# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001991792
**File Stem:** 0001193125-26-079498
**Filing Date:** 2026-2
**Character Count:** 703196
**Document Hash:** 92b6f4d3f582db488e33275e28a89be0
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001193125-26-079498.hdr.sgml**: 20260227

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001193125-26-079498

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 106

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260227

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260227

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** CG Oncology, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001991792
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS (NO DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES) [2836]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 371611499
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-41925
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26693016

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 400 SPECTRUM CENTER DRIVE
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 2040
- **CITY:** IRVINE
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 92618
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (949) 419-6203

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 400 SPECTRUM CENTER DRIVE
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 2040
- **CITY:** IRVINE
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 92618

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? 10-K

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

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**FORM** 10-K

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**(Mark One)** 

☒ **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934** 

**For the fiscal year ended** December 31**,** 2025

**OR**

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM _____________________ TO _____________________**

**Commission File Number** 001-41925

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CG Oncology, Inc.

**(Exact name of registrant as specified in its Charter)**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Delaware | 37-1611499 |
| **(State or other jurisdiction of**<br>**incorporation or organization)** | **(I.R.S. Employer**<br>**Identification No.)** |
| 400 Spectrum Center Drive**,** Suite 2040<br>Irvine**,** CA | 92618 |
| **(Address of principal executive offices)** | **(Zip Code)** |

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**Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (**949**)** 409-3700

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading**<br>**Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share | CGON | The Nasdaq Global Select Market |

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: **None**

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of June 30, 2025 (the last trading day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter), the aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $1.7 billion, based on the closing price of the registrant's common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of 26.00 per share.

As of February 25, 2026, the registrant had 84,435,200 shares of common stock ($0.0001 par value) outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

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**Table of Contents**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Forward-Looking Statements and Market Data</u>](#forward_looking_statement) |  |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Risk Factors Summary</u>](#risk_factor_summary) |  |
|  |  | **Page** |
| **PART I** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 1. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Business</u>](#item_1_business) | 4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 1A. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Risk Factors</u>](#item_1a_riskfactors) | 38 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 1B. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Unresolved Staff Comments</u>](#item_1b_unresolvedstaffcomments) | 101 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 1C. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Cybersecurity</u>](#item_1c_cybersecurity) | 101 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 2. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Properties</u>](#item_2_properties) | 102 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 3. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Legal Proceedings</u>](#item_3_legalproceedings) | 102 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 4. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Mine Safety Disclosures</u>](#item_4_minesafetydisclosures) | 103 |
| **PART II** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 5. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities</u>](#item_5_marketforregistrant) | 104 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 6. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>\[Reserved\]</u>](#item_6_reserved) | 106 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 7. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</u>](#item_7_mda) | 107 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 7A. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</u>](#item_7a) | 120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 8. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Financial Statements and Supplementary Data</u>](#item_8) | 121 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 9. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure</u>](#item_9) | 155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 9A. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Controls and Procedures</u>](#item_9a) | 155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 9B. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Other Information</u>](#item_9b) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;158 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 9C. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections</u>](#item_9c) | 158 |
| **PART III** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 10. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance</u>](#item_10) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 11. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Executive Compensation</u>](#item_11) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 12. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters</u>](#item_12) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 13. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence</u>](#item_13) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 14. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Principal Accounting Fees and Services</u>](#item_14) | 159 |
| **PART IV** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 15. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules</u>](#item_15) | 160 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Item 16. | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Form 10-K Summary</u>](#item_16) | 160 |

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**FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND MARKET DATA**

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including: statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, research and development plans; the anticipated timing, costs, design and conduct of our ongoing and planned clinical trials and preclinical studies for cretostimogene and any future product candidates; the potential therapeutic benefits of cretostimogene for high-risk and intermediate-risk NMIBC patients and its potential to have best-in-disease durability and tolerability and to meaningfully improve patient outcomes, the importance of the data as they relate to addressing bladder cancer, and the potential for the two-step administration process to deliver equivalent or better results compared to the five-step administration process; the timing and likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals for cretostimogene and any future product candidates; our ability to commercialize cretostimogene and any future product candidates, if approved; the pricing and reimbursement of cretostimogene and any future product candidates, if approved; the potential to develop future product candidates; the potential benefits of strategic collaborations and potential to enter into any future strategic arrangements; the timing and likelihood of success, plans and objectives of management for future operations; and future results of anticipated product development efforts, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. This Annual Report also contains estimates and other statistical data made by independent parties and by us relating to market size and growth and other data about our industry. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the markets in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "will," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "could," "intend," "target," "project," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential" or "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial and other trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including, without limitation, the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors." Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement, which is made under the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

In addition, statements that "we believe" and similarly qualified statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to rely unduly upon them.

This Annual Report includes trademarks, tradenames and service marks that are the property of other organizations. Solely for convenience, trademarks and tradenames referred to in this Annual Report appear without the® and™ symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights, or that the applicable owner will not assert its rights, to these trademarks and tradenames.

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**RISK FACTORS SUMMARY**

The risks described in the section titled "Risk Factors" in Part I of this Annual Report could impact our ability to realize the full benefits of our strengths or execute all or part of our strategy. Some of the more significant risks described in "Risk Factors" include the following:

**Risks Related to the Development and Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•We currently depend entirely on the success of cretostimogene, which is our only product candidate. If we are unable to advance cretostimogene in clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize cretostimogene, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•Cretostimogene is based on a novel approach to the treatment of cancer, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development and subsequently obtaining regulatory approval, if at all.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•Clinical and preclinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with uncertain timelines and outcomes, and the results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results. Cretostimogene or any future product candidates may not achieve favorable results in clinical trials or preclinical studies or receive regulatory approval on a timely basis, if at all.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•Use of cretostimogene or any future product candidates could be associated with adverse side effects, adverse events or other properties or safety risks, which could delay or preclude regulatory approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, abandon cretostimogene or any future product candidate, limit the commercial profile of an approved label or result in other significant negative consequences that could severely harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•Interim, topline and preliminary data from our clinical trials and preclinical studies that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•A Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process for cretostimogene and it does not increase the likelihood that cretostimogene or any future product candidates will receive FDA approval.

**Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with applicable regulatory requirements, or meet expected deadlines, cretostimogene or any future product candidate and our ability to seek or obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates may be delayed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•We rely on Biovire and third parties for the manufacture and shipping of cretostimogene for clinical development and if approved by the FDA, will rely on third parties for the manufacture, supply and shipping of cretostimogene for commercialization, and expect to continue to do so for the foreseeable future. This reliance increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of cretostimogene or future product candidates or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent, or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

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**Risks Related to Commercialization of Cretostimogene and any Future Product Candidates**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•Even if we receive regulatory approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•We face significant competition from entities that have developed or may develop product candidates for cancer, including companies developing novel treatments and technology platforms. If our competitors develop and commercialize their product candidates more rapidly than we do, or their technologies or product candidates are more effective, safer, or less expensive than cretostimogene or any future product candidates we develop, our business and our ability to develop and successfully commercialize products may be adversely affected.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•We are in the early stages of building our internal marketing and sales organization and have no experience as a company in commercializing products, and we will need to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market, sell and distribute our products, we may not be able to generate any product revenue.

**Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Capital Requirements**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•We have a relatively limited operating history, have incurred significant operating losses since our inception, and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We may never generate any revenue from our product candidates or become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations.

**Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•If we are unable to obtain, maintain, and enforce patent or other intellectual property protection for cretostimogene or any future product candidates or technology, or if the scope of the patent or other intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors or other third parties could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates, may be adversely affected.

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**PART I**

**Item 1. Business.**

**Overview** 

We are a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing cretostimogene grenadenorepvec (cretostimogene), an investigational oncolytic immunotherapy with a dual mechanism of action designed both to eliminate cancer cells directly by selective replication and indirectly by activating an anti-tumor immune response, as a potential backbone therapy in a broad range of patients afflicted with bladder cancer. Cretostimogene is currently in clinical development for the treatment of patients with high-risk and intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which potentially represents up to 150,000 addressable patients.

We are evaluating the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene as a monotherapy in BOND-003 Cohort C, our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial in high-risk Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive NMIBC with carcinoma *in situ* (CIS), with or without Ta/T1 disease. Given the limitations of currently approved therapies, the next course of treatment for these patients with BCG-unresponsive tumors is radical cystectomy, which is the complete removal of the bladder. This surgery carries a significant social, functional and emotional burden for patients. As such, there is a significant unmet need for effective bladder-sparing treatments. We have completed enrollment for this cohort and reported potentially best-in-disease data in September 2025. This trial served as the basis for our Biologics License Application (BLA) submission for our initial indication to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which we initiated in the fourth quarter of 2025 and expect to complete in 2026. Cretostimogene has received both Fast Track and Breakthrough Therapy designations from the FDA for the treatment of high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS with or without Ta or T1 papillary tumors. Additionally, in April 2024, we initiated BOND-003 Cohort P, an exploratory study evaluating cretostimogene monotherapy in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with only Ta/T1 disease. Initial data from this Cohort was reported at the 2025 AUA Annual Meeting, with potentially best-in-disease data reported at the Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) 26th Annual Meeting in December 2025. Based on internal research derived from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program's (NIH SEER) database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC segment may represent up to 25,000 addressable patients.

We are also conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial, PIVOT-006, the first randomized registrational trial to evaluate an investigational therapy in intermediate-risk NMIBC assessing adjuvant cretostimogene following transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), with enrollment completed in the third quarter of 2025. These patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC are encumbered by frequent tumor recurrence that requires repeat resection of the bladder tumors. Moreover, intravesical BCG is no longer recommended by guidelines for this patient population due to the continuous BCG shortage. We believe cretostimogene, if approved in intermediate-risk NMIBC, has the potential to serve as a first-in-class backbone therapy in this frontline adjuvant setting, for which there are currently no U.S. FDA approved options. Based on internal research derived from NIH SEER database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the intermediate-risk NMIBC segment may represent up to 50,000 addressable patients.

Additionally, we have multiple ongoing Phase 2 cohorts designed to generate data in high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-naïve patients. In October 2024, we initiated CORE-008 Cohort A, a Phase 2 clinical trial in high-risk NMIBC patients who are naïve to BCG treatment, including patients with CIS and with or without Ta/T1 disease and patients with only Ta/T1 disease. Initial data from this Cohort were reported at the SUO Annual Meeting in December 2025. Based on internal research derived from NIH SEER database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the high-risk BCG-naïve NMIBC segment may represent up to 25,000 addressable patients. In March 2025, we expanded CORE-008 evaluating cretostimogene as a monotherapy in the high-risk BCG-exposed population (Cohort B). In addition, in April 2025, we initiated a third Cohort (Cohort CX), evaluating cretostimogene in combination with gemcitabine in both the high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive population. Based on internal research derived from NIH SEER database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the high-risk BCG-exposed NMIBC segment may represent up to 50,000 addressable patients. Notably, cretostimogene's potential for combination with other therapies was assessed in a Phase 2 CORE-001 clinical trial evaluating cretostimogene in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) pembrolizumab in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients.

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We intend to develop a potentially category-defining, bladder-sparing therapeutic for patients afflicted with bladder cancer by evaluating cretostimogene for use in a broad range of bladder cancer indications, as shown in our pipeline below.

*Our Cretostimogene Pipeline*![img265154520_0.jpg](img265154520_0.jpg)

**Our Strengths** 

We believe our product candidate, cretostimogene, has a potential best-in-disease target product profile that supports our vision of cretostimogene as a potential backbone bladder-sparing therapy in bladder cancer. The key differentiating factors include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Favorable monotherapy data.** Cretostimogene demonstrated sustained, durable complete responses in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, with a 75.5% CR at any time, and 46.4% of evaluable responders maintaining their response for at least 12 months and 41.8% at 24 months (CR rate observed in 46 out of 110 patients). This topline data shows that 90% of 12-month responders remain disease free at two years, as of June 23, 2025 cutoff in our Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial. The estimated 12- and 24-month duration of response (DOR) rates are 64.1% and 58.3%, respectively. Median DOR is 28 months and is ongoing.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Strong safety and tolerability profile.** No Grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were observed and no patient discontinued cretostimogene due to TRAEs as of June 23, 2025 cutoff in our Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial. The median time to TRAE resolution was one day. No treatment-related discontinuation of cretostimogene was observed, and 97.3% of patients completed all expected treatments, demonstrating favorable patient adherence and compliance. The most common TRAEs (≥10%) were bladder spasm, pollakiuria, micturition urgency, dysuria, and hematuria.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Simple route of administration.** Similar to the standard-of-care BCG therapy, cretostimogene is administered intravesically without changing practice workflow, and urology practices perform intravesical procedures regularly. This is unlike some treatment procedures that require a urologist to perform a cystoscopic examination that involves local anesthesia.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Potential for combination with other therapies.** Cretostimogene, in combination with the CPI pembrolizumab produced an 82.9% CR at any time in our completed Phase 2 CORE-001 clinical trial, with no Grade 3 or higher TRAEs attributable to cretostimogene, demonstrating the potential benefits of using cretostimogene in a combination therapy. Cretostimogene's combination potential is being further assessed in a Phase 2 CORE-008 Cohort CX clinical trial evaluating cretostimogene in combination with gemcitabine in high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Potential broad applicability across bladder cancer indications.** Due to its novel dual mechanisms of action, cretostimogene has the potential to address a broad range of bladder cancer indications, including high-risk BCG-naïve, exposed and unresponsive NMIBC, as well as intermediate-risk NMIBC. Cretostimogene has the potential to be a first-in-class adjuvant therapy for patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC in the broadest label by AUO/SUO guideline definition that includes those with solitary high-grade Ta disease less than or equal to 3 cm in size. These patients are encumbered by frequent tumor recurrence that requires repeat resection of the bladder tumors. Also, there is incremental opportunity in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

**Bladder Cancer Overview** 

Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease and involves a number of different cancer stages, which can be segmented into NMIBC or MIBC. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2026, approximately 85,000 people will be diagnosed with bladder cancer and that the disease will result in nearly 17,900 deaths. An estimated 730,000 people in the United States are currently living with the disease. NMIBC, which accounts for approximately 75% of newly diagnosed patients, describes earlier-stage bladder cancer that has not spread to the muscle wall. NMIBC can be further stratified by its specific risk profile, with high-risk NMIBC making up approximately 40% of the NMIBC patient population, at an elevated probability of disease progression to more aggressive MIBC within five years of initial diagnosis. Patients with intermediate-risk disease account for approximately 30% of total NMIBC diagnoses.

Current treatment for high-risk NMIBC typically involves TURBT followed by the intravesical (IVE) delivery of BCG therapy to induce an anti-tumor immune response. This treatment protocol has demonstrated therapeutic benefit with nearly 70% of patients achieving a CR following an initial induction course of therapy. However, approximately 50% of these patients will experience a recurrence of the tumor and few treatment options are available for patients whose disease becomes unresponsive to BCG treatment. While radical cystectomy is the current guideline recommended treatment for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, only approximately 6% of patients with NMIBC elect to undergo cystectomy considering the significant social, functional and emotional burden associated with this procedure. Further complicating the treatment options available to patients with NMIBC is the ongoing shortage of BCG which has restricted patient eligibility to high-risk BCG-naïve NMIBC. Even among these patients a significant number of newly diagnosed, BCG-eligible, treatment-naïve patients in the United States may not receive sufficient BCG therapy, if at all. Moreover, patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC may not have access to BCG due to the shortage, despite the likely therapeutic benefit of earlier adjuvant BCG therapy, because high-risk patients are prioritized in line with guidance published by the National Comprehensive Care Network (NCCN) and guidance published jointly by the American Urological Association (AUA) and the SUO. Although intermediate-risk patients have lower risk of progression, this patient population is the most heterogeneous of all risk categories, comprising of mostly multifocal or frequently recurring low-grade lesions or high-grade Ta lesions less than 3 cm that are frequently refractory to current intravesical treatments. Therefore, the standard of care for management is centered on surgical removal of visible lesions via TURBT, which places similarly functional and emotional burden on intermediate-risk patients who experience frequent invasive surgery to minimize repeat disease recurrence.

Instances of refractory and recurrent disease, patient aversion to cystectomy and the ongoing BCG supply constraints, have created a sizeable unmet medical need for alternative NMIBC therapeutics that are both safe and efficacious. In addition to our registrational clinical trials in both high-risk and intermediate-risk NMIBC, we also initiated CORE-008, an open-label, multi-arm, multi-cohort Phase 2 clinical trial designed to assess the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene when administered as monotherapy in high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-naïve NMIBC patients, as well as in combination in high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients. BCG-exposed patients are classified as those with persistent, recurrent or progressive disease after BCG treatment but who do not meet the specific disease classification criteria requisite to be designated as BCG-unresponsive. BCG-naïve NMIBC is classified as patients who have not received any prior BCG therapy.

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**Our Strategy** 

We intend to become a leading company in the development and commercialization of innovative therapeutics to treat cancer, with an initial focus on bladder cancer. Key elements of our strategy to accomplish this objective include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Pursue FDA approval of cretostimogene monotherapy in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC*.*** We are evaluating the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene in BOND-003 Cohort C, our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial. We have completed enrollment for this cohort and reported potentially best-in-disease data in September 2025. Given the significant unmet need in this indication, the FDA published initial guidance in 2018 (revised in August 2024) that stated a single-arm clinical trial in patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC that assess CR rate as the primary endpoint, taking DOR into account, may be appropriate for full approval. Based on this guidance, and the trial data, our BOND-003 Cohort C trial served as the basis for our BLA submission to the FDA, which we initiated in the fourth quarter of 2025 and expect to complete in 2026.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Expand the development of cretostimogene monotherapy as a potential backbone therapy across NMIBC indications***.* In addition to evaluating cretostimogene in patients with high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, and in light of the significant and ongoing global shortage of BCG, we intend to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene as an alternative to BCG therapy in additional bladder cancer indications, including: (1) patients diagnosed with intermediate-risk NMIBC, assessed in our Phase 3 PIVOT-006 clinical trial; and (2) patients with high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-naïve NMIBC in our open-label multi-cohort Phase 2 CORE-008 clinical trial. Our goal is to develop cretostimogene as a bladder-sparing backbone therapeutic for patients afflicted with bladder cancer. With approximately 85,000 new U.S. diagnoses per year and over 730,000 patients living with bladder cancer in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society, we believe cretostimogene, if approved, has the potential to address the significant unmet need in bladder cancer treatment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Continue to evaluate cretostimogene in combination with other therapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, to potentially further enhance its clinical utility across various stages of bladder cancer*.*** As of January 30, 2026, cretostimogene had been administered in over 740 patients with a broad range of NMIBC risk profiles across multiple clinical trials and has been generally well-tolerated with no Grade 4 or 5 TRAEs observed and no treatment-related study discontinuations deemed related to cretostimogene. Based on observed tolerability data to date, we are evaluating the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene in combination with other therapies in addition to our monotherapy trials. These include our Phase 2 CORE-008 multi-cohort trial in high-risk NMIBC. We believe our approach to combine cretostimogene with other therapeutics across several bladder cancer indications may enhance the potential utility of our product candidate beyond our core strategy of targeting intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC via cretostimogene monotherapy.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Build our operational capabilities to successfully commercialize cretostimogene***.* In preparation for potential FDA regulatory approval for cretostimogene, we are in the process of building a capital-efficient, in-house commercial organization including field sales, marketing and market access capabilities to successfully commercialize cretostimogene in the United States. While the number of patients suffering from bladder cancer is large and growing, a high volume of patients is concentrated in a small number of high value targets and a significant portion of large urology practices including academic urology practices that are concentrated in the largest major metropolitan areas. We believe this concentration will potentially enable us to efficiently reach a large portion of our addressable market with a relatively small commercial footprint. Importantly, urology practices are already deeply familiar with IVE delivery of BCG in NMIBC. Cretostimogene is similarly administered via IVE in the clinic setting by a nurse or medical assistant and therefore does not require urologists nor anesthesia. We believe this could drive increased physician adoption and improve patient experience versus alternative treatments that require urology practices to learn an entirely new and unfamiliar procedure or to transfer them to a medical oncologist for treatment and follow-up.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•**Leverage our chemistry, manufacturing and controls expertise and relationships to scale commercialization efforts***.* We believe this approach will drive a high-yield manufacturing process capable of rapidly scaling to meet demand should cretostimogene receive FDA approval. We have established in-house chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) expertise made up of individuals with oncolytic immunotherapy manufacturing experience, enhanced by an advisory board to help oversee our overall CMC strategic focus, while leveraging third parties for product manufacturing. Our world class CMC Advisory Board provides differentiated expertise in production and potential commercialization of cretostimogene. Our CMC Advisory Board represents former senior leadership from large pharmaceutical companies with deep experience in manufacturing at scale, as well as former FDA leadership. We believe our strategic CMC approach will potentially enable us to maintain an attractive cost of goods while rapidly achieving commercial scalability, if cretostimogene receives FDA approval.

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**Bladder Cancer** 

The human bladder, which functions in the storage and elimination of urine, is a hollow muscular organ composed of multiple tissue layers. As shown below, the inner wall of the bladder is the urothelium. The interior space where urine collects is known as the bladder lumen. The internal side of the urothelium is lined by a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) membrane, which acts as a protective barrier from urine as well as infectious agents. Between the thick, detrusor muscular portion of the bladder wall and the urothelium is the lamina propria, which consists of connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves. A fatty connective tissue layer makes up the organ's exterior surface, facing the rest of the body.

*The Anatomy of the Bladder Wall*![img265154520_1.jpg](img265154520_1.jpg)

The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2026, approximately 85,000 people will be diagnosed with bladder cancer in the United States and that it will result in nearly 17,900 deaths. Notable is the disease prevalence with an estimated 730,000 people in the United States living with the disease. The relatively high prevalence rate is driven in part by chances of recurrence, which can be very high for NMIBC. It is estimated that approximately 15% to 61% of patients with high-risk NMIBC will develop recurrence within one year following treatment and approximately 31% to 78% of people with NMIBC will develop recurrence or a secondary bladder cancer within five years following treatment, depending on risk-factors. Bladder cancer is the sixth most common form of cancer in the United States, and men account for three-quarters of newly diagnosed cases. Patients with bladder cancer are generally from high-risk populations, with 74% of patients over 65 years old and a median age of 73 years old. The global bladder cancer treatment market has been forecast to be approximately $9.9 billion by 2028, according to Evaluate Pharma.

Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease and involves a number of different cancer sub-types. In the United States, the vast majority of patients with bladder cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all diagnoses, have urothelial carcinoma (UC). UC is further segmented based on architecture into papillary and non-papillary tumors. Papillary UC involves tumors configured as finger-like projections extending from the urothelium into the bladder lumen. Non-papillary, or flat, UC, also known as CIS, which means the cancer is confined to the urothelium, is generally difficult to treat via resection because it tends to be diffuse and microscopic. The 5% of bladder cancer that is not UC includes variant histologies such as squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.

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NMIBC is often used to describe earlier stage disease that has not reached the muscle wall. NMIBC accounts for approximately 75% of newly diagnosed patients, and includes three stages: CIS-containing tumors, Ta and T1. Ta and T1 are papillary UCs which have not spread beyond the lamina propria. T2 through T4 stage make up MIBC, indicative of more aggressive locally advanced and metastatic disease. Bladder cancer has metastasized in an estimated 5% of patients with newly diagnosed disease. The graphic presented below illustrates the differences in disease progression represented by these stages.

*Bladder Cancer is Classified as either NMIBC or MIBC.*![img265154520_2.jpg](img265154520_2.jpg)

NMIBC may be further differentiated by the risk of progression to MIBC. NMIBC with high-grade Ta or T1 stage cancer, any cancer containing CIS (which can occur in any grade of NMIBC or MIBC), and large volume or recurrent Ta stage tumors are considered to be high-risk tumors. Approximately 40% of patients with NMIBC have high-risk disease. Intermediate-risk NMIBC includes mostly low-grade Ta tumors that recur within 12 months, solitary low-grade Ta tumors greater than three centimeters, multifocal low-grade Ta tumors, high-grade Ta tumors less than or equal to three centimeters, or low-grade T1 tumors. Intermediate-risk NMIBC accounts for an estimated 30% of patients with NMIBC. Low-risk NMIBC consists of primary low-grade solitary Ta stage tumors and makes up the remaining 30% of NMIBC cases.

**Current Treatment for NMIBC and its Limitations** 

Regardless of risk stratification, treatment of NMIBC generally involves TURBT, a surgical procedure involving an instrument inserted through the urethra enabling the visual inspection and biopsy of the lesion along with removal of the cancerous cells allowing a patient with NMIBC to retain normal bladder function. Use of TURBT alone is associated with a five-year estimated recurrence rate of approximately 44% to 63% and remains a backbone of early NMIBC treatment regimen. Many CIS-containing tumors cannot be resected using TURBT because they are diffuse and often microscopic. Progression to a more advanced stage or grade subsequent to initial diagnosis is also commonly encountered. As such, in both high-risk and intermediate-risk NMIBC, surgical removal of NMIBC tumors through TURBT is often accompanied by the delivery of adjuvant BCG therapy or chemotherapy, through IVE delivery.

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BCG therapy involves the use of a live, attenuated mycobacterium to induce a non-specific anti-tumor immune response in the bladder mucosa and provides meaningful therapeutic utility in the treatment of NMIBC. The use of BCG therapy following TURBT has exhibited sustained anti-tumor activity, with nearly 70% of patients experiencing a CR after an initial induction course of therapy. Despite BCG's effectiveness, there is a significant global shortage of BCG as described below. In addition, approximately 50% of these patients will experience a recurrence of the tumor and few treatment options are available for patients whose disease becomes unresponsive to BCG treatment.

***Patient Classification*** 

NMIBC is a heterogeneous disease with significant variation in individual risk of recurrence and progression to MIBC. Within NMIBC, tumors are stratified as low, intermediate or high-risk based on several factors including tumor stage, grade, tumor size, multifocality, recurrence and presence of other high-risk pathological features. Numerous iterations of disease classification guidelines have evolved over time, primarily from medical professional societies such as the AUA.

A key recommendation from the AUA is that patients with high-risk disease should receive intravesical BCG treatment. Thus, within the high-risk stratification, NMIBC falls on a spectrum extending from BCG-naïve NMIBC (never treated or treated >24 months ago, as defined by the International Bladder Cancer Group (IBCG) Consensus Statement) to BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.

In February 2018, the FDA published draft guidance titled "BCG-Unresponsive Non muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Developing Drugs and Biologics for Treatment," in order to assist sponsors in the development of drugs, including biologics, for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. This guidance, which was revised in August 2024, provides disease-state definitions and advice on patient selection, risk stratification, and clinical trial design in BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.

According to the 2018 and the 2024 draft revised FDA guidance, BCG-unresponsive NMIBC is defined as being at least one of the following: (1) persistent or recurrent CIS alone or with recurrent Ta/T1 disease within 12 months of completion of adequate BCG therapy; (2) recurrent high-grade Ta/T1 disease within six months of completion of adequate BCG therapy; or (3) T1 high-grade disease at the first evaluation following an induction BCG course.

In this context, adequate BCG therapy is defined as at least one of the following: (1) at least five of six doses of an initial induction course plus at least two of three doses of maintenance therapy, or (2) at least five of six doses of an initial induction course plus at least two of six doses of a second induction course.

In between BCG-naïve and BCG-unresponsive NMIBC lies a disease state where patients do not meet the criteria for either definition called BCG-exposed, which describes a combination of disease states related to prior BCG treatment that are neither BCG-naïve nor BCG-unresponsive. Specifically, NMIBC will be classified as BCG-exposed in many cases including: (1) persistent or recurrent high-grade Ta or CIS-containing disease at the first evaluation following completion of an induction course of BCG therapy; (2) any high-risk recurrence after completion of adequate BCG therapy outside of the BCG-unresponsive window; or (3) any high-risk recurrence after completion of inadequate BCG therapy within a 24-month window.

***Limited Treatment Options for Patients with High-Risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC***

While BCG has been the standard adjuvant therapy for high-risk NMIBC after TURBT, BCG is not without its limitations; it is estimated that approximately 50% of patients eventually develop tumor recurrence. While a subset of these patients will respond to a second round of BCG induction therapy, few treatment options are available to those who are BCG-unresponsive. IVE-delivery of chemotherapy has demonstrated limited benefit. The CR rate reported for valrubicin, the only approved chemotherapy for BCG-refractory NMIBC, is 18% at six months. CIS-containing tumors are typically not considered resectable, further limiting treatment options for patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. Failure to achieve a CR is associated with an increased risk of death or a disease-worsening event. As such, the use of valrubicin in this setting has not been widely adopted.

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In January 2020, pembrolizumab, sold by Merck, was approved by the FDA to treat high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC as monotherapy based on the results of the KEYNOTE-057 Phase 2 clinical trial. In the cohort of participants with CIS tumors, with or without papillary tumors, 39 of 96 patients, or 41%, had a CR at 3 months, with the median DOR being 16.2 months. The percentage of trial participants with a CR declined to 19% at 12 months. Among the trial cohort involving high-risk BCG-unresponsive non-CIS papillary tumors the 12-month disease free survival (DFS) rate was 43.5% with a median DFS of 7.7 months. Patients in KEYNOTE-057 were administered systemic pembrolizumab by a medical oncologist by infusion every 3 weeks for up to 24 months or until disease persistence, recurrence, progression, unacceptable toxic effects, or withdrawal of consent. Across both trial cohorts, Grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed in 13% of participants, of which the most common were hyponatremia and arthralgia. Serious treatment-related adverse events were noted in 8% of patients, including but not limited to colitis, autoimmune nephritis, hyperthyroidism, lymphocyte count decrease, pulmonary embolism, and syncope. Seven percent of patients discontinued due to TRAEs (cholestatic hepatitis, hyponatremia, nephritis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus). In summary, this treatment provided relatively low efficacy for the relative high toxicity and has not been widely adopted.

Nadofaragene firadenovec, a non-replicating adenoviral-based gene therapy produced by Ferring that activates interferon a2b, was approved by the FDA in December 2022 to treat high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS, with or without papillary tumors. In a Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating nadofaragene for the treatment BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, 51% of patients achieved a CR and 24% of patients maintained a CR at 12 months. Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 4% of patients, including micturition urgency, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, syncope, and hypertension. Serious treatment-related adverse events were reported in 2% of patients (syncope, sepsis, and hematuria).

In September 2025, gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200), produced by Johnson & Johnson, was approved by the FDA to treat high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS, with or without papillary tumors. The approval was based on a Phase 2b clinical trial showing 82% CR and 51% of patients with a CR had a DOR ≥ 12 months. Grade ≥ 3 TRAEs occurred in 13% of patients, with urinary tract pain most frequent. Treatment-related serious AEs occurred in 6% of patients, with cystitis with bladder pain (grade 2), pseudomonal cystitis (grade 3), UTI (grade 3), urosepsis with acute kidney injury (grade 3), and urinary tract pain (grade 3) occurring in one patient each, and 3.5% of patients had treatment-related discontinuation.

In June 2025, Urogen Pharma, Ltd.'s ZUSDURI<sup>™</sup> (mitomycin), formerly known as UGN-102, a sustained-release gel formulation of mitomycin was approved for the treatment of adults with recurrent LG-IR-NMIB.The approval of ZUSDURI is based on data from the pivotal Phase 3 ENVISION trial in which 78% of patients achieved CR at three months, and 79% of those responders maintained complete response at 12 months after the three-month visit. While Grade 3 and 4 treatment-related adverse events were not reported, TRAEs of mild to moderate severity were reported as occurring in greater than 10% of participants. Serious adverse reactions occurred in 12% of patients who received ZUSDURI, including urinary retention (0.8%) and urethral stenosis (0.4%).

In April 2024, nogapendekin alfa inbakicept (nogapendekin), an IL-15 agonist produced by ImmunityBio, in combination with BCG, was approved by the FDA to treat high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS, with or without papillary tumors. The approval was based on a Phase 2/3 clinical trial showing 62% of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC achieved a CR and 36% of patients maintained a CR at 12 months following treatment with nogapendekin. While Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events were not reported, serious TRAEs occurred in 16% of patients and 7% of patients had treatment-related discontinuation.

Based in part on a retrospective analysis of patients with high-risk NMIBC, combination chemotherapy of gemcitabine and docetaxel are used in practice, although these drugs have not received FDA approval for this indication.

Given the significant unmet medical need, several additional potential treatments for NMIBC disease states are in various stages of clinical development and regulatory approval. There are multiple companies that have reported drug candidates in clinical development, including enGene, Inc.'s EG-70, an IVE-delivered IL-2 and RIG-I dual-agonist, Protara Therapeutics, Inc.'s TARA-002, an IVE-delivered cell therapy that elicits a TH1 pro-inflammatory cytokine response, and Relmada Therapeutics, Inc.'s NDV-01, an IVE-delivered formulation of gemcitabine and docetaxel in development for the treatment of NMIBC.

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***Patient Aversion to Complete Removal of the Bladder as well as Underlying Mortality Risk*** 

Radical cystectomy, or the complete removal of the bladder, remains the standard of care for high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, but commonly requires an ostomy appliance for urinary diversion. Despite being the current guideline recommended option, only approximately 6% of patients with high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC elect to have a radical cystectomy. This hesitancy is associated with significant social, functional and emotional burden. Cystectomy and the radical change in daily routine required often results in diminished body image perception. While the physical and functional trauma may subside, the psychological and emotional burden associated with the consequences of the surgery, which may extend to a patient's caregivers and healthcare providers, remain. In addition, the procedure is associated with high degrees of morbidity and mortality. Approximately 64% of patients undergoing a radical cystectomy experience complication, with approximately 26% of patients requiring readmission for surgery-related complications and an overall readmission rate estimated to be between 20% and 29%. Moreover, the mortality rate within 90 days of the procedure is between 2% and 5%, likely associated with the more advanced age of many patients with bladder cancer.

***The Chronic Short Supply of BCG is Expected to Persist for Years*** 

A key current issue with BCG is that continual production shortages have left many urological practices in need of an effective and readily available alternative first-line treatment. The production of BCG therapy involves a lengthy and complex manufacturing process and is produced for both the United States and most international markets by a single manufacturer, Merck. In 2017, Sanofi discontinued production of Connaught BCG after a history in challenges producing the product, including a shutdown following a 2011 FDA inspection of documented nonconformances including isolation of mold within the BCG aseptic processing areas, which further exacerbated the overall availability of BCG in the United States. While there are other options globally for BCG, none of the options are available in the United States, except for the TICE BCG strain manufactured by Merck. A randomized controlled, head-to-head trial may be needed to fully examine the impact of different BCG strains on clinical outcomes for patients with bladder cancer.

BCG has been in short supply for over ten years as demand has outpaced available production capacity. In light of these supply constraints, the use of BCG therapy has been curtailed. Some urology practices have no access to BCG, others provide only BCG induction, while others split the BCG dose to accommodate more patients. The NCCN and AUC/SUO guidelines no longer recommend BCG therapy for intermediate-risk NMIBC, instead indicating that BCG should be prioritized for high-risk NMIBC only. Moreover, even among BCG-eligible patients, drug shortages have in some cases necessitated a reduction from a full-dose course of treatment.

In October 2020, Merck announced plans to build an additional BCG manufacturing site and has stated that construction is underway, with the new facility expected to be fully operational by late 2026. The current market is only producing 69% of the estimated BCG need based on 2018 baseline volume; even with additional supply, the annual supply gap could be significant. We believe that disease recurrence after BCG therapy, together with current and anticipated ongoing supply shortages, highlights a significant unmet medical need for alternative NMIBC therapeutics which are both safe and efficacious, particularly in the intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC patient populations for whom BCG therapy is not available.

***Significant Barriers Exist in Development and Adoption of New Treatments for NMIBC*** 

Treatments that require administrative methods differing from BCG, such as requirements for operating/procedure room time under anesthesia or intravenous (IV) administration, may limit physician adoption, particularly in community urology practices. Further, we believe any treatment seeking to replace or compete with TURBT in intermediate-risk NMIBC will face slow adoption given TURBT's place as a cornerstone treatment for urology practices, driving a significant portion of providers' economics. In addition, treatments leveraging chemotherapies have demonstrated tolerability challenges and adverse events that limit their potential to be combined with other therapeutic agents to further enhance the efficacy profile. Cretostimogene's administration, which is similar to BCG, could offer convenience for urology practice adoption that will potentially allow cretostimogene to become a primary and backbone therapy across several bladder cancer indications, if successfully developed and approved.

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**Cretostimogene: Our Product Candidate for Intermediate- and High-Risk NMIBC** 

Cretostimogene is an investigational oncolytic immunotherapy with a dual mechanism of action designed both to eliminate cancer cells directly by selective replication and indirectly activating an anti-tumor immune response. Our ongoing open-label Phase 3 clinical trial, BOND-003, is designed to assess the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC when administered as a monotherapy. We have completed enrolling patients with high-risk NMIBC with CIS and with or without Ta/T1 disease who are unresponsive to BCG in the BOND-003 Cohort C trial and reported potentially best-in-disease data in September 2025. This trial served as the basis for our BLA submission for our initial indication to the FDA, which we initiated in the fourth quarter of 2025. We have also completed CORE-001, our open-label Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene when used in combination with pembrolizumab in this same patient population. We believe the clinical trial results observed to date reflect the differentiated therapeutic potential of cretostimogene.

Cretostimogene, as both a monotherapy and in combination with other therapies, has shown a potential best-in-class target product profile. See "—Overview of Topline Data from BOND-003 Cohort C Trial."

We are also evaluating the tolerability and efficacy of cretostimogene monotherapy in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with only Ta/T1 disease in BOND-003 Cohort P, and have initiated CORE-008 Cohort A, our Phase 2 clinical trial in high-risk NMIBC which are naïve to BCG treatment, including patients with CIS and with or without Ta/T1 disease and patients with only Ta/T1 disease. In March 2025, we expanded CORE-008 into the high-risk BCG-exposed population (Cohort B), evaluating cretostimogene as a monotherapy and in April 2025 we initiated a third cohort (Cohort CX), evaluating cretostimogene in combination with gemcitabine in the high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive population. In intermediate-risk NMIBC, we initiated our second Phase 3 clinical trial, PIVOT-006, evaluating adjuvant cretostimogene in intermediate-risk NMIBC following transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), with enrollment completed in the third quarter of 2025. On January 9, 2026, we announced an expedited timeline for the topline data readout now expected in the first half of 2026.

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Our ongoing and planned clinical trials and the specific NMIBC patient population to be evaluated are presented in the following chart.

*Clinical Trials are Ongoing or Planned to Evaluate Cretostimogene in a Range of NMIBC Patient Populations*![img265154520_3.jpg](img265154520_3.jpg)

We believe patients with NMIBC with BCG-unresponsive disease are unlikely to benefit from further BCG therapy. Additionally, given the patient burden and mortality associated with cystectomy, bladder preservation through the avoidance or delay of cystectomy is an intended outcome of new therapeutic product candidates for bladder cancer. We believe our approach is supported by the February 2018 draft FDA guidance, revised in August 2024, regarding clinical trial design targeting BCG-unresponsive, CIS-containing NMIBC that stated that a single-arm trial with CR rate as the primary endpoint, taking DOR into account, may be appropriate for full approval. As of December 31, 2025, there were four products that have received full FDA approval based on data from single-arm clinical trials following the issuance of the guidance.

***Cretostimogene Grenadenorepvec*** 

Cretostimogene is an investigational oncolytic immunotherapy that has been designed to selectively replicate in retinoblastoma (Rb)-E2F gene pathway-altered cells present in the majority of UCs and trigger an anti-tumor immune response. Cretostimogene enters the tumor by binding to Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptors (CAR) present in specialized intracellular junctions and tight junctions of polarized epithelial cells.

There are two modifications made to cretostimogene for tumor selectivity and potency. The first modification is the insertion of an E2F-1 promoter in cretostimogene which acts as a safety mechanism to selectively replicate and lyse Rb-E2F altered tumor cells rather than healthy cells which have intact Rb pathways. The second modification is the insertion of the gene for the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF is widely recognized as a potent stimulator of longer-term anti-tumor activity, and we believe its addition to the viral construct may both prime the immune system and induce tumor-specific immunity. Replication and lysis of Rb-E2F altered tumor cells by cretostimogene may trigger an immunogenic cell death that stimulates an anti-tumor immune response.

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*Comparison of Wild-Type Adenovirus and Our Cretostimogene Constructs*![img265154520_4.jpg](img265154520_4.jpg)

*Overview of Cretostimogene's Replication Selectivity in Healthy Versus Cancerous Cells with Defective Rb-Pathway*![img265154520_5.jpg](img265154520_5.jpg)

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***Cretostimogene Administration*** 

Prior to the administration of cretostimogene, patients undergo a saline wash and are then pretreated with n-Dodecyl-ß-D-maltoside (DDM) through IVE delivery. DDM is an excipient used to attenuate the GAG lining of the transitional epithelium and enhance transduction efficiency of adenovirus by urothelial cells. Following DDM wash/dwell and GAG layer attenuation, cretostimogene is IVE-delivered via a catheter. We have now streamlined this process and eliminated the saline and DDM wash steps. This administration process does not require operating room time nor placement of the patient under anesthesia. Furthermore, this is a similar route of administration as standard-of-care BCG therapy, which urology practices perform regularly and, thus, we believe will require limited provider re-training versus other NMIBC treatment approaches.

*Overview of Cretostimogene's IVE Administration into the Bladder*![img265154520_6.jpg](img265154520_6.jpg)

***Cretostimogene Clinical Development*** 

***Cretostimogene Monotherapy for High-risk CIS-containing NMIBC after BCG Failure*** 

*Overview of BOND-002 Trial Design* 

The BOND-002 trial was a Phase 2, open-label, single-arm clinical trial of cretostimogene in patients with high-risk NMIBC after BCG failure. Cretostimogene was administered intravesically at 1x10<sup>12</sup> viral particles (VPs) per milliliter to patients who had refused radical cystectomy and with high-risk CIS-containing NMIBC, with or without Ta/T1 tumors, and a cohort of Ta/T1 only tumors, that had failed BCG therapy. The trial included a heterogenous mixture of BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.

A total of 65 patients were enrolled, which included 46 CIS patients, with or without Ta/T1 disease, and 19 patients with Ta/T1 disease. Patients received an initial induction course of six weekly administrations. Patients who achieved a CR at month six received six weekly maintenance doses of cretostimogene using the same concentration. Patients whose disease did not respond to the first induction course received accelerated maintenance at month three to four, which involved early administration of the maintenance normally provided at six months. Six weekly follow up doses were then administered at months 12 and 18. In this trial, CR rates were evaluated at various timepoints throughout the study.

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*Overview of Response Data in BOND-002 Trial*

Among the 40 (61.5%) patients achieving a CR at any timepoint, the median DOR had yet to be reached after 18 months, with 21 patients (52.5%) without disease progression at 18 months. In most patients, responses occurred early in the treatment course. Specifically in the 46 patients with high-risk CIS-containing NMIBC, 30 (65.2%; 95% CI, 49.7-78.2%) patients displayed a CR at any time subsequent to administration of cretostimogene. Four out of 10 (40.0%) patients who did not achieve CR at three months, and who were subsequently re-dosed with cretostimogene at three months demonstrated CR at six months.

The results of BOND-002 are summarized below.

*CR Data from BOND-002 Trial*![img265154520_7.jpg](img265154520_7.jpg)

*Overview of Safety Data in BOND-002 Trial* 

*Safety and Tolerability Data from BOND-002 Trial*![img265154520_8.jpg](img265154520_8.jpg)

In addition to the 65 patients enrolled per the trial protocol, the safety results above included three additional patients, two who were dosed with cretostimogene for compassionate, single-use patient INDs and one more determined not to have baseline NMIBC retrospectively. Cretostimogene was generally well-tolerated and most TRAEs were limited to Grade 1 to 2, only two Grade 3 TRAEs involving dysuria and hypotension (both of which were resolved), and no Grade 4 or 5 TRAEs. Furthermore, eight serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported but were determined not related to cretostimogene. Adverse events are generally classified as SAEs if they are fatal or life-threatening, result in inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of an existing hospitalization, or result in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, as well as other medically significant events that may jeopardize the patient or require medical or surgical intervention. Regardless of grade, a TRAE can be classified as an SAE if it meets the aforementioned criteria.

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*Overview of BOND-003 Trial Design* 

BOND-003 is a global, open-label, single-arm Phase 3 clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene as monotherapy in the treatment of patients that have received adequate BCG therapy with high-risk BCG-unresponsive, CIS-containing NMIBC and BCG-unresponsive Ta or T1 papillary tumors. We designed this trial in light of the 2018 FDA guidance, and the revised draft guidance in August 2024, which defines BCG-unresponsive disease states and says that single-arm trials that assess CR rate as the primary endpoint, taking DOR into account, may be appropriate for full approval.

The initial induction course of therapy is six weekly doses of cretostimogene containing 1x10<sup>12</sup> VPs per milliliter. Patients who achieve a CR at month three receive maintenance treatments, involving three weekly cretostimogene doses administered at the same concentration every three months for the first 12 months and every six months for the next 24 months. Patients who do not achieve a CR after the first induction course may receive a second induction course of six weekly cretostimogene treatments at month 3, rather than the maintenance course involving three weekly treatments. The primary endpoint of the BOND-003 trial is CR at any time subsequent to induction. We have completed enrollment for this trial and reported topline data for BOND-003 Cohort C in December 2024, which was updated in March 2025, April 2025, and September 2025.

*Enrollment of Additional Cohort in BOND-003 Trial*

We added an additional cohort (BOND-003 Cohort P) of up to 75 patients to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene as a monotherapy in the treatment of patients with high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, Ta or T1 without CIS that have received adequate BCG therapy. The primary endpoint of this cohort is overall event-free survival, with secondary endpoints including safety, high-grade recurrence-free survival (RFS), low-grade RFS, PFS, cystectomy-free survival, and bladder cancer specific survival.

*Overview of Topline Data from BOND-003 Cohort C Trial* 

Topline data from the Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C that was presented as a late-breaking abstract at the 2024 SUO Annual Meeting showed that cretostimogene, as a single agent, achieved a 74.5% complete response (CR) at any time in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. As of the data cutoff of September 30, 2024, by Kaplan-Meier estimate, 63.5% and 56.6% of patients remained in response at 12 months or greater and at 24 months or greater, respectively, while the median DOR was not reached but exceeds 27 months. The study was updated in a late-breaking abstract at the 40th Annual European Association of Urology (EAU) Congress in March 2025, and at the 2025 AUA Annual Meeting in April 2025. In September 2025, we reported updated topline data that showed 12 additional patients with NMIBC were in CR at 24 months. The 24-month complete response landmark rate of 41.8% (CR rate observed in 46 out of 110 patients) for cretostimogene monotherapy reaffirms the potential best-in-disease durability that we announced at the 2025 AUA Annual Meeting in April 2025. The study reported 75.5% CR at any time and 41.8% at 24 months with 46 confirmed CRs as of the cutoff date of June 23, 2025. The estimated 12- and 24-month DOR rates are 64.2% and 60.1%, respectively. Median DOR is 28 months and is ongoing. Notably, 96.6% of patients were free from progression to muscle invasive disease at 24 months.

*Overview of Interim Safety Data from BOND-003 Cohort C Trial* 

Cretostimogene was generally well-tolerated in this trial as of the June 23, 2025 safety data cutoff, with mostly Grade 1 or Grade 2 adverse events reported and no Grade 3 or higher TRAEs or deaths reported. The median time to TRAE resolution was one day. There were no treatment discontinuations due to TRAEs, and 97.3% of patients completed all expected treatments, demonstrating favorable patient adherence and compliance. Two patients (1.8%) had SAEs, including Grade 2 noninfective cystitis, and Grade 2 clot retention, both of which resolved. The most common TRAEs (≥10%) were bladder spasm, pollakiuria, micturition urgency, dysuria, and hematuria.

*Overview of Translational Data from BOND-003 Cohort C Trial* 

Translational data shared at the EAU Congress showed the level of cretostimogene peaked immediately after instillation, which was sustained locally for 4-5 days. Furthermore, intravesical delivery of cretostimogene reduces anti-drug antibody neutralization, thereby preserving therapeutic efficacy. There was no systemic exposure, with cretostimogene levels remaining below the limit of detection, providing evidence that post cretostimogene treatment close contact precautions are not needed. This information supports the current dosing schedule.

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*Overview of Topline Data from BOND-003 Cohort P Trial* 

Topline data from the Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort P that was presented as a late-breaking abstract at the SUO 26th Annual Meeting in December 2025 showed that cretostimogene, as a single agent in patients with BCG-UR papillary-only NMIBC, demonstrated encouraging High-Grade Event-Free Survival (HG-EFS). The study's primary endpoint is HG-EFS, and as of the September 1, 2025 data cut-off, in 51 efficacy evaluable patients, Kaplan-Meier estimates of HG-EFS at 3- 6- and 9-months are 95.7% (95% CI 83.8 – 98.9), 84.6% (95% CI 68.6 – 92.9%) and 80.4% (95% CI 62.3-90.4%), respectively.

*Overview of Interim Safety Data from BOND-003 Cohort P Trial* 

A favorable safety and tolerability profile was observed as of the September 1, 2025 safety data cutoff, with no Grade 3 or greater TRAEs and no deaths reported. To date, no patients have undergone a radical cystectomy or progressed to MIBC. No treatment-related discontinuation of cretostimogene was observed. There were no missed doses, or dose delays due to TRAE. The most common TRAEs (≥10%) were bladder spasms, dysuria, pollakiuria, and hematuria.

***Combination of Cretostimogene Plus Pembrolizumab for High-Risk BCG-unresponsive CIS-containing NMIBC*** 

*Overview of CORE-001 Trial Design* 

CORE-001 was a Phase 2 single-arm, open-label clinical trial of cretostimogene administered in up to 35 patients with high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC that have CIS-containing tumors, in combination with pembrolizumab, following disease resection. Patients that demonstrate a CR after an initial six-week induction phase of weekly cretostimogene administrations, dosed at a concentration of 1x10<sup>12</sup> VP per milliliter, who also receive two, 400 mg doses of pembrolizumab over three months, are given a maintenance course of three weekly doses of cretostimogene at an equivalent VP concentration, along with two doses of pembrolizumab for three months. Trial participants that do not respond to an initial induction course are eligible to receive a second induction course of six weekly administrations over the following three-month period. During the following six months, patients are provided three weekly doses of cretostimogene every three months for six months, in addition to pembrolizumab every six weeks, with longer-term follow up administration of three weekly doses every six months for 12 months, along with pembrolizumab every 6 weeks. The primary endpoint of the CORE-001 trial is CR at 12 months, with secondary endpoints including CR at any time, DOR and PFS. We entered into a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck providing at no-cost supply of pembrolizumab for use in CORE-001 (which agreement also provides for the joint ownership of clinical trial data but has no additional financial obligations and terminates upon conclusion of the trial).

The dosing schedule of intravesical cretostimogene in CORE-001 is similar to BOND-003, while pembrolizumab is administered pursuant to its approved dosing schedule.

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*Overview of Final Clinical Results in Our Ongoing CORE-001 Trial* 

Final results from the CORE-001 demonstrated that, as of the May 17, 2024 data cutoff, 29 of the 35 (82.9%; 95% CI, 70.4-95.3%) evaluable patients displayed a CR at any time subsequent to completion of induction therapy. Moreover, administration of cretostimogene has also resulted in durable responses, with 81.8% (n=27/33) of the evaluable patients maintaining a CR at six months and 68.0% (n=17/25) of evaluable patients maintaining a CR at 12 months, each as of the cutoff date. Presented in the chart below is a summary of the interim results observed in patients enrolled in the CORE-001 trial.

*Overview of Final Results from CORE-001 Trial*![img265154520_9.jpg](img265154520_9.jpg)

Final data have been published in Nature Medicine online in June 2024.

*Overview of Safety Data from the CORE-001 Trial* 

As of the May 17, 2024 data cutoff, 29 of the 35 (82.9%; 95% CI, 70.4-95.3%) patients achieved a CR at any time, with 57.1% (n=20/35, 95% CI, 39.5-73.2%) of patients maintaining a CR at 12 months, and 54.3% (n=19/35, 95% CI, 36.9-70.8%) of patients maintaining a CR at 24 months, indicating that 95.1% of patients in CR at 12 months remain in CR at 24 months. The safety profile was favorable, with no overlapping or synergistic toxicity observed. Adverse events attributed to cretostimogene were Grade 1 or Grade 2 and self-limited.

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***Additional, Ongoing Clinical Trials***

***Cretostimogene Monotherapy for Intermediate-Risk NMIBC following TURBT*** 

*Phase 3 PIVOT-006 Clinical Trial* 

We initiated PIVOT-006 in November 2023, which is a randomized Phase 3 trial intended to assess the safety and efficacy of adjuvant cretostimogene when administered as monotherapy to patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC (IR-NMIBC) following TURBT. This is a two-arm trial enrolling up to 364 patients with IR-NMIBC, one arm to be administered cretostimogene following the standard of care TURBT with the second arm receiving the standard of care TURBT only. If IR-NMIBC recurrence is noted in the surveillance arm, patients will be eligible to receive intravesical cretostimogene. The initial induction course is six weekly doses of cretostimogene containing 1x10<sup>12</sup> VPs per milliliter. We expect that patients who are recurrence-free at month three will receive a maintenance course involving three weekly cretostimogene doses administered at the same concentration, in months 3 and 6, followed by single weekly doses in months 9 and 12. The primary endpoint of this trial is overall RFS, with secondary endpoints including RFS at 12 and 24 months and PFS. RFS is based on time to last cystoscopic evaluation or time to disease relapse where relapse is defined as any grade bladder cancer recurrence. The first patient was dosed in February 2024. In September 2025, we completed enrollment for this trial approximately one year ahead of schedule, underscoring patients' and physicians' interest in cretostimogene and the significant unmet need in IR NMIBC. PIVOT-006 is one of the largest randomized Phase 3 studies in this patient population, encompassing the broadest range of patient types per AUA/SUO Guidelines including HG Ta solitary lesions less than 3cm. On January 9, 2026, we announced an expedited timeline for the topline data readout now expected in the first half of 2026.

***Cretostimogene Monotherapy for High-Risk NMIBC*** 

*Phase 2 CORE-008 Clinical Trial* 

The study is an open-label multi-cohort Phase 2 trial intended to assess the safety and clinical outcomes of cretostimogene in treating patients with high-risk NMIBC including BCG-exposed and BCG-naïve NMIBC. Each cohort is expected to enroll at least 60 patients. BCG-exposed patients are classified as those with NMIBC with persistent, recurrent or progressive disease after BCG treatment but do not meet the specific disease classification criteria to be designated BCG-unresponsive. BCG-naïve patients are classified as those patients with NMIBC who have not received any prior BCG therapy. After an induction course of therapy of six weekly doses of cretostimogene containing 1x10<sup>12</sup> VPs per milliliter, we expect that patients who achieve a CR will receive a maintenance course at the same concentration every three months until disease recurrence. We expect that patients who do not achieve a CR after the initial induction course will receive a second induction course at the same concentration followed by the same maintenance course if they achieve a CR. The targeted efficacy endpoints of this trial are expected to include CR at any time following induction, CR at 12 months, DOR and PFS. We initiated Cohort A in BCG-naïve patients in the second half of 2024, with first results reported in December 2025 at the 26th SUO Annual Meeting.

We also initiated Cohort B in BCG-exposed patients in March 2025, and in April 2025, we initiated a third Cohort (Cohort CX), evaluating cretostimogene in combination with gemcitabine in the high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive population, with first results expected in the first half of 2026.

*Overview of First Results from CORE-008 Cohort A Trial* 

The first results from CORE-008 Cohort A demonstrate that cretostimogene monotherapy has promising clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety in patients with high-risk, BCG-naïve NMIBC with CIS, compared with outcomes observed in historical BCG-naive trials. The primary endpoint is CR at any time. As of the September 1, 2025 data cut off, the overall CR rate at any time in evaluable patients is 83.7% (41/49) (95% CI 70.3-92.7%).

*Overview of Interim Safety Data from CORE-008 Cohort A Trial* 

The safety and tolerability profile is consistent with prior clinical trials of cretostimogene. The most common adverse events are low grade and localized to the bladder. There were no related SAEs, Grade 3+ adverse events or treatment-related discontinuations. No patients progressed to MIBC or metastatic disease.

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***Completed Clinical Trial Evaluations in MIBC*** 

MIBC is associated with significantly higher mortality than NMIBC, the five-year mortality rate for patients with MIBC ranging from approximately 66% to 95% depending on disease stage. As such, the delay of disease progression is of particular significance to the estimated 20% to 25% of newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients with MIBC as well as those patients with high-risk NMIBC that progresses to MIBC. Moreover, the annual cost of care for patients with MIBC is estimated to be approximately 2.5 times the annual cost of care for patients with NMIBC.

Systemic administration of cisplatin is often used as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of MIBC. However, as many as 50% of patients are ineligible to receive cisplatin because of existing co-morbidities such as decreased renal function or neuropathy in which case CPIs are the standard of care. We evaluated the use of intravesical cretostimogene in combination with the CPI nivolumab as a treatment for MIBC, including by our support of CORE-002, a single-arm exploratory investigator-sponsored clinical trial of 21 cisplatin-ineligible patients with no evidence of distant metastases prior to radical cystectomy. Intravesical cretostimogene induction therapy is accompanied by IV nivolumab dosed week 2 and week 6 followed by TURBT or cystectomy. The primary endpoint in this trial is safety; secondary endpoints include evaluations of pathological CR (pCR), RFS and changes in inflammatory status of tumors after combination therapy.

Among the 21 evaluable patients, the combination of cretostimogene and nivolumab had produced a pCR in 42.1% (n=19/21; 95% CI, 20-64%). Cretostimogene was well-tolerated among trial participants. There were no dose limiting toxicities or Grade 3 or higher treatment related or immune related adverse events. Additionally, 95% of participants completed all study treatments. There was no delay in time to radical cystectomy and no unexpected surgical complications from treatment. Importantly, investigators found that treatment response was not correlated with pre-treatment PD-L1 levels, and that the majority of PD-L1 negative patients had CRs. Additionally, the formation and maturation of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) in responders were observed, suggesting the mechanistic onset of anti-tumor humoral memory. TLS are special structures that form in areas of chronic inflammation and assist the immune system to fight cancer. These final clinical and translational results were published in Nature Medicine in November 2024.

**Manufacturing** 

We continue to leverage third-party manufacturers to support the manufacturing of cretostimogene for clinical trials and, upon potential regulatory approval, we intend to rely on a similar working model for commercial manufacture. In July 2025, we obtained control of a contract manufacturing organization, Biovire, that provides clinical supply of cretostimogene, which allows us to strengthen our manufacturing supply continuity while continuing to rely on third-party manufacturers for the majority of the manufacturing of cretostimogene. Prior to becoming a majority-owned subsidiary, Biovire was a third-party provider of the clinical supply of cretostimogene used in our clinical trials. The acquisition better positions us to ensure a continued supply of cretostimogene for use in our clinical trials and commercialization, if approved. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our acquisition of Biovire.

We currently have no plans to establish any additional manufacturing facilities. We believe this strategy will enable us to maintain a nimble, efficient and effective working model without making significant internal capital investments. We are currently focused on validating our processes and analytical methods for the manufacture of cretostimogene. We believe our high-yield and scalable processes could support commercial demand for cretostimogene to treat patients with high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, if approved. We work with third-party manufacturers for the production of cretostimogene and DDM. We currently obtain our supplies from these manufacturers on a purchase order basis and are in the process of establishing long-term supply agreements. As we advance toward potential commercialization, we believe that securing such agreements, as well as evaluating additional product manufacturing sources, will serve to de-risk our supply chain.

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We have established strong in-house CMC capabilities consisting of expertise in process and analytical development and manufacturing, spanning across different modalities including viruses. To complement our in-house CMC capabilities, we have established a CMC Advisory Board, consisting of some of the most respected names in the industry. This advisory group is chaired by Dr. Richard Rutter, Ph.D., formerly Executive Vice President of Biotherapeutics Pharmaceuticals Sciences at Pfizer, and includes Dr. Daniel Takefman, Ph.D., formerly chief of the gene therapy branch at the FDA; Dr. Richard Peluso, Ph.D., formerly Vice President, Biologics and Vaccines, Bioprocess R&D at Merck; and Dr. Victoria Sluzky, Ph.D., formerly Senior Vice President, Technical Development for BioMarin Pharmaceuticals. In combination with the CMC Advisory Board's experience and strong internal capabilities, we strive to build a sustainable and effective CMC organization.

**Competition** 

We face substantial competition from multiple sources, including large and specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic research institutions and governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. In addition, many biotechnology companies have formed collaborations with large, established companies to (i) obtain support for their research, development and commercialization of products or (ii) combine several treatment approaches to develop longer lasting or more efficacious treatments that may potentially directly compete with our current or future product candidates. We anticipate that we will continue to face increasing competition as new therapies, technologies, and data emerge within the field of oncology and, furthermore, within the treatment of bladder cancer.

We will continue to face competition from current standard of care treatments, including BCG. To the extent Merck or another manufacturer increases the supply of BCG, there may be less demand for alternative treatments such as cretostimogene in BCG-naïve or BCG-exposed patients. In addition, there are numerous companies that have commercialized or are developing treatments for NMIBC, including Bristol Meyers Squibb, enGene Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Hoffman-La Roche AG (Roche), ImmunityBio Inc., Johnson & Johnson Inc., Merck, Protara Therapeutics, Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Relmada Therapeutics, Inc., and UroGen Pharma, Inc.

Many of our competitors, either alone or in combination with their respective strategic partners, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, regulatory processes, and marketing than we do. Mergers and acquisitions activity in the pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology sector is likely to result in greater resource concentration among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through sizeable collaborative arrangements with established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if one or more of our competitors successfully develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, better-tolerated, or of greater convenience or economic benefit than our proposed product offering. Our competitors also may be in a position to obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly, resulting in a stronger or dominant market position before we are able to enter the market. The key competitive factors affecting the success of all of our programs are likely to be product safety, efficacy, convenience and treatment cost.

**Commercialization** 

As we prepare for potential FDA approval of cretostimogene for high-risk NMIBC patients unresponsive to BCG, we believe we have established a seasoned executive leadership team and commercial leadership organization with a proven track record for successfully bringing urology and bladder cancer products to market. Additionally, we continue to build our commercial capabilities and commercial infrastructure to ensure market development and commercial launch readiness.

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**License and Collaboration Agreements** 

***Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. License and Collaboration Agreement*** 

In March 2020, and as amended September 2022, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the Kissei Agreement) with Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kissei), under which we granted to Kissei an exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (the Kissei Territory), for Kissei to develop and commercialize, but not manufacture, cretostimogene in combination with DDM (the Licensed Product) for all uses in oncology indications for which marketing approval is being sought. Under the Kissei Agreement, we and Kissei agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to collaborate on clinical development activities in the Kissei Territory and each party is responsible for conducting the applicable activities pursuant to an agreed development plan. Kissei is responsible for the costs of developing the Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory, and we are responsible for the costs of developing the Licensed Product outside the Kissei Territory, provided that Kissei is responsible for a low-double digit percentage and we are responsible for a high-double digit percentage of the cost of development activities that cannot be attributed solely to the Kissei Territory or outside the Kissei Territory. We are obligated to supply and Kissei will exclusively purchase its clinical and commercial requirements of Licensed Product from us. Kissei is responsible for commercializing the Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory and is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to seek regulatory approval for and commercialize at least one Licensed Product in a specified indication. Until a certain period of time has passed after the first regulatory approval of the Licensed Product, we are prohibited from commercializing certain competing products worldwide and Kissei is prohibited from researching, developing or commercializing certain competing products worldwide.

Kissei paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $10.0 million and, in connection with the entry into the Kissei Agreement, purchased $30.0 million worth of shares of our Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock as part of our Series D financing. Kissei is obligated to make development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments of up to $100.0 million. We have also agreed to pay Kissei a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product outside the Kissei Territory and outside the Lepu Territory (as described below), including on any U.S. sales, in a low-single digit percentage, subject to certain reductions. We are entitled to receive a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory in the mid-twenties percentage, subject to certain capped reductions. Also, Kissei has the right to offset the royalty payments due to us with respect to the cost for the supply of Licensed Product sold by us to Kissei, and to indefinitely carry forward credits for any excess supply amounts paid over royalty amounts owed in a given quarter. We are entitled to receive a specified minimum percentage of royalties on net sales of a given Licensed Product in a given country and a given quarter, unless, if for such Licensed Product in such country and such quarter, Kissei has taken the maximum allowable reductions and the ratio of the cost for the supply of Licensed Product to the sales price for Licensed Product exceeds a low-double digit percentage threshold, then we shall receive no royalties on the net sales of such Licensed Product in such country and such quarter. Kissei's and our royalty obligations will expire on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis on the later of twelve years from the date of first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such country or when there is no longer a valid patent claim covering such Licensed Product in such country.

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The Kissei Agreement will expire on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis when there is no remaining royalty or milestone payment obligation due to a party with respect to such Licensed Product in such country. Following expiration of the Kissei Agreement in its entirety, the licenses we granted to Kissei will become non-exclusive, fully-paid royalty-free and irrevocable and Kissei will have the right to negotiate directly with our product suppliers for the direct supply of Licensed Product to Kissei. The Kissei Agreement may be terminated either by Kissei or by us in the event of an uncured material breach by the other party or in the event the other party becomes subject to specified bankruptcy, insolvency or similar circumstances. In addition, we have the right to terminate the Kissei Agreement in the event that Kissei commences a legal action challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any licensed patents under the Kissei Agreement. Kissei may terminate the Kissei Agreement at will upon specified written notice. Additionally, Kissei may terminate the Kissei Agreement for our willful and malicious misconduct that results in substantial and irreparable harm to the commercial value of the Licensed Products in the Kissei Territory and upon any such termination, the licenses we granted to Kissei will become royalty-free and fully paid-up and Kissei will have the right to negotiate directly with our contract manufacturing organizations for the supply of Licensed Product. Upon termination of the Kissei Agreement for any other reason all rights and licenses granted to Kissei to develop and commercialize the product under the Kissei Agreement will terminate, subject to certain rights to sell existing inventory of Licensed Products by Kissei and its sublicensees. Upon termination of the Kissei Agreement for Kissei's breach, any sublicenses granted by Kissei may, upon our discretion, continue.

***Lepu Biotech Co., Ltd. Development and License Agreement*** 

In March 2019, we entered into a development and license agreement (the Lepu Agreement) with Lepu Biotech Co., Ltd. (Lepu), under which we granted an exclusive license to Lepu to develop, manufacture and commercialize cretostimogene and/or DDM to treat and/or prevent cancer in mainland China, including Hong Kong and Macau (the Lepu Territory). Under the Lepu Agreement, Lepu is responsible for using commercially reasonable efforts to develop cretostimogene and DDM in the Lepu Territory, including by performing clinical development activities pursuant to an agreed development plan, and we are obligated to provide Lepu with reasonably requested information, know-how and assistance at Lepu's cost and expense. Additionally, Lepu is obligated to meet a certain clinical diligence milestones, and we are also obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to supply Lepu with its requirements of cretostimogene and DDM for its development activities at Lepu's cost and to periodically provide Lepu with manufacturing documentation and, at Lepu's cost, reasonably requested assistance related to the manufacture of clinical and, if applicable, commercial supplies of cretostimogene and DDM. Lepu is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize at least one of cretostimogene and/or DDM and achieve the first commercial sale of such product in the Lepu Territory within specified time periods after receipt of marketing authorization approval therefor.

Lepu paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $4.5 million and is obligated to make regulatory milestone payments of up to $2.5 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $57.5 million. We are entitled to receive a high single-digit royalty on net sales of cretostimogene and/or DDM sold in the Lepu Territory, subject to a specified reduction. Lepu's royalty obligations will expire upon termination of the Lepu Agreement. Lepu may terminate the Lepu Agreement for any reason upon specified prior written notice. The agreement may be terminated either by Lepu or by us in the event of an uncured material breach by the other party. In addition, we have the right to terminate the agreement in the event that Lepu commences or requests a legal action challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any licensed patents. Upon termination of the agreement for any reason, all rights and licenses granted to Lepu to develop and commercialize cretostimogene and DDM under the agreement will terminate, and Lepu will be obligated to provide to us all data and results pertaining to cretostimogene and DDM products and assign and transfer to us all regulatory filings, manufacturing documentation and marketing authorization approvals for cretostimogene and DDM. In the event that Lepu has any ongoing clinical trials with respect to cretostimogene and/or DDM as of the effective date of termination, at our request, Lepu is obligated to either promptly transition such clinical trials to us or continue to conduct and complete such clinical trials, at our expense.

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**Intellectual Property** 

The proprietary nature of, and protection for, our product candidates and their methods of use are an important part of our strategy to develop and commercialize novel medicines, as described in more detail below. We have obtained patents and filed patent applications in the United States and other countries relating to certain of our proprietary technology, inventions, improvements, and product candidates, and are pursuing additional patent protection for them. We endeavor to protect the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including pursuing and maintaining patent protection intended to cover cretostimogene, its methods of use, related technologies, and other inventions that are important to our business. In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection, including our proprietary method of manufacturing cretostimogene. We will also seek to rely on regulatory protection afforded through inclusion in expedited development and review, data exclusivity, market exclusivity and patent term extensions where available. For example, under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA), we believe that cretostimogene or any future product candidates we may develop, if approved as a biological product under a BLA, should qualify for the 12-year period of reference product exclusivity.

As of February 26, 2026, we own eight patent families comprising five issued U.S. patents, twenty-eight issued foreign patents in Australia, New Zealand, China, Europe (Unitary Patent), Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and the United Kingdom, two pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications, five pending U.S. provisional patent (PCT) applications, and twelve pending patent applications in jurisdictions outside of the United States.

With regard to cretostimogene, we own five issued U.S. patents and twenty-eight issued patents in Australia, New Zealand, China, Europe (Unitary Patent), Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and the United Kingdom with claims covering methods of use using cretostimogene, including claims covering treatment schedules and combination therapy. These issued patents are expected to expire between 2036 and 2038, without accounting for potentially available patent term adjustments or extensions. We also own two pending U.S. applications and twelve related pending applications with claims covering methods of use using cretostimogene (including claims covering treatment schedules and combination therapy) in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, China, Singapore, Hong Kong, and before the European Patent Office, and five pending PCT applications, and any patents that issue from these applications are expected to expire between 2036 and 2045, without accounting for potentially available patent term adjustments or extensions.

We expect to file additional patent applications in support of current and new product candidates as well as new platform and core technologies.

Our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection and trade secret protection of cretostimogene, our future product candidates, and their methods of use, as well as successfully defending any such patents against third-party challenges, preserving the confidentiality of our trade secrets, and operating without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our product candidates will depend on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities. We cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our product candidates, discovery programs and processes.

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The terms of individual patents depend upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, including the United States, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent's term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, in examining and granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent of ours. In the United States, the term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for extension, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for a portion of the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the subject drug candidate is under regulatory review. Patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Similar provisions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug are available in Europe, Japan and other foreign jurisdictions. In the future, if and when our products receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on patents covering those products. We plan to seek patent term extensions to any issued patents we may obtain in any jurisdiction where such patent term extensions are available, however there is no guarantee that the applicable authorities, including the FDA in the United States, will agree with our assessment that such extensions should be granted, and if granted, the length of such extensions.

The actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a claim by claim and country by country basis and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of any patent term extensions or adjustments, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.

In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trade secret protection for our proprietary information that is not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection, including, for example, aspects of our manufacturing processes for cretostimogene. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information, including restriction to our premises and our confidential information, as well as entering into agreements with our employees, consultants, advisors, and potential collaborators, such individuals may breach such agreements and disclose our proprietary information including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. In addition, third parties may independently develop the same or similar proprietary information or may otherwise gain access to our proprietary information. As a result, we may be unable to meaningfully protect our trade secrets and proprietary information.

For more information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, please see the section titled "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property."

**Government Regulation** 

The FDA and other regulatory authorities at federal, state, and local levels, as well as in foreign countries, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, import, export, safety, effectiveness, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising, promotion, marketing, post-approval monitoring, and post-approval reporting of biological product candidates such as those we are developing. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

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***U.S. Biologics Development Process*** 

In the United States, biological products are subject to regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act, and other federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations. The process required by the FDA before biologic product candidates may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice regulations (GLPs), and other applicable regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•approval by an independent institutional review board (IRB) or ethics committee (EC) at each clinical site before each trial may be initiated;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with Good Clinical Practice regulations (GCPs), to evaluate the safety, purity and potency of the product candidate for its intended use;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•submission to the FDA of a BLA, after completion of all pivotal trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of a BLA to file the application for review;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the biologic is produced to assess compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice requirements (cGMPs), to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the biologic's identity, strength, quality and purity;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•satisfactory completion of potential inspection of selected clinical investigation sites to assess compliance with GCPs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•FDA review and approval of the BLA to permit commercial marketing of the product for particular indications for use in the United States.

Once a product candidate is identified for development, it enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, to the FDA as part of an IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational product to humans. An IND will also include a protocol detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated, if the trial includes an efficacy evaluation. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, places the IND on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Clinical holds also may be imposed by the FDA at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance with FDA requirements, in which case clinical trials may not begin or continue until the FDA notifies the sponsor that the hold has been lifted.

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Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to human subjects, and must be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with GCPs, which include, among other things, the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials must be conducted under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria and the safety and effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND, and a separate submission to the existing IND must be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development and for any subsequent protocol amendments. While the IND is active, progress reports summarizing the results of the clinical trials and nonclinical studies performed since the last progress report, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA, and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other studies suggesting a significant risk to humans exposed to the same or similar drugs or biologics, findings from animal or in vitro testing suggesting a significant risk to humans, and any clinically important increased incidence of a serious suspected adverse reaction compared to that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure.

Furthermore, an independent IRB or EC at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve each protocol before a clinical trial commences at that institution and must also approve the information regarding the trial and the consent form that must be provided to each trial subject or his or her legal representative, monitor the study until completed and otherwise comply with IRB regulations. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB's requirements or if the biologic has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. In addition, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. Depending on its charter, this group may determine whether a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the trial. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical studies and clinical study results to public registries, including clinicaltrials.gov.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•***Phase 1***: The product candidate is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its effectiveness.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•***Phase 2***: The product candidate is administered to a limited patient population with a specified disease or condition to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product candidate for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and appropriate dosage.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•***Phase 3***: The product candidate is administered to an expanded patient population to further evaluate dosage, to provide substantial evidence of efficacy and to further test for safety, generally at multiple geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These clinical trials are intended to establish the overall risk-benefit ratio of the product candidate and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 studies, may be conducted after BLA approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials as a condition of approval of a BLA.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the biologic and finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMPs. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. In addition, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

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*BLA Review and Approval Process* 

Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, the results of product development, including among other things, results, from nonclinical studies and clinical trials, are submitted to the FDA as part of a BLA requesting approval to market the product candidate for one or more indications. The BLA must include all relevant data available from preclinical and clinical studies, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product's chemistry, manufacturing, controls, and proposed labeling, among other things. Data can come from company-sponsored clinical studies, or from a number of alternative sources, such as studies initiated by investigators or other third parties. The submission of a BLA requires payment of a substantial user fee to FDA, and the sponsor of an approved BLA is also subject to an annual program fee. A waiver of user fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances.

The FDA conducts a preliminary review of all BLAs within the first 60 days after submission, before accepting them for filing, to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable at the time of submission and may request additional information. In this event, the BLA must be resubmitted with the additional information before FDA will review the application. Once filed, the FDA reviews a BLA to determine, among other things, whether the biologic is safe, pure and potent and the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packed, or held meets standards designed to assure the product's continued safety, purity and potency. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), guidelines that are currently in effect, the FDA has a goal of ten months from the date of "filing" of an original BLA to review and act on the submission. This review typically takes twelve months from the date the BLA is submitted to the FDA because the FDA has approximately two months to make a "filing" decision.

The FDA may refer an application for a novel biologic to an advisory committee. An advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA may inspect one or more clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCPs. After the FDA evaluates a BLA and conducts inspections of manufacturing facilities where the investigational product and/or its substance will be produced, the FDA may issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter (CRL). An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the biologic with prescribing information for specific indications. A CRL indicates that the review cycle for the application is complete, and the application will not be approved in its present form. A CRL usually describes the specific deficiencies in the BLA identified by the FDA and may include requirements to conduct additional clinical trials, or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical data, nonclinical studies or manufacturing. If a CRL is issued, the sponsor must resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may decide that the BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval.

If a product receives regulatory approval, referred to as "licensure" by the FDA, such approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages, or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. In addition, the FDA may require a sponsor of an approved BLA to conduct post-marketing clinical trials designed to further assess a biologic's safety, purity or potency, and may also require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of the product, once commercialized, and may limit further marketing of the product based on the results of these post-marketing studies. The FDA may also place other conditions on BLA approval. Including the requirement for a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) to assure the safe use of the product. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the BLA must submit a proposed REMS in connection with the application. The FDA will not approve the BLA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of commercial products.

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In addition, the Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA), requires a sponsor to conduct pediatric clinical trials for most biologics, as well as for new indications, new dosage forms, new dosing regimens or new route of administrations. Under PREA, original BLAs and supplements must contain a pediatric assessment unless the sponsor has received a deferral or waiver. The required assessment must evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is deemed safe, pure and potent. The sponsor or FDA may request a deferral of pediatric clinical trials for some or all of the pediatric subpopulations. A deferral may be granted for several reasons, including a finding that the biologic is ready for approval for use in adults before pediatric clinical trials are complete or that additional data need to be collected before the pediatric clinical trials begin. The FDA must send a non-compliance letter to any sponsor that fails to submit the required assessment, keep a deferral current or fails to submit a request for approval of a pediatric formulation.

*Orphan Designation* 

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or where, if the disease or condition affects more than 200,000 individuals in the United States, there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same biologic for the same disease or condition for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity or inability to manufacture the product in sufficient quantities. The designation of such biologic also entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. However, competitors, may receive approval of different products for the disease or condition for which the orphan product has exclusivity, or obtain approval for the same product but for a different disease or condition for which the orphan product has exclusivity. Orphan exclusivity also could block the approval of a competing product for seven years if a competitor obtains approval of the "same drug," as defined by the FDA, or if a the biologic is determined to be contained within the competitor's product for the same disease or condition. In addition, if an orphan-designated product receives approval for a disease or condition broader than covered in the orphan designation, the product may not be entitled to orphan exclusivity.

*Expedited Development and Review Programs* 

The FDA has a number of programs intended to expedite the development or review of a marketing application for an investigational biologic. For example, the fast track designation program is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for developing and reviewing product candidates that meet certain criteria. Specifically, investigational biologics are eligible for fast track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. The sponsor of a fast track product candidate has opportunities for more frequent interactions with the applicable FDA review team during product development and, once a BLA is submitted, the application may be eligible for priority review. With regard to a fast track product candidate, the FDA may consider for review sections of the BLA on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the BLA, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the BLA and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the BLA.

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A product candidate intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition may also be eligible for Breakthrough Therapy designation to expedite its development and review. A product candidate can receive Breakthrough Therapy designation if preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product candidate, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The designation includes all of the fast track program features, as well as more intensive FDA interaction and guidance beginning as early as Phase 1 and an organizational commitment to expedite the development and review of the product candidate, including involvement of senior managers.

Any product candidate submitted to the FDA for approval, including a product candidate with a fast track designation or breakthrough designation, may also be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. A BLA is eligible for priority review if the product candidate is designed to treat a serious condition, and if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or efficacy compared to available therapies. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of a BLA designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review. The FDA endeavors to review applications with priority review designations within six months of the filing date as compared to ten months for review of original BLAs under its current PDUFA review goals.

In addition, a product candidate may be eligible for accelerated approval. A biological product candidate intended to treat serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions may be eligible for accelerated approval upon a determination that the product candidate has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA generally requires that a sponsor of a biologic receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled confirmatory clinical trials, and may require that such confirmatory trials be underway prior to granting accelerated approval. Biologics receiving accelerated approval may be subject to expedited withdrawal procedures if the sponsor fails to conduct the required confirmatory trials in a timely manner or if such trials fail to verify the predicted clinical benefit. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition of accelerated approval pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.

Fast track designation, Breakthrough Therapy designation, priority review, and accelerated approval do not change the standards for approval, but may expedite the development or approval process. Even if a product candidate qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

*Post-approval Requirements* 

Biologics are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to record-keeping, reporting of adverse experiences, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, and advertising and promotion of the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims, are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing, annual program fees for any marketed products. Biologic manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP, which impose certain procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our third-party manufacturers. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and, depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance.

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The FDA may withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of requirements for post-market studies or clinical studies to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•fines, warning letters, or untitled letters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•clinical holds on ongoing or planned clinical studies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of approvals;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•consent decrees, corporate integrity agreements, debarment or exclusion from federal healthcare programs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•mandated modification of promotional materials and labeling and the issuance of corrective information;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the issuance of safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases and other communications containing warnings or other safety information about the product; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

In addition, the FDA closely regulates the marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of biological products. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy, purity and potency that are approved by the FDA and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in, among other things, adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising and potential civil and criminal penalties. Physicians may prescribe legally available products for uses that are not described in the product's labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, restrict manufacturer's communications on the subject of off-label use of their products.

*Biosimilars and Exclusivity* 

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), signed into law in 2010, includes a subtitle called the BPCIA, which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Biosimilarity, which requires that there be no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity, and potency, can be shown through analytical studies, animal studies, and a clinical study or studies. Interchangeability requires that a product is biosimilar to the reference product and the product must demonstrate that it can be expected to produce the same clinical results as the reference product in any given patient and, for products that are administered multiple times to an individual, the biologic and the reference biologic may be alternated or switched after one has been previously administered without increasing safety risks or risks of diminished efficacy relative to exclusive use of the reference biologic.

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Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing that applicant's own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of its product. The BPCIA also created certain exclusivity periods for biosimilars approved as interchangeable products.

A biological product can also obtain pediatric market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric study in accordance with an FDA-issued "Written Request" for such a study.

***Other Healthcare Laws*** 

Pharmaceutical companies are subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and by authorities in the states and foreign jurisdictions in which they conduct their business. Such laws include, without limitation, U.S. federal and state anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, pricing reporting, and physician payment transparency laws and regulations regarding drug pricing and payments or other transfers of value made to physicians and other licensed healthcare professionals as well as similar foreign laws in the jurisdictions outside the United States. Violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that apply may result in significant penalties, including, without limitation, administrative civil and criminal penalties, damages, disgorgement fines, additional reporting requirements and oversight obligations, contractual damages, the curtailment or restructuring of operations, exclusion from participation in governmental healthcare programs and/ or imprisonment.

***Coverage and Reimbursement*** 

Successful sales of our drug candidates in the U.S. market, if approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which our drugs will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health programs or private health insurance (including managed care plans). Patients generally rely on such third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their prescriptions and therefore adequate coverage and reimbursement from such third-party payors are critical to new and ongoing product acceptance. Coverage and reimbursement policies for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor as there is no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products among third-party payors in the United States. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement as the process of determining coverage and reimbursement is often time consuming and costly. Further, third-party payors are increasingly reducing reimbursements for medical drugs and services and implementing measures to control utilization of drugs (such as requiring prior authorization for coverage). For products administered under the supervision of a physician, obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with such drugs. Additionally, separate reimbursement for the product itself or the treatment or procedure in which the product is used may not be available, which may impact physician utilization.

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Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic drugs. For example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) imposes rebates on many Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D products to penalize price increases that outpace inflation on an annual basis. In addition, HHS has been empowered to negotiate the price of certain single-source biologics that have been on the market for at least eleven years covered under Medicare as part of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Each year up to twenty products will be selected by HHS for the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Products subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program are expected to experience a significant reduction in reimbursement from the Medicare program on a per unit basis. Adoption or expansion of price controls and cost-containment measures could further limit our net revenue and results. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our drug candidates, if approved, or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our drug candidates could have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.

General legislative cost control measures may also affect reimbursement for our products. If we obtain approval to market a drug candidate in the United States, we may be subject to spending reductions affecting Medicare, Medicaid or other publicly funded or subsidized health programs and/or any significant taxes or fees.

***U.S. Healthcare Reform*** 

The U.S. government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs, including price-controls, restrictions on reimbursement, and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs.

For example, in March 2010, the ACA, was enacted in the United States and substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both the government and private insurers. There have been judicial, Congressional and executive branch challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the ACA, including efforts to repeal or replace certain aspects of the ACA. For example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the OBBBA) was signed into law, which narrowed access to ACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declined to extend the ACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits that expired at the end of 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of Americans with health insurance. The OBBBA also is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding, and limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. Congress is considering proposed legislation intended to further reduce healthcare costs with alternatives to replace the expired ACA subsidies.

The current Trump administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government including at HHS, the FDA, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may include (1) directives to reduce agency workforce, (2) directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs through a variety of initiatives, including by improving upon the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program and establishing Most-Favored-Nation pricing for pharmaceutical products; (3) imposing tariffs on imported pharmaceutical products; and (4) as part of the Make America Healthy Again Commission's Strategy Report released in September 2025, working across government agencies to increase enforcement on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Additionally the current administration recently called on Congress to enact "The Great Healthcare Plan," to codify and expand Most-Favored Nation pricing, lower government subsidies to private insurance companies, increase healthcare price transparency, expand pharmaceutical drugs available for over-the-counter purchase, and enact restrictions on pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) payment methodologies, among other things. In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court's Loper Bright decision greatly reduced judicial deference to regulatory agencies, which could increase successful legal challenges to federal regulations affecting our operations. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program.

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At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs.

***Data Privacy and Security Laws*** 

Numerous state, federal, and foreign laws, regulations and standards govern the collection, use, access to, confidentiality, and security of health-related and other personal information, and could apply now or in the future to our operations or the operations of our partners. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including data breach notification laws, health information privacy and security laws, and consumer protection laws and regulations govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information. In addition, certain foreign laws govern the privacy and security of personal data, including health-related data. Privacy and security laws, regulations, and other obligations are constantly evolving, may conflict with each other to complicate compliance efforts, and can result in investigations, proceedings, or actions that lead to significant civil and/or criminal penalties and restrictions on data processing.

**Employees and Human Capital Resources** 

As of December 31, 2025, we had 142 employees, all of whom were full-time, 85 of whom were engaged in research and development activities and 22 of whom were engaged in commercial readiness activities. Thirty-two of our employees held advanced medical degrees. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered under a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable: identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives. Our standard employee benefits include paid and unpaid leaves, medical, dental and vision insurance coverage, a 401(k) plan, short- and long-term disability, life insurance, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, and an employee stock purchase plan. We also offer a variety of voluntary benefits that allow employees to select options that meet their needs, including a long-term care plan, an employee assistance program, and wellness programs. We benchmark our benefits program against others in our industry on an annual basis.

**Corporate Information** 

We incorporated in Delaware in November 2017. Our corporate headquarters are located at 400 Spectrum Center Drive, Suite 2040, Irvine, California 92618, and our telephone number is (949) 409-3700. Our internet address is https://cgoncology.com/. Our investor relations website is located at https://ir.cgoncology.com/. We make available free of charge on our investor relations website under "SEC Filings" our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, our directors' and officers' Section 16 reports and any amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing such materials to the SEC. They are also available for free on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

We use our investor relations website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Investors should monitor such website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. Information relating to our corporate governance is also included on our investor relations website. The information in or accessible through the SEC and our website are not incorporated into, and are not considered part of, this filing. Further, our references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only.

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**Item 1A. Risk Factors.**

*You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with the other information contained in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," before making an investment decision regarding our securities. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed in the risk factors below will not occur. These risks could have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects. If that were to happen, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations or financial condition. In this section, we first provide a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties we face and then provide a full set of risk factors and discuss them in greater detail.* 

**Risk Factors**

**Risks Related to the Development and Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates** 

***We currently depend entirely on the success of cretostimogene, which is our only product candidate. If we are unable to advance cretostimogene in clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize cretostimogene, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.*** 

We currently only have one product candidate, cretostimogene, which is in Phase 3 clinical development. Our business presently depends entirely on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize cretostimogene in a timely manner. This may make an investment in our company riskier than similar companies that have multiple product candidates in active development and may be able to better sustain the delay or failure of a lead product candidate. The success of cretostimogene will depend on several factors, including the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•successful initiation and enrollment of clinical trials and completion of clinical trials with favorable results, including the full data readouts from the ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials for cretostimogene;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•acceptance of regulatory submissions by the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for the conduct of clinical trials of cretostimogene and of our proposed designs of planned clinical trials of cretostimogene;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the frequency and severity of adverse events observed in clinical trials and preclinical studies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•maintaining and establishing relationships with contract research organizations (CROs) and clinical sites for the clinical development of cretostimogene, and ability of such CROs and clinical sites to comply with clinical trial protocols, GCPs and other applicable requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•demonstrating the safety, purity and potency (or efficacy) of cretostimogene to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities, including by establishing a safety database of a size satisfactory to regulatory authorities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•receipt and maintenance of regulatory approvals from applicable regulatory authorities, including approvals of BLAs from the FDA;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•maintaining relationships with our third-party manufacturers and their ability to comply with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs) as well as timely making arrangements with our third-party manufacturers for, or establishing our own, commercial manufacturing capabilities at a cost and scale sufficient to support commercialization;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and launching commercial sales of cretostimogene, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•obtaining, maintaining, protecting and enforcing patent and any potential trade secret protection or regulatory exclusivity for cretostimogene;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•maintaining an acceptable safety profile of cretostimogene following regulatory approval, if any;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•maintaining and growing an organization of people who can develop and, if approved, commercialize, market and sell cretostimogene; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•acceptance of our products, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors.

If we are unable to develop, obtain regulatory approval for, or if approved, successfully manufacture and commercialize cretostimogene, or if we experience delays as a result of any of the above factors or otherwise, our business would be materially harmed.

***Cretostimogene is based on a novel approach to the treatment of cancer, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development and subsequently obtaining regulatory approval, if at all.*** 

We have concentrated our research and development efforts on cretostimogene, and our future success largely depends on the successful development of the oncolytic approach underlying this product candidate. In particular, cretostimogene is an engineered adenovirus designed to replicate and eliminate cancer cells while also stimulating an anti-tumor immune response. To our knowledge, there are no FDA-approved products for the treatment of cancer that utilize a replication-competent adenovirus.

We expect the novel nature of cretostimogene to create further challenges in obtaining regulatory approval. Few viral immunotherapies have been approved globally or by the FDA to date. While the first oncolytic viral immunotherapy, talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic, Amgen), has received FDA approval, regulatory agencies have reviewed relatively few viral immunotherapy product candidates such as cretostimogene. This may lengthen the regulatory review process, increase our development costs and delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates. Further, any viral immunotherapies that are approved may be subject to extensive post-approval regulatory requirements, including requirements pertaining to manufacturing, distribution and promotion. We may need to devote significant time and resources to compliance with these requirements.

In addition, cretostimogene is a live, gene-modified virus for which the FDA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities and other public health authorities, such as the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention and hospitals involved in clinical studies, have established additional safety and contagion rules and procedures, which could establish additional hurdles for the development, manufacture or use of our vectors. These hurdles may lead to delays in the conduct of clinical trials or in obtaining regulatory approvals for further development, manufacturing or commercialization of our product candidates. We may also experience delays in transferring our process to commercial partners, which may prevent us from completing our clinical trials or commercializing our product candidates on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.

***Clinical and preclinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with uncertain timelines and outcomes, and the results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results. Cretostimogene or any future product candidates may not achieve favorable results in clinical trials or preclinical studies or receive regulatory approval on a timely basis, if at all.*** 

Drug development is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials or preclinical studies will be conducted as planned, including whether we are able to meet expected timeframes for data readouts, or completed on schedule, if at all, and failure can occur at any time during the trial or study process, including due to factors that are beyond our control. Despite promising preclinical or clinical results, cretostimogene or any other future product candidate can unexpectedly fail at any stage of clinical or preclinical development. The historical failure rate for product candidates in our industry is high.

The results from preclinical studies or clinical trials of cretostimogene, any future product candidate, or a competitor's product candidate in the same class may not predict the results of later clinical trials of cretostimogene or any future product candidate, and interim, topline or preliminary results of a clinical trial are not necessarily indicative of final results. Cretostimogene or any future product candidate in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired characteristics despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. It is not uncommon to observe results in clinical trials that are unexpected based on preclinical studies and early clinical trials, and many product candidates fail in clinical trials despite very promising early results.

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We make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the interim, topline or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies or trials, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline and preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result, in the final data being materially different from the topline or preliminary data we have previously published. As a result, topline and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Moreover, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure, and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular drug, product candidate or our business.

A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical development even after achieving promising results in earlier studies. Such setbacks have occurred and may occur for many reasons, including, but not limited to: clinical sites and investigators may deviate from clinical trial protocols, whether due to lack of training or otherwise, and we may fail to detect any such deviations in a timely manner; patients may fail to adhere to any required clinical trial procedures, including any requirements for post-treatment follow-up; our product candidates may fail to demonstrate safety, purity or potency (or efficacy) in certain patient subpopulations, which has not been observed in earlier trials due to limited sample size, lack of analysis or otherwise; or our clinical trials may not adequately represent the patient populations we intend to treat, whether due to limitations in our trial designs or otherwise, such as where one patient subgroup is overrepresented in the clinical trial. There can be no assurance that we will not suffer similar setbacks despite the data we observed in earlier or ongoing studies. Adverse differences between interim, topline or preliminary data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Based upon negative or inconclusive results, we or any current or any future collaborator may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, which would cause us to incur additional operating expenses and delays and may not be sufficient to support regulatory approval on a timely basis or at all. Further, disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.

As a result, we cannot be certain that our ongoing and planned clinical trials or preclinical studies will be successful. Any safety concerns observed in any one of our clinical trials in our targeted indications could limit the prospects for regulatory approval of cretostimogene in those and other indications, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Any difficulties or delays in the commencement or completion, or the termination or suspension, of our current or planned clinical trials or preclinical studies could result in increased costs to us, delay or limit our ability to generate revenue or adversely affect our commercial prospects.*** 

Before obtaining approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency (or efficacy) of the product candidates in humans. In addition, before we can initiate clinical development for any future preclinical product candidates, we must submit the results of preclinical studies to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities along with other information, including information about product candidate CMC and our proposed clinical trial protocol, as part of an Investigational New Drug application (IND) or similar regulatory submission, and we are also required to submit comparable applications to foreign regulatory authorities for clinical trials outside of the United States. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to conduct additional preclinical studies for any future product candidates before it allows us to initiate clinical trials under any IND or similar regulatory submission, which may lead to delays or increase the costs of developing future product candidates.

Moreover, issues may arise that could cause regulatory authorities to suspend or terminate our ongoing or planned clinical trials. Any such delays in the commencement or completion, or the termination or suspension, of our ongoing and planned clinical trials or preclinical studies could significantly affect our product development timelines and product development costs.

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We do not know whether our planned clinical trials or preclinical studies will begin on time or if our ongoing or future trials or studies will be completed on schedule, if at all. The commencement, data readouts and completion of clinical trials and preclinical studies can be delayed for a number of reasons, including delays related to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•inability to obtain animals or materials to initiate and generate sufficient preclinical, toxicology, or other in vivo or in vitro data to support the initiation or continuation of clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•obtaining allowance from regulatory authorities to commence a trial or reaching a consensus with regulatory authorities on trial design;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities disagreeing as to the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•any failure or delay in reaching an agreement with CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•delays in identifying, recruiting, and training suitable clinical investigators;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•obtaining approval from one or more IRBs or ECs at clinical trial sites;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•IRBs/ECs refusing to approve, suspending, or terminating the trial at an investigational site, precluding enrollment of additional patients, or withdrawing their approval of the trial;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•changes to the clinical trial protocol;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•clinical sites deviating from the trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•failure by our CROs to perform in accordance with GCP requirements or applicable regulatory requirements or guidelines in other countries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•obtaining sufficient quantities of cretostimogene or any future product candidates and related raw materials and DDM or obtaining sufficient quantities of combination therapies or other materials needed for use in clinical trials and preclinical studies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•patients failing to enroll or remain in our trials at the rate we expect, or failing to return for post-treatment follow-up, including patients failing to remain in our trials due to movement restrictions, health reasons or otherwise resulting from any future public health concerns;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•patients choosing alternative treatments for the indications for which we are developing cretostimogene or any future product candidates, or participating in competing clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trials or preclinical studies or costs being greater than we anticipate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•patients experiencing severe or serious unexpected drug-related adverse effects;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•occurrence of serious adverse events in trials of the same class of agents conducted by other companies that could be considered similar to cretostimogene or any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•selection of clinical endpoints that require prolonged periods of clinical observation or extended analysis of the resulting data;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•transfer of manufacturing processes to larger-scale facilities operated by third-party manufacturers, delays or failure by our third-party manufacturers or us to make any necessary changes to such manufacturing process, or failure of such third-party manufacturers to produce clinical trial materials in accordance with cGMP regulations or other applicable requirements; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•third parties being unwilling or unable to satisfy their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner.

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Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA and other applicable regulatory authorities' legal requirements, regulations or guidelines, and are subject to oversight by these governmental agencies and ECs or IRBs at the medical institutions where the clinical trials are conducted. We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, by a data safety monitoring board for such trial or by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Such authorities may impose such a suspension, including a clinical hold, or termination due to a number of factors, including, among other reasons, failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with GCP and other regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. In addition, changes in regulatory requirements and policies may occur, and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to comply with these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial.

Further, we and our collaborators are currently conducting, and we, our collaborators and any future collaborators may in the future conduct, clinical trials in foreign countries, which presents additional risks that may delay completion of our clinical trials. These risks include the failure of enrolled patients in foreign countries to adhere to clinical protocols as a result of differences in healthcare services or cultural customs, managing additional administrative burdens associated with foreign regulatory schemes, and political and economic risks, including war, relevant to such foreign countries.

In addition, we may make formulation or manufacturing changes to cretostimogene or any future product candidate, in which case we may need to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials to bridge our current version of cretostimogene or future product candidate to earlier versions. If we are unable to conduct such studies or trials, or if we otherwise fail to adequately bridge the current versions of our product candidates to earlier versions, then we may be unable to utilize any data we have gathered from studies or trials that evaluated such earlier versions in our planned regulatory submissions, which could delay our programs. For example, in our ongoing studies of cretostimogene we are utilizing materials produced by a different third-party manufacturer than the third-party manufacturer that produced cretostimogene during the initial clinical trials for cretostimogene, and we are unable to demonstrate full comparability between lots produced previously and those produced by our current manufacturer. As a result, we may be required to gather additional data utilizing material produced by our current third-party manufacturer before we are able to submit manufacturing information in a BLA for cretostimogene, if ever.

Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, the termination or suspension of, or a delay in the commencement or completion of, clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of a product candidate. Any delays to our clinical trials that occur as a result could shorten any period during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize cretostimogene or our future product candidates. In such cases, our competitors may be able to bring products to market before we do, and the commercial viability of cretostimogene or our future product candidates could be significantly reduced. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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While we believe the data from our Phase 3 BOND-003 trial will support our BLA submission for cretostimogene, the FDA may determine that our Phase 3 BOND-003 data is insufficient to accept for filing the BLA submission that we have initiated or for BLA approval and may impose requirements for BLA resubmission, and even if accepted for filing by the FDA they may impose requirements to conduct additional clinical trials, or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical data, nonclinical studies or manufacturing, or may issue a complete response letter (CRL). A CRL indicates that the review cycle for the application is complete, and the application will not be approved in its present form. A CRL usually describes the specific deficiencies in the BLA identified by the FDA and may include requirements to conduct additional clinical trials, or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical data, nonclinical studies or manufacturing. If a CRL is issued, the sponsor must resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may decide that the BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval, which would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials. If we encounter difficulties or delays enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.*** 

Successful and timely completion of clinical trials will require that we identify and enroll a specified number of patients for each of our clinical trials. We may in the future be unable to initiate or continue certain clinical trials for cretostimogene or any future product candidates if we are unable to identify and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors, including the size and characteristics of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility and exclusion criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, the risk that enrolled patients will not complete a clinical trial, our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience, and competing clinical trials and clinicians' and patients' perceptions as to the potential advantages and risks of the product candidates being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new products that may be approved for the indications we are investigating as well as any product candidates under development. We will be required to identify and enroll a sufficient number of patients for each of our clinical trials and monitor such patients adequately during and after treatment. Potential patients for any planned clinical trials may not be adequately diagnosed or identified with the diseases which we are targeting, which could adversely impact the outcomes of our trials and could have safety concerns for the potential patients. Potential patients for any planned clinical trials may also not meet the entry criteria for such trials.

Additionally, other pharmaceutical companies targeting bladder cancer are recruiting clinical trial patients from these patient populations, which may make it more difficult to fully enroll our clinical trials. The timing of our clinical trials depends, in part, on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in our trials, as well as completion of required follow-up periods. The eligibility criteria of our clinical trials, once established, may further limit the pool of available trial participants. If patients are unwilling or unable to participate in our trials for any reason, including the existence of concurrent clinical trials for similar target populations, the availability of approved therapies, or the fact that enrolling in our trials may prevent patients from taking a different product, or we otherwise have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting trials and obtaining regulatory approval of cretostimogene or any future product candidates may be delayed. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for any of our future clinical trials would result in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether.

In addition, we rely on, and will continue to rely on, CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and preclinical studies. Though we have entered into agreements governing their services, we have limited influence over their actual performance. We cannot be certain that our assumptions used in determining expected clinical trial timelines are correct or that we will not experience delays or difficulties in enrollment, or be required by the FDA or other regulatory authority to increase our enrollment, which would result in the delay of completion of such trials beyond our expected timelines.

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***Use of cretostimogene or any future product candidates could be associated with adverse side effects, adverse events or other properties or safety risks, which could delay or preclude regulatory approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, abandon cretostimogene or any future product candidate, limit the commercial profile of an approved label or result in other significant negative consequences that could severely harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.*** 

As is the case with oncology drugs generally, it is likely that there may be side effects and adverse events associated with use of cretostimogene or any future product candidates' use. Results of our, our collaborators' or any future collaborators' clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of expected or unexpected side effects or unexpected characteristics. Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates when used alone or in combination with approved or investigational drugs could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label, or lead to the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects significantly.

Moreover, if cretostimogene or any future product candidates are associated with undesirable side effects in clinical trials or demonstrate characteristics that are unexpected, we may elect to abandon their development or limit their development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective, which may limit the commercial expectations for such product candidate if approved. Unacceptable enhancement of certain toxicities may be seen when cretostimogene or any future product candidates are combined with standard of care therapies, or when they are used as single agents. We may also be required to modify our development and clinical trial plans based on findings in our ongoing clinical trials. Many compounds that initially showed promise in early-stage testing for treating cancer have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compounds.

It is possible that as we, our collaborators or any future collaborators test cretostimogene or any future product candidates in larger, longer and more extensive clinical trials, including with different dosing regimens, or as the use of these product candidates becomes more widespread following any regulatory approval, more illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events than were observed in earlier trials, as well as new conditions that did not occur or went undetected in previous trials, may be discovered. If such side effects become known later in development or upon approval, if any, such findings may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects significantly.

In addition, we are studying cretostimogene in combination with other therapies and may do so for future product candidates, which may exacerbate adverse events associated with such product candidate. Patients treated with cretostimogene or future product candidates may also be undergoing surgical, radiation and chemotherapy treatments, which can cause side effects or adverse events that are unrelated to our product candidate but may still impact the success of our clinical trials. The inclusion of critically ill patients in our, our collaborators' or any future collaborators' clinical trials may result in deaths or other adverse medical events due to other therapies or medications that such patients may be using or due to the severity of such patients' illnesses. For example, we expect that some of the patients enrolled in our, our collaborators' or any future collaborators' clinical trials will die or experience major clinical events either during the course of such clinical trials or after participating in such trials.

In addition, if cretostimogene or any future product candidate receives regulatory approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•regulatory authorities may withdraw, suspend or limit approvals of such product, or seek an injunction against its manufacture or distribution;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we may be required to recall a product or change the way such product is administered to patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label, such as a "black box" warning or a contraindication;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we may be required to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) or create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we may be required to change the way a product is distributed or administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change the labeling of a product or be required to conduct additional post-marketing studies or surveillance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•sales of the product may decrease significantly or the product could become less competitive; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance and/or physician adoption of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We have not as an organization completed submission of a BLA, and we may be unable to do so for cretostimogene or any future product candidates.*** 

Although we have completed the Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial for cretostimogene, we may need to successfully complete additional later-stage, pivotal clinical trials in order to obtain FDA or comparable foreign regulatory approval to market cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Carrying out later-stage clinical trials and the submission of a successful BLA or other comparable foreign regulatory submission is a complicated process. As an organization, we have completed one Phase 3 clinical trial of cretostimogene, and are conducting and plan to conduct additional Phase 3 clinical trials for cretostimogene. We also plan to conduct a number of additional clinical trials of cretostimogene in parallel over the next several years, which may be a difficult process to manage with our limited resources and which may divert attention of management. We have limited experience as a company in preparing and submitting marketing applications and have not previously completed submission of or been accepted for filing a BLA or completed other comparable foreign regulatory submission for any product candidate. In addition, while we have had interactions with the FDA regarding our BLA submission for cretostimogene, we cannot be certain that our Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial for cretostimogene will be sufficient to support regulatory approval, even if we believe the results are sufficiently positive, or whether additional clinical trials of cretostimogene or any future product candidate will be required or how such additional trials should be designed. Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete necessary clinical trials in a way that leads to regulatory approval of any of our product candidates. We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of product candidates that we develop. Failure to commence or complete, or delays in, our ongoing or planned clinical trials could prevent us from or delay us in submitting or completing the submission of BLAs or other comparable foreign regulatory submissions for and commercializing our product candidates.

***We are developing cretostimogene in combination with other therapies, which exposes us to additional risks.*** 

We are currently developing cretostimogene, and we may develop future product candidates, for use in combination with one or more currently approved cancer therapies. Even if cretostimogene or any future product candidate we develop was to receive regulatory approval or be commercialized for use in combination with other existing therapies, we would continue to bear the risks that the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities could revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with cretostimogene or a future product candidate or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with these existing therapies. The known side effect profile of approved drugs, such as the checkpoint inhibitors we use in combination with cretostimogene, may otherwise negatively affect the results of our trials and could limit the number of patients and physicians who choose to adopt cretostimogene, if approved for use as combination therapy with such drugs. Combination therapies are commonly used for the treatment of cancer, and we will be subject to similar risks with respect to cretostimogene or any future product candidate we develop for use in combination with other drugs or biologics. Developing combination therapies using approved therapeutics, as we are currently doing for cretostimogene, also exposes us to additional clinical risks, such as the requirement that we demonstrate the safety, purity and potency (or efficacy) of each active component of any combination regimen we develop.

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If the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities revoke the approval of combination agents, or if safety, efficacy, manufacturing, or supply issues arise with the drugs we choose to evaluate in combination with cretostimogene or any future product candidate, we may be unable to obtain approval of or market cretostimogene or any future product candidate for combination therapy regimens.

Additionally, if the third-party providers of therapies or therapies in development used in combination with cretostimogene or any future product candidate are unable to produce sufficient quantities for clinical trials or for commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidate, or if the cost of combination therapies are prohibitive, our development and commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Negative developments in the field of immuno-oncology and, in particular, viral immunotherapy, could damage public perception of any cretostimogene or any future oncolytic product candidates and negatively affect our business.*** 

The commercial success of cretostimogene and any future adenovirus-based product candidates will depend in part on public acceptance of the use of immuno-oncology, and, in particular, viral immunotherapy. Adverse events in clinical trials of cretostimogene or any other adenovirus-based product candidates which we may develop, or in clinical trials of other biopharmaceutical companies developing similar products and the resulting publicity, as well as any other negative developments in the field of immuno-oncology that may occur in the future, including in connection with competitor therapies, could result in a decrease in demand for cretostimogene or any other adenovirus-based product candidates that we may develop. These events could also result in the suspension, discontinuation or clinical hold of or modification to our clinical trials. If public perception is influenced by claims that the use of viral immunotherapies is unsafe, whether related to our therapies or those of our competitors, our product candidates may not be accepted by the general public or the medical community and potential clinical trial subjects may be discouraged from enrolling in our, our collaborators' or any future collaborators' clinical trials. In addition, responses by national or state governments to negative public perception may result in new legislation or regulations that could limit our ability to develop or commercialize any product candidates, obtain or maintain regulatory approval or otherwise achieve profitability. More restrictive statutory regimes, government regulations or negative public opinion would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects and may delay or impair the development and commercialization of our product candidates or demand for any products we may develop. As a result, we may not be able to continue or may be delayed in conducting our development programs.

Adverse developments in clinical trials of other immunotherapy products based on viruses, like oncolytic viruses, may result in a disproportionately negative effect for cretostimogene or any future product candidates as compared to other products in the field of infectious disease and immuno-oncology that are not based on viruses. Future negative developments in the biopharmaceutical industry could also result in greater governmental regulation, stricter labeling requirements and potential regulatory delays in the testing or approvals of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Any increased scrutiny could delay or increase the costs of obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates.

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***We may not be successful in our efforts to investigate cretostimogene in additional indications. We may expend our limited resources to pursue a new product candidate or a particular indication for cretostimogene and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.*** 

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on the development of cretostimogene for specific indications. We may fail to generate additional clinical development opportunities for cretostimogene for a number of reasons, including that cretostimogene may, in indications we are seeking or may seek in the future, be shown to have harmful side effects, limited to no efficacy or other characteristics that suggest it is unlikely to receive marketing approval and/or achieve market acceptance in such potential indications. Our resource allocation and other decisions may cause us to fail to identify and capitalize on viable potential product candidates or additional indications for cretostimogene. Our spending on current and future research and development programs for new product candidates or additional indications for cretostimogene may not yield any commercially viable product candidates or indications. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular indication or product candidate, we may fail to develop such product candidate or indication, or relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaborations, license agreements and other similar arrangements in cases where it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such indication or product candidate, or negotiate less advantageous terms for any such arrangements than is optimal.

Additionally, we may pursue additional in-licenses or acquisitions of development-stage assets or programs, which entails additional risk to us. Identifying, selecting and acquiring promising product candidates requires substantial technical, financial and human resources expertise. Efforts to do so may not result in the actual acquisition or license of a particular product candidate, potentially resulting in a diversion of our management's time and the expenditure of our resources with no resulting benefit. For example, if we are unable to identify programs that ultimately result in approved products, we may spend material amounts of our capital and other resources evaluating, acquiring and developing products that ultimately do not provide a return on our investment.

***We are currently conducting and may in the future conduct certain of our clinical trials for cretostimogene or any future product candidate outside of the United States. However, the FDA and other foreign equivalents may not accept data from such trials, in which case our development plans will be delayed, which could materially harm our business.*** 

We are currently conducting, and we or our current or any future collaborators may in the future conduct, one or more of our clinical trials for cretostimogene or any future product candidate outside the United States. The acceptance of study data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States or another jurisdiction by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions or may not be accepted at all. For example, in cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for regulatory approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless the data are applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice; the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to GCP regulations; and the data may be considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA, or if the FDA considers such inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, even where the foreign study data are not intended to serve as the sole basis for approval, if the relevant study was not conducted pursuant to an IND, the FDA will not accept the data as support for a marketing application unless the study was conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the FDA is able to validate the data from the study through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar requirements for clinical data gathered outside of their respective jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data from our clinical trials of cretostimogene or any future product candidate, it would likely result in the need for additional clinical trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay or permanently halt our development of such product candidate.

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Conducting clinical trials outside the United States also exposes us to additional risks, including risks associated with:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•additional foreign regulatory requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•foreign exchange fluctuations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•compliance with foreign manufacturing, customs, shipment, and storage requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•inconsistent standards for reporting and evaluating clinical data and adverse events;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•diminished protection of intellectual property in some countries; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•public health concerns or political instability, civil unrest, war or similar events that may jeopardize our ability to commence, conduct or complete a clinical trial and evaluate resulting data.

***Interim, topline and preliminary data from our clinical trials and preclinical studies that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.*** 

From time to time, we may publicly disclose interim, topline or preliminary data from our clinical trials and preclinical studies, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. For example, topline data from the Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial that was presented as a late-breaking abstract at the 2024 SUO Annual Meeting showed that cretostimogene, as a single agent, achieved a 74.5% CR at any time in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, which was updated to 75.5% at the 2025 Annual EAU Congress. Additionally, we reported data from the Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial in April 2025 that showed 97.3% of patients were free from progression to muscle invasive disease at 24 months, which was updated to 96.6% in September 2025. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the interim, topline or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies or trials, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once additional data have been received and fully evaluated, including with respect to the data from the Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial. Topline and preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result, in the final data being materially different from the topline or preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are further subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse differences between interim, topline or preliminary data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Further, disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.

In addition, others, including regulatory authorities, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular product candidate or product and our company in general. Moreover, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure, and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular drug, product candidate or our business. If the interim, topline or preliminary data that we report differ from actual results, including with respect to the data we reported from the Phase 3 BOND-003 Cohort C trial, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize cretostimogene and any future product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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***Changes in methods of the manufacturing or formulation of cretostimogene or any future product candidates may result in additional costs or delay.*** 

As cretostimogene and any future product candidates progress through clinical trials to regulatory approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize safety, efficacy, yield and manufacturing batch size, minimize costs and achieve consistent quality and results. There can be no assurance that any future manufacturing or formulation changes we may make will achieve their intended objectives, and such changes may also cause cretostimogene or any future product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. Such changes or related unfavorable clinical trial results or changes in the CMOs we use to manufacture cretostimogene or any future product candidates could delay initiation or completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging studies or additional clinical trials or the repetition of one or more studies or clinical trials, increase development costs, delay or prevent potential regulatory approval and jeopardize our ability to commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved, and generate revenue.

***A Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process for cretostimogene, and it does not increase the likelihood that cretostimogene or any future product candidates will receive FDA approval.*** 

We have obtained Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA for cretostimogene for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive, high-risk NMIBC with carcinoma in-situ with or without Ta or T1 tumors to improve CR and for cretostimogene in combination with pembrolizumab for the treatment of NMIBC unresponsive to BCG, and we may seek additional Breakthrough Therapy designations for cretostimogene or for any future product candidates where we believe the clinical data support such a designation. A "Breakthrough Therapy" is defined as a drug or biologic that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, where preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug or biologic may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For product candidates that have been designated as Breakthrough Therapies, increased interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Biologics designated as Breakthrough Therapies also receive the same benefits associated with fast track designation, including eligibility for rolling review of a submitted BLA, if the relevant criteria are met.

Designation as a Breakthrough Therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a Breakthrough Therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy designation for cretostimogene or any future product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to biologics considered for approval under standard FDA review procedures and does not ensure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, though cretostimogene currently qualifies as a Breakthrough Therapy for the treatment of NMIBC unresponsive BGC, the FDA may later decide that cretostimogene no longer meets the conditions for qualification and rescind the designation.

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***Fast track designation by the FDA for cretostimogene may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that cretostimogene or any future product candidate which may receive fast track designation will receive regulatory approval.*** 

The FDA has granted a fast track designation for cretostimogene for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive, high-risk NMIBC with carcinoma in-situ with or without Ta or T1 tumors to improve CR, and we may seek fast track designations for other indications or future product candidates. The fast track program is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing product candidates that meet certain criteria. Specifically, biologics are eligible for fast track designation if they are intended, alone or in combination with one or more drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. Fast track designation applies to the combination of the product candidate and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a fast track product candidate has opportunities for more frequent interactions with the applicable FDA review team during product development and, once a BLA is submitted, the application may be eligible for priority review. A BLA submitted for a fast track product candidate may also be eligible for rolling review, where the FDA may consider for review sections of the BLA on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the BLA, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the BLA and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the Sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the BLA.

The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation. Even if we believe a particular product candidate or development program is eligible for this designation, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant it. Although we have received fast track designation for cretostimogene for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive, high-risk NMIBC with carcinoma in-situ with or without Ta or T1 tumors to improve CR, and even if we receive additional fast track designations for other indications or any future product candidates, such product candidates may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may also withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Furthermore, such a designation does not increase the likelihood that cretostimogene or any future product candidate that may be granted fast track designation will receive marketing approval in the United States. Many product candidates that have received fast track designation have ultimately failed to obtain approval.

***We may attempt to secure approval from the FDA through the use of the accelerated approval pathway. If we are unable to obtain such approval, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials beyond those that we contemplate, which could increase the expense of obtaining, and delay the receipt of, necessary regulatory approvals. Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, if our confirmatory trials do not verify clinical benefit, or if we do not comply with rigorous post-marketing requirements, the FDA may seek to withdraw any accelerated approval we have obtained.*** 

We may in the future seek an accelerated approval for cretostimogene or our future product candidates. Under the accelerated approval program, the FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product candidate designed to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit over available therapies upon a determination that such product candidate has an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA considers a clinical benefit to be a positive therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful in the context of a given disease, such as irreversible morbidity or mortality. For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image, physical sign or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit.

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The accelerated approval pathway may be used in cases in which the advantage of a new drug over available therapy may not be a direct therapeutic advantage, but is a clinically important improvement from a patient and public health perspective. If granted, accelerated approval is usually contingent on the sponsor's agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the drug's clinical benefit. If such confirmatory studies fail to confirm the drug's clinical benefit or are not completed in a timely manner, the FDA may withdraw its approval of the drug on an expedited basis. In addition, the FDA may, among other things, require a sponsor of a product seeking accelerated approval to have a confirmatory trial underway prior to such approval being granted.

Although we did not seek an accelerated approval pathway with respect to our current BLA submission for cretostimogene for the treatment of patients with high-risk NMIBC who are unresponsive to BCG therapy, we may in the future seek an accelerated approval pathway for cretostimogene with respect to any future product candidates. Prior to seeking approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidate we would seek feedback from the FDA and would otherwise evaluate our ability to seek and receive accelerated approval. There can be no assurance that after our evaluation of the feedback and other factors we will decide to pursue or submit a BLA for accelerated approval or obtain any other form of expedited development, review, or approval. Furthermore, if we decide to submit an application for accelerated approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidate, there can be no assurance that such submission or application will be accepted or that any expedited development, review, or approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. The FDA could also require us to conduct further studies prior to considering our application or granting approval of any type. A failure to obtain accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review, or approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidate would result in a longer time period to commercialization of such product candidate, if any, could increase the cost of development of such product candidate, and could harm our competitive position in the marketplace.

***Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.*** 

The ability of the FDA and other government agencies to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory and policy changes, a government agency's ability to hire and retain key and sufficient personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the government agency's ability to perform routine functions. Average review times at the FDA and other government agencies have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new biologics or modifications to be approved or licensed biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities.

Separately, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA postponed most inspections of domestic and foreign manufacturing facilities at various points. Even though the FDA has since resumed standard inspection operations of domestic facilities where feasible, future pandemics may lead to similar inspectional or administrative delays. If any future prolonged government shutdown occurs, there are personnel shortages at the FDA or other regulatory agencies, or if global health concerns prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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**Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties** 

***We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with applicable regulatory requirements, or meet expected deadlines, cretostimogene or any future product candidate and our ability to seek or obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates may be delayed.*** 

We are dependent on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies. Specifically, we rely on, and intend to continue to rely on, medical institutions, clinical investigators, CROs and consultants to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials in accordance with our clinical protocols and regulatory requirements. These CROs, investigators and other third parties play a significant role in the conduct and timing of these trials and subsequent collection and analysis of data. While we have and will have agreements governing the activities of our third-party contractors, we have limited influence over their actual performance. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards and requirements, and our reliance on our CROs and other third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. In addition, we and our CROs are required to comply with GLP requirements for certain preclinical studies, as well as GCP requirements, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for cretostimogene and any future product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs or trial sites fail to comply with applicable GLP or GCP or other requirements, the clinical data generated in our preclinical studies or clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional preclinical studies or clinical trials before approving our marketing applications, if ever. Further, our clinical trials must be conducted with products produced in accordance with cGMP regulations. Failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Our CROs have the right to terminate their agreements with us in the event of an uncured material breach and under other specified circumstances. If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative third parties on commercially reasonable terms, in a timely manner or at all. Switching or adding additional CROs, investigators and other third parties involves additional cost and requires our management's time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we work to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, investigators and other third parties, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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***We rely on Biovire and third parties for the manufacture and shipping of cretostimogene for clinical development and, if approved by the FDA, will rely on third parties for the manufacture, supply and shipping of cretostimogene for commercialization, and expect to do so for the foreseeable future. This reliance increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of cretostimogene or future product candidates or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent, or impair our development or commercialization efforts.*** 

Other than Biovire, which manufactures and conducts release testing of our cretostimogene drug product, we do not own or operate manufacturing facilities and have no plans to develop our own clinical or commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities. We rely on Biovire for the production of drug product and a third party manufacturer for drug substance necessary for the manufacture of cretostimogene. We also rely on a third-party manufacturer for each of the production of drug substance and drug product necessary for the manufacture of DDM. We expect to continue to rely on these manufacturers for commercial manufacture if cretostimogene or any future product candidates receive regulatory approval. The facilities used by third-party manufacturers to manufacture cretostimogene or any future product candidate must be approved for the manufacture of such product candidate by the FDA and any comparable foreign regulatory authority pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after we submit a BLA to the FDA or any comparable submission to a foreign regulatory authority. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, Biovire and third-party manufacturers for compliance with cGMP requirements for manufacture of products. If these third-party manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have limited or no control over the ability of these manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of cretostimogene or any future product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, seizures or recalls of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of cretostimogene or any future product candidates.

Our or a third party's failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements on commercially reasonable terms, in a timely manner and in compliance with cGMP or other regulatory requirements could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•an inability to initiate or continue clinical trials of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, or a hold on clinical trials of cretostimogene or any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•delay in submitting regulatory applications, or receiving regulatory approvals, for cretostimogene or any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•subjecting third-party manufacturing facilities to additional inspections by regulatory authorities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•requirements to cease development or to recall batches of cretostimogene or any future product candidates; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•in the event of approval to market and commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates, an inability to meet commercial demands for cretostimogene or any future product candidates.

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For example, our IND for cretostimogene was previously placed on partial clinical hold by the FDA that was lifted in March 2020, primarily due to CMC-related issues attributable to product supplied by our prior third-party manufacturer, who was purchased by another third-party supplier, resulting in clinical development delays. While our acquisition of Biovire was intended to help mitigate the risk related to securing our supply of cretostimogene drug product, Biovire only provides a portion of the services in our manufacturing process and there is no guarantee that we will realize the benefit of our investment. In addition, while we are in the process of establishing long-term commitment or supply agreements for the commercial supply of cretostimogene, we do not currently have any such long-term commitments or supply agreements with our third-party manufacturers. We may be unable to establish any long-term supply agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms or at all, which increases the risk of failing to timely obtain sufficient quantities of cretostimogene or such quantities at an acceptable cost. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•failure of third-party manufacturers to comply with regulatory requirements and maintain quality assurance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•failure to manufacture our product according to our specifications;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•failure to obtain adequate raw materials and other materials required for manufacturing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•failure to devote appropriate resources to manufacture our product, or manufacture our product according to our schedule or at all;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•failure to successfully scale up manufacturing capacity, if required;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us.

Despite our efforts, we may encounter unforeseen challenges and risks that could impact the effectiveness of our supply chain enhancements. These challenges may include, but are not limited to, regulatory hurdles, supply chain disruptions, and potential delays in the manufacturing and distribution processes. As a result, our ability to ensure a reliable and efficient supply chain for cretostimogene may be compromised, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance.

Further, cretostimogene and any future product candidates that we may develop may compete with other product candidates and products for access to manufacturing facilities.

We also rely on a third party to store and transport cretostimogene at temperatures within a certain range, which is known as "strict cold chain" storage and transportation. Any failure by this third party to store or transport cretostimogene at the appropriate temperature could impair the quality of cretostimogene or cause cretostimogene to become unsuitable for use, which could result in lost inventories, increased costs or delays in clinical development.

Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers, suppliers or vendors could delay clinical development or regulatory approval, and any related remedial measures may be costly or time consuming to implement. We do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant manufacturing of cretostimogene and DDM. In addition, there are a limited number of manufacturers capable of manufacturing viral therapies such as cretostimogene, and therefore any need to switch third-party manufacturers, including Biovire, may result in development and commercialization delays and increase our operating costs. If our existing or future third-party manufacturers and suppliers cannot perform as agreed or cannot fulfill our commercial supply requirements, we may be required to replace such manufacturers or suppliers and we may be unable to replace them on a timely basis or at all. If we later switch third-party manufacturers, we may be unable to demonstrate comparability between lots produced previously and those produced by such new third-party manufacturers, in which case we may be required to gather additional data utilizing material produced by such new third-party manufacturers before we are able to complete our BLA submission for cretostimogene or submit additional BLAs for cretostimogene or any future product candidate, if ever.

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In addition, our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of cretostimogene or any future product candidates may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that receive regulatory approval on a timely and competitive basis.

***Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor or other third party will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.*** 

Because we currently rely on third parties, including Biovire, to manufacture cretostimogene and to perform quality testing, we must, at times, share our proprietary technology and confidential information, including trade secrets, with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements, and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors or other third parties, are intentionally or inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets and despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, a competitor's or other third party's discovery of our proprietary technology and confidential information or other unauthorized use or disclosure of such technology or information would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, collaboration agreements and strategic alliances to maximize the potential of cretostimogene, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of such collaborations or alliances. We may continue to form collaborations or alliances in the future with respect to cretostimogene or any future product candidates, but may be unable to do so or to realize the potential benefits of such transactions, which may cause us to alter or delay our development and commercialization plans.*** 

We have entered into, and may in the future seek to enter into, collaborations, joint ventures, licenses and other similar arrangements for the development or, if approved, commercialization of cretostimogene and any future product candidates due to capital costs required to develop or commercialize such product candidates or otherwise. For example, we have entered into license and collaboration agreements with Lepu Biotech Co., Ltd. (Lepu) and Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kissei), pursuant to which we granted Lepu exclusive rights to develop and commercialize cretostimogene and/or DDM in Greater China, including Hong Kong and Macau (the Lepu Territory), and granted Kissei exclusive rights to develop and commercialize cretostimogene in combination with DDM in Japan and other Asian counties (excluding the Lepu territory). We may not be successful in our efforts to establish or maintain such collaborations because our research and development pipeline may be insufficient, future product candidates may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort or third parties may not view cretostimogene or any future product candidates as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety, purity and potency (or efficacy), or significant commercial opportunity. In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners, and the negotiation process can be time-consuming and complex. Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish or maintain such collaborations, the terms that we agree upon may not be favorable to us. As a result, we may need to relinquish valuable rights to our future revenue streams, research programs, intellectual property, cretostimogene or any future product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us, as part of any such arrangement, and such arrangements may restrict us from entering into additional agreements with other potential collaborators. In addition, our current collaborations limit, and potential future collaborations may limit, our control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators will dedicate to the development or commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue from these arrangements will depend on any current or future collaborators' abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. We cannot be certain that, following a collaboration, license, or strategic transaction, we will achieve an economic benefit that justifies such transaction, and such transaction may not yield additional development product candidates for our pipeline. Furthermore, we may not be able to maintain such collaborations if, for example, the development or approval of cretostimogene or any future product candidate is delayed, the safety of any such product candidate is questioned, or the sales of cretostimogene, if approved, or an approved future product candidate, are unsatisfactory.

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In addition, our current collaborations are, and potential future collaborations may be, terminable by our strategic partners, and we may not be able to adequately protect our rights under these agreements. Furthermore, strategic partners may negotiate for certain rights to control decisions regarding the development and, if approved, commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, and may not conduct those activities in the same manner as we do. Any termination of collaborations we enter into in the future, or any delay in entering into collaborations related to cretostimogene or any future product candidates, could delay the development and, if approved, commercialization of such product candidates, and reduce their competitiveness if they reach the market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

**Risks Related to Commercialization of Cretostimogene and any Future Product Candidates** 

***Even if we receive regulatory approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense.*** 

Any regulatory approvals that we may receive for cretostimogene or any future product candidates will require the submission of reports to regulatory authorities, subject us to surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product, may contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, and may include burdensome post-approval study or risk management requirements. For example, the FDA may require a REMS as a condition of approval of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, which could include requirements for a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools.

In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves cretostimogene or any future product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for our products will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMPs and GCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Manufacturers of approved products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic, unannounced inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations and standards. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements or later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, may result in, among other things:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of our products, withdrawal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•restrictions on product distribution or use, or requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•restrictions on our ability to conduct clinical trials, including full or partial clinical holds on ongoing or planned trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•fines, restitutions, disgorgement of profits or revenue, warning letters, untitled letters, adverse publicity requirements or holds on clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•refusal by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications submitted by us or suspension or revocation of approvals;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of our products; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•injunctions and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates and generate revenue and could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity.

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The FDA's and other regulatory authorities' policies may change and additional government regulations may be promulgated that could prevent, limit or delay marketing authorization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to enforcement action and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

***The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses.*** 

The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product's approved labeling. If we receive regulatory approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidates, physicians may nevertheless prescribe it to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The U.S. federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of off-label use and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The government has also required companies to enter into consent decrees or imposed permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

***Any product candidates for which we intend to seek approval as biologic products may face competition sooner than anticipated.*** 

The ACA, signed into law on March 23, 2010, includes a subtitle called the BPCIA, which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor's own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency (or efficacy) of its product.

We believe that any cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved as a biological product under a BLA, should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to Congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider our product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, could be substituted for any one of our reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors continue to develop.

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***The commercial success of cretostimogene or any future product candidates will depend upon the degree of market acceptance of such product candidates by physicians, patients, healthcare payors, and others in the medical community.*** 

Cretostimogene and any future product candidates may not be commercially successful. Even if cretostimogene or any future product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors, or the medical community. The commercial success of cretostimogene or any future product candidates will depend significantly on the broad adoption and use of the resulting product by these individuals and organizations for approved indications. In particular, given a significant portion of large urology practices are concentrated in a relatively small number of urology physician groups, market adoption by such groups will be an important factor in potential commercial success. The degree of market acceptance of our products will depend on a number of factors, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•demonstration of clinical efficacy and safety, including as compared to any more-established products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the indications for which cretostimogene or any future product candidates are approved, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the limitation of our targeted patient population and other limitations or warnings contained in any FDA-approved labeling;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•acceptance of a new drug for the relevant indication by healthcare providers and their patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the pricing and cost-effectiveness of our products, as well as the cost of treatment with our products in relation to alternative treatments and therapies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to obtain and maintain sufficient third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement from government healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the willingness of patients to pay all, or a portion of, out-of-pocket costs associated with our products in the absence of sufficient third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•any restrictions on the use of our products, and the prevalence and severity of any adverse effects;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•potential product liability claims;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the timing of market introduction of our products as well as availability, safety and efficacy of competitive drugs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the effectiveness of our or any current or future collaborators' sales and marketing strategies; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•unfavorable publicity relating to the product.

If cretostimogene or any future product candidates is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, hospitals, healthcare payors or patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue from that product and may not become or remain profitable. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors regarding the benefits of our products may require significant resources and may never be successful.

***The successful commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which governmental authorities and health insurers establish coverage, adequate reimbursement levels and favorable pricing policies. Failure to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our products could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.*** 

The availability of coverage and the adequacy of reimbursement by governmental healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors are essential for most patients to be able to afford prescription medications such as cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved. Our ability to achieve coverage and acceptable levels of reimbursement for our products by third-party payors will have an effect on our ability to successfully commercialize those products. Accordingly, we will need to successfully implement a coverage and reimbursement strategy for any approved product candidate. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high.

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If we participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program or other governmental pricing programs, in certain circumstances, our products would be subject to ceiling prices set by such programs, which could reduce the revenue we may generate from any such products. Participation in such programs would also expose us to the risk of significant civil monetary penalties, sanctions and fines should we be found to be in violation of any applicable obligations thereunder.

Third-party payors increasingly are challenging prices charged for biopharmaceutical products and services, and many third-party payors may refuse to provide coverage and reimbursement for particular drugs when an equivalent generic drug or a less expensive therapy is available. It is possible that a third-party payor may consider our products as substitutable and offer to reimburse patients only for the less expensive product. Even if we are successful in demonstrating improved efficacy or improved convenience of administration with our products, pricing of existing drugs may limit the amount we will be able to charge for our products. These payors may deny or revoke the reimbursement status of a given product or establish prices for new or existing marketed products at levels that are too low to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products and may not be able to obtain a satisfactory financial return on products that we may develop.

There is significant uncertainty related to third-party payor coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, third-party payors, including private and governmental payors, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, play an important role in determining the extent to which new drugs will be covered. Some third-party payors may require pre-approval of coverage for new or innovative devices or drug therapies before they will reimburse healthcare providers who use such therapies. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for cretostimogene or any future product candidates.

Obtaining and maintaining reimbursement status is time-consuming, costly and uncertain. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models for how private payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs. However, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. Furthermore, rules and regulations regarding reimbursement change frequently, and, in some cases, at short notice, and we believe that changes in these rules and regulations are likely. For products administered under the supervision of a physician, obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with such drugs. Additionally, separate reimbursement for the product itself or the treatment or procedure in which the product is used may not be available, which may impact physician utilization.

Outside the United States, international operations are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved in these jurisdictions. In many countries, the prices of medical products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for medical products but monitor and control company profits. Additional foreign price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our products. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for our products may be reduced compared with the United States and may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.

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Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the United States and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our products. For example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) imposes rebates on many Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D products to penalize price increases that outpace inflation on an annual basis. In addition, HHS has been empowered to negotiate the price to negotiate the price of certain single-source biologics that have been on the market for at least eleven (11) years covered under Medicare as part of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Each year up to twenty (20) products will be selected by HHS for the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Products subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program are expected to experience a significant reduction in reimbursement from the Medicare program on a per unit basis. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any of our products due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, and prescription drugs, surgical procedures and other treatments in particular, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. See the section titled "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry—Current and future healthcare reform legislation or regulation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain coverage for and commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates and may adversely affect the prices we may set" for additional related information.

***We face significant competition from entities that have developed or may develop product candidates for cancer, including companies developing novel treatments and technology platforms. If our competitors develop and commercialize their product candidates more rapidly than we do, or their technologies or product candidates are more effective, safer, or less expensive than cretostimogene or any future product candidates we develop, our business and our ability to develop and successfully commercialize products may be adversely affected.*** 

The biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapid advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary and novel products and product candidates. Our competitors have developed, are developing or may develop products, product candidates and processes competitive with cretostimogene. Cretostimogene and any future product candidates we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. We believe that a significant number of products are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of indications for which we are developing cretostimogene. In particular, there is intense competition in the oncology field. Our competitors include larger and better-funded pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, biotechnological and therapeutics companies. Moreover, we may also compete with universities and other research institutions that may be active in oncology research and could be in direct competition with us. We also compete with these organizations to recruit management, scientists and clinical development personnel, and our inability to compete successfully could negatively affect our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan. We will also face competition in establishing clinical trial sites, enrolling patients for clinical trials and identifying and in-licensing intellectual property related to future product candidates, as well as entering into collaborations, joint ventures, license agreements and other similar arrangements. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

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If cretostimogene or any future product candidates are approved, they will compete with surgery, radiation, and drug therapy, including chemotherapy, BCG, hormone therapy, biologic therapy, such as monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, radiopharmaceuticals, immunotherapy, cell-based therapy, and targeted therapy, or a combination of any such methods, either approved or under development, which are intended to treat the same indications that we are targeting or may target, including through approaches that may prove to be more effective, have fewer side effects, be less costly to manufacture, be more convenient to administer or have other advantages over cretostimogene and any future product candidates. To the extent Merck & Co. (Merck) or another manufacturer increases the supply of BCG, there may be less demand for alternative treatments such as cretostimogene in BCG-naïve or BCG-exposed patients. There are numerous companies that have commercialized or are developing treatments for NMIBC that we will compete with, including Bristol Meyers Squibb, enGene Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Hoffman-La Roche AG (Roche), ImmunityBio Inc., Johnson & Johnson Inc., Merck, Protara Therapeutics, Inc., Pfizer, Inc. and UroGen Pharma, Inc. For example, UroGen announced that the FDA approved Zusduri (intravesical mitomycin/sterile hydrogel) in LG-IR-NMIBC in June 2025. In addition, Johnson & Johnson received approval for Inlexzo for the treatment of patients with BCG-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) with CIS, with or without papillary tumors. The market for cretostimogene may be adversely affected and our opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of cretostimogene, if approved, could be adversely affected by the prior entry of other treatments for bladder cancer.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales and supply resources or experience than we do. If we successfully obtain approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidate, we will face competition based on many different factors, including the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates, the ease with which our product candidates can be administered, and the extent to which patients accept relatively new routes of administration, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these product candidates, the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities, price, reimbursement coverage, and patent position. Competing products could present superior treatment alternatives, including by being more effective, safer, more convenient, less expensive, or marketed and sold more effectively than any products we may develop. Competitive products may make cretostimogene or any future product candidates we develop obsolete or noncompetitive before we recover the expense of their development and commercialization. If we are unable to compete effectively, our opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of cretostimogene or any future product candidates we may develop, if approved, could be adversely affected.

***If the market opportunities for cretostimogene or any future product candidates are smaller than we believe they are, our revenue may be adversely affected, and our business may suffer.*** 

Cancer therapies are defined by lines of therapy as well as by treatment-naïve or previously-treated status. Often the initial approval for a new therapy is in later lines and subsequent approval in an earlier line may not be feasible. When cancer is detected early enough, first line therapy is sometimes adequate to cure the cancer or prolong life without a cure. Whenever first line therapy, including surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination of these, proves unsuccessful, second line therapy may be administered. Second line therapies often consist of additional chemotherapy, radiation, antibody drugs, tumor targeted small molecules, or a combination of these. Third line therapies can include antibody and small molecule targeted therapies, more invasive forms of surgery, and new technologies. In markets with approved therapies, there is no guarantee that cretostimogene or any future product candidate, even if approved, would be approved for second line or first line therapy. This could limit our potential market opportunity. In addition, we may have to conduct additional clinical trials prior to gaining approval for second line or first line therapy.

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Our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, as well as the subset of people with these cancers in a position to receive later stage therapy and who have the potential to benefit from treatment with cretostimogene or any future product candidate, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including the scientific literature, publicly available clinical molecular reports, patient foundations, or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new trials or information may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these cancers. The number of patients in the United States and other major markets and elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected, patients may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our products, or new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Further, even if we obtain significant market share for cretostimogene or any future product candidate, because some of our potential target populations are very small, we may never achieve profitability despite obtaining such significant market share.

***We are in the early stages of building our internal marketing and sales organization and have no experience as a company in commercializing products, and we will need to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market, sell and distribute our products, we may not be able to generate product revenue.*** 

We are currently in the early stages of building our internal sales and marketing capabilities to prepare for the commercialization of cretostimogene, if approved, and we have never commercialized a product. If cretostimogene or any future product candidate ultimately receives regulatory approval, we must build a marketing and sales organization with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize each such product in major markets, which will be expensive and time consuming, or collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. For example, if cretostimogene is approved, we will need to scale up a cost-effective and reliable cold chain distribution and logistics network, which we may be unable to accomplish and which will require us to rely on third-party distributors. Failure to scale up our cold chain supply logistics, by us or third parties, could in the future lead to additional manufacturing costs and delays in our ability to supply required quantities for commercial supply.

We have no prior experience as a company with the marketing, sale or distribution of biopharmaceutical products and there are significant risks involved in the building and managing of a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. We may not be able to enter into collaborations or hire consultants or external service providers to assist us in sales, marketing and distribution functions on acceptable financial terms, or at all. In addition, our product revenue and our profitability, if any, may be lower if we rely on third parties for these functions than if we were to market, sell and distribute any products that we develop ourselves. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we are not successful in commercializing our products, either on our own or through arrangements with one or more third parties, we may not be able to generate any future product revenue and we would incur significant additional losses.

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***Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to operate in foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.*** 

Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates in foreign markets. We are not permitted to market or promote cretostimogene or any future product candidate before we receive regulatory approval from applicable regulatory authorities in foreign markets, and we may never receive such regulatory approvals for cretostimogene or any future product candidates. To obtain separate regulatory approval in many other countries we must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, commercial sales, pricing and distribution of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Approval procedures may be more onerous than those in the United States and may require that we conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. If we obtain regulatory approval of cretostimogene or any future product candidates and ultimately commercialize our products in foreign markets, we would be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•different regulatory requirements for approval of drugs in foreign countries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the existence of additional third-party patent rights of potential relevance to our business;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•compliance with export control and import laws and regulations and unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•foreign reimbursement, pricing, and insurance regimes;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is common;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, public health pandemics or epidemics, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires.

**Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Capital Requirements** 

***We have a relatively limited operating history, have incurred significant operating losses since our inception, and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We may never generate any revenue from our product candidates or become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.*** 

Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a relatively limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. We commenced operations in 2010, have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from the sale of our products. The limited revenue we have generated to date has been from Biovire's operations and our collaboration agreements. To date, we have focused primarily on organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, conducting research, preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidate, cretostimogene, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of cretostimogene and supply of related raw materials, completing strategic transactions to support our biopharmaceutical product development, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have not yet demonstrated the ability to obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture products at commercial scale or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing biopharmaceutical products.

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We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. If we are unable to successfully develop, obtain requisite approval for and commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates, we may never generate meaningful levels of revenue. Our net losses were $161.0 million and $88.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $379.0 million. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development activities and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. Cretostimogene and any future product candidates will require substantial additional development time and resources before we would be able to receive regulatory approvals and begin generating revenue from product sales. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we anticipate these losses will increase substantially as we continue our development of, seek regulatory approval for and potentially commercialize cretostimogene and any future product candidates, as well as operate as a public company.

To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing, obtaining regulatory approvals for, and eventually commercializing products that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing clinical trials of cretostimogene and any future product candidates, acquiring additional product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for cretostimogene and any future product candidates, and manufacturing, marketing, and selling any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We are only in the preliminary stages of many of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenue that is significant enough to achieve profitability. In addition, we have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biopharmaceutical industry. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable may have an adverse effect on the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research, development and, if approved, commercialization efforts, diversify our product candidates, achieve our strategic objectives or even continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

***We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations.*** 

The development of biopharmaceutical product candidates, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very time-consuming, capital-intensive and uncertain process. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect our expenses to substantially increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct our ongoing and planned clinical trials of cretostimogene, potentially seek regulatory approval for cretostimogene and any future product candidates we may develop, and build out internal sales and marketing capabilities to prepare for the commercialization of cretostimogene, if approved. In addition, if we are able to progress cretostimogene through development and commercialization, we expect to be required to make milestone and royalty payments pursuant to various license or collaboration agreements with third parties. If we obtain regulatory approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidates, we also expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales, and distribution. Because the outcome of any clinical trial or preclinical study is highly uncertain, we cannot reliably estimate the actual amount of capital necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

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We believe, based on our current operating plan, that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months from the date of this Annual Report. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our operating plans and other demands on our cash resources may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our existing capital may not be sufficient to complete development of cretostimogene, or any future product candidates, and we will require substantial capital in order to advance cretostimogene and any future product candidates through clinical trials, regulatory approval and commercialization. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by global economic conditions, disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, and diminished liquidity and credit availability. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly and more dilutive. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts, or even cease operations. We expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity or debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses, and other similar arrangements. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Attempting to secure additional financing may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop cretostimogene or any future product candidates.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the initiation, type, number, scope, progress, expansions, results, costs and timing of clinical trials and preclinical studies of cretostimogene and any future product candidates we may choose to pursue, including the costs of modification to clinical development plans based on feedback that we may receive from regulatory authorities and any third-party products used as combination agents in our clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs and timing of manufacturing for cretostimogene or any future product candidate, including commercial manufacturing at sufficient scale, if any product candidate is approved, including as a result of inflation, any supply chain issues or component shortages;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory meetings and reviews of cretostimogene or any future product candidates in any jurisdictions in which we or our current or any future collaborators may seek approval for cretostimogene or any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs of obtaining, maintaining, enforcing and protecting our patents and other intellectual property and proprietary rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional personnel to satisfy our obligations as a public company, including enhanced internal control over financial reporting;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs associated with hiring additional personnel and consultants as our business grows, including additional executive officers and clinical development, regulatory, chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC), quality and commercial personnel;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the timing and payment of milestone, royalty or other payments we must make pursuant to our existing and potential future license or collaboration agreements with third parties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs and timing of establishing or securing sales and marketing capabilities if cretostimogene or any future product candidate is approved;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability and strategic decision to develop future product candidates other than cretostimogene, and the timing of such development, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•patients' willingness to pay out-of-pocket for any approved products in the absence of coverage and/or adequate reimbursement from third-party payors;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the terms and timing of establishing and maintaining collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•costs associated with any products or technologies that we may in-license or acquire.

Conducting clinical trials and preclinical studies and potentially identifying future product candidates is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates. If approved, cretostimogene and any future product candidates may not achieve commercial success.

Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, including as a result of financial and credit market deterioration or instability, market-wide liquidity shortages, geopolitical events or otherwise.

***Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.*** 

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings, or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Such restrictions could adversely impact our ability to conduct our operations and execute our business plan.

If we raise additional funds through future collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our future revenue streams, product candidates, research programs, intellectual property or proprietary technology, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or that may reduce the value of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed or on terms acceptable to us, we would be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we might otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves, or on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose.

**Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry** 

***Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide.*** 

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research, development, regulatory approval, and commercialization activities relating to cretostimogene or any future product candidates, which may change from time to time, including the need to conduct unanticipated clinical trials or trials that are larger or more complex than anticipated;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to enroll patients in clinical trials and the timing of enrollment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the timing and success or failure of preclinical studies or clinical trials for cretostimogene or any future product candidates or competing product candidates, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•coverage and reimbursement policies with respect to cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved, and potential future drugs that compete with our products;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the cost of manufacturing cretostimogene or any future product candidates, which may vary depending on the quantity of production and the terms of our agreements with third-party manufacturers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•expenditures that we may incur to acquire, in-license, develop, or commercialize additional product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the level of demand for any approved products, which may vary significantly and be difficult to predict;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved, inside and outside of the United States, either independently or working with third parties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•potential unforeseen business disruptions that increase our costs or expenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments payable by us or due to us under any collaboration, licensing or other similar agreement.

The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings guidance we may provide.

***Our success is dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified management and other clinical and scientific personnel.*** 

Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, recruit, retain, manage, and motivate highly qualified management, clinical, and scientific personnel, and we face significant competition for experienced personnel. We are highly dependent upon our senior management, as well as our senior scientists and other members of our management team. The loss of services of any of these individuals could delay or prevent the successful development of our product pipeline, initiation or completion of our clinical trials and preclinical studies, regulatory approvals or the commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Although we have executed employment agreements or offer letters with each member of our senior management team, these agreements are terminable at will with or without notice and, therefore, we may not be able to retain their services as expected. We do not currently maintain "key person" life insurance on the lives of our executives or any of our employees. This lack of insurance means that we may not have adequate compensation for the loss of the services of these individuals.

In addition, employment candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the stock awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived benefits of our stock awards decline, either because we are a public company or for other reasons, it may harm our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. Our employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares, or if the exercise prices of the options that they hold are significantly below the market price of our common stock, particularly after the expiration of the lock-up agreements described herein.

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We will need to expand and effectively manage our managerial, operational, financial and other resources in order to successfully pursue our clinical development and commercialization efforts. We may not be successful in maintaining our unique company culture and continuing to attract or retain qualified management, clinical, and scientific personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biopharmaceutical, biotechnology and other businesses. Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover of management personnel in recent years. If we are not able to attract, integrate, retain and motivate necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy.

***We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations successfully, which could disrupt our operations.*** 

As of December 31, 2025, we had 142 full-time employees. As we continue development and pursue the potential commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, we will need to expand our financial, development, regulatory, manufacturing, information technology, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. As our operations expand, we expect that we will need to manage additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties and we may not be successful in doing so. Our future financial performance and our ability to develop and commercialize cretostimogene and any future product candidates and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively.

***We are subject to various U.S. federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations, which could increase compliance costs, and our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our reputation, subject us to significant fines and liability or otherwise adversely affect our business.*** 

Our business operations and current and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers expose us to broadly applicable foreign, federal and state fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain regulatory approval. Such laws include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or certain rebates), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in return for, either the referral of an individual or the purchase, lease, or order, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease, or order of any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the federal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalties laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or from knowingly making or causing to be made a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement, in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to CMS, information related to payments and other "transfers of value" made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain non-physician practitioners (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists, anesthesiology assistants and certified nurse-midwives), and teaching hospitals and other healthcare providers, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; some state laws require biopharmaceutical companies to comply with the biopharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and may require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; some state laws that require biopharmaceutical companies to report information on the pricing of certain drug products; and some state and local laws that require the registration or pharmaceutical sales representatives.

Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare and privacy laws and regulations will involve ongoing substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices, including certain consulting agreements and advisory board agreements we have entered into with physicians who are paid, in part, in the form of stock or stock options, may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. Due to the breadth of these laws, the narrowness of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors available, and the range of interpretations to which they are subject, it is possible that some of our current or future practices might be challenged under one or more of these laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Defending against any such actions can be costly and time-consuming and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. Further, if any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws or regulations, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government-funded healthcare programs.

***Current and future healthcare reform legislation or regulation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain coverage for and commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates and may adversely affect the prices we may set.*** 

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system, including cost-containment measures that may reduce or limit coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs and affect our ability to profitably sell cretostimogene or any future product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare.

For example, in March 2010, the ACA, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 was enacted in the United States, which substantially changed healthcare financing, access and delivery by both governmental and private insurers.

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Since its enactment, there have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the ACA. For example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was signed into law, which narrowed access to ACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declined to extend the ACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits that expired at the end of 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of Americans with health insurance. The OBBBA also is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding, and limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. Congress is considering proposed legislation intended to further reduce healthcare costs with alternatives to replace the expired ACA subsidies.

The current Trump administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government including at HHS, the FDA, the CMS and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. These actions may, for example, include (1) directives to reduce agency workforce, (2) directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs through a variety of initiatives, including by improving upon the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program and establishing Most-Favored-Nation pricing for pharmaceutical products; (3) imposing tariffs on imported pharmaceutical products; and (4) as part of the Make America Healthy Again Commission's Strategy Report released in September 2025, working across government agencies to increase enforcement on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Additionally, the current administration recently called on Congress to enact "The Great Healthcare Plan," to codify and expand Most-Favored Nation pricing, lower government subsidies to private insurance companies, increase healthcare price transparency, expand pharmaceutical drugs available for over-the-counter purchase, and enact restrictions on pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) payment methodologies, among other things. In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court's Loper Bright decision greatly reduced judicial deference to regulatory agencies, which could increase successful legal challenges to federal regulations affecting our operations. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program created under the IRA.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. This could reduce the ultimate demand for cretostimogene and any future product candidates, if approved, or put pressure on our product pricing, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We expect that these existing laws and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved.

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***If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit, delay or cease commercialization of our products.*** 

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the clinical trials of cretostimogene and any future product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates, if approved. For example, we may be sued if cretostimogene or any future product candidates allegedly cause injury or are found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product candidate, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims may be brought against us by clinical trial participants, patients or others using, administering or selling products that may be approved in the future. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit, delay or cease the commercialization of our products. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•decreased demand for our products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•costs to defend the related litigation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a diversion of our management's time and our resources;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•substantial monetary awards to trial participants or product recipients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•significant negative financial impact;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the inability to commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidate; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a decline in our stock price.

We currently hold approximately $10 million in product liability insurance coverage in the aggregate. We may need to increase our insurance coverage as we expand our clinical trials or if we commence commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. Our inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Although we will maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies will also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

***Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us from only some business risks, which will leave us exposed to significant uninsured liabilities.*** 

We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. Some of the policies we currently maintain include property, general liability, employee benefits liability, business automobile, workers' compensation, products/clinical trial liability, cyber liability, clinical trials, directors' and officers' and employment practices insurance. We do not know, however, if we will be able to maintain insurance with adequate levels of coverage. No assurance can be given that an insurance carrier will not seek to cancel or deny coverage after a claim has occurred. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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***We and any of our current or potential future collaborators will be required to report to regulatory authorities if any of our approved products cause or contribute to adverse medical events, and any failure to do so would result in sanctions that would materially harm our business.*** 

If we or any of our current or potential future collaborators are successful in commercializing cretostimogene or any future product candidates, the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities would require that we and such collaborators report certain information about adverse medical events if those products may have caused or contributed to those adverse events. The timing of our obligation to report would be triggered by the date we or such collaborators become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. We and any of our current or potential future collaborators or CROs may fail to report adverse events within the prescribed timeframe. If we or any of our current or potential future collaborators or CROs fail to comply with such reporting obligations, the FDA or a foreign regulatory authority could take action, including criminal prosecution, the imposition of civil monetary penalties, seizure of our products or delay in approval or clearance of future products.

***We and our service providers are subject to a variety of stringent and evolving U.S. and foreign data protection, privacy and security obligations, including laws, regulations, standards and contractual provisions, which could increase compliance costs, and any actual or perceived failure by us or our service providers to comply with such laws and obligations could subject us to potentially significant liability, fines or penalties and otherwise harm our business.*** 

We and our service providers maintain and will maintain a large quantity of sensitive information. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, and share (collectively, process) confidential business and patient health information, personal data and other sensitive information, including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, intellectual property, data we collect about trial participants in connection with clinical trials, sensitive third-party data, business plans, transactions, financial information, and are subject to laws and regulations governing the privacy and security of such information. The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and we and our service providers are and may be affected by or subject to existing, amended, or new laws and regulations in the future, including as our operations continue to expand or if we operate in foreign jurisdictions. These laws and regulations may be subject to differing interpretations, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our service providers, strategic partners and future customers. The cost of compliance with these laws, regulations and standards is high and is likely to increase in the future. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, our internal policies and procedures or our contracts governing our processing of personal information could result in negative publicity, government investigations and enforcement actions, claims by third parties and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

As our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including health information privacy laws, data breach notification laws and consumer protection laws, that govern the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure, protection and other processing of health-related and other personal information could apply to our operations or the operations of our collaborators and third-party providers. In addition, we obtain health information from third parties (including research institutions from which we obtain clinical trial data and CROs) that are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA. Consequently, depending on the facts and circumstances, we could be subject to significant penalties if we knowingly receive individually identifiable health information from a HIPAA-covered healthcare provider, research institution, or CRO that has not satisfied HIPAA's requirements for disclosure of individually identifiable health information.

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In addition, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of health-related and other personal information, many of which may differ from each other and from HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and/or criminal penalties and private litigation. By way of example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which went into effect on January 1, 2020, gives California residents a number of individual privacy rights related to how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that has increased the likelihood of, and risks associated with data breach litigation. Further, the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) imposes additional data protection obligations on covered businesses, including additional consumer rights processes, limitations on data uses, new audit requirements for higher risk data, and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. It also creates a new California data protection agency authorized to issue substantive regulations and could result in increased privacy and information security enforcement. Additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may be required. Similar laws have been passed in other states, and are continuing to be proposed at the state and federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. In the event that we are subject to or affected by HIPAA, the CCPA, the CPRA or other domestic privacy and data protection laws, any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition.

Compliance with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, store, use, transfer, disclose and otherwise process data, update our data privacy and security policies and procedures, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. Failure by us or our collaborators and our service providers to comply with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, clinical trial subjects about whom we or our potential collaborators obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, often contractually limit our ability to use and disclose such information. Claims that we have violated individuals' privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws, or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, could result in adverse publicity and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***If our information technology systems or those third parties with whom we work or our data, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to material disruption of our development programs, compromise of sensitive information related to our business, inability to access critical information, potentially exposing us to liability or otherwise adversely affecting our business.*** 

In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit confidential information (including but not limited to intellectual property, proprietary and confidential business information and personal information). Our information technology systems and those of our third-party service providers, strategic partners and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to attack, damage and interruption from computer viruses and malware (e.g. ransomware), malicious code, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, hacking, cyberattacks, phishing attacks and other social engineering schemes, employee theft or misuse, human error, fraud, denial or degradation of service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors or unauthorized access or use by persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties with whom we work may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, including retaliatory cyber-attacks, that could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our goods and services.

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In addition, attacks upon information technology systems are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we could be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. Remote work has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as more of our employees utilize network connections, computers and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations. Security incidents often remain undetected for an extended period and could affect our operations. Even if identified, we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence.

We and certain of our service providers are from time to time subject to cyberattacks and security incidents. While we do not believe that we have experienced any material system failure, accident or security breach to date, if any such event, whether actual or perceived, were to occur, it could impact our reputation and/or operations, cause us to incur significant costs, including legal expenses, harm customer confidence, hurt our expansion into new markets, cause us to incur remediation costs, or cause us to lose existing customers. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. We also rely on a third party to manufacture cretostimogene, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any actual or perceived disruption or security incident affects our systems (or those of our third-party collaborators, service providers, contractors or consultants) or were to result in a loss of or accidental, unlawful or unauthorized access to, use of, release of, or other processing of personally identifiable information, or damage to, our confidential or proprietary data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, the further development and commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates could be delayed, and we could be subject to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for any noncompliance to certain privacy and security laws.

We have also outsourced elements of our information technology infrastructure, and as a result a number of third-party vendors have or could have access to our confidential information. If our third-party vendors fail to protect their information technology systems and our confidential and proprietary information, we may be vulnerable to disruptions in service and unauthorized access to our confidential or proprietary information and we could incur liability and reputational damage. If the information technology systems of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants become subject to disruptions or security breaches, we may have insufficient recourse against such third parties and we may have to expend significant resources to mitigate the impact of such an event, and to develop and implement protections to prevent future events of this nature from occurring. Some of the federal, state and foreign government requirements include obligations of companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving particular categories of personally identifiable information, which could result from incidents experienced by us or by our vendors, contractors, or organizations with which we have formed strategic relationships. Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our data privacy and security obligations. Although we currently hold cybersecurity insurance, we cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities arising out of our privacy and security practices, that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that such coverage will pay future claims.

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***Our business is subject to risks arising from pandemics and epidemic diseases.*** 

The COVID-19 worldwide pandemic presented substantial public health and economic challenges and affected our employees, patients, physicians and other healthcare providers, communities and business operations, as well as the U.S. and global economies and financial markets. Any future pandemic or epidemic disease outbreaks could disrupt the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of drug substances and finished drug products for cretostimogene or any future product candidates for use in our, our collaborators' or any future collaborators' clinical trials and research and preclinical studies and, delay, limit or prevent our employees and CROs from continuing research and development activities, impede our clinical trial initiation and recruitment and the ability of patients to continue in clinical trials, alter the results of the clinical trial based on participants contracting the disease or otherwise increasing the number of observed adverse events, impede testing, monitoring, data collection and analysis and other related activities, any of which could delay our preclinical studies and clinical trials and increase our development costs, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any future pandemic or epidemic disease outbreak could also potentially further affect the business of the FDA, European Medicines Agency or other regulatory authorities, which could result in delays in meetings related to our planned clinical trials, as well have an adverse impact on global economic conditions which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition, including impairing our ability to raise capital when needed.

***Our business could be affected by litigation, government investigations and enforcement actions.*** 

We currently operate in a number of jurisdictions in a highly regulated industry and we could be subject to litigation, government investigation and enforcement actions on a variety of matters in the United States or foreign jurisdictions, including, without limitation, intellectual property, regulatory, product liability, environmental, whistleblower, false claims, privacy, anti-kickback, anti-bribery, securities, commercial, employment and other claims and legal proceedings that may arise from conducting our business. Any determination that our operations or activities are not in compliance with existing laws or regulations could result in the imposition of fines, civil and criminal penalties, equitable remedies, including disgorgement, injunctive relief and/or other sanctions against us, and remediation of any such findings could have an adverse effect on our business operations.

Legal proceedings, government investigations and enforcement actions can be expensive and time-consuming. For example, on March 4, 2024, ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ANI) filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware seeking (i) a declaratory judgment that a provision in an assignment and technology transfer agreement between us and ANI (formerly BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), dated November 15, 2010 (the ANI Agreement), obligates us to pay ANI 5% of worldwide net sales of cretostimogene, and (ii) compensatory damages alleging we were unjustly enriched by obtaining the benefit of certain non-patent assets without paying adequate consideration to ANI. On July 16, 2025, the Superior Court granted our motion for summary judgment with respect to ANI's request for a declaratory judgment to receive royalty payments from the potential sale of cretostimogene but denied our motion for summary judgment with respect to ANI's unjust enrichment claim. On July 21, 2025, trial commenced regarding ANI's unjust enrichment claim. On July 29, 2025, a jury entered a verdict in our favor and awarded no damages to ANI. We expect ANI will continue to pursue its claims, including through post-trial motions and appeals. We will continue to vigorously defend against ANI's claims, including any post-trial motions and appeals that ANI my file. While we intend to vigorously defend this matter, such litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, cause us reputational damage, negatively affect our stock price and result in monetary damages. An adverse outcome resulting from any legal proceedings, investigations or enforcement actions could result in significant damages, awards, fines, penalties, exclusion from the federal healthcare programs, healthcare debarment, injunctive relief, product recalls, reputational damage and modifications of our business practices, which could, in each case, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Even if such a proceeding, investigation or enforcement action is ultimately decided in our favor, the investigation and defense thereof could require substantial financial and management resources.

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***Our employees and independent contractors, including collaborators, principal investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors, may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.*** 

We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors, including collaborators, principal investigators, CROs, consultants, and vendors may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violate: (i) the laws and regulations of the FDA and other similar regulatory requirements, including those laws that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such authorities, (ii) manufacturing standards, including cGMP requirements, (iii) federal and state data privacy, security, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations in the United States and abroad (iv) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data, or (v) laws that prohibit insider trading. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, the creation of fraudulent data in our or our collaborators' preclinical studies or clinical trials, or illegal misappropriation of drug product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgements, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses, and present significant distractions to our management.*** 

From time to time, we may consider strategic transactions, such as acquisitions of companies, asset purchases, and out-licensing or in-licensing of intellectual property, products or technologies. For example, in July 2025, we acquired a controlling interest in Biovire, Inc. (Biovire), a contract manufacturing organization that provides our clinical supply of cretostimogene. Additional potential transactions that we may consider in the future include a variety of business arrangements, including spin-offs, strategic partnerships and collaborations, joint ventures, restructurings, divestitures, business combinations, and investments. We may not be able to find suitable partners or acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such transactions on favorable terms, if at all. Any future transactions could increase our near and long-term expenditures, result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, including our common stock, or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or acquired in-process research and development expenses, any of which could affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Future acquisitions may also require us to obtain additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. These transactions may never be successful and may require significant time and attention of our management. In addition, the integration of any business that we may acquire in the future may disrupt our existing business and may be a complex, risky and costly endeavor for which we may never realize the full benefits. Furthermore, we may experience losses related to investments in other companies, including as a result of failure to realize expected benefits or the materialization of unexpected liabilities or risks, which could have a material negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any additional transactions of the nature described above, any additional transactions that we do complete could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Despite our efforts, we may encounter unforeseen challenges and risks that could impact the effectiveness of our supply chain enhancements. These challenges may include, but are not limited to, regulatory hurdles, supply chain disruptions, and potential delays in the manufacturing and distribution processes. As a result, our ability to ensure a reliable and efficient supply chain for cretostimogene may be compromised, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance.

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***We acquired a controlling interest in Biovire, Inc., a contract manufacturing organization that provides our clinical supply and, if any of our product candidates are approved, we expect will provide our commercial supply of cretostimogene. We do not have experience operating a contract manufacturing organization, which organizations are highly regulated and provide services and offerings that are exacting and complex, and failure to operate Biovire's business effectively may result in a material and adverse impact to our business.***

In July 2025, we acquired a controlling interest in Biovire, a contract manufacturing organization that provides our clinical supply of cretostimogene. Additionally, if any of our product candidates that use cretostimogene receive marketing approval, we expect Biovire will provide our commercial supply of cretostimogene. Prior to our acquisition of Biovire, we did not have experience operating a contract manufacturing organization. As a result, we are reliant on Biovire's management, employees, advisors and consultants to ensure its continued operations and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and contractual obligations, including to us as one of its largest customers.

Biovire's business is not currently profitable, and we expect that we will need to continue to invest in Biovire to ensure its continued operations. While we do not currently anticipate Biovire's operations and financial performance to have a material impact on our business, strategy, or financial performance, management may need to devote meaningful attention and resources to Biovire's business in order for us to realize the anticipated benefits from our investment. It is possible that we do not realize any benefit from our investment in Biovire. It is also possible that if Biovire's business is materially and adversely impacted, our reliance on Biovire as a key supplier of cretostimogene, may also materially and adversely impact our business.

Biovire operates in a highly regulated industry and is subject to various local, state, federal, national, and transnational laws and regulations, which include the operating, quality, and security standards of the FDA, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, various state boards of pharmacy, state health departments, the HHS, similar bodies of the United Kingdom the European Union and its member states, and other comparable agencies around the world, and, in the future, any change to such laws and regulations or the interpretation or application thereof could adversely affect us. Among other rules affecting Biovire, it is subject to laws and regulations concerning cGMP and drug safety. New public health orders or best practice guidelines may increase Biovire's costs to operate or reduce its productivity, thereby affecting its business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Although we believe that Biovire complies in all material respects with applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that a regulatory agency or tribunal would not reach a different conclusion concerning the compliance of its operations with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, there can be no assurance that Biovire will be able to maintain or renew existing permits, licenses, or other regulatory approvals or obtain, without significant delay, future permits, licenses, or other approvals needed for the operation of its businesses. Any noncompliance by Biovire or its customers with applicable law or regulation or the failure to maintain, renew, or obtain necessary permits and licenses could have an adverse effect on Biovire's results of operations and financial condition.

Additionally, Biovire's performance and our ability to realize the benefits of our investment depend on Biovire's ability to execute and improve, when necessary, its quality management strategy and systems and effectively train and maintain its workforce with respect to quality management. Quality management plays an essential role in determining and meeting customer requirements, preventing defects, and improving its offerings, and, despite its network of quality systems, a quality or safety issue, could have an adverse effect on its and our business, financial condition, stock price, or results of operations and may subject Biovire to regulatory action, including a product recall, product seizure, injunction to halt manufacture or distribution, or restriction on its operations; monetary fines; or other civil or criminal sanctions.

In each case, any adverse impacts on Biovire may have a material and adverse impact on our business, including if we are unable to timely locate and acquire an alternative supply of cretostimogene.

***Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.***

We have incurred substantial losses during our history, do not expect to become profitable in the near future and may never achieve profitability. As of December 31, 2025, we had net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards, which may be available to offset our future taxable income, if any. Our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes are subject to expiration, review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and state tax authorities. Under current law, NOLs incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, can be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such U.S. federal NOLs in a taxable year is limited to 80% of taxable income in such year.

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In addition, under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), our federal NOL carryforwards may be or become subject to an annual limitation in the event we have had or have in the future an "ownership change." For these purposes, an "ownership change" generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of a company's stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. Although we believe there have been one or more ownership changes resulting from past transactions, we have not determined the amount of the cumulative change in our ownership resulting from our initial public offering or other transactions, or any resulting limitations on our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes. However, we believe that our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities may be limited as a result of ownership changes. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. For example, California recently imposed limits on the usability of California state NOL carryforwards and certain state tax credits in tax years beginning after 2023 and before 2027. Such limitations could result in increased future income tax liability to us and our future cash flows could be adversely affected.

We have recorded a full valuation allowance related to our NOL carryforwards and other deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets.

**Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property** 

***If we are unable to obtain, maintain, defend and enforce patent or other intellectual property protection for cretostimogene or any future product candidates or technology, or if the scope of the patent or other intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors or other third parties could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates may be adversely affected.*** 

We rely, and may in the future rely, upon a combination of patent, trade secrets and trademark protection for cretostimogene and any future product candidates and proprietary technologies to prevent third parties from exploiting our achievements, thus eroding our competitive position in our market. These legal measures afford only limited protection, and competitors or others may gain access to or use our intellectual property and proprietary information. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain, maintain, expand, enforce, and defend the scope, ownership or control, validity and enforceability of our intellectual property protection in the United States and other countries with respect to cretostimogene and any future product candidates and other proprietary technologies we may develop. We generally seek, and may in the future seek, to protect our proprietary position, in part, by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad relating to cretostimogene and any future product candidates and technology, manufacturing processes and methods of use. We may also seek to protect our proprietary position by acquiring or in-licensing relevant issued patents or pending patent applications from third parties. Currently, we do not have composition of matter patents covering cretostimogene. We will endeavor to seek additional patent protection to cover features of the oncolytic virus and formulations in the future. If we are unable to obtain, maintain, expand, enforce and defend the scope, ownership or control, validity and enforceability of our intellectual property protection, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

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Changes in either the patent laws or their interpretation in the United States and other jurisdictions may diminish our ability to protect our intellectual property, obtain, maintain, expand, enforce and defend our intellectual property rights and, more generally, could affect the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our protection. We cannot predict whether the patent applications we currently or may in the future pursue or may in-license will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction, whether the claims of any issued patents will provide sufficient protection against competitors or other third parties, or if these patents are challenged by our competitors, whether the patents will be found to be invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed or not owned or controlled by us. The patent prosecution process is expensive, time-consuming, and complex, and we may not be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce, defend or license all necessary or desirable patent applications or patents at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner or in all jurisdictions. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output in time to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, licensees, third-party collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent any third party from using any of our technology that is in the public domain to compete with cretostimogene or any future product candidates or technologies. In addition, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our inventions and the prior art allow our inventions to be patentable in light of the prior art. Furthermore, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or the entity from which we purchased the intellectual property rights to cretostimogene were the first to invent the inventions claimed in any of our owned patents or pending patent applications, or that we or any future licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such other inventions. If a third party can establish that we were not the first to make or the first to file for patent protection of such other inventions, our patents and patent applications may not issue as patents and even if issued, may be challenged and invalidated or rendered unenforceable.

The patent position of biopharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been the subject of much litigation in recent years. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our current and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued.

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Any issued patents may not afford sufficient protection of cretostimogene or any future product candidates or their intended uses against competitors, nor can there be any assurance that the issued patents will not be infringed, designed around, invalidated by third parties, or effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies, products or cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Further, even if these patents are granted, they may be difficult to enforce. Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, information disclosure, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated if we fail to comply with these requirements. In the event we experience noncompliance events that cannot be corrected and we lose our patent rights, competitors could enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, any issued patents that we own or may license in the future covering cretostimogene or any future product candidates could be narrowed or found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or before administrative bodies in the United States or other countries, including the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, written description or non-enablement. In addition, patent validity challenges may, under certain circumstances, be based upon non-statutory obviousness-type double patenting, which, if successful, could result in a finding that the claims are invalid for obviousness-type double patenting or the loss of patent term, including a patent term adjustment granted by the USPTO. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld information material to patentability from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Also, patent terms, including any extensions or adjustments that may or may not be available to us, may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on cretostimogene or any future product candidates for an adequate amount of time, and we may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship, ownership, validity, enforceability of our patents and/or other intellectual property. Changes in U.S. patent law, or laws in other countries, could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in our development and testing of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, clinical trials or regulatory review and approval of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, the period of time during which we could market cretostimogene or any future product candidates under patent protection may be reduced (i.e., patents protecting such product candidates might expire before or shortly after such product candidates are commercialized). Thus, our patents may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours or afford us any meaningful competitive advantage.

Moreover, the claim coverage in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the corresponding patent is granted. Even if patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Any patents issuing from our owned and any future in-licensed patent applications may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented or invalidated by third parties. Consequently, we do not know whether cretostimogene or any future product candidates and other proprietary technology will be protectable or remain protected by valid and enforceable patents. Even if a patent is granted, our competitors or other third parties may be able to circumvent the patent by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Furthermore, our competitors or other third parties may avail themselves of safe harbors under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (the Hatch-Waxman Amendments) to conduct research and clinical trials.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, ownership, scope, validity, or enforceability and our patent rights may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. We may be subject to a post-grant proceeding at the USPTO challenging the validity of one or more claims of our patents or patents we may license in the future. Third-party submissions may also be made prior to a patent's issuance, precluding the granting of a patent based on our pending patent application or patent application we may license in the future. A third party may also claim that our patent rights are invalid or unenforceable in a litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. In addition, we may become involved in opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, reissue, interference proceedings or other similar proceedings in the United States and/or foreign jurisdictions challenging our patent rights. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate or render unenforceable, our patent rights, and may allow third parties, including generic drug companies, to commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates and other proprietary technologies we may develop and compete directly with us.

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Moreover, some of our patent rights may in the future be co-owned with third parties. In the United States, each co-owner has the freedom to license and exploit the technology. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owners' interest in such patent rights, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of such patent rights in order to enforce such patent rights against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights throughout the world.*** 

Filing, prosecuting, maintaining, enforcing and defending patents on cretostimogene or any future product candidates in all countries throughout the world is expensive, and the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Prosecution of foreign patent applications is often a longer process and patents may grant at a later date, and with a shorter term, than in the United States. The requirements for patentability differ in certain jurisdictions and countries. Additionally, the patent laws of some countries do not afford intellectual property protection to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, other countries may impose substantial restrictions on the scope of claims, including limiting patent protection to specifically disclosed embodiments. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our intellectual property in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our intellectual property in jurisdictions where we have not pursued and obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products, and our patents or patents we may license in the future or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceutical products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our intellectual property and proprietary rights generally. In addition, some jurisdictions, such as Europe, Japan and China, may have a heightened standard for patentability than in the United States, including, for example, the requirement of claims having literal support in the original patent filing and the limitation on using supporting data that is not in the original patent filing. Under those heightened patentability requirements, we may not be able to obtain sufficient patent protection in certain jurisdictions even though the same or similar patent protection can be secured in the United States and other jurisdictions.

Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights in the United States or other jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents and any patents we may license in the future at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our patent applications and any patent applications we may license in the future at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties, including governmental agencies. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected. In addition, geo-political actions in the United States and in foreign countries (such as the Russia and Ukraine conflict) could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution or maintenance of our patent applications or those of any future licensors and the maintenance, enforcement or defense of our issued patents which could impair our competitive intellectual property position.

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***Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.*** 

The USPTO and various non-U.S. government agencies require compliance with several procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In some circumstances, we may be dependent on any future licensors to take the necessary action to comply with these requirements with respect to any licensed intellectual property. For example, periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other government fees on patents and applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various government patent agencies outside of the United States over the lifetime of our patents and applications. In certain circumstances, we may rely on licensing partners to pay these fees due to the U.S. and non-U.S. patent agencies. In some cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. There are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in a partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, potential competitors might be able to enter the market with similar or identical products or technology, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The USPTO and various non-U.S. government agencies require compliance with certain foreign filing requirements during the patent application process. For example, in some countries, including the United States, China, India and some European countries, a foreign filing license is required before certain patent applications are filed. The foreign filing license requirements vary by country and depend on various factors, including where the inventive activity occurred, citizenship status of the inventors, the residency of the inventors and the invention owner, the place of business for the invention owner and the nature of the subject matter to be disclosed (e.g., items related to national security or national defense). In some, but not all cases, for example in China and India, a foreign filing license cannot be obtained retroactively in accordance with the applicable rules. There are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in abandonment of a pending patent application or can be grounds for revoking or invalidating an issued patent, resulting in the loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, potential competitors might be able to enter the relevant markets with similar or identical products or technology, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We would also be dependent on any future licensors to take the necessary actions to comply with these requirements with respect to any intellectual property we may license in the future.

Public health pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), geopolitical instability (war and terrorism), natural disasters, or similar events may impair our and our licensors' ability to comply with these procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, which may materially and adversely affect our ability to obtain or maintain patent protection for cretostimogene and any future product candidates.

***Changes in patent laws or their interpretations could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.*** 

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States or in other countries could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. After March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (the America Invents Act) enacted in September 2011, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after March 2013, but before us or our licensors could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours or our licensors even if we or our licensors had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This requires us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors are the first to either (i) file any patent application related to cretostimogene or any future product candidates and other proprietary technologies we may develop or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our patents or patent applications.

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The America Invents Act also included a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and also affect patent litigation. These include allowing third party protests and submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO-administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims or any patent claims we may license in the future that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action.

In addition, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. We cannot predict how decisions by the courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may impact the value of our patent rights. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court held in *Amgen v. Sanofi (2023)* that a functionally claimed genus was invalid for failing to comply with the enablement requirement of the Patent Act. As such, our patent rights with functional claims may be vulnerable to third party challenges seeking to invalidate these claims for lacking enablement or adequate support in the specification. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions or changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have or may obtain or license in the future.

In 2012, the European Union Patent Package (EU Patent Package) regulations were passed with the goal of providing a single pan-European Unitary Patent and a new European Unified Patent Court (UPC) for litigation involving European patents. The EU Patent Package was implemented on June 1, 2023. As a result, all European patents, including those issued prior to ratification of the EU Patent Package, now by default automatically fall under the jurisdiction of the UPC, unless otherwise opted out. It is uncertain how the UPC will impact granted European patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Our European patent applications, if issued, could be challenged in the UPC. During the first seven years of the UPC's existence, the UPC legislation allows a patent owner to opt its European patents out of the jurisdiction of the UPC. We may decide to opt out our future European patents from the UPC, but doing so may preclude us from realizing the benefits of the UPC. Moreover, if we do not meet all of the formalities and requirements for opt-out under the UPC, our future European patents could remain under the jurisdiction of the UPC. The UPC will provide our competitors with a new forum to centrally revoke our European patents, and allow for the possibility of a competitor to obtain pan-European injunction. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business and our ability to commercialize our technology and cretostimogene and any future product candidates due to increased competition and, resultantly, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The UPC and Unitary Patent are significant changes in European patent practice. As the UPC is a new court system, there is no precedent for the court, increasing the uncertainty of any litigation in the UPC.

***Issued patents covering cretostimogene or any future product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad.*** 

Our patent rights may be subject to priority, validity, inventorship, ownership and enforceability disputes. Legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, with or without merit, are unpredictable and generally expensive and time-consuming and likely to divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our management and scientific personnel from their normal responsibilities and generally harm our business. If we or any future licensors are unsuccessful in any of these proceedings, such patents and patent applications may be narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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If we initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering cretostimogene or any future product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that such patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could include an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, non-enablement, lack of sufficient written description, failure to claim patent-eligible subject matter or obviousness-type double patenting. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading or inconsistent statement, during prosecution. Third parties may raise claims challenging the validity or enforceability of a patent before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, interference proceedings, derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). Such proceedings could result in the revocation of, cancellation of, shortening the term of or amendment to our patent rights or any patent rights we may obtain or license in the future in such a way that they no longer cover cretostimogene or any future product candidates or prevent third parties from competing with our product candidates. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a third party were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection for cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Patent terms may be inadequate to protect the competitive position of cretostimogene or any future product candidates for an adequate amount of time.*** 

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional or international patent application filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering cretostimogene or any future product candidates are obtained, once the patent has expired, we may be vulnerable to competition from competitive products, including generics. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, patents protecting such product candidates might expire before or shortly after such product candidates are commercialized. As a result, our intellectual property may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. If we do not have sufficient patent life to protect our products, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects will be adversely affected.

***If we do not obtain patent term extension and equivalent extensions outside of the United States for cretostimogene or any future product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.*** 

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA regulatory approval of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended, and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Similar patent term restoration provisions to compensate for commercialization delay caused by regulatory review are also available in certain foreign jurisdictions, such as in Europe under Supplemental Protection Certificate. However, we may not be granted an extension for various reasons, including failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or failing to satisfy other applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period afforded could be less than we request. In addition, to the extent we wish to pursue patent term extension based on a patent that we may license from a third party in the future, we may need the cooperation of that third party. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension, or the foreign equivalent, or if the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

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***We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.*** 

We may be subject to claims that former employees, consultants, licensees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patent rights, trade secrets, or other intellectual property as an inventor, co-inventor or owner of trade secrets. For example, we may have inventorship or ownership disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing cretostimogene or any future product candidates and other proprietary technologies we may develop. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership or our patent rights, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as ownership of, or the right to use intellectual property that is important to cretostimogene or any future product candidates and other proprietary technologies we may develop. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.*** 

In addition to seeking patent protection for cretostimogene or any future product candidates and proprietary technologies, we may rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our unpatented know-how, technology, and other proprietary information and to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets and other proprietary technology, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, licensees, third-party collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into applicable agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies will be effective. We cannot guarantee that any potential trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to trade secrets. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. Furthermore, others may independently discover similar trade secrets and proprietary information. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed or misappropriated or if any such information were to be independently developed by a competitor or other third party, our competitive position would be materially and adversely harmed.

We may be subject to claims that third parties have an ownership interest in our trade secrets. For example, we may have disputes arise from conflicting obligations of our employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging ownership of our trade secrets. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable trade secret rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, trade secrets that are important to cretostimogene or any future product candidates and other proprietary technologies we may develop. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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***We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.*** 

Some of our employees, consultants and advisors are currently or were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual's current or former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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***We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party patent, which might adversely affect our ability to develop and market cretostimogene or any future product candidates.*** 

We cannot guarantee that any of our patent searches or analyses, including the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims or the expiration of relevant patents, are or will be complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified or will identify each and every third-party patent and pending patent application in the United States and abroad that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates in any jurisdiction. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are not published until approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering cretostimogene or any future product candidates could have been filed by others without our knowledge. The scope of a patent claim is determined by the interpretation of the law, the words of a patent claim, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent's prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending patent application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our products. We may incorrectly determine that cretostimogene or any future product candidates are not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party's pending patent application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Alternatively, we may incorrectly determine that the Hatch-Waxman Amendments are a defense for a safe harbor to infringement of a patent we consider relevant to the research or clinical development of cretostimogene or any future product candidate. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, and we may incorrectly conclude that a third-party patent is invalid and unenforceable or not infringed. Our failure to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents may negatively impact our ability to develop and market cretostimogene or any future product candidates. If we fail to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents, we may be subject to infringement claims. Also, because the claims of published patent applications can change between publication and patent grant, there may be published patent applications that may ultimately issue with claims that we infringe. As the number of competitors in the market grows and the number of patents issued in this area increases, the possibility of patent infringement claims escalates. Moreover, in recent years, individuals and groups that are non-practicing entities, commonly referred to as "patent trolls," have purchased patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement in order to extract settlements. From time to time, we may receive threatening letters, notices or "invitations to license," or may be the subject of claims that our products and business operations infringe or violate the intellectual property rights of others. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing cretostimogene or any future product candidates that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign cretostimogene or any future product candidates or services so that we no longer infringe the third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

***Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation, or other violations against us or our collaborators could be expensive and time consuming and may prevent or delay the development and commercialization of cretostimogene or any future product candidates.*** 

Our commercial success depends in part on our and our collaborators' ability to avoid infringing, misappropriating and otherwise violating the patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of complex litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including interference, derivation and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions.

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Numerous U.S. and foreign-issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we plan to commercialize our therapeutic programs and in which we are developing other proprietary technologies. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, and as we gain greater visibility and market exposure as a public company, the risk increases that our therapeutic programs and commercializing activities may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others. We cannot guarantee that our therapeutic programs and other proprietary technologies we develop will not infringe existing or future patents owned by third parties. We may not be aware of patents that have already been issued for which a third party, such as a competitor in the fields in which we are developing our therapeutic programs, might assert as infringed by us. It is also possible that patents owned by third parties of which we are aware, but which we do not believe we infringe or that we believe we have valid defenses to any claims of patent infringement, could be found to be infringed by us. It is not unusual that corresponding patents issued in different countries have different scopes of coverage, such that in one country a third-party patent does not pose a material risk, but in another country, the corresponding third-party patent may pose a material risk to cretostimogene or any future product candidates. In addition, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that we may infringe. For example, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover cretostimogene or any future product candidates or the use of cretostimogene or any such product candidates.

In the event that any third-party claims that we infringe their patents or that we are otherwise employing their proprietary technology without authorization and initiates litigation against us, even if we believe such claims are without merit, a court could hold that such patents are valid, enforceable and infringed by us. Defense of infringement claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of management and other employee resources from our business, and may impact our reputation. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be enjoined from further developing or commercializing the infringing products or technologies. In addition, we may be required to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys' fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties and/or redesign our infringing products or technologies, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Such licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, the license would likely obligate us to pay license fees or royalties or both, and the rights granted to us might be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. If we are unable to obtain a necessary license to a third-party patent on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we may be unable to commercialize the infringing products or technologies or such commercialization efforts may be significantly delayed, which could in turn significantly harm our business. In addition, we may in the future pursue patent challenges with respect to third-party patents, including as a defense against the foregoing infringement claims. The outcome of such challenges is unpredictable.

Even if resolved in our favor, the foregoing proceedings could be very expensive, particularly for a company of our size, and time-consuming. Such proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of litigation or administrative proceedings more effectively than we can because of greater financial resources. Such proceedings may also absorb significant time of our technical and management personnel and distract them from their normal responsibilities. Uncertainties resulting from such proceedings could impair our ability to compete in the marketplace. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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We may in the future pursue invalidity proceedings with respect to third-party patents. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity is unpredictable. Even if resolved in our favor, these legal proceedings may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such proceedings adequately. Some of these third parties may be able to sustain the costs of such proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace. If we do not prevail in the patent proceedings the third parties may assert a claim of patent infringement directed at cretostimogene or any future product candidates.

***We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents and other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming, and unsuccessful.*** 

Third parties, such as a competitor, may infringe our patent rights. In an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent we own or a patent we may license in the future is invalid or unenforceable or may refuse to stop the other party from using the invention at issue. In addition, our patent rights may become involved in inventorship, ownership, priority, enforceability, or validity disputes. To counter or defend against such claims can be expensive and time-consuming. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put our patent rights at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation and proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during such litigation and proceedings.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

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***If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.*** 

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, diluted, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing, misappropriating or violating other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in the markets of interest. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections of our applications by the USPTO or in other foreign jurisdictions. Although we are given an opportunity to respond to such rejections, we may be unable to overcome them. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged or determined to be infringing, misappropriating or violating other marks, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, which may not survive such proceedings. Moreover, any name we may propose to use with cretostimogene or any future product candidates in the United States must be approved by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. Similar requirements exist in Europe. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation of potential for confusion with other product names. If the FDA or an equivalent administrative body in a foreign jurisdiction objects to any of our proposed proprietary product names, we may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable substitute name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA. Furthermore, in many countries, owning and maintaining a trademark registration may not provide an adequate defense against a subsequent infringement claim asserted by the owner of a senior trademark.

We may not be able to obtain, protect or enforce our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors or other third parties may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement, misappropriation, dilution or other claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. Our efforts to obtain, enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, domain name, or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats.*** 

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•others may be able to make products that are similar to cretostimogene or any future product candidates or utilize similar technology but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or may license in the future;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we or our licensors or collaborators might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by our current or future patent applications;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we or our licensors or collaborators might not have been the first to file patent applications covering our or their inventions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•it is possible that our pending and future patent applications that we own or may license will not lead to issued patents;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•any issued patent that we own or license in the future may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors or other third parties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•others may have access to the same intellectual property rights licensed to us in the future on a non-exclusive basis;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our competitors or other third parties might conduct research and development activities in countries where we or our licensors do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we may fail to identify potential patentable subject matter and/or may fail to file on it;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the patents or other intellectual property rights of others may harm our business; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•we may choose not to file for patent protection in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent application covering such intellectual property or disclose information resulting in a loss of protection for such trade secrets.

Should any of the foregoing occur, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to product components and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.*** 

The growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use third-party intellectual property and proprietary rights. For example, cretostimogene or any future product candidates may require specific formulations to work effectively and efficiently, we may develop product candidates containing our compounds and pre-existing pharmaceutical compounds, we may develop combination therapies with our compounds and third-party compounds, any of which could require us to obtain rights to use intellectual property held by third parties. In addition, with respect to any patent or other intellectual property rights we may co-own with third parties, we may require licenses to such co-owners' interest to such patents. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary or important to our business operations. In addition, we may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. Were that to happen, we may need to cease use of the compositions or methods covered by those third-party intellectual property rights and may need to seek to develop alternative approaches that do not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate those intellectual property rights, which may entail additional costs and development delays, even if we were able to develop such alternatives, which may not be feasible. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, which means that our competitors may also receive access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology.

Additionally, we may collaborate with academic institutions to accelerate our research and development under written agreements with these institutions. In certain cases, these institutions provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution's rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Even if we hold such an option, we may be unable to negotiate a license from the institution within the specified timeframe or under terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to others, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, and our competitors may also receive access to the same technologies licensed to us.

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The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and companies that may be more established or have greater resources than we do may also be pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider necessary or attractive in order to commercialize cretostimogene or any future product candidates. More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources or greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete these types of negotiations and ultimately acquire the rights to the intellectual property surrounding cretostimogene or any future product candidates that we may seek to develop or market. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property or to maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of certain programs and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could suffer.

**Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock** 

***Prior to our initial public offering, there was no public market for our common stock. An active, liquid and orderly market for our common stock may not be sustained, or we may in the future fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq.*** 

Prior to our initial public offering in January 2024, there was no public market for our common stock and our common stock only began trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (Nasdaq) in January 2024. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to sustain an active trading market for our common stock. If an active market for our common stock is not sustained, it may be difficult for you to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses or technologies using our shares as consideration, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with the listing requirements of Nasdaq.

***The trading price of the shares of our common stock could be highly volatile, and purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.*** 

Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for stock of biopharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the price at which they paid. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by those factors discussed in this "Risk Factors" section and many others, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•results of our clinical trials and preclinical studies, and the results of trials of our competitors or those of other companies in our market sector;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to enroll patients in our future clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of cretostimogene or any future product candidates or additional indications thereof, or limitations to specific label indications or patient populations for its use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•regulatory or legal developments in the United States and foreign countries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the success or failure of our efforts to develop, acquire, or license cretostimogene or any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•innovations, clinical trial results, product approvals and other developments regarding our competitors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•manufacturing, supply, or distribution delays or shortages;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•any changes to our relationship with any manufacturers, suppliers, collaborators or other strategic partners;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•achievement of expected product sales and profitability;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•variations in our financial results or development timelines or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us, including variations from expectations of securities analysts or investors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•market conditions in the biopharmaceutical sector and issuance of securities analysts' reports or recommendations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•trading volume of our common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•an inability to obtain additional funding;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•sales of our stock by us, our insiders or our stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•general economic, industry, geopolitical and market conditions, such as military conflict or war, inflation and financial institution instability, or pandemic or epidemic disease outbreaks, many of which are beyond our control;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•additions or departures of senior management, directors or key personnel;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•intellectual property, product liability or other litigation against us or our inability to enforce our intellectual property;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities and the incurrence of additional debt; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles.

In addition, in the past, stockholders have initiated class action lawsuits against biopharmaceutical companies following periods of volatility in the market prices of these companies' stock. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs, divert our management's attention and resources and damage our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Our executive officers, directors, and principal stockholders, if they choose to act together, have the ability to significantly influence all matters submitted to stockholders for approval.*** 

As of February 27, 2026, our executive officers, directors and greater than 5% stockholders, in the aggregate, own approximately 7.2% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, such persons acting together, have the ability to significantly influence all matters submitted to our board of directors or stockholders for approval, including the appointment of our management, the election and removal of directors and approval of any significant transaction, as well as our management and business affairs. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us, or discouraging a potential acquiror from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other stockholders.

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***We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock, so any returns on your investment will be limited to the value of our common stock.*** 

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation, and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which stockholders have purchased their shares.

***Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock by our existing stockholders in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.*** 

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could significantly reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise adequate capital through the sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities.

Holders of a significant number of shares of our outstanding common stock are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act, subject to vesting. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

***Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable and may lead to entrenchment of management.*** 

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could significantly reduce the value of our shares to a potential acquiror or delay or prevent changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. The provisions in our charter documents include the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the required approval of at least 66-2/3% of the shares entitled to vote to remove a director for cause, and the prohibition on removal of directors without cause;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the ability of our board of directors to authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the ability of our board of directors to alter our amended and restated bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the required approval of at least 66-2/3% of the shares entitled to vote to adopt, amend or repeal our amended and restated bylaws or repeal the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•an exclusive forum provision providing that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for certain actions and proceedings;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

We are also subject to the anti-takeover provisions contained in Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Under Section 203, a corporation may not, in general, engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other exceptions, the board of directors has approved the transaction.

***Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders and that the federal district courts shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees or the underwriters or any offering giving rise to such claim.*** 

**General Risk Factors** 

***We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.*** 

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which requires, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, Sarbanes-Oxley, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and Nasdaq to implement provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and certain corporate governance practices. Further, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the SEC has adopted additional rules and regulations in these areas, such as mandatory "say on pay" voting requirements that apply to us. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate.

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We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time consuming and costly. The increased costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss, and may require us to reduce expenditures in other areas of our business. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. We could face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which could harm our business.*** 

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Controls and anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, CROs, contractors and other collaborators and partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting or receiving, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage third parties for clinical trials outside of the United States, to sell our products abroad if and when we enter a commercialization phase, and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations and other regulatory approvals. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, CROs, contractors and other collaborators and partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities, and any training or compliance programs or other initiatives we undertake to prevent such activities may not be effective.

Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the provision of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. U.S. sanctions that have been or may be imposed may impact our ability to continue activities at future clinical trial sites within regions covered by such sanctions. If we fail to comply with export and import regulations and such economic sanctions, penalties could be imposed, including fines and/or denial of certain export privileges. These export and import controls and economic sanctions could also adversely affect our supply chain.

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***International trade policies, including tariffs, sanctions and trade barriers may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.***

We operate in a global economy, which includes utilizing third-party suppliers in several countries outside the United States. There is inherent risk, based on the complex relationships among the U.S. and the countries in which we conduct our business, that political, diplomatic, and national security factors can lead to global trade restrictions and changes in trade policies and export regulations that may adversely affect our business and operations. The current international trade and regulatory environment is subject to significant ongoing uncertainty. The U.S. government has recently announced substantial new tariffs affecting a wide range of products and jurisdictions and has indicated an intention to continue developing new trade policies, including with respect to the pharmaceutical industry. In response, certain foreign governments have announced or implemented retaliatory tariffs and other protectionist measures. These developments have created a dynamic and unpredictable trade landscape, which may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical testing, as well as for manufacture of any products that we may commercialize, if approved. Currently, several of our suppliers are located outside of the United States, and our principal suppliers of certain raw materials are located outside of the United States. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for cretostimogene is manufactured in the United States, and cretostimogene is manufactured in the United States. We also rely on specialized laboratory equipment, supplies, materials, and precursor compounds, all or part of which we believe may be ultimately sourced from multiple countries outside the United States, to advance our research and development efforts.

Current or future tariffs will result in increased research and development expenses, including with respect to increased costs associated with APIs, raw materials, laboratory equipment and research materials and components. In addition, such tariffs will increase our supply chain complexity and could also potentially disrupt our existing supply chain. Trade restrictions affecting the import of materials necessary for clinical trials could result in delays to our development timelines. Increased development costs and extended development timelines could place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to companies operating in regions with more favorable trade relationships and could reduce investor confidence, negatively impacting our ability to secure additional financing on favorable terms or at all. In addition, as we advance toward commercialization in the future, tariffs and trade restrictions could hinder our ability to establish cost-effective production capabilities, negatively impacting our growth prospects.

The complexity of announced or future tariffs may also increase the risk that we or our customers or suppliers may be subject to civil or criminal enforcement actions in the United States or foreign jurisdictions related to compliance with trade regulations. Foreign governments may also adopt non-tariff measures, such as procurement preferences or informal disincentives to engage with, purchase from or invest in U.S. entities, which may limit our ability to compete internationally and attract non-U.S. investment, employees, customers and suppliers. Foreign governments may also take other retaliatory actions against U.S. entities, such as decreased intellectual property protection, increased enforcement actions, or delays in regulatory approvals, which may result in heightened international legal and operational risks. In addition, the United States and other governments have imposed and may continue to impose additional sanctions, such as trade restrictions or trade barriers, which could restrict us from doing business directly or indirectly in or with certain countries or parties and may impose additional costs and complexity to our business.

Trade disputes, tariffs, restrictions and other political tensions between the United States and other countries may also exacerbate unfavorable macroeconomic conditions including inflationary pressures, foreign exchange volatility, financial market instability, and economic recessions or downturns. The ultimate impact of current or future tariffs and trade restrictions remains uncertain and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and prospects. While we actively monitor these risks, any prolonged economic downturn, escalation in trade tensions, or deterioration in international perception of U.S.-based companies could materially and adversely affect our business, ability to access the capital markets or other financing sources, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, tariffs and other trade developments have and may continue to heighten the risks related to the other risk factors described elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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***We and any of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers may use potent chemical agents and hazardous materials, and any claims relating to improper handling, storage, or disposal of these materials could be time-consuming or costly.*** 

We and any of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers and our current or any future collaborators may use biological materials, potent chemical agents, and hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological agents and compounds that could be dangerous to human health and safety of the environment. Our operations and the operations of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers also produce hazardous waste products. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our product development efforts. In addition, neither we or our third-party manufacturers and suppliers can eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. We do not carry specific biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage, and our property, casualty and general liability insurance policies specifically exclude coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination. In the event of contamination or injury at our, our manufacturers' or our suppliers' sites, we could be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended. Although we maintain workers' compensation insurance for certain costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with the storage or disposal of biologic, hazardous or radioactive materials.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, which have tended to become more stringent over time. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions or liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.*** 

Our operations and the operations of our manufacturers, suppliers, collaborators, CROs and clinical sites could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications or infrastructure failures, cybersecurity incidents, physical security breaches, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, blizzards and other extreme weather conditions, fires, public health pandemics or epidemics (including, for example, the COVID-19 pandemic) and other natural or manmade disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. We rely on third-party manufacturers or suppliers to produce cretostimogene or any future product candidates and its components and on CROs and clinical sites to conduct our clinical trials, and do not have a redundant source of supply for all components of cretostimogene or any future product candidates. Our ability to obtain clinical or, if approved, commercial, supplies of cretostimogene or any future product candidates could be disrupted if the operations of these suppliers were affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption, and our ability to commence, conduct or complete our clinical trials in a timely manner could be similarly adversely affected by any of the foregoing. In addition, our corporate headquarters is located in Irvine, California near major earthquake faults and fire zones, and the ultimate impact on us of being located near major earthquake faults and fire zones and being consolidated in a certain geographical area is unknown. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

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***Unstable market and economic conditions and adverse developments with respect to financial institutions and associated liquidity risk may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and stock price.*** 

From time to time, the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, including the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, terrorism or other geopolitical events, including threatened or actual trade wars and tariffs. Sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries in response to such conflicts, including the one in Ukraine, may also adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy, and any economic countermeasures by the affected countries or others could exacerbate market and economic instability. In addition, in 2023 the closures of financial institutions and their placement into receivership with the FDIC created bank-specific and broader financial institution liquidity risk and concerns. Future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages, impair the ability of companies to access near-term working capital needs, and create additional market and economic uncertainty. There can be no assurance that future credit and financial market instability and a deterioration in confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, liquidity shortages, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, or if adverse developments are experienced by financial institutions, it may cause short-term liquidity risk and also make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly, more onerous with respect to financial and operating covenants and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and stock price and could require us to delay, limit, reduce or abandon product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market our product candidates even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and market such product candidates ourselves. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current service providers, financial institutions, manufacturers and other partners may be adversely affected by the foregoing risks, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

***Changes in tax law may materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, or adversely impact the value of an investment in our common stock.*** 

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, or interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us, any of which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets relating to our operations, the taxation of foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses or future reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets, could result in significant one-time charges, and could increase our future U.S. tax expense.

***If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports or publish unfavorable research or reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.*** 

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock, or if we fail to meet the expectations of one or more of these analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases to cover us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, interest in our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

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***If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our common stock may decline.*** 

Our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that our management are required to meet to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. To continue to comply with the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act, we may need to upgrade our information technology systems; implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; and hire additional accounting and finance staff. If we or, if required, our auditors are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our common stock may decline.

We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting once that firm begins its Section 404 reviews, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

***We could be subject to securities class action litigation.*** 

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, even if ultimately decided in our favor, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management's attention and resources, which could harm our business.

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**Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.**

None

**Item 1C. Cybersecurity.**

**Cybersecurity Risk Management Strategy**

We have implemented and maintain information security processes designed to identify, assess and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical computer devices, networks, third party hosted services, communications systems, hardware and software, and our critical data, including intellectual property, and confidential information that is proprietary, strategic or competitive in nature.

We have developed our cybersecurity risk management program (cybersecurity framework), including a cybersecurity incident response plan, modeled after the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework's (NIST CSF) principles: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover, and Govern, and our cybersecurity framework is intended to address current vulnerabilities and anticipate and prevent future cybersecurity threats and risks to our Information Systems and Data.

Our cybersecurity framework is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.

Our cybersecurity risk management program includes implementation and maintenance of various technical. physical, and organizational measures, processes, standards and policies designed to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats to our Information Systems and Data, such as:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•cybersecurity tools to monitor, detect, and respond to threats in real-time;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the use of external service providers, to assess, test or otherwise assist with certain aspects of our security controls;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a cybersecurity incident response process that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents and is designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to members of the management team, depending on the circumstances; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•a risk evaluation of the service providers, suppliers, and vendors of critical systems during contracting.

We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. There can be no assurance, however, that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, is fully implemented, complied with, and is effective in protecting our systems and information. For more information, see the section titled "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry—*Our information technology systems, or those of any of our service providers, may fail or suffer security incidents and other disruptions, which could result in a material disruption of our development programs, compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information, potentially exposing us to liability or otherwise adversely affecting our business."*

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**Cybersecurity Governance**

Our Board addresses cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The Committee oversees management's implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.

The Audit Committee receives periodic reports from management on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.

The Audit Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board also receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program. The Audit Committee members receive presentations on cybersecurity topics from our Director of Information Technology, or external experts as part of the Audit Committee's continuing education on topics that impact public companies.

Our management team, including our Senior Director of Information Technology, has a combined 35+ years of risk management experience and is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The management team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. The management team also has responsibility for approving budgets, helping prepare for cybersecurity incident responses, and approving cybersecurity processes. The experience of our management team encompasses leadership, development, and support of cybersecurity strategies, along with the implementation of policies and procedures. Furthermore, they possess a track record of proactively monitoring cybersecurity threats and promptly responding to and remediating cyber attacks.

Our management team supervises efforts that are designed to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

**Item 2. Properties.**

Our principal executive offices are located in Irvine, California and consist of approximately 1,249 square feet of office space leased until August 2026. We also lease additional office space in Emeryville, California and Branchburg, New Jersey, under leases which end in August 2028 and January 2030, respectively. In December 2025, we entered into a lease for additional office space in Dallas, Texas, which will commence in 2026 and has a term of approximately eight years. In addition, a lease was acquired in connection with the Conversion Event in July 2025 for office, manufacturing, and warehouse space, which ends in February 2030.We believe that our existing and planned facilities will be adequate for the foreseeable future and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as and when needed.

**Item 3. Legal Proceedings.**

From time to time, we may be subject to other legal proceedings. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.

On March 4, 2024, ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ANI) filed a complaint against the Company in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware seeking (i) a declaratory judgment that a provision in an assignment and technology transfer agreement between the Company and ANI, dated November 15, 2010 (the ANI Agreement), obligates the Company to pay ANI a royalty on certain "net sales" of cretostimogene, and (ii) compensatory damages alleging the Company was unjustly enriched by obtaining the benefit of certain non-patent assets under the ANI Agreement without paying adequate consideration to ANI. On July 16, 2025, the Superior Court granted the Company's motion for summary judgment with respect to ANI's request for a declaratory judgment to receive royalty payments from the potential sale of cretostimogene but denied the Company's motion for summary judgment with respect to ANI's unjust enrichment claim. On July 29, 2025, a jury entered a verdict in favor of the Company, unanimously rejecting all of ANI's claims for unjust enrichment damages. As a result and subject to the outcome of any post-trial motions or appeals brought by ANI, the Company will not owe ANI a future royalty of 5% on commercial sales of cretostimogene, no damages have been awarded to ANI, and there are no further payments due to ANI under the ANI Agreement. The Company will continue to vigorously defend any post-trial motions and appeals brought by ANI.

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**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.**

Not applicable.

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**PART II**

**Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.**

**Market Information** 

Our common stock is traded under the ticker symbol "CGON" on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

**Holders of Common Stock** 

As of February 25, 2025, there were approximately 116 holders of record of our common stock. This number was derived from our stockholder records and does not include beneficial owners of our common stock whose shares are held in the name of various dealers, clearing agencies, banks, brokers and other fiduciaries.

**Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans**

Information about securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report.

**Dividend Policy** 

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of director after considering our financial condition, results of operations, current and anticipated capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors deems relevant, and subject to applicable laws and the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments.

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**Stock Performance Graph**

*The following shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.*

The following stock performance graph illustrates a comparison from January 25, 2024 (the date our common stock commenced trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market) through December 31, 2025, of the total cumulative stockholder return on our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index. The figures represented below assume an investment of $100 in our common stock at the closing price of $37.17 on January 25, 2024 and in the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index on January 25, 2024, and that all dividends were reinvested, although dividends have not been declared on our common stock. The comparisons in the graph are required by the SEC and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future stock performance of our common stock.

![img265154520_10.jpg](img265154520_10.jpg)

**Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities** 

None.

**Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities** 

None.

**Use of Proceeds**

On January 24, 2024, our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-276350) was declared effective by the SEC for our initial public offering. At the closing of our offering on January 29, 2024, we sold 23,000,000 shares of our common stock, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase 3,000,000 additional shares, at an initial public offering price of $19.00 per share and received gross proceeds of $437.0 million, which resulted in net proceeds of approximately $399.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions of approximately $30.6 million and offering-related transaction costs of approximately $6.8 million.

The proceeds from the initial public offering are held in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. As of December 31, 2025, we estimate that we have used approximately $325.2 million of the proceeds from our initial public offering for general corporate purposes, including to fund the research and development of cretostimogene, manufacturing and pre-commercial activities, and to fund a contract manufacturing organization that provides us with clinical supply of cretostimogene. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from that described in the final prospectus for our initial public offering filed with the SEC on January 25, 2024 pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) under the Securities Act.

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**Item 6. [Reserved]**

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**Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.**

*You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section titled "Forward Looking Statements and Market Data." Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth under the section titled "Risk factors" in this Annual Report.* 

*Additionally, our discussion and analysis below are focused on our financial results and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, including year-over-year comparisons of our financial performance and condition for these years. Discussion and analysis of the year ended December 31, 2023 specifically, as well as the year-over-year comparison of our financial performance and condition for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, are located in the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in the Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on March 28, 2025, which is incorporated herein by reference.*

**Overview**

We are a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing cretostimogene grenadenorepvec (cretostimogene), an investigational oncolytic immunotherapy with a dual mechanism of action designed both to eliminate cancer cells directly by selective replication and indirectly by activating an anti-tumor immune response, as a potential backbone therapy in a broad range of patients afflicted with bladder cancer. Cretostimogene is currently in clinical development for the treatment of patients with high-risk and intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which potentially represents up to 150,000 addressable patients.

We are evaluating the safety and efficacy of cretostimogene as a monotherapy in BOND-003 Cohort C, our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial in high-risk Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive NMIBC with carcinoma *in situ* (CIS), with or without Ta/T1 disease. Given the limitations of currently approved therapies, the next course of treatment for these patients with BCG-unresponsive tumors is radical cystectomy, which is the complete removal of the bladder. This surgery carries a significant social, functional and emotional burden for patients. As such, there is a significant unmet need for effective bladder-sparing treatments. We have completed enrollment for this cohort and reported potentially best-in-disease data in September 2025. This trial served as the basis for our Biologics License Application (BLA) submission for our initial indication to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which we initiated in the fourth quarter of 2025 and expect to complete in 2026. Cretostimogene has received both Fast Track and Breakthrough Therapy designations from the FDA for the treatment of high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS with or without Ta or T1 papillary tumors. Additionally, in April 2024, we initiated BOND-003 Cohort P, an exploratory study evaluating cretostimogene monotherapy in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with only Ta/T1 disease. Initial data from this Cohort was reported at the 2025 AUA Annual Meeting, with potentially best-in-disease data reported at the Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) 26th Annual Meeting in December 2025. Based on internal research derived from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program's (NIH SEER) database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC segment may represent up to 25,000 addressable patients.

We are also conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial, PIVOT-006, the first randomized registrational trial to evaluate an investigational therapy in intermediate-risk NMIBC assessing adjuvant cretostimogene following transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), with enrollment completed in the third quarter of 2025. These patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC are encumbered by frequent tumor recurrence that requires repeat resection of the bladder tumors. Moreover, intravesical BCG is no longer recommended by guidelines for this patient population due to the continuous BCG shortage. We believe cretostimogene, if approved in intermediate-risk NMIBC, has the potential to serve as a first-in-class backbone therapy in this frontline adjuvant setting, for which there are currently no U.S. FDA approved options. Based on internal research derived from NIH SEER database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the intermediate-risk NMIBC segment may represent up to 50,000 addressable patients.

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Additionally, we have multiple ongoing Phase 2 trials designed to generate data in high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-naïve patients. In October 2024, we initiated CORE-008 Cohort A, a Phase 2 clinical trial in high-risk NMIBC patients who are naïve to BCG treatment, including patients with CIS and with or without Ta/T1 disease and patients with only Ta/T1 disease. Initial data from this Cohort were reported at the SUO Annual Meeting in December 2025. Based on internal research derived from NIH SEER database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the high-risk BCG-naïve NMIBC segment may represent up to 25,000 addressable patients. In March 2025, we expanded CORE-008 evaluating cretostimogene as a monotherapy in the high-risk BCG-exposed population (Cohort B). In addition, in April 2025, we initiated a third Cohort (Cohort CX), evaluating cretostimogene in combination with gemcitabine in both the high-risk BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive population. Based on internal research derived from NIH SEER database, secondary claims data analytics and management assumptions, the high-risk BCG-exposed NMIBC segment may represent up to 50,000 addressable patients. Notably, cretostimogene's potential for combination with other therapies was assessed in a Phase 2 CORE-001 clinical trial evaluating cretostimogene in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) pembrolizumab in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients.

Since our inception in 2010, we have focused substantially all of our resources on organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, conducting research, preclinical studies, and clinical trials, establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of cretostimogene, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales.

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. Our net losses were $161.0 million and $88.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $379.0 million. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and, to a lesser extent, from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses in the foreseeable future, and we anticipate these losses will increase substantially as we continue our development of, seek regulatory approval for, and potentially commercialize cretostimogene and potentially seek to discover and develop additional product candidates, utilize third parties to manufacture cretostimogene, hire additional personnel, expand and protect our intellectual property, and incur additional costs associated with being a public company. If we obtain regulatory approval for cretostimogene, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing and distribution. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we do not become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

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To date, we have primarily funded our operations with proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock through public offerings and our redeemable convertible preferred stock, as well as through previously outstanding term debt. In January 2024, we completed our initial public offering of 23,000,000 common shares at a price of $19.00 per share, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 3,000,000 shares of common stock. We received net proceeds of $399.6 million, after deducting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses. In addition, as a result of our initial public offering, our convertible preferred stock converted into common stock concurrently with the initial public offering. In December 2024, we completed a follow-on offering of 8,500,000 common shares at a price of $28.00 per share, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 1,200,000 shares of common stock. We received net proceeds of $223.1 million, after deducting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses. On March 28, 2025, we entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement<sup>SM</sup> (Jefferies Sales Agreement) with Jefferies LLC, as agent, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time through Jefferies, shares of our common stock. On the same day, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the SEC, which contains a base prospectus, covering an unlimited amount of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities and warrants to purchase any of such securities, and a sales agreement prospectus, which we subsequently amended on January 13, 2026, covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $550 million of our common stock that may be issued and sold from time to time under the Jefferies Sales Agreement. Through December 31, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $147.1 million under the Jefferies Sales Agreement, after deducting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $188.0 million under the Jefferies Sales Agreement, after deducting discounts and commissions.

Through December 31, 2025, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $1.1 billion from the sale of shares of our common stock from our IPO, our follow-on offering in December 2024, and our at-the-market facility, and sales of our redeemable convertible preferred stock. In addition, through December 31, 2025, we have recognized $26.9 million in license and collaboration revenue pursuant to our license and collaboration agreements. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $742.2 million, which excludes $188.0 million of net cash proceeds received by the Company from the sale of 3,623,101 shares under the Jefferies Sales Agreement subsequent to December 31, 2025. Our ability to generate any product revenue and, in particular, our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of cretostimogene and any future product candidates.

In February 2025, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, SafeGuard Healthcare, LLC (SafeGuard), established a note receivable with an initial principal amount of $25.0 million through a convertible promissory note (Note) from SP Healthcare SPV I, LLC (the SPV). The SPV used the proceeds from the Note to make an investment in Biovire for the purpose of Biovire acquiring substantially all of the assets of a contract manufacturing organization that provides clinical supply of cretostimogene to the Company. On July 20, 2025, following the conversion of the Note triggered by the cessation of services by SkyPath to the SPV and Biovire (Conversion Event), we, through our subsidiary, SafeGuard, obtained control of the SPV and Biovire. As a result of this change in control, the operations of Biovire were consolidated as of the effective date of the conversion.

We believe, based on our current operating plan, that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months from the date of this Annual Report. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us. In addition, we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

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We will not generate revenue from product sales of cretostimogene or any future product candidates unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval, which we expect will take a number of years and may never occur. As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through equity offerings, debt financings, or other capital sources, including current or potential future collaborations, licenses, and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements or arrangements as, and when needed, we may delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves, or even cease operations.

Other than Biovire, which manufactures and conducts release testing of our cretostimogene drug product, we do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on Biovire and third parties for the manufacture of cretostimogene for clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacture if we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we rely on third parties to package, label, store, and distribute cretostimogene, and we intend to rely on third parties for our commercial products if marketing approval is obtained. We believe that this strategy allows us to maintain a more efficient infrastructure by eliminating the need for us to invest in our own manufacturing facilities, equipment, and personnel while also enabling us to focus our expertise and resources on the development of cretostimogene.

**License and Collaboration Agreements**

Below is a summary of the key terms for certain of our license and collaboration agreements. For a more detailed description of these agreements, see the section titled "Business—License and Collaboration Agreements."

***Lepu License Agreement***

In March 2019, we entered into a development and license agreement (the Lepu License Agreement) with Lepu, under which we granted an exclusive license to Lepu to develop, manufacture and commercialize cretostimogene and/or DDM to treat and/or prevent cancer in the Lepu Territory. Lepu paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $4.5 million and is obligated to make regulatory milestone payments of up to $2.5 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $57.5 million. We are entitled to receive a high single-digit royalty on net sales of cretostimogene and/or DDM sold in the Lepu Territory, subject to a specified reduction. In addition, in June 2024, the Company entered into an additional license agreement with Lepu, under which we granted Lepu a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable license to validate and perform certain assays in the Lepu Territory for the sole purpose of analyzing clinical samples for patients treated with cretostimogene. Under the agreement, Lepu paid us a one-time license fee of $0.4 million. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, zero and $1.0 million in license and collaboration revenue, respectively, was recorded related to the Lepu License Agreement.

***Kissei License Agreement***

In March 2020, and as amended September 2022, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the Kissei License Agreement) with Kissei, under which we granted to Kissei an exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (the Kissei Territory), for Kissei to develop and commercialize, but not manufacture, cretostimogene in combination with DDM (the Licensed Product) for all uses in oncology. Kissei paid to us a one-time upfront payment of $10.0 million under the agreement. Kissei is obligated to pay development milestone payments of up to $33.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $67.0 million. We have also agreed to pay Kissei a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product outside the Kissei Territory and outside the Lepu Territory, including on any U.S. sales, in a low-single digit percentage, subject to certain capped reductions. We are entitled to receive a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory in the mid-twenties percentage, subject to certain capped reductions and offset rights. We are obligated to supply and Kissei will exclusively purchase its clinical and commercial requirements of Licensed Product from us. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded $0.8 million, $0.2 million, respectively, in license and collaboration revenue related to the Kissei License Agreement.

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**Components of Our Results of Operations**

***License and Collaboration Revenue***

Through December 31, 2025, we have recognized $26.9 million in license and collaboration revenue through our license and collaboration agreements. We have not generated any revenue from the sale of our cretostimogene products, however, and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of our cretostimogene products in the foreseeable future, if at all. If our or our collaborators' development efforts for cretostimogene and any future product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales, payments from existing or potential future collaboration or license agreements with third parties, or any combination thereof.

***Commercial and Development Revenue***

In connection with the Conversion Event, we obtained control of the SPV and its subsidiary, Biovire, a contract manufacturer specializing in the fill and finish of novel drugs and medical devices for pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Our commercial and development revenue consists of Biovire's fill and finish of novel drugs and medical devices.

***Operating Costs and Expenses***

Our operating costs and expenses consist of (i) cost of sales, (ii) research and development expenses and (iii) general and administrative expenses.

*Cost of Sales*

Cost of sales reflects the direct cost of labor and other overhead, which includes direct manufacturing, production, and packaging materials for commercial and development product sales.

*Research and Development Expenses*

Research and development (R&D) expenses consist primarily of external and internal costs incurred in performing clinical and preclinical development activities.

Our R&D expenses consist of:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•external costs incurred under agreements with CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants and other third parties to conduct and support our clinical trials and preclinical studies; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•internal costs, including R&D personnel-related expenses such as salaries, stock-based compensation and benefits, as well as allocated facilities costs and dues and subscriptions.

We expense R&D costs as incurred. We currently only have one product candidate, cretostimogene. Therefore, since our inception, substantially all of our R&D costs were related to the development of cretostimogene. We track R&D expenses on an aggregate basis and not on an indication-by-indication or treatment setting-by-treatment setting basis.

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Although R&D activities are central to our business model, the successful development of cretostimogene and any future product candidates is highly uncertain. There are numerous factors associated with the successful development of any product candidate such as cretostimogene, including future trial design and various regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time based on our stage of development. In addition, future regulatory factors beyond our control may impact our clinical development programs. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect our R&D expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing and planned clinical and preclinical development activities in the near term and in the future. At this time, we cannot accurately estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the preclinical and clinical development of cretostimogene and any future product candidates. Our future R&D expenses may vary significantly based on a wide variety of factors such as:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the number and scope, rate of progress, expense and results of our clinical trials and preclinical studies of cretostimogene and any future product candidates we may choose to pursue, including any modifications to clinical development plans based on feedback that we may receive from regulatory authorities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•per patient trial costs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the number of trials required for approval;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the number of sites included in the trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the countries in which the trials are conducted;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the length of time required to enroll eligible patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the number of patients that participate in the trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the number of doses that patients receive;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the potential additional safety monitoring requested by regulatory agencies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the duration of patient participation in the trials and follow-up;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the cost and timing of manufacturing cretostimogene and any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs, if any, of obtaining third-party drugs for use in our combination trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the extent of changes in government regulation and regulatory guidance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the efficacy and safety profile of cretostimogene and any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the timing, receipt, and terms of any approvals from applicable regulatory authorities; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the extent to which we establish additional collaboration, license, or other arrangements.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of cretostimogene or any future product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. We may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for any product candidate.

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*General and Administrative Expenses*

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses such as salaries, stock- based compensation and benefits, for our personnel in executive, legal, finance and accounting, human resources and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters and professional fees paid for accounting, auditing, consulting and tax services, as well as allocated facilities costs not otherwise included in R&D expenses and other costs such as insurance costs, marketing and travel expenses.

We anticipate our general and administrative expenses will increase substantially in the future as we expand our operations, including increasing our headcount to support our continued R&D activities and preparing for potential commercialization of cretostimogene. We also anticipate we will incur increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance, director and officer insurance, and investor and public relations expenses associated with operating as a public company.

***Other Income (Expense), Net***

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income related to interest earned on our invested cash equivalents and marketable securities balances. It also includes other miscellaneous items, such as expenses related to our previously outstanding term debt, interest expense, success fees and final payoff amortization, and other items not related to our core operations. We expect our interest income will increase as we invest the cash received from the net proceeds from our public offerings.

**Results of Operations** 

***Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024*** 

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Change** |
| Revenue: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial and development revenue | $3234 | $— | $3234 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;License and collaboration revenue | 806 | 1139 | (333) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total revenues | 4040 | 1139 | 2901 |
| Operating costs and expenses |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of sales | 4647 |  | 4647 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 116641 | 82102 | 34539 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 73526 | 33703 | 39823 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating costs and expenses | 194814 | 115805 | 79009 |
| Loss from operations | (190774) | (114666) | (76108) |
| Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income, net | 29931 | 26624 | 3307 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other income (expense), net | (152) | 3 | (155) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income, net | 29779 | 26627 | 3152 |
| Net loss and comprehensive loss | $(160995) | $(88039) | $(72956) |

---

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*Commercial and Development Revenue*

Commercial and development revenue was $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to zero for the year ended December 31, 2024. As the Conversion Event occurred in July 2025, there was no corresponding commercial and development revenue in the prior year.

*License and Collaboration Revenue*

License and collaboration revenue was $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded $0.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in license and collaboration revenue related to the Kissei License Agreement, as well as zero and $1.0 million related to the Lepu License Agreement, respectively.

*Research and Development Expenses* 

The following table summarizes our R&D expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Change** |
| External clinical trial expenses | $75564 | $58052 | $17512 |
| Personnel-related expenses | 34961 | 21443 | 13518 |
| Other research and development | 6116 | 2607 | 3509 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total research and development expenses | $116641 | $82102 | $34539 |

---

R&D expenses were $116.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $82.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase of $34.5 million in R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to an increase of $17.5 million in external clinical trial expenses related to higher CRO fees as patient enrollment increased, as well as an increase of $13.5 million in compensation costs due to increased headcount, including a $5.7 million increase in stock-based compensation, and an increase in other research and development costs of $3.5 million.

*General and Administrative Expenses* 

The following table summarizes our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **Change** |
| Personnel-related expenses | $39246 | $21392 | $17854 |
| Professional and consultant fees | 21180 | 6836 | 14344 |
| Other general and administrative | 13100 | 5475 | 7625 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total general and administrative expenses | $73526 | $33703 | $39823 |

---

General and administrative expenses were $73.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $33.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase of $39.8 million in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to an increase in compensation costs of $17.9 million due to increased headcount, including a $9.5 million increase in stock-based compensation, and increased professional and consultant fees of $14.3 million, which includes a $8.5 million increase in legal fees, as well as an increase in marketing-related costs of $2.2 million and an increase in other general fees and costs of $7.6 million.

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*Other Income, Net*

Other income, net, for the year ended December 31, 2025 was a net income of $29.8 million compared to a net income of $26.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The $3.2 million increase was driven by higher interest income earned related to cash equivalents and marketable securities balances, partially offset by $0.3 million of interest expense related to debt acquired through SPV and Biovire, with no corresponding interest expense in the prior year.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources** 

***Sources of Liquidity***

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales of cretostimogene and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses in the foreseeable future as we advance the clinical development of cretostimogene and any future product candidates. To date, we have primarily funded our operations with proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock through public offerings and our redeemable convertible preferred stock, as well as through previously outstanding term debt. From inception through December 31, 2025, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of $1.1 billion from the sale of shares of our common stock through our public offerings and our redeemable convertible preferred stock. In addition, through December 31, 2025, we have recognized $26.9 million in license and collaboration revenue through our license and collaboration agreements. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $742.2 million.

In January 2021, we entered into a loan agreement with Silicon Valley Bank for a term loan in three tranches. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we repaid all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the loan agreement and have no outstanding debt. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information.

***At-the-Market Offering***

On March 28, 2025, we entered into the Jefferies Sales Agreement with Jefferies LLC, as agent, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time through Jefferies, shares of our common stock. On the same day, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the SEC, which contains a base prospectus, covering an unlimited amount of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities and warrants to purchase any of such securities, and a sales agreement prospectus, which we subsequently amended on January 13, 2026, covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $550 million of our common stock that may be issued and sold from time to time under the Jefferies Sales Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 3,859,118 shares were sold under the shelf registration statement or the Jefferies Sales Agreement, at a weighted-average price of $38.99 per share. Through December 31, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $147.1 million, after deducting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $188.0 million under the Jefferies Sales Agreement, after deducting discounts and commissions.

***Effects of Inflation***

Inflation could affect us by increasing our cost of labor and R&D costs. We do not believe inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, or on our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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***Future Funding Requirements*** 

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our development of, seek regulatory approval for, and potentially commercialize cretostimogene and potentially seek to discover and develop additional product candidates, conduct our ongoing and planned clinical trials and preclinical studies, continue our R&D activities, utilize third parties to manufacture cretostimogene, hire additional personnel, engage in potential strategic transactions, expand and protect our intellectual property, and incur additional costs associated with being a public company

Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable, accrued expenses, and prepaid expenses. The timing and amount of our funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the initiation, type, number, scope, progress, expansions, results, costs and timing of clinical trials and preclinical studies of cretostimogene and any future product candidates we may choose to pursue, including the costs of modification to clinical development plans based on feedback that we may receive from regulatory authorities and any third-party products used as combination agents in our clinical trials

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory meetings and reviews of cretostimogene or any future product candidates, including requirements of regulatory authorities in any additional jurisdictions in which we may seek approval for cretostimogene and any future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs of obtaining, maintaining, enforcing and protecting our patents and other intellectual property and proprietary rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional personnel to satisfy our obligations as a public company, including enhanced internal control over financial reporting;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs associated with hiring additional personnel and consultants as our business grows, including additional executive officers and clinical development, regulatory, CMC quality and commercial personnel;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the timing and payment of milestone, royalty or other payments we must make pursuant to our existing and potential future license or collaboration agreements with third parties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the costs and timing of establishing or securing sales and marketing capabilities if cretostimogene or any future product candidate is approved;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage, and adequate reimbursement from third- party payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•our ability and strategic decision to develop future product candidates other than cretostimogene, and the timing of such development, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•patients' willingness to pay out-of-pocket for any approved products in the absence of coverage and/or adequate reimbursement from third-party payors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•the terms and timing of establishing and maintaining collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•costs associated with any products or technologies or businesses that we may in-license or acquire.

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Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months from the date of this Annual Report. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us. In addition, we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

We have no other committed sources of capital. Until such time, if ever, we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our operations through equity offerings, debt financings, or other capital sources, including current or potential future collaborations, licenses, and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. To the extent we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions, engaging in acquisition, merger or collaboration transactions, selling or licensing our assets, making capital expenditures, redeeming our stock, making certain investments or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations or license agreements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves, or even cease operations.

***Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments***

*Leases*

We have entered into various non-cancelable operating leases for our corporate office. The leases have varying terms expiring between 2026 and 2034. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further details.

*Research and Development Costs*

We are continuing to invest in our cretostimogene clinical trials and have entered into contractual obligations with each clinical trial site. Each contract shall continue until the completion of the trial at that site. Our clinical trial costs are dependent on, among other things, the size, number and length of our clinical trials.

*Other Capital Requirements and Additional Royalty Obligations*

We enter into agreements in the normal course of business with various vendors, which are generally cancellable upon notice. Payments due upon cancellation typically consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including non-cancellable obligations of service providers, up to the date of cancellation.

In addition to our obligation to make potential royalty payments under the Kissei License Agreement discussed above, we are also obligated to pay royalties and milestone payments to the initial supplier of a certain cell line we use to manufacture cretostimogene, in an amount less than 1% on the net sales of cretostimogene, worldwide. These royalty obligations last for as long as we use the certain cell line to manufacture cretostimogene. The timing of when our royalty payments will actually be made is uncertain as the payments are contingent upon future activities, including the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of cretostimogene.

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***Cash Flows*** 

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(132346) | $(78713) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (245822) | (300764) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 153590 | 628279 |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $(224578) | $248802 |

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*Operating Activities*

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $132.3 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $161.0 million, as well as accretion of the discount on short-term investments of $1.0 million, partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation charges of $26.7 million and net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $2.3 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $78.7 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $88.0 million and accretion of the discount on short-term investments of $5.0 million, partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation charges of $11.4 million and net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $2.9 million.

*Investing Activities* 

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash used in investing activities was $245.8 million, primarily due to $1,067.9 million of purchases of marketable securities and $22.0 million, net of cash acquired, for the acquisition of SPV and Biovire through the Conversion Event, partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $300.8 million, primarily due to $1,045.9 million of purchases of marketable securities, partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments.

*Financing Activities* 

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $153.6 million, consisting of proceeds of $147.1 million from the sale of our common stock pursuant to the Jefferies Sales Agreement, net of issuance costs and stock issuance costs, and proceeds from exercise of options of $6.5 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $628.3 million, consisting primarily of net proceeds from the initial public offering and follow-on public offering of $403.0 million and $223.1 million, respectively, net of issuance costs and stock issuance costs, as well as proceeds from the exercise of common stock options of $2.6 million, partially offset by the long-term debt success fee payoff of $0.4 million.

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**Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates** 

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

***R&D Expenses and Related Prepaid and Accrued Expenses***

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our R&D expenses as of each balance sheet date. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. We make estimates of our R&D expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. The significant estimates in our R&D expenses include the costs incurred for services performed by our vendors in connection with services for which we have not yet been invoiced. We base our expenses related to R&D activities on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with vendors that conduct R&D on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows.

There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the R&D expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future R&D activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, if our estimates of the status and timing of services performed differ from the actual status and timing of services performed, it could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have been no material differences between our estimates of such expenses and the amounts actually incurred.

**Recently Issued Accounting Standards** 

A description of recently issued accounting standards that may potentially impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows is included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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**Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.**

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial condition due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of exposure due to potential changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates or inflation.

***Interest Rate Sensitivity***

Our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to interest rate sensitivity. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of approximately $742.2 million, which consisted primarily of money market funds and marketable securities, comprised largely of fixed income securities (U.S. Treasury bills).

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve capital to fund our operations. We also seek to maximize income from our investments without assuming significant risk. We established guidelines regarding approved investments and maturities of investments, which are designed to maintain safety and liquidity. We believe that should a 10.0% change in interest rates were to have occurred on December 31, 2025, this change would not have had a material effect on the fair value of our investment portfolio as of that date. Any changes would only be realized if we sold the investments prior to maturity. Notwithstanding our efforts to manage interest rate risk, there can be no assurances that we will be adequately protected against the risks associated with interest rate sensitivity.

***Foreign Currency Exchange Risk***

We are not currently exposed to significant market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates; however, we do contract with vendors that are located outside of the United States and may be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates. We may enter into additional contracts with vendors located outside of the United States in the future, which may increase our foreign currency exchange risk. We believe that should a 10.0% change in foreign currency exchange rates were to have occurred on December 31, 2025, this change would not have had a material effect on our financial statements.

***Effects of inflation***

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and preclinical and clinical development costs. We do not believe inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations as of and for any period presented herein.

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**Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.**

**CG ONCOLOGY, INC.** 

**INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</u>](#auditors_report) (PCAOB ID: 42) | 122 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024</u>](#balance_sheets) | 124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023</u>](#statements_of_operations) | 125 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023</u>](#statements_of_convertible_preferred) | 126 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023</u>](#statements_of_cash_flows) | 127 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[<u>Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements</u>](#notes_to_financial_statements) | 128 |

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**Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm** 

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of CG Oncology, Inc.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements** 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CG Oncology, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

**Basis for Opinion** 

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Critical Audit Matter** 

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | ***Accrued Clinical Expenses*** |
| *Description of the Matter* | During 2025, the Company incurred $116.6 million of research and development expenses and accrued $13.9 million for external research and development expenses as of December 31, 2025, which includes clinical expenses. As described in Notes 2 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, clinical expenses are a component of research and development expense. The Company accrues and expenses clinical trial services performed by third parties based upon actual work completed in accordance with agreements established with its service providers. The Company estimates the actual costs through discussions with internal personnel and external service providers as to the progress of the clinical services and the agreed-upon fee to be paid for such services.<br>Auditing management's accounting for accrued clinical expenses was challenging as evaluating the extent of clinical trial services performed by third parties is dependent upon a high-volume of data and input exchanged between clinical personnel and clinical research organizations which includes total clinical trial management costs, contractual agreements with sites, number of patients enrolled, and number of patient visits, which is compiled from multiple sources. |
| *How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit* | To test the accrued clinical expenses, our audit procedures included, among other things, testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the estimate, inspecting contracts with third-party service providers and obtaining information directly from third parties. We also obtained an understanding of the status of significant clinical trial activities through discussions with accounting personnel and clinical project managers. |

---

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2021.

Irvine, California

February 27, 2026

------

**CG Oncology, Inc.** 

**Consolidated Balance Sheets** 

**(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Assets** |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $32490 | $257068 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marketable securities | 709665 | 484930 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventory | 1565 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net | 688 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 15067 | 12212 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 759475 | 754210 |
| Property and equipment, net | 15596 | 272 |
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 3971 | 221 |
| Intangible assets, net | 575 |  |
| Goodwill | 10297 |  |
| Other assets | 1678 | 94 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total assets | $791592 | $754797 |
| **Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $5714 | $6517 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities, current portion | 915 | 186 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 24207 | 14665 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 30836 | 21368 |
| Long-term debt | 3000 |  |
| Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 3106 | 52 |
| Deferred tax liability | 307 |  |
| Other liabilities | 1741 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | 38990 | 21420 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 700,000,000 and 700,000,000 shares<br> authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively; 80,689,128<br> and 76,154,783 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024,<br> respectively | 8 | 8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 1131570 | 951350 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (378976) | (217981) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stockholders' equity | 752602 | 733377 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $791592 | $754797 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.*

------

**CG Oncology, Inc.** 

**Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss** 

**(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)** 

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Revenues |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial and development revenue | $3234 | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;License and collaboration revenue | 806 | 1139 | 204 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total revenues | 4040 | 1139 | 204 |
| Operating costs and expenses |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of sales | 4647 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 116641 | 82102 | 45752 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 73526 | 33703 | 9901 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating costs and expenses | 194814 | 115805 | 55653 |
| Loss from operations | (190774) | (114666) | (55449) |
| Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income, net | 29931 | 26624 | 6904 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net | (152) | 3 | (62) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income, net | 29779 | 26627 | 6842 |
| Net loss and comprehensive loss | $(160995) | $(88039) | $(48607) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deemed dividend on redeemable convertible preferred stock issuances |  |  | (410) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cumulative redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends |  |  | (18781) |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $(160995) | $(88039) | $(67798) |
| Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $(2.08) | $(1.41) | $(15.65) |
| Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding, basic and diluted | 77303440 | 62496725 | 4330933 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.* 

------

**CG Oncology, Inc.** 

**Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)** 

(**In thousands, except share amounts)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Series A-1<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series A-1<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series B<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series B<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series C<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series C<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series D<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series D<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series E<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series E<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series F<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Series F<br>Redeemable Convertible <br>Preferred Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Additional<br>Paid-in** | **Accumulated** | **Total<br>Stockholders'** |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Capital** | **Deficit** | **Equity (Deficit)** |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2022** | 5075000 | $3570 | 11973000 | $10000 | 73598283 | $22000 | 53271754 | $47300 | 112422700 | $120000 |  | $— | 3842694 | $— | $3642 | $(81335) | $(77693) |
| Issuance of Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock (inclusive of deemed dividend of $410 to accrete to redemption value) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 81587937 | 105020 |  | $— | $(410) | $— | $(410) |
| Issuance of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1379589 |  | 2082 |  | 2082 |
| Stock-based compensation<br> expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1528 |  | 1528 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (48607) | (48607) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2023** | 5075000 | $3570 | 11973000 | $10000 | 73598283 | $22000 | 53271754 | $47300 | 112422700 | $120000 | 81587937 | $105020 | 5222283 | $— | $6842 | $(129942) | $(123100) |
| Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock | (5075000) | (3570) | (11973000) | (10000) | (73598283) | (22000) | (53271754) | (47300) | (112422700) | (120000) | (81587937) | (105020) | 38413909 | 4 | 307886 |  | 307890 |
| Issuance of common<br> stock in connection<br> with an initial public<br> offering, net of<br> issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23000000 | 3 | 399562 |  | 399565 |
| Issuance of common<br> stock in connection<br> with a public<br> offering, net of<br> issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8500000 | 1 | 223059 |  | 223060 |
| Issuance of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1018591 |  | 2599 |  | 2599 |
| Stock-based compensation<br> expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11402 |  | 11402 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (88039) | (88039) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2024** |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— | 76154783 | $8 | $951350 | $(217981) | $733377 |
| Issuance of common<br> stock in connection<br> with a public<br> offering, net of<br> issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3859118 |  | 147088 |  | 147088 |
| Issuance of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 675227 |  | 6456 |  | 6456 |
| Stock-based compensation<br> expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26676 |  | 26676 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (160995) | (160995) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2025** |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— | 80689128 | $8 | $1131570 | $(378976) | $752602 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.* 

------

**CG Oncology, Inc.** 

**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows** 

**(In thousands)** 

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **Operating Activities** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(160995) | $(88039) | $(48607) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 1445 | 32 | 17 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of loan fees |  |  | 3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Final payment amortization and loss on debt extinguishment |  |  | 767 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Success fee amortization |  |  | 37 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense | 26676 | 11402 | 1528 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accretion of discount on short-term investments | (1014) | (4992) | (2875) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash interest expense (income) | (768) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash lease expense | 34 | (22) | 12 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (1900) | (5762) | (2723) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net | (320) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventory | (444) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | (1584) | (75) | 13 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | (1644) | 3275 | 2012 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 8655 | 5468 | 4137 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other liabilities | (487) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities | (132346) | (78713) | (45679) |
| **Investing Activities** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments | 844139 | 745412 | 396416 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of investments | (1067860) | (1045942) | (517611) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisition, net of cash acquired | (21967) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property and equipment | (134) | (234) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities | (245822) | (300764) | (121195) |
| **Financing Activities** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from initial public offering, net of issuance costs |  | 406410 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from follow-on public offerings, net of issuance costs | 147450 | 223059 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | 104627 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payments of success fee or long-term debt |  | (365) | (16291) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from exercise of common stock options | 6456 | 2599 | 2082 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock issuance costs | (316) | (3424) | (3421) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities | 153590 | 628279 | 86997 |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (224578) | 248802 | (79877) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 257068 | 8266 | 88143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $32490 | $257068 | $8266 |
| **Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for interest | $103 | $— | $376 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for taxes | $16 | $— | $— |
| **Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities:** |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reclassification of 38,413,909 redeemable convertible preferred stock to 38,413,909 shares of common stock | $— | $307890 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of stock issuance costs | $— | $6845 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock issuance costs, unpaid and accrued | $46 | $— | $1246 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for lease liabilities | $859 | $— | $221 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.* 

------

**CG Oncology, Inc.** 

**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements** 

**1.** **Description of Business and Basis of Presentation**

***Description of Business*** 

CG Oncology, Inc. (the Company) is a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing its product candidate, cretostimogene grenadenorepvec, for patients with bladder cancer. The Company is at a clinical stage and does not project to generate significant revenues if and until the U.S. FDA approves its product candidate, cretostimogene, and the Company is able to commercialize this product candidate.

On January 11, 2024, the Company's board of directors approved a 1-for-9.535 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding common stock and stock option awards which was effected on January 16, 2024. All issued and outstanding shares of common stock, stock option awards and per share data have been adjusted in these consolidated financial statements, on a retrospective basis, to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented. The par value of the common stock and preferred stock was not adjusted as a result of the reverse stock split. The conversion ratios for each series of the Company's redeemable convertible preferred stock and the shares of common stock underlying outstanding stock options and other equity instruments were all proportionately adjusted, as needed.

On January 29, 2024, the Company completed the closing of its initial public offering of 23,000,000 common shares at a price of $19.00 per share, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 3,000,000 shares of common stock. The common shares began trading on the Nasdaq Global Market on January 25, 2024, under the symbol "CGON". The Company received net proceeds of $399.6 million, after deducting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. In addition, as a result of its initial public offering, the Company's redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into common stock concurrently with the initial public offering. In December 2024, the Company completed a follow-on offering of 8,500,000 common shares at a price of $28.00 per share, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 1,200,000 shares of common stock. The Company received net proceeds of $223.1 million, after deducting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses.

On March 28, 2025, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement<sup>SM</sup> (Jefferies Sales Agreement) with Jefferies LLC, as agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through Jefferies, shares of the Company's common stock. Through December 31, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $147.1 million under the Jefferies Sales Agreement, after deducting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.

In February 2025, SafeGuard Healthcare, LLC (Safeguard), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, purchased a $26.8 million convertible note, including accrued interest, from SP Healthcare SPV I, LLC (the SPV). The SPV used the proceeds from the Note to invest and acquire substantially all of the assets of Biovire, Inc. (Biovire), a contract manufacturing organization that produces cretostimogene for the Company. In July 2025, Safeguard converted the Note (the Conversion Event) and obtained control of both the SPV and Biovire. Refer to Note 17 for additional details on the Conversion Event.

***Basis of Presentation*** 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) and Accounting Standards Updates (ASU) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).

------

***Liquidity***

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had approximately $742.2 million of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and working capital of approximately $728.6 million. The revenue and income potential of the Company's business and market are unproven. The Company has experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception and, as of December 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $379.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company incurred a net loss of $161.0 million and negative cash flows from operations of $132.3 million. The Company will continue to incur significant costs and expenses related to its ongoing operations until it successfully develops, obtains regulatory approval and gains market acceptance of cretostimogene and achieves a level of revenues adequate to support the Company's operations.

**2.** **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies** 

***Use of Estimates*** 

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and related disclosures in the accompanying notes. The Company bases its estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience when available and on various factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances as of the date of the accompanying consolidated financial statements including stock-based compensation expense, accrued research and development expenses, lease accounting, business combination valuations, and the recoverability of the Company's net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including the expected business and operational changes, the sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements under different assumptions or conditions.

***Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities*** 

The Company considers all highly liquid investments and instruments with original maturities of 90 days or less that can be liquidated without prior notice or penalty to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consisted primarily of demand deposit accounts, insurance deposits and short-term U.S. Treasury money market funds as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Marketable securities represent fixed income securities, which consist of U.S. Treasury bills and U.S. Treasury notes, and corporate bonds with maturities greater than 90 days.

***Concentration of Credit Risks*** 

Financial instruments that subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company deposits cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality financial institutions in the United States. These deposits are held in checking and money market accounts and may, from time to time, exceed the federally insured amounts. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant risk in its cash and cash equivalents. The primary objectives of the Company's investment portfolio are the preservation of capital and maintenance of liquidity.

The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biopharmaceutical industry, including, but not limited to, risks related to the successful development and commercialization of product candidates, fluctuations in operating results and financial risks, the ability to successfully raise additional funds when needed, protection of proprietary rights and patent risks, patent litigation, compliance with government regulations, dependence on key personnel and collaboration partners, and competition from competing products in the marketplace.

------

***Fair Value of Financial Instruments*** 

The Company applies fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The Company's financial instruments consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable and operating lease liabilities. Fair value is measured as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market. A framework is used for measuring fair value utilizing a three-tier hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

***Level* 1**—Observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical unrestricted assets or liabilities the Company has the ability to access;

***Level* 2**—Inputs (other than quoted prices included within Level 1) that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and

***Level* 3**—Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement and reflect the reporting entity's use of significant management judgment and assumptions when there is little or no market data. Level 3 assets and liabilities include those whose fair value measurements are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar valuation techniques and significant management judgment or estimation.

Financial instruments are categorized in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. The Company reviews the fair value hierarchy classification at each reporting date. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain assets or liabilities within the fair value hierarchy. The Company did not have any transfers of assets and liabilities between the levels of the fair value measurement hierarchy during the years presented.

***Comprehensive Loss*** 

There were no differences between net loss and comprehensive loss presented in the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

***Business Combinations***

The Company uses the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations which requires assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recognized at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. These valuations require the Company to make estimates and assumptions based on facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The Company uses a measurement period following the acquisition date to gather information that existed as of the acquisition date that is needed to determine the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The measurement period ends once all information is obtained, but no later than one year from the acquisition date.

------

***Property and Equipment, Net*** 

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective asset, which is generally between three and ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the associated lease.

The initial cost of property and equipment consists of its purchase price and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to its working condition and location for its intended use. Expenditures incurred after the assets have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, are charged to expense in the period in which the costs are incurred. Major replacements, improvements, and additions are capitalized in accordance with Company policy.

***Inventory***

Inventory consists of raw materials, work in process and finished goods. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined using a weighted-average method. The Company measures costs using standard costs that approximate actual costs. Standard costs are reviewed periodically and adjusted as necessary to reflect current conditions. Any variances between standard and actual costs are recognized in cost of sales in the period incurred. The Company reviews inventory for potential impairment, including excess and obsolescence, by evaluating current inventory levels, movement, expected useful lives, and estimated future product demand. Inventory will be adjusted to its net realizable value or reduce the carrying value of inventory, when deemed necessary.

The Company has certain arrangements where their customer supplies the raw materials used in the manufacturing process. Legal title to these raw materials remain with the customer at all times. The Company does not obtain control of the materials, does not have discretion to redirect the materials for alternative use, and is not permitted to sell or pledge the materials to third parties. As the Company does not obtain control of the customer-supplied materials, these materials are not recorded as inventory on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes revenue for manufacturing services as control of the finished goods is transferred to the customer in accordance with ASC 606. The value of customer-supplied materials is excluded from both revenue and cost of sales.

***Intangible Assets, Net***

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination or an asset acquisition are initially recognized at their fair value on the acquisition date. Acquired definite-lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their respective estimated useful lives. The amortization of these intangible assets is included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually and more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. To date, no such impairments have been recognized.

***Goodwill***

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination and is not amortized. Goodwill is subject to impairment testing at least annually or when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment. In the event of an impairment, the carrying value of the goodwill will be written down to the fair value and an impairment charge will be recognized. The Company has not recorded any impairments of goodwill.

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***Impairment of Long-Lived Assets*** 

The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. The Company recognized no impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

***Stock Issuance Costs***

The Company capitalizes as stock issuance costs all direct and incremental legal, professional, accounting and other third-party fees incurred in connection with equity offerings. The stock issuance costs are offset against the proceeds upon the consummation of an equity offering.

***Capitalized Software*** 

The Company capitalizes eligible software development costs associated with internal-use software. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage, as well as costs for maintenance and training, are expensed as incurred. When placed in service, implementation costs are subsequently amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the asset. As of December 31, 2025, $1.3 million of capitalized costs associated with cloud computing arrangements were included in Other assets in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. No capitalize software costs were recognized as of December 31, 2024.

***Leases*** 

The Company determines whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at inception and assesses whether the lease should be classified as a finance or operating lease. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, all of the Company's leases are classified as operating leases. Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term, which includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. ROU assets are adjusted for prepaid lease payments, lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company elects the practical expedient to exclude leases with a term of 12 months or less from its consolidated balance sheets.

Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective lease and includes both lease and non-lease components due to the Company's election of the practical expedient to account for these components as a single lease component. The key estimates for the Company's leases include the incremental borrowing rate used to determine the present value of lease payments and the lease term. The Company's leases generally do not include an implicit rate. Management determines the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement.

***Revenue Recognition*** 

*License and Collaboration Revenue*

The Company entered into development and license agreements with Lepu Biotech Co., Ltd. (Lepu) and Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kissei), collectively referred to as the License and Collaboration Agreements. See Note 8 for a description of the License and Collaboration Agreements.

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At contract inception, the Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether such arrangements are within the scope of ASC 808, *Collaborative Arrangements* (ASC 808). This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. The Company's collaboration agreements can contain multiple units of account, and the components can be within the scope of ASC 808 or ASC 606, *Revenue Recognition* (ASC 606), depending on if the component is reflective of a vendor-customer relationship.

For units of account of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, either by analogy to authoritative accounting literature or by applying a reasonable and rational policy election. The Company evaluates the income statement classification for presentation of amounts due from or owed to other participants associated with multiple activities in a collaboration arrangement based on the nature of each separate activity.

For units of account accounted within scope of ASC 606, to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for the arrangements, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) identification of the performance obligations; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company's performance obligations under the terms of these agreements include a license grant, research and development services or customer options, depending on the terms of the License and Collaboration Agreement. Payments to the Company include a non-refundable upfront payment, payments based upon the achievement of development and commercial milestones, and royalties on product sales under the License and Collaboration agreements.

*Development milestones* 

The License and Collaboration Agreements include milestone payments that are triggered by the achievement of development milestones. These milestone payments represent variable consideration that are not initially recognized within the transaction price. Revenue from milestones will be recognized at the time the specified milestone events have been achieved.

*Sales milestones and royalty payments* 

The License and Collaboration Agreements also include certain sales-based milestone and royalty payments upon successful commercialization of a licensed product. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from sales-based milestone and royalty payments at the later of: (i) the occurrence of the subsequent sale; or (ii) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based milestone or royalty payments has been allocated or has been satisfied. The Company anticipates recognizing these milestones and royalty payments if and when subsequent sales are generated.

*Commercial and development revenue* 

The Company recognizes revenue from the commercial and development contracts in accordance with ASC 606. Commercial and development revenue consists of revenue earned by manufacturing products supplied to customers under various supply arrangements. In these arrangements, the customer typically owns and supplies the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or other proprietary materials used in the manufacturing process. The contracts include the terms of the manufacturing services, which typically include manufacturing services and development activities, both of which include multiple separate performance obligations.

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The performance obligations are satisfied over time and progress is generally measured using an output method based on achieving certain manufacturing milestones upon the completion of required tasks and activities. For arrangements where the Company owns the API throughout the manufacturing process, the performance obligations are generally similar to those in the customer-owned API arrangements, but the Company measures progress using an input method based on effort expended. Both methods provide an appropriate depiction of the Company's progress toward fulfilling its performance obligations.

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections may result in contract assets and contract liabilities. Contract assets are recorded when the Company's right to consideration is conditioned on something other than the passage of time and are reclassified to accounts receivable when the Company's rights become unconditional. Contract liabilities represent amounts received in advance of the Company's fulfillment of performance obligations and these liabilities convert to revenue as the Company performs its obligations under the contract.

***Research and Development Expenses*** 

Research and development (R&D) expenses consist of costs incurred for R&D of its product candidate and are recorded to operating expenses when incurred. The Company's R&D expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in performing R&D activities, including personnel-related expenses such as salaries, stock-based compensation and benefits, as well as allocated facilities costs, dues and subscriptions and external costs of outside vendors engaged as contract research organization (CRO), contract manufacturers, consultants and other third parties to conduct and support our clinical trials and preclinical studies.

***Clinical Expenses***

Clinical expenses are a component of research and development expense. The Company accrues and expenses clinical trial services performed by third parties based upon actual work completed in accordance with agreements established with its service providers. The Company estimates the costs through discussions with internal personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of services and the agreed-upon fees to be paid for such services. Payments under some of these contracts depend on clinical trial milestones. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company's vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of expenses. In accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company will adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly.

***Stock-Based Compensation*** 

The Company periodically grants equity-based payment awards to employees, directors and non-employees and recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on the estimated fair value of the grant, which expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of grant. Determining the appropriate fair value model and related input assumptions requires judgment, including estimating the stock price volatility and expected term. For performance-based awards, the fair value is based on the Company's stock price at the grant date. The Company assesses the probability of the likelihood of achievement for performance-based awards and recognizes the related expense accordingly.

The Company recognizes forfeitures related to stock-based compensation awards as they occur.

The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in the statement of operations in the same manner in which the award recipients' payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipients' service payments are classified.

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***Income Taxes*** 

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, *Income Taxes* (ASC 740). ASC 740 requires the use of the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. The current or deferred tax consequences of a transaction are measured by applying the provisions of enacted tax laws to determine the amount of taxes payable currently or in future years. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities and expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Under this method, a valuation allowance is used to offset deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets may not be realized. Management annually evaluates the recoverability of deferred taxes and the adequacy of the valuation allowance. See Note 14 for additional information.

The Company follows the provisions of ASC 740 relative to accounting for uncertain tax positions. These provisions provide guidance on the recognition, de-recognition and measurement of potential tax benefits associated with tax positions. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. As applicable, the Company recognizes accrued penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes.

Significant judgment is required in determining the Company's provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and the valuation allowance recorded against net deferred tax assets. The Company assesses the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered as deductions from future taxable income. The evaluation of the need for a valuation allowance is performed on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis and includes a review of all available positive and negative evidence. Factors reviewed include projections of pre-tax book income for the foreseeable future, determination of cumulative pre-tax book income after permanent differences, earnings history and reliability of forecasting.

The Company is required to file federal and state income tax returns in the U.S. The preparation of state tax returns requires the Company to interpret the applicable tax laws and regulations in effect in such jurisdictions, which could affect the amount of tax paid by the Company.

The Company's income tax returns are based on calculations and assumptions that are subject to examination by the IRS and other tax authorities. In addition, the calculation of the Company's tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. The Company recognizes liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. While the Company believes it has appropriate support for the positions taken on its tax returns, the Company regularly assesses the potential outcomes of examinations by tax authorities in determining the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. The Company continually assesses the likelihood and amount of potential revisions and adjusts the income tax provision, income taxes payable and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known.

The Company follows the accounting guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. The guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute criteria for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.

***Classification of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock*** 

Classification of the Company's Series A-1, B, C, D, E and F redeemable convertible preferred stock is being treated as mezzanine equity and not as part of stockholders' deficit because the holders of such shares have liquidation rights in the event of a deemed liquidation that, in certain situations, are not solely within the control of the Company and would require the redemption of the then-outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock. In addition, all of the Company's redeemable convertible preferred stock are redeemable with the passage of time on or after July 28, 2028, by class and if requested by a requisite majority of each class. See Note 10 for additional information, including the conversion of all redeemable convertible preferred stock as of December 31, 2025.

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The carrying values of the Series A-1, B, C, D, E and F redeemable convertible preferred stock are reported at their respective redemption values.

***Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders*** 

The Company determined all of its redeemable convertible preferred stock qualifies as participating securities, as defined in ASC 260, *Earnings per Share* (ASC 260) earnings with common stock. In accordance with ASC 260, a company is required to use the two-class method when computing net income (loss) per share when a company has securities that qualify as participating securities. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines net income (loss) per share for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Under the two-class method, the net loss attributable to common stockholders is not allocated to the convertible preferred stock as the preferred stockholders do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company's losses.

***Segment and Geographic Information*** 

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise (business activity from which it earns revenue and incurs expenses) about which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The chief operating decision maker reviews consolidated operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire company. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment. Substantially all of the Company's assets are located in the United States. See Note 9 for additional information.

***Recently Issued Accounting Standards*** 

Accounting standards not listed below were assessed and determined not to be applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The guidance includes the requirement that public business entities, on an annual basis, disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (or loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate). It also requires that all entities disclose, on an annual basis, the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign taxes and the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received) and requires that all entities disclose income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign. Lastly, the guidance eliminates the requirement for all entities to disclose the nature and estimate of the range of the reasonably possible change in the unrecognized tax benefits balance in the next 12 months or make a statement that an estimate of the range cannot be made. The Company adopted this guidance in the current year on a prospective basis, which did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures , which will improve the disclosures about a public business entity's expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions such as cost of sales, selling, general and administrative, and research and development. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available. The amendments should be applied on either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or (2) retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the amendments and the effect on its future consolidated financial statements.

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In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, *Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software*, which clarifies and modernizes the accounting for costs related to internal-use software. The amendments remove all references to project stages and clarify the threshold entities apply to begin capitalizing costs. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the amendments and the effect on its future consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, *Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow Scope Improvements*, which clarifies required interim disclosures under Topic 270 by providing a comprehensive list of required interim disclosures, and clarifies the applicability of Topic 270. This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2025-11 may be adopted on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its future consolidated financial statements.

**3.** **Fair Value Measurements** 

The following tables present the financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 in accordance with the ASC 820, *Fair Value Measurement* (ASC 820) hierarchy (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025** | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025** | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025** | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025** |
|  | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** |
| **Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| Cash equivalents | $16639 | $10056 | $— | $26695 |
| Marketable securities | $— | $709665 | $— | $709665 |
|  | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024** | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024** | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024** | **Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024** |
|  | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** |
| **Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| Cash equivalents | $256204 | $— | $— | $256204 |
| Marketable securities | $— | $484930 | $— | $484930 |

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The Company's cash equivalents represent deposits in a short-term U.S. Treasury money market fund quoted in an active market, which were classified as a Level 1 fair value measurement, and fixed income securities (U.S. treasury bills) with original maturities of 90 days or less. Marketable securities consist primarily of fixed income securities (U.S. treasury bills and notes) and corporate bonds with original maturities greater than 90 days. All fixed income securities and corporate bonds were classified as a Level 2 fair value measurement.

There were no transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

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**4.** **Property and Equipment, Net** 

The components of property and equipment, net as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Leasehold Improvements | $10499 | $— |
| Manufacturing and lab equipment | 5982 |  |
| Machinery and Equipment | 589 | 359 |
| Total property and equipment, cost | 17070 | 359 |
| Less: Accumulated depreciation | (1474) | (87) |
| Property and equipment, net | $15596 | $272 |

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Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1.4 million and was less than $0.1 million for both of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

**5.** **Goodwill and Intangibles, Net** 

***Goodwill***

In connection with the Conversion Event in July 2025, the Company recognized goodwill of $10.3 million. See Note 17 for additional information on this transaction.

The Company annually assesses goodwill for impairment in the fourth quarter of each calendar year and at an interim date if indications of impairment exist. During the year ended December 31, 2025, no goodwill impairment was recognized.

***Intangible Assets***

As part of the Conversion Event, the Company acquired customer relationships of $0.3 million and trade names and trademarks of $0.3 million. The components of intangible assets as of December 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Gross Carrying Amount** | **Accumulated Amortization** | **Net Carrying Amount** | **Useful Lives <br>(in years)** |
| Customer relationships | $300 | $13 | $287 | 10 |
| Trade names and trade marks | 300 | 12 | 288 | 10 |
| Total intangible assets, net | $600 | $25 | $575 |  |

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The Company's intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Intangible assets amortization expense was less than $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Accumulated Amortization** |
| 2026 | $60 |
| 2027 | 60 |
| 2028 | 60 |
| 2029 | 60 |
| 2030 | 60 |
| Thereafter | 275 |
| Total future amortization expense | $575 |

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**6.** **Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities** 

The components of accrued expenses and other current liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| External research and development expenses | $13936 | $7181 |
| Personnel-related expenses | 8216 | 5793 |
| Professional fees | 967 | 1255 |
| Deferred revenue | 286 |  |
| Other | 802 | 436 |
| Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $24207 | $14665 |

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**7.** **Commitments and Contingencies** 

***Operating Leases*** 

The Company has entered into non-cancellable operating leases with remaining lease terms expiring between 2026 and 2034. Of the four operating leases that have commenced as of December 31, 2025, three are leases in which the Company is the lessee for office space. The remaining operating lease was acquired in connection with the Conversion Event and includes office, manufacturing, and warehouse space. In the fourth quarter of 2025, the Company entered into an additional non-cancelable operating lease for office space with a term of approximately eight years, which, along with rent payments, is expected to commence in the third quarter of 2026. The Company had no finance leases as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Lease cost** |  |  |
| Operating lease cost | $699 | $228 |
| Total lease cost | $699 | $228 |
| **Other information** |  |  |
| Operating lease right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | $859 | $— |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities, included in operating cash flows | $588 | $223 |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | 4.04 | 1.20 |
| Weighted-average discount rate | 6.89% | 1.63% |

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Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2026 | 1162 |
| 2027 | 1137 |
| 2028 | 1116 |
| 2029 | 1039 |
| 2030 | 164 |
| Total lease payment | 4618 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less: amount representing imputed interest | (597) |
| Total future minimum lease obligations | $4021 |

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***Legal Proceedings*** 

A liability for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources is recorded in the consolidated financial statements if it is determined that it is probable that a loss has been incurred, and that the amount (or range) of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

On March 4, 2024, a complaint was filed against the Company in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware by ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. seeking a declaratory judgement that a provision in an assignment and technology transfer agreement between the Company and ANI, dated November 15, 2010 (the ANI Agreement), obligates the Company to pay ANI a royalty on certain "net sales" of cretostimogene, and (ii) compensatory damages alleging the Company was unjustly enriched by obtaining the benefit of certain non-patent assets under the ANI Agreement without paying adequate consideration to ANI. On July 16, 2025, the Superior Court granted the Company's motion for summary judgment with respect to ANI's request for a declaratory judgment to receive royalty payments from the potential sale of cretostimogene but denied the Company's motion for summary judgment with respect to ANI's unjust enrichment claim. On July 29, 2025, a jury entered a verdict in favor of the Company, unanimously rejecting all of ANI's claims for unjust enrichment damages. As a result, the Company will not owe ANI a future royalty of 5% on commercial sales of cretostimogene, no damages have been awarded to ANI, and there are no further payments due to ANI under the ANI Agreement. The Company will continue to vigorously defend any post-trial motions and appeals brought by ANI.

***Indemnification*** 

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to vendors, lessors, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with officers and members of the Board that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had not experienced any losses related to these indemnification obligations, and no claims with respect thereto were outstanding.

**8.** **License and Collaboration Agreements** 

***Lepu Biotech Co., Ltd.*** 

In March 2019, the Company entered into a development and license agreement with Lepu for cretostimogene (the Lepu License Agreement). Under the terms of the Lepu License Agreement, the Company granted to Lepu an exclusive license to develop, manufacture and commercialize cretostimogene and/or DDM to treat and/or prevent cancer in mainland China, including Hong Kong and Macau (the Lepu Territory). The Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to supply Lepu with its requirements of cretostimogene and DDM for its development activities at Lepu's cost and to periodically provide Lepu with manufacturing documentation and, at Lepu's cost, reasonably requested assistance related to the manufacture of clinical and, if applicable, commercial supplies of cretostimogene and DDM. The Company determined that control of the license was transferred to Lepu on March 2019 upon execution of the contract.

Lepu paid to the Company a one-time upfront payment of $4.5 million and is obligated to make regulatory milestone payments of up to $2.5 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $57.5 million. The Company is entitled to receive a high single-digit royalty on net sales of cretostimogene and/or DDM sold in the Lepu Territory, subject to a specified reduction. Lepu's royalty obligations will expire upon termination of the Lepu License Agreement.

The Company assessed the Lepu License Agreement in accordance with ASC 606 and determined that the performance obligation is comprised solely of the license grant to Lepu. The Company determined the transaction price was $4.5 million and recorded the entire amount upon transfer of control of the functional intellectual property license rights in 2019. The Company evaluated the provision of manufacturing activities related to clinical and commercial supply of the licensed products and concluded that the manufacturing activities were not performance obligations as the terms do not provide a material right to Lepu.

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Future milestone payments are fully contingent as the risk of significant revenue reversal will only be resolved depending on future regulatory approval and sales level outcomes. The Company will re-evaluate the likelihood of achieving future milestones at the end of each reporting period.

The sales-based royalty fee is considered variable consideration and will be recognized as revenue as such sales occur. The sales-based royalty fee qualifies for the royalty constraint exception and does not require an estimate of the future transaction price.

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, zero, $1.0 million and less than $0.1 million in collaboration and license fee revenue were recorded, respectively.

***Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.***

In March 2020, and amended as of September 2022, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Kissei (the Kissei License Agreement). Under the terms of the Kissei License Agreement, the Company granted to Kissei an exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (the Kissei Territory), for Kissei to develop and commercialize, but not manufacture, cretostimogene in combination with DDM (the Licensed Product) for all uses in oncology indications for which marketing approval is being sought. Under the Kissei Agreement, the Company and Kissei agree to use commercially reasonable efforts to collaborate on clinical development activities in the Kissei Territory and each party is responsible for conducting the applicable activities pursuant to an agreed development plan. Kissei is responsible for the costs of developing the Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory, and the Company is responsible for the costs of developing the Licensed Product outside the Kissei Territory (Global Development), provided that Kissei is responsible for a low-double digit percentage and the Company is responsible for a high-double digit percentage of the cost of development activities that cannot be attributed solely to the Kissei Territory or outside the Kissei Territory. The Company is obligated to supply and Kissei will exclusively purchase its clinical and commercial requirements of Licensed Product from the Company. Kissei is responsible for commercializing the Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory and is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to seek regulatory approval for and commercialize at least one Licensed Product in a specified indication. Until a certain period of time has passed after the first regulatory approval of the Licensed Product, the Company is prohibited from commercializing certain competing products worldwide and Kissei is prohibited from researching, developing or commercializing certain competing products worldwide.

Under the terms of the Kissei License Agreement, the Company received a $10.0 million one-time upfront payment and, in connection with entry into this agreement, Kissei purchased $30.0 million worth of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock as part of the Company's Series D financing. Kissei is obligated to make development and regulatory milestone payments to the Company of up to $33.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $67.0 million. The Company has agreed to pay Kissei a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product outside the Kissei Territory and outside the Lepu Territory (as described above), including on any U.S. sales, in a low-single digit percentage, subject to certain capped reductions. We are entitled to receive a royalty on net sales of Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory in the mid-twenties percentage, subject to certain capped reductions. Also, Kissei has the right to offset the royalty payments due to the Company with respect to the cost for the supply of Licensed Product sold by the Company to Kissei, and to indefinitely carryforward credits for any excess supply amounts paid over royalty amounts owed in a given quarter. The Company is entitled to receive a specified minimum percentage of royalties on net sales of a given Licensed Product in a given country and a given quarter, unless, if for such Licensed Product in such country and such quarter, Kissei has taken the maximum allowable reductions and the ratio of the cost for the supply of Licensed Product to the sales price for Licensed Product exceeds a low-double digit percentage threshold, then the Company shall receive no royalties on the net sales of such Licensed Product in such country and such quarter. Kissei's and the Company's royalty obligations will expire on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis on the later of twelve years from the date of first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such country or when there is no longer a valid patent claim covering such Licensed Product in such country.

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The Kissei Agreement will expire on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis when there is no remaining royalty or milestone payment obligation due to a party with respect to such Licensed Product in such country. Following expiration of the Kissei Agreement in its entirety, the licenses the Company granted to Kissei will become non-exclusive, fully-paid royalty-free and irrevocable and Kissei will have the right to negotiate directly with our product suppliers for the direct supply of Licensed Product to Kissei. The Kissei Agreement may be terminated either by Kissei or by the Company in the event of an uncured material breach by the other party or in the event the other party becomes subject to specified bankruptcy, insolvency or similar circumstances. In addition, the Company have the right to terminate the Kissei Agreement in the event that Kissei commences a legal action challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any licensed patents under the Kissei Agreement. Kissei may terminate the Kissei Agreement at will upon specified written notice. Additionally, Kissei may terminate the Kissei Agreement for our willful and malicious misconduct that results in substantial and irreparable harm to the commercial value of the Licensed Products in the Kissei Territory and upon any such termination, the licenses the Company granted to Kissei will become royalty-free and fully paid-up and Kissei will have the right to negotiate directly with our contract manufacturing organizations for the supply of Licensed Product. Upon termination of the Kissei Agreement for any other reason all rights and licenses granted to Kissei to develop and commercialize the product under the Kissei Agreement will terminate, subject to certain rights to sell existing inventory of Licensed Products by Kissei and its sublicensees. Upon termination of the Kissei Agreement for Kissei's breach, any sublicenses granted by Kissei may, upon the Company's discretion, continue.

The Company evaluated the Kissei Agreement to determine whether it is a collaborative arrangement in the scope of ASC 808. The Company concluded the Kissei Agreement is a collaborative agreement under ASC 808, as the Kissei Agreement involves a joint operating activity, each party is an active participant in the activities related to the Kissei Agreement, and both parties are exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent upon the commercial success of the activities related to the Kissei Agreement.

The Company determined the Kissei Agreement contained two material components: (i) an exclusive license granted to Kissei to certain intellectual property rights in the Kissei Territory, for Kissei to develop and commercialize, but not manufacture, the Licensed Product for all uses in oncology; and (ii) the parties' participation in the Global Development of the Licensed Product. The Company used the criteria specified in ASC 606 to determine which of the components of the Kissei Agreement are performance obligations with a customer and concluded Kissei is the Company's customer for the license and related activities in the Kissei Territory under ASC 606. The Global Development activities under the agreement does not present a transaction with a customer and the payments received by the Company for Global Development activities, including manufacturing, will be accounted for as a reduction of related expenses.

The Company evaluated the Kissei Territory specific license and related activities under ASC 606, as these transactions are considered transactions with a customer, and identified two material promises at the outset of the Kissei License Agreement, which consists of the following: (1) the exclusive license and (2) the manufacturing activities related to development and commercial supply of the Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory. The Company further evaluated the material promise associated with manufacturing activities related to development and commercial supply of the Licensed Products in the Kissei Territory. Given Kissei is not obligated to purchase any minimum amount or quantities of the development and commercial supply from the Company, the Company concluded, for the purpose of ASC 606, the provision of manufacturing activities related to development and commercial supply of the Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory was an option but not a performance obligation of the Company at the inception of the Kissei Agreement and will be accounted for if and when exercised. The Company also concluded there is no separate material right in connection with the development and commercial supply of the licensed product, as the expected pricing was not issued at a significant and incremental discount. Therefore, the manufacturing activities were excluded as performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement.

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The Company evaluated the license under ASC 606 and concluded the license is a functional intellectual property license. The Company determined Kissei benefited from the license at the time of grant and, therefore, the related performance obligation was satisfied at a point in time. Additionally, the Company is entitled to development and regulatory milestones as well as sales milestones and royalties from Kissei upon future sales of the Licensed Product in the Kissei Territory. Future milestone payments are fully contingent as the risk of significant reversal will only be resolved depending on future development milestones, regulatory approval and sales level outcomes. The Company re-evaluates the likelihood of achieving future milestones at the end of each reporting period. The royalties are considered variable consideration and will be recognized as revenue as such sales occur. The sales-based royalties qualify for the royalty constrain exception and do not require an estimate of the future transaction price.

As the sale of $30.0 million of the Company's Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock and the Kissei License Agreement were entered into concurrently and negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective, the Company accounted for the two agreements as a single arrangement for accounting purposes. The total upfront payments of $40.0 million were comprised of $30.0 million attributed to the Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock sold to Kissei and $10.0 million attributed to the functional intellectual property license granted to Kissei. The Company determined that the sale of the Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock of $30.0 million was at fair value and did not include a premium or discount. As a result, $10.0 million of the total upfront payments was allocated to the transaction price of the exclusive license.

For the purposes of ASC 606, the transaction price of the Kissei Agreement as of the outset of the arrangement was determined to be $10.0 million, which consisted of the one-time upfront payment. The other potential milestone payments the Company is eligible to receive were excluded from the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained based on the probability of achievement. The Company satisfied the performance obligation upon delivery of the license and recognized the upfront payment of $10.0 million as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized milestone revenue of $10 million for cash consideration received associated with an achieved development milestone and $0.4 million in development income related to the Kissei License Agreement.

During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $0.8 million, $0.2 million, $0.2 million in development income, respectively, related to the Kissei License Agreement.

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**9.** **Segment Disclosures**

The Company operates as a single operating segment. The Company's chief operating decision maker (CODM) is its chief executive officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis. The CODM uses consolidated net income (loss) to assess financial performance and allocate resources. The CODM does not review assets in evaluating the results of the single segment and therefore, such information is not presented.

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company's single operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Revenues |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial and development revenue | $3234 | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;License and collaboration revenue | 806 | 1139 | 204 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total revenues | 4040 | 1139 | 204 |
| Less: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of sales | 4647 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Clinical and manufacturing | 98671 | 66462 | 35966 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other research and development<sup>(1)</sup> | 17970 | 15640 | 9786 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total research and development | 116641 | 82102 | 45752 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 73526 | 33703 | 9901 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total costs and operating expenses | 194814 | 115805 | 55653 |
| Loss from operations | (190774) | (114666) | (55449) |
| Other income, net | 29779 | 26627 | 6842 |
| Net loss | $(160995) | $(88039) | $(48607) |
| <br>(1) Other research and development consists of indirect costs incurred for the benefit of the research and development efforts, including certain personnel, supply chain, quality assurance, and regulatory affairs. | <br>(1) Other research and development consists of indirect costs incurred for the benefit of the research and development efforts, including certain personnel, supply chain, quality assurance, and regulatory affairs. | <br>(1) Other research and development consists of indirect costs incurred for the benefit of the research and development efforts, including certain personnel, supply chain, quality assurance, and regulatory affairs. | <br>(1) Other research and development consists of indirect costs incurred for the benefit of the research and development efforts, including certain personnel, supply chain, quality assurance, and regulatory affairs. |

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**10.** **Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock**

As of December 31, 2025, the Company has no outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock as all redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into common stock concurrently with the initial public offering in January 2024.

**11.** **Common Stock** 

The Company is authorized to issue up to 700,000,000 shares of common stock as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, of which 80,689,128 and 76,154,783 shares were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of the redeemable convertible preferred stock, of which there are none as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

***Dividends*** 

The holders of common stock shall be entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available therefore at such times and in such amounts as the board of directors may determine in its sole discretion.

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***Liquidation Rights*** 

Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company or deemed liquidation event of the Company, all of the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to the stockholders shall be distributed among the holders of the common stock, pro rata based on the number of shares held by each such holder.

***Reserved Shares*** 

As of December 31, 2025, the Company reserved the following shares of common stock for issuance:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** |
| Stock options and awards outstanding | 8124561 |
| Reserved for future stock award issuances | 4066840 |
| Reserved for future ESPP issuances | 713703 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 12905104 |

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**12.** **Stock-Based Compensation** 

In 2015, the Company established the 2015 Plan, under which the Company may grant options and restricted stock to its employees and certain non-employees. As of December 31, 2025, there were 646,116 shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2015 Plan. In 2022, the Company established the 2022 Plan, under which the Company may grant options, restricted stock units, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalents and other stock and cash-based awards to its employees and certain non-employees. As of December 31, 2025, there were 3,206,430 shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2022 Plan.

On January 11, 2024, the Company's board of directors and stockholders approved the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2024 Plan), which became effective on the date immediately preceding the date on which the Company's registration statement with respect to its initial public offering was declared effective by the SEC. The 2024 Plan replaced the 2022 Plan, as the Company's board of directors has determined to not make additional grants under the 2022 Plan following the closing of the offering. However, the 2015 and 2022 Plan will continue to govern outstanding equity awards granted under the 2015 and 2022 Plans. The 2024 Plan allows the Company to make equity-based and cash-based incentive awards to its officers, employees, directors and consultants. The number of shares initially available for issuance under awards granted pursuant to the 2024 Plan is (1) 8,246,565 shares, plus (2) any shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2015 Plan and 2022 Plan as of the effective date of the 2024 Plan that become available for issuance under the 2024 Plan thereafter in accordance with its terms. As of December 31, 2025, there were 4,105,673 shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards and 4,066,835 shares of common stock remaining and available for issuance under the 2024 Plan.

The Company may grant options to purchase authorized but unissued shares of the Company's common stock. Options granted under the 2015 Plan, 2022 Plan and 2024 Plan include incentive stock options that can be granted only to the Company's employees and non-statutory stock options that can be granted to the Company's employees, consultants, advisors and directors.

The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions of the awards to be granted under the 2015 Plan, 2022 Plan and 2024 Plan are determined by the Board, except that no stock option may be issued with an exercise price less than the fair market value of the common stock at the date of the grant or have a term in excess of ten years. Options granted under the 2015 Plan, 2022 Plan and 2024 Plan are exercisable in whole or in part at any time subsequent to vesting.

***Stock Options*** 

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The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of<br>Outstanding Options** | **Weighted<br>Average<br>Exercise<br>Price** | **Weighted<br>Average<br>Remaining<br>Contractual<br>Term** | **Aggregate<br>Intrinsic<br>Value** |
|  |  |  | **(Years)** |  |
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | 6574580 | $14.19 | 8.20 | $108155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | 2704280 | $22.10 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised | (598547) | $8.70 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | (722094) | $21.90 |  |  |
| Balance at December 31, 2025 | 7958219 | $16.59 | 7.96 | $198545 |
| Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2025 | 7958219 | $16.59 | 7.96 | $198545 |
| Exercisable at December 31, 2025 | 3500670 | $11.38 | 7.14 | $105496 |

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The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company's common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $12.8 million, $33.2 million, and $4.9 million, respectively.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of the options granted was $15.16, $22.53 and $4.27 per share for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The aggregate grant-date fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $27.1 million, $6.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of option awards for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Expected volatility | 67.88% - 77.58% | 77.34% - 84.50% | 81.6% |
| Risk-free interest rate | 3.7% - 4.5% | 3.46% - 4.62% | 3.58% - 4.77% |
| Expected dividend yield | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Expected term (in years) | 5.25 - 6.1 | 6.0 - 6.1 | 6 |

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The Company has recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $23.7 million, $9.5 million, and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had an aggregate $62.3 million of gross unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options as of December 31, 2025. This remaining expense is expected to be amortized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

*Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units* 

A Performance Stock Unit (PSU) represents one equivalent share of the Company's common stock to be issued after achievement of the performance metrics specified in the grant. The following table summarizes the Company's PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2025:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Number of Shares** | **Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value** |
| Nonvested at December 31, 2024 |  | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | 173964 | $39.57 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vested | (7622) | $43.25 |
| Nonvested at December 31, 2025 | 166342 | $39.40 |
| Expected to vest at December 31, 2025 | 166342 | $39.40 |

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The Company estimates the fair value of a PSU based upon the expected achievement of the performance metrics specified in the grant and the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The aggregate fair value of PSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2025 was approximately $0.3 million.

Stock-based compensation expense associated with these PSUs is recognized if achievement of the underlying performance condition is considered probable of achievement based on the Company's best estimates. The Company has recorded stock-based compensation expense related to PSUs of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an aggregate $6.6 million of gross unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested PSUs to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years, including the expense attributable to PSUs for which achievement is not considered probable and no current expense is being recognized.

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards and the 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (see Note 13) recorded in the accompanying statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Research and development | $9481 | $3736 | $795 |
| General and administrative | 17195 | 7666 | 733 |
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $26676 | $11402 | $1528 |

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The Company has not recognized and does not expect to recognize in the near future, any tax benefit related to employee stock-based compensation expense as a result of the full valuation allowance related to its net deferred tax assets.

**13.** **Employee Stock Purchase Plan** 

On January 11, 2024, the Company's board of directors and stockholders approved the 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ESPP), which became effective on the date on which the Company's registration statement with respect to its initial public offering was declared effective by the SEC. The number of shares initially available for issuance pursuant to the ESPP is 812,242 shares. The ESPP provides for the sale of the Company's common stock to eligible employees at 85% of the fair market value of the Company's common stock at the commencement date of each offering period or the relevant date of purchase, whichever is lower. Payroll deductions are limited to 15% of the employee's eligible compensation, subject to IRS limits. In addition, employees may not buy more than 100,000 shares during any purchase period or offering period. There were 69,393 shares purchased under the ESPP during the year ended December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, there were approximately 0.7 million shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense under the ESPP of approximately $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $0.8 million of gross unrecognized stock-based compensation expense under the ESPP to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.9 years.

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**14.** **Income Taxes** 

The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Current taxes: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Federal | $— | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State | 8 | 1 | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current taxes | 8 | 1 | 1 |
| Deferred taxes: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Federal | (261) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;State | (17) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total deferred taxes | (278) |  |  |
| Provision for income taxes | $(270) | $1 | $1 |

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The reconciliation of taxes at the federal statutory rate to our provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 in accordance with the guidance upon adoption of ASU 2023-09 was as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** |
|  | **Tax Effect** | **Effective Tax Rate** |
| Income tax computed at federal statutory rate | $(33784) | 21.0% |
| State and local income tax, net of federal income tax effect | (71) | 0.1 |
| Nontaxable or nondeductible items | 315 | (0.2) |
| Tax credits - research credits | (2937) | 1.8 |
| Changes in unrecognized tax benefits | 412 | (0.3) |
| Changes in valuation allowance | 35883 | (22.3) |
| Other, net | (88) | 0.1 |
| Effective income tax rate | $(270) | 0.2% |

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The reconciliation of taxes at the federal statutory rate to our provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 in accordance with the guidance prior to the adoption of ASU 2023-09 was as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Twelve Months Ended** | **Twelve Months Ended** |
|  | **2024** | **2023** |
| Income tax computed at federal statutory rate | 21.00% | 21.00% |
| State taxes, net of federal benefit | (0.00) | (0.00) |
| Permanent differences | (0.62) | (0.64) |
| Stock-based compensation | 6.18 | (0.20) |
| Research and development credit | 2.64 | 2.97 |
| Other | 0.27 | 0.59 |
| Valuation allowance | (29.47) | (23.72) |
| Effective income tax rate | 0.00% | 0.00% |

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The Company's deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, consisted of the following (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net operating losses | $64432 | $34612 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;R&D credit | 9898 | 6946 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign tax credit | 425 | 425 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities | 895 | 50 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Section 174 | 14400 | 12536 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock compensation | 4919 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 523 | 1884 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total gross deferred tax assets | 95492 | 56453 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use assets | (945) | (46) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation | (1042) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | (248) | (5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total gross deferred tax liabilities | (2235) | (51) |
| Net deferred tax assets | 93257 | 56402 |
| Valuation allowance | (93287) | (56402) |
| Net deferred tax asset | $(30) | $— |

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Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets increased by $36.9 million. This increase was primarily related to the establishment of a valuation allowance against additional net operating loss (NOL) and research credits generated in the current year.

No income tax audits were commenced or were in process during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and no tax related interest or penalties were incurred during those years. The Company's tax returns beginning with the tax year ended December 31, 2011 remain subject to examination since the Company has not utilized any of its historical net operating losses.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $301.7 million and $11.3 million of federal and state NOL carryforwards, respectively. Of the $301.7 million in federal NOL carryforwards, $292.2 million is not subject to expiration and the other $9.5 million begin to expire in 2030. The state NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2040. In addition, as of December 31, 2025, the Company had $10.9 million of federal research and development (R&D) credit carryovers which begin to expire in 2030 and $1.8 million of California credit carryovers, which can be carried forward indefinitely. There is also $0.1 million of Texas credit which can be carried forward for twenty years. These loss and credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the appropriate taxing authorities.

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Utilization of the Company's NOL carryforwards and R&D credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future in accordance with Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (Section 382) as well as similar state provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of NOL and R&D credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and taxes, respectively. In general, an ownership change as defined by Section 382 results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public companies in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. Since its formation, the Company has raised capital through the issuance of capital stock on several occasions. These financings could result in a change of control as defined by Section 382, and consequently the Company's utilization of the NOL carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the NOL carryforwards before utilization.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded $1.9 million and $1.4 million unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense, if any, in its statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, no estimated interest or penalties were recognized on uncertain tax positions, and as of December 31, 2025 the Company has not incurred any material interest or penalties as of the current reporting date with respect to income tax matters.

The following reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Beginning balance of unrecognized tax benefits | $1397 | $1000 | $691 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additions for prior year tax positions | (34) | (12) | 53 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additions for current year tax positions | 505 | 409 | 256 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ending balance of unrecognized tax benefits | $1868 | $1397 | $1000 |

---

None of the unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would impact the annual effective tax rate, due to the valuation allowance. The Company's unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as a reduction in deferred tax assets.

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act's (TCJA) amendment to Section 174 required research and experimental (R&E) expenditures to be capitalized in the year the amounts are incurred for amounts paid in tax years starting after December 31, 2021. The capitalized amounts are then amortized over a period of five years, if the research is performed within the U.S., or 15 years, with respect to non-U.S. based research. The amended statute specifies that amortization will begin with the midpoint of the taxable year in which expenses are paid or incurred, creating a significant first year impact. However, beginning in tax years after December 31, 2024, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted and allows taxpayers to fully deduct domestic research costs in the year paid or incurred for federal income tax purposes and certain state income tax purposes and retains the requirement of 15 year amortization for R&E costs attributable to outside the U.S.

Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds, during the year ended December 31, 2025 was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** |
| Federal | $— |
| State | 16 |
| Total income taxes paid, net of refunds | $16 |

---

------

**15.** **Debt**

***SVB Term Loan***

In January 2021, the Company entered into the Loan Agreement with SVB for a term loan in three tranches. In 2021, the Company drew down on two of the tranches in the aggregate principal amount of $15.0 million. On May 12, 2023, the Company repaid all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest on the funds received under the Loan Agreement and all other outstanding obligations with respect to the funds received under the Loan Agreement and made a final payment.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company entered into a Success Fee Agreement (the Success Fee Agreement) with SVB in January 2021. In accordance with the Success Fee Agreement, the Company agreed to pay to SVB an amount equal to (a) the quotient of (i) the aggregate original principal amount of all Term Loan Advances made by SVB to the Company divided by (ii) $5 million, multiplied by (b) $125,000 (the Success Fee), upon the closing of a success fee event (the Success Fee Event) and, in the event of an IPO, within five business days of closing such IPO. In connection with the Company's IPO, it became obligated to pay SVB the Success Fee.

On March 5, 2024, the Company paid $0.4 million for the success fee under the Success Fee Agreement. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has no outstanding obligations in connection with the Loan Agreement with SVB.

In connection with the Conversion Event, the Company assumed an unsecured promissory note held by Biovire (the Biovire Note) with an outstanding principal balance of $3.0 million. The Company determined that the carrying amount of the Biovire Note represented its fair value. The Biovire Note is due and payable on February 28, 2028 (Maturity Date) and accrues interest at the lesser of (i) the daily term SOFR rate plus 2.60% and (ii) 25.0%, or the highest rate permitted by applicable law, and is payable monthly. The Company has the ability to repay the Biovire Note in full prior to the Maturity Date without penalty.

------

**16.** **Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders**

Basic and diluted net loss per share was calculated as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Numerator: |  |  |  |
| Net loss and comprehensive loss | $(160995) | $(88039) | $(48607) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deemed dividend on redeemable convertible preferred stock issuances |  |  | $(410) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cumulative redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends |  |  | $(18781) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss and comprehensive loss | $(160995) | $(88039) | $(67798) |
| Denominator: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic and diluted | 77303440 | 62496725 | 4330933 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $(2.08) | $(1.41) | $(15.65) |

---

The Company's potentially dilutive securities, which include redeemable convertible preferred stock and stock options, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. The Company considers all series of its convertible preferred stock to be participating securities as the holders of such stock have the right to receive dividends on a pari passu basis in the event that a dividend is paid on common stock. Under the two-class method, the net loss attributable to common stockholders is not allocated to the convertible preferred stock as the preferred stockholders do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company's losses.

The Company excluded the following from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock |  |  | 38413913 |
| Stock options outstanding | 7958219 | 6574580 | 5532871 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | 7958219 | 6574580 | 43946784 |

---

------

**17.** **Acquisition of Biovire**

On July 20, 2025, the Company obtained control of the SPV through the Conversion Event, resulting in SafeGuard owning 100% of the membership interest of the SPV. As a result of the Conversion Event, the Company also indirectly obtained control of Biovire as the SPV owns 99.96% of the capital stock of Biovire. As a result of this change in control, purchase accounting was applied by the Company and the operations of Biovire are consolidated as of the effective date of the conversion. See footnote 1 for more information on the Note.

Biovire is a contract manufacturer specializing in the fill and finish of novel drugs and medical devices for pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Prior to becoming a majority-owned subsidiary, Biovire was a vendor to the Company and continues to provide clinical supply of cretostimogene used in the Company's clinical trials. The acquisition provides the Company the ability to supply its requirements of cretostimogene during the remainder of its clinical trials.

Consideration was determined to be the fair value of the note receivable that was exchanged for the majority of shares of the SPV and Biovire. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, under which the acquired assets, including intangible assets, and assumed liabilities were recognized at their estimated fair values as of July 20, 2025, with the excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired recognized as goodwill. The Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the operating results of the SPV and Biovire from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2025.

The purchase price allocation is set forth in the table below and represents the Company's fair value estimates related to the acquisition as of July 20, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Estimated fair value** |
| Identifiable assets acquired |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash | $4033 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current assets | 2565 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use assets | 3413 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net | 16610 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intangible assets | 600 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total identifiable assets acquired | 27221 |
| Liabilities assumed |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current liabilities | 2410 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion | 2800 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term debt | 3000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred tax liability | 307 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other long-term liabilities | 2157 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities assumed | 10674 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net identifiable assets acquired | 16547 |
| Goodwill | 10297 |
| Total fair value of consideration paid | $26844 |

---

The purchase price was allocated to the tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their acquisition date estimated fair values. The carrying amount of accounts receivable and inventory acquired represented their fair value. Property and equipment were assigned a fair value of $16.6 million, based on a combination of the cost and market approaches, and will be amortized over a weighted average of 5.5 years. The identifiable intangible assets consist of trade names and trademarks and customer relationships which were each assigned fair values of approximately $0.3 million and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 10 years. The acquired intangible assets were valued utilizing either the relief from royalty method or the multi-period excess earnings method, as appropriate. These approaches require judgment, including those related to projected net cash flows, revenue growth rates, and the discount rate used to discount the cash flows.

------

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired in addition to liabilities assumed arising from the business combination. The Company believes the goodwill related to the acquisition was attributable to the expected synergies, value of the assembled workforce, and the collective experience of the management team with regards to its operations, customers, and industry.

**18.** **Subsequent Events** 

From January 1, 2026 through February 27, 2026, 3,623,101 shares were sold under the Jefferies Sales Agreement, at a weighted average price of $52.96 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $188.0 million, after deducting discounts and commissions.

------

**Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.**

None.

**Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.**

**Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures** 

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

**Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting** 

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). We maintain internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. In accordance with the SEC's general guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be excluded from management's report on internal control over financial reporting in the year of such acquisition, our assessment of, and conclusion on, the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Biovire, Inc., which was acquired on July 20, 2025. The financial results of this acquisition are included in our audited financial statements as of December 31, 2025. Total assets attributable to the acquisition of Biovire, Inc., represented approximately 5% of our consolidated assets as of December 31, 2025, and revenue and net loss attributable to Biovire, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2025 were 80% and 4%, respectively, of our consolidated results.

As of December 31, 2025, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Management's assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on management's assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report, which is included herein.

**Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting** 

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

------

**Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls**

Management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

------

**Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of CG Oncology, Inc.

**Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

We have audited CG Oncology, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, CG Oncology, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on the COSO criteria.

As indicated in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management's assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Biovire, Inc., which is included in the 2025 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 5% of total as of December 31, 2025, and 80% and 4% of revenues and net loss, respectively, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Biovire, Inc.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and our report dated February 27, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

**Basis for Opinion**

The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

------

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Irvine, California

February 27, 2026

**Item 9B. Other Information.**

**Trading Arrangements**

During the three months ended December 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

**Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.**

Not applicable.

------

**PART III**

**Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.**

The information required by this item (other than as set forth below) will be contained in our Proxy Statement, which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, and is incorporated herein by reference.

We have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics that applies to all officers, directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or person performing similar functions. A current copy of the Code of Conduct and Ethics is available on the Corporate Governance section of our website at ir.cgooncology.com. If we make any substantive amendments to the Code of Conduct and Ethics or grant any waiver from a provision of the Code of Conduct and Ethics to any executive officer or director that are required to be disclosed pursuant to SEC rules, we will promptly disclose the nature of the amendment or waiver on our website or in a current report on Form 8-K.

**Item 11. Executive Compensation.**

The information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Executive Compensation," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," "Compensation Committee Report" and "Non-Employee Director Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.** 

The information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans," and is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.** 

The information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions" and "The Board of Directors and Certain Governance Matters," and is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.**

The information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the heading "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" and is incorporated herein by reference.

------

**PART IV**

**Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1.** **Financial Statements.**

See "Index to Consolidated Financial Statements" under Part II, Item 8 to this Annual Report.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**2.** **Finance Statement Schedules.**

All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.** **Exhibits.**

A list of exhibits is set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding the signature page of this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.**

None.

------

**EXHIBIT INDEX** 

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit**<br>**Number** | **Exhibit Description** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Filed**<br>**Herewith** |
|  |  | **Form** | **Date** | **Number** |  |
| 3.1 | [<u>Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524009621/d551455dex33.htm) | S-1/A | 01/18/24 | 3.3 |  |
| 3.2 | [<u>Amended and Restated Bylaws</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524000766/d551455dex34.htm) | S-1 | 01/02/24 | 3.4 |  |
| 4.1 | [<u>Specimen stock certificate evidencing the shares of common stock</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524009621/d551455dex41.htm) | S-1/A | 01/18/24 | 4.1 |  |
| 4.2 | [<u>Amended and Restated Investors' Rights Agreement, dated July 28, 2023, as amended, by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524009621/d551455dex42.htm) | S-1/A | 01/18/24 | 4.2 |  |
| 4.3 | [<u>Description of Registered Securities</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000095017024036143/ck0001991792-ex4_3.htm) | 10-K  | 03/26/24  | 4.3 |  |
| 10.1# | [<u>CG Oncology, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, and form of stock grant agreement and form of stock option agreement thereunder</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524016881/d746958dex101.htm) | S-8 | 01/26/24 | 10.1 |  |
| 10.2# | [<u>CG Oncology, Inc. 2022 Incentive Award Plan and form of stock option agreement, form of stock option agreement (early exercise) and form of restricted stock unit agreement thereunder</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524016881/d746958dex102.htm) | S-8 | 01/26/24 | 10.2 |  |
| 10.3# | [<u>CG Oncology, Inc. 2024 Incentive Award Plan and form of stock option agreement and form of restricted stock unit agreement thereunder</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524016881/d746958dex103.htm) | S-8 | 01/26/24 | 10.3 |  |
| 10.4# | [<u>CG Oncology, Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524016881/d746958dex104.htm) | S-8 | 01/26/24 | 10.4 |  |
| 10.5# | [<u>Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Program</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000095017025046351/ck0001991792-ex10_5.htm) | 10-K | 03/28/25 | 10.5 |  |
| 10.6† | [<u>Development and License Agreement, dated March 11, 2019, between the Lepu Biotech Co., Ltd. and the Registrant</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524000766/d551455dex106.htm) | S-1 | 01/02/24 | 10.6 |  |
| 10.7† | [<u>License and Collaboration Agreement, dated March 26, 2020, between Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and the Registrant</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524000766/d551455dex107.htm) | S-1 | 01/02/24 | 10.7 |  |
| 10.8† | [<u>First Amendment to the License and Collaboration Agreement, dated September 15, 2022, between Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and the Registrant</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524000766/d551455dex108.htm) | S-1 | 01/02/24 | 10.8 |  |
| 10.9# | [<u>Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524000766/d551455dex109.htm) | S-1 | 01/02/24 | 10.9 |  |
| 10.10# | [<u>Annual Bonus Plan</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524000766/d551455dex1011.htm) | S-1 | 01/02/24 | 10.11 |  |
| 10.11# | [<u>Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective January 9, 2025, between Arthur Kuan and the Registrant</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000095017025046351/ck0001991792-ex10_11.htm) | 10-K | 03/28/25 | 10.11 |  |
| 10.12# | [<u>Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective January 9, 2025, between Ambaw Bellete and the Registrant</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000095017025046351/ck0001991792-ex10_12.htm) | 10-K<br>| 03/28/25<br>| 10.12 |  |
| 10.13# | [<u>Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective January 9, 2025, between Vijay Kasturi and the Registrant</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000095017025046351/ck0001991792-ex10_13.htm) | 10-K<br>| 03/28/25<br>| 10.13 |  |
| 10.14# | [<u>Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective January 9, 2025, between Joshua F. Patterson and the Registrant</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000095017025046351/ck0001991792-ex10_15.htm) | 10-K<br>| 03/28/25<br>| 10.15 |  |

---

------

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 10.15# | [<u>Consulting Agreement, effective November 13, 2025, between Monomoy Advisors, LLC and the Registrant</u>](ck0001991792-ex10_15.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 10.16# | [<u>Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (2024 Incentive Award Plan)</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312525283000/ck0001991792-ex10_1.htm) | 10-Q | 11/14/25 | 10.1 |  |
| 10.17 | [<u>Open Market Sale Agreement, by and between CG Oncology, Inc. and Jefferies LLC, dated March 28, 2025.</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312525067207/d927811dex12.htm) | S-3ASR | 03/28/25 | 1.2 |  |
| 19.1 | [<u>Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy</u>](ck0001991792-ex19_1.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 21.1 | [<u>Subsidiaries of the Registrant</u>](ck0001991792-ex21_1.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 23.1 | [<u>Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</u>](ck0001991792-ex23_1.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 24.1 | [<u>Power of Attorney (see signature page)</u>](#power_of_attorney) |  |  |  | X |
| 31.1 | [<u>Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002</u>](ck0001991792-ex31_1.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 31.2 | [<u>Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002</u>](ck0001991792-ex31_2.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 32.1\* | [<u>Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002</u>](ck0001991792-ex32_1.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 32.2\* | [<u>Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002</u>](ck0001991792-ex32_2.htm) |  |  |  | X |
| 97# | [<u>Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation</u>](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1991792/000119312524000766/d551455dex1010.htm) | S-1 | 01/02/24 | 10.10 |  |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  | X |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Document. |  |  |  | X |
| 104 | Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101 |  |  |  | X |

---

------

# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

\* This certification is furnished herewith and deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

† Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K because it is both not material and is the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

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**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

---

| |
|:---|
| **CG ONCOLOGY, INC.** |
| /s/ Arthur Kuan |
| Arthur Kuan<br>Chairman and Chief Executive Officer |

---

Date: February 27, 2026

**POWER OF ATTORNEY**

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Arthur Kuan and Jim DeTore, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Title** | **Date** |
| /s/ Arthur Kuan | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | February 27, 2026 |
| **Arthur Kuan** | (principal executive officer) |  |
| /s/ Jim DeTore | Interim Principal Financial and Accounting Officer | February 27, 2026 |
| **Jim DeTore** |  |  |
| /s/ Susan Graf | Director | February 27, 2026 |
| **Susan Graf** |  |  |
| /s/ Brian Liu, M.D. | Director | February 27, 2026 |
| **Brian Liu, M.D.** |  |  |
| /s/ James J. Mulé, IPh.D. | Director | February 27, 2026 |
| **James J. Mulé, IPh.D.** |  |  |
| /s/ Leonard Post, Ph.D. | Director | February 27, 2026 |
| **Leonard Post, Ph.D.** |  |  |
| /s Christina Rossi | Director | February 27, 2026 |
| **Christina Rossi** |  |  |
| /s/ Victor Tong, Jr. | Director | February 27, 2026 |
| **Victor Tong, Jr.** |  |  |

---

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## Exhibit 10.15

Exhibit 10.15

**CONSULTING AGREEMENT**

This Consulting Agreement (the "Agreement") is made effective as November 14, 2025 (the "Effective Date"), by and between CG Oncology (the "Client") and Monomoy Advisors, LLC ("Monomoy"). The Client and Monomoy are herein sometimes referred to individually as a "Party" and collectively as the "Parties." The Parties agree that Monomoy will be engaged on the following terms and conditions.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.<u>Services</u>. Monomoy will provide services to the Client (the "Services") which are described in <u>Exhibit A</u>. The Services may be amended or adjusted upon written agreement by both Parties and will be periodically reviewed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.<u>Compensation</u>. In consideration of Monomoy's performance of the Services, the Client shall compensate Monomoy as described in <u>Exhibit A</u>, which compensation shall include a cash consulting fee (the "Consulting Fee"). Consulting Fees will be invoiced as incurred and are due within thirty (30) days of the date of invoice, which shall include sufficient information to identify the nature of the Services. If the Parties agree to amend or adjust the Services pursuant to Paragraph 1 of this Agreement, the Parties will also negotiate in good faith to adjust the Consulting Fee accordingly. The Consulting Fee is subject to an annual increase effective January 1 of each year, pursuant to written notice by Monomoy. Additional fees are payable hereunder as described below and in <u>Exhibit A</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.<u>Expenses</u>. The Client will reimburse Monomoy for all reasonable out-of-pocket business expenses ("Expenses"), including but not limited to travel and parking, incurred by Monomoy in performing the Services. Expenses will be invoiced as incurred.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.<u>Term and Termination</u>. The term of this Agreement will commence on the Effective Date and will continue until such time as the Agreement is terminated in accordance with this Paragraph 4. This Agreement may be terminated upon mutual agreement of the Parties. In addition, this Agreement may be terminated by either Party (a) in connection with any material breach of this Agreement by the other Party, which material breach is not cured within thirty (30) days of receipt of written notice; (b) for any reason upon sixty (60) days prior written notice to the other Party, or (c) immediately upon the identification of any fraud or illegal acts performed by the other Party, unless a continuation of the term is otherwise agreed to by the Parties. All obligations to pay unpaid Consulting Fees or other fees or expenses owed hereunder shall survive any termination of this Agreement. Further the following provisions survive any termination of this Agreement: Paragraphs 10 - 25.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.<u>Time Commitment</u>. Monomoy will devote sufficient time to perform the Services under this Agreement as may reasonably be required, and as set forth in <u>Exhibit A</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.<u>Staffing</u>. Monomoy shall have the exclusive authority to make staffing decisions with respect to use of its personnel in the provision of the Services. This authority includes the right to reassign personnel; provided, however, that the Services shall continue to be provided in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Client may request the removal of any Monomoy personnel that the Client reasonably determines is not satisfactorily performing the Services and Monomoy shall use commercially reasonable efforts to comply with any such request. Monomoy shall be permitted to subcontract any of its obligations under this Agreement in connection with its performance of the Services, provided that Monomoy shall ensure that all such subcontractors comply with the applicable terms of this Agreement, including without limitation all confidentiality provisions set forth herein.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.<u>Place of Performance</u>. Monomoy will perform the Services at such locations upon which the Parties may mutually agree.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.<u>Client Responsibilities.</u> The Client shall provide all information, data and access which may be reasonably required to perform the Services. Such items may include, but are not limited to, contractual records,

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Exhibit 10.15

accounting and financial systems, document file systems, building access, and access to discuss items with appropriate officers, directors and employees of the Client.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.<u>Compliance with Policies and Guidelines</u>. Monomoy will perform the Services in accordance with all rules or policies adopted by the Client that the Client discloses in writing to Monomoy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.<u>Confidential Information</u>. During the course of performing the Services, the Client may make available to Monomoy information which is owned or controlled by the Client and is marked or designated as confidential at the time of disclosure or is of a type that is customarily considered to be confidential information (the "Confidential Information"). The Confidential Information or any part thereof is the exclusive property of the Client and shall not be disclosed to any third party without first obtaining the written consent of the Client. Monomoy further agrees to take all practical steps to ensure that the Confidential Information, and any part thereof, shall not be disclosed to its affiliates, agents, contractors, or employees, unless such parties are bound by applicable terms of confidentiality at least as protective as those set forth herein. Confidential Information shall not include information that (i) is known to Monomoy at the time of disclosure by the Client as evidenced by written records of Monomoy, (ii) has become publicly known and made generally available through no wrongful act of Monomoy, (iii) has been rightfully received by Monomoy from a third party who is authorized to make such disclosure, or (iv) is required to be disclosed by law or court order.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.<u>Intellectual Property</u>. All ideas, inventions, discoveries, creations, manuscripts, properties, innovations, improvements, know-how, designs, developments, apparatus, techniques, methods, and formulae that Monomoy conceives, makes, develops or improves as a result of performing the Services, whether or not reduced to practice and whether or not patentable, alone or in conjunction with any other party (collectively, "Client Materials"), shall be a "work made for hire" as that term is defined in the U.S. Copyright Act, and will be the Client's sole and exclusive property. If any Client Material is for any reason not a "work made for hire," this Agreement constitutes an irrevocable assignment to the Client of the copyright to the Client Material throughout the world. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Monomoy may develop, utilize and/or provide templates, formats, policies, or other similar items in connection with its provision of the Services that are generally applicable to Monomoy's business and/or its clients and that do not contain Confidential Information of the Client (collectively, "Monomoy Materials"). Monomoy shall retain all right, title and interest in all Monomoy Materials, and hereby grants the Client a non-exclusive, perpetual, worldwide license to use the Monomoy Materials.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.<u>Use of Name and Logo</u>. Monomoy is permitted, with prior written consent of the Client to use the Client's name and logo in customer lists on its web site and in other marketing materials. Except for the foregoing, Monomoy shall not use the Client's name or logo in any general advertising materials without the Client's prior written consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.<u>Non-Solicitation of Monomoy Representatives and Conversion</u>. The Client agrees not to solicit, hire or retain services from any employee or contractor of Monomoy, regardless of whether such individual has provided Services to the Client (collectively, "Monomoy Representatives"), or any individual that has served as a Monomoy Representative within the last two (2) years, for so long as Monomoy is providing the Services to the Client and for two (2) years thereafter, without the prior written permission of Monomoy. If the Client seeks Monomoy's consent to solicit, hire or retain services from a Monomoy Representative and Monomoy provides such consent, then in such event, if the Monomoy Representative is hired or retained by the Client as an employee or consultant, a conversion fee (the "Conversion Fee") will be payable to Monomoy. The Conversion Fee will be agreed to by the parties but in no case less than 30% of base salary and full bonus. The Conversion Fee is due and payable within thirty (30) days of the Monomoy Representative's start date with the Client. Client shall provide Monomoy with such supporting documentation relating to First Year Compensation as Monomoy may reasonably request.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.<u>No Warranty</u>. The Services are provided on an "as is" basis, and the Client disclaims any and all warranties, conditions, or representations (express, implied, oral or written), relating to the Services or any part thereof. Further, in performing the Services, Monomoy is not engaged to disclose illegal acts, including fraud or defalcations, which may have taken place. The foregoing notwithstanding, Monomoy will promptly notify

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Exhibit 10.15

the Client if Monomoy becomes aware of any such illegal acts during the performance of the Services. Monomoy is not expressing an opinion as to whether financial statements provided by the Client are in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles or any other standards or guidelines, or whether the underlying financial and other data provide a reasonable basis for the statements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15.<u>Indemnification</u>. The Client shall indemnify and hold harmless Monomoy and any of its subcontractors against any claims, losses, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) that arise out of or are based on the Services performed hereunder, except for any such claims, losses, damages or liabilities arising out of the gross negligence or willful misconduct of Monomoy or any of its subcontractors. The Client will endeavor to add Monomoy and any applicable subcontractor to its insurance policies as additional insureds.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16.<u>Independent Contractor</u>. Monomoy is not, nor shall Monomoy or any of its personnel be deemed to be at any time during the term of this Agreement, an employee of the Client, and therefore Monomoy and its personnel shall not be entitled to any benefits provided by the Client to its employees. Monomoy's status and relationship with the Client shall be that of an independent contractor and consultant. Monomoy shall not state or imply, directly or indirectly, that Monomoy is empowered to bind the Client without the Client's prior written consent. Nothing herein shall create, expressly or by implication, a partnership, joint venture or other association between the Parties. Monomoy will be solely responsible for payment of all charges and taxes arising from the relationship to the Client as a consultant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17.<u>Records</u>. Upon termination of Monomoy's relationship with the Client, Monomoy shall deliver to the Client any property or Confidential Information of the Client relating to the Services which may be in its possession.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18.<u>Notices</u>. Any notice under this Agreement shall be in writing (except in the case of verbal communications, emails and teleconferences updating either Party as to the status of the Services). Notices under this Agreement shall be sent to the specified representatives of the Parties on <u>Exhibit B</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19.<u>Assignment and Successors</u>. This Agreement may not be assigned by a Party without the consent of the other which shall not be unreasonably withheld, except that each Party may assign this Agreement and the rights, obligations and interests of such Party, in whole or in part, to any of its Affiliates, to any purchaser of all or substantially all of its assets or to any successor entity resulting from any merger or consolidation of such Party with or into such entity.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.<u>LIMITATION OF LIABILITY</u>. IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF OPPORTUNITIES, OR LOSS OF DATA, ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR THE SERVICES, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL MONOMOY BE LIABLE FOR AGGREGATE MONEY DAMAGES OF ANY TYPE EXCEEDING THE CONSULTING FEES PAID UNDER THIS AGREEMENT IN THE ONE YEAR PERIOD PRECEDING THE DATE OF THE CLAIM.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21.<u>Force Majeure</u>. Neither Party shall be liable for failure of or delay in performing obligations set forth in this Agreement, and neither shall be deemed in breach of its obligations, if such failure or delay is due to natural disasters or any causes beyond the reasonable control of such Party. In the event of such force majeure, the Party affected thereby shall use reasonable efforts to cure or overcome the same and resume performance of its obligations hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22.<u>Headings</u>. The Paragraph headings are intended for convenience of reference only and are not intended to be a part of or to affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23.<u>Integration; Severability</u>. This Agreement is the sole agreement with respect to the subject matter hereof and shall supersede all other agreements and understandings between the Parties with respect to the same. If any provision of this Agreement is or becomes invalid or is ruled invalid by any court of competent jurisdiction

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Exhibit 10.15

or is deemed unenforceable, it is the intention of the Parties that the remainder of the Agreement shall not be affected.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24.<u>Governing Law</u>. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Delaware, excluding choice of law principles. The Parties agree that any action or proceeding arising out of or related in any way to this Agreement shall be brought solely in a Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction sitting in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;25.<u>Counterparts</u>. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which will be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one agreement.

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Exhibit 10.15

This Agreement has been executed by the Client and Monomoy to be effective as of the Effective Date.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| MONOMOY ADVISORS, LLC | MONOMOY ADVISORS, LLC | CG ONCOLOGY, INC. | CG ONCOLOGY, INC. |
| By: | /s/ Jeff Capello | By: | /s/ Arthur Kuan |
|  | Jeff Capello |  |  |
| Print Name: |  | Print Name: | Arthur Kuan |
|  |  |  | Chief Executive Officer |
| Title: | Managing Partner | Title: |  |

---

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Exhibit 10.15

**<u>Exhibit A</u>**

<u>Description of Services and Fees</u>

Monomoy will perform the following Services:

CFO Advisory Services

CFO Advisory services will include partnering with the CEO and leadership team on all strategic and operational issues as they arise, oversight of all budgeting, forecasting and internal reporting as well as external SEC financial reporting, preparation of monthly and annual financial and operational packages to the Board of Directors and internal leadership team, management of cash flows, identification of tools and practices to improve the business, attendance at Board meetings, facilitation of quarterly/year end audit as well as tax obligations and management of the finance organization. Service will be performed by Jim DeTore at a rate of $64,000 per month for five days a week and will start on November 17, 2025 with the month of November being billed at $32,000 to reflect a partial month. The engagement will last for a minimum of three months with the option to extend for another three months with all of the terms contained herein.

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Exhibit 10.15

**<u>Exhibit B</u>**

<u>Notices</u>

All written notices under this Agreement shall be sent to the following specified representatives of the Parties:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| MONOMOY ADVISORS, LLC | MONOMOY ADVISORS, LLC |  |  |
| Name: | Jeff Capello | Name: | Arthur Kuan |
| Title: | <br>Managing Partner | Title: | Chief Executive Officer |
| <br>Address: | 2221 Washington Street, Building One, <br>Suite 102, Newton, MA 02462 | Address: | 400 Spectrum Drive, Suite 2040, Irvine, CA 92610 |
| Phone: | 508-314-4183 | Phone: |  |
| Email: |  | Email: |  |

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## Exhibit 19.1

**Exhibit 19.1**

**CG ONCOLOGY, INC.<br>INSIDER TRADING COMPLIANCE POLICY AND PROCEDURES**

Federal and state laws prohibit trading in the securities of a company while in possession of material nonpublic information and in breach of a duty of trust or confidence. These laws also prohibit anyone who is aware of material nonpublic information from providing this information to others who may trade. Violating such laws can undermine investor trust, harm the reputation and integrity of CG Oncology, Inc. (together with any of its subsidiaries, the "**Company**"), and result in dismissal from the Company or even serious criminal and civil charges against the individual and the Company. The Company reserves the right to take whatever disciplinary or other measures it determines in its sole discretion to be appropriate in any particular situation, including disclosure of wrongdoing to governmental authorities.

**<u>Persons Covered and Administration of Policy</u>**

This Insider Trading Compliance Policy and Procedures (this "**Policy**") applies to all officers, directors and employees of the Company. For purposes of this Policy, "officers" refer to those individuals who meet the definition of "officer" under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (as amended, the "**Exchange Act**"). Individuals subject to this Policy are responsible for ensuring that members of their household comply with this Policy. This Policy also applies to any entities controlled by individuals subject to the Policy, including any corporations, limited liability companies, partnerships or trusts, and transactions by these entities should be treated for the purposes of this Policy as if they were for the individual's own account. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this insider trading policy, including without limitation, the preclearance policy, blackout periods and prohibited transactions, does not apply to venture capital entities or other institutional investors, and the related transactions in the Company's equity securities by such entities, that may be affiliated with a director of the Company or for Company equity securities that a director may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of by virtue of such affiliation; provided, however, it is the responsibility of each such entity, in consultation with its own counsel (as appropriate), to determine compliance with applicable securities laws in considering whether to adhere to this Policy. The Company may determine that this Policy applies to additional persons with access to material nonpublic information, such as contractors or consultants. Officers, directors and employees, together with any other person designated as being subject to this Policy by the Chief Financial Officer or his or her designee or such other officer designated by the Company (the "**Compliance Officer**"), are referred to collectively as "**Covered Persons**." It is the Company's policy to comply with applicable laws and regulations regarding insider trading.

Questions regarding the Policy should be directed to the Compliance Officer, who is responsible for the administration of this Policy.

**<u>Policy Statement</u>**

No Covered Person shall purchase or sell or recommend the purchase, holding or sale of any type of security while in possession of material nonpublic information relating to the security or the issuer of such security in breach of a duty of trust or confidence, whether the issuer of such security is the Company or any other company. In addition, if a Covered Person is in possession of material nonpublic information about other publicly-traded companies, such as suppliers, customers, competitors or potential acquisition targets, the Covered Person may not trade in such other companies' securities until the information becomes public or is no longer material. Further, no Covered Person shall purchase or sell any security of any public company, including another company in the Company's industry, while in possession of material nonpublic information about the Company or any other company if such information is obtained in the course of the Covered Person's employment or service with the Company and could affect the share price of another public company.

In addition, Covered Persons shall not directly or indirectly communicate material nonpublic information to anyone outside the Company (except in accordance with the Company's policies regarding confidential information) or to anyone within the Company other than on a "need-to-know" basis.

"**Securities**" includes stocks, bonds, notes, debentures, options, warrants, equity and other convertible securities, as well as derivative instruments.

------

"**Purchase**" and "sale" are defined broadly under the federal securities law. "**Purchase**" includes not only the actual purchase of a security, but also any contract to purchase or otherwise acquire a security. "**Sale**" includes not only the actual sale of a security, but also any contract to sell or otherwise dispose of a security. These definitions extend to a broad range of transactions, including conventional cash-for-stock transactions, conversions, the exercise of stock options, transfers, gifts, and acquisitions and exercises of warrants or puts, calls, pledging and margin loans, or other derivative securities.

The laws and regulations concerning insider trading are complex, and Covered Persons are encouraged to seek guidance from the Compliance Officer prior to considering a transaction in Company securities.

**<u>Blackout Periods</u>**

From time to time, the Compliance Officer may recommend that directors, officers, employees or others suspend trading in Company securities because of developments that have not yet been disclosed to the public, such period, a "blackout period." Subject to the exceptions noted below, all of those individuals affected should not trade in the Company's securities while the suspension is in effect, and should not disclose to others that the Company has suspended trading.

These prohibitions do not apply to:

 vesting of restricted stock units and settlement of such units in shares of the Company's stock;

 investments in mutual funds or ETFs that track a broad-based index (such as the S&P 500) and/or have holdings comprised of less than 10% of Company stock; however, investments in any other mutual fund or ETF where Company stock comprises 10% or more of such fund's holdings are subject to this Policy and shares of such mutual fund or ETF are treated as if they are Company securities;

 purchases of the Company's securities from the Company (e.g., Employee Stock Purchase Plan), or sales of the Company's securities to the Company;

 exercises of stock options or other equity awards or the surrender of shares to the Company in payment of the exercise price or in satisfaction of any tax withholding obligations in a manner permitted by the applicable equity award agreement, or vesting of equity-based awards, in each case, that do not involve a market sale of the Company's securities (the "cashless exercise" of a Company stock option or other equity award through a broker does involve a market sale of the Company's securities, and therefore would not qualify under this exception); or

 purchases or sales of the Company's securities (i) mandated under an employee benefit plan maintained by the Company which authorizes the sale of only such securities as are necessary to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising exclusively from the vesting of a compensatory award or (ii) made pursuant to a plan adopted to comply with the Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1 ("**Rule 10b5-1**").

Exceptions to the blackout period policy may be approved by the Compliance Officer (or, in the case of an exception for the Compliance Officer, the Chief Executive Officer), including any exceptions for bona fide gifts of the Company's securities.

**<u>Preclearance of Transactions by Directors, Officers and Employees</u>**

All transactions (including gifts) in the Company's securities by directors, officers, employees and any other Covered Person(s) listed on Schedule I (each, a "**Preclearance Person**") must be precleared by the Compliance Officer or the Chief Executive Officer for transactions by the Compliance Officer. Preclearance should not be understood to represent legal advice by the Company that a proposed transaction complies with the law.

A request for preclearance must be in writing, should be made at least two business days in advance of the proposed transaction, and should include the identity of the Preclearance Person, a description of the proposed transaction, the proposed date of the transaction, and the number of shares or other securities involved. In addition, the Preclearance Person must execute a certification that he or she is not aware of material nonpublic information about the Company. The Compliance Officer, or the Chief Executive Officer for transactions by the Compliance

------

Officer, shall have sole discretion to decide whether to clear any contemplated transaction. All transactions that are precleared must be effected within five business days of receipt of the preclearance or such shorter period as directed by the Compliance Officer. A precleared transaction (or any portion of a precleared transaction) that has not been effected during the five business day period must be submitted for preclearance determination again prior to execution. Notwithstanding receipt of preclearance, if the Preclearance Person becomes aware of material nonpublic information, or becomes subject to a blackout period before the transaction is effected, the transaction may not be completed. Transactions under a previously established Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan that has been preapproved in accordance with this Policy are not subject to further preclearance.

None of the Company, the Compliance Officer, or the Company's other employees will have any liability for any delay in reviewing, or refusal of, a request for preclearance.

**<u>Material Nonpublic Information</u>**

Information is considered "material" if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in making a decision to buy, sell, or hold a security, or if the information is likely to have a significant effect on the market price of the security. Material information can be positive or negative, and can relate to virtually any aspect of a company's business or to any type of security, debt, or equity. Also, information that something is likely to happen in the future—or even just that it may happen—could be deemed material.

Examples of material information may include (but are not limited to) information about:

 corporate earnings or earnings forecasts;

 possible mergers, acquisitions, tender offers, or dispositions;

 major new products or product developments;

 results of clinical trials or preclinical studies;

 communications sent to or received from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or foreign regulatory authorities;

 important business developments, such as trial results, developments regarding strategic collaborations or the status of regulatory submissions;

 management or control changes;

 significant financing developments including pending public sales or offerings of debt or equity securities;

 defaults on borrowings;

 bankruptcies;

 cybersecurity or data security incidents; and

 significant litigation or regulatory actions.

Information is "nonpublic" if it is not available to the general public. In order for information to be considered "public," it must be widely disseminated in a manner that makes it generally available to investors in a Regulation FD-compliant method, such as through a press release, a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "**SEC**") or a Regulation FD- compliant conference call. The Compliance Officer shall have sole discretion to decide whether information is public for purposes of this Policy.

The circulation of rumors, even if accurate and reported in the media, does not constitute public dissemination. In addition, even after a public announcement, a reasonable period of time may need to lapse in order for the market to react to the information. Generally, the passage of one to two full trading days following release of the information to the public, is a reasonable waiting period before such information is deemed to be public.

------

**<u>Post-Termination Transactions</u>**

If an individual is in possession of material nonpublic information when the individual's service terminates, the individual may not trade in the Company's securities until that information has become public or is no longer material.

**<u>Prohibited Transactions</u>**

The Company has determined that there is a heightened legal risk and the appearance of improper or inappropriate conduct if persons subject to this Policy engage in certain types of transactions. Therefore, Covered Persons shall comply with the following policies with respect to certain transactions in the Company's securities.

*Short Sales*

Short sales of the Company's securities are prohibited by this Policy. Short sales of the Company's securities, or sales of shares that the insider does not own at the time of sale, or sales of shares against which the insider does not deliver the shares within 20 days after the sale, evidence an expectation on the part of the seller that the securities will decline in value, and, therefore, signal to the market that the seller has no confidence in the Company or its short-term prospects. In addition, Section 16(c) of the Exchange Act prohibits Section 16 reporting persons (i.e., directors, officers, and the Company's 10% stockholders) from making short sales of the Company's equity securities.

*Options*

Transactions in puts, calls, or other derivative securities involving the Company's equity securities, on an exchange, on an over-the-counter market, or in any other organized market, are prohibited by this Policy. A transaction in options is, in effect, a bet on the short-term movement of the Company's stock and, therefore, creates the appearance that a Covered Person is trading based on material nonpublic information. Transactions in options, whether traded on an exchange, on an over-the-counter market, or any other organized market, also may focus a Covered Person's attention on short-term performance at the expense of the Company's long- term objectives.

*Hedging Transactions*

Hedging transactions involving the Company's securities, such as prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds, or other transactions that hedge or offset, or are designed to hedge or offset, any decrease in the market value of the Company's equity securities, are prohibited by this Policy. Such transactions allow the Covered Person to continue to own the covered securities, but without the full risks and rewards of ownership. When that occurs, the Covered Person may no longer have the same objectives as the Company's other stockholders.

*Margin Accounts and Pledging*

Individuals are prohibited from pledging Company securities as collateral for a loan, purchasing Company securities on margin (i.e., borrowing money to purchase the securities), or placing Company securities in a margin account. This prohibition does not apply to cashless exercises of stock options under the Company's equity plans, nor to situations approved in advance by the Compliance Officer.

*Partnership Distributions*

Nothing in this Policy is intended to limit the ability of an investment fund, venture capital partnership or other similar entity with which a director is affiliated to distribute Company securities to its partners, members, or other similar persons; provided, however, it is the responsibility of each such entity, in consultation with its own counsel (as appropriate), to determine the timing of any distributions, based on relevant facts and circumstances, and applicable securities laws.

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**<u>Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans</u>**

The trading restrictions set forth in this Policy, other than those transactions described under "**Prohibited Transactions**," do not apply to transactions under a previously established contract, plan or instruction to trade in the Company's securities entered into in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 (a "**Trading Plan**") that:

 has been submitted to and preapproved by the Compliance Officer

 includes a "**Cooling Off Period**" for

o Section 16 reporting persons that extends to the later of 90 days after adoption or modification of a Trading Plan or two business days after filing the Form 10- K or Form 10-Q covering the fiscal quarter in which the Trading Plan was adopted, up to a maximum of 120 days; and

o employees and any other persons, other than the Company, that extends 30 days after adoption or modification of a Trading Plan;

 for Section 16 reporting persons, includes a representation in the Trading Plan that the Section 16 reporting person is (1) not aware of any material nonpublic information about the Company or its securities; and (2) adopting the Trading Plan in good faith and not as part of a plan or scheme to evade Rule 10b-5;

 has been entered into in good faith at a time when the individual was not in possession of material nonpublic information about the Company and not otherwise in a blackout period, and the person who entered into the Trading Plan has acted in good faith with respect to the Trading Plan;

 either (1) specifies the amounts, prices, and dates of all transactions under the Trading Plan; or (2) provides a written formula, algorithm, or computer program for determining the amount, price, and date of the transactions, and (3) prohibits the individual from exercising any subsequent influence over the transactions; and

 complies with all other applicable requirements of Rule 10b5-1.

The Compliance Officer may impose such other conditions on the implementation and operation of the Trading Plan as the Compliance Officer deems necessary or advisable. Individuals may not adopt more than one Trading Plan at a time except under the limited circumstances permitted by Rule 10b5-1 (including Trading Plans which authorize an agent to sell only such securities as are necessary to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising exclusively from the vesting of a compensatory award) and subject to preapproval by the Compliance Officer.

An individual may only modify a Trading Plan outside of a blackout period and, in any event, when the individual does not possess material nonpublic information. Modifications to and terminations of a Trading Plan are subject to preapproval by the Compliance Officer and modifications of a Trading Plan that change the amount, price, or timing of the purchase or sale of the securities underlying a Trading Plan will trigger a new Cooling-Off Period.

The Company reserves the right to publicly disclose, announce, or respond to inquiries from the media regarding the adoption, modification, or termination of a Trading Plan and non- Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements, or the execution of transactions made under a Trading Plan. The Company also reserves the right from time to time to suspend, discontinue, or otherwise prohibit transactions under a Trading Plan if the Compliance Officer or the Board of Directors, in its discretion, determines that such suspension, discontinuation, or other prohibition is in the best interests of the Company.

Compliance of a Trading Plan with the terms of Rule 10b5-1 and the execution of transactions pursuant to the Trading Plan are the sole responsibility of the person initiating the Trading Plan, and none of the Company, the Compliance Officer, or the Company's other employees assumes any liability for any delay in reviewing and/or refusing to approve a Trading

Plan submitted for approval, nor the legality or consequences relating to a person entering into, informing the Company of, or trading under, a Trading Plan.

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References to "**Compliance Officer**" in this section shall refer to the Chief Executive Officer with respect to any Trading Plan to be entered into by the Compliance Officer.

**<u>Interpretation, Amendment, and Implementation of this Policy</u>**

The Compliance Officer shall have the authority to interpret and update this Policy and all related policies and procedures. In particular, such interpretations and updates of this Policy, as authorized by the Compliance Officer, may include amendments to or departures from the terms of this Policy, to the extent consistent with the general purpose of this Policy and applicable securities laws.

Actions taken by the Company, the Compliance Officer, or any other Company personnel do not constitute legal advice, nor do they insulate you from the consequences of noncompliance with this Policy or with securities laws.

**<u>Certification of Compliance</u>**

All directors, officers, employees and others subject to this Policy may be asked periodically to certify their compliance with the terms and provisions of this Policy.

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**Schedule I**

**Individuals Subject to Preclearance Requirement**

 All officers of the Company

 All members of the Company's Board of Directors

 All employees of the Company

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## Exhibit 21.1

**Exhibit 21.1**

**SUBSIDIARIES OF CG ONCOLOGY, INC.**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Jurisdiction of Incorporation** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;SafeGuard Healthcare, LLC | &nbsp;&nbsp;Delaware |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;SP Healthcare SPV I, LLC  | &nbsp;&nbsp;Delaware |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Biovire, Inc.  | &nbsp;&nbsp;Delaware |

---

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## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Form S-3ASR No. 333-286230) and the Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-276729) pertaining to the CG Oncology, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, CG Oncology, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, CG Oncology, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, the CG Oncology, Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of CG Oncology, Inc., and the 2024 Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Grant of our reports dated February 27, 2026, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of CG Oncology, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of CG Oncology, Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2025.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Ernst & Young LLP |
| Irvine, California |
| February 27, 2026 |

---

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## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER** 

**PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Arthur Kuan, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of CG Oncology, Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 27, 2026 | By: | /s/Arthur Kuan |
|  |  | **Arthur Kuan** |
|  |  | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer<br>(principal executive officer) |

---

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## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER**

**PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Jim DeTore, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of CG Oncology, Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 27, 2026 | By | /s/ Jim DeTore |
|  |  | **Jim DeTore** |
|  |  | **Interim Principal Financial and Accounting Officer** |

---

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## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Annual Report of CG Oncology, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 27, 2026 | By | /s/Arthur Kuan |
|  |  | **Arthur Kuan** |
|  |  | **Chairman and Chief Executive Officer**<br>**(principal executive officer)** |

---

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

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## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Annual Report of CG Oncology, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 27, 2026 | By | /s/ Jim DeTore |
|  |  | **Jim DeTore** |
|  |  | **Interim Principal Financial and Accounting Officer** |

---

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

\|US-DOCS\149376610.2\|\| \| 068798-0012\|\|

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