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**ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA**

**Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Fuel Tech, Inc.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Fuel Tech Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Critical Audit Matter**

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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**Revenue Recognition**

As described in Note 1 of the financial statements, revenue for the Company's Air Pollution Control technology contracts is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the contract compared to the estimated effort to complete the contract. The Company uses a cost-to-cost input method of measuring progress on these contracts. Under the cost-to-cost input measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred.

We identified revenue recognition over time for the Company's Air Pollution Control technology contracts as a critical audit matter because of certain significant assumptions management makes when measuring progress, including assumptions related to expected total costs to complete the contract. Auditing these assumptions involved a high degree of auditor judgment and an increase in audit effort due to the impact these assumptions have on the amount of revenue recognized.

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Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of management's estimation of revenue recognized include the following, among others:

● We evaluated management's ability to accurately forecast project costs by comparing management's prior forecasts of estimated costs to actual results.

● We evaluated management's ability to accurately forecast project costs by comparing a sample of budgeted project costs to source information and obtaining an understanding of how the budget was prepared.

● We selected a sample of customer contracts and evaluated management's calculation of revenue recognized over time by performing the following procedures:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| – | Evaluating whether contract terms that may affect revenue recognition were identified and properly considered and performance obligations were appropriately identified. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| – | Obtaining and reviewing contracts with customers, including change orders to evaluate whether the transaction price was appropriately identified. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| – | Testing management's revenue recognition calculation model for mathematical accuracy. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| – | Assessing the validity of data used in the model for completeness and accuracy by agreeing, on a sample basis, key data inputs to source documents, including job costing reports and project budgets. |

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| |
|:---|
| We have served as the Company's auditor since 2010. |
| /s/ RSM US LLP |
| Chicago, Illinois |
| March 3, 2026 |

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**Fuel Tech, Inc.**

**Consolidated Balance Sheets**

(*in thousands of dollars, except share and per-share data*)

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *December 31,* | *December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $11939 | $8510 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Short-term investments | 12942 | 10184 |
| Accounts receivable, less current expected credit loss of $108 and $106, respectively | 5355 | 9368 |
| Inventories, net | 373 | 397 |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1335 | 1160 |
| Total current assets | 31944 | 29619 |
| Property and equipment, net | 4739 | 5084 |
| Goodwill | 2116 | 2116 |
| Other intangible assets, net | 646 | 327 |
| Right-of-use operating lease assets | 536 | 585 |
| Long-term investments | 6991 | 10875 |
| Other assets | 207 | 191 |
| Total assets | $47179 | $48797 |
| **LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| Accounts payable | $3242 | $2915 |
| Accrued liabilities: |  |  |
| Operating lease liabilities - current | 89 | 77 |
| Employee compensation | 1308 | 1248 |
| Other accrued liabilities | 1634 | 1615 |
| Total current liabilities | 6273 | 5855 |
| Operating lease liabilities - non-current | 491 | 548 |
| Deferred income taxes | 187 | 176 |
| Other liabilities | 296 | 263 |
| Total liabilities | 7247 | 6842 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
| Common stock, $.01 par value, 40,000,000 shares authorized, 32,281,179 and 31,767,329 shares issued, and 31,074,438 and 30,708,273 shares outstanding in 2025 and 2024, respectively | 322 | 317 |
| Additional paid-in capital | 165616 | 165295 |
| Accumulated deficit | (121796) | (119472) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1718) | (1915) |
| Nil coupon perpetual loan notes | 76 | 76 |
| Treasury stock, at cost (Note 5) | (2568) | (2346) |
| Total stockholders' equity | 39932 | 41955 |
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $47179 | $48797 |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 18

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**Fuel Tech, Inc.**

**Consolidated Statements of Operations**

(*in thousands of dollars, except share and per-share data*)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *For the years ended December 31,* | *For the years ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| **Revenues** | $26677 | $25133 |
| **Costs and expenses:** |  |  |
| Cost of sales | 14294 | 14510 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 14050 | 13761 |
| Research and development | 2014 | 1564 |
| Total costs and expenses | 30358 | 29835 |
| **Operating loss** | (3681) | (4702) |
| Interest income | 1415 | 1251 |
| Other (expense) income, net | (43) | 1585 |
| **Loss before income taxes** | (2309) | (1866) |
| Income tax expense | (15) | (77) |
| **Net loss** | $(2324) | $(1943) |
| **Net loss per common share:** |  |  |
| **Basic net loss per common share** | $(0.08) | $(0.06) |
| **Diluted net loss per common share** | $(0.08) | $(0.06) |
| **Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:** |  |  |
| Basic | 30937000 | 30572000 |
| Diluted | 30937000 | 30572000 |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 19

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**Fuel Tech, Inc.**

**Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss**

(*in thousands of dollars*)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *For the years ended December 31,* | *For the years ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Net loss | $(2324) | $(1943) |
| Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | 197 | (167) |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 197 | (167) |
| Comprehensive loss | $(2127) | $(2110) |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 20

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**Fuel Tech, Inc.**

**Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity**

(*in thousands of dollars or shares, as appropriate*)

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Common Stock* | *Common Stock* | *Additional Paid-in* | *Accumulated* | *Accumulated Other Comprehensive* | *Nil Coupon Perpetual Loan* | *Treasury* |  |
|  | *Shares* | *Amount* | *Capital* | *Deficit* | *Loss* | *Notes* | *Stock* | *Total* |
| **Balance at December 31, 2023** | 30385 | 313 | 164853 | (117529) | (1748) | 76 | (2251) | $43714 |
| Net loss | *—* |  |  | (1943) |  |  |  | (1943) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | *—* |  |  |  | (167) |  |  | (167) |
| Stock compensation expense | *—* |  | 446 |  |  |  |  | 446 |
| Common shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units | 406 | 4 | (4) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Taxes paid on behalf of equity award participants | (83) |  |  |  |  |  | (95) | (95) |
| **Balance at December 31, 2024** | **30708** | **317** | **165295** | **(119472)** | **(1915)** | **76** | **(2346)** | $**41955** |
| Net loss | *—* |  |  | (2324) |  |  |  | (2324) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | *—* |  |  |  | 197 |  |  | 197 |
| Stock compensation expense | *—* |  | 326 |  |  |  |  | 326 |
| Common shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units | 514 | 5 | (5) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Taxes paid on behalf of equity award participants | (148) |  |  |  |  |  | (222) | (222) |
| **Balance at December 31, 2025** | **31074** | $**322** | $**165616** | $**(121796)** | $**(1718)** | $**76** | $**(2568)** | $**39932** |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 21

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**Fuel Tech, Inc.**

**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**

(*in thousands of dollars*)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *For the years ended December 31,* | *For the years ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| **OPERATING ACTIVITIES** |  |  |
| Net loss | $(2324) | $(1943) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
| Depreciation | 663 | 403 |
| Amortization | 36 | 57 |
| Loss on disposal of equipment | 2 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-cash interest income on held-to-maturity securities | (62) | (132) |
| Provision for credit losses, net of recoveries |  | (4) |
| Deferred income taxes | 11 | 4 |
| Stock-based compensation, net of forfeitures | 326 | 446 |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| Accounts receivable | 2518 | (1127) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Employee retention credit receivable | 1677 | (1677) |
| Inventories | 26 | 41 |
| Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other non-current assets | (172) | 292 |
| Accounts payable | 258 | 519 |
| Accrued liabilities and other non-current liabilities | 57 | (312) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 3016 | (3433) |
| **INVESTING ACTIVITIES** |  |  |
| Purchases of equipment, patents, and other intangible assets | (674) | (378) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Purchases of debt securities | (12031) | (18060) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Maturities of debt securities | 13250 | 12995 |
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 545 | (5443) |
| **FINANCING ACTIVITIES** |  |  |
| Taxes paid on behalf of equity award participants | (222) | (95) |
| Net cash used in financing activities | (222) | (95) |
| Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash | 90 | (97) |
| **Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents** | 3429 | (9068) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 8510 | 17578 |
| **Cash and cash equivalents at end of period** | $11939 | $8510 |
| Supplemental Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
| Cash income taxes paid, net | $11 | $52 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-cash transfer from other non-current assets to property and equipment |  | 597 |

---

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 22

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**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**

(*in thousands of dollars, except share and per-share data*)

***1.***&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **ORGANIZATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;** 

**Organization**

Fuel Tech, Inc. and subsidiaries ("Fuel Tech", the "Company", "we", "us" or "our") develops and provides proprietary technologies for air pollution control, process optimization, water treatment, and advanced engineering services. Our primary focus is on the worldwide marketing and sale of Air Pollution Control (APC) technologies and our FUEL CHEM program.

The Company's nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction technologies reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from boilers, furnaces and other stationary combustion sources. To reduce NOx emissions, our technologies utilize advanced combustion modification techniques and post-combustion NOx control approaches including non-catalytic, catalytic and combined systems. The Company also provides solutions for the mitigation of particulate matter, including particulate control with electrostatic precipitator products and services, and using Flue Gas Conditioning (FGC) systems which modify the ash properties of particulate for improved collection efficiency. Our FUEL CHEM program is based on proprietary TIFI<sup>®</sup> Targeted In-Furnace™ Injection technology, in combination with advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Chemical Kinetics Modeling (CKM) boiler modeling, in the unique application of specialty chemicals to improve the efficiency, reliability, fuel flexibility, boiler heat rate, and environmental status of combustion units by controlling slagging, fouling, corrosion, and opacity. Water treatment technologies include DGI<sup>®</sup> Dissolved Gas Infusion Systems which utilize a patented gas-infusing saturator vessel and a patent-pending channel injector to deliver supersaturated oxygen-water solutions and potentially other gas-liquid combinations to target process applications or environmental issues within the municipal and industrial water sectors. The infusion process has a variety of potential applications in the water and wastewater treatment sector, including aquaculture, agriculture/horticulture, pulp & paper, tanneries, landfill leachate, irrigation, treatment of natural waters, wastewater odor management as well as supplying oxygen or other gases for biochemical reactions and pH adjustment.

Our business is materially dependent on the continued existence and enforcement of air quality regulations, particularly in the U.S. We have expended significant resources in the research and development of new technologies in building our proprietary portfolio of air pollution control, fuel and boiler treatment chemicals, computer modeling and advanced visualization technologies. Many of Fuel Tech's products and services rely heavily on the Company's CFD modeling capabilities, which are enhanced by internally developed, high-end visualization software.

International revenues were $5,655 and $7,331 for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively. These amounts represented 21% and 29% of Fuel Tech's total revenues for the respective periods of time. Foreign currency changes did *not* have a material impact on the calculation of these percentages. We have a foreign office in Gallarate, Italy.

**Basis of Presentation**

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Fuel Tech and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP). The books and records of subsidiaries located in foreign countries are maintained according to generally accepted accounting principles in those countries. Upon consolidation, the Company evaluates the differences in accounting principles and determines whether adjustments are necessary to convert the foreign financial statements to the accounting principles upon which the consolidated financial statements are based. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated.

**Political, Geopolitical and Unexpected Events** 

Management cannot predict the full impact of political, geopolitical and unexpected events which *may* impact new or existing projects and prices and availability of raw materials, energy and other materials. These events *may* also impact energy and regulatory policy nationally or regionally for the impacted regions. Such disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. The Company continues to monitor the potential impacts on the business.

**Liquidity**

We have experienced net losses in recent years. We continue to monitor our liquidity needs and have taken measures to reduce expenses and restructure operations, which we feel are necessary to ensure we maintain sufficient working capital and liquidity to operate the business and invest in our future. As a result, we have evaluated our ongoing business needs, and considered the cash requirements of our APC and FUEL CHEM businesses. This evaluation included consideration of the following: a) customer and revenue trends in our APC and FUEL CHEM business segments, b) current operating structure and expenditure levels, c) current availability of working capital, and d) support for our research and development initiatives. We believe our current cash position and net cash flows expected to be generated from operations are adequate to fund planned operations of the Company.

**Use of Estimates**

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company uses estimates in accounting for, among other items, revenue recognition, impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, and income tax provisions. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *23*

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**Fair Value Measurements**

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are reasonable estimates of their fair value due to their short-term nature.

We apply authoritative accounting guidance for fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. This guidance defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis and clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the standard establishes a *three*-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

• Level *1* – Observable inputs to the valuation methodology such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level *2* – Inputs to the valuation methodology including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means

• Level *3* – Significant unobservable inputs in which there is little or *no* market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own estimates and assumptions or those expected to be used by market participants. Generally, these fair value measures are model-based valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows, option pricing models, and other commonly used valuation techniques

Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized based on the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. We had *no* assets or liabilities that were valued using level *2* or level *3* inputs and therefore there were *no* transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy during the periods ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

**Cash and cash equivalents**

We consider all highly liquid debt investments with original maturities from the date of purchase of *three* months or less as cash equivalents. Cash equivalents include investments in money market funds. At *December 31, 2025*, we had cash on hand of approximately $515 at our Beijing, China subsidiary that is subject to certain local regulations that *may* limit the immediate availability of these funds outside of China. Cash on hand at our Italy subsidiary totaled approximately $411 at *December 31, 2025*. Cash on hand at our Chilean subsidiary totaled approximately $147 at *December 31, 2025*.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheet that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *December 31, 2025* | *December 31, 2024* |
| Cash | $9318 | $7879 |
| Cash equivalents | 2621 | 631 |
| Total cash and cash equivalents shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | $11939 | $8510 |

---

**Investments**

The Company's investment policy provides for $20,000 in funds at BMO Harris Bank (BMO Harris) to be invested in held-to-maturity debt securities. A portion of the funds invested are restricted as collateral under the Investment Collateral Security agreement (see Note *11*). At *December 31, 2025*, the amount of funds collateralized under the Investment Collateral Security agreement is $3,655 relating to existing standby letters of credit that is comprised of $2,437 with varying maturity dates and expire *no* later than *October 8, 2028.*

Our investments in debt securities consist of United States (US) Treasury securities, including Notes, Bonds, and Bills, and US Government Agency securities, which are designated as held-to-maturity (HTM) and stated at amortized cost. The Company has the positive intent and ability to hold these investments to maturity and does *not* expect to sell any debt securities before maturity to settle an obligation under the Investment Collateral Security agreement. The typical maturities of our HTM investments range from three to thirty-six months. HTM debt investments with original maturities of approximately *three* months or less from the date of purchase are classified within cash and cash equivalents. HTM debt investments with original maturities at the date of purchase greater than approximately *three* months and remaining maturities of less than *one* year are classified as short-term investments. HTM debt investments with remaining maturities beyond *one* year are classified as long-term investments. Interest income, including amortization of premium and accretion of discount, are included on the Consolidated Statements of Operations in Interest income under the effective yield method. Accrued interest is included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Due to the creditworthiness of the entities issuing these securities, there is *no* impairment recorded related to the unrealized losses.

The following table provides the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of our HTM debt securities:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *December 31,* | *December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Held-to-maturity debt securities: |  |  |
| Amortized cost | $19933 | $21059 |
| Gross unrecognized gains | 76 | 50 |
| Gross unrecognized losses |  | (33) |
| Fair value | $20009 | $21076 |

---

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by maturities at *December 31, 2025*:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Amortized Cost* | *Fair Value* |
| Within one year | $12942 | $12981 |
| After one year through two years | 6005 | 6028 |
| After two years through three years | 986 | 1000 |
| Total | $19933 | $20009 |

---

**Foreign Currency Risk Management**

Our earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We do *not* enter into foreign currency forward contracts or into foreign currency option contracts to manage this risk due to the nature of the transactions involved.

**Accounts Receivable**

Accounts receivable consist of amounts due to us in the normal course of our business, are *not* collateralized, and normally do *not* bear interest. Accounts receivable includes contract assets, billings occurring subsequent to revenue recognition under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) *606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers*. At *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, unbilled receivables were approximately $887 and $2,075, respectively. Refer to Note *2* for further detail.

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**Allowance for Credit Losses**

Fuel Tech measures expected credit losses based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts per the guidance set forth in Accounting Standards Update (ASU) *2019*-*10,* Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic *326*), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic *815*), and Leases (Topic *842*). For trade receivables and other financial instruments, we use a forward-looking expected loss model for recognizing credit losses which reflects losses that are probable.

For the general risk categories, the Company uses historical losses over a fixed period, excluding certain write-off activity that was *not* considered credit loss events, to determine the historical credit loss. Historical loss rates are then adjusted to consider current economic conditions, and past, current, and future events and circumstances when determining expected credit losses. Investments in financial assets issued by US Government and Government Agency are considered as having *zero* expected credit losses and are excluded from the allowance for credit loss calculation.

The allowance for credit losses is our management's best estimate of the amount of credit losses in accounts receivable. At the end of each reporting period, the allowance for credit losses balance is reviewed relative to management's assessment and is adjusted if deemed necessary. Bad debt write-offs are made when management believes it is probable a receivable will *not* be recovered. The table below sets forth the components of the Allowance for Credit Losses for the years ended *December 31.*

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>Year</u> | *Balance at January 1* | *Provision charged to expense* | *Write-offs / Recoveries* | *Balance at December 31* |
| 2024 | $111 | $– $| (5) | $106 |
| 2025 | $106 | $– $| 2 | $108 |

---

**Prepaid expenses and other current assets**

Prepaid expenses and other current assets are short-term commitments of typically *three* to *six* months for future payments and can be redeemed at a discount or applied to future vendor payments.

**Inventories**

Inventories consist primarily of equipment constructed for resale and spare parts and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using the weighted-average cost method. At *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, inventory included equipment constructed for resale of $176 and $176, respectively, and spare parts, net of reserves of $197 and $221, respectively. Usage is recorded in cost of sales in the period that parts were issued to a project, used to service equipment, or sold to customers. Equipment constructed for resale that is in process is recorded in Other assets. In process equipment for inventory recorded as other assets was $53 and $44 as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively.

Inventories are periodically evaluated to identify obsolete or otherwise impaired parts and are written off when management determines usage is *not* probable. The Company estimates the balance of excess and obsolete inventory by analyzing inventory by age using last used and original purchase date and existing sales pipeline for which the inventory could be used. The excess and obsolete inventory reserve balance was $613 at *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

**Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions**

Assets and liabilities of consolidated foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at year end. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Gains or losses on foreign currency transactions and the related tax effects are reflected in net loss. The resulting translation adjustments are included in stockholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

**Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *December 31,* | *December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| **Foreign currency translation** |  |  |
| Balance at beginning of period | $(1915) | $(1748) |
| Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments (1) | 197 | (167) |
| Balance at end of period | $(1718) | $(1915) |
| **Total accumulated other comprehensive loss** | $(1718) | $(1915) |

---

(*1*) In all periods presented, there were *no* tax impacts related to functional currency translation adjustments.

**Research and Development**

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, except in the case of costs incurred related to capitalizable equipment. Research and development projects funded by customer contracts are reported as part of cost of goods sold. Internally funded research and development expenses are reported as operating expenses.

**Product/System Warranty**

We typically warrant our air pollution control products and systems against defects in design, materials and workmanship for one to two years. A provision for estimated future costs relating to warranty expense is recorded when the products/systems become commercially operational.

**Goodwill**

Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or *one* level below an operating segment. Goodwill of our reporting units is assigned upon acquisition after considering the nature of the net assets giving rise to the goodwill and how each reporting unit would enjoy the benefits and synergies of the net assets acquired. We have two reporting units for goodwill evaluation purposes: the FUEL CHEM technology reporting unit and the APC technology reporting unit. There is *no* goodwill associated with our APC technology reporting unit. The entire goodwill balance of $2,116 was allocated to the FUEL CHEM technology reporting unit as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

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Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually as of the *first* day of our *fourth* quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value *may not* be recoverable. Our evaluation of goodwill impairment involves *first* assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than *not* that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. We *may* bypass this qualitative assessment, or determine that based on our qualitative assessment considering the totality of events and circumstances including macroeconomic factors, industry and market considerations, current and projected financial performance, a sustained decrease in our share price, or other factors, that additional impairment analysis is necessary. This additional analysis involves comparing the current fair value of our reporting units to their carrying values. We use a discounted cash flow (DCF) model to determine the current fair value of our FUEL CHEM reporting unit. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model to forecast operating cash flows, including markets and market share, sales volumes and prices, and costs to produce. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the fair values of its reporting units are estimated. However, actual fair values that could be realized in an actual transaction *may* differ from those used to evaluate the impairment of goodwill. Fuel Tech performed its annual goodwill impairment analysis as of *October 1, 2025* and determined that *no* impairment of goodwill existed. The Company did not recognize a charge for goodwill impairment for the periods ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

**Other Intangible Assets**

Management reviews other finite-lived intangible assets, patent assets, trade names, and lease assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group *may not* be recoverable. In the event that impairment indicators exist, a further analysis is performed and if the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset or asset group is less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset or asset group's carrying value over its fair value is recorded. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the estimates of future cash flows are made, however, the actual cash values that could be realized *may* differ from those that are estimated.

During the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, Fuel Tech recorded *no* patent or trademark abandonment charges.

Third-party costs related to the development of patents are included within other intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The *third*-party costs capitalized as patent costs during the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024* were $5 and $26, respectively. Third-party costs are comprised of legal fees that relate to the review and preparation of patent disclosures and filing fees incurred to present the patents to the required governing body.

Our intellectual property portfolio has been a significant building block for the APC and FUEL CHEM technology segments. The patents are essential to the generation of revenue for our businesses and are essential to protect us from competition in the markets in which we serve. These costs are being amortized on the straight-line method over the period beginning with the patent issuance date and ending on the patent expiration date. Patent maintenance fees are charged to operations as incurred.

On *October 3, 2025* the Company finalized an Asset Purchase Agreement with Wahlco, Inc. for the acquisition of certain assets for $350. Acquired assets include intellectual property, electronic files and records and engineering and designs in support of the intellectual property acquired. This transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition under ASC *805,* Business Combinations and the purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired as required by the standard. *No* goodwill was recorded related to the transaction. Acquired assets are included in Other intangible assets, net on the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended *December 31, 2025.* As part of the acquisition, $10 of the transaction price was allocated to a patent asset, which expires in *2034* and is included in Patent assets in the 'Description of Other Intangibles' below. The remaining transaction price of $340 was allocated to the other intellectual property acquired and is included in Other intangible assets in the 'Description of Other Intangibles' below. The carrying value of this intellectual property will be amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 10 years.

Amortization expense from continuing operations for intangible assets was $36 and $57 for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively. The table below shows the amortization period and other intangible asset cost by intangible asset as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, and the accumulated amortization and net intangible asset value in total for all other intangible assets.

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | *2025* | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* | *2024* |
| <u>Description of Other Intangibles</u> | *Amortization Period (years)* | *Gross Carrying Amount* | *Accumulated Amortization* | *Net Carrying Amount* | *Gross Carrying Amount* | *Accumulated Amortization* | *Net Carrying Amount* |
| Patent assets | 1 - 20 | 867 | (561) | 306 | 852 | (525) | 327 |
| Other intangible assets | 10 | 340 |  | 340 |  |  |  |
| Total |  | $1207 | $(561) | $646 | $852 | $(525) | $327 |

---

The table below shows the estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <u>Year</u> | *Estimated Amortization Expense* |
| 2026 | $70 |
| 2027 | 70 |
| 2028 | 70 |
| 2029 | 65 |
| 2030 | 60 |
| Thereafter | 311 |
| Total | $646 |

---

**Property and Equipment**

Property and equipment is stated at historical cost and does *not* include capital in process expenditures yet to be capitalized. Provisions for depreciation are computed by the straight-line method, using estimated useful lives that range based on the nature of the asset. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the associated lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Depreciation expense was $663 and $403 for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively. The table below shows the depreciable life and cost by asset class as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, and the accumulated depreciation and net book value in total for all classes of assets.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>Description of Property and Equipment</u> | *Depreciable Life (years)* | *2025* | *2024* |
| Land |  | $1050 | $1050 |
| Building | 39 | 3950 | 3950 |
| Building and leasehold improvements | 3 - 39 | 2704 | 2677 |
| Field equipment | 3 - 4 | 13037 | 13004 |
| Computer equipment and software | 2 - 3 | 2057 | 2017 |
| Furniture and fixtures | 3 - 10 | 1318 | 1305 |
| Vehicles | 5 | 37 | 37 |
| Construction in process |  | 19 | 2 |
| Total cost |  | 24172 | 24042 |
| Less accumulated depreciation |  | (19433) | (18958) |
| Total net book value |  | $4739 | $5084 |

---

Property and equipment is reviewed for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets (or asset group) *may not* be recoverable. If impairment indicators exist, we perform a more detailed analysis and an impairment loss is recognized when estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset (or asset group) and its eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount. This process of analyzing impairment involves examining the operating condition of individual assets (or asset group) and estimating a fair value based upon current condition, relevant market factors and remaining estimated operational life compared to the asset's remaining depreciable life. Quoted market prices and other valuation techniques are used to determine expected cash flows. We performed a detailed analysis of potential long-lived asset impairment during the *fourth* quarter of *2025* and determined *no* impairment exists. There was no impairment recorded during *2025* or *2024*.

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**Revenue Recognition**

 

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is *not* separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, *not* distinct. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.

*Air Pollution Control Technology*

Fuel Tech's APC contracts are typically eight to twenty months in length. A typical contract will have *three* or *four* critical operational measurements that, when achieved, serve as the basis for us to invoice the customer via progress billings. At a minimum, these measurements will include the generation of engineering drawings, the shipment of equipment and the completion of a system performance test.

As part of most of its contractual APC project agreements, Fuel Tech will agree to customer-specific acceptance criteria that relate to the operational performance of the system that is being sold. These criteria are determined based on modeling that is performed by Fuel Tech personnel, which is based on operational inputs that are provided by the customer. The customer will warrant that these operational inputs are accurate as they are specified in the binding contractual agreement. Further, the customer is solely responsible for the accuracy of the operating condition information; typically all performance guarantees and equipment warranties granted by us are voidable if the operating condition information is inaccurate or is *not* met.

Since control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the single performance obligation. Fuel Tech uses the cost-to-cost input measure of progress for our contracts since it best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the cost-to-cost input measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill include all internal and external engineering costs, equipment charges, inbound and outbound freight expenses, internal and site transfer costs, installation charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, warehousing costs, project personnel travel expenses and other direct and indirect expenses specifically identified as project- or product-line related, as appropriate (e.g. test equipment depreciation and certain insurance expenses).

Fuel Tech's APC product line also includes ancillary revenue for post contractual goods and services. Revenue associated with these activities are recognized at point in time when delivery of goods or completion of the service obligation is performed.

Fuel Tech normally provides performance guarantees to our customers based on the operating conditions for the project. As part of the project implementation process, we perform system start-up and optimization services that effectively serve as a test of actual project performance. We believe that this test, combined with the accuracy of the modeling that is performed, enables revenue to be recognized prior to the receipt of formal customer acceptance.

*FUEL CHEM*

 

Revenues from the sale of chemical products are recognized when control transfers to customer upon shipment or delivery of the product based on the applicable shipping terms. We generally recognize revenue for these arrangements at a point in time based on our evaluation of when the customer obtains control of the promised goods or services.

 

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**Cost of Sales**

Cost of sales includes all internal and external engineering costs, equipment and chemical charges, inbound and outbound freight expenses, internal and site transfer costs, installation charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, warehousing costs, project personnel travel expenses and other direct and indirect expenses specifically identified as project- or product line-related, as appropriate (e.g., test equipment depreciation and certain insurance expenses). Certain depreciation and amortization expenses related to tangible and intangible assets, respectively, are allocated to cost of sales. We classify shipping and handling costs in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations.

**Selling, General and Administrative Expenses**

Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include the following categories except where an allocation to the cost of sales line item is warranted due to the project- or product-line nature of a portion of the expense category: salaries and wages, employee benefits, non-project travel, insurance, legal, rent, accounting and auditing, recruiting, telephony, employee training, Board of Directors' fees, auto rental, office supplies, dues and subscriptions, utilities, real estate taxes, commissions and bonuses, marketing materials, postage and business taxes. Departments comprising the selling, general and administrative line item primarily include the functions of executive management, finance and accounting, investor relations, regulatory affairs, marketing, business development, information technology, human resources, sales, legal and general administration.

**Income Taxes**

The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, the provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable (or received or receivable) for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid, and result from differences between the financial and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than *not* that a tax benefit will *not* be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all potential sources of taxable income, including income available in carryback periods, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projections of taxable income, and income from tax planning strategies, as well as all available positive and negative evidence. Positive evidence includes factors such as a history of profitable operations, projections of future profitability within the carryforward period, including from tax planning strategies, and our experience with similar operations. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses, projections of future losses, or carryforward periods that are *not* long enough to allow for the utilization of a deferred tax asset based on existing projections of income. Deferred tax assets for which *no* valuation allowance is recorded *may not* be realized upon changes in facts and circumstances.

Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return are recorded when such benefits meet a more likely than *not* threshold. Otherwise, these tax benefits are recorded when a tax position has been effectively settled, which means that the statute of limitation has expired or the appropriate taxing authority has completed their examination even though the statute of limitations remains open. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized.

**Leases**

The Company applies the provisions of ASC *842,* Leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception by evaluating whether the arrangement conveys the right to use an identified asset and whether the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from and has the ability to direct the use of the asset. Right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Operating ROU assets also include the impact of any lease incentives. Operating leases are included in right-of-use operating lease assets, operating lease liabilities - current, and operating lease liabilities - non-current on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do *not* provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Our lease terms *may* include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and we elected the practical expedient to *not* separate lease and non-lease components for the majority of our leases. For certain equipment leases, such as vehicles, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. We also elected the practical expedient for leases with an initial term of *12* months or less.

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**Stock-Based Compensation**

Our stock-based employee compensation plan, referred to as the Fuel Tech, Inc. *2024* Long-Term Incentive Plan (*2024* Plan), was adopted in *June 2024* and replaced our prior incentive plan which was approved by our stockholders in *2014* (LTIP). No further grants will be made from the LTIP. Awards granted under the LTIP that were outstanding upon adoption of the *2024* Plan will be added to the shares available to be used for future awards to participants in the Incentive Plans if the awards are forfeited or otherwise canceled or upon expiration. The *2024* Plan and LTIP are referred to collectively as the Incentive Plans.

The Incentive Plans allow for awards to be granted to participants in the form of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance awards, and bonuses or other forms of share-based or non-share-based awards or combinations thereof. Participants in the Incentive Plans *may* be our directors, officers, employees, consultants or advisors (except consultants or advisors in capital-raising transactions) as the directors determine are key to the success of our business. There are a maximum of 2,883,057 shares that *may* be issued or reserved for awards to participants under the Incentive Plans as of *December 31, 2025*. Based on the existing issued or reserved awards under the Incentive Plans, there are 2,668,885 shares available to be used for future awards to participants in the Incentive Plans as of *December 31, 2025*.

**Defined Contribution Plan**

We have a retirement savings plan available for all our U.S. employees who have met minimum length-of-service requirements. Our contributions are determined based upon amounts contributed by the employees with additional contributions made at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Costs related to this plan were $264 and $249 in *2025* and *2024*, respectively.

**Basic and Diluted Earnings per Common Share**

Basic earnings per share excludes the antidilutive effects of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), warrants, and the *nil* coupon non-redeemable convertible unsecured loan notes (see Note *6*). Diluted earnings per share includes the dilutive effect of the *nil* coupon non-redeemable convertible unsecured loan notes, RSUs, warrants, and unexercised in-the-money stock options, except in periods of net loss where the effect of these instruments is antidilutive. Out-of-the-money stock options and warrants are excluded from diluted earnings per share because they are unlikely to be exercised and would be anti-dilutive if they were exercised. At *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, basic earnings per share is equal to diluted earnings per share because all outstanding stock awards, warrants, and convertible loan notes are considered anti-dilutive during periods of net loss. At *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, we had weighted-average outstanding equity awards of 66,600 and 168,900, respectively, and 2,850,000 warrants in both periods, which were antidilutive or represent out-of-the-money options for the purpose of calculation of the diluted earnings per share. As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, 260,600 and 274,900 incremental equity awards were antidilutive, respectively, because of the net loss in the year then ended. These equity awards could potentially dilute basic EPS in future years.

The table below sets forth the weighted-average shares used at *December 31,* in calculating earnings (loss) per share:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
| Basic weighted-average shares |  | 30937000 |  | 30572000 |
| Conversion of unsecured loan notes |  |  |  |  |
| Unexercised options and unvested restricted stock units |  |  |  |  |
| Diluted weighted-average shares |  | 30937000 |  | 30572000 |

---

**Risk Concentrations**

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. However, management believes the Company is *not* exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of its primary depository institution where a significant portion of its deposits are held.

For the year ended *December 31, 2025*, we had three customers which individually represented greater than *10%* of revenues. These three customers contributed revenues to the FUEL CHEM technology segment. In total these *three* customers represented 43% of consolidated revenues. We had *no* customer that accounted for greater than *10%* of our current assets as of *December 31, 2025*.

For the year ended *December 31, 2024*, we had two customers which individually represented greater than *10%* of revenues. These two customers contributed revenues to the FUEL CHEM technology segment. In total these *two* customers represented 27% of consolidated revenues. We had *no* customer that accounted for greater than *10%* of our current assets as of *December 31, 2024*.

We control credit risk through requiring milestone payments on long-term contracts, performing ongoing credit evaluations of its customers, and in some cases obtaining security for payment through bank guarantees and letters of credit.

Our FUEL CHEM technology segment is dependent, in part, upon a supply of magnesium hydroxide. Any adverse changes in the availability of this chemical will likely have an adverse impact on ongoing operation of our FUEL CHEM programs. Our supplier of magnesium hydroxide, Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, LLC (MMMS) assures the continuance of a stable supply from MMMS of magnesium hydroxide products for our requirements in the U.S. and Canada. MMMS supplies us with magnesium hydroxide products manufactured pursuant to our specifications and we have agreed to purchase from MMMS, and MMMS has agreed to supply, *100%* of our requirements for such magnesium hydroxide products for our customers who purchase such products for delivery in the U.S. and Canada. There can be *no* assurance that we will be able to obtain a stable source of magnesium hydroxide in markets outside the U.S.

**Treasury Stock**

We use the cost method to account for common stock repurchases. During the year ended *December 31, 2025*, we withheld 147,685 shares of our common stock, valued at approximately $222, to settle personal tax withholding obligations that arose as a result of restricted stock units that vested. During the year ended *December 31, 2024* we withheld 83,050 shares of our common stock, valued at approximately $95, to settle personal tax withholding obligations that arose as a result of restricted stock units that vested. Refer to Note *5,* "Treasury Stock," for further discussion.

**Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements**

In *November 2024,* the FASB issued ASU *2024*-*03,* Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic *220*-*40*): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public business entities to disclose in the notes to their financial statements disaggregated information about certain costs and expenses in both annual and interim filings. The standard will become effective for the annual reporting period beginning *January 1, 2027* for Fuel Tech. The Company is reviewing the impact of this new pronouncement and expects to incorporate the additional disclosures in the relevant footnotes when the ASU is adopted.

**CARES Act**

On *March 27, 2020,* the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") to provide certain relief as a result of the COVID-*19* pandemic. The CARES Act provides tax relief, along with other stimulus measures, including a provision for an Employee Retention Credit ("ERC"), which allows for employers to claim a refundable tax credit against the employer share of Social Security tax for qualifying periods in *2020* and *2021.* Under the provisions of the CARES Act, the Company is eligible for a refundable employee retention credit subject to certain criteria.

As there is *no* authoritative guidance under U.S. GAAP on accounting for government assistance to for-profit business entities, we account for the ERC by analogy to International Accounting Standard ("IAS") *20,* Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. In accordance with IAS *20,* management determined it has reasonable assurance for receipt of the ERC and recorded the ERC benefit of $1,677 as other income on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended *December 31, 2024* and as a component of Accounts Receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of *December 31, 2024.* The full ERC receivable was collected in *2025* and is included in Net cash provided by operating activities on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

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***2.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; REVENUE RECOGNITION**

*Disaggregated Revenue by Product Technology*

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by product technology:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Twelve Months Ended December 31,* | *Twelve Months Ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| **Air Pollution Control** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Technology solutions | $5420 | $7897 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Spare parts | 1739 | 1616 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ancillary revenue | 1749 | 1729 |
| **Total Air Pollution Control technology** | 8908 | 11242 |
| **FUEL CHEM** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; FUEL CHEM technology solutions | 17769 | 13891 |
| **Total Revenues** | $26677 | $25133 |

---

*Disaggregated Revenue by Geography*

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography, based on the location of the end-user:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Twelve Months Ended December 31,* | *Twelve Months Ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| United States | $21022 | $17802 |
| **Foreign Revenues** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Americas | 707 | 924 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Europe | 2239 | 2146 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; South Africa | 318 | 2570 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pacific Rim and other | 2391 | 1691 |
| **Total Foreign Revenues** | 5655 | 7331 |
| **Total Revenues** | $26677 | $25133 |

---

*Timing of Revenue Recognition*

The following table presents the timing of our revenue recognition:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Twelve Months Ended December 31,* | *Twelve Months Ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Products transferred at a point in time | $21257 | $17236 |
| Products and services transferred over time | 5420 | 7897 |
| **Total Revenues** | $26677 | $25133 |

---

*Contract Balances*

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In our APC technology segment, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. These assets are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. At *December 31, 2025*, *2024*, and *2023* contract assets for APC technology projects were approximately $887, $2,075, and $2,285, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

However, the Company will periodically bill in advance of costs incurred before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These liabilities are reported on the consolidated balance sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Contract liabilities were $1,026, $721, and $1,279 at *December 31, 2025*, *2024*, and *2023*, respectively, and are included in other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Changes in the contract asset and liability balances during the year ended *December 31, 2025*, were *not* materially impacted by any other items other than amounts billed and revenue recognized as described previously. Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period was $557 and $1,276 for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively, which represented primarily revenue from progress toward completion of our APC technology contracts.

As of *December 31, 2025* and *2024* we had no construction contracts in progress that were identified as a loss contract.

*Remaining Performance Obligations*

Remaining performance obligations, represents the transaction price of APC technology booked orders for which work has *not* been performed. As of *December 31, 2025*, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $7,047. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately $6,032 of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months with the remaining recognized thereafter.

*Practical Expedients and Exemptions*

We generally expense sales commissions on a ratable basis when incurred because the amortization period would have been *one* year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. A practical expedient was elected to *not* recognize shipping and handling costs as a separate performance obligation under ASC *606.*

 

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*Accounts Receivable*

 

The components of accounts receivable are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of* | *As of* |
|  | *December 31, 2025* | *December 31, 2024* |
| Trade receivables | $4494 | $5375 |
| Unbilled receivables | 887 | 2075 |
| Receivable for employee retention credit |  | 1677 |
| Other short-term receivables | 82 | 347 |
| Allowance for credit losses | (108) | (106) |
| Total accounts receivable | $5355 | $9368 |

---

***3.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; INCOME TAXES**

Within the calculation of the Company's annual effective tax rate, the Company has used assumptions and estimates that *may* change as a result of future guidance, interpretation, and rule-making from the Internal Revenue Service, the SEC, and the FASB and/or various other taxing jurisdictions. For example, the Company anticipates that the state jurisdictions will continue to determine and announce their conformity to the U.S. Tax Act which could have an impact on the annual effective tax rate.

On *August 16, 2022,* President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of *2022,* which, among other things, imposes a new *15%* corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) based on audited financial statement income ("AFSI") applicable to corporations with a *three*-year average AFSI over *$1* billion. The AMT was effective starting with the *2023* tax year and, if applicable, corporations must pay the greater of the regular corporate income tax or the AMT. Although NOL carryforwards created through the regular corporate income tax system cannot be used to reduce the AMT, financial statement net operating losses can be used to reduce AFSI and the amount of AMT owed. The IRA of *2022* as enacted requires the U.S. Treasury to provide regulations and other guidance necessary to administer the AMT, including further defining allowable adjustments to determine AFSI, which directly impacts the amount of AMT to be paid. Based on interim guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury in late *December 2022,* the Company was *not* subject to the AMT in the years *2023* through *2025.* Further, the Company believes that it is more likely than *not* it will *not* be subject to the AMT beginning *2026.* The Company continues to evaluate the impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act of *2022* but does *not* expect this legislation to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

For tax years beginning after *December 31, 2024,* taxpayers can make an election with respect to research and experimental (R&E) expenditures incurred in connection with a trade or business to either currently deduct or defer and amortize such expenditures over a period of *not* less than *60* months under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). For tax years beginning before *December 31, 2024* and after *January 1, 2022,* the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of *2017* (TCJA) required taxpayers to capitalize R&E expenditures with R&E expenditures attributable to US-based research to be amortized over a period of *five* years and R&E expenditures attributable to research conducted outside of the US to be amortized over a period of *15* years. Further, the statute provided that the definition of R&E expenditures includes amounts paid or incurred in connection with the development of any software. The Company has recorded a deferred tax asset of $1,920 related to research and experimental expenditures for the year ending *December 31, 2025.*

The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of *2017,* or the Tax Act, imposed a mandatory transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings as of *December 31, 2017* and created a new territorial tax system in which we recognize the tax impact of including certain foreign earnings in U.S. taxable income as a period cost. For the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024,* we incurred income tax expense under the global intangible low-taxed income, or GILTI, provisions and have treated it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred.

The components of loss before taxes for the years ended *December 31,* are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>Origin of loss before taxes</u> | *2025* | *2024* |
| United States | $(2268) | $(1740) |
| Foreign | (41) | (126) |
| Loss before income taxes | $(2309) | $(1866) |

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Significant components of income tax expense for the years ended *December 31,* are as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Current: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Federal | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; State | (4) | (51) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign |  | (22) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total current | (4) | (73) |
| Deferred: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Federal |  | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; State | (11) | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total deferred | (11) | (4) |
| Income tax expense | $(15) | $(77) |

---

ASC *740* requires entities to annually disaggregate the income tax rate reconciliation between the following *nine* categories by both percentages and reporting currency amounts. A reconciliation between the provision for income taxes calculated at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and the consolidated income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended *December 31, 2025* is as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Amount* | *Percentage* |
| Provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate | (485) | 21.0% |
| State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect |  |  |
| IL state and local income tax | 12 | (0.6)% |
| All other state and local income tax | 3 | (0.1)% |
| Foreign tax effects, including foreign valuation allowance | 9 | (0.4)% |
| Effect of changes in tax laws or rates enacted in the current period |  | —% |
| Effect of cross-border tax laws | (17) | 0.7% |
| Tax credits |  |  |
| R&D tax credits | (202) | 8.8% |
| Other tax credits | 6 | (0.3)% |
| Changes in valuation allowances (federal only) | 612 | (26.4)% |
| Nontaxable or nondeductible items |  |  |
| Stock compensation | (44) | 1.9% |
| Other | 26 | (1.2)% |
| Changes in unrecognized tax benefits |  | —% |
| Other adjustments: deferred revenue | 73 | (3.1)% |
| Other adjustments | 22 | (1.0)% |
| Income tax expense | 15 | (0.7)% |

---

A reconciliation between the provision for income taxes calculated at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and the consolidated income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended *December 31, 2024* is as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | *2024* |
| Provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate | 21.0% |
| State taxes, net of federal benefit | 4.9% |
| Foreign tax rate differential | 0.2% |
| Valuation allowance | 105.6% |
| Chile outside basis differential | (0.8)% |
| Accrual to return | 2.1% |
| Research and development credit | 11.2% |
| State rate change | 0.9% |
| Share based compensation | (9.0)% |
| Net Operating Loss expiration | (144.3)% |
| Other Deferred true up | 6.4% |
| Other | (2.3)% |
| Income tax expense effective rate | (4.1)% |

---

The deferred tax assets and liabilities at *December 31* are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
| Stock compensation expense | $36 | $80 |
| Royalty accruals | 9 | 10 |
| Bad debt allowance | 52 | 51 |
| Net operating loss carryforwards | 10192 | 9067 |
| Credit carry-forwards | 1668 | 1472 |
| Inventory reserve | 157 | 154 |
| Depreciation | 402 | 433 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Research and Development Costs | 1920 | 2233 |
| Other | 569 | 399 |
| Total deferred tax assets | 15005 | 13899 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goodwill | (353) | (296) |
| Intangible assets | (78) | (82) |
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (431) | (378) |
| Net deferred tax asset before valuation allowance | 14574 | 13521 |
| Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets | (14761) | (13697) |
| Net deferred tax liability | $(187) | $(176) |

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The change in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for the years ended *December 31* is as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>Year</u> | *Balance at January 1* | *Charged to costs and expenses* | *(Deductions)/Other* | *Balance at December 31* |
| 2024 | $15699 | (2002) | – $| 13697 |
| 2025 | $13697 | 1064 | – $| 14761 |

---

For the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, there were $0 and $0 exercises of stock options, respectively.

As required by ASC *740,* we recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than *not* sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-*not* threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than *50%* likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefit.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Year | Balance at January 1 | Change in positions taken in a current period | Balance at December 31 |
| 202 | $326 | 144 | $470 |
| 2025 | $470 | 85 | $555 |

---

Income taxes paid (net of refunds) by jurisdiction are as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* |
| Federal | $— |
| State | 11 |
| Foreign |  |
| Total | $11 |

---

Income taxes paid (net of refunds) exceeded *5%* of total income taxes paid (net of refunds) in the following jurisdictions:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | 2025 |
| California | $1 |
| Louisiana | (1) |
| New Jersey | 2 |
| Pennsylvania | 7 |
| Other | 2 |
| Total | $11 |

---

If upon examination interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits were assessed, they would be included in income tax expense for all periods presented. There were no interest and penalties recognized in income tax expense during the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*. There were *no* unrecognized tax benefits as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*. There is unrecognized tax benefit of $555 and $470 for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024,* respectively, that would impact the future effective tax rate, if recognized. We believe the unrecognized tax benefit will change in the next *twelve* months, either due to the generation or utilization of research and development credits. We are unable to estimate the amount of change. Tax years *December 31, 2015* through *December 31, 2025* remain open to assessment related to the unrecognized tax benefit.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S., various states, and in non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our U.S. income tax returns are primarily subject to examination from 2022 through *2024;* however, U.S. tax authorities also have the ability to review prior tax years to the extent loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards are utilized. The open years for the non-U.S. tax returns range from 2017 through *2024* based on local statutes.

Management periodically estimates our probable tax obligations using historical experience in tax jurisdictions and informed judgments. There are inherent uncertainties related to the interpretation of tax regulations in the jurisdictions in which we transact business. The judgments and estimates made at a point in time *may* change based on the outcome of tax audits, as well as changes to or further interpretations of regulations. If such changes take place, there is a risk that the tax rate *may* increase or decrease in any period. Tax accruals for tax liabilities related to potential changes in judgments and estimates for both federal and state tax issues are included in current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

The investment in foreign subsidiaries other than Fuel Tech S.p.A (Chile) and Beijing Fuel Tech is considered to be indefinite in duration and therefore we have *not* provided a provision for deferred U.S. income taxes on the unremitted earnings from those subsidiaries. A provision has *not* been established because it is *not* practicable to determine the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability for such unremitted foreign earnings and because it is our present intention to reinvest the undistributed earnings indefinitely.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As required by ASC *740,* a valuation allowance must be established when it is more likely than *not* that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will *not* be realized. We have approximately $30,357 of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards available to offset future U.S. taxable income as of *December 31, 2025*. The net operating loss carry-forwards related to tax losses generated in years ending *December 31, 2018* and before in the U.S. totaling $8,040 begin to expire in *2036.* Further, we have tax loss carry-forwards of approximately $6,361 available to offset future foreign income in Italy as of *December 31, 2025*. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset because we cannot anticipate when or if this entity will have taxable income sufficient to utilize the net operating losses in the future. There is *no* expiration of the net operating loss carry-forwards related to tax losses generated in prior years in Italy. Finally, we have tax loss carry-forwards of approximately $1,087 available to offset future foreign income in China as of *December 31, 2025*.

As of *December 31, 2019,* the investment in Fuel Tech S.p.A (Chile) was *no* longer considered to be indefinite and a provision for deferred U.S. income taxes was recorded. As of *December 31, 2024*, the provision for deferred U.S. income taxes related to the Fuel Tech S.p.A (Chile) investment was $136. As of *December 31, 2025*, Fuel Tech S.p.A (Chile) was still included in continuing operations. As a result an additional $23 was recorded, adjusting the total consideration to $159. The deferred income taxes associated with this investment are offset by a valuation allowance of ($159).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *33*

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***4.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; COMMON STOCK**

At *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively, we had 32,281,179 and 31,767,329 shares of common stock issued and 31,074,438 and 30,708,273 shares outstanding, with an additional 6,715 shares reserved for issuance upon conversion of the *nil* coupon non-redeemable convertible unsecured loan notes (see Note *6*). As of *December 31, 2025*, we had 2,883,057 shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise or vesting of equity awards, of which 71,000 are stock options that are currently exercisable (see Note *8*).

***5.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TREASURY STOCK**

Common stock held in treasury totaled 1,206,741 and 1,059,056 with a cost of $2,568 and $2,346 at *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively. These shares were withheld from employees to settle personal tax withholding obligations that arose as a result of vested restricted stock units.

***6.***&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ***NIL* COUPON NON-REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE UNSECURED LOAN NOTES**

At *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, we had a principal amount of $76 of *nil* coupon non-redeemable convertible unsecured perpetual loan notes (Loan Notes) outstanding. The Loan Notes are convertible at any time into common stock at rates of $6.50 and $11.43 per share, depending on the note. As of *December 31, 2025*, the *nil* coupon loan notes were convertible into 6,715 shares of common stock. Based on our closing stock price of $1.56 at *December 31, 2025*, the aggregate fair value of the common stock that the holders would receive if all the loan notes were converted would be approximately $10, which is less than the principal amount of the loans outstanding as of that date. The Loan Notes bear no interest and have *no* maturity date. They are repayable in the event of our dissolution and the holders do *not* have the option to cash-settle the notes. Accordingly, they have been classified within stockholders' equity in the accompanying balance sheets. The notes do *not* hold distribution or voting rights unless and until converted into common stock.

For the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, there were no Loan Notes repurchased by the Company.

***7.* WARRANTS**

On *February 11, 2021,* Fuel Tech entered into a securities purchase agreement to issue and sell, in a private placement, 5,000,000 shares of common stock and 2,500,000 warrants exercisable for a total of 2,500,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $5.10 per Warrant Share, at a purchase price of $5.1625 per Share and associated warrant. The Warrants expire on the five and *one*-half year anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement registering the Warrant Shares for resale. In addition, the Company issued to the placement agent Warrants to purchase up to 350,000 shares of common stock. The Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $6.45 per share of common stock and expire on the five and *one*-half year anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement registering the Shares and the Warrant Shares for resale.

The issuance of warrants to purchase shares of the Company's common stock are summarized as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Shares* | *Shares* |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  | 2850000 |
| Granted |  |  |
| Exercised |  |  |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2025 |  | 2850000 |

---

The following table summarizes information about warrants outstanding and exercisable at *December 31, 2025*:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Number* | *Weighted-Average* |  |
|  | *Outstanding/* | *Remaining Life* | *Weighted-Average* |
| *Range of Exercise Price* | *Exercisable* | *in Years* | *Exercise Price* |
| $*5.10* | 2500000 | 0.62 | $5.10 |
| $*6.45* | 350000 | 0.62 | $6.45 |
|  | 2850000 |  |  |

---

***8.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION**

Our stock-based employee compensation plan, referred to as the Fuel Tech, Inc. *2024* Long-Term Incentive Plan (*2024* Plan), was adopted in *June 2024* and replaced our prior incentive plan which was approved by our stockholders in *2014* (LTIP). No further grants will be made from the LTIP. The *2024* Plan and LTIP are referred to collectively as the Incentive Plans.

Under the Incentive Plans, awards *may* be granted to participants in the form of Non-Qualified Stock Options, Incentive Stock Options, Stock Appreciation Rights, Restricted Stock, RSUs, Performance Awards, Bonuses or other forms of share-based or non-share-based awards or combinations thereof. Participants in the Incentive Plans *may* be our directors, officers, employees, consultants or advisors (except consultants or advisors in capital-raising transactions) as the directors determine are key to the success of our business. There are a maximum of 2,883,057 shares that *may* be issued or reserved for awards to participants under the Incentive Plans. At *December 31, 2025*, we had 2,668,885 equity awards available for issuance under the Incentive Plans.

We did not record any excess tax benefits within income tax expense for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*. Given the Company has a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets, there were *no* excess tax benefits to record. In addition, we account for forfeitures of awards based on an estimate of the number of awards expected to be forfeited and we adjust the estimate when it is *no* longer probable that the employee will fulfill the service condition.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *34*

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Stock-based compensation is included in selling, general and administrative costs in our consolidated statements of operations. The components of stock-based compensation from continuing operations for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024* were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *For the Year Ended December 31,* | *For the Year Ended December 31,* |
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Stock options and restricted stock units, net of forfeitures | $326 | $446 |
| After-tax effect of stock based compensation | $326 | $446 |

---

**Stock Options**

The stock options granted to employees under the Incentive Plan have a 10-year life and they vest as follows: 50% after the *second* anniversary of the award date, 25% after the *third* anniversary, and the final 25% after the *fourth* anniversary of the award date. Fuel Tech calculates stock compensation expense for employee option awards based on the grant date fair value of the award, less expected annual forfeitures, and recognizes expense on a straight-line basis over the *four*-year service period of the award. Stock options granted to members of our Board of Directors vest immediately. Stock compensation for these awards is based on the grant date fair value of the award and is recognized in expense immediately.

There were no stock options granted during the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

The following table presents a summary of our stock option activity and related information for the years ended *December 31:*

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2025* | *2024* | *2024* |
|  | *Number of Options* | *Weighted-Average Exercise Price* | *Number of Options* | *Weighted-Average Exercise Price* |
| Outstanding at beginning of year | 176000 | $1.94 | 270500 | $3.09 |
| Granted | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Exercised | *—* | *—* | *—* | *—* |
| Expired or forfeited | (105000) | 2.44 | *(94500*) | *5.22* |
| Outstanding at end of year | 71000 | $1.20 | 176000 | $1.94 |
| Exercisable at end of year | 71000 | $1.20 | 176000 | $1.94 |
| Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) |  | 1.34 |  | 1.18 |
| Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | $26 |  | $4 |

---

The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding table represents the total pretax intrinsic value, based on our closing stock price of $1.56 as of *December 31, 2025*, which would have been received by the option holders had those options holders exercised their stock options as of that date.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at *December 31, 2025*:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Options Outstanding and Exercisable** | **Options Outstanding and Exercisable** | **Options Outstanding and Exercisable** | **Options Outstanding and Exercisable** |
| **Range of Exercise Prices** | **Number of Options** | **Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)** | **Weighted-Average Exercise Price** |
| $0.965 - $1.27 | 44000 | 1.9 | $0.97 |
| $1.28 - $1.58 | 27000 | 0.4 | 1.58 |
|  | 71000 | 1.3 | $1.20 |

---

As of and for the *12 months ended December 31, 2025*, there was *no* non-vested stock option activity and no total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted under the Incentive Plan. There were no options exercised during the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*. It is our policy to issue new shares upon option exercises, loan conversions, and vesting of restricted stock units. We have *not* used cash and do *not* anticipate any future use of cash to settle equity instruments granted under share-based payment arrangements. Shares received for exercise of stock options come from newly issued shares.

**Restricted Stock Units**

Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) granted to employees vest over time based on continued service (typically vesting over a period between two to four years), and RSUs granted to directors vest after a *one* year vesting period based on continued service. Such time-vested RSUs are valued at the date of grant based on the closing price of the Common Shares on the grant date. Compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

In addition to the time vested RSUs, in *2023* the Company entered into an Executive Performance RSU Award Agreement (the "Agreement") with certain officers, including its President and Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Sales (each a "Participating Executive") pursuant to which each Participating Executive had the opportunity to earn a specified amount of RSUs based on Fuel Tech's performance in *2023* and *2024.* There were 106,000 RSU awards granted to Participating Executives in *2024* based on the Company's performance during the year ended *December 31, 2023* and 70,850 RSU awards granted to Participating Executives in *2025* based on the Company's performance during the year ended *December 31, 2024.*

The Company entered into a new Executive Performance RSU Award Agreement (the "Agreement") in *2025* pursuant to which the Participating Executives under the *2023* Agreement again have the opportunity to earn a specified amount of RSUs based on Fuel Tech's performance in *2025* and *2026.* The target amount of RSUs for each of *four* possible RSU award components is set for each Participating Executive for *2025* and *2026.*

The Agreement provides for *four* possible RSU awards: "Look-Back RSUs," "Total Revenue RSUs," "New Business Growth RSUs," and "Operating Income Growth" RSUs. If the Look-Back RSU's are awarded, these RSUs will follow a vesting schedule that provides for vesting of one-*third* of the granted Look-Back RSUs after the *first* anniversary of the grant determination date, one-*third* after the *second* anniversary date and one-*third* after the *third* anniversary date. If the Total Revenue RSUs, New Business Growth RSUs, or Operating Income Growth RSUs targets are achieved, these RSU's will follow a vesting schedule whereby 100% of the granted RSUs will vest *one* year following the grant determination date. All RSUs are valued at the date of grant based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date.

The amount, if any, of actual RSU awards to be issued for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2026* is contingent on performance by the Participating Executive and the Company in the performance areas and for the measurement periods set forth in the Agreement as determined by the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *35*

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During the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, there were 513,850 and 406,026 restricted stock units that vested with a grant date fair value of $654 and $536, respectively. As of *December 31, 2025*, there was $1,008 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to all non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Incentive Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service period of 1.7 years.

A summary of restricted stock unit activity for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024* is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Shares*** | ***Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value*** |
| Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2023 | 1762248 | $1.29 |
| Granted | 151000 | 1.09 |
| Forfeited | (425100) | 1.26 |
| Vested | (406026) | 1.32 |
| Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2024 | 1082122 | 1.26 |
| Granted | 966050 | 1.04 |
| Forfeited | (425100) | 1.26 |
| Vested | (513850) | 1.27 |
| Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2025 | 1109222 | $1.06 |

---

**Deferred Directors Fees**

In addition to the Incentive Plan, Fuel Tech has a Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors (Deferred Plan). Under the terms of the Deferred Plan, Directors can elect to defer Directors' fees for shares of Fuel Tech common stock that are issuable at a future date as defined in the agreement. In accordance with ASC *718,* Fuel Tech accounts for these awards as equity awards as opposed to liability awards. In *2025* and *2024*, there was no stock-based compensation expense under the Deferred Plan.

***9.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES**

Fuel Tech is subject to various claims and contingencies related to, among other things, workers compensation, general liability (including product liability), and lawsuits. The Company records liabilities where a contingent loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a probable loss is a range, the Company records the most probable estimate of the loss or the minimum amount when *no* amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount. The Company discloses a contingent liability even if the liability is *not* probable or the amount is *not* estimable, or both, if there is a reasonable possibility that a material loss *may* have been incurred.

From time to time we are involved in litigation with respect to matters arising from the ordinary conduct of our business. In the opinion of management, based upon presently available information, either adequate provision for anticipated costs have been accrued or the ultimate anticipated costs will *not* materially affect our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We do *not* believe we have any pending loss contingencies that are probable or reasonably possible of having a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *36*

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**Performance Guarantees**

The majority of Fuel Tech's long-term equipment construction contracts contain language guaranteeing that the performance of the system that is being sold to the customer will meet specific criteria. On occasion, performance surety bonds and bank performance guarantees/letters of credit are issued to the customer in support of the construction contracts as follows:

• in support of the warranty period defined in the contract; or

• in support of the system performance criteria that are defined in the contract.

As of *December 31, 2025*, we had outstanding bank performance guarantees and letters of credit in the amount of $2,437 in support of equipment construction contracts that have *not* completed their final acceptance test or that are still operating under a warranty period. The performance guarantees and letters of credit expire on dates ranging from *January 2026* through *October 2028.* The expiration dates *may* be extended if the project completion dates are extended. Our management believes it is probable that these projects will be successfully completed and that there will *not* be a material adverse impact on our operations from these bank performance guarantees and letters of credit. As a result, no liability has been recorded for these performance guarantees.

**Product Warranties**

Fuel Tech issues a standard product warranty with the sale of our products to customers. Our recognition of warranty liability is based primarily on analyses of warranty claims experience in the preceding years as the nature of our historical product sales for which we offer a warranty are substantially unchanged. This approach provides an aggregate warranty accrual that is historically aligned with actual warranty claims experienced. There was *no* change in the warranty liability included in the Other accrued liabilities line of the Consolidated Balance Sheet in *2025* and *2024*. The warranty liability balance was $159 at *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

***10.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LEASES**

The terms of the Company's *two* primary office space lease arrangements are as follows:

• The Gallarate, Italy building lease, for approximately 1,335 square feet, runs through *April 30, 2031.* This facility serves as the operating headquarters for our European operations.

• The Aurora, IL warehouse lease, for approximately 11,000 square feet, runs through *March 31, 2031.* This facility serves as an outside warehouse facility. 

The Company also has two additional operating leases related to certain office equipment and *one* short-term lease. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 3.3 years to 5.3 years. Our leases do *not* contain any material residual value guarantees or material restricted covenants and we currently have *no* material sublease arrangements. We have *no* financing leases as defined under ASC *842.*

Total operating lease expense is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Operating lease cost | $185 | $180 |
| Short-term lease cost | 5 | 9 |
| Total lease cost | $190 | $189 |

---

The weighted average remaining lease terms were 5.25 years and 6.18 years as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively. The weighted average discount rates were 8.27% and 8.25% as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*, respectively.

Remaining maturities of our existing lease liabilities as of *December 31, 2025* were as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Year Ending December 31, | *Operating Leases* |
| 2026 | $133 |
| 2027 | 136 |
| 2028 | 136 |
| 2029 | 134 |
| 2030 | 137 |
| Thereafter | 37 |
| Total lease payments | $713 |
| Less imputed interest | (133) |
| Total | $580 |

---

The following is the balance sheet classification of our existing lease liabilities:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Operating lease liabilities - current | $89 | $77 |
| Operating lease liabilities - non-current | 491 | 548 |
| Total operating lease liabilities | $580 | $625 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *37*

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Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *For the Twelve Months ended December 31, 2025* | *For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024* |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | $135 | $132 |
| Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities | 26 | 95 |

---

***11.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DEBT FINANCING**

The Company's Investment Collateral Security agreement with BMO Harris is used for the sole purpose of issuing standby letters of credit and requires us to pledge our investments as collateral for 150% of the aggregate face amount of outstanding standby letters of credit. The Company pays 250 basis points on the face values of outstanding letters of credit. There are *no* financial covenants set forth in the Investment Collateral Security agreement. At *December 31, 2025*, the Company had outstanding standby letters of credit totaling approximately $2,437 under the Investment Collateral Security agreement. At *December 31, 2025*, the investments held as collateral totaled $3,655. Fuel Tech is committed to reimbursing the issuing bank for any payments made by the bank under these instruments.

***12.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC FINANCIAL DATA**

**Business Segment Financial Data**

We segregate our financial results into two reportable segments representing *two* broad technology segments as follows:

• The Air Pollution Control technology segment includes technologies to reduce NOx emissions in flue gas generated by the firing of natural gas or coal from boilers, incinerators, furnaces and other stationary combustion sources. These include NOxOUT<sup>®</sup> Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction systems and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. Our SCR systems can also include Ammonia Injection Grid, and GSG™ Graduated Straightening Grid systems to provide high NOx reductions at significantly lower capital and operating costs than conventional SCR systems. ULTRA<sup>®</sup> technology creates ammonia at a plant site using safe urea for use with any SCR application. ESP technologies make use of electrostatic precipitator products and services to reduce particulate matter. FGC systems are chemical injection systems offered in markets outside the U.S. and Canada to enhance electrostatic precipitator and fabric filter performance in controlling particulate emissions.

• The FUEL CHEM<sup>®</sup> technology segment, which uses chemical processes in combination with advanced CFD and CKM boiler modeling, for the control of slagging, fouling, corrosion, opacity and other sulfur trioxide-related issues in coal-fired furnaces and boilers through the addition of chemicals into the furnace using TIFI<sup>®</sup> Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ technology.

The "Other" classification includes those profit and loss items *not* allocated to either reportable segment. There are *no* inter-segment sales that require elimination.

Our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and is responsible for reviewing segment performance and making decisions regarding resource allocation. We evaluate performance and allocate resources based on revenue and gross margin by reportable segment. We do *not* allocate selling, general and administrative expenses, interest, other non-operating income or expense items, or taxes to segments. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. We do *not* review assets by reportable segment, but rather, in aggregate for the Company as a whole.

Information about reporting segment net sales and gross margin from continuing operations are provided below:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>For the year ended December 31, 2025</u> | *Air Pollution Control Segment* | *FUEL CHEM Segment* | *Other* | *Total* |
| Revenues from external customers | $8908 | $17769 | $— | $26677 |
| Cost of sales | (5093) | (9201) |  | (14294) |
| Gross margin | 3815 | 8568 |  | 12383 |
| Selling, general and administrative |  |  | (14050) | (14050) |
| Research and development |  |  | (2014) | (2014) |
| Operating income (loss) from continuing operations | $3815 | $8568 | $(16064) | $(3681) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *38*

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>For the year ended December 31, 2024</u> | *Air Pollution Control Segment* | *FUEL CHEM Segment* | *Other* | *Total* |
| Revenues from external customers | $11242 | $13891 | $— | $25133 |
| Cost of sales | (7050) | (7460) |  | (14510) |
| Gross margin | 4192 | 6431 |  | 10623 |
| Selling, general and administrative |  |  | (13761) | (13761) |
| Research and development |  |  | (1564) | (1564) |
| Operating income (loss) from continuing operations | $4192 | $6431 | $(15325) | $(4702) |

---

**Geographic Segment Financial Data**

Information concerning our operations by geographic area is provided below. Revenues are attributed to countries based on the location of the end-user. Assets are those directly associated with operations of the geographic area. We manage our assets on a total company basis, *not* by operating segment. Therefore, our CODM does *not* regularly review any asset information by operating segment and accordingly, we do *not* report asset information by operating segment.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>For the years ended December 31,</u> | *2025* | *2024* |
| Revenues: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United States | $21022 | $17802 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Foreign | 5655 | 7331 |
|  | $26677 | $25133 |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| <u>As of December 31,</u> | *2025* | *2024* |
| Assets: |  |  |
| United States | $44345 | $44430 |
| Foreign | 2834 | 4367 |
|  | $47179 | $48797 |

---

***13.*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES**

On *January 18, 2019,* the Company announced a planned suspension of its APC business operation in China (Beijing Fuel Tech). This action was part of Fuel Tech's ongoing operational improvement initiatives designed to prioritize resource allocation, reduce costs, and drive profitability for the Company on a global basis. The transition associated with the suspension of the APC business includes staff rationalization, supplier and partner engagement, and the monetization of certain assets. The remaining transition activities include the execution of the remaining activities to satisfy the requirements for the remaining APC projects in China (with a backlog totaling approximately $3 as of *December 31, 2025*) and those related to subsidiary closure.

The following table presents our revenues and net loss in China for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Total revenues | $— | $— |
| Net loss | (63) | (53) |

---

The following table presents net assets in China as of *December 31, 2025* and *2024*:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *2025* | *2024* |
| Total assets | $767 | $788 |
| Total liabilities | 83 | 84 |
| Total net assets | $684 | $704 |

---

Total assets primarily consist of cash and other receivables. Total liabilities consist of accounts payable and certain accrued liabilities.

The Company recorded no restructuring charges for the years ended *December 31, 2025* and *2024*.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *39*

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***14.***&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **ACCRUED LIABILITIES**

The components of other accrued liabilities are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *As of* | *As of* |
|  | *December 31, 2025* | *December 31, 2024* |
| Contract liabilities (Note 2) | $1026 | $721 |
| Warranty reserve (Note 9) | 159 | 159 |
| Deferred revenue | 91 | 360 |
| Accrued professional fees | 83 | 86 |
| Other accrued liabilities | 275 | 289 |
| Total other accrued liabilities | $1634 | $1615 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *40*

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**ITEM 9 - CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE**

None

**ITEM 9A - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES**

**Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, our management evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Evaluation Date"). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

**Change in Internal Controls**

There has been no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the year covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.

**Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. As required by Rule 13a-15(c) under the Exchange Act, our management has carried out an evaluation, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the last fiscal year. The framework on which such evaluation was based is contained in the report entitled "Internal Control—Integrated Framework" issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the "COSO Report") in 2013.

Our system of internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on its assessment, management has concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria in "Internal Control - Integrated Framework" issued by the COSO in 2013.

**ITEM *9B* - OTHER INFORMATION**

*None*

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 41

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**PART III** 

**ITEM *10* – DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE**

Information required by this Item will be set forth under the captions "Election of Directors," "Directors and Executive Officers of Fuel Tech," "Compensation Committee," "Audit Committee," and "Financial Experts" in our definitive Proxy Statement related to the *2026* Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement") and is incorporated by reference.

We have adopted a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (the "Code") that applies to all employees, officers and directors, including the Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer. A copy of the Code is available free of charge to any person on written or telephone request to our Legal Department at the address or telephone number described in Item *1* under the heading "Available Information." The Code is also available on our website at <u>www.ftek.com</u>.

Other information concerning our directors and executive officers and relating to corporate governance will be set forth under the captions "Election of Directors," "Audit Committee," "Compensation and Nominating Committee," "Financial Experts," "Corporate Governance" and "General" in our Proxy Statement related to the *2026* Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference.

**ITEM *11* - EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION**

Information required by this Item will be set forth under the caption "Executive Compensation" in our definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference.

**ITEM 12 - SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS**

The following table provides information for all equity compensation plans as of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, under which our securities were authorized for issuance:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **<u>Plan Category</u>** | **Number of Securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units** | **Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options** | **Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plan excluding securities listed in column (a)** |
|  | **(a)** | **(b)** | **(c)** |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 1180222 | $1.20 | 2668885 |

---

Further information required by this Item will be set forth under the caption "Principal Stockholders and Stock Ownership of Management" in the definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference.

**ITEM 13 - CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE**

Information required by this Item will be set forth under the captions "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" in our definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference.

**ITEM 14 - PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES**

Information required by this Item will be set forth under the caption "Approval of Appointment of Auditors" in our definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 42

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**PART IV** 

**ITEM 15 - EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES**

**(a)** **(1) Financial Statements**

The financial statements identified below and required by Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K are set forth above.

Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 49)

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Operations for Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(2) Financial Statement Schedules**

All other schedules have been omitted because of the absence of the conditions under which they are required or because the required information, where material, is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

**(3) Exhibits**

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  |  | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** |
| <u>Exhibit</u> | <u>Description</u> | Filed<br> Herewith | Form | Period<br> ending | Exhibit | Filing date |
| 3.1 | [Certificate of Incorporation of Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000112528206006116/b415089_ex3-2.txt) |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 | 10/5/2006 |
| 3.2 | [Certificate of Conversion of Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000112528206006116/b415089_ex3-1.txt) |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 | 10/5/2006 |
| 3.3 | [Amended and Restated By-Laws of Fuel Tech, Inc. dated as of May 28, 2015](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000084691315000065/ftek-05x28x2015x8xkexhibit.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 | 6/1/2015 |
| 4.1 | [Instrument Constituting US $19,200,000 Nil Coupon Non-Redeemable Convertible Unsecured Loan Notes of Fuel-Tech N.V., dated December 21, 1989](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000095012309057807/y80181exv4w1.htm) |  | 10-Q | 9/30/2009 | 4.1 | 11/4/2009 |
| 4.2 | [First Supplemental Instrument Constituting US $3,000 Nil Coupon Non-Redeemable Convertible Unsecured Loan Notes of Fuel-Tech N.V., dated July 10, 1990](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000095012309057807/y80181exv4w2.htm) |  | 10-Q | 9/30/2009 | 4.2 | 11/4/2009 |
| 4.3 | [Instrument Constituting US $6,000 Nil Coupon Non-Redeemable Convertible Unsecured Loan Notes of Fuel-Tech N.V., dated March 12, 1993](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000095012309057807/y80181exv4w3.htm) |  | 10-Q | 9/30/2009 | 4.3 | 11/4/2009 |
| 4.4\* | [Fuel Tech, Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000119312514123986/d670833ddef14a.htm) |  | DEF 14A |  |  | 3/31/2014 |
| 4.5\* | [Fuel Tech, Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774925006116/ex_779353.htm) |  | 10-K | 12/31/2024 | 4.5 | 3/4/2025 |
| 4.6\* | [Fuel Tech, Inc. Form of Non-Executive Director Stock Option Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000114420407011461/v067579_ex4-6.htm) |  | 10-K | 12/31/2006 | 4.6 | 3/6/2007 |
| 4.7 | [Fuel Tech, Inc. Form of 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan Non-Employee Director's Stock Option Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000084691314000038/ftek-20140630xex42.htm) |  | 10-Q | 6/30/2014 | 4.2 | 8/11/2014 |
| 4.8\* | [Fuel Tech, Inc. Form of Common Stock Warrant](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774921003276/ex_227425.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 4.1 | 2/18/2021 |
| 4.9\* | [Fuel Tech, Inc. Form of Placement Agent Warrant](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774921003276/ex_227426.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 4.2 | 2/18/2021 |
| 4.10\* | [Fuel Tech, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000084691314000038/ftek-20140630xex41.htm) |  | 10-Q | 6/30/2014 | 4.1 | 8/11/2014 |
| 4.11\* | [Fuel Tech, Inc. Form of Long-Term Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000084691315000048/ftek-20150331xex102eenqsto.htm) |  | 10-Q | 3/31/2015 | 10.2 | 5/11/2015 |
| 4.12\* | [Form of 2025 Fuel Tech, Inc. Executive Performance RSU Agreement](ex_921610.htm) | X |  |  |  |  |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 43

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---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 4.13\* | [Form of Change of Control Severance Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774923013570/ex_513882.htm) | 8-K | 99.2 | 5/10/2023 |
| 10.1 | [Form of Indemnity Agreement between Fuel Tech, Inc. and its Directors and Officers.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000095012307001520/y29958exv99w1.txt) | 8-K | 99.1 | 2/7/2007 |

---

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 10.2\* | [2024 Corporate Incentive Plan of Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774924009817/ex_646162.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.1 | 3/28/2024 |
| 10.3\* | [2025 Corporate Incentive Plan of Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774925010722/ex_797523.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.2 | 4/2/2025 |
| 10.4\* | [2024 Corporate Objectives Plan of Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774924009817/ex_646163.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.2 | 3/28/2024 |
| 10.5\* | [2025 Corporate Objectives Plan of Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774925010722/ex_797524.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.3 | 4/2/2025 |
| 10.6\* | [2024 Fuel Tech, Inc. FUEL CHEM Officer Sales Commission Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774923033997/ex_603908.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.2 | 12/08/2023 |
| 10.7\* | [2025 Fuel Tech, Inc. FUEL CHEM Officer Sales Commission Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774924037473/ex_756880.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.2 | 12/12/2024 |
| 10.8\* | [2026 Fuel Tech, Inc. FUEL CHEM Officer Sales Commission Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774925037724/ex_897798.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.2 | 12/12/2025 |
| 10.9\* | [2024 Fuel Tech, Inc. APC Officer and NSM Sales Commission Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774923033997/ex_603907.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.1 | 12/08/2023 |
| 10.10\* | [2025 Fuel Tech, Inc. APC Officer and NSM Sales Commission Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774924037473/ex_756879.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.1 | 12/12/2024 |
| 10.11\* | [2026 Fuel Tech, Inc. APC Officer and NSM Sales Commission Plan](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774925037724/ex_897797.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 99.1 | 12/12/2025 |
| 10.12\* | [Employment Agreement dated October 31, 1998, between William E. Cummings, Jr. and Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000095012310021077/y83029exv10w10.htm) |  | 10-K | 12/31/2009 | 10.10 | 3/4/2010 |
| 10.13\* | [Employment Agreement, dated September 20, 2010 between Vincent J. Arnone and Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000119312512096880/d309745dex1021.htm) |  | 10-K | 12/31/2011 | 10.21 | 3/5/2012 |
| 10.14\* | [Engagement Letter, dated February 11, 2021, by and between Fuel Tech, Inc. and H.C. Wainwright & Co.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774921003276/ex_227424.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 1.1 | 2/18/2021 |
| 10.15\* | [Employment Agreement, dated July 8, 1996, between Ellen T. Albrecht and Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774922005551/ex_342111.htm) |  | 10-K |  | 10.13 | 3/8/2022 |
| 10.16\* | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774921003276/ex_227427.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 10.1 | 2/18/2021 |
| 10.17\* | [Form of Registration Rights Agreement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774921003276/ex_227428.htm) |  | 8-K |  | 10.2 | 2/18/2021 |
| 19 | [Insider Trading Policy of Fuel Tech, Inc.](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/846913/000143774925006116/ex_779354.htm) |  | 10-K | 12/31/2024 | 19 | 3/4/2025 |
| 23.1 | [Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.](ex_884261.htm) | X |  |  |  |  |
| 31.1 | [Certifications of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ex_884262.htm) | X |  |  |  |  |
| 31.2 | [Certifications of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ex_884263.htm) | X |  |  |  |  |
| 32 | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](ex_884264.htm) | X |  |  |  |  |
| 97 | [Fuel Tech, Inc. Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation, Dated November 2, 2023](ex_921605.htm) | X |  |  |  |  |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 101.1 INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |
| 101.2 SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |
| 101.3 CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
| 101.4 DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
| 101.5 LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
| 101.6 PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

---

\* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

\*\* Portions of this document have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and the omitted information has been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

**ITEM 16 - FORM 10-K SUMMARY**

None.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 44

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**SIGNATURES AND CERTIFICATIONS**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | FUEL TECH, INC. | FUEL TECH, INC. |
| Date: March 3, 2026 | By: | /s/ Vincent J. Arnone |
|  |  | Vincent J. Arnone |
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |
| Date: March 3, 2026 | By: | /s/ Ellen T. Albrecht |
|  |  | Ellen T. Albrecht |
|  |  | Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 45

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been duly signed below by the following persons on behalf of Fuel Tech, Inc. and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

Date: March 3, 2026

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <u>Signature</u> | <u>Title</u> |
| /s/ Vincent J. Arnone | President and Chief Executive Officer<br> (Principal Executive Officer) |
| Vincent J. Arnone |  |
| /s/ Ellen T. Albrecht | Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer<br> (Principal Financial Officer) |
| Ellen T. Albrecht |  |
| /s/ Douglas G. Bailey | Director |
| Douglas G. Bailey |  |
| /s/ Dennis L. Zeitler | Director |
| Dennis L. Zeitler |  |
| /s/ Sharon L. Jones | Director |
| Sharon L. Jones |  |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 46

## Exhibit 4.12

**Exhibit 4.12**

**EXECUTIVE PERFORMANCE RSU AGREEMENT**

This Executive Performance RSU Agreement (the "Agreement") is hereby entered effective as of March 27, 2025 (the "Effective Date"), by and between Fuel Tech, Inc. (the "Company" or "Fuel Tech" or "FTI"), and _________________ (the "Participant"). Any term capitalized but not defined in this Agreement will have the meaning set forth in the Fuel Tech, Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (the "Plan").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <u>Purpose</u>. This Agreement provides the Participant the opportunity to receive a RSU award in the manner and on the terms, conditions and amounts set forth in this Agreement ("Executive Performance RSU") for the stated purpose of aligning the Participant's interests with the interests of the Company and its stockholders in the long-term growth of the Company and rewarding the Participant for his or her continued employment and service to the Company in the future.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <u>Performance RSU Award</u>. For purposes of the Executive Performance RSU Award calculations set forth below in this Agreement, the Company's Compensation Committee (the "Committee"), in the exercise of its business judgment under the Plan, approved a total target number of Executive Performance RSUs made up of four target RSU amount components. The four components of the Executive Performance RSU Award (each of them an Award under the Plan) are: Look Back RSUs, Revenue Growth RSUs, New Business Growth RSUs, and Operating Income RSUs (as each of those terms are defined below).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <u>Look-Back RSUs</u>. For purposes of this Agreement, the Committee approved a Target Look-Back RSU Amount of __________________ (________) RSUs, consisting of a Target Look-Back RSU Amount of ____________ (_____) RSUs for the 2025 Performance Period and a Target Look-Back RSU Amount of __________________(_____) for the 2026 Performance Period. No later than ninety (90) days after the end of the applicable Performance Period, the Committee, in its sole discretion, shall award the Participant a number of RSUs of between zero and the Target Look-Back RSU Amount ("Look-Back RSUs"), on the Determination Date (as defined below).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Performance Assessment</u>. The Committee, in its business judgment, may approve the Company awarding none, some or all of the Target Look-Back RSU Amount to the Participant based on the Committee's subjective, qualitative assessment of the Participant's overall performance during the Performance Period. The determination and approval by the Committee of what portion, if any, of the Target Look-Back RSU Amount shall be awarded to the Participant may include a variety of factors considered by the Committee in its sole discretion, including one or more of the equity award determination factors listed in <u>Exhibit A</u> to this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Determination Date</u>. All Look-Back RSU Awards will be made on the Determination Date, subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Agreement, including the vesting schedule set forth in Section 3(c) below, provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the Determination Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Installment Vesting</u>. Any Look-Back RSUs awarded on the Determination Date shall vest in three equal installments on the first, second and third anniversary of the Determination Date, in each case provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the applicable vesting date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <u>Revenue Growth RSUs</u>. For purposes of this Agreement, the Committee approved a Target Revenue Growth RSU Amount of _________________________ (_______) RSUs, consisting of a Target Revenue Growth RSU Amount of ____________ (_____) RSUs for the 2025 Performance Period and a Target Revenue Growth RSU Amount of __________________(_____) for the 2026 Performance Period. After the completion of the applicable Performance Period the Committee shall award the Participant a number of RSUs of between zero and the Target Revenue Growth RSU Amount ("Revenue Growth RSUs"), on the Determination Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Revenue Growth Measurement</u>. During the Performance Period, the Company's Revenue Growth will be measured against the Revenue Growth targets set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u> attached. The Committee will evaluate the Company's Revenue Growth performance and shall approve the issuance to the Participant a number of Revenue Growth RSUs determined as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) if the Company's Revenue Growth performance fails to meet the threshold level of Revenue Growth as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, no RSUs will be awarded;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) if the Company's Revenue Growth performance meets the threshold level of Revenue Growth as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then a number of RSUs equal to 50% of the Target Revenue Growth RSU Amount for the applicable Performance Period will be awarded; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) if the Company's Revenue Growth performance meets the target level of Revenue Growth as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then a number of RSUs equal to 100% of the Target Revenue Growth RSU Amount for the applicable Performance Period will be awarded.

To the extent that the Company's Revenue Growth for an applicable Performance Period is more than the threshold amount but less than the target amount of Revenue Growth set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then the number of Revenue Growth RSUs earned by the Participant for such Performance Period shall equal the sum of (i) the threshold award set forth in Section 4(a)(ii) above, plus (ii) that number of Revenue Growth RSUs equal to the product of (A) the positive difference between the target award set forth in Section 4(a)(iii) and the threshold award set forth in Section 4(a)(ii), multiplied by (B) a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount by which the Revenue Growth for the applicable Performance Period exceeded the threshold amount, and the denominator of which is the sum obtained by subtracting the threshold amount from the target amount for such Performance Period. The result so obtained shall be rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 100.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Determination Date</u>. Any Revenue Growth RSU awards made as a result of the Company's Revenue Growth performance will be made on the Determination Date, subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Agreement, including the vesting schedule set forth in Section 4(c) below, provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the Determination Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Installment Vesting</u>. Any Revenue Growth RSUs awarded on the Determination Date shall vest on the first anniversary of the Determination Date provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the applicable vesting date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <u>New Business Growth RSUs</u>. For purposes of this Agreement, the Committee approved a Target New Business Growth RSU Amount of _________________________ (_______) RSUs, consisting of a Target New Business Growth RSU Amount of ____________ (_____) RSUs for the 2025 Performance Period and a Target New Business Growth RSU Amount of __________________(_____) for the 2026 Performance Period. After the completion of the applicable Performance Period the Committee shall award the Participant a number of RSUs of between zero and the Target New Business Growth RSU Amount ("New Business Growth RSUs"), on the Determination Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>New Business Growth Measurement</u>. During the Performance Period, the Company's New Business Growth will be measured against the New Business Growth targets set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u> attached. The Committee will evaluate the Company's New Business Growth performance and shall approve the issuance to the Participant a number of New Business Growth RSUs determined as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) if the Company's New Business Growth performance fails to meet the threshold level of New Business Growth as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, no RSUs will be awarded;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) if the Company's New Business Growth performance meets the threshold level of New Business Growth as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then a number of RSUs equal to 50% of the Target New Business Growth RSU Amount for the applicable Performance Period will be awarded; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) if the Company's New Business Growth performance meets the target level of New Business Growth as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then a number of RSUs equal to 100% of the Target New Business Growth RSU Amount for the applicable Performance Period will be awarded.

To the extent that the Company's New Business Growth for an applicable Performance Period is more than the threshold amount but less than the target amount of New Business Growth set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then the number of New Business Growth RSUs earned by the Participant for such Performance Period shall equal the sum of (i) the threshold award set forth in Section 5(a)(ii) above, plus (ii) that number of New Business Growth RSUs equal to the product of (A) the positive difference between the target award set forth in Section 5(a)(iii) and the threshold award set forth in Section 5(a)(ii), multiplied by (B) a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount by which the New Business Growth for the applicable Performance Period exceeded the threshold amount, and the denominator of which is the sum obtained by subtracting the threshold amount from the target amount for such Performance Period. The result so obtained shall be rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 100.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Determination Date</u>. Any New Business Growth RSU awards made as a result of the Company's New Business Growth performance will be made on the Determination Date, subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Agreement, including the vesting schedule set forth in Section 5(c) below, provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the Determination Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Installment Vesting</u>. Any New Business Growth RSUs awarded on the Determination Date shall vest on the first anniversary of the Determination Date provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the applicable vesting date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <u>Operating Income RSUs</u>. For purposes of this Agreement, the Committee approved a Target Operating Income RSU Amount of _________________________ (_______) RSUs, consisting of a Target Operating Income RSU Amount of ____________ (_____) RSUs for the 2025 Performance Period and a Target Operating Income RSU Amount of __________________(_____) for the 2026 Performance Period. After the completion of the applicable Performance Period the Committee shall award the Participant a number of RSUs of between zero and the Target Operating Income RSU Amount ("Operating Income RSUs"), on the Determination Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Operating Income Measurement</u>. During the Performance Period, the Company's Operating Income will be measured against the Operating Income targets set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u> attached. The Committee will evaluate the Company's Operating Income performance and shall approve the issuance to the Participant a number of Operating Income RSUs determined as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) if the Company's Operating Income performance fails to meet the threshold level of Operating Income as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, no RSUs will be awarded;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) if the Company's Operating Income performance meets the threshold level of Operating Income as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then a number of RSUs equal to 50% of the Target Operating Income RSU Amount for the applicable Performance Period will be awarded; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) if the Company's Operating Income performance meets the target level of Operating Income as set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then a number of RSUs equal to 100% of the Target Operating Income RSU Amount for the applicable Performance Period will be awarded.

To the extent that the Company's Operating Income for an applicable Performance Period is more than the threshold amount but less than the target amount of Operating Income set forth on <u>Exhibit B</u>, then the number of Operating Income RSUs earned by the Participant for such Performance Period shall equal the sum of (i) the threshold award set forth in Section 6(a)(ii) above, plus (ii) that number of Operating Income RSUs equal to the product of (A) the positive difference between the target award set forth in Section 6(a)(iii) and the threshold award set forth in Section 6(a)(ii), multiplied by (B) a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount by which the Operating Income for the applicable Performance Period exceeded the threshold amount, and the denominator of which is the sum obtained by subtracting the threshold amount from the target amount for such Performance Period. The result so obtained shall be rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 100.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Determination Date</u>. Any Operating Income RSU awards made as a result of the Company's Operating Income performance will be made on the Determination Date, subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Agreement, including the vesting schedule set forth in Section 6(c) below, provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the Determination Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Installment Vesting</u>. Any Operating Income RSUs awarded on the Determination Date shall vest on the first anniversary of the Determination Date provided that the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the applicable vesting date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <u>Distribution of Shares</u>. As soon as practicable after the Participant's Distribution Date, the Company may either (i) issue to the Participant or the Participant's personal representative a Share certificate, (ii) deposit Shares with an online broker or other service provider contracted by the Company for such purpose, or (iii) handle such Shares according to the terms of a Change in Control, subject to Sections 8 and 11 below, but each such issuance subject to compliance to the satisfaction of the Committee with all requirements under applicable laws or regulations in connection with such issuance, and with the requirements hereof and of the Plan. Until Shares have been issued to the Participant under this Section, the Participant shall not have any rights as a holder of the Shares underlying any component of this Executive Performance RSU Award including but not limited to voting rights or dividends, if and when the Company declares same.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <u>Employment Termination; Change of Control; Deferral; Clawback</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) <u>Employment Termination</u>. If the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement (*e.g*., termination of employment with the Company) terminates for any reason before an applicable Determination Date, other than death or becoming Totally Disabled, no Executive Performance RSUs will be awarded to the Participant, except as provided in Section 8(b) below. If the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement terminates before the Determination Date due to death or becoming Totally Disabled, the Committee shall determine, in its sole discretion, whether to award none, some or all of the Executive Performance RSUs to the Participant. If the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement terminates on or after the Determination Date, but before the Executive Performance RSUs have fully vested under the terms of this Agreement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) If the Participant's employment is terminated by the Company for Cause (as defined below), the Participant will forfeit all Executive Performance RSUs, including any Executive Performance RSUs that have vested;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) If the Participant terminates employment due to death or becoming Totally Disabled, the Participant will vest in any Executive Performance RSUs that have not vested, and on a date within thirty (30) days of the employment termination, determined by the Committee or Board, as applicable, the Company will distribute Shares to the Participant equal to the full number of Executive Performance RSUs that were awarded to the Participant, regardless of whether or not the Participant had elected to defer under Section 8(c) below;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) If the Participant's employment is terminated other than (A) due to death or becoming Totally Disabled, or (B) by the Company for Cause, the Participant will forfeit any Executive Performance RSUs that have not vested under Section 3(d) or (e), and on a date within thirty (30) days of the employment termination, determined by the Committee or Board, as applicable, the Company will distribute Shares to the Participant equal to the number of Executive Performance RSUs that already have vested, regardless of whether or not the Participant had elected to defer under Section 8(c) below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) <u>Change in Control</u>. In the event of a Change of Control before the Determination Date for any Executive Performance RSUs, the Committee shall determine, in its sole discretion, whether to award none, some or all the Target Executive Performance RSUs to the Participant under this Agreement and whether to accelerate the vesting of those Executive Performance RSUs it so awards. In the event of a Change of Control on or after the Determination Date for Executive Performance RSUs, but before the Executive Performance RSUs awarded to the Participant, if any, have fully vested, if the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the effective date of the Change in Control, the Executive Performance RSUs awarded to the Participant will fully vest on a date before the effective date of the Change in Control, determined by the Committee or Board, as applicable, unless (i) the Company is the surviving entity and any adjustments necessary to preserve the value of the Participant's outstanding Executive Performance RSUs have been made, or (ii) the Company's successor at the time of the Change in Control irrevocably assumes the Company's obligations under the Plan and this Agreement or replaces the Participant's outstanding Executive Performance RSUs with an award of equal or greater value and having terms and conditions no less favorable to the Participant than those applicable to the Participant's Executive Performance RSUs immediately prior to the Change in Control; <u>provided</u>, <u>that</u>, if the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement has not terminated before the effective date of the Change in Control and the Participant's Executive Performance RSUs do not become fully vested upon the Change of Control because of the foregoing provisions of this paragraph (b), the Participant's Executive Performance RSUs nonetheless will become fully vested if, within one year after the effective date of the Change of Control, the Company or its successor terminates the Participant's employment other than for Cause or the Participant terminates his or her employment for Good Reason (as defined below). If the Participant terminates employment following a Change in Control due to death or becoming Totally Disabled, the Participant will vest in any Executive Performance RSUs that have not previously vested. On a date determined by the Committee or Board, as applicable, within thirty (30) days of the Change of Control, the Company will distribute Shares to the Participant equal to the number of any Executive Performance RSUs that are or have become vested, regardless of whether or not the Participant had elected to defer under Section 8(c) below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) <u>Deferral of Share Distribution</u>. The Participant may elect to defer the receipt of Shares beyond the vesting date of the underlying Executive Performance RSUs as set forth in this Agreement by written election on the Company's then-current Deferral Election Form, filed no earlier than the Determination Date and no later than thirty (30) days after the Determination Date for the Executive Performance RSUs. Any deferral period must be expressed as a number of whole years, not less than five (5) or more than ten (10), beginning on the Determination Date. Any such deferral election shall apply to the receipt of all Shares underlying the Executive Performance RSUs under this Agreement; for example, a deferral period of seven (7) years would result in the Participant receiving all Shares underlying the vested Executive Performance RSUs seven (7) years from the Determination Date regardless of the fact that the Executive Performance RSUs under this Agreement may have vested at differing times. If a Participant elects a deferral period but thereafter the Participant's status as a Participant terminates after the Executive Performance RSUs vest but before the elected deferral period expires, then, subject to the forfeiture provisions of this Section 8 and Section 11, distribution of the Participant's Shares underlying the Executive Performance RSUs will occur within thirty (30) days after the date the Participant's status as such terminates. If a Participant elects a deferral period but thereafter a Change in Control occurs after the Executive Performance RSUs vest but before the elected deferral period expires, then, subject to the forfeiture provisions of this Section 8 and Section 11, distribution of the Participant's Shares underlying the Executive Performance RSUs will occur on a date to be determined by the Committee or the Board, as applicable, immediately prior to the effective time of the Change in Control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) <u>Claw back</u>. At all times and regardless of the date of adoption any RSU target amounts established, RSUs awarded and Shares distributed under this Agreement shall be subject to any compensation recovery policy adopted by the Company to comply with applicable law, stock exchange listing standards or to comport with good corporate governances practices as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion, as such policy may be amended from time to time. The Company's remedies and rights under this Section 8(d) shall be in addition to any other remedies or rights that the Company shall have, and any penalties or restrictions that may apply, under state or federal law, or any employment or other agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <u>Changes in Capital or Corporate Structure</u>. In the event of any change in the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company by reason of a recapitalization, reclassification, reorganization, stock split, reverse stock split, combination of shares, stock dividend or similar transaction the Committee or Board, as applicable, shall proportionately adjust, in a manner deemed equitable by the Committee or Board, as applicable, in its sole discretion, the number of RSUs held by the Participant under this Agreement, in accordance with the Plan. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10. <u>Nontransferability</u>. A Participant's rights under this Agreement, RSUs awarded under this Agreement and any rights and privileges pertaining to either of them, may not be transferred, assigned, pledged or hypothecated in any manner, by operation of law or otherwise, other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, and shall not be subject to execution, attachment or similar process.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11. <u>Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Restrictive Covenants</u>. In order to protect the Confidential Information (as defined below), customer relationships, and other legitimate business interests of the Company, during the Participant's status as such under this Agreement and for twelve (12) months following the termination of his or her status as a Participant under this Agreement (*e.g.*, termination of employment with the Company) the Participant will not, directly or indirectly, as an employee, agent, member, director, partner, consultant or contractor or in any other individual or representative capacity: (a) solicit any Protected Individual (as defined below) for other employment or engagement, induce or attempt to induce any Protected Individual to terminate his or her employment, hire or engage any Protected Individual, or otherwise interfere or attempt to interfere in any way in the relationship between the Company and such Protected Individual; or (b) solicit or provide competitive products or services to any Customer (as defined below) or Prospective Customer (as defined below) or otherwise interfere or attempt to interfere in any way in the relationship between the Company and any Customer or Prospective Customer. Because the Company's business is global in scope, the Participant understands and agrees that these restrictions apply worldwide.

The Participant agrees that in the event of a breach or threatened breach of any of the covenants contained in this Section 11, in addition to any other penalties or restrictions that may apply under any employment agreement, state law, or otherwise the Participant shall forfeit, upon written notice to such effect from the Company: (i) any rights to receive an RSU Award under this Agreement, (ii) any and all RSUs awarded to him or her under the Plan and this Agreement, including vested RSUs or Shares; (iii) any Shares acquired under this Award, and (iv) any profit the Participant has realized on the vesting or sale of any Shares acquired under this Award, which the Participant may be required to repay to the Company). The forfeiture provisions of this Section 11 shall continue to apply, in accordance with their terms, after the provisions of any employment or other agreement between the Company and the Participant have lapsed. The Participant consents and agrees that if the Participant violates or threatens to violate any provisions of this Section 11, the Company or its successors in interest shall be entitled, in addition to any other remedies that they may have, including money damages, to an injunction to be issued by a court of competent jurisdiction restraining the Participant from committing or continuing any violation of this Section 11. In the event that the Participant is found to have breached any provision set forth in this Section 11 or elsewhere in this Agreement, the time period provided for in that provision shall be deemed tolled (*i.e.,* it will not begin to run) for so long as the Participant was in violation of that provision.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12. <u>Binding Effect</u>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, successors and permitted assigns.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13. <u>Tax Consequences and Withholding</u>. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as a promise, guarantee, or other representation by the Company of any particular tax effect nor shall the Company be liable for any taxes, penalties, or other amounts incurred by the Participant. The Company may withhold from any Shares that it is required to deliver under this Agreement the number of Shares sufficient to satisfy applicable withholding requirements under any applicable federal, state, local or foreign law, rule or regulation if any. The Participant acknowledges that he/she has had sufficient opportunity to review with his/her own tax advisors the federal, state, local, and foreign tax consequences of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Participant acknowledges he/she must rely solely on such advisors and not on any statement or representations of the Company or any of its agents. The Participant understands that he/she (and not the Company) shall be responsible for any tax liability that may arise as a result of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14. <u>No Limitation on the Company</u><u>'</u><u>s Rights</u>. The awarding of RSUs shall not in any way affect the Company's right or power to make adjustments, reclassifications or changes in its capital or business structure or to merge, consolidate, reincorporate, dissolve, liquidate or sell or transfer all or any part of its business or assets. The terms and provisions of this Agreement that provide for the Participant to forfeit Executive Performance RSUs in the event of a termination for Cause, shall be in addition to any other remedies or rights that the Company shall have, and any penalties or restrictions that may apply, under state or federal law, or any employment or other agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15. <u>Plan and Agreement Not a Contract of Employment or Service</u>. Neither the Plan nor this Agreement is a contract of employment or service, and no terms of the Participant's employment or service will be affected in any way by the Plan, this Agreement or related instruments, except to the extent specifically expressed therein. Neither the Plan nor this Agreement will be construed as conferring any legal rights to the Participant to continue in the employment or service with the Company or any subsidiary or affiliate thereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16. <u>Entire Agreement and Amendment</u>. This Agreement is the entire Agreement between the parties to it, and all prior oral and written representations are merged in this Agreement. This Agreement may be amended, modified or terminated only by written agreement between the Participant and the Company, provided, that the Company may amend this Agreement without further action by the Participant if such amendment is deemed by the Company to be advisable or necessary to comply with Code Section 409A. The headings in this Agreement are inserted for convenience and identification only and are not intended to describe, interpret, define or limit the scope, extent, or intent of this Agreement or any provision hereof. Each party has cooperated in the preparation of this Agreement. As a result, this Agreement shall not be construed against any party on the basis that the party was the draftsperson.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17. <u>Notices</u>. Notices given pursuant to this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed received when personally delivered, or on the date of written confirmation of receipt by (i) overnight carrier, (ii) facsimile, (iii) registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, addressee only, postage prepaid, or (iv) such other method of delivery that provides a written confirmation of delivery. Notice to the Company shall be directed to:

Fuel Tech, Inc.

27601 Bella Vista Parkway

Warrenville, Illinois 60555

Attention: General Counsel

The Company may change the person and/or address to which the Participant must give notice under this Section 17 by giving the Participant written notice of such change, in accordance with the procedures described above. Notices to or with respect to the Participant will be directed to the Participant, or to the Participant's executors, personal representatives or distributees, if the Participant is deceased, or the assignees of the Participant, at the Participant's most recent home address on the records of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18. <u>Compliance with Laws</u>. No certificate for Shares distributable pursuant to the Plan or this Agreement shall be issued and delivered unless the issuance of such certificate complies with all applicable legal requirements including, without limitation, compliance with the provisions of applicable state securities laws, the Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time or any successor statute, the Exchange Act and the requirements of the exchanges on which Shares may, at the time, be listed, and the provisions of any foreign securities laws or the rules of foreign securities exchanges, where applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19. <u>Failure to Enforce Not a Waiver</u>. The failure of the Company to enforce at any time any provision of the Agreement shall in no way be construed to be a waiver of such provision or of any other provision hereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20. <u>Incorporation of the Plan</u>. The Plan, as it exists on the date of the Agreement and as amended from time to time, is hereby incorporated by reference and made a part hereof, and the Executive Performance RSU Award and the Agreement shall be subject to all terms and conditions of the Plan. In the event of any conflict between the provisions of the Agreement and the provisions of the Plan, the terms of the Plan shall control, except as expressly stated otherwise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21. <u>Governing Law</u>. The laws of the State of Illinois shall govern the validity, interpretation, construction, and performance of this Agreement, without regard to the conflict of laws principles thereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22. <u>Code Section 409A</u>. It is intended that this Agreement and the Plan be designed and operated within the requirements of Code Section 409A (including any applicable exemptions) and, in the event of any inconsistency between any provision of the Plan or this Agreement and Section 409A, the provisions of Section 409A shall control. Any provision in the Plan or Agreement that is determined to violate the requirements of Section 409A shall be void and without effect. Any provision that is required by Section 409A to appear in the Plan or Agreement that is not expressly set forth therein shall be deemed to be set forth therein, and the Plan shall be administered in all respects as if such provision was expressly set forth herein. Any reference in the Plan or Agreement to Section 409A or a Treasury Regulation Section shall be deemed to include any similar or successor provisions thereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The Executive Performance RSU Award including each component RSU Award part thereof is intended to be exempt from Code Section 409A under the short-term deferral exception set forth in Code Section or, in the alternative, to comply with the requirements of Section 409A.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Notwithstanding anything in the Plan or Agreement to the contrary, if the Participant should become subject to the 6-month delay rule of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(c)(3)(v), then to the extent that the Executive Performance RSU award, in whole or in part, is subject to Section 409A and the Participant is a Specified Employee (as defined below) as of the date of Separation from Service (as defined below), distributions with respect to any RSUs that have been deferred may not be made before the date that is six (6) months after the date of Separation from Service or, if earlier, the date of the Participant's death.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23. <u>Counterparts</u>. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, all of which together shall constitute but one Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24. <u>Definitions</u>. Where used in this Agreement, the following capitalized terms shall have the following meanings:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) "Cause" shall have the meaning set forth in any employment, consulting, or other written agreement between the Participant and the Company. In addition, if there is no employment, consulting, or other written agreement between the Company and the Participant or if such agreement does not define "Cause" to the extent provided for below then for purposes of this Agreement, "Cause" both thereunder and under this Agreement shall mean, as determined by the Committee in its sole judgment, conviction of the Participant under, or a plea of guilty by the Participant to any state or federal felony charge (or the equivalent thereof outside of the United States); any instance of fraud, embezzlement, self-dealing, insider trading or similar malfeasance with respect to the Company or its affiliates regardless of amount; substance or alcohol abuse; or other conduct for which dismissal has been identified in the Company's Code of Business Ethics and Conduct or the applicable Employee Handbook of the Company or its affiliates, or any successor manual, as a potential disciplinary measure.

In addition, the Participant's employment or service shall be deemed to have terminated for Cause if, after the Participant's employment or service has terminated, facts and circumstances are discovered that would have justified a termination for Cause. For purposes of this Plan, no act or failure to act on the Participant's part shall be considered "willful" unless it is done, or omitted to be done, by him or her in bad faith or without reasonable belief that his or her action or omission was in the best interests of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) "Change in Control" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in the Fuel Tech, Inc. 2024 Incentive Plan, as amended, or any successor equity incentive plan approved by the Board and a majority of the stockholders of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) "Confidential Information" means any information (whether or not specifically labeled or identified as "confidential"), in any form or medium, that is disclosed to, developed, or learned by the Participant during his/her status as a Participant, that relates to the business, services, techniques, know-how, processes, methods, formulations, investments, finances, operations, plans, research or development of the Company, and that is not generally known outside of the Company. Confidential Information includes, but is not limited to: the identity and information concerning the needs and preferences of current, former, and prospective customers; performance, compensation, and other personnel data concerning employees of the Company; business plans and strategies; plans for recruiting and hiring new personnel; trade secrets; and pricing strategies and policies. Confidential Information does not include the general skills, knowledge, and experience gained during the Participant's status as a Participant and common to others in the industry or information that is or becomes publicly available without any breach by the Participant of this Agreement. the Participant agrees that at all times both during this Agreement and after his/her status as a Participant under this Agreement terminates, the Participant will not, without the Company's express written permission, use Confidential Information for the Participant's own benefit or the benefit of any other person or entity or disclose Confidential Information to any person other than (i) in the case of disclosures made while the Participant maintained his/her status as such hereunder, to persons to whom disclosure is required in connection with the performance of the Participant's duties for the Company or (ii) any disclosure requested by a court or regulatory authority with jurisdiction over the subject matter, in which event the Participant agrees promptly to notify the Company in advance of and cooperate with the Company in any efforts to suppress or limit such disclosure.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) "Customer" means any Person (as defined below) who or which is or was a customer of the Company and with whom the Participant had business contact during his or her tenure as a Participant hereunder or about whom the Participant received Confidential Information; provided that a former customer will only be considered a "Customer" for twelve (12) months after the last date on which the Company provided products or services (including, without limitation, marketing services, as determined by the Company in its sole discretion) to such Person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) "Determination Date" means the actual date on which the Company awards RSUs to the Participant under this Agreement after completion of the applicable Performance Period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) "Distribution Date" means the date on which the Shares represented by vested RSUs shall be deemed to be distributed to the Participant, which is the date on which a RSU vests; provided that, the Distribution Date for a Participant who elects to defer the distribution of his or her Shares beyond the date on which the applicable RSU vests will be the earliest of (i) the date the Participant's status as a Participant under this Agreement terminates, or (ii) the end of the deferral period specified by the Participant. Additionally, if the Participant elects to defer the distribution of his Shares beyond the date on which the applicable RSUs vests, but a Change in Control occurs after the applicable RSUs vest, but before the elected deferral period expires, then, subject to the forfeiture provisions of Sections 8 and 11, the Participant's Distribution Date will occur on a date to be determined by the Committee or Board, as applicable, immediately prior to the effective time of the Change in Control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g) "Good Reason" shall have the meaning set forth in any employment, consulting, or other written agreement between the Participant and the Company and, if there is no employment, consulting, or other written agreement between the Company and the Participant or if such agreement does not define "Good Reason" then for purposes of this Agreement, "Good Reason" shall mean the occurrence of any of the following, without the Participant's prior written consent:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Any material diminution in the Participant's assigned duties, responsibilities and/or authority;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Any material reduction in the Participant's base compensation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) The Company requires the Participant to be based at a location that is more than thirty-five (35) miles further from the Participant's residence than the location of the Participant's principal job location or office immediately prior to the Change in Control (except for required travel on Company's business to an extent substantially consistent with the Participant's then present business travel obligations); or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) Any other action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by the Company of any agreement under which the Participant provides services to the Company.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, Good Reason shall not exist unless the Participant gives the Company written notice thereof within sixty (60) days after its occurrence and the Company shall not have remedied the action or omission within thirty (30) days after such written notice.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h) "New Business Growth" means revenue, if any, recognized by the Company from the sales of new products or services not sold by the Company prior to January 1, 2025.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) "Operating Income" means the operating income of the Company before the impact of incentive pay (but including adjustments to reflect the payment of sales commissions), as determined by the Committee, in its sole discretion.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(j) "Performance Period" means, as the context may require, the one-year period beginning January 1, 2025 and ending December 31, 2025 and the one-year period beginning on January 1, 2026 and ending December 31, 2026.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(k) "Person" means an individual or any type of business entity.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(l) "Prospective Customer" means any Person, other than a Customer, toward whom or which the Company directed specific and material business development efforts, such as, but not limited to, a detailed proposal or bid, and with whom the Participant had business contact during his or her tenure as a Participant hereunder or about whom the Participant received Confidential Information; provided that such Person will only be considered a "Prospective Customer" for twelve (12) months after the last date on which such efforts were undertaken by the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(m) "Protected Individual" means an individual who is or was an employee, consultant or advisor of the Company and with whom the Participant had business contact at any time during the Participant's employment or other retention by the Company or about whom the Participant received Confidential Information ; provided that such a former employee, consultant or advisor will only be considered a "Protected Individual" for six (6) months after the last date he or she was employed by or provided services to the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(n) "Restricted Stock Unit" or "RSU" means a notional account established pursuant to an Award granted to a Participant under this Agreement, which is (i) valued solely by reference to Shares, (ii) subject to restrictions specified in the Agreement, and (iii) payable only in Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(o) "Revenue Growth" means the increase in revenue, if any, reported on Form 10-K for the Company coinciding with the Performance Period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(p) "Specified Employee" has the meaning given to that term in Code Section 409A and Treasury Regulation §1.409A-1(i) (or any similar or successor provisions).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(q) "Totally Disabled" means (i) a permanent or long-term disability as defined in any individual agreement between the Company and the Participant or (ii) if there is no such agreement or if such agreement does not define Disability, that a Participant is either:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(A) unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months, or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months, receiving income replacement benefits for a period of not less than three months under the disability benefits plan(s) of the Company.

**In Witness Whereof,** the parties have executed this Agreement effective as of the Effective Date.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Fuel Tech, Inc.** |
| **_______________________________**<br> **Participant** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By:<u> </u><u> </u><u> </u><u> </u><u> </u><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Its: ____________________________ |

---

------

**Exhibit A**

**to** 

**2025 Executive Performance RSU Award Agreement**

**<u>Equity Award Factors</u>**

The determination and approval of proposed equity awards by the Company's Compensation Committee are based on a variety of factors that may include:

● historical equity awards, by employee, by year;

● intrinsic values for each equity award, or, when applicable, the fair value of each equity award using the Black-Scholes option pricing model;

● the number of equity award units available for issuance under the Plan;

● supervisor recommendations for employee equity awards;

● the estimate of expected intrinsic value (*e.g.,* equity award compensation expense) of the aggregate equity award;

● Fuel Tech's financial performance in light of market conditions and operational considerations, which may be quantitative, qualitative or both;

● achievement of individual or company operational objectives;

● exceptional and innovative individual performance;

● individual contribution to a strategic goal;

● teamwork;

● leadership accomplishments; and

● employee job level

------

**Exhibit B**

**to** 

**2025 Executive Performance RSU Award Agreement**

**<u>Performance Targets</u>**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Target Category** | **2025 Threshold** | **2025 Target** | **2026 Threshold** | **2026 Target** |
| *Total Revenue* | $30.42 million | $33.8 million | $33.46 million | $37.18 million |
| *New Business Revenue* | $750000 | $1.0 million | $2.25 million | $3.0 million |
| *Operating Income* | $500000 | $1.0 million | $1.0 million | $2.0 million |

---

## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (No. 333-201422 and 333-36390) on Form S-8 and Registration Statement (No. 333-253619) on Form S-3 of Fuel Tech, Inc. of our report dated March 3, 2026, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Fuel Tech, Inc. and its subsidiaries, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Fuel Tech, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2025.

/s/ RSM US LLP

Chicago, Illinois

March 3, 2026

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

I, Vincent J. Arnone, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Fuel Tech, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules l3a-15 (e) and 15d-15 (e) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: March 3, 2026 | Date: March 3, 2026 |
| By: | /s/ Vincent J. Arnone |
|  | Vincent J. Arnone |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

I, Ellen T. Albrecht certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Fuel Tech, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules l3a-15 (e) and 15d-15 (e) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: March 3, 2026 | Date: March 3, 2026 |
| By: | /s/ Ellen T. Albrecht |
|  | Ellen T. Albrecht |
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
|  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

## Ex-32

**Exhibit 32**

The undersigned in their capacities as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant do hereby certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) this report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(ii) information contained in the report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in the report.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: March 3, 2026 | Date: March 3, 2026 |
| By: | /s/ Vincent J. Arnone |
|  | Vincent J. Arnone |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |
| Date: March 3, 2026 | Date: March 3, 2026 |
| By: | /s/ Ellen T. Albrecht  |
|  | Ellen T. Albrecht |
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
|  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Act") this certification accompanies the Report and shall not, except to the extent required by the Act, be deemed filed by the Registrant for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to Fuel Tech, Inc. and will be retained by Fuel Tech, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

## Ex-97

**Exhibit 97**

**FUEL TECH, INC.**

**POLICY FOR THE**

**RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. OVERVIEW

In accordance with the applicable rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market (the "***Nasdaq Rules***"), Section 10D and Rule 10D-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "***Exchange Act***") ("***Rule 10D-1***"), the Board of Directors (the "***Board***") of Fuel Tech, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "***Company***") has adopted this Policy (the "***Policy***") to provide for the recovery of erroneously awarded Incentive-based Compensation from Officers. All capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in Section H, below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) In the event of an Accounting Restatement, the Company will reasonably promptly recover the Erroneously Awarded Compensation Received in accordance with the Nasdaq Rules and Rule 10D-1 as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) After an Accounting Restatement, the Compensation Committee (if composed entirely of independent directors, or in the absence of such a committee, a majority of independent directors serving on the Board) (the "  ***Committee***") shall determine the amount of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation Received by each Officer and shall promptly notify each Officer with a written notice containing the amount of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation and a demand for repayment or return of such compensation, as applicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) For Incentive-based Compensation based on (or derived from) the Company's stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the applicable Accounting Restatement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i. The amount to be repaid or returned shall be determined by the Committee based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Accounting Restatement on the Company's stock price or total shareholder return upon which the Incentive-based Compensation was Received; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ii. The Company shall maintain documentation of the determination of such reasonable estimate and provide the relevant documentation as required to the Nasdaq Rules.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) The Committee shall have discretion to determine the appropriate means of recovering Erroneously Awarded Compensation based on the particular facts and circumstances.<sup></sup>Notwithstanding the foregoing, except as set forth in Section B(2) below, in no event may the Company accept an amount that is less than the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation in satisfaction of an Officer's obligations hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) To the extent that the Officer has already reimbursed the Company for any Erroneously Awarded Compensation Received under any duplicative recovery obligations established by the Company or applicable law, it shall be appropriate for any such reimbursed amount to be credited to the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation that is subject to recovery under this Policy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) To the extent that an Officer fails to repay all Erroneously Awarded Compensation to the Company when due, the Company shall take all actions reasonable and appropriate to recover such Erroneously Awarded Compensation from the applicable Officer. The applicable Officer shall be required to reimburse the Company for any and all expenses reasonably incurred (including legal fees) by the Company in recovering such Erroneously Awarded Compensation in accordance with the immediately preceding sentence.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Company shall not be required to take the actions contemplated by Section B(1) above if the Committee (which, as specified above, is composed entirely of independent directors or in the absence of such a committee, a majority of the independent directors serving on the Board) determines that recovery would be impracticable *and* any of the following two conditions are met:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) The Committee has determined that the direct expenses paid to a third party to assist in enforcing the Policy would exceed the amount to be recovered. Before making this determination, the Company must make a reasonable attempt to recover the Erroneously Awarded Compensation, documented such attempt(s) and provided such documentation to the Nasdaq Stock Market;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of Section 401(a)(13) or Section 411(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and regulations thereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C. DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS

The Company shall file all disclosures with respect to this Policy required by applicable U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("***SEC***") filings and rules.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D. PROHIBITION OF INDEMNIFICATION

The Company shall not be permitted to insure or indemnify any Officer against (i) the loss of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation that is repaid, returned or recovered pursuant to the terms of this Policy, or (ii) any claims relating to the Company's enforcement of its rights under this Policy. Further, the Company shall not enter into any agreement that exempts any Incentive-based Compensation that is granted, paid or awarded to an Officer from the application of this Policy or that waives the Company's right to recovery of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation, and this Policy shall supersede any such agreement (whether entered into before, on or after the Effective Date of this Policy).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E. ADMINISTRATION AND INTERPRETATION

This Policy shall be administered by the Committee, and any determinations made by the Committee shall be final and binding on all affected individuals.

The Committee is authorized to interpret and construe this Policy and to make all determinations necessary, appropriate, or advisable for the administration of this Policy and for the Company's compliance with the Nasdaq Rules, Section 10D, Rule 10D-1 and any other applicable law, regulation, rule or interpretation of the SEC or the Nasdaq Stock Market promulgated or issued in connection therewith.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F. AMENDMENT; TERMINATION

The Committee may amend this Policy from time to time in its discretion and shall amend this Policy as it deems necessary. Notwithstanding anything in this Section F to the contrary, no amendment or termination of this Policy shall be effective if such amendment or termination would (after taking into account any actions taken by the Company contemporaneously with such amendment or termination) cause the Company to violate any federal securities laws, SEC rule or the Nasdaq Rules.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G. OTHER RECOVERY RIGHTS

This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Officers and, to the extent required by applicable law or guidance from the SEC or the Nasdaq Stock Market, their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives. The Committee intends that this Policy will be applied to the fullest extent required by applicable law. Any employment agreement, equity award agreement, compensatory plan or any other agreement or arrangement with an Officer shall be deemed to include, as a condition to the grant of any benefit thereunder, an agreement by the Officer to abide by the terms of this Policy. Any right of recovery under this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of recovery that may be available to the Company under applicable law, regulation or rule or pursuant to the terms of any policy of the Company or any provision in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, compensatory plan, agreement or other arrangement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H. DEFINITIONS

For purposes of this Policy, the following capitalized terms shall have the meanings set forth below.

(1)" ***Accounting Restatement***" means an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements (a "Big R" restatement), or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period (a "little r" restatement).

(2)" ***Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation***" means all Incentive-based Compensation Received by an Officer (i) on or after the effective date of the applicable Nasdaq Rules, (ii) after beginning service as an Officer, (iii) who served as an Officer at any time during the applicable performance period relating to any Incentive-based Compensation (whether or not such Officer is serving at the time the Erroneously Awarded Compensation is required to be repaid to the Company), (iv) while the Company has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or a national securities association, and (v) during the applicable Clawback Period (as defined below).

(3)" ***Clawback Period***" means, with respect to any Accounting Restatement, the three completed fiscal years of the Company immediately preceding the Restatement Date (as defined below), and if the Company changes its fiscal year, any transition period of less than nine months within or immediately following those three completed fiscal years.

(4)" ***Erroneously Awarded Compensation***" means, with respect to each Officer in connection with an Accounting Restatement, the amount of Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation that exceeds the amount of Incentive-based Compensation that otherwise would have been Received had it been determined based on the restated amounts, computed without regard to any taxes paid.

(5)" ***Officer***" means any officer of the Company set forth in the Company's Amended and Restated Bylaws including, but not limited to, each individual who is currently or was previously designated as an "executive officer" of the Company as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act. For the avoidance of doubt, the identification of an officer for purposes of this Policy shall include each officer who is or was identified pursuant to Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K or Item 6.A of Form 20-F, as applicable, as well as the principal financial officer and principal accounting officer (or, if there is no principal accounting officer, the controller).

(6)" ***Financial Reporting Measures***" means measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company's financial statements, and all other measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures. Stock price and total shareholder return (and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from stock price or total shareholder return) shall, for purposes of this Policy, be considered Financial Reporting Measures. For the avoidance of doubt, a Financial Reporting Measure need not be presented in the Company's financial statements or included in a filing with the SEC.

(7)" ***Incentive-based Compensation***" means any compensation that is granted, earned or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure.

(8)" ***Nasdaq***" means The Nasdaq Stock Market.

(9)" ***Received***" means, with respect to any Incentive-based Compensation, actual or deemed receipt, and Incentive-based Compensation shall be deemed received in the Company's fiscal period during which the Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-based Compensation award is attained, even if the payment or grant of the Incentive-based Compensation to the Officer occurs after the end of that period.

(10)" ***Restatement Date***" means the earlier to occur of (i) the date the Board, a committee of the Board or the officers of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement, or (ii) the date a court, regulator or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare an Accounting Restatement.

Effective as of November 2, 2023.

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**Exhibit A**

**ATTESTATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF POLICY FOR THE RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION**

By my signature below, I acknowledge and agree that:

● I have received and read the attached Fuel Tech, Inc. Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation (this "  ***Policy*** ").

● I hereby agree to abide by all of the terms of this Policy both during and after my employment with the Fuel Tech, Inc., including, without limitation, by promptly repaying or returning any Erroneously Awarded Compensation to the Company as determined in accordance with this Policy.

Signature:<u> </u>

Printed Name:<u> </u>

Date:<u> </u>