# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001600983
**File Stem:** 0001104659-26-036240
**Filing Date:** 2026-3
**Character Count:** 405280
**Document Hash:** 70abafb3129ba027378218755705fa0a
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001104659-26-036240.hdr.sgml**: 20260327

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001104659-26-036240

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 139

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260327

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260327

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Knightscope, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001600983
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT, NEC [3669]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 04 Manufacturing
- **EIN:** 462482575
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-41248
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26808615

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 305 NORTH MATHILDA AVENUE
- **CITY:** SUNNYVALE
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94085
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (650) 924-1025

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 305 NORTH MATHILDA AVENUE
- **CITY:** SUNNYVALE
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 94085

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? KNIGHTSCOPE, INC._December 31, 2025

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

------

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-K**

**☒** **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025**

**OR**

**☐** **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For The Transition Period From&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To**

**Commission file number: 001-41248**

**KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **46-2482575** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
| **305 North Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA** | **94085** |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |

---

**Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (650) 924-1025**

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange**<br> **on which registered** |
| **Class A Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value per Share** | **KSCP** | **The Nasdaq Capital Market** |

---

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: **None**

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 <br> Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant's Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates based upon the closing price of such shares on The Nasdaq Capital Market on such date was approximately $34.4 million. For purposes of the foregoing calculation, all directors and executive officers of the registrant and holders of more than 10% of the registrant's Class A Common Stock are assumed to be affiliates of the registrant. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

As of March 25, 2026, there were 15,947,845 shares of the registrant's Class A Common Stock and 335,068 shares of the registrant's Class B Common Stock outstanding.

------

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [**PART I**](#PARTI_731670) | [**PART I**](#PARTI_731670) |
| [Item 1. Business](#Item1Business_243520) | 7 |
| [Item 1A. Risk Factors](#Item1ARiskFactors_220684) | 13 |
| [Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments](#Item1BUnresolvedStaffComments_365224) | 31 |
| [Item 1C. Cybersecurity](#Item1CCybersecurity_816444) | 31 |
| [Item 2. Properties](#Item2Properties_901972) | 32 |
| [Item 3. Legal Proceedings](#Item3LegalProceedings_998302) | 33 |
| [Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures](#Item4MineSafetyDisclosures_92520) | 33 |
| [**PART II**](#PARTII_69114) | [**PART II**](#PARTII_69114) |
| [Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#Item5MarketforRegistrantsCommonEquityRel) | 33 |
| [Item 6. Reserved](#Item6Reserved_559488) | 33 |
| [Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#Item7ManagementsDiscussionandAnalysisofF) | 33 |
| [Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#Item7AQuantitativeandQualitativeDisclosu) | 43 |
| [Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data](#Item8FinancialStatementsandSupplementary) | 43 |
| [Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure](#Item9ChangesinandDisagreementswithAccoun) | 44 |
| [Item 9A. Controls and Procedures](#Item9AControlsandProcedures_515484) | 44 |
| [Item 9B. Other Information](#Item9BOtherInformation_507712) | 44 |
| [Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections](#Item9CDisclosureRegardingForeignJurisdic) | 44 |
| [**PART III**](#PARTIII_347997) | [**PART III**](#PARTIII_347997) |
| [Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance](#Item10DirectorsExecutiveOfficersandCorpo) | 45 |
| [Item 11. Executive Compensation](#Item11ExecutiveCompensation_451577) | 48 |
| [Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters](#Item12SecurityOwnershipofCertainBenefici) | 52 |
| [Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence](#Item13CertainRelationshipsandRelatedTran) | 54 |
| [Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services](#Item14PrincipalAccountantFeesandServices) | 54 |
| [**PART IV**](#PartIV_882015) | [**PART IV**](#PartIV_882015) |
| [Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules](#Item15ExhibitsFinancialStatementSchedule) | 55 |
| [Item 16. Form 10-K Summary](#Item16Form10KSummary_23866) | 58 |
| [Signatures](#SIGNATURES_88110) | 58 |
| [Index to Financial Statements](#INDEXTOCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTS_6) | F-1 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Annual Report") contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). All statements contained in this Annual Report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, including profitability, our business strategy and plans, market growth, product and service releases, the status of product development, demand for our products and services, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases the words "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "potential," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "expect," "could," "would," "project," "plan," "target," or the negative of these terms and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

● The success of our products, which will require significant capital resources and years of development efforts;

● Our deployments and market acceptance of our products;

● Our ability to protect our intellectual property and to develop, maintain and enhance a strong brand;

● Our limited operating history by which performance can be gauged;

● Our ability to continue as a going concern;

● Our ability to acquire companies;

● Our ability to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market;

● Our ability to operate and collect digital information on behalf of our clients, which is dependent on the privacy laws of jurisdictions in which our Autonomous Security Robots ("ASRs") and Emergency Communication Devices ("ECDs") operate, as well as the corporate policies of our clients, which may limit our ability to fully deploy our technologies in various markets;

● Our ability to raise capital; and

● Our ability to manage our research, development, expansion, growth, and operating expenses.

We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and other important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those stated, including those described in the sections titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 and "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report, as such factors may be updated in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Annual Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance, or achievements. Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report, and we undertake no

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Annual Report or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations, except as required by law.

In this Annual Report, the words "we," "us," "our," "the Company" and "Knightscope" refer to Knightscope, Inc., unless the context requires otherwise.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**SUMMARY RISK FACTORS**

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report. You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties when investing in our common stock. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:

● We have not yet generated any profits and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve profitability.

● The report of our independent registered public accounting firm expresses substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and we may not be able to continue to operate the business if we are not successful in securing additional funding.

● We expect to experience future losses as we implement our business strategy and will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, which may not occur.

● Investment in new products and services may not achieve expected returns and could disrupt our ongoing business, present risks not originally contemplated and materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

● We are subject to potential fluctuations in operating results due to our sales cycle.

● We are subject to the loss of contracts, due to terminations, non-renewals or competitive re-bids, which could adversely affect our results of operations and liquidity, including our ability to secure new contracts from other customers

● The failure to identify, consummate, effectively integrate or realize the expected benefits from acquisitions could adversely affect our growth and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

● Our future operating results are difficult to predict and may be affected by a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control.

● Our financial results will fluctuate in the future, which makes them difficult to predict.

● Changes in global economic conditions, including, but not limited to, those driven by inflation, international trade restrictions and interest rates, may adversely affect customer spending and the financial health of our customers and others with whom we do business, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash resources.

● Our business could be adversely affected by trade tariffs or other trade barriers.

● Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or non-performance by financial institutions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

● We cannot assure you that we will effectively manage our growth.

● Our costs may grow more quickly than our revenues, harming our business and profitability.

● Any debt arrangements that we enter into may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities. A breach of any of the restrictive covenants under such debt arrangements may cause us to be in default under our debt arrangements, and our lenders could foreclose on our assets.

● The loss of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm our business.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

● We may be subject to claims, disputes or legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. If the outcome of these proceedings is unfavorable to us, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

● Our ability to operate and collect digital information on behalf of our clients is dependent on the privacy laws of jurisdictions in which our ASRs operate, as well as the corporate policies of our clients, which may limit our ability to fully deploy our technologies in various markets. Actual or perceived failures to comply with applicable data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations, standards and other requirements could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

● Our business and operations may suffer in the event of information technology system failures, cyberattacks or deficiencies in our cybersecurity.

● We have limited experience in operating our ASRs in a variety of environments and increased interactions may lead to collisions, possible liability and negative publicity.

● Our brand, reputation and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers are dependent in part upon the reliable performance of our products, infrastructure, and employees.

● Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting may result in material misstatements in our financial statements, which could in the future require us to restate financial statements, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and could have an adverse effect on our ability to fundraise.

● The private security industry is undergoing structural changes in technology and services.

● We have a government customer and are seeking additional government customers, which would subject us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions, or penalties.

● We are dependent on the global supply chain and have experienced supply chain constraints, as well as increased costs on components and shipping.

● We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market, and The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("Nasdaq") could delist our Class A Common Stock.

● We will need to seek additional funds in the future.

● Our stock price may be volatile.

● If financial securities industry analysts cease to publish reports on us or publish unfavorable reports on us, then the market price and market trading volume of our Class A Common Stock could be negatively affected.

● Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common equity in bankruptcy or liquidation, or future issuances of preferred stock, which would rank senior to our common equity for the purposes of dividends and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the level of return you may be able to achieve from an investment in our Class A Common Stock .

● We are subject to complex and changing laws and regulations, which expose us to potential liabilities, increased costs and other adverse effects on our business.

● Substantial future sales or issuances of our securities, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress our stock price.

● Increasing attention to, and evolving expectations for, environmental, social, and governance (" ESG ") initiatives could increase our costs, harm our reputation, or otherwise adversely impact our business.

● The Event Risk Acquisition may not achieve its intended results.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**PART I**

**Item 1. Business**

***Overview***

Our mission is to make the United States of America the safest country in the world. We serve clients across commercial, government, healthcare, education, transportation, and residential markets.

We are a security technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. We provide integrated, technology-enabled security solutions designed to improve safety outcomes for our clients across the United States.

Our strategy is centered on building and delivering outcomes-driven safety through the integration of three core components that encompass our Knightscope Autonomous Security Force:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.Hardware – ASRs, ECDs, and a variety of sensing technologies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Software – cloud-based platform for real-time security monitoring, data analysis and event management, diagnostics tools designed to keep ECDs operational and reliable, and tools that enable the management and monitoring of ASRs in the field; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Human– on premise licensed security personnel and remote monitoring with human-in-the-loop verification, escalation, and response.

We deliver these components as an integrated managed service. By combining hardware, software, and human personnel into a unified operational framework, we seek to provide clients with end-to-end accountability rather than fragmented security tools.

Our capabilities currently focus on deterrence, detection, and reporting. We are in the process of evolving our service model to "Deter, Detect, Respond" including response capabilities, where appropriate and legally permissible. Response capabilities, when provided, are intended to be conducted by properly licensed personnel and subject to applicable federal, state, and local laws.

We believe that integrating humans as a delivery and operational mechanism for our autonomous systems enables our product suites to operate in a more multi-modal manner, consistent with how many clients structure security procurement with a multi-layer approach. Security buyers frequently expect the presence of licensed personnel as part of a comprehensive security program, and our model is designed to align with those expectations while incorporating automation and AI-driven technologies.

***Recent Developments***

On February 27, 2026, we completed the acquisition (the "Event Risk Acquisition") of all the issued and outstanding membership interest of Event Risk LLC, an Indiana limited liability company ("Event Risk") pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Event Risk Agreement"). As a result of the transaction, Event Risk became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The aggregate purchase consideration consisted of (i) a $5.0 million cash payment at closing, (ii) repayment of Event Risk's outstanding indebtedness of $1.1 million, (iii) the issuance of 1,724,418 shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock, (iv) $4.0 million of deferred cash payments, payable in quarterly installments beginning March 31, 2027 through December 31, 2028 and (v) any post-closing purchase price adjustments.

See Note 11 to our financial statements, which are included in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report for additional information on the Event Risk Acquisition and "Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Event Risk Acquisition" of this Annual Report for a discussion of the associated risks. The foregoing description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Event Risk Agreement filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

***Industry Background***

The U.S. security services and public safety market is large and fragmented, consisting of traditional guarding companies, hardware manufacturers, monitoring providers, and software vendors. Security coverage has historically been labor-intensive and scales proportionally with headcount.

The security services industry continues to face significant structural challenges that impact operating performance and service delivery. Rising labor costs and ongoing wage inflation have increased the cost of personnel, while persistent workforce shortages and high turnover rates create staffing instability and elevate recruiting and training expenses. At the same time, customers are demanding enhanced real-time monitoring, detailed reporting, and comprehensive documentation, increasing operational complexity. Regulatory requirements and liability considerations continue to expand, requiring greater compliance oversight and risk management. Additionally, the proliferation of cameras, devices, and other sensors has led to rapidly growing volumes of data that often require human interpretation, creating inefficiencies and increasing the burden on personnel. Collectively, these factors are reshaping industry economics and driving demand for more efficient, technology-enabled solutions. Security buyers increasingly seek integrated solutions capable of combining physical presence, automated detection, real-time monitoring, and structured escalation protocols under a single accountable provider.

***Knightscope Autonomous Security Force***

We are developing a multi-modal security platform consisting of hardware, software, and human operations that function together as a single unified system.

**Hardware** 

Our current hardware offerings include:

● K1 Hemisphere (K1H) – Fixed-location presence equipped with license plate recognition, where permitted, ideal for high-traffic areas of vehicles or pedestrians

● K5 ASR – A high-visibility deterrent with rugged weatherproof capabilities, ideal for patrolling outdoor environments

● K1 Blue Light Towers (BLT) – traditional blue light emergency towers typically found on school campuses and healthcare facilities

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K1 Blue Light Emergency Phone (BLEP) – typically found in parking structures and transportation hubs

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K1 Call Box – used along highways for emergency roadside assistance

We are developing next-generation hardware platforms, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K7 ASR – Designed for larger and more complex environments

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K1 Capsule (K1C) – next generation blue light technology

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K1 Super Tower (K1ST) – next generation blue light technology in tower format including area lighting

Our hardware platforms are designed to support deterrence through visible presence, detection through integrated sensors and analytics, and reporting through data capture and event documentation.

**Software** 

We currently deploy the following software throughout our platform:

● Knightscope Security Operations Center ("KSOC") – browser-based user interface utilized to gain real time and historical data from the network of ASRs

● Knightscope Emergency Management System ("KEMS") – A diagnostics tool designed to monitor the health and status of deployed ECDs.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Human Operations** 

Our Risk and Threat Exposure ("RTX") analysts provide our clients with a comprehensive, human-in-the-loop remote monitoring service that enhances the capabilities of their ASRs running 24/7. Once operational for a client, RTX analysts provide proactive monitoring by verifying alerts triggered by Knightscope devices. They engage in live streaming and review of all ASR camera feeds upon receiving alerts, which may include detecting suspicious individuals, unauthorized vehicles identified through license plate recognition, or other predefined security breaches. In the event of an incident, RTX analysts can perform digital talk-downs to intervene directly, conduct virtual security tours, and generate detailed incident reports for clients. This integrated approach is intended for clients to benefit from advanced technological monitoring complemented by human expertise, leading to a more robust and responsive security posture. By combining autonomous monitoring with professional oversight, Knightscope's RTX service enhances threat detection, reduces response times, and provides clients with actionable intelligence to maintain safer environments.

***Market Opportunity***

Based on third-party industry reports and internal analysis, management estimates that the combined U.S. addressable opportunity for private security services, public safety and security technology, emergency communication systems, and related autonomous solutions is significant. They include the deployment of such services and technology in the following industries and settings:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Public safety and government

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Enterprise and corporate campuses

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Critical infrastructure

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Retail and hospitality

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Healthcare

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Education

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Transit and smart cities

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Residential and community

For context, we estimate the U.S. security services industry, which term for Knightscope encompasses a number of direct and related industry categories, such as public safety infrastructure, transportation safety, education security, digital security, and critical infrastructure, among others, to have a total addressable market worth upwards of $230 billion in 2026. Additional spending on public safety technology, emergency communication infrastructure, AI-powered analytics, and associated services contribute to the size of the broader opportunity. These estimates are derived from industry research and internal assumptions and may not reflect actual revenue potential and are not indicative of our future performance or market penetration.

**Business Strategy**

Our strategy is focused on scaling an integrated Knightscope Autonomous Security Force through:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Expansion of licensed guarding capabilities, including organic growth and potential acquisitions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Deployment of autonomous systems within guarding contracts;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Expansion of software-driven orchestration; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Integrating enforcement services to our deterrence, detection, and reporting capabilities.

Security procurement processes frequently require licensed guarding providers capable of assuming contractual accountability. By operating licensed guarding services, we are able to compete for comprehensive contracts and deploy automation within those engagements.

We believe that integrating humans and autonomous systems enables a multi-modal operating model that more closely aligns with client expectations for security delivery.

Over time, increased software integration may alter site-level economics. However, such outcomes depend on operational execution, customer adoption, labor conditions, regulatory compliance, and technological performance.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

***Research and Development***

Our research and development activities are focused on advancing next-generation hardware platforms and core software capabilities that support our integrated Knightscope Autonomous Security Force platform. These efforts are directed primarily toward the development of the following:

● K7 ASR – Designed to address the security needs of large, complex environments such as airports, industrial zones, and university campuses.

● K1 Capsule and Super Tower – Defining the next generation of blue light technologies and capabilities into a comprehensive offering designed to provide multiple features to enhance security within a single unit, making it a valuable addition to high-risk or remote areas.

These efforts are intended to expand deployment flexibility and improve operational reliability across commercial, institutional, and government environments. Product development and release timing is subject to, among other things, engineering, regulatory, capital and supply chain constraints, component availability, testing outcomes, and certification requirements.

***Intellectual Property***

The Company holds twelve patents collectively related to its ASRs, the security data analysis and display features of the KSOC and its parking monitor feature that will begin to expire starting January 16, 2035. The Company owns a trademark registration for its name "Knightscope" in the U.S. The Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality agreements with its employees, consultants, and third parties with whom it has relationships, as well as trademark, copyright, patent, trade secret, and domain name protection laws, to protect its proprietary rights.

***Manufacturing and Suppliers***

We manufacture and assemble our products at our facility in Sunnyvale, California using components sourced from a network of domestic and international suppliers. Our supply chain includes mechanical components, electronic assemblies, batteries, imaging systems, communication modules, and other specialized parts.

During 2025, we experienced significant supply chain constraints, including increased lead times, limited component availability, higher logistics costs, and pricing volatility. These challenges were driven in part by global supply chain disruptions, electronic component shortages, inflationary pressures, and tariff-related cost increases. As a result, we experienced intermittent interruptions in production schedules and increased bill-of-material costs, particularly affecting our ECD product line.

Certain components used in our ECD products and other platforms are sourced from single suppliers or from a limited number of qualified suppliers. In some cases, these components require certification, customization, or regulatory compliance that limits short-term substitution. During 2025, extended lead times from certain single-source or limited-source suppliers materially affected our ability to meet production schedules and customer delivery timelines. These disruptions contributed to higher input costs, inconsistent production cadence, and reduced sales in certain periods.

While we maintain relationships with multiple suppliers across our broader component base and seek to diversify sourcing where feasible, alternative suppliers for certain specialized components may not be immediately available or may require additional engineering validation and qualification. Transitioning to alternative suppliers can require testing, redesign, certification, and incremental cost.

Tariffs and trade policy changes affecting imported components have also increased input costs for certain materials and subassemblies. We may be unable to fully offset such increases through pricing adjustments or supplier negotiations.

We continue to evaluate supply chain resilience initiatives, including supplier diversification, inventory management strategies, and longer-term procurement agreements. However, global supply chain volatility, component shortages, geopolitical factors, inflation, and transportation constraints may continue to impact production timelines, margins, and our ability to meet customer demand.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Next-generation hardware platforms, including the K7 and K1 configurations, may require additional supplier qualification, tooling, and component sourcing efforts, which could further expose us to supply chain risks and capital requirements.

See Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and the Global Economy for additional discussion of supply chain, tariff, and component availability risks.

***Competition***

We operate in a competitive and fragmented market and compete across multiple segments of the physical security and public safety industries. Our competitors include:

● Traditional security guard providers, including national and regional firms delivering on-site personnel-based services;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Security system integrators that design, install, and maintain surveillance and access control systems;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Surveillance hardware manufacturers offering cameras, sensors, and ECDs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Remote monitoring service providers; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Robotics and autonomous systems companies developing ground-based or aerial patrol technologies.

Some competitors focus on a single component of the security value chain, while others offer bundled services. Many have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition, broader geographic reach, and significantly greater financial and operational resources than we do.

Competition is based on factors including service reliability, pricing and total cost of ownership, regulatory compliance and licensing, technological performance, integration capabilities, reputation, and financial stability. In certain cases, customers may elect to perform security functions internally rather than engage third-party providers.

Our operating model integrates licensed security personnel with autonomous hardware and software within a managed service framework. This structure allows us to compete for contracts that require licensed guarding capabilities while incorporating technology-enabled monitoring and detection systems. Moreover, with the completion of the Event Risk Acquisition and integrating licensed response services with autonomous machines and AI-driven orchestration software, we are building a unified operating model designed to deliver deterrence, detection, and response as one coordinated system that we believe will expand our competitive footprint. Our ability to compete effectively depends on continued product development, operational execution, cost management, regulatory compliance, and customer adoption.

***Government Regulation***

Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state, and local laws and regulations that govern security services, technology deployment, data handling, labor practices, and trade compliance. Regulatory requirements vary by jurisdiction and may change over time, potentially increasing compliance costs or operational complexity.

In addition, we are subject to a variety of laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, and the use of certain technologies that may collect or process information. Our products and cloud-based platforms may collect, process, store, and transmit data, including video, audio, geolocation, and other information generated in connection with customer deployments. The legal and regulatory landscape governing privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence ("AI"), and automated technologies is rapidly evolving at the federal, state, and local levels. These laws and regulations may impose requirements relating to data handling, security safeguards, breach notification, transparency, and contractual obligations. Compliance with these evolving requirements may require us to implement and maintain appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, update internal policies and procedures, and incur additional compliance and litigation-related costs. Failure to comply with applicable requirements could result in investigations, enforcement actions, litigation, monetary penalties, contractual liability, or reputational harm.

As a provider of services to U.S. federal agencies, we are also subject to certain information security and compliance requirements applicable to government contractors. These requirements may include ongoing monitoring, documentation, and assessment obligations. Failure to maintain required authorizations or comply with applicable standards could adversely affect our ability to perform under government contracts.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Compliance with these regulatory requirements may require ongoing investment in personnel, processes, and technology. Regulatory changes, enforcement actions, or noncompliance could result in fines, penalties, operational restrictions, reputational harm, or increased costs.

***Backlog and Seasonality***

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a total backlog of approximately $2.8 million, comprised of $0.7 million related to ASR orders and $2.1 million related to orders for ECD.

We have not experienced any significant effects relating to seasonality for our products and services.

***Human Capital***

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had 90 full-time employees working out of our combined headquarters and manufacturing facility in Sunnyvale, California as well as remotely. As a result of the Event Risk Acquisition, which was completed on February 27, 2026, our workforce has increased significantly to over 400 employees.

We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements.

The Company believes that our future growth and success will depend in part on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees. The executive management team is responsible for developing and executing the Company's human capital strategy. The human capital strategy includes the attraction, acquisition, engagement, and development of the Company's employees as resources allow.

***Available Information***

We file reports and other information with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available, free of charge, on our website at ir.knightscope.com. We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. We regularly post important information and updates on our investor relations website at ir.knightscope.com. The information provided on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, or incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You may also access this information, free of charge, at the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Item 1A. Risk Factors** 

***Risks Related to the Business and the Global Economy***

**We have not yet generated any profits and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve profitability.**

The Company was formed in 2013 and made its first pilot sales in 2015. The Company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market in January 2022. Accordingly, the Company has a limited history upon which to evaluate its performance and future prospects.

The Company has incurred net losses since inception. Our net loss was $33.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and $31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $227.0 million. Cash and cash equivalents on hand were $20.6 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $11.1 million as of December 31, 2024. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. See Item 7: *Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition*, *Liquidity and Capital Resources.*

Our current and proposed operations are subject to all the business risks associated with new enterprises, including, but not limited to, likely fluctuations in operating results as the Company makes significant investments in research, development and product opportunities, integrates new products under development or acquired in acquisitions, and reacts to developments in its market, such as purchasing patterns of clients and any new competitors into the market. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its future operations. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, the Company may have to significantly reduce its operations, delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of its platforms or discontinue operations completely.

Any evaluation of our business and our prospects must be considered in light of our limited operating history and the risks and uncertainties encountered by companies in our stage of development. Further, our industry is characterized by rapid technological change, changing client needs, evolving industry standards and frequent introduction of new products and services. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by developing companies in rapidly changing industries. If we do not address these risks successfully, our operating results will be harmed.

Investors should evaluate an investment in us in light of the uncertainties encountered by developing companies in a competitive environment. We cannot assure you that we will be profitable in the next several years or at all, or that we will generate any revenues in the future or sufficient revenues to meet our debt servicing and payment obligations.

**The report of our independent registered public accounting firm expresses substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and we may not be able to continue to operate the business if we are not successful in securing additional funding.**

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, which is included in this Annual Report, includes an explanatory paragraph indicating that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern due to our recurring losses from operations, available cash and cash used in operations. The inclusion of a going concern explanatory paragraph by our independent registered public accounting firm may materially adversely affect our share price, our ability to secure additional financing, and otherwise execute our strategy.

As noted above, the Company has a history of losses and has projected operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future, and we are currently dependent on additional fundraising in order to sustain our ongoing operations. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"), contemplating that we will continue to operate as a going concern. We cannot assure you that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund future operations. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, the Company may have to significantly reduce its operations or delay, scale back or discontinue the development of additional products and services, seek alternative financing arrangements, declare bankruptcy or otherwise terminate its operations entirely.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**We expect to experience future losses as we implement our business strategy and will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, which may not occur.**

We have incurred net losses since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. To date, we have funded our operations from the sale of equity and debt securities in private transactions and in the capital markets, and by means of credit facilities and other financing arrangements. We expect to continue to incur significant operating expenses as we implement our business strategy, which include development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses and, as a result, we expect to incur additional losses and continued negative cash flow from operations for the foreseeable future. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability. We cannot assure you that we will ever generate sufficient revenues to achieve profitability. If we do achieve profitability in some future period, we cannot assure you that we will be able sustain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. If our revenues grow more slowly than we anticipate or if our operating expenses exceed our expectations or cannot be adjusted accordingly, our business, operating results and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

**Investment in new products and services may not achieve expected returns and could disrupt our ongoing business, present risks not originally contemplated and materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.** 

We have invested, and in the future may invest, in the research, development and marketing of new products and services, including the K7 ASR and the K1 Capsule and Super Tower. We intend for these initiatives to drive efficiencies and improve margins. Such endeavors may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including distraction of management from current operations, greater-than-expected liabilities and expenses, new claims or litigation, economic, political, legal and regulatory challenges, inadequate return on capital, unrealized benefits or unanticipated delays in realized benefits, potential impairment of tangible and intangible assets, and significant write-offs. Additionally, if customers do not perceive our new products and software as providing significant value, they may not readily adopt them and we may not achieve returns on our investment. Developing new technologies is complex and can require long development and testing periods. We could experience significant delays in new releases or significant problems in creating new products or services, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the capital required for our investment in any new products or services may require us to raise additional capital, including debt or equity securities. These transactions may impose additional restrictions on our ability to operate and/or may be dilutive to you. In the event that additional liquidity is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise the capital on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

**We are subject to potential fluctuations in operating results due to our sales cycle.**

Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from quarter to quarter, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly. We spend a substantial amount of time, effort and money in our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any revenue and the timing of our revenue is difficult to predict. Our sales efforts involve educating our clients about the use and benefit of our products and technology, including their technical capabilities and potential cost savings to the clients. Clients typically undertake a significant evaluation process that has in the past resulted in a lengthy sales cycle. In addition, product purchases are frequently subject to budget constraints, regulatory and administrative approvals, and other delays. If sales expected from a specific client for a particular quarter are not realized in that quarter or at all, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

**If we are unable to acquire new customers, our future revenues and operating results will be harmed. Likewise, potential customer turnover in the future, or costs we incur to retain our existing customers, could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.**

Our success depends on our ability to acquire new customers in new and existing markets, including new and existing geographic markets. If we are unable to attract a sufficient number of new customers, we may be unable to generate revenue growth at desired rates. Our industry is competitive and our competitors may have substantial financial, personnel and other resources that they can utilize to develop solutions and attract customers. As a result, it may be difficult for us to add new customers to our customer base. Competition in the marketplace may also lead us to win fewer new customers or result in us providing discounts and other commercial incentives.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Our immediate focus is on the U.S. market, and our long-term success will in part depend on our ability to acquire new customers outside the U.S. If customers in other countries do not perceive the threat of security to be significant enough to justify the purchase of our products, we will be unable to establish a meaningful business outside the U.S. If we are unable to attract a sufficient number of new customers outside the U.S., we may be unable to generate future revenue growth at desired rates in the long term.

**We are subject to the loss of contracts, due to terminations, non-renewals or competitive re-bids, which could adversely affect our results of operations and liquidity, including our ability to secure new contracts from other customers.**

We are exposed to the risk that we may lose our contracts primarily due to the termination by a customer with or without cause at any time, the failure by a customer to exercise its option to renew a contract with us upon the expiration of the then current term, or our failure to win the right to continue to operate. The loss by us of contracts due to terminations, non-renewals or competitive re-bids could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and/or liquidity, including our ability to secure new contracts from other customers.

**The failure to identify, consummate, effectively integrate or realize the expected benefits from acquisitions could adversely affect our growth and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.** 

We periodically evaluate selective acquisitions in connection with our growth strategy. The success of our growth strategy is dependent, in part, on our ability to identify suitable acquisitions, prevail against competing potential acquirers and negotiate and consummate acquisitions on terms attractive to us. It is also dependent on our ability to effectively integrate and realize the expected benefits from acquisitions.

The combination of independent businesses is a complex, costly, and time-consuming process that requires significant management attention and resources. The potential difficulties we may face in integrating the operations of our acquisitions include, among others:

● Failure to implement our business plan for the combined businesses;

● Unexpected losses of key employees, customers or suppliers of acquired companies and businesses;

● Unanticipated issues in conforming our acquired companies' and businesses' standards, processes, procedures and internal controls with our operations;

● Coordinating new product and process development;

● Increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations;

● Diversion of management's attention from other business concerns;

● Adverse effects on our or acquired companies' and businesses' existing business relationships;

● Unanticipated changes in applicable laws and regulations;

● Unanticipated expenses and liabilities; and

● Other difficulties in the assimilation of acquired companies and businesses operations, technologies, products and systems.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

We may maintain, achieve or increase revenue, from companies that we acquire. If we experience difficulties with the integration process or if the business of any acquired company or business deteriorates, the anticipated cost savings, growth opportunities and other synergies of any acquired company and business may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected. Any or all of these factors could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees, or achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. In addition, many of these factors are outside of our control, and any one of these factors could result in additional or unforeseen costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues and additional diversion of management's time and energy, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely impacted.

**Our future operating results are difficult to predict and may be affected by a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control.**

The market for advanced physical security technology is relatively new and unproven and is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. The industry is characterized by rapid change, new and complex technology and intense competition. Our ability to gain market share depends upon our ability to create demand, which includes increasing awareness about our products, satisfy client demands, enhance existing products and services and develop and introduce new products and services. Our ability to gain market share also depends on a number of factors beyond our control, including the perceived value associated with our products and services, the public's perception of the use of robots to perform tasks traditionally reserved for humans, and our clients' acceptance of our view that security services can be performed more efficiently and cost-effectively through the use of our products and ancillary services. If any of these factors turns against us, our future operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

**Our financial results will fluctuate in the future, which makes them difficult to predict.**

Our financial results have fluctuated in the past and will fluctuate in the future. Additionally, we have a limited operating history with the current scale of our business, which makes it difficult to forecast future results. As a result, you should not rely upon our past financial results as indicators of future performance. You should take into account the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by rapidly growing companies in evolving markets. Our financial results in any given quarter can be influenced by numerous factors, many of which we are unable to predict or are outside of our control, including:

● Fluctuations in and the unpredictability of our sales cycle;

● Our ability to maintain and grow our client base;

● Downturns or financial instability in the business of our customers and partners;

● Development and introduction of new products by us or our competitors;

● Adverse changes affecting our suppliers and other third-party service providers, and any disruption in the supply of materials necessary for our business;

● Increases in marketing, sales, service and other operating expenses that we may incur to grow and expand our operations and to remain competitive;

● Our ability to achieve profitable gross margins and operating margins;

● Periodic litigation and related legal proceedings, which could result in unexpected expenditures of time and resources; and

● Changes in global geopolitical, business or macroeconomic conditions including regulatory changes.

Additionally, we currently have one U.S. government customer and expect to have additional U.S. government customers in the future. If the U.S. government does not complete its budget process before its fiscal year-end, government operations may be funded by means of a continuing resolution. Under a continuing resolution, the government essentially authorizes agencies of the U.S. government to continue to operate and fund programs at the prior year end but does not authorize new

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

spending initiatives. When the U.S. government operates under a continuing resolution, or should appropriations legislation not be enacted prior to the expiration of such continuing resolution resulting in a partial shut-down of federal government operations, government agencies may delay the procurement of services, which could reduce our future revenue. For other risks associated with our U.S. government customers, see "*We have a government customer and are seeking additional government customers, which subject us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions, or penalties.*"

The occurrence of any of the above and any unanticipated obstacles may hinder the execution of our business plan and adversely affect or materially adversely affect our operating results.

**Changes in global economic conditions, including, but not limited to, those driven by inflation, international trade restrictions and interest rates, may adversely affect customer spending and the financial health of our customers and others with whom we do business, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash resources.**

Uncertainty about current and future global economic conditions may cause our customers and partners to cancel agreements with us, or potential customers and partners to hesitate to enter into agreements with us. Our financial success is sensitive to changes in general economic and financial conditions, including tariffs or other trade restrictions, interest rates, energy costs, labor costs, inflation, commodity prices, unemployment levels, consumer debt levels, tax rates and other changes in tax laws, public health issues like the COVID-19 pandemic, or other economic factors, certain of which effects, including cost inflation, we experienced the last four years and expect to continue to experience in 2026.

Global inflation, elevated interest rates, and global industry-wide logistics challenges have impacted, and we expect will continue to impact, our business. Unfavorable economic conditions, including rising interest rates, also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us on terms we deem acceptable. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and materially harm our operating results and financial condition. Additionally, if our suppliers or other parties in our supply chain experience diminished liquidity, and as a result are unable to fulfill their obligations to us in a timely manner or at all, we may in turn be unable to provide our customers with our products in a timely manner or at all, resulting in lost sales opportunities or a deterioration in our customer relationships. If we are unable to mitigate the impact of supply chain constraints and inflationary pressure through price increases or other measures, our results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

Similarly, global conflicts including the ongoing wars between Russia and Ukraine, Iran and U.S. and Israel and Hamas have created volatility in the global capital markets and are expected to continue to have further global economic consequences, such as disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. Any such continued volatility and disruptions may adversely affect our business or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive. Increased inflation rates have already, and may continue to, adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor and employee benefit costs. In addition, higher inflation and macro turmoil and uncertainty could also adversely affect our customers, which could reduce demand for our products.

**Our business could be adversely affected by trade tariffs or other trade barriers.**

Our business is subject to the imposition of tariffs and other trade barriers, which may make it more costly for us to import raw materials and product components for our products. For example, the United States government has renegotiated or terminated certain existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements. It has also imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods which resulted in increased costs for goods imported into the United States. In response to these tariffs, a number of United States trading partners have imposed retaliatory tariffs on a wide range of United States products, making it more costly for companies to export products to those countries. The new presidential administration recently imposed new tariffs on imports to the United States. If we experience cost increases as a result of existing or future tariffs, and are unable to pass on such additional costs to our customers, or otherwise mitigate the costs, or if demand for our products decreases due to the higher cost, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, some countries has imposed or threatened to impose retaliatory tariffs on the United States. The resulting environment of retaliatory trade or other practices or additional trade restrictions or barriers, if implemented on a broader range of products or raw materials, could harm our ability to obtain necessary raw materials and product components or sell our products and services at prices customers are willing to pay, which could have a material adverse

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, and cash flows. Relatedly, trade policies could lead to an increasing number of competitors entering the United States, thereby creating more competition.

**Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or non-performance by financial institutions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.**

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future adversely affect our liquidity. We continue to evaluate our banking relationships as our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by events such as liquidity constraints or failures, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors may also adversely affect our ability to access our cash and cash equivalents at affected financial institutions.

Investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us or our customers to acquire financing on terms favorable to us, or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other things, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, result in breaches of our contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Any further deterioration in the macroeconomic economy or financial services industry could lead to losses or defaults by our customers or suppliers, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our current and/or projected business operations and results of operations and financial condition. Any customer or supplier bankruptcy or insolvency, or the failure of any customer to make payments when due, or any breach or default by a customer or supplier, or the loss of any significant supplier relationships, could result in material losses to the Company and may have a material adverse impact on our business.

**We have a limited number of deployments, and limited market acceptance of our products could harm our business.**

The market for advanced physical security technology is relatively new and unproven and is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. The numbers, types and locations of ASRs in service vary depending on the duration of each client contract, client demand and similar factors. As a result, the numbers, types and locations of ASRs in service that are currently deployed may not be representative of client contracts and client demand in the future. In order to grow our business and extend our market position, we will need to place into service more ASRs, expand our service offerings, including by developing new products and services, and expand our presence nationwide. Our ability to expand the market for our products depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with our products and services. Furthermore, the public's perception of the use of robots to perform certain tasks traditionally reserved for humans may negatively affect demand for our products and services. Ultimately, our success will depend largely on our clients' acceptance that security services can be performed more efficiently and cost effectively through the use of our ASRs and ancillary services. Additionally, our customers consider many factors when deciding whether to purchase ASRs. Although we have in the past, entered into, and intend in the future to enter into, pilot programs to deploy ASRs with the goal of ultimately selling them to new customers, there can be no assurance that these pilot programs or any other of our sales efforts will result in successful sales, higher volume orders, or will attract new customers.

**We cannot assure you that we will effectively manage our growth.**

Our employee headcount and the scope and complexity of our business have increased significantly since we were first formed, and we expect it will continue as we grow over the long term. The growth and expansion of our business and products create significant challenges for our management, operational, and financial resources, including managing multiple relationships and interactions with users, distributors, vendors, and other third parties. As the Company grows, our

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

information technology systems, internal management processes, internal controls and procedures and manufacturing processes may not be adequate to support our operations. To ensure success, we must continue to improve our operational, financial, and management processes and systems and to effectively expand, train, and manage our employee base. As we grow, and implement more complex organizational and management structures, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the benefits of our corporate culture, including our current team's efficiency and expertise, which could negatively affect our business performance.

**Our costs may grow more quickly than our revenues, harming our business and profitability.**

Providing our products is costly because of our research and development expenses, manufacturing costs, operating costs and need for employees with specialized skills. We expect our expenses to continue to increase in the future as we expand our product offerings, expand manufacturing capabilities and hire additional employees. Historically, our costs have increased each year due to these factors and we expect to continue to incur increasing costs, in particular for working capital to purchase inventory, marketing and product deployments as well as costs of client support in the field. Our expenses may be greater than we anticipate, which would have a negative impact on our financial position, assets and ability to invest further in the growth and expansion of the business. In addition, expansion across the country will require increased marketing, sales, promotion and other operating expenses. Further, as additional competitors enter our market, we expect an increased pressure on manufacturing costs and margins.

**Any debt arrangements that we enter into may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities. A breach of any of the restrictive covenants under such debt arrangements may cause us to be in default under our debt arrangements, and our lenders could foreclose on our assets.**

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we issued unsecured Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds (the "Bonds") bearing interest at 10% per annum, payable annually on December 31 each year, starting on December 31, 2024, with a principal amount totaling approximately $1.4 million. We issued additional Bonds from January of 2024 through March 14, 2024, with a principal amount of approximately $2.8 million. In total, we issued Bonds with a principal amount of approximately $4.3 million through the life of the Bond offering.

The Bonds imposed, and any future debt arrangements we enter into may impose, operating and financial restrictions on us, including requiring that we maintain our listing on Nasdaq, in addition to other restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. Such restrictions could, for example, limit our ability to, among other things:

● Incur certain additional indebtedness;

● Pay dividends on, repurchase or make distributions in respect our capital stock;

● Make certain investments;

● Sell or dispose of certain assets;

● Grant liens on our assets; and

● Consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets.

Restrictions posed by any future debt arrangements could impede our ability to operate and negatively affect our ability to respond to business and market conditions, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**The loss of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm our business.**

The loss of one or more key executives, the lack of a succession plan, or our inability to attract and retain qualified professionals in critical areas such as finance, legal, engineering, and manufacturing could negatively impact our operations and growth. Inflationary pressures and fluctuations in the perceived value of our equity compensation may further affect employee retention. Additionally, future changes in our Board of Directors and senior management may disrupt our business, create uncertainty among investors, employees, and customers, and adversely impact our financial condition and stock price.

**If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and our business may be adversely affected.**

We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, copyright, patent, trade secret, and domain name protection laws, to protect its proprietary rights. We have filed in the U.S. various applications for protection of certain aspects of our intellectual property, and we currently hold twelve patents. However, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights, third parties may challenge proprietary rights held by us, and pending and future trademark and patent applications may not be approved. In addition, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we intend to operate in the future. In any or all of these cases, we may be required to expend significant time and expense in order to prevent infringement or to enforce our rights. Although we have taken measures to protect our proprietary rights, we cannot assure you that others will not offer products or concepts that are substantially similar to our products and compete with our business. In addition, we may not have the financial or human resources to devote to adequately defending our intellectual property rights. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

**We may be subject to claims, disputes or legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. If the outcome of these proceedings is unfavorable to us, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.**

We may be subject to claims, disputes, or legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business from time to time, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may receive formal and informal inquiries from governmental authorities and regulators regarding our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, many of which are evolving and subject to interpretation. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of laws could be asserted against us by our employees, customers, competitors, governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings or other third parties. These claims could be asserted under a variety of laws, including but not limited to advertising laws, Internet information services laws, intellectual property laws, unfair competition laws, data protection and privacy laws, labor and employment laws, securities laws, real estate laws, tort laws, contract laws, property laws and employee benefit laws. There can be no guarantee that we will be successful in defending ourselves in legal and arbitration actions or in asserting our rights under various laws. If the outcome of these proceedings is unfavorable to us, then our business, results of operations and financial conditions could be adversely affected. Even if we are successful in our attempt to defend ourselves in legal and arbitration actions or to assert our rights under various laws, enforcing our rights against the various parties involved may be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately futile. These actions may expose us to negative publicity, substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief, and criminal and civil fines and penalties.

**We may face additional competition.**

We are aware of a number of other companies that are developing physical security technology in the U.S. and abroad that may potentially compete with our technology and services. These or new competitors may have more resources than us or may be better capitalized, which may give them a significant advantage, for example, in offering better pricing than the Company, surviving an economic downturn or in reaching profitability. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against existing or emerging competitors. Additionally, existing private security firms may also compete on price by lowering their operating costs, developing new business models or providing other incentives.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Our ability to operate and collect digital information on behalf of our clients is dependent on the privacy laws of jurisdictions in which our ASRs operate, as well as the corporate policies of our clients, which may limit our ability to fully deploy our technologies in various markets. Actual or perceived failures to comply with applicable data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations, standards and other requirements could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.**

Our products, including the ASRs, may collect, store and analyze certain types of personal or identifying information regarding individuals that interact with the ASRs. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues is rapidly evolving worldwide and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Federal and state government bodies and agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws and regulations affecting data privacy, which in turn affect the breadth and type of features that we can offer to our clients. In addition, our clients have separate internal policies, procedures and controls regarding privacy and data security with which we may be required to comply. In many deployments, our customers determine the manner and purposes for which our technologies are configured and used, which may affect the applicability of certain legal requirements. Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws are uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted or applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our current data management practices or the features of our products. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Additionally, we may become a target of information-focused or data collection attacks and any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations, and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our clients may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our products. Privacy and data security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our products, particularly in certain industries and foreign countries. If we are not able to adjust to changing laws, regulations, our business may be harmed.

As our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities. In the USA, certain states have also adopted privacy and security laws and regulations, which govern the privacy, processing and protection of health-related and other personal information. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (collectively, the "CCPA"), requires covered businesses that process the personal information of California residents to, among other things: provide certain disclosures to California residents regarding the business's collection, use, and disclosure of their personal information; receive and respond to requests from California residents to access, delete, and correct their personal information, or to opt out of certain disclosures of their personal information, and enter into specific contractual provisions with service providers that process California resident personal information on the business's behalf Additional comprehensive state privacy laws have become effective in recent years, and more states continue to enact or consider similar legislation, increasing the complexity of compliance for companies operating nationwide. Additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may also be required. The enactment of such laws could have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging.

In the event that we are subject to or affected by the CCPA or other domestic privacy and data protection laws, any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition. Furthermore, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") also has authority to initiate enforcement actions against entities that make deceptive statements about privacy and data sharing in privacy policies, fail to limit third-party use of personal information, fail to implement policies to protect personal information or engage in other unfair practices that harm customers or that may violate Section 5(a) of the FTC Act. Failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers' personal information secure can constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The FTC expects a company's data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities. Additionally, federal and state consumer protection laws are increasingly being applied by FTC and states' attorneys general to regulate the collection, use, storage, and disclosure of personal or personally identifiable information, through websites or otherwise, and to regulate the presentation of website content.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

We are also or may become subject to rapidly evolving data protection laws, rules and regulations in foreign jurisdictions. For example, in Europe, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (the "GDPR") went into effect in May 2018 and imposes strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals within the European Economic Area ("EEA") or in the context of our activities within the EEA. Companies that must comply with the GDPR face increased compliance obligations and risk, including more robust regulatory enforcement of data protection requirements and potential fines for noncompliance of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater. In addition to fines, a breach of the GDPR may result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/ change our data processing activities, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit) and/ or civil claims (including class actions). Among other requirements, the GDPR regulates transfers of personal data subject to the GDPR to third countries that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such personal data, including the United States, and the efficacy and longevity of current transfer mechanisms between the EEA, and the United States remains uncertain. Case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union ("CJEU") states that reliance on the standard contractual clauses - a standard form of contract approved by the European Commission as an adequate personal data transfer mechanism - alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances and that transfers must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. On July 10, 2023, the European Commission adopted its Adequacy Decision in relation to the new EU-US Data Privacy Framework ("DPF"), rendering the DPF effective as a GDPR transfer mechanism to U.S. entities self-certified under the DPF. We expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers to continue. In particular, we expect the DPF Adequacy Decision to be challenged and international transfers to the United States and to other jurisdictions more generally to continue to be subject to enhanced scrutiny by regulators.

Since the beginning of 2021, after the end of the transition period following the UK's departure from the European Union, we are also subject to the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018 (collectively, the "UK GDPR"), which imposes separate but similar obligations to those under the GDPR and comparable penalties, including fines of up to £17.5 million or 4% of a noncompliant company's global annual revenue for the preceding financial year, whichever is greater. On October 12, 2023, the UK Extension to the DPF came into effect (as approved by the UK Government), as a data transfer mechanism from the UK to U.S. entities self-certified under the DPF. As we continue to expand into other foreign countries and jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct business.

The regulatory framework for AI is rapidly evolving as many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have introduced or are currently considering additional laws and regulations. Additionally, existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in ways that would affect the operation of our AI technologies, or could be rescinded or amended as new administrations take differing approaches to evolving AI Technologies. As a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or market perception of their requirements may have on our business and may not always be able to anticipate how to respond to these laws or regulations.

Already, certain existing legal regimes (e.g., relating to data privacy) regulate certain aspects of AI, and new laws regulating AI either entered or are expected to enter into force in the United States and the EU in 2025. Federal and state policymakers in the United States continue to evaluate regulatory approaches to AI technologies, including through executive actions, agency rulemaking, and legislation. Regulatory priorities and enforcement approaches may continue to shift across administrations. Any such changes at the federal level could require us to expend significant resources to modify our products, services, or operations to ensure compliance or remain competitive. Already, agencies such as the Department of Commerce and the FTC have issued proposed rules governing the use and development of AI. U.S. legislation related to AI has also been introduced at the federal level and is advancing at the state level. For example, the California Privacy Protection Agency is currently in the process of finalizing regulations under the CCPA regarding the use of automated decision-making. California also enacted seventeen new laws in 2024 that further regulate use of AI Technologies and provide consumers with additional protections around companies' use of AI Technologies, such as requiring companies to disclose certain uses of generative AI. Other states have also passed AI-focused legislation, such as Colorado's Artificial Intelligence Act, which will require developers and deployers of "high-risk" AI systems to implement certain safeguards against algorithmic discrimination, and Utah's Artificial Intelligence Policy Act, which establishes disclosure requirements and accountability measures for the use of generative AI in certain consumer interactions. Such additional regulations may impact our ability to develop, use and commercialize AI technologies in the future.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

In Europe, on August 1, 2024, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (the "EU AI Act") entered into force, and establishes a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for AI in the EU market. The majority of the substantive requirements will apply from August 2, 2026. The EU AI Act applies to companies that develop, use and/or provide AI in the EU and – depending on the AI use case – includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose AI and foundation models, and fines for breach of up to 7% of worldwide annual turnover. In addition, the revised EU Product Liability Directive came into force in December 2024, to be implemented into EU member state national law by December 2026. This Directive extends the EU's existing strict product liability regime to AI Technologies and AI-enabled products, and facilitates civil claims in respect of harm caused by AI. Once fully applicable, the EU AI Act and the EU Product Liability Directive will have a material impact on the way AI is regulated in the EU. Further, in Europe we are subject to GDPR, which regulates our use of personal data for automated decision making including individual profiling that results in a legal or similarly significant effect on an individual, and provides rights to individuals in respect of that automated decision making. Recent case law from the CJEU has taken an expansive view of the scope of the GDPR's requirements around automated decision making and introduced uncertainty in the interpretation of these rules. Specifically, the CJEU has expanded the scope for automated decision making under the GDPR by finding that automated decision-making activities can fall within the GDPR's restrictions on those activities even if the required legal or similarly significant effect for the individual is carried out by a third party. The EU AI Act, and developing interpretation and application of the GDPR in respect of automated decision making, together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, may affect our use of AI and our ability to provide, improve or commercialize our services, require additional compliance measures and changes to our operations and processes, result in increased compliance costs and potential increases in civil claims against us, and could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

It is possible that further new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and in other non-U.S. jurisdictions, or that existing laws and regulations, including competition and antitrust laws, may be interpreted in ways that would limit our ability to use AI for our business, or require us to change the way we use AI in a manner that negatively affects the performance of our products, services, and business and the way in which we use AI. We may need to expend resources to adjust our products or services in certain jurisdictions if the laws, regulations, or decisions are not consistent across jurisdictions. Further, the cost to comply with such laws, regulations, or decisions and/or guidance interpreting existing laws, could be significant and would increase our operating expenses (such as by imposing additional reporting obligations regarding our use of AI). Such an increase in operating expenses, as well as any actual or perceived failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, our contractual obligations and other legal obligations, these requirements are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another or other legal obligations with which we must comply. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our employees, representatives, contractors, consultants, collaborators, or other third parties to comply with such requirements or adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

**Our business and operations may suffer in the event of information technology system failures, cyberattacks or deficiencies in our cybersecurity.** 

We collect and maintain information in digital form that is necessary to conduct our business, and we are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure to operate our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal information (collectively, "Confidential Information"). It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such Confidential Information.

Our information technology systems and those of our third-party service providers, strategic partners and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to attack, damage and interruption from computer viruses and malware (e.g. ransomware), misconfigurations, "bugs" or other vulnerabilities, malicious code, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, hacking, cyberattacks, phishing attacks and other social engineering schemes, employee theft or misuse, human error, fraud, denial or degradation of service attacks and sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors. We have also outsourced elements of our information technology infrastructure, and as a result a number of third-party vendors may or could have access to our confidential information.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyberattacks or cyber intrusion, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period. Even if identified, we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. There can be no assurance that our and our third-party service providers', strategic partners', contractors' and consultants' cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems, networks and Confidential Information. We and certain of our service providers are from time to time subject to cyberattacks and security incidents. To date, we have not identified any cybersecurity incidents that we believe have materially affected our business, However, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss, corruption or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets, personal information or other proprietary or sensitive information or other similar disruptions. It could also expose us to risks, including an inability to provide our services and fulfill contractual demands, and could cause management distraction and the obligation to devote significant financial and other resources to mitigate such problems, which would increase our future information security costs, including through organizational changes, deploying additional personnel, reinforcing administrative, physical and technical safeguards, further training of employees, changing third-party vendor control practices and engaging third-party subject matter experts and consultants and reduce the demand for our technology and services.

Any security compromise affecting us, our service providers, strategic partners, other contractors, consultants, or our industry, whether real or perceived, could harm our reputation, erode confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and lead to regulatory scrutiny. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or systems, or inappropriate disclosure of Confidential Information, we could incur liability, including litigation exposure, penalties and fines, we could become the subject of regulatory action or investigation, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of our products and services could be delayed. Any adverse impact to the availability, integrity or confidentiality of our or third-party systems or Confidential Information can result in legal claims or proceedings (such as class actions), regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines and penalties, negative reputational impacts that cause us to lose existing or future customers, and/or significant incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs. We may also be exposed to a risk of loss or litigation and potential liability, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Attacks upon information technology systems are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period. Even if identified, we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. Further, our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, business or reputational losses that may result from an interruption or breach of our systems.

**We have limited experience in operating our ASRs in a variety of environments and increased interactions may lead to collisions, possible liability and negative publicity.**

Our ASRs operate autonomously in environments, such as shopping malls, parking lots and stadiums, that are surrounded by various moving and stationary physical obstacles and by humans and vehicles. Such environments are prone to collisions, unintended interactions and various other incidents, regardless of our technology. Therefore, our ASRs have been in the past and may in the future be involved in a collision with any number of such obstacles. Our ASRs contain a number of advanced sensors that are designed to prevent any such incidents and are intended to stop any motion at the detection of intervening objects. Nonetheless, real-life environments, especially those in crowded areas, are unpredictable and situations have in the past arisen and may in the future arise in which the ASRs may not perform as intended. Incidents

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

involving autonomous systems, including those involving third parties, have received public attention. We cannot assure you that a collision, including with property or with humans, will not occur. Any such collision or other incident could damage the ASR, lead to personal injury or property damage, and may subject us to lawsuits. Moreover, any actual or perceived incident, even without any resulting damage, may lead to adverse publicity for us. Such lawsuits or adverse publicity would negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

**Our brand, reputation and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers are dependent in part upon the reliable performance of our products, infrastructure, and employees.**

Our brand, reputation and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers are dependent in part upon the reliable performance of, and the ability of our existing customers and new customers to access and use, our products solutions, including pursuant to our pilot programs. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, delays, incidents, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, equipment failure, human or software errors, capacity constraints, and fraud or cybersecurity attacks. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time.

Interruptions in our systems or the third-party systems on which we rely, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or other factors, could affect the security or availability of our products, network infrastructure, cloud infrastructure and website. Problems with the reliability or security of our products or systems could harm our reputation. Damage to our reputation and the cost of remedying these problems could negatively affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Any disruptions or other performance problems with our products could harm our reputation and business and may damage our customers' businesses, reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits to customers, subject us to potential liability and cause customers not to purchase our products after pilot programs or renew their subscription purchases of our products.

**Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting may result in material misstatements in our financial statements, which could in the future require us to restate financial statements, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and could have an adverse effect on our ability to fundraise.**

We have in the past and may in the future identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Any failure to maintain existing or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in additional material weaknesses, cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. If a material weakness were to exist, it could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of financial statements and cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective or if we are unable to effectively identify or remediate any material weaknesses in a timely manner, or if our disclosure controls and procedures are ineffective, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to sell our securities and to conduct future fundraising.

**The private security industry is undergoing structural changes in technology and services.**

The private security industry is undergoing structural changes, consolidation, changing client needs, evolving industry standards and introduction of new products and services. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in such industries. If we do not address these risks successfully, our business will be harmed. Our ability to gain market share depends upon our ability to satisfy client requirements, enhance existing products and develop and introduce new products. Further, we expect the intensity of competition to increase in the future. Increased competitiveness may result in reductions in the prices of our products and services, lower-than-expected gross margins or loss of market share, any of which would harm our business.

**We have a government customer and are seeking additional government customers, which would subject us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions, or penalties.**

We are actively seeking to secure a material amount of business from the U.S. federal government. We have entered into our first government contract with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs as well as a Phase 1 contract with the U.S. Air Force. These types of agreements subject us to statutes, regulations and contract obligations applicable to companies doing

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

business with the government. Government contracts customarily contain provisions that give the government substantial rights and remedies, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts and which are unfavorable to contractors, including provisions that allow the government to unilaterally terminate or modify federal government contracts, in whole or in part, at the government's convenience or in the government's best interest, including if funds become unavailable to the applicable government agency. Under general principles of government contracting law, if the government terminates a contract for convenience, the terminated company may generally recover only its incurred or committed costs and settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, the defaulting company may be liable for any extra costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items from another source.

In addition, government contracts normally contain additional requirements that may increase our costs of doing business, reduce our profits, and expose us to liability for failure to comply with these terms and conditions. These requirements include, for example:

● compliance with complex regulations for procurement, formation, administration, and performance of government contracts under the Federal Acquisition Regulation, and agency-specific regulations supplemental to the Federal Acquisition Regulation;

● cybersecurity obligations that require implementation of specific standards and protections mandated by the federal government and mandatory disclosure of cybersecurity incidents to government agencies;

● specialized disclosure and accounting requirements unique to government contracts;

● mandatory financial and compliance audits that may result in potential liability for price or cost adjustments, recoupment of government funds after such funds have been spent, civil and criminal penalties, or administrative sanctions such as suspension or debarment from doing business with the U.S. government;

● public disclosures of certain contract and company information; and

● mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements, including labor requirements, non-discrimination requirements, and environmental compliance requirements.

Government contracts are also generally subject to greater scrutiny by the government, which can unilaterally initiate reviews, audits and investigations regarding our compliance with government contract requirements. In addition, if we fail to comply with government contract laws, regulations and contract requirements, our contracts may be subject to termination or suspension, and we may be subject to financial and/or other liability under our contracts or under the Federal Civil False Claims Act. The False Claims Act's "whistleblower" provisions allow private individuals, including present and former employees, to sue on behalf of the U.S. government. The False Claims Act statute provides for treble damages and other penalties and, if our operations are found to be in violation of the False Claims Act, we could face other adverse action, including suspension or prohibition from doing business with the United States government. Any penalties, damages, fines, suspension, or damages could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

Additionally, although the Company has obtained an Authority to Operate under the Federal Risk And Authorization Management Program ("FedRAMP") program, any change to our moderate cloud solution FedRAMP status could impede our ability to enter into contracts with government entities. If we do not successfully manage our FedRAMP status, our sales to government entities could be delayed or limited, and as a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Changes of administration in the U.S. federal government may affect our business in a manner that currently cannot be reliably predicted. For example, an advisory commission, the "Department of Government Efficiency" was announced in 2025 to reform federal government processes and reduce expenditures. Pressures on and uncertainty surrounding the U.S. federal government's budget, and potential change in budgetary priorities could adversely affect individual programs and delay purchasing or payment decisions by certain of our existing or targeted customers. All of these uncertainties may individually or in the aggregate materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**We are dependent on the global supply chain and have experienced supply chain constraints, as well as increased costs on components and shipping.**

We are dependent on a complex global supply chain and continue to face challenges such as raw material constraints and extended lead times on key components. Geopolitical conflicts, tariffs and other trade restrictions, and inflationary pressures have led to increased costs for materials, components, and freight, which may negatively impact our business, prospects, results of operations and cash flows. If we cannot offset these cost increases through pricing strategies or operational efficiencies, our financial performance may suffer. Additionally, supply chain disruptions could delay product deployment, affecting revenue recognition and customer satisfaction.

***Risks Related to Ownership of our Class A Common Stock***

**We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market, and Nasdaq could delist our Class A Common Stock.**

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "KSCP." In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements, including maintaining a minimum bid price and a minimum market value. The inability to comply with applicable listing requirements or standards of Nasdaq could result in the delisting of our Class A Common Stock, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and could cause the value of our Class A Common Stock to decline.

In the event that our Class A Common Stock is delisted and not eligible for quotation on another market or exchange, trading of our Class A Common Stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board. In such event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our Class A Common Stock, and the price of our Class A Common Stock could decline further. In addition, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital if we are not listed on a major exchange.

**We will need to seek additional funds in the future.**

We project operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. See *Liquidity and Capital Resources*. We will require additional funds to maintain our operations and respond to business challenges and opportunities, including the need to develop new products or enhance our existing products, enhance our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we will need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds, such as our current at-the-market offering program.

Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve additional restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. See "*Any debt arrangements that we enter into may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities. A breach of any of the restrictive covenants under such debt arrangements may cause us to be in default under our debt arrangements, and our lenders could foreclose on our assets*." Such financing could also require us to pledge assets as security for borrowings. If we were to leverage our business by incurring significant debt, we may be required to devote a substantial portion of our cash flow to service that indebtedness. This could require us to modify our business plan, for example, by delaying the expansion of our business. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, the Company may have to significantly reduce its operations or delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of its platforms, seek alternative financing arrangements, declare bankruptcy or terminate its operations entirely.

**Our stock price may be volatile.**

The market price of our Class A Common Stock may be thinly traded, highly volatile and could fluctuate widely in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:

● Fluctuations in and unpredictability of our sales cycle;

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

● Changes to the physical security and technology industries;

● Current and future competition;

● Additions or departures of key personnel;

● Additional sales of our Class A Common Stock and other securities;

● Our ability to execute our business plan;

● Operating results that fall below expectations;

● Loss of any strategic relationship;

● Continued access to working capital funds;

● Economic and other external factors; and

● The threat of terrorism, geopolitical tensions, and general disruptions in the global economy, including the impacts of military action, financial and economic sanctions, and increasing geopolitical tensions related to the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, Iran and U.S. and Israel and its surrounding areas.

In addition, the public safety markets have from time-to-time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock. As a result, you may be unable to resell your shares at a desired price.

**We have not paid cash dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our Class A Common Stock.**

We have never paid cash dividends on our equity securities and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. The payment of any dividends on our Class A Common Stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our Board of Directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our Class A Common Stock may be less valuable because a return on your investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

**If financial securities industry analysts cease to publish reports on us or publish unfavorable reports on us, then the market price and market trading volume of our Class A Common Stock could be negatively affected.**

The market price and trading volume of our Class A Common Stock could be adversely affected if securities analysts cease to publish reports or publish unfavorable research reports about us, our financial performance, or our industry. Negative analyst coverage, a downgrade of our stock, or speculation about our business prospects could reduce investor confidence, increase stock price volatility, and limit our access to capital. Additionally, if analysts discontinue coverage or fail to provide regular updates, investor interest and liquidity in our stock may decline, further impacting our valuation.

**Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common equity in bankruptcy or liquidation, or future issuances of preferred stock, which would rank senior to our common equity for the purposes of dividends and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the level of return you may be able to achieve from an investment in our Class A Common Stock*.***

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt securities. Upon bankruptcy or liquidation, holders of our debt securities, and lenders with respect to other borrowings we may make, would receive distributions of our available assets prior to any distributions being made to holders of our common equity. Moreover, if we issue additional preferred stock, the holders of such preferred stock, together with current holders of Preferred Stock who choose not to convert their shares to common equity, could be entitled to preferences over holders of Class A Common Stock in respect of the payment of dividends and the payment of liquidating distributions. Because our decision to issue debt or preferred

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

securities in any future offering, or to borrow money from lenders, will depend in part on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any such future offerings or borrowings.

**We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Class A Common Stock less attractive to investors.**

We are an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups ("JOBS") Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised financial accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We intend to take advantage of the extended transition period for adopting new or revised financial statements under the JOBS Act as an emerging growth company.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the end of the fiscal year in which the market value of our Class A Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates is at least $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, (ii) the end of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more during such fiscal year, (iii) the date on which we issue more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period, or (iv) the last day of the fiscal year in which the fifth anniversary of the completion of our listing on Nasdaq occurs.

For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may also take advantage of other exemptions from certain reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, exemption from any rules that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB") requiring mandatory audit firm rotations or a supplement to the auditor's report on financial statements, extended transition periods for complying with new accounting standards, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute arrangements, and reduced financial reporting requirements. Investors may find our Class A Common Stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions, which could result in a less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock, increased price fluctuation, and a decrease in the trading price of our Class A Common Stock.

**We are subject to complex and changing laws and regulations, which expose us to potential liabilities, increased costs and other adverse effects on our business.**

We are subject to complex and changing laws, regulations, and executive orders, and compliance with these laws and regulations and executive orders, as well as changing interpretations, policies, and enforcement priorities related to such laws, regulations, and executive orders, is onerous and expensive. Compliance with such laws, regulations, and executive orders can adversely affect our business by increasing our costs, limiting our ability to pursue or offer a product, and requiring changes to our business. New and changing laws, regulations, and executive orders can also create uncertainty about how such laws and regulations will be interpreted, prioritized, or applied. Regulatory changes and other actions that materially adversely affect our business may be announced with little or no advance notice and we may not be able to effectively mitigate all adverse impacts from such measures. Differing interpretations of such legal obligations and policy changes or changes in enforcement priorities can expose us to significant fines, government investigations, litigation and reputational harm. If we are found to have violated laws, regulations, or executive orders, it could materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

**Substantial future sales or issuances of our securities, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress our stock price.**

Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A Common Stock in the public market, the conversion of the securities convertible into Class A Common Stock and subsequent sale of the underlying securities, or the perception that these sales or conversion could occur, could adversely affect the price of our Class A Common Stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional shares. Such shares of Class A Common Stock are generally freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act. Furthermore, holders of our preferred stock have the option to convert their shares of preferred stock into shares of our common equity, which may be subsequently sold in the market. In addition, the applicable conversion rates for certain of our preferred stock and/or warrants, may be adjusted based on future issuances of our Class A Common Stock, which may lead to the issuance of additional shares of Class A Common Stock. The issuance and sale

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A Common Stock, or announcement that such issuances and sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock. If there are more shares of Class A Common Stock offered for sale than buyers are willing to purchase, then the market price of our Class A Common Stock may decline to a market price at which buyers are willing to purchase the offered shares of Class A Common Stock and sellers remain willing to sell the shares.

In the future, we may also issue additional securities given our need to raise capital, which could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of common stock.

**Increasing attention to, and evolving expectations for, ESG initiatives could increase our costs, harm our reputation, or otherwise adversely impact our business.**

Companies across industries are facing increasing scrutiny from a variety of stakeholders related to their ESG practices. Expectations regarding ESG initiatives and disclosures may result in increased costs (including but not limited to increased costs related to compliance, stakeholder engagement, contracting and insurance), changes in demand for certain offerings, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other adverse impacts to our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We may at times engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures, certifications, or goals, among others) to address the ESG profile of our company and/or offerings or to respond to stakeholder demands. Such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect.

Expectations around companies' management of ESG matters continues to evolve rapidly, in many instances due to factors that are out of our control. We may experience pressure to make commitments relating to ESG matters that affect us; however, we may not agree that particular initiatives will be appropriate for our business, and we may not be able to implement such initiatives because of potential costs or technical or operational obstacles, which may adversely impact our reputation or stakeholder relations. Further, stakeholder expectations regarding ESG matters continue to evolve and are not uniform, and our pursuit of our goals and initiatives could adversely impact our reputation due to such differing expectations. If we do not, or are perceived by stakeholders to not, take sufficient or appropriate action to respond to ESG matters, we may be subject to investor or regulator engagement on our ESG initiatives and disclosures, even if such initiatives are currently voluntary.

Certain market participants, including major institutional investors and capital providers, use third-party benchmarks and scores to assess companies' ESG profiles in making investment or voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to increased negative investor sentiment towards us, which could negatively impact our share price as well as our access to and cost of capital. To the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, it may also impede our ability to compete as effectively to attract and retain employees or customers, which may adversely impact our operations.

In addition, laws, regulations, policies, executive orders, and enforcement priorities, disclosure-related and otherwise, have been changing rapidly with respect to ESG matters. These changes will likely lead to increased costs as well as scrutiny that could heighten all of the risks identified in this risk factor. See section "We are subject to complex and changing laws and regulations, which exposes us to potential liabilities, increased costs and other adverse effects on our business" above. Additionally, many of our customers and suppliers may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.

**Short sellers of our stock may be manipulative and may drive down the market price of our Class A Common Stock.**

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own, but rather has borrowed or intends to borrow from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities at a later date to return to the lender. A short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. It is therefore in the short seller's interest for the price of the stock to decline, and some short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, opinions or characterizations regarding the relevant issuer, often involving misrepresentations of the issuer's business prospects and similar matters calculated to create negative market momentum, which may permit them to obtain profits for themselves as a result of selling the stock short.

As a public entity, we may be the subject of additional concerted efforts by short sellers to spread negative information in order to gain a market advantage. In addition, the publication of misinformation may also result in lawsuits, the uncertainty

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

and expense of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and reputation. There are no assurances that we will not face short sellers' efforts or similar tactics in the future, and the market price of our Class A Common Stock may decline as a result of their actions.

**Risks Related to the Event Risk Acquisition**

**The Event Risk Acquisition may not achieve its intended results.**

Although we currently anticipate that the Event Risk Acquisition will accelerate our long-term strategy to operate a fully integrated autonomous security platform, we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the Event Risk Acquisition, encounter additional transaction and integration-related costs, or be affected by other factors that impact our ability to successfully combine Event Risk's security guarding services into the Knightscope platform, any of which could decrease or delay the expected accretion and contribute to a decrease in the price of our common stock.

We completed the Event Risk Acquisition anticipating various benefits to the Company, including integrating Event Risk's licensed response services with Knightscope's autonomous machines and AI-driven orchestration software to build a unified operating model designed to deliver deterrence, detection and response as one coordinated system. Achievement of the anticipated benefits is subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to effectively integrate the acquired business, which may be complex, costly, and time-consuming. Additional challenges could include (i) issues or costs in integrating our key systems; (ii) retaining industry, vendor, and other business relationships; (iii) possible inconsistencies between our standards, controls, policies, and procedures and those of Event Risk and the resources required to implement or improve them to meet public company standards; and (iv) potential unknown liabilities and unforeseen expenses or delays. There could be potential unknown liabilities or unforeseen expenses not discovered during due diligence and not adequately covered by any indemnification. Any such conditions could cause the value of the acquired business to decline or reduce the benefits of the Event Risk Acquisition to the Company and its stockholders.

Any of the foregoing risks could result in failure to achieve the anticipated benefits of the Event Risk Acquisition, and the expectations of our future financial condition and results of operations following the Event Risk Acquisition might not be met. See also "Risks Related to the Business and the Global Economy—The failure to identify, consummate, effectively integrate or realize the expected benefits from acquisitions could adversely affect our growth and our business, financial condition, and results of operations."

**Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments**

None.

**Item 1C. Cybersecurity** 

***Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy***

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information.

We design and assess our program based on the FedRAMP framework. This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the FedRAMP requirements as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Our cybersecurity risk management program is part of our overall risk management program. Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program include but are not limited to the following:

● Risk assessments designed to help identify material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical systems and information.

● A cybersecurity leader principally responsible for managing (i) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (ii) our security controls, and (iii) our response to cybersecurity incidents.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

● The use of external service providers , where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security processes.

● Cybersecurity awareness training for all our employees, including incident response personnel, and senior management.

● A cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents.

● A third-party risk management evaluation process for key service providers based on our assessment of their criticality to our operations and respective risk profile, suppliers, and vendors with access to our information systems or data.

We are not currently aware of any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected the Company, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Our cybersecurity risk environment includes risks associated with cloud-based systems, distributed devices deployed in customer environments, and third-party service providers. For more information, see the section titled "Risk Factor — Our business and operations may suffer in the event of information technology system failures, cyberattacks or deficiencies in our cybersecurity."

***Cybersecurity Governance***

Our Board of Directors considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee (the "Committee") oversight of cybersecurity risks, including oversight of management's implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.

The Committee receives periodic reports from management on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management updates the Committee, where it deems appropriate, regarding any cybersecurity incidents it considers to be significant or potentially significant, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.

The Committee reports to the full Board of Directors regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board of Directors also receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program.

Our management team takes steps to stay informed about and supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents. Mercedes Soria, EVP and Chief Intelligence Officer / Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Ms. Soria has over four years of cyber risk management experience, and is primarily responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. Ms. Soria actively leads her team's efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal personnel, threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external vendors and consultants engaged by us, and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in our information technology environment and our products. As part of her responsibilities, Ms. Soria and her team will continue to monitor our systems for vulnerabilities, implement required updates, and undergo periodic reassessments thus ensuring that our cybersecurity practices remain effective over time.

**Item 2. Properties**

Knightscope currently leases its premises and owns no significant plant or equipment. The Company's approximately 33,000 square foot facility in Sunnyvale, California serves as its headquarters, where it designs, engineers, tests, manufactures and supports all of its ECDs and ASR technologies. The lease for the Company's headquarters expires in June 2030. The Company wholly owns its ASRs and typically builds in batches based on client demand, refraining where possible in stocking inventory or finished products.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Item 3. Legal Proceedings**

From time to time, the Company may be subject to pending legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not presently a party to any litigation that it believes to be material and the Company is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation against the Company that it believes could have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures**

Not applicable.

**PART II**

**Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities**

***Market Information and Holders***

Our Class A Common Stock is listed and traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "KSCP." As of March 25, 2026, we had (i) 24,120 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock and (ii) 18 holders of our Class B Common Stock.

***Dividends***

To date, we have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock. We expect to retain future earnings for use in operating and expanding our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the reasonably foreseeable future. Future declarations of dividends will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and capital requirements, and on such other factors as the Board of Directors may in its discretion consider relevant and in the best long-term interest of stockholders.

***Purchases of Equity Securities By the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.***

None.

**Item 6. Reserved**

**Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations**

***Introduction***

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and notes thereto included herein as Item 8. This discussion contains forward-looking statements. Refer to "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" herein, for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks, assumptions, and other important factors associated with these statements. The historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

Our Management's Discussion and Analysis discusses our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. For a discussion and analysis of the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, please refer to Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

***Overview***

Knightscope is a security technology company providing technology-enabled security solutions through ASRs, ECDs, and real-time monitoring capabilities supported by our cloud-based KSOC and our RTX remote monitoring team. During 2025, we continued to operate and refine this integrated platform while investing in next-generation technologies.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Total revenue increased to approximately $11.3 million in 2025 from approximately $10.8 million in 2024, driven primarily by growth in service-related revenue and ECD product sales. However, significant supply chain constraints, particularly affecting electronic components and certain single-source suppliers within our ECD product line, resulted in extended lead times, intermittent production interruptions, higher input costs, and delivery delays that impacted revenue timing and margin performance during the year.

**Recent Developments**

On February 27, 2026, we completed the Event Risk Acquisition of all the issued and outstanding membership interest of Event Risk pursuant to the Event Risk Agreement. As a result of the transaction, Event Risk became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The aggregate purchase consideration consisted of (i) a $5.0 million cash payment at closing, (ii) repayment of Event Risk's outstanding indebtedness of $1.1 million, (iii) the issuance of 1,724,418 shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock, (iv) $4.0 million of deferred cash payments, payable in quarterly installments beginning March 31, 2027 through December 31, 2028 and (v) any post-closing purchase price adjustments.

See Note 11 to our financial statements, which are included in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report for additional information on the Event Risk Acquisition and "Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Event Risk Acquisition" of this Annual Report for a discussion of the associated risks. The foregoing description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Event Risk Agreement filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

**Autonomous Security Robots (ASRs)** 

Our ASR portfolio includes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K1 Hemisphere

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K1 Tower

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K5 ASR

Service revenue associated with ASR deployments remained a significant component of our recurring revenue base in 2025. The K5 platform continued to represent the majority of mobile robot deployments. Revenue from Machine-as-a-Service ("MaaS") subscriptions remained relatively stable year-over-year, reflecting both ongoing deployments and downtime credits associated with service-level performance.

The K7 ASR remains in development and did not contribute revenue in 2025. Engineering resources continued to be allocated toward mechanical design refinement, sensor integration, durability testing, and software integration. Commercial production is not expected until late 2026 or early 2027, subject to development milestones and supply chain readiness.

Each deployed ASR integrates light detection and ranging, imaging systems, and AI-based detection capabilities designed to enhance deterrence, situational awareness, and reporting. Throughout 2025, development efforts focused on improving overall performance.

**Knightscope Security Operations Center**

KSOC remains the operational command platform for our deployed fleet. It supports:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Real-time monitoring and alert review;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●AI-driven detection for defined events and anomalies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Incident documentation and reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Integration with emergency communication systems.

In 2025, we continued incremental enhancements to KSOC functionality, including alert prioritization improvements and workflow optimization.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Emergency Communication Devices and Solutions**

Our ECD portfolio includes

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●K1 Blue Light Towers

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Blue Light Emergency Phones

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Call Boxes

ECD revenue increased in 2025, particularly in product sales; however, the segment experienced significant supply chain pressures during the year.

Global electronic component shortages, tariff-related cost increases, and extended lead times from certain suppliers - some of which are single-source for specialized components - constrained production schedules and contributed to inconsistent shipment timing. These constraints resulted in higher bill-of-material costs and intermittent production shortfalls, which negatively impacted both revenue timing and gross margin performance.

The KEMS continues to support remote monitoring and diagnostics for deployed ECD systems. KEMS functionality remained stable in 2025, with ongoing refinements to monitoring and reporting capabilities.

**Strategic Resource Allocation in 2025**

While 2025 operating performance remained primarily driven by existing ASR and ECD platforms, we allocated capital and engineering resources toward:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Development of the K7 platform;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Development of the next generation K1 platform; and

● Evaluation and execution of strategic initiatives, including acquisitions intended to support our evolving hybrid human-and-autonomy operating model.

These investments increased research and development activity and were made with the objective of supporting long-term scalability and integration across our hardware, software, and human operations.

**Operational Considerations**

During 2025, production schedules and margin performance were affected by:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Extended supplier lead times;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Limited availability of certain electronic components;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Tariff-related input cost increases; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;●Inventory adjustments and absorption variability.

We continue to evaluate supplier diversification, procurement strategies, and production planning improvements; however, global supply chain volatility and cost pressures may continue to impact operating performance.

We derive our revenue from two primary sources: a) subscription MaaS offering which includes the ASRs as well as maintenance, service, support, data transfer, KSOC access, charging stations, and unlimited software, firmware and select hardware upgrades and b) the sale of ECD products and related recurring revenues from KEMS and full-service maintenance contracts.

The Company has incurred net losses since inception. Our net loss was $33.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and $31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $227.0 million. Cash and cash equivalents on hand were $20.6 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $11.1 million as of December 31, 2024. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. See *Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Business and the Global Economy—We have not yet generated any profits, anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future, and may never achieve profitability*.

As of March 24, 2026, the Company had a total backlog of approximately $3.1 million, comprised of $0.6 million related to ASR orders and $2.5 million related to orders for ECDs.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

***Critical Accounting Estimates***

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our accompanying financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that can have significant impact on the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. These estimates include, but are not limited to: deriving the useful lives of ASRs, determination of the cost of ASRs, assessing assets for impairment, accounts receivable – estimated credit losses, determination of deferred tax valuation allowances and estimating fair values of the Company's share-based awards. We base our estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On a regular basis, we evaluate our estimates, assumptions and judgments and make changes accordingly.

We believe the following critical accounting estimates affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in preparing our financial statements. Please see Note 1 to our financial statements, which are included in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.

#### Revenue Recognition
ASR related revenues

The Company derives its revenues from lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts under the lease accounting that typically have a twelve (12)-month term. In addition, the Company derives non-lease revenue items such as professional services related to ASRs' deployments, special decals, shipping costs and training if any, recognized when control of these services is transferred to the clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

ECD related revenues

The Company also derives revenues from sales of its ECDs and related services, such as installation, maintenance, and upgrades. Revenue is recognized when clients sign full or partial certificate of completion, at which point, Knightscope can generate an invoice for its products and services. Clients also have the option to sign up for ongoing preventative and maintenance agreements. The maintenance revenue is recognized in the period the service is performed and the Company has determined that term of the contracts has been fulfilled. Installation or upgrades revenue are recognized upon completion of the project/contracts. In certain cases, deferred revenue is recognized to account for unfinished contracts.

***Inventory***

Inventory, principally purchased components, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using an average cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory in excess of salable amounts and inventory which is considered obsolete based upon changes in existing technology is fully expensed to the cost of revenue, net product line item in our Statements of Operations. At the point of loss recognition, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in the new cost basis.

***Autonomous Security Robots, net ("ASRs")***

ASRs consist of materials, ASRs in progress and finished ASRs. ASRs in progress and finished ASRs include materials, labor and other direct and indirect costs used in their manufacturing. Finished ASRs are valued using a discrete bill of materials, which includes an allocation of labor and direct overhead based on assembly hours. Depreciation expense on ASRs is recorded using the straight-line method over their estimated expected lives, which currently ranges from 3 to 5 years. Depreciation expense of finished ASRs is included in research and development expense, sales, general and administrative expense, and cost of revenue, net on the Company's Statements of Operations. Depreciation expense on

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

finished ASRs was $2.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. ASRs, net, were $7.7 million and $8.8 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

***Impairment of Long-Lived Assets***

The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from their use or eventual disposition. If the assets are determined to be recoverable, but the useful lives are shorter than originally estimated, the Company will depreciate the net book value of the assets over the newly determined remaining useful lives. If estimates of future undiscounted net cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets, the Company will record an impairment loss in the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. None of the Company's ASRs, property, equipment and software or intangible assets were determined to be impaired during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

***Convertible Preferred Warrant Liability and Common Stock Warrants***

Freestanding warrants to purchase shares of the Company's preferred stock were classified as liabilities on the Balance Sheets at their estimated fair value because the underlying shares of preferred stock were contingently redeemable and, therefore, may have obligated the Company to transfer assets at some point in the future. The preferred stock warrants were recorded at fair value upon issuance and were subject to remeasurement to their respective estimated fair values. At the end of each reporting period, changes in the estimated fair value of the preferred stock warrants were recorded in the Statements of Operations. The Company adjusted the liability associated with the preferred stock warrants for changes in the estimated fair value until the earlier of the exercise or conversion. On May 15, 2024, the preferred stock warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock and any liabilities recorded for the preferred stock warrants were reclassified to additional paid-in capital and are no longer subject to remeasurement.

Common stock warrants that are not considered derivative liabilities are accounted for at fair value at the date of issuance in additional paid-in capital.

***Stock-Based Compensation***

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 718, *Compensation – Stock Compensation*, which requires that the estimated fair value on the date of grant be determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the fair value recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the option vesting period. The Company's determination of the fair value of the stock-based awards on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is affected by the fair value of the Company's common stock as well as other assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include but are not limited to the Company's expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee option exercise behaviors. Because there is insufficient historical information available to estimate the expected term of the stock-based awards, the Company adopted the simplified method of estimating the expected term of options granted by taking the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur when calculating stock-based compensation for its equity awards.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

***Results of Operations***

The following table sets forth certain historical Statements of Operations data (in thousands) and such data as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
| *(in thousands, except percentages)* | **2025** | % of Revenue | **2024** | % of Revenue |
| Revenue, net |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Service | $7968 | 70% | $7474 | 69% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | 3367 | 30% | 3331 | 31% |
| Total revenue, net | 11335 | 100% | 10805 | 100% |
| Cost of revenue, net |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Service | 12324 | 109% | 11626 | 108% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product | 3786 | 33% | 2878 | 27% |
| Total cost of revenue, net | 16110 | 142% | 14504 | 134% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gross loss | (4775) | (42)% | (3699) | (34)% |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 12486 | 110% | 7061 | 65% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Sales, general and administrative | 16619 | 147% | 18408 | 170% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 11 | —% | 510 | 5% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 29116 | 257% | 25979 | 240% |
| Loss from operations | (33891) | (299)% | (29678) | (275)% |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities |  | —% | (1515) | (14)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense, net | (39) | —% | (423) | (4)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other income (expense), net | 115 | 1% | (118) | (1)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income (expense) | 76 | 1% | (2056) | (19)% |
| Net loss before income tax expense | (33815) | (298)% | (31734) | (294)% |
| Income tax expense |  | —% |  | —% |
| Net loss | $(33815) | (298)% | $(31734) | (294)% |

---

***Revenue, net***

Total revenue, net, of $11.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $0.5 million or 5% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Service revenue, net, which includes revenue generated through MaaS agreements for our ASRs and maintenance and support contracts for our portfolio of ECDs, increased by $0.5 million, or 7%, to $8.0 million, for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was driven primarily by higher maintenance and service contracts associated with ECD deployments and higher ASR subscription revenue.

Product revenue, net, was $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of 1% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Although ECD product sales increased year-over-year, supply chain disruptions during 2025, including extended lead times for certain electronic components and reliance on certain limited-source suppliers, resulted in production constraints and delayed shipments that impacted revenue timing.

While total revenue increased, growth was constrained by global supply chain disruptions, electronic component shortages, tariff-related cost increases, and inconsistent production scheduling.

***Cost of revenue, net***

Total cost of revenue, net of $16.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $1.6 million or 11% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 as a result of $0.7 million higher service cost of revenue, net and by $0.9 million higher product cost of revenue, net during the same period.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Service cost of revenue, net, representing the cost of supporting ASR MaaS deployments and maintenance and support agreements related to ECD installations, for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $0.7 million, or 6% to $12.3 million, as compared to $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This was driven by $0.4 million in higher third-party outsourced field service costs, $0.2 million in higher consulting fees, $0.4 million in higher headcount related costs, $0.1 million increased supplies and materials expenses, partially offset by $0.3 million in lower scrap costs and $0.2 million lower communication and cellular costs.

Product cost of revenue, net of $3.8 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, increased by $0.9 million or 32% primarily due to $1.4 million in higher material costs, partially offset by $0.2 million in decreased headcount related expenses, $0.2 million in lessor rent and utilities expense, and $0.1 million in lower scrap costs.

***Gross loss***

Gross loss for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $4.8 million, as compared to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a year-over-year increase of approximately $1.1 million. As discussed above, this was primarily the result of higher material costs, consulting costs and headcount related costs.

***Research and development***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |  |  |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |  |  |
| *(in thousands, except percentages)* | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Research and development | $12486 | $7061 | $5425 | 77% |
| Percentage of total revenue | 110% | 65% |  |  |

---

Research and development ("R&D") expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $12.5 million, or 110% of revenue, compared to R&D expense of $7.1 million, or 65% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2024. The year-over-year increase was due to the Company's continued investment in new product development through the use of third-party engineering firms which drove an increase of $4.1 million in consulting fees, $0.3 million in supplies and materials, and $0.7 million in increased headcount related expenses and $0.3 million in other general costs.

***Sales, general and administrative***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |  |  |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |  |  |
| *(in thousands, except percentages)* | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Sales, general and administrative | $16619 | $18408 | $(1789) | (10)% |
| Percentage of total revenue | 147% | 170% |  |  |

---

Sales, general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $16.6 million, a decrease of $1.8 million from the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by $2.8 million in lower investor relations and advertising expenses, and $1.2 million in lower professional services fees, partially offset by a $1.4 million increase in compensation expenses largely due to increased headcount in our sales and marketing teams and a $0.8 million increase in rent related costs associated with our new larger headquarters.

***Restructuring charges***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |  |  |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |  |  |
| *(in thousands, except percentages)* | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Restructuring Charges | $11 | $510 | $(499) | (98)% |
| Percentage of total revenue | —% | 5% |  |  |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

In 2024, we incurred restructuring charges as a result of operational changes made to the ECD portfolio. These changes, primarily driven by our decision to consolidate all operations at our headquarters, included costs related to headcount reduction across manufacturing and field services, lease termination, and other relocation, consolidation and exit costs.

***Other income (expense)***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |  |  |
|  | **December 31** | **December 31** |  |  |
| *(in thousands, except percentages)* | **2025** | **2024** | **$ Change** | **% Change** |
| Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities | $— | $(1515) | $1515 | 100% |
| Interest expense, net | (39) | (423) | 384 | 91% |
| Other income (expense), net | 115 | (118) | 233 | 197% |
| Total other income (expense) | $76 | $(2056) | $2132 | 104% |

---

***Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liability***

The change in the fair value of warrant and derivative liability is attributable to the change in stock prices. Due to the extinguishment of warrants with Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC - Segregated Master Portfolio B which occurred on August 1, 2024 this liability was zero at December 31, 2024. There was no such expense for the year ended December 31, 2025.

***Interest expense, net***

Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $39 thousand, compared to interest expense, net of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in interest expense, net was due to increased interest received from interest bearing cash accounts offsetting interest expense from our debt obligations.

***Other income (expense), net***

Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2025 was approximately $0.1 million, as compared to other expense, net of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 mainly attributable to reduced third party accounts receivable collection fees.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $20.6 million and $11.1 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2025, the Company also had an accumulated deficit of $227.0 million, working capital of $19.8 million, and stockholders' equity of $27.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company had a net loss of $33.8 million and cash used in operating activities of $30.3 million. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The Company will require significant additional financing to meet its planned capital and operational needs and is pursuing opportunities to obtain additional financing through equity and/or debt alternatives. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its future operations. Management's plans include seeking additional financing, such as issuances of equity and issuances of debt and/or convertible debt instruments. Sales of additional equity securities, convertible debt and/or warrants by the Company could result in the dilution of the interests of existing stockholders. However, there can be no assurance that financing will be available when required in sufficient amounts, on acceptable terms or at all. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, the Company may have to significantly reduce its operations, delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of its platforms or discontinue operations completely.

The Company executed a purchase agreement on September 13, 2024, which was modified in September 2025, in order to secure the acquisition of raw materials essential to ASR manufacturing. This modified agreement stipulates a total expenditure of $0.6 million before December 31, 2026. In the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company made payments totaling $0.2 million pursuant to this commitment.

Consideration for the Event Risk Acquisition on February 27, 2026 consisted of (i) a $5.0 million cash payment at closing, (ii) repayment of Event Risk's outstanding indebtedness of $1.1 million, (iii) the issuance of 1,724,418 shares of the

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Company's Class A common stock, and (iv) $4.0 million of deferred cash payments, payable in quarterly installments through December 31, 2028 subject to the purchase agreement. The purchase agreement also provides for contingent future cash and equity consideration based on post-closing performance, including a 2026 earn-out, revenue-based cash payments for 2027 through 2031, and potential additional equity issuances, each subject to specified thresholds and caps. In addition, management believes the acquisition materially strengthens the Company's liquidity profile by adding a business that is expected to be free cash flow generating and contributive to operating cash flow. The Company expects to fund its acquisition-related obligations through cash on hand, cash generated from operations and, if appropriate, additional financing. While no assurance can be given that additional financing will be available on acceptable terms, management believes the Event Risk acquisition improves the Company's path toward stronger cash generation, enhances overall capital efficiency, and supports the Company's broader strategy to improve liquidity and capital resources over time.

***Cash Flow***

The table below, for the periods indicated, provides selected cash flow information:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
| *(in thousands)* | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(30345) | $(22453) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (2522) | (3178) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 42207 | 34475 |
| Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $9340 | $8844 |

---

***Net Cash Used in Operating Activities***

Net cash used in operating activities is influenced by the amount of cash we invest in personnel, marketing, and infrastructure to support the anticipated growth of our business, the number of clients to whom we lease our ASRs, sell and service ECDs, the amount and timing of accounts receivable collections, as well as the amount and timing of disbursements to our vendors.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $7.9 million to $30.3 million, compared to $22.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities accounted for an increase in cash used in operating activities of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of $3.7 million, also contributed to the increase in cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year. In addition, an increase in net loss of $2.1 million, a decrease in stock compensation expense of $0.2 million and a decrease in the loss on disposal of ASR of $0.2 million in 2025 contributed to this increase in cash used in operating activities.

***Net Cash Used in Investing Activities***

Our primary investing activities have consisted of capital expenditures and investment in ASRs. As our business grows, we expect our capital expenditures to continue to increase.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $2.5 million compared to $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $0.7 million. The decrease was primarily a result of lower investments in ASRs of $1.2 million, partially offset by $0.6 million in additional purchases of property and equipment in 2025 for the new, larger headquarters.

***Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities***

Net cash provided by financing activities was $42.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $7.7 million as compared to the prior year. Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025, consisted primarily of the issuance and sale of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to our at-the-market offering program for net proceeds of $42.8 million, net proceeds from our direct registration offering of $1.4 million, partially offset by a $2.1 million repayment of debt obligations. Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, consisted primarily of the issuance and

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

sale of shares of Class A Common Stock for net proceeds of $22.7 million, net proceeds for the issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants sold for cash of $10.8 million and net proceeds from the issuance of Regulation A bonds of $2.6 million, partially offset by a note repayment of $1.6 million.

***At-the-Market Offering Program***

On February 1, 2023, we entered into an At-the-Market Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC ("Wainwright"), pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time-to-time shares of Class A Common Stock through or to Wainwright acting as sales agent or principal (the "ATM Facility").

On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility of up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. As of March 25, 2026, we have approximately $21.7 million remaining to be sold pursuant to the new prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus related to the ATM Facility.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company issued 6,877,113 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM offering program for net proceeds of approximately $42.8 million, net of brokerage and placement fees of approximately $1.2 million.

***November 2024 Public Offering***

On November 25, 2024, the Company closed the public offering of its Class A Common Stock and pre-funded warrants for total gross proceeds of $12.1 million. The offering was conducted under an effective shelf registration statement previously filed with the SEC and was comprised of the sale of 393,659 shares of Class A Common Stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase 816,341 shares of Class A Common Stock, at a public offering price of $10.00 per share and $9.999 per pre-funded warrant, respectively, before underwriting discounts and commissions. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at a nominal price of $0.001 per share and as of February 11, 2025, the pre-funded warrants were fully exercised. The offering was managed by Titan Partners Group LLC, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC who were also issued underwriter warrants, exercisable commencing 180 days after the agreement date and continuing for a period of five years, to purchase 36,300 shares of Class A Common Stock. These underwriter warrants are exercisable at a price of $18.29 per share.

***Extinguishment of Warrants with Anti-Dilution Features***

On October 10, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "2022 Purchase Agreement") with Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC - Segregated Master Portfolio B (the "Holder"), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to the Holder in a private placement (i) senior secured convertible notes (the "2022 Notes"), and (ii) warrants (the "2022 Warrants") to purchase up to 22,768 shares of the Company's Class A common stock. The 2022 Warrants included an adjustment mechanism, whereby the exercise price and number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants (the "Warrant Exercise Price") were subject to adjustment from time to time, such that immediately after an issuance of shares of Common Stock (a "Stock Issuance") at any price per share of Common Stock that was lower than the then in effect Warrant Exercise Price (the "Reset Price"), the Warrant Exercise Price would be reduced to equal the Reset Price, and number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants would be increased to the number necessary to maintain the value of the 2022 Warrants immediately prior to such Stock Issuance. In connection with the entry into the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the Company and the Holder also entered into a registration rights agreement (the "2022 Registration Rights Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to provide the Holder with certain registration rights under the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Capitalized terms not defined herein have the meaning assigned to them in the 2022 Purchase Agreement.

On August 1, 2024 (the "Issuance Date"), the Company and the Holder entered into an Agreement and Waiver (the "Waiver") pursuant to which, on the Issuance Date, the Company issued to the Holder a Senior Secured Promissory Note due on July 1, 2025, in an aggregate amount equal to $3.0 million (the "Principal"), in exchange for the cancellation of the Holder's 2022 Warrants (the "August 2024 Note"). The Company has agreed to pay the Principal in two separate installments: the first installment in an amount equal to $2,500,000 payable in 11 equal consecutive monthly installments beginning on September

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

1, 2024, and the second installment in an amount equal to $500,000, payable on the earlier of (x) October 15, 2024, and (y) upon any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of common stock or common stock equivalents for cash consideration, indebtedness or a combination of units thereof (other than pursuant to a customary at-the-market offering program and equity lines of credit). Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the Holder may, at its option, require the Company to repay the Note in full, starting from the public announcement of such a Change of Control until 30 days after its completion. The August 2024 Note does not bear interest under normal circumstances; however, if an Event of Default occurs (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the outstanding principal will automatically bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum until the default is resolved or the Note is paid in full. As of June 30, 2025, this note was paid in full.

***Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds***

We filed an Offering Circular dated September 29, 2023 (the "Offering Circular") for the issuance of up to $10.0 million in Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds (the "Bonds") pursuant to Regulation A of the Securities Act, as amended. The Offering Circular was qualified with the SEC on October 2, 2023. The price per Bond is $1,000. The Bonds are unsecured, bearing interest at 10% per annum, payable annually on December 31 each year, starting on December 31, 2024, with the Bonds maturing on the fifth anniversary of the initial issuance. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we issued Bonds totaling a principal amount of approximately $1.4 million, in aggregate, generating net proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.2 million, net of issuance costs of approximately $0.2 million. We closed the Bond issuance on March 14, 2024 and issued Bonds totaling a principal amount of approximately $2.8 million, in aggregate, generating net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.6 million, net of issuance costs of approximately $0.2 million during the period starting January 1, 2024 and ending on March 14, 2024. Overall, we issued Bonds totaling a principal amount of approximately $4.3 million, in aggregate, generating net proceeds to the Company of approximately $3.9 million, net of issuance costs of approximately $0.4 million during the life of the offering.

***Contractual Obligations and Commitments***

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had approximately $4.6 million in future minimum operating lease commitments, primarily related to its corporate headquarters lease in Sunnyvale, California, which extends through June 2030. The Company expects to fund these commitments through cash on hand and operating cash flows. See Note 9 "Commitments and Contingencies" of the notes to our financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.

***Recent Accounting Pronouncements***

See Note 1 "The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of the notes to our financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, if applicable.

**Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk**

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide information under this item.

**Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data**

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.**

**INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](#REPORTOFINDEPENDENTREGISTEREDPUBLICACCOU) (PCAOB ID: 207) | F-2 |
| [Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024](#BALANCESHEETS_538186) | F-3 |
| [Statements of Operations for the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024](#STATEMENTSOFOPERATIONS_742919) | F-4 |
| [Statements of Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024](#STATEMENTSOFPREFERREDSTOCKANDCHANGESINST) | F-5 |
| [Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024](#STATEMENTSOFCASHFLOWS_218122) | F-6 |
| [Notes to Financial Statements](#NOTESTOFINANCIALSTATEMENTS_607215) | F-7 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Knightscope, Inc.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Knightscope, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related statements of operations, preferred stock and stockholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

**Substantial Doubt about the Company's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern**

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company's recurring losses from operations and cash used in operations raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and management's plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BPM LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.

San Jose, California

March 27, 2026

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

#### BALANCE SHEETS
**(In thousands, except share and per share data)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **ASSETS** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $20566 | $11124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash |  | 102 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $212 and $139 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively | 2142 | 1731 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventory | 2319 | 1797 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1344 | 345 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 26371 | 15099 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Autonomous Security Robots, net | 7707 | 8765 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Property, equipment and software, net | 1064 | 661 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use-assets | 2745 | 407 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill | 1922 | 1922 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Intangible assets, net | 924 | 1241 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | 525 | 90 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total assets | $41258 | $28185 |
| **LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $2538 | $2812 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 1822 | 1794 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | 1286 | 1883 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities, current | 555 | 412 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt obligations, current | 405 | 1364 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 6606 | 8265 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Debt obligations, net of debt issuance costs of $238 and $316 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively | 4015 | 3952 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent | 2805 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other noncurrent liabilities | 66 | 187 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | 13492 | 12404 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
| Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value; 40,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding |  |  |
| Class A Common Stock, $0.001 par value, 228,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, 12,194,078 and 4,065,347 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively | 12 | 4 |
| Class B Common Stock, $0.001 par value, 30,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, 336,424 and 336,759 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively |  |  |
| Additional paid-in capital | 254761 | 208969 |
| Accumulated deficit | (227007) | (193192) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stockholders' equity | 27766 | 15781 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities and stockholders' equity  | $41258 | $28185 |

---

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

#### STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
**(In thousands, except share and per share data)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,**  | **Year ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Revenue, net |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Service | $7968 | $7474 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Product | 3367 | 3331 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total revenue, net | 11335 | 10805 |
| Cost of revenue, net |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Service | 12324 | 11626 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Product | 3786 | 2878 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cost of revenue, net | 16110 | 14504 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gross loss | (4775) | (3699) |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 12486 | 7061 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sales, general and administrative | 16619 | 18408 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 11 | 510 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 29116 | 25979 |
| Loss from operations | (33891) | (29678) |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities |  | (1515) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense, net | (39) | (423) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other income (expense), net | 115 | (118) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income (expense) | 76 | (2056) |
| Net loss before income tax expense | (33815) | (31734) |
| Income tax expense |  |  |
| Net loss | $(33815) | $(31734) |
| Basic and diluted net loss per common share  | $(4.00) | $(10.97) |
| Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share | 8458337 | 2893634 |

---

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

#### STATEMENTS OF PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)
**(In thousands except share data)**

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Series m** | **Series m** | **Series m-2** | **Series m-2** | **Series S** | **Series S** |  |  | **Class A** | **Class A** | **Class B** | **Class B** | | | |
|  | **Preferred** | **Preferred** | **Preferred** | **Preferred** | **Preferred** | **Preferred** | **Series A** | **Series A** | **Common** | **Common** | **Common** | **Common** | | | |
|  | **Stock** | **Stock** | **Stock** | **Stock** | **Stock** | **Stock** | **Preferred Stock** | **Preferred Stock** | **Stock** | **Stock** | **Stock** | **Stock** | | | |
|  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | <br>**Additional**<br>**Paid-in-capital** | <br>**Accumulative**<br>**Deficit** | <br>**Total**<br>**Stockholders'**<br>**Equity (Deficit)** |
| **Balance as of January 1, 2024** | **35593** | $**4621** | **3200** | $**480** | **52844** | $**21390** | **28368** | $**614** | **1603772** | $**2** | **187156** | $**—** | **134822** | $**(161458)** | $**(26634)** |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1712 |  | 1712 |
| Reclassification of warrant liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4762 |  | 4762 |
| Stock options exercised |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2260 |  | 18 |  | 18 |
| Fractional share adjustment due to reverse stock split |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7771) |  | (16) |  | (78) |  | (78) |
| Proceeds from Equity Sale, net of issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1716419 | 1 |  |  | 22724 |  | 22725 |
| Issuance of vendor warrants for consulting services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 583656 | 1 |  |  | 10808 |  | 10809 |
| Share conversion to common stock | (35593) | (4621) | (3200) | (480) | (52844) | (21390) | (28368) | (614) | 169271 |  | 147359 |  | 34203 |  | 34203 |
| Share conversion costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  | (2) |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31734) | (31734) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2024** | **—** | **—** | **—** | **—** | **—** | **—** | **—** | **—** | **4065347** | **4** | **336759** | **—** | **208969** | **(193192)** | **15781** |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1536 |  | 1536 |
| Proceeds from Equity Sale, net of issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6877113 | 6 |  |  | 42822 |  | 42828 |
| Proceeds from Direct Registration Offering |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 625000 | 1 |  |  | 1435 |  | 1436 |
| Prefunded warrants exercised |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 626283 | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  |
| Share conversion costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 335 |  | (335) |  |  |  |  |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33815) | (33815) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2025** | **—** | $**—** | **—** | $**—** | **—** | $**—** | **—** | $**—** | **12194078** | $**12** | **336424** | $**—** | $**254761** | $**(227007)** | $**27766** |

---

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

#### STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
**(In thousands)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31,**  | **Year Ended December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Cash Flows From Operating Activities** |  |  |
| Net loss | $(33815) | $(31734) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 2560 | 2617 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on disposal of Autonomous Security Robots | 937 | 1180 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;(Gain)/Loss on disposal of property and equipment | (38) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock compensation expense | 1536 | 1712 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities |  | 1515 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in allowance for credit losses | 73 | 124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued interest |  | (10) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of debt discount | 78 | 71 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | (484) | 235 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inventory | (522) | 523 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other assets | (351) | 1108 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | (355) | 950 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 57 | (411) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | (597) | 142 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities | 576 | (475) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities | (30345) | (22453) |
| **Cash Flows From Investing Activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases and related costs incurred for Autonomous Security Robots | (1887) | (3135) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from sales of property, equipment and software | 19 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property and equipment | (654) | (43) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities | (2522) | (3178) |
| **Cash Flows From Financing Activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from stock options exercised |  | 18 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for fractional shares |  | (78) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs | 42828 | 22725 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds, net of issuance costs |  | 2639 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from Direct Registration Offering | 1436 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds for the issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants sold for cash, net of issuance costs |  | 10809 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Repayments of debt obligations | (2057) | (1636) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Share conversion costs |  | (2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities | 42207 | 34475 |
| Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 9340 | 8844 |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period | 11226 | 2382 |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period | $20566 | $11226 |
| **Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capital expenditures in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other noncurrent liabilities | $81 | $27 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred stock warrant reclassification to equity | $— | $4762 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use-assets | $3049 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Promissory note issued in exchange for cancellation of Class A Common Stock Warrants | $— | $3000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Financing of insurance premiums | $1083 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of preferred stock to common stock | $— | $34203 |

---

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

#### FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

#### NOTE 1: The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

#### Description of Business
Knightscope, Inc., was incorporated on April 4, 2013 under the laws of the State of Delaware.

***Knightscope, Inc. ("the Company," "we," "us" or "our") is a security technology company that builds fully autonomous security robots and blue light emergency communications systems. The Company's mission is to make the USA the safest country in the world by helping to protect the people, places, and assets where we live, work, study and visit.***

***To support this mission, the Company designs, develops, manufactures, markets, deploys, and supports Autonomous Security Robots ("ASRs"), autonomous charging stations, the proprietary Knightscope Security Operations Center ("KSOC") software user interface, and Emergency Communication Devices ("ECDs") which include the Knightscope Emergency Management System ("KEMS") platform.***

#### Basis of Presentation and Liquidity
These financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

Since its inception, the Company has incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations which is principally the result of scaling the business and research and development activities related to the development, continued improvement, and deployment of the Company's ASRs (hardware and software).

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued.

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the discharge of liabilities in the normal course of business. Cash and cash equivalents on hand were $20.6 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $11.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company has historically incurred losses and negative cashflows from operations. As of December 31, 2025, the Company also had an accumulated deficit of $227.0 million, working capital of $19.8 million and stockholders' equity of $27.8 million. The Company is dependent on additional fundraising in order to sustain its ongoing operations. Based on current operating levels, the Company will need to raise additional funds in the next twelve months by selling additional equity or incurring debt. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, including capital expenditures, or downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going concern. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months from the date of this report.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

On February 1, 2023, we entered into an ATM Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC ("Wainwright"), pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time-to-time shares of Class A Common Stock through or to Wainwright acting as sales agent or principal (the "ATM Facility"). We initially filed a prospectus supplement on February 9, 2023, for sales under the ATM Facility up to $20.0 million, which was further supplemented on April 8, 2024, June 7, 2024, October 11, 2024, and November 14, 2024. On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock.

#### Segments
***The Company has one operating segment and one reportable segment as its chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), who is its Chief Executive Officer, reviews financial information on a basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. All long-lived assets are located in the United States and substantially all revenue is attributed to sellers and buyers based in the United States.***

***Reclassifications***

Certain reclassifications have been made to the fiscal year 2024 financial statements to conform to the fiscal year 2025 presentation. The Company combined sales, general and administrative expenses on the Statements of Operations. On the Balance Sheets, the Company combined accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The amounts were not considered material to the financial statements. The reclassifications had no impact on total assets, total liabilities, stockholders' equity or net loss.

#### Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in the equity of a business during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive loss was equal to net loss for years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

#### Use of Estimates
***The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Specific accounts that require management estimates include, but are not limited to, estimating the useful lives of the Company's ASRs, property and equipment and intangible assets, certain estimates required within revenue recognition, warranty and allowance for credit losses, determination of deferred tax valuation allowances, estimating fair values of the Company's share-based awards, warrant liability, and derivative liabilities, inclusive of any contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the financial statements.***

#### Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings.

#### Restricted Cash
The Company had restricted cash as collateral for the Company's corporate credit card program, which was discontinued during the first quarter of 2025. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the carrying value of restricted cash was $0.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and accounts receivable. The Company monitors the credit exposure of its cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances by reviewing the credit worthiness of the financial institutions in which it holds its cash. Such reviews may result in the Company moving its cash to banks with more solid balance sheets. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash deposits with financial institutions may occasionally exceed the limits of insurance on bank deposits; however, the Company has not experienced any losses on such accounts. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had cash, cash equivalent, and restricted cash balances exceeding Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insured limits by $20.3 million and $11.0 million, respectively. The Company intends to monitor the stability of the financial institutions in which it keeps its liquid funds in order to mitigate against the exposure to loss of funds and delays in accessing cash.

The Company extends credit to clients in the normal course of business and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its clients. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable exist to the full extent of amounts presented in the financial statements. The Company does not require collateral from its clients to secure accounts receivable.

Accounts receivable were derived from the leasing of proprietary ASRs along with access to browser-based interface KSOC as well as the sale of ECDs. The Company reviews its receivables for collectibility based on historical loss patterns, aging of the receivables, and assessments of specific identifiable client accounts considered at risk or uncollectible and provides allowances for potential credit losses, as needed. The Company also considers any changes to the financial condition of its clients and any other external market factors that could impact the collectibility of the receivables in the determination of the allowance for credit losses. Based on these assessments, the Company recorded a $0.2 million allowance for credit losses on its accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025 compared to an allowance of $0.1 million on its accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had two clients whose accounts receivable balance totaled 10% or more of the Company's total accounts receivable (28%, 11%) compared with one client as of December 31, 2024 (13%).

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company had one client who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company's total revenue, net (19%), compared with no clients who individually accounted for 10% of total revenue, net for the year ended December 31, 2024.

#### Vendor Concentration Risk
The Company purchases inventory from an assortment of vendors worldwide; however certain components used in our ECD products and other platforms are sourced from single suppliers or from a limited number of qualified suppliers. In some cases, these components require certification, customization, or regulatory compliance that limits short-term substitution.

**Inventory**

Inventory, principally purchased components, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using an average cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory in excess of salable amounts and inventory which is considered obsolete based upon changes in existing technology is written off. At the point of loss recognition, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in the new cost basis. The following table presents the components of inventory (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Raw materials | $2051 | $1539 |
| Work in process | 131 | 123 |
| Finished goods | 137 | 135 |
|  | $2319 | $1797 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Prepaid expenses and other current assets**

Prepaid and other current assets is comprised of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Prepaid expense | $1282 | $259 |
| Research and development tax credit |  | 86 |
| Other receivables | 62 |  |
|  | $1344 | $345 |

---

**Autonomous Security Robots, net**

ASRs consist of materials, ASRs in progress and finished ASRs. ASRs in progress and finished ASRs include materials, labor and other direct and indirect costs used in their manufacturing. Finished ASRs are valued using a discrete bill of materials, which includes an allocation of labor and direct overhead based on assembly hours. Depreciation expense on ASRs is recorded using the straight-line method over their estimated expected lives, which currently ranges from 3 to 5 years. Depreciation expense of finished ASRs is included in research and development expense, sales, marketing, general and administrative expense, and cost of revenue, net in the Company's Statements of Operations. Depreciation expense on finished ASRs was $2.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

In the first quarter of 2024, the Company discontinued the K5 v3 machines and as a result, wrote off approximately $1.1 million against service cost of revenue, net for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company wrote off obsolete ASRs of approximately $0.9 million against service cost of revenue, net.

ASRs, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Raw materials | $2546 | $2465 |
| ASRs in progress | 247 | 322 |
| Finished ASRs | 9074 | 11790 |
|  | 11867 | 14577 |
| Less: accumulated depreciation on Finished ASRs | (4160) | (5812) |
| ASRs, net | $7707 | $8765 |

---

The components of the Finished ASRs, net, are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| ASRs on lease or available for lease | $8025 | $10553 |
| Demonstration ASRs | 235 | 587 |
| Research and development ASRs | 439 | 102 |
| Charge boxes | 375 | 548 |
|  | 9074 | 11790 |
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (4160) | (5812) |
| Finished ASRs, net | $4914 | $5978 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### Property, Equipment and Software, net
Property, equipment and software, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization and is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Computer equipment, software and furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated over useful lives ranging from three to five years, and leasehold improvements are depreciated over the respective lease term or useful lives, whichever is shorter. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and improvements and betterments are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the Balance Sheets and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the Statements of Operations in the period realized.

Property, equipment, and software, net as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31** | **December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Computer equipment | $272 | $251 |
| Construction Work in Process | 113 |  |
| Software | 8 | 8 |
| Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 1094 | 1263 |
| Leasehold improvements | 271 | 54 |
|  | 1758 | 1576 |
| Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (694) | (915) |
| Property, equipment and software, net | $1064 | $661 |

---

Depreciation and amortization expense on property, equipment and software is included in research and development expenses, cost of revenue, net, and sales, general and administrative expense on the Company's Statements of Operations. Depreciation and amortization expense on property, equipment and software was $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

***Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets***

The Company records goodwill when the consideration paid in a purchase acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net tangible assets and the identified intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment. The Company performs testing for impairment of goodwill annually, during the fourth quarter, or as events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level using a two-step approach. In step one, the Company determines if the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the unit's carrying value. If step one indicates that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company performs step two, determining the fair value of goodwill and, if the carrying value of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value, recording an impairment charge. The Company has determined that there is a single reporting unit for the purpose of goodwill impairment tests. Since inception through December 31, 2025, the Company has not had any goodwill impairment.

Acquired intangible assets consist of identifiable intangible assets, primarily developed technology, trademark and customer relationships. These intangible assets have been determined to have definite lives and are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. The Company amortizes the intangible assets with finite lives using the straight-line method over the estimated economic lives of the assets, which is normally one to eight years. The amortization expense for developed technology is recorded in cost of revenue, net. The amortization expense for the trademark and customer relationships is recorded in sales, general and administrative expense.

#### Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from their use or eventual disposition. If estimates of future undiscounted net cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets, the Company will record an impairment loss in the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. If the assets are determined to be recoverable, but the useful lives are shorter than originally estimated, the Company will depreciate or amortize the net book value of the assets over the newly determined remaining useful lives. Management reviewed the

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Company's ASRs, property, equipment, software and intangible assets and no assets were determined to be impaired for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

#### Leases
The Company determines if a contract is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract and reassesses that conclusion if the contract is modified. All leases are assessed for classification as an operating lease or a finance lease. Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets are presented separately on the Company's Balance Sheets. The Company does not have any finance lease ROU assets or liabilities. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company does not obtain and control its right to use the identified asset until the lease commencement date.

The Company's lease liabilities are recognized at the applicable lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments required to be paid over the lease term. Because the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the Company generally uses its incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments to present value. The estimated incremental borrowing rate is derived from information available at the lease commencement date. The Company factors in publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics when calculating its incremental borrowing rates. The Company's ROU assets are also recognized at the applicable lease commencement date. The ROU asset equals the carrying amount of the related lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made prior to lease commencement and lease incentives provided by the lessor. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and do not factor into the measurement of the applicable ROU asset or lease liability.

The term of the Company's leases equals the non-cancellable period of the lease, including any rent-free periods provided by the lessor, and also include options to renew or extend the lease (including by not terminating the lease) that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. The Company establishes the term of each lease at lease commencement and reassesses that term in subsequent periods when one of the triggering events outlined in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 842, *Leases* ("ASC 842") occurs. Operating lease costs for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company's lease contracts often include lease and non-lease components. For facility leases, the Company has elected the practical expedient offered by the standard to not separate lease from non-lease components and accounts for them as a single lease component.

The Company has elected, for all classes of underlying assets, not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less. Lease costs for short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

***Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities***

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Legal, consulting and financial services | $268 | $58 |
| Sales tax | 42 | 378 |
| Warranty liability | 354 | 364 |
| Payroll and payroll taxes | 457 | 364 |
| Customer deposits | 146 | 82 |
| Credit cards | 176 | 128 |
| Other | 379 | 420 |
|  | $1822 | $1794 |

---

***Accrued Warranty***

The liability for estimated warranty claims is accrued at the time of sale and the expense is recorded in the Statements of Operations in cost of revenue, net - product. The liability is established using historical warranty claim experience. The

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

current provision may be adjusted to take into account unusual or non-recurring events in the past or anticipated changes in future warranty claims. Adjustments to the warranty accrual are recorded if actual claim experience indicates that adjustments are necessary. Warranty reserves are reviewed to ensure critical assumptions are updated for known events that may impact the potential warranty liability.

Change in the warranty liability for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance January 1, | $364 | $406 |
| Provision for warranties issued | 202 | 275 |
| Warranty services provided | (212) | (317) |
|  | $354 | $364 |

---

#### Convertible Preferred Warrant Liability and Common Stock Warrants
Freestanding warrants to purchase shares of the Company's preferred stock were classified as liabilities on the Balance Sheets at their estimated fair value because the underlying shares of preferred stock were contingently redeemable and, therefore, may have obligated the Company to transfer assets at some point in the future. The preferred stock warrants were recorded at fair value upon issuance and were subject to remeasurement to their respective estimated fair values. At the end of each reporting period, changes in the estimated fair value of the preferred stock warrants were recorded in the Statements of Operations. The Company adjusted the liability associated with the preferred stock warrants for changes in the estimated fair value until the earlier of the exercise or conversion. On May 15, 2024, the preferred stock warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock and any liabilities recorded for the preferred stock warrants were reclassified to additional paid-in capital and are no longer subject to remeasurement.

Common stock warrants that are not considered derivative liabilities are accounted for at fair value at the date of issuance in additional paid-in capital.

#### Revenue Recognition
ASR related revenues

The Company derives its revenues from lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts under the lease accounting that typically have a twelve (12)-month term. In addition, the Company derives non-lease revenue items such as professional services related to ASRs' deployments, special decals, shipping costs and training if any, recognized when control of these services is transferred to the clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

ECD related revenues

The Company also derives revenues from sales of its ECDs and related services, such as installation, maintenance, and upgrades. Revenue is recognized when clients sign full or partial certificate of completion, at which point, Knightscope can generate an invoice for its products and services. Clients also have the option to sign up for ongoing preventative and maintenance agreements. The maintenance revenue is recognized in the period the service is performed and the Company has determined that term of the contracts has been fulfilled. Installation or upgrades revenue are recognized upon completion of the project/contracts. In certain cases, deferred revenue is recognized to account for unfinished contracts.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

● identification of the contract, or contracts, with a client;

● identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

● determination of the transaction price;

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

● allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

● recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company recognizes ASR subscription revenue as follows:

ASR subscription revenue is generated from lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts that typically have 12-month terms. These revenue arrangements adhere to lease accounting guidance and are classified as leases for revenue recognition purposes. Currently, all revenue arrangements qualify as operating leases where consideration allocated to the lease deliverables is recognized ratably over the lease term.

***Deferred revenue***

In connection with the Company's MaaS subscription for the Company's ASRs, the Company's standard billing terms are 1) annual in advance; 2) quarterly; or 3) monthly. In these situations, the Company records the invoices as deferred revenue and amortizes the subscription amount when the services are delivered, which generally is a 12-month period.

The Company derives its revenue from the lease subscription of its proprietary ASRs along with access to its browser and mobile based software interface, KSOC. MaaS subscription agreements typically have a 12-month term.

The Company also records deferred revenue from unfinished contracts for certain ECD related services.

Deferred revenue includes billings in excess of revenue recognized. Revenue recognized at a point in time generally does not result in significant increases in deferred revenue. Revenue recognized over a period generally results in a majority of the increases in deferred revenue as the performance obligations are fulfilled after the billing event. The following table summarizes the changes in the deferred revenue balance as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Deferred revenue, beginning of period | $1883 | $1741 |
| Revenue recognized in the year ended related to amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period | (1748) | (1466) |
| Revenue deferred, net of revenue recognized on contracts in the respective period | 1151 | 1608 |
| Deferred revenue, end of period | $1286 | $1883 |

---

The Company expects the balance of deferred revenue to be recognized in the next 12 months.

Deferred revenue represents amounts invoiced to customers for contracts for which revenue has yet to be recognized for subscription services to be delivered to the Company's clients. Typically, the timing of invoicing is based on the terms of the contracts.

***Customer Deposits***

Customer deposits primarily relate to sales of ECDs to certain customers dependent upon credit worthiness. The customer deposits are recorded as current liabilities and reclassed to a contra accounts receivable account at the time that the final invoice for the sale is generated following the completion of the revenue recognition criteria.

***Disaggregation of revenue***

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into the timing of the transfers of goods and services by product line.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

The following table summarizes revenue by product line and timing of recognition (in thousands):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** | **Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** | **2024** |
|  | **Point in time** | **Over time** | **Total** | **Point in time** | **Over time** | **Total** |
| ASRs | $30 | $4372 | $4402 | $84 | $4239 | $4323 |
| ECDs | 5994 | 939 | 6933 | 5767 | 715 | 6482 |
| Total | $6024 | $5311 | $11335 | $5851 | $4954 | $10805 |

---

***Product Revenue, net***

Product revenue, net includes point of sale transactions related to the ECDs, including product, shipping, and installation.

***Other revenue, net***

Other non-ASR service-related revenues such as deployment services, decals and training revenue are recognized when services are delivered. Revenue from these transactions has been immaterial for all periods presented and is included in service revenue, net.

#### Cost of revenue, net
Cost of revenue, net related to services includes depreciation of the ASRs and some ECDs over their useful lives, labor and associated benefits incurred in the manufacture and maintenance of the ASRs, data and communications fees, routine maintenance costs, shipping costs, and other direct costs incurred during assembly and deployment. ECD related cost of revenue, net also consist of all direct materials and labor costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tool, repairs and other expenses.

#### Shipping and Handling Costs
The Company classifies certain shipping and handling costs as cost of revenue, net in the accompanying Statements of Operations. The amounts classified as cost of revenue, net represent shipping and handling costs associated with the deployment or returns of the ASRs directly to or from clients. Management believes that the classification of these shipping and handling costs as cost of revenue, net better reflects the cost of producing the ASRs and selling its services. Shipping and handling costs associated with the transportation of demonstration units shipped to sales personnel and clients are recorded as sales, general and administrative expenses.

The shipping and handling costs recorded within cost of revenue, net totaled approximately $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Shipping and handling costs recorded within sales, general and administrative was insignificant for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

#### Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, *Compensation - Stock Compensation*, which requires that the estimated fair value on the date of grant be determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the fair value recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the option vesting period. The Company's determination of the fair value of the stock-based awards on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is affected by the fair value of the Company's common stock as well as other assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include but are not limited to the Company's expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee option exercise behaviors. Because there is insufficient historical information available to estimate the expected term of the stock-based awards, the Company adopted the simplified method of estimating the expected term of options granted by taking the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur when calculating stock-based compensation for its equity awards.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs primarily consist of employee-related expenses, including salaries and benefits, share-based compensation expense, facilities costs, depreciation and other allocated expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

#### Sales, General and Administrative Costs
Selling, general and administrative costs consist primarily of salaries and other personnel-related expenses for our executive, administrative, legal, finance, information technology, human resources, sales, and marketing personnel, investor relations expenses, advertising expenses, travel and related expenses, trade shows, costs of computer and communications equipment and support services, consulting and professional service fees including legal, costs of marketing programs, costs of facilities, management information systems and support services, offset by allocations of indirect costs such as facilities and shared services expenses.

#### Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are recorded in sales, general and administrative expense in the Company's Statements of Operations as incurred. Advertising expense was $0.3 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

#### Income Taxes
The Company uses the liability method of accounting for income taxes as set forth in ASC 740, *Income Taxes* ("ASC 740"). Under the liability method, deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse. The Company measures deferred tax assets and liabilities using tax rates applicable to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled and provides a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets when it cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that some or all deferred tax assets will be realized. The assessment requires significant judgment and is performed in each of the applicable taxing jurisdictions. Additionally, the Company assesses its uncertain tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon our evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. In accordance with ASC 740, for those tax positions where there is a greater than 50% likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company's policy is to record the largest amount of tax benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where there is less than 50% likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit will be recognized in the financial statements.

#### Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share
Net loss per share of common stock is computed using the two-class method required for participating securities based on their participation rights. All series of convertible preferred stock are participating securities as the holders are entitled to participate in common stock dividends with common stock on an as converted basis. The voting, dividend, liquidation and other rights and powers of the common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and preferences of any series of preferred stock as may be designated by the Company's Board of Directors and outstanding from time to time. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings allocated to these participating securities, which include participation rights in undistributed earnings with common stock, are subtracted from net loss to determine net loss attributable to common stockholders upon their occurrence.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders (net adjusted for preferred stock dividends declared or accumulated) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted average shares outstanding. In computing diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by diluted weighted average shares outstanding, including potentially dilutive securities, unless anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Warrants to purchase common stock (convertible to Class A Common Stock)  | 186411 | 186411 |
| Stock options | 332676 | 296391 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total potentially dilutive shares | 519087 | 482802 |

---

The weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024 includes the weighted average effect of the 816,341 pre-funded warrants issued in connection with the November Offering (as defined in Note 5 - Capital Stock and Warrants) because the exercise of such warrants requires nominal consideration ($0.001 per share exercise price for each pre-funded warrant). As of December 31, 2024, 190,007 of the pre-funded warrants have been exercised for 189,997 shares of Class A Common Stock; and 626,334 outstanding pre-funded warrants as of that date are not included in the table above. As of February 11, 2025, the pre-funded warrants were fully exercised.

As all potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, diluted net loss per share of Class A and Class B Common Stock is the same as basic net loss per share for each year.

#### Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2025
On December 14, 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, *Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures* ("2023-09"*)*, which establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under the new guidance, entities must consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation. The Company adopted the standard on a retrospective basis on January 1, 2025 for fiscal year reporting. While the standard requires additional disclosures related to the Company's income taxes, the standard did not have an impact on the Company's operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

***Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted***

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03*, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses*. This ASU requires the disaggregation of certain expenses in the notes to the financial statements, to provide enhanced transparency into the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. It is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 with early adoption permitted. Management does not believe the implementation of this standard will have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, *Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets*, which provides a practical expedient to measure credit losses on accounts receivable and contract assets. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of the adoption and the impact of the new standard on the financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, *Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements*, which intends to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270, Interim Reporting, and clarify when it applies. The amendments also provide additional guidance on what disclosures should be provided in interim reporting periods. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, including interim periods within those fiscal years,

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

and permits prospective or full retrospective adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this guidance on its financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, *Codification Improvements*, which addresses suggestions received from stakeholders regarding the Accounting Standards Codification and makes other incremental improvements to U.S. GAAP. The update represents changes to the Codification that clarify, correct errors in or make other improvements to a variety of topics that are intended to make it easier to understand and apply. ASU 2025-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities are required to apply the amendments to ASC 260 retrospectively. All other amendments may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this guidance on its financial statements and related disclosures.

Management has reviewed other recently issued accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB and does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements has had or will have a material impact on the financial statements.

#### NOTE 2: Fair Value Measurement
The Company determines the fair market values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The following are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

● Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company considers a market to be active when transactions for the asset occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

● Level 2 – Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

● Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The valuation of Level 3 investments requires the use of significant management judgments or estimation.

In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to valuation, securities are classified as Level 3. Level 3 liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability. The inputs used in estimating the fair value of the warrant liability are described in Note 5 - *Capital Stock and Warrants*.

The following tables summarize, for each category of assets or liabilities carried at fair value, the respective fair value as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the classification by level of input within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| **December 31, 2025** |  |  |  |  |
| **Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $20481 | $20481 | $— | $— |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| **December 31, 2024** |  |  |  |  |
| **Assets** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $10638 | $10638 | $— | $— |

---

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 assets or liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and the valuation techniques used did not change compared to the Company's established practice.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of Company's Level 3 warrant and derivative liability during the year ended December 31, 2024, which were measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Warrant and Derivative Liabilities** |
| **Balance as of January 1, 2024** | $6247 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Warrant cancellations | (3000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Revaluation of Common Stock warrants | 2729 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Reclassification of Series s and Series m-3 Preferred Stock warrants | (4762) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Revaluation of Series s and Series m-3 Preferred Stock warrants | (1214) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2024**  | $— |

---

There were no Level 3 instruments that were measured at fair value for the year ended December 31, 2025.

**NOTE 3: Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net**

The Company recorded goodwill of $1.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the Case Emergency Systems ("CASE") acquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2023, an out of period adjustment of $0.6 million was recorded, bringing the total goodwill recorded pursuant to the CASE acquisition to $1.9 million. Goodwill is not amortized to earnings, but instead is reviewed for impairment at least annually, absent any interim indicators of impairment. There was no impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the intangible assets with determinable lives are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| **Intangible assets with determinable lives** | <br>**Amortization**<br>**Period**<br>**(years)** | **Gross**<br>**carrying**<br>**amount** | <br>**Accumulated**<br>**amortization** | <br>**Carrying**<br>**amount, net** |
| Developed technology | 5 | $990 | $(635) | $355 |
| Customer relationships | 8 | 950 | (381) | 569 |
| Total |  | $1940 | $(1016) | $924 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
| **Intangible assets with determinable lives** | <br>**Amortization**<br>**Period**<br>**(years)** | **Gross**<br>**carrying**<br>**amount** | <br>**Accumulated**<br>**amortization** | <br>**Carrying**<br>**amount, net** |
| Developed technology | 5 | $990 | $(437) | $553 |
| Customer relationships | 8 | 950 | (262) | 688 |
| Total |  | $1940 | $(699) | $1241 |

---

Intangible assets amortization expense was recorded as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Cost of revenue | $198 | $197 |
| Sales, general and administrative | 119 | 119 |
| Total intangible asset amortization | $317 | $316 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

As of December 31, 2025, future intangible assets amortization expense for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Year ending December 31,**  | **Amount** |
| 2026 | $317 |
| 2027 | 275 |
| 2028 | 118 |
| 2029 | 119 |
| 2030 | 95 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $924 |

---

**NOTE 4: Debt Obligations**

Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds

On September 29, 2023, the Company filed an Offering Circular for the issuance of up to $10.0 million in Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds (the "Bonds") pursuant to Regulation A of the Securities Act. The Offering Circular was qualified with the SEC on October 2, 2023. The price per Bond is $1,000. The Bonds are unsecured, bearing interest at 10% per annum, payable annually on December 31 each year, starting on December 31, 2024, with the Bonds maturing on the fifth anniversary of the initial issuance.

August 2024 Note

On October 10, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "2022 Purchase Agreement") with Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC - Segregated Master Portfolio B (the "Holder"), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to the Holder in a private placement (i) senior secured convertible notes (the "2022 Notes"), and (ii) warrants (the "2022 Warrants") to purchase up to 1,138,446 shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock. The 2022 Warrants included an adjustment mechanism, whereby the exercise price and number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants (the "Warrant Exercise Price") were subject to adjustment from time to time, such that immediately after an issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock (a "Stock Issuance"), excluding an At-the-Market ("ATM") offering, at any price per share of Class A Common Stock that was lower than the then in effect Warrant Exercise Price (the "Reset Price"), the Warrant Exercise Price would be reduced to equal the Reset Price, and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants would be increased to the number necessary to maintain the value of the 2022 Warrants immediately prior to such Stock Issuance. In connection with the entry into the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the Company and the Holder also entered into a registration rights agreement (the "2022 Registration Rights Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to provide the Holder with certain registration rights under the Securities Act.

On August 1, 2024 (the "Issuance Date"), the Company and the Holder entered into an Agreement and Waiver (the "Waiver"), pursuant to which, on the Issuance Date, the Company issued to the Holder a Senior Secured Promissory Note due on July 1, 2025, in an aggregate amount equal to $3.0 million (the "Principal") in exchange for the cancellation of the Holder's 2022 Warrants (the "August 2024 Note"). The Company has agreed to pay the Principal in two separate installments: the first installment in an amount equal to $2.5 million payable in 11 equal consecutive monthly installments beginning on September 1, 2024, and the second installment in an amount equal to $0.5 million payable on the earlier of (x) October 15, 2024, and (y) upon any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of common stock or common stock equivalents for cash consideration, indebtedness or a combination of units thereof (other than pursuant to a customary ATM offering program and equity line of credits). Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the Holder may, at its option, exercisable at any time commencing on the public announcement of such Change of Control until the 30th day after the consummation thereof, require the Company to repay the August 2024 Note in full. The August 2024 Note shall not bear interest; provided, however, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the outstanding principal amount of the Principal shall, automatically upon the occurrence and during the continuance of such Event of Default, bear interest at a rate equal to ten percent of the amount payable per annum until such date that the Event of Default is cured or the August 2024 Note is paid in full.

Additionally, pursuant to the Waiver, the Holder agreed that the Company's obligations under the 2022 Notes, the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, the 2022 Warrants, and the other Transaction Documents (as defined in the 2022 Purchase Agreement) have been satisfied in full and such documents are terminated, except that

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

the Company shall continue to comply with and perform Section 4.10 of the 2022 Purchase Agreement and Section 6 of the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, in each case which provide for indemnification, and which in each case survive and shall remain in full force and effect.

The Waiver and August 2024 Note contain various representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, financial covenants, events of default and other provisions and obligations.

In connection with the entry into the Waiver and the August 2024 Note, on the Issuance Date, the Company and the Holder entered into a security agreement, pursuant to which the Company granted to the Holder a security interest in substantially all current and future properties, assets, and rights of the Company.

The August 2024 Note was paid in full on June 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the outstanding balance of the August 2024 Note was $0.0 million and $1.4 million and was included in the current portion of debt obligations.

Insurance Notes

On October 26, 2024, the Company financed $0.3 million in business insurance premiums to be repaid in eleven installments of $24 thousand with a borrowing rate of 7.39% per year. On February 4, 2025, the Company financed additional business insurance premiums of $0.4 million to be repaid in eleven installments of $35 thousand with a borrowing rate of 7.39% per year. On October 24, 2025, the Company financed additional business insurance premiums of $0.5 million to be repaid in eleven installments of $46 thousand with a borrowing rate of 6.65% per year. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance on the financing for the insurance premiums was $0.4 million.

The amortized carrying amount of the debt obligations consists of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** | **December 31,** <br>**2024** |
| Bonds, net of unamortized issuance costs of $238 and $316, respectively | $4015 | $3952 |
| August 2024 Note |  | 1364 |
| Insurance Notes | 405 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total debt | 4420 | 5316 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Less: current portion of debt obligations | (405) | (1364) |
| Non-current portion of debt obligations | $4015 | $3952 |

---

The Company issued Bonds with a total principal amount of approximately $2.8 million, in aggregate, generating net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.6 million, net of issuance costs of approximately $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately $15 thousand of Bonds were repaid and retired.

#### NOTE 5: Capital Stock and Warrants
On May 15, 2024 ("the Preferred Stock Conversion Date"), pursuant to the terms of the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation as amended to date (the "Certificate of Incorporation"), each share of the Company's Super Voting Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class B Common Stock and each share of the Company's Ordinary Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case at the then effective applicable Conversion Rate (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), as a result of the receipt by the Company of a written request for such conversion from the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Preferred Stock then outstanding (the "Automatic Conversion"). As a result of the Automatic Conversion, there were no shares of Preferred Stock outstanding after the Preferred Stock Conversion Date.

For periods subsequent to May 15, 2024, the preferred warrants were no longer subject to contractual modification provisions and were reclassified from a liability classification to an equity classification on the Balance Sheets.

On August 16, 2024, the Company held an annual meeting of stockholders at which the Company's stockholders approved, among other items, amendments to the Certificate of Incorporation, to authorize 40,000,000 shares of "blank check"

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

preferred stock, issuable in one or more series, and (ii) implement ancillary and conforming changes in connection with the authorization of "blank check" preferred stock and to remove provisions related to the Company's former Super Voting Preferred Stock and Ordinary Preferred Stock, which are no longer outstanding. The term "blank check" preferred stock refers to preferred stock, the creation and issuance of which is authorized in advance by a company's stockholders and the terms, rights and features of which are determined by the Board of Directors of a company without seeking further actions or vote of the stockholders.

The Company previously entered into an agreement that contemplated the potential issuance of up to 15,238 warrants ("Vendor Warrants") to a vendor upon the completion of certain services and satisfaction of certain contractual conditions. In the Company's determination, such agreement was breached by the vendor, services were not performed, conditions were not satisfied and accordingly no Vendor Warrants were issued.

Pre-funded Warrants

On November 21, 2024, the Company priced a public offering (the "November offering") of Class A Common Stock (and pre-funded warrants issued in lieu thereof) for gross proceeds of approximately $12.1 million. The pre-funded warrants were exercisable immediately on the date of issuance at an exercise price of $0.001 per share and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. The securities in the November offering were offered and sold by the Company pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was initially filed with the SEC on February 1, 2023, and subsequently declared effective on February 8, 2023 (File No. 333-269493) (the "Registration Statement"), the base prospectus contained in the Registration Statement, as supplemented by the preliminary prospectus supplement, dated November 21, 2024 (the "Prospectus Supplement"), and a final prospectus supplement filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act. The November offering closed on November 25, 2024.

The November offering was conducted pursuant to an underwriting agreement (the "Agreement") between the Company and Titan Partners Group LLC, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, as the sole bookrunner (the "Underwriter"), that was entered into on November 21, 2024. Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company sold 393,659 shares of Class A Common Stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase 816,341 shares of Class A Common Stock in the November offering at a public offering price of $10.00 per share and $9.999 per pre-funded warrant, less underwriting discounts and commissions. The Company also granted the Underwriter a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 181,500 shares of Class A Common Stock (or pre-funded warrants) from the Company at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions. The Company also agreed to issue to the Underwriter a warrant to purchase 36,300 shares of Class A Common Stock and 3% of the securities sold upon the exercise of the Underwriter's overallotment option, which such warrant is exercisable commencing 180 days after the date of the Agreement, and will be exercisable for a period of five years from the date of the Agreement, at an exercise price of $18.29 per share. The overallotment option was not exercised during the year ended December 31, 2025. The material terms of the November offering are described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement. The Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements of the Company. The Company also agreed in the Agreement to indemnify the Underwriter against certain liabilities. All pre-funded warrants issued in this offering were exercised in full as of December 31, 2025.

A summary of the Company's outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2025, is as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Class of shares** | **Number of Warrants** | **Exercise Price** | **Expiration Date** |
| Class A Common Stock (previously Series m-3 Preferred Stock) | 28656 | $200.00 | December 31, 2027 |
| Class A Common Stock (previously Series S Preferred Stock) | 121455 | $93.87 | December 31, 2027 |
| Class A Common Stock (Underwriter Warrants) | 36300 | $18.29 | November 21, 2029 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance
Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance relate to outstanding warrants or stock options as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** <br>**2025** |
| Stock options to purchase common stock | 332676 |
| Warrants outstanding for future issuance of common stock | 186411 |
| Stock options available for future issuance | 7275841 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total shares of Class A Common Stock reserved | 7794928 |

---

***ATM Offering Program***

On February 1, 2023, we entered into an ATM Agreement with Wainwright, pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time-to-time shares of Class A Common Stock through or to Wainwright acting as sales agent or principal (the "ATM Facility"). We initially filed a prospectus supplement on February 9, 2023, for sales under the ATM Facility up to $20.0 million, which was further supplemented on April 8, 2024, June 7, 2024, October 11, 2024, and November 14, 2024.

On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. As of March 25, 2026, we have approximately $21.7 million remaining to be sold pursuant to the new prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus related to the ATM Facility.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company issued 6,877,113 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM offering program for net proceeds of approximately $42.8 million, net of brokerage and placement fees of approximately $1.2 million.

#### NOTE 6: Stock-Based Compensation

#### Equity Incentive Plans
In April 2014, the Board of Directors adopted the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") allowing for the issuance of up to 40,000 shares of common stock through grants of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or restricted stock units. In December 2016, the 2014 Plan was terminated, and the Company's Board of Directors adopted a new equity incentive plan defined as the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2016 Plan") in which the remaining 38,720 shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan at that time were transferred to the Company's 2016 Plan. Awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan at the time of the 2014 Plan's termination will continue to be governed by their existing terms. The shares underlying any awards that are forfeited or repurchased by the Company under the 2014 Plan, on or after the 2014 Plan's termination will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the Company's 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan provides for the granting of stock awards such as incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or restricted stock units to employees, directors and outside consultants as determined by the Board of Directors.

On June 23, 2022, following approval by the Board of Directors, the Company's stockholders adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2022 Plan") allowing for the issuance of up to 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock through grants of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance awards, and other stock or cash-based awards. In connection with the adoption of the 2022 Plan, shares previously available for issuance under the 2016 Plan became available for issuance under the 2022 Plan. The number of shares authorized under the 2022 Plan will be increased each January 1<sup>st</sup>, beginning January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2032, by an amount equal to the lesser of (a) 5% of our Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock outstanding on December 31<sup>st</sup> of the immediately preceding calendar year (rounded up to the nearest whole share) and (b) a number of shares determined by the plan administrator. Pursuant to clause (a) there were an additional 220,106 shares added to the 2022 Plan on March 31, 2025. Shares subject to awards (including under the 2016 Plan and the 2014 Plan) that lapse, expire, terminate, or are canceled prior to the issuance of the underlying shares or that are subsequently forfeited to or otherwise reacquired by us,

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

(iii) are withheld by or tendered to us as the payment for the purchase price of an award or to satisfy tax withholding obligations related to an award or (iv) are settled in cash will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan. On October 24, 2025, the 2022 Plan was amended to provide for the issuance of an additional 2,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock.

The Board of Directors may grant stock options under the 2022 Plan at an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date the option is granted. The options generally have a term of ten years from the grant date. Incentive stock options granted to employees who, on the date of grant, own stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all of the Company's classes of stock, are granted at an exercise price of not less than 110% of the fair market value of the Company's common stock. The maximum term of incentive stock options granted to employees who, on the date of grant, own stock having more than 10% of the voting power of all the Company's classes of stock, may not exceed five years. The Board of Directors also determines the terms and conditions of awards, including the vesting schedule and any forfeiture provisions. Options granted under the 2022 Plan may vest upon the passage of time, generally four years, or upon the attainment of certain performance criteria established by the Board of Directors. The Company may from time-to-time grant options to purchase common stock to non-employees for advisory and consulting services. At each measurement date, the Company will remeasure the fair value of these stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and recognize the expense ratably over the vesting period of each stock option award. Stock options comprise all of the awards granted since the 2022 Plan's inception.

On December 1, 2025, the Board of Directors approved the 2025 Inducement Plan (the "Inducement Plan") pursuant to which 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock became issuable under the Inducement Plan. The Inducement Plan is generally subject to the same terms and conditions as the 2022 Plan and provides for the grant of awards to individuals who satisfy the standards for inducement grants under the relevant Nasdaq listing rules. As of December 31, 2025, we have not issued any awards under the Inducement Plan.

Stock option activity under all of the Company's equity incentive plans for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | <br>**Shares**<br>**Available for**<br>**Grant** | <br>**Number of**<br>**Shares**<br>**Outstanding** | <br>**Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual**<br>**Life (Years)** | <br>**Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic**<br>**Value (000's)** |
| Available and outstanding as of January 1, 2024 | 2003 | 201372 | $135.77 | 7.14 | $141 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;2022 Plan increase | 187296 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | (183600) | 183600 | 17.79 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised |  | (2260) | 8.00 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited | 86301 | (86301) | 187.22 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Expired | 20 | (20) | 8.00 |  |  |
| Available and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 | 92020 | 296391 | 50.50 | 7.97 | 26 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;2022 Plan and Inducement Plan increase | 7220106 |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Granted | (69085) | 69085 | 4.69 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited | 32800 | (32800) | 83.62 |  |  |
| Available and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 | 7275841 | 332676 | $36.10 | 7.45 | $6 |
| Vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2025 |  | 180902 | $52.28 | 6.27 | $— |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value based on the Company's closing stock price of $3.71 as of December 31, 2025, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $37 thousand, respectively. The fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively.

The determination of the fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Risk-free interest rate | 3.83% | 4.22% |
| Expected dividend yield | —% | —% |
| Expected volatility | 52.74% | 54.29% |
| Expected term (in years) | 6.1 | 5.7 |

---

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $2.49 and $11.23 per share, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had unamortized stock-based compensation expense of $0.8 million that will be recognized over the average remaining vesting term of options of 1.32 years.

Option pricing models require the input of various subjective assumptions, including the option's expected life and the price volatility of the underlying stock. The expected stock price volatility is based on the analysis of volatilities of the Company's selected public peer group over a period commensurate with the expected term of the options. The expected term of the employee stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding and is based on the contractual terms, the vesting period and the expected remaining term of the outstanding options. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury interest rates whose term in consistent with the expected life of the stock options. No dividend yield is included as the Company has not issued any dividends and do not anticipate issuing any dividends in the future.

A summary of stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company's Statements of Operations is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended**  | **Year Ended**  |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Cost of revenue, net | $158 | $208 |
| Research and development | 460 | 565 |
| Sales, general and administrative | 918 | 939 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $1536 | $1712 |

---

#### NOTE 7: Employee Benefit Plan
The Company administers a 401(K) retirement plan (the "401(K) Plan") in which all employees are eligible to participate. Each eligible employee may elect to contribute to the 401(K) Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company made no matching contributions.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### NOTE 8: Income Taxes
Domestic and foreign components of net loss before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended** | **Year Ended** |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Domestic | $(33815) | $(31734) |
| Foreign |  |  |
| Net loss before income tax expense | $(33815) | $(31734) |

---

Income tax expense consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended** | **Year Ended** |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Current: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Federal | $— | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State |  |  |
| Total current expense |  |  |
| Deferred: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Federal |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State |  |  |
| Total deferred expense |  |  |
| Total income tax expense | $— | $— |

---

Reconciliation between the effective tax rate on income from operations and the statutory tax rate of 21% is as follows:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2025** | **2024** | **2024** |
| Income tax benefit at statutory federal rate | $(7101) | 21.0% | $(6664) | 21.0% |
| Tax credits |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development credits | (579) | 1.7 | (370) | 1.2 |
| Changes in valuation allowance | 7340 | (21.7) | 6027 | (19.0) |
| Nontaxable or nondeductible items |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 109 | (0.3) | 630 | (2.0) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 136 | (0.4) | 330 | (1.0) |
| Change in unrecognized tax benefits | 87 | (0.3) | 55 | (0.2) |
| Other Adjustments |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 8 |  | (8) |  |
| Effective tax rate | $— | (0.0)% | $— | (0.0)% |

---

Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received by jurisdictions is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year Ended** | **Year Ended** |
|  | **December 31,**  | **December 31,**  |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Federal | $— | $— |
| State |  |  |
| Foreign |  |  |
| Total income taxes paid, net of refunds | $— | $— |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The following table presents the significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities for the periods presented (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net operating loss carryforwards | $50466 | $40925 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development credit carryforwards | 3724 | 3054 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 552 | 290 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accruals and other | 162 | 249 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liability | 874 | 108 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Property, equipment and software |  | 123 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization | 164 | 162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capitalized research and experimental expenses | 2069 | 2758 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other |  | 10 |
| Total deferred tax assets | 58011 | 47679 |
| Valuation allowance | (56997) | (47573) |
| Deferred tax assets recognized | 1014 | 106 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Right of use asset | (713) | (106) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Property, equipment and software | (301) |  |
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (1014) | (106) |
| Net deferred taxes | $— | $— |

---

The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of taxable income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, based on the Company's analysis of all available evidence, both positive and negative, it was considered more likely than not that the Company's deferred tax assets would not be realized and, as a result, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance for its deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance increased $9.4 million and $7.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $189.7 million, of which $23.3 million begin to expire in 2033 and $166.4 million can be carried over indefinitely. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal research and development tax credits of approximately $2.6 million, which begin to expire in 2033.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $154.3 million, which begin to expire in 2027. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had state research and development tax credits of approximately $2.3 million, which do not expire.

Utilization of the federal and state net operating loss and federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations due to the ownership percentage change provisions of the Internal Revenue Code Section 382 and similar state provisions. The annual limitations may result in the inability to fully offset future annual taxable income and could result in the expiration of the net operating loss carry forwards before utilization.

On July 4, 2025, the current administration signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA"), which includes comprehensive U.S. corporate tax legislation. The legislation includes the modification and permanent extension of prior tax law under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the introduction of new provisions such as permanently reinstating the immediate deduction of domestic specified research and experimental expenditures ("R&E"), permanent changes in the limitations for deducting business interest expense, and permanently restoring bonus depreciation allowances. Following the enactment of the OBBBA, we are no longer capitalizing domestic research and experimental expenditures as of December 31, 2025. The Company continues to generate a deferred tax asset for foreign capitalized R&E expenditures for the year ended December

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

31, 2025. Due to our valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, this tax law change did not result in a material impact to our financial statements.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740. Tax positions are evaluated in a two-step process, whereby the Company first determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination by tax authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on technical merit. If a tax position meets the more likely than not recognition threshold it is then measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognized in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

The changes in the unrecognized tax benefits are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Unrecognized tax benefits as of the beginning of the year | $631 | $544 |
| Increases related to prior year tax provisions |  |  |
| Decrease related to prior year tax provisions | (2) | (6) |
| Increase related to current year tax provisions | 128 | 93 |
| Statute lapse |  |  |
| Unrecognized tax benefits as of the end of the year | $757 | $631 |

---

The Company's unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025 relate entirely to research and development credits. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025 is $0.8 million. If recognized, none of the unrecognized tax benefits would impact the effective tax rate because of the valuation allowance. The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties to income taxes as components of interest expense and other expense, respectively. The Company did not accrue interest or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. Due to the Company's net operating loss carryforwards, all tax years since inception remain subject to examination by all taxing authorities. The Company is not currently under audit in any major tax jurisdiction.

#### NOTE 9: Commitments and contingencies

#### Leases
The Company leases facilities for office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. In April 2025, the Company entered into a new operating lease for its current headquarters in Sunnyvale, California, with a lease term through June 30, 2030. Upon commencement of this new lease in April 2025, the Company paid a refundable lease deposit of $0.5 million on and recognized operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability of $2.9 million, each. The annual base rent under the new lease is $0.9 million. In addition to base rent, the Company is also responsible for covering its share of the common area expenses and property taxes associated with the building.

The components of leases and lease costs are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| **Operating leases** |  |  |
| Operating lease ROU assets | $2745 | $407 |
| Operating lease liabilities, current portion | $555 | $412 |
| Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion | 2805 |  |
| Total operating lease liabilities | $3360 | $412 |
| Operating lease costs | $1523 | $989 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

As of December 31, 2025, future minimum operating lease payments for the year is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Years ending December 31,**  | **Amount** |
| 2026 | $1010 |
| 2027 | 999 |
| 2028 | 1029 |
| 2029 | 1060 |
| 2030 | 496 |
| Total future minimum lease payments | 4594 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Less – Interest | (1234) |
| Present value of lease liabilities | $3360 |

---

Weighted average remaining lease term is 4.4 years. The weighted average discount rate of 14.8% ranges from 5.75% to 15.0% dependent upon the assets underlying the operating lease and its term.

Rent expense totaled $1.5 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, included in the Company's Statements of Operations. There were two month to month lease agreements for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

#### Purchase Commitments
The Company executed a purchase agreement on September 13, 2024, in order to secure the acquisition of raw materials essential to ASR manufacturing. This agreement stipulates a total expenditure of $0.8 million before December 31, 2026. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company made payments totaling $0.2 million pursuant to this commitment.

#### Legal Matters
The Company may be subject to pending legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business; however, no such claims have been identified as of December 31, 2025 that are expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The Company from time to time enters into contracts that contingently require the Company to indemnify parties against third party claims. These contracts primarily relate to: (i) arrangements with clients which generally include certain provisions for indemnifying clients against liabilities if the services infringe a third party's intellectual property rights, (ii) the Regulation A Issuer Agreement where the Company may be required to indemnify the placement agent for any loss, damage, expense or liability incurred by the other party in any claim arising out of a material breach (or alleged breach) as a result of any potential violation of any law or regulation, or any third party claim arising out of any investment or potential investment in the offering, and (iii) agreements with the Company's officers and directors, under which the Company may be required to indemnify such persons from certain liabilities arising out of such persons' relationships with the Company. The Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such obligations and has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in the financial statements as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

#### Sales Tax Contingencies
The Company has historically not collected state sales tax on the sale of its MaaS product offering but has paid use tax on all purchases of raw materials. The Company's MaaS product offering may be subject to sales tax in certain jurisdictions. If a taxing authority were to successfully assert that the Company has not properly collected sales or other transaction taxes, or if sales or other transaction tax laws or the interpretation thereof were to change, and the Company was unable to enforce the terms of their contracts with clients that give the right to reimbursement for the assessed sales taxes, tax liabilities in amounts that could be material may be incurred. Based on the Company's assessment, the Company has recorded a use tax liability of $42 thousand and $0.4 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which has been included in accrued expense and other current liabilities on the accompanying Balance Sheets. The Company continues to analyze possible sales tax exposure but does not currently believe that any individual claim or aggregate claims that might arise will ultimately have a material effect on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**NOTE 10: Segment Information**

Management identifies reportable segments based on how it manages the Company's operations. As such, the Company operates as one segment for reporting purposes. The accounting policies of the Company's segment are the same as those described in Note 1.

The CODM assesses performance at a Company level and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Balance Sheets as total assets. The measure of significant segment expenses is listed on the Statements of Operations. The CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources for its reportable segment using segment income or loss. This metric is used to evaluate the overall financial performance of the segment, make operational and strategic decisions, prepare our annual plan, and allocate resources.

#### NOTE 11: Subsequent Events
***ATM offering program***

From January 1, 2026 through March 25, 2026 the Company issued 2,027,993 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM offering program for net proceeds of approximately $9.0 million, net of brokerage and placement fees of approximately $0.2 million pursuant to the August Prospectus Supplement.

***Acquisition***

As announced on February 27, 2026, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "Event Risk Agreement") with Event Risk LLC, an Indiana limited liability company ("Event Risk"), and Eric Rose (the "Seller"), pursuant to which the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Event Risk.

Consideration for the Event Risk Acquisition consisted of (i) a $5.0 million cash payment at closing, (ii) repayment of Event Risk's outstanding indebtedness of $1.1 million, (iii) the issuance of 1,724,418 shares of the Company's Class A common stock, and (iv) $4.0 million of deferred cash payments, payable in quarterly installments through December 31, 2028 subject to the purchase agreement. The purchase agreement also provides for contingent future cash and equity consideration based on post-closing performance, including a 2026 earn-out, revenue-based cash payments for 2027 through 2031, and potential additional equity issuances, each subject to specified thresholds and caps.

The Event Risk Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants, indemnification provisions, working capital adjustment mechanics, non-compete provisions, and tax treatment provisions. The foregoing description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Event Risk Agreement filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The initial accounting for the transaction is incomplete at this time due to the close proximity of the acquisition close date to the issuance date of these financial statements. The preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is anticipated to be completed in the first quarter of fiscal 2026.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure**

None.

**Item 9A. Controls and Procedures**

***Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures***

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

***Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures***

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

**Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act).

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based upon the results of the evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

**Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**Item 9B. Other Information**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(a)** **Disclosure in lieu of reporting on a Current Report on Form 8-K.** 

None

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(b)** **Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies.**

During the three months ended December 31, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

**Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections**

Not applicable.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**PART III**

**Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance** 

Information concerning our executive officers and members of our Board of Directors is set forth below.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Title/Position** | **Age** |
| William Santana Li | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President | 56 |
| Apoorv S. Dwivedi | EVP, Chief Financial Officer, and Secretary | 45 |
| Mercedes Soria | EVP and Chief Intelligence Officer / Chief Information Security Officer | 52 |
| Aaron J. Lehnhardt | EVP and Chief Design Officer | 53 |
| William G. Billings <sup>(1)(2)</sup> | Director | 50 |
| Robert A. Mocny <sup>(1)(2)</sup> | Director | 68 |
| Melvin W. Torrie <sup>(1)(2)</sup> | Director | 56 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Member of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Member of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.

#### Executive Officers
William Santana Li has served as the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") since April 2013, when he co-founded the Company, and its President since January 2024. Mr. Li is an American entrepreneur with over 30 years of experience from working in the global automotive sector and founding and leading a number of startups. From 1990 to 1999, Mr. Li held multiple business and technical positions at Ford Motor Company across four continents. His positions at Ford ranged from component, systems, and vehicle engineering with the Visteon, Mazda, and Lincoln brands; to business and product strategy on the U.S. youth market, India, and the emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and South America; as well as the financial turnaround of Ford of Europe. In addition, he was on the "Amazon" team, which established an all-new modular plant in Brazil. Subsequently, he served as Director of Mergers & Acquisitions. In 1998, Mr. Li founded and served as Chief Operating Officer of GreenLeaf LLC, a Ford Motor Company subsidiary that became the world's second largest automotive recycler. Under his leadership, GreenLeaf grew to more than 600 employees, 20 locations worldwide, and annual sales of approximately $150 million. After successfully establishing GreenLeaf, Mr. Li was recruited by SoftBank Venture Capital to establish and serve as the President and CEO of the Model E Corporation, a newly established automobile manufacturer that focused on the "Subscribe and Drive" model in California. Mr. Li also founded Carbon Motors Corporation in 2003, and served as its Chairman and CEO until February 2013, which focused on developing the world's first purpose-built law enforcement patrol vehicle. Mr. Li earned a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Detroit Mercy. He is married to Mercedes Soria, the Company's EVP and Chief Intelligence Officer / CISO. The Board of Directors believes Mr. Li is qualified to serve as a director due to his more than 30 years of experience in various industries, including as our Chairman and CEO, and founder of the Company.

Apoorv S. Dwivedi has served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company since January 2024, and Secretary since April 2024. Mr. Dwivedi most recently served as the Chief Financial Officer of Nxu, Inc. from January 2022 until December 2023. Prior to his CFO role at Nxu, Dwivedi served as Director of Finance for Cox Automotive from 2019 to January 2022 where he successfully ran the Manheim Logistics business. From 2018 to 2019, he was the Director of Presales within the finance solutions group at Workiva, and from 2010 to 2017 Mr. Dwivedi served in several corporate finance roles of increasing responsibility at the General Electric Company across both the GE Capital and GE Industrial businesses. Mr. Dwivedi began his career at ABN-AMRO, N.A. and was instrumental in building one of the first data analytics teams at Sears Holdings Company. Mr. Dwivedi earned his Bachelors in Finance from Loyola University – Chicago and his Master of Business Administration from Yale School of Management.

Mercedes Soria has served as our Executive Vice President and Chief Intelligence Officer since May 2013 and our CISO since April 2024, and has been with Knightscope since April 2013. Ms. Soria is a technology professional with over 15 years of experience in systems development, life cycle management, project leadership, software architecture and web applications development. Ms. Soria led IT strategy development at Carbon Motors Corporation from 2011 until 2013. From 2002 to 2010, Ms. Soria was Channel Manager and Software Development Manager for internal operations at Deloitte & Touche LLP. From 1998 to 2002, Ms. Soria worked as a software developer at Gibson Musical Instruments leading the

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

effort to establish its online presence. Ms. Soria obtained Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Computer Science from Middle Tennessee State University with honors, as well as an Executive Master of Business Administration from Emory University. She is also a certified Six Sigma green belt professional and a member of the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers. She is married to William Santana Li, the Company's Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President.

Aaron Lehnhardt has served as our Chief Design Officer since November 2015. Previously, from the Company's inception in April 2013 until November 2015, Mr. Lehnhardt served as Chief Designer of the Company. From 2002 to April 2013, Mr. Lehnhardt was the co-owner of Lehnhardt Creative LLC where he worked on advanced propulsion vehicle design, personal electronics, product design, video game design, and concept development work. From 2004 to 2011, Mr. Lehnhardt was Chief Designer at California Motors ("Calmotors"), where he led the design for various concepts for HyRider hybrid vehicles, the Calmotors 1000 horsepower hybrid super car, Terra Cruzer super off-road vehicle, multiple vehicles for the U.S. Military, and various other hybrid and electric vehicles. He was also the lead designer and partner of Ride Vehicles LLC, a sister company to Calmotors, which worked on a 3-wheeled, standup personal mobility vehicle.

#### Directors
William Santana Li's background information is set forth under "Executive Officers" above.

William G. Billings has served as a director since February 2024. He has served as Chief Accounting Officer of Chewy, Inc. since August 2024, where he oversees the Company's accounting and finance operations. On July 3, 2025, the Board of Directors appointed Mr. Billings to serve as Chewy's interim Chief Financial Officer (interim Principal Financial Officer), in addition to his role as Chief Accounting Officer and principal accounting officer. Previously, Mr. Billings served as Vice President of Finance and Chief Accounting Officer of GlobalFoundries, one of the world's leading semiconductor manufacturers, from November 2021 to July 2024, where he oversaw global finance and accounting operations. Prior to joining GlobalFoundries, he served as Vice President of Accounting and Chief Accounting Officer of Coursera, an online course provider, from August 2021 to November 2021. Before that, Mr. Billings served as Global Corporate Controller of Airbnb, Inc., an online marketplace for lodging and tourism activities, from July 2019 to August 2021. From November 2015 to July 2019, he served as Vice President of Finance and Global Controller at World Fuel Services Corporation, an energy, commodities, and services company, and from November 2013 to October 2015 he served as Global Technical Controller of General Electric Company, a multinational energy, equipment, solutions, and services company. Mr. Billings is a certified public accountant and holds a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Southern University and A&M College and a Master of Business Administration degree from Rice University. The Board of Directors believes Mr. Billings is qualified to serve as a director due to his extensive experience in finance, accounting, and operations across complex, global organizations.

Robert A. Mocny has served as a director since February 2024. He has been a strategic advisor to the Biometrics Institute Limited since May 2020, a venture partner at Ridge Lane, LP since May 2020, a principal at Deep Water Point & Associates since May 2020, and has provided technical expertise to the Center for National Security and Immigration on immigration related legislation since June 2021. He previously served in various roles at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (the "DHS") from April 2001 to February 2020, most recently as the deputy director of technology and innovation at the Federal Protective Service of the DHS from October 2016 to February 2020. Prior to the DHS, Mr. Mocny served at the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of Justice from December 1992 to April 2001, culminating in his role as the Special Assistant to the Deputy Commissioner from April 1998 to April 2001. Mr. Mocny has spearheaded numerous technology innovation initiatives, including office automation software programs and the development of the Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection (or "SENTRI") program, which was recognized with a Hammer Award by Vice President Al Gore and is now one of the core Trusted Traveler programs operated by DHS. Mr. Mocny holds a Bachelor of Arts in Soviet Studies from the University of California at Santa Barbara. The Board of Directors believes Mr. Mocny is qualified to serve as a director due to his significant security, law enforcement and government experience and technological expertise.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Melvin W. Torrie has served as a director since February 2024. He has served as the chief executive officer, president, and chairman of the Board of Directors of Autonomous Solutions Inc. ("ASI") since November 2000. ASI was founded in 2000 as a spinoff from Utah State University and provides technology to create fully autonomous vehicles by retrofitting existing equipment. In his role at ASI, Mr. Torrie has piloted robotic development partnerships with some of the largest vehicle manufacturers in the world. Mr. Torrie has taught at Utah State University and is a frequent keynote speaker and trainer on the topics of artificial intelligence, machine learning, autonomous vehicles, industrial robotics, and leadership. Mr. Torrie has a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering and a Master of Science degree in computer science from Utah State University. The Board of Directors believes Mr. Torrie is qualified to serve as a director due to his significant experience in leadership and with technology, autonomous vehicles, and robotics.

**Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports**

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers and persons who own more than ten percent of a registered class of our equity securities, to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of common stock and other equity securities of the Company. Based solely on the Company's review of the reports that have been filed by or on behalf of such person in this regard, during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025, all required reports were filed in a timely manner.

#### Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among any of our directors and executive officers, except that William Santana Li, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and President, is married to Mercedes Soria, our Executive Vice President and Chief Intelligence Officer / CISO.

#### Corporate Governance

#### Code of Conduct
We have a written code of conduct in place that applies to all our employees and directors, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of our code of conduct is available on our website at https://ir.knightscope.com/corporate-governance/governance-overview. We intend to use our website as a method of disclosing any change to, or waiver from, our code of conduct as permitted by applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules.

#### Insider Trading Policy
Our Board of Directors has adopted an Insider Trading Compliance Policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities that applies to Company personnel, including directors, officers, employees, and other covered persons. We believe our insider trading policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to the Company. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Amendment No. 1.

#### Audit Committee
The Board of Directors has a separately-designated standing Audit Committee. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter adopted by the Board of Directors. A copy of the Audit Committee Charter is available under Corporate Governance on the Investor Relations page of the Company's website at https://ir.knightscope.com/corporate-governance/governance-overview.

The members of the Audit Committee are Mr. Billings, Mr. Mocny, and Mr. Torrie. Mr. Billings serves as the Chair of the Audit Committee. Our Board of Directors has determined that each of the directors serving on our Audit Committee is independent within the meaning of the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (the "Nasdaq rules")and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and meet the requirements for financial literacy under the Nasdaq rules. In addition, our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Billings qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert" within the meaning of SEC regulations and applicable Nasdaq rules.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Item 11. Executive Compensation**

#### 2025 Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to total annual compensation for the years indicated for the Company's named executive officers.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Name and Principal Position** | <br>**Year** | <br>**Salary ($)** | <br>**Bonus**<sup>(1)</sup> | **Option**<br>**Awards**<br>**($)**<sup>(2)</sup> | **All Other** <br>**Compensation**<br>**($)**<sup>(3)</sup> | <br>**Total**<br>**($)** |
| William Santana Li | 2025 | 541539 | 555000 |  | 2000 | 1098539 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;*Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President* | 2024 | 505000 | 500000 | 1218800 | 1593 | 2225393 |
| Apoorv Dwivedi | 2025 | 386539 | 600000 |  | 16617 | 1003156 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;*EVP, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary* | 2024 | 332500 |  | 960000 | 12158 | 1304658 |
| Mercedes Soria | 2025 | 386539 | 400000 |  | 2000 | 788539 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;*EVP and Chief Intelligence Officer/CISO* | 2024 | 350000 |  | 360000 | 1593 | 711593 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Amounts represent annual cash incentive bonuses earned by our named executive officers based on the achievement of certain pre-established metrics, as described below in the section titled "Annual Bonuses". For Mr. Dwivedi, the amounts also represent a one-time bonus for an aggregate gross amount of $200,000, payable in two installments (i) $100,000 in January of 2025, and (ii) $100,000 following the finalization and completion of the Company's financial model by Mr. Dwivedi on March 31, 2025 and the Board of Director's certification of such model.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The named executive officers did not receive grants of stock options in 2025, as further discussed below in the section titled "Long-Term Equity Incentives." Amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of stock option grants made in 2024 computed in accordance with stock-based accounting rules (Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 Stock Compensation). Assumptions used in the calculations of these amounts are included in Note 6 to our financial statements, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Amounts represent the incremental cost of the Company paying the employee portion of the named executive officers' premiums for medical insurance, life insurance and short-term and long-term disability insurance.

#### Narrative Disclosure to 2025 Summary Compensation Table
The 2025 compensation program for the Company's named executive officers was comprised of the following major elements: (a) base salary; and (b) an annual, discretionary cash bonus. These principal elements of compensation are described below.

#### Base Salaries
Base salary is provided as a fixed source of compensation for our named executive officers. Adjustments to base salaries are reviewed annually by the Compensation Committee and may be adjusted from time to time to reflect promotions or other changes in the scope of breadth of the named executive officer's role or responsibilities, as well as to maintain market competitiveness.

In 2025, the base salaries of Mr. Li, Ms. Soria, and Mr. Dwivedi were $555,000, $400,000, and $400,000, respectively.

#### Annual Bonuses
Annual bonuses may be awarded based on qualitative and quantitative performance standards and are designed to reward performance of our named executive officers individually. For 2025, the annual bonus was based on achievement of performance-based metrics and equal to 100% of the base salary for each of the Company's named executive officers.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

During 2025, the named executive officers delivered a number of operational and strategic accomplishments that strengthened the Company's foundation for future growth. Key achievements included (i) revenue growth and improved working-capital management, (ii) disciplined operating expense controls, (iii) continued investment in next-generation technologies and product platforms, (iv) strengthening of capital markets access and liquidity, (v) improvements to manufacturing and inventory management processes, and (vi) the implementation of enhanced financial and operational systems. Additionally, Mr. Dwivedi was granted a one-time bonus for an aggregate gross amount of $200,000, payable in two installments (i) $100,000 in January of 2025, and (ii) $100,000 following the finalization and completion of the Company's financial model by Mr. Dwivedi on March 31, 2025 and the Board of Director's certification of such model.

#### Long-Term Equity Incentives
Grants made under our 2022 Plan provide continual motivation for our officers, employees, consultants and directors to achieve our business and financial objectives, align their interests with the long-term interests of our stockholders, and provide a long-term retention incentive. While none of named executive officers received option grants in 2025, each named executive officer held outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2025, as detailed in the "2025 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End" below.

#### Other Elements of Compensation

#### Retirement Savings and Health and Welfare Benefits
We currently maintain a 401(k) retirement savings plan for our employees, including our named executive officers, who satisfy certain eligibility requirements. Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan on the same terms as other full-time employees.

All of our full-time employees, including our named executive officers, are eligible to participate in our health and welfare plans, including medical, dental and vision benefits; medical and dependent care flexible spending accounts; short-term and long-term disability insurance; and life and accidental death & dismemberment insurance. Our named executive officers are eligible for certain enhanced benefits under our executive-level medical insurance, life insurance and short-term and long-term disability insurance.

***Equity Award Timing Policies and Practices***

We do not grant equity awards in anticipation of the release of material nonpublic information and we do not time the release of material nonpublic information for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation. In the event material nonpublic information becomes known to the Compensation Committee before granting an equity award, the Compensation Committee will consider such information and use its business judgment to determine whether to delay the grant of equity to avoid any appearance of impropriety.

There were no stock option grants made to any named executive officer during fiscal year 2025.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

#### 2025 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to outstanding stock options held by our named executive officers at December 31, 2025.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Option Awards** | **Option Awards** | **Option Awards** | **Option Awards** | **Option Awards** |
| <br>**Name** | <br>**Grant Date** | **Number of** <br>**Securities** <br>**Underlying** <br>**Unexercised** <br>**Options (#)** <br>**Exercisable** | **Number of** <br>**Securities** <br>**Underlying** <br>**Unexercised** <br>**Options (#)** <br>**Unexercisable** | <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>**Option** <br>**Exercise** <br>**Price ($)** | <br>**Option** <br>**Expiration** <br>**Date** |
| William Santana Li | 7/12/2022 | 6526 | 1136<br><sup>(1)(2)</sup> | 152.00 | 7/11/2032 |
|  | 7/28/2023 | 4618 | 3044<br><sup>(1)(2)</sup> | 75.50 | 7/27/2033 |
|  | 6/11/2024 | 40000 | 40000<br><sup>(2)(3)</sup> | 15.24 | 6/10/2034 |
| Apoorv Dwivedi | 4/23/2024 | 20000 | 20000<br><sup>(2)(3)</sup> | 24.00 | 4/22/2034 |
| Mercedes Soria | 11/17/2016 | 3740 | —<br> <sup>(4)</sup> | 30.00 | 11/17/2026 |
|  | 4/22/2018 | 4000 |  | 63.00 | 4/21/2028 |
|  | 5/9/2019 | 9999 |  | 62.00 | 5/9/2029 |
|  | 2/27/2020 | 1999 |  | 45.50 | 2/26/2030 |
|  | 6/24/2020 | 699 |  | 45.50 | 6/23/2030 |
|  | 7/12/2022 | 2142 | 395<br><sup>(1)(2)</sup> | 152.00 | 7/11/2032 |
|  | 7/28/2023 | 1518 | 1019<br><sup>(1)(2)</sup> | 75.50 | 7/27/2033 |
|  | 4/23/2024 | 7500 | 7500<br><sup>(2)(3)</sup> | 24.00 | 4/22/2034 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The stock option vests and becomes exercisable as to 25% of the shares subject to the option on the first anniversary of the grant date, and vest as to the remaining shares in equal monthly installments over the subsequent 36 months, subject to continuous service as of each vesting date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Exercisable for shares of Class A Common Stock.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) The stock option vests and becomes exercisable as to 50% of the shares subject to the option on the first anniversary of the grant date, and 50% of the shares on the second anniversary of the grant date, subject to continuous service as of each vesting date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) Exercisable for shares of Class B Common Stock, which can be subsequently converted to Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis.

**Executive Compensation Arrangements**

We have entered into employment agreements and confidential information agreements with each of our named executive officers. Each employment agreement sets forth the terms and conditions of each named executive officer's employment with the Company, including initial base salary, eligibility to earn an annual bonus, and eligibility to participate in employee benefit plans.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

Under their employment agreements, each named executive officer is also eligible to receive severance payments and benefits upon certain qualifying terminations. If during the period that is one year following a "change in control" (the "change in control period") (i) the Company terminates the named executive officer's employment with the Company for other than (A) "cause", (B) death, or (C) "disability" or (ii) the named executive officer resigns for "good reason" (each, as defined in each named executive officer's employment agreement), the named executive officer is entitled to receive (a) 12 months base salary (payable as a lump sum), (b) 100% of their target bonus (payable as a lump sum), (c) up to 12 months of COBRA reimbursements for themselves and their eligible dependents, and (d) full vesting acceleration of each equity award to the extent unvested; provided that all performance goals and other vesting criteria will be deemed achieved at the greater of (x) actual achievement (if determinable) or (y) 100% of target levels, in each case unless otherwise specified in the applicable equity award agreement governing such equity award.

If the named executive officer's employment with the Company terminates for other than (A) "cause", (B) death, or (C) "disability" outside of a change in control period, the named executive officer is entitled to receive (a) 6 months base salary continuation, and (b) up to 6 months of COBRA reimbursements for themselves and their eligible dependents.

These severance payments and benefits are subject to the named executive officer executing and not revoking a separation agreement and release of claims.

**2025 Director Compensation**

For 2025, each non-employee director received an annual cash retainer of $15,000. In addition, a director serving as the chairperson of a Board of Directors committee received an additional annual retainer of $2,500, except that the chairperson of the Audit Committee received an additional annual retainer of $6,500. Each non-executive director is eligible to receive awards under the Company's equity incentive plans as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors in its discretion. Mr. Li does not receive compensation for his service on the Board of Directors.

The following table summarizes the total compensation earned by each of our non-employee directors who served during 2025.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Name** | **Fees** <br>**Earned** <br>**or Paid in** <br>**Cash** <br>**($)**<sup>(1)</sup> | <br>**Option** <br>**Awards** <br>**($)**<sup>(2)</sup> | <br>**Total** <br>**($)** |
| William G. Billings | 24000 | - | 24000 |
| Robert A. Mocny | 15000 | - | 15000 |
| Melvin W. Torrie | 15000 | - | 15000 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The fees presented represent the annual cash fees earned by each director.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Each of our directors who were serving on the Board of Directors as of December 31, 2025 (Mr. Billings, Mr. Mocny, and Mr. Torrie) held 2,000 stock options as of December 31, 2025.

**Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation**

None of the members of our Compensation Committee is or has been an officer or employee of Knightscope, Inc. In addition, none of our executive officers serves or has served as a member of the Board of Directors, compensation committee or other Board or Directors committee performing equivalent functions of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving as one of our directors or on our Compensation Committee.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters**

#### Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
The following table sets out certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of the voting securities of the Company, as of February 11, 2026, for:

● each person who we know beneficially owns more than 5% of any class of our voting securities;

● each of our directors;

● each of our named executive officers; and

● all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

Percentage ownership is based on 12,807,568 shares of Class A common stock outstanding and 335,746 shares of Class B common stock outstanding, in each case, as of February 11, 2026.

We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, beneficial ownership includes any shares as to which the individual or entity has sole or shared voting power or investment power. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by an individual or entity and the percentage ownership of that person, shares subject to options, or other rights, held by such person that are currently exercisable or convertible, or will become exercisable or convertible or will vest within 60 days of February 11, 2026 are considered outstanding, although these shares are not considered outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

Unless otherwise indicated, the address of all listed stockholders is c/o Knightscope, Inc., 305 North Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, we believe that the persons and entities named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all securities that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  |  | **Class B**  | **Class B**  | |
|  | **Class A Common**  | **Class A Common**  | **Common**  | **Common**  | |
|  | **Stock**  | **Stock**  | **Stock**  | **Stock**  | |
|  | **Beneficially**  | **Beneficially**  | **Beneficially**  | **Beneficially**  | |
|  | **Owned** | **Owned** | **Owned** | **Owned** | <br>**Combined** <br>**Voting** <br>**Power**<sup>(1)</sup> |
| **Name of Beneficial Owner** | **Number** | **%**  | **Number** | **%**  |  |
| **5% Stockholders:** |  |  |  |  |  |
| William ("Bill") Santana Li | 82144<br> <sup>(2)</sup> | 0.6% | 146000 | 43.0% | 9.5% |
| **Named Executive Officers and Directors:** |  |  |  |  |  |
| William ("Bill") Santana Li | 82144<br> <sup>(2)</sup> | 0.6% | 146000 | 43.0% | 9.5% |
| Mercedes Soria | 82144<br> <sup>(2)</sup> | 0.6% | 146000 | 43.0% | 9.5% |
| Apoorv S. Dwivedi<sup>(3)</sup> | 20005 | \* |  |  | \* |
| William G Billings<sup>(4)</sup> | 2022 | \* |  |  | \* |
| Robert A. Mocny<sup>(4)</sup> | 2004 | \* |  |  | \* |
| Melvin W. Torrie<sup>(4)</sup> | 2000 | \* |  |  | \* |
| All current executive officers and directors as a group (7 individuals)<sup>(5)</sup> | 132174 | 1.0% | 146000 | 43.0% | 9.7% |

---

\* Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Represents the percentage of voting power with respect to all shares of the Company's outstanding capital stock as if converted to Class A common stock or Class B common stock, as applicable, voting as a single class. Combined voting power does not include shares underlying options or warrants convertible into shares of Class A common stock or Class B common stock.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Based on a Schedule 13G filed on March 31, 2025 and information known to the Company. Consists of (i) 1,666 shares of Class A common stock; (ii) 140,000 shares of Class B common stock; and (iii) 80,478 shares of Class A common stock underlying options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 11, 2026, in each case

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

held by Mr. Li. Also consists of (iv) 2,260 shares of Class B common stock shares; (v) 3,740 shares of Class B common stock shares that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 11, 2026; and (vi) 28,221 shares of Class A common stock underlying options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 11, 2026, in each case held by Ms. Soria, who is Mr. Li's wife. The amount of securities reported as beneficially owned by the Mr. Li does not include 150,111 shares of Class A common stock underlying warrants over which the Mr. Li has a proxy to vote the shares, once exercised. The warrants are currently exercisable, however Mr. Li does not have the ability to exercise the warrants.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Includes 20,000 shares of Class A common stock underlying options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 11, 2026.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) Includes 2,000 shares of Class A common stock underlying stock options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 11, 2026.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) Consists of (a) 1,697 shares of Class A common stock, (b) 130,477 shares of Class A common stock underlying stock options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 11, 2026, (c) 142,260 shares of Class B common stock and (d) 3,740 shares of Class B common stock underlying stock options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 11, 2026.

#### Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2025, regarding our equity incentive plans, which consists of awards issued under our 2014 Plan, 2016 Plan, 2022 Plan and Inducement Plan:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Plan Category** | <br>**Number of** <br>**securities** <br>**to be issued upon** <br>**exercise of** <br>**outstanding options,**<br>**warrants and rights** | <br>**Weighted-average** <br>**exercise price of** <br>**outstanding options**<br>**warrants and rights** | **Number of** <br>**securities** <br>**remaining** <br>**available** <br>**for future** <br>**issuance** <br>**under equity** <br>**compensation** <br>**plans (1)** |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;2014 Plan | 5180 | $30.00 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;2016 Plan | 63252 | $79.31 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;2022 Plan | 264244 | $25.87 | 2275841 |
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Inducement Plan (2) |  |  | 5000000 |
| Total | 332676 | $36.10 | 7275841 |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Consists of 2,275,841 shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan. The number of shares of our Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan will automatically increase each year beginning on January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2032, in an amount equal to the lesser of (x) 5% of the aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock outstanding on December 31st of the immediately preceding calendar year (rounded up to the nearest whole share) and (y) an amount determined by the Plan Administrator (as defined in the 2022 Plan); provided, however, that any shares that become available from any such increases in previous years that are not actually issued will continue to be available for issuances under the 2022 Plan. On October 24, 2025, an additional 2,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value of $0.001 per share was issued pursuant to the 2022 Plan. The share reserve available for future issuance will also include (A) any shares previously authorized for issuance under the Company's 2016 Plan that on the Effective Date (as defined in the 2022 Plan) had not been granted under the 2016 Plan and are not subject to outstanding awards thereunder; plus (B) any shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2016 Plan or the Company's 2014 Plan, as of the Effective Date that, on or after the Effective Date, cease to be subject to such awards prior to the issuance of shares thereunder, such as due to cancellation, expiration, or other termination of such awards.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Consists of 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance under the Inducement Plan.

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

**Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence**

The following is a description of certain transactions, arrangements and relationships in which we were a participant since January 1, 2025 and the amount involved exceeded or will exceed $120,000, and in which any of our executive officers, directors or holders of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities, or an affiliate or immediate family member thereof, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. Certain equity, compensation, and other arrangements are described under "Executive Compensation."

#### Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance
Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our bylaws provide that we indemnify each of our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. Further, we have entered into indemnification agreements with certain of our directors and officers, and we have purchased a policy of directors' and officers' liability insurance that insures our directors and officers against the cost of defense, settlement or payment of a judgment under certain circumstances.

#### Policies and Procedures for Approving Transactions with Related Persons
Our Audit Committee reviews and oversees all related person transactions in accordance with our policies and procedures, either in advance or when we become aware of a related person transaction that was not reviewed and approved in advance; however, the Board of Directors has not adopted a written policy or procedures governing its approval of transactions with related persons. Other than as described above, there were no related person transactions in the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2025. The transactions described above were approved by the Board of Directors at the time they were entered into.

#### Director Independence
Nasdaq listing rules require that a majority of the Board of Directors be comprised of independent directors. The Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Billings, Mr. Mocny, and Mr. Torrie is each an "independent director" as defined under the applicable Nasdaq rules. Mr. Li is not independent due to his service as a current executive officer of the Company. The Board of Directors makes a determination regarding the independence of each director at least annually based on relevant facts and circumstances. Applying the standards and independence criteria defined by the Nasdaq listing standards, the Board of Directors has made a determination as to each independent director that no relationships exist which, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, would interfere with the exercise of his independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.

The Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Billings, Mr. Mocny, and Mr. Torrie are "independent directors" under Nasdaq listing standards and SEC rules applicable to Audit Committee members and Compensation Committee members.

**Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services**

#### Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees
The following table presents fees billed or to be billed, including out-of-pocket costs, by BPM LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, for the audit of our financial statements and for other services provided in such years. All of these services and fees were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Fee Category** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Audit Fees<sup>(1)</sup> | $683832 | $678180 |
| Audit-Related Fees<sup>(2)</sup> |  |  |
| Tax Fees<sup>(2)</sup> |  |  |
| All Other Fees<sup>(2)</sup> |  |  |
| Total Fees | $683832 | $678180 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Audit Fees included fees, whether or not yet invoiced, associated with the annual audit of our financial statements and for issuing a report thereon; the review of our periodic reports and services related to, or required by, statute or regulation, such as fees for comfort letters and consents; and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) There were no such fees during the periods presented.

#### Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policy and Procedures
Under its charter, the Audit Committee is responsible for the compensation of our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving any audit services and permissible non-audit and tax services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm. In carrying out this responsibility, the Audit Committee follows the following general procedures for the preapproval of non-audit services:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● If applicable, each year the Audit Committee reviews and pre-approves a schedule of the proposed non-audit services and estimated fees to be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm during the next annual audit cycle.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● Actual amounts paid to the independent registered public accounting firm are monitored by management and reported to the Audit Committee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● Any non-audit services proposed to be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm and the related fees that have not been pre-approved during the annual review by the Audit Committee must be pre-approved by the Audit Committee in advance of any work performed. The authority to grant pre-approval of audit and non-audit services may be delegated to one or more designated members of the Audit Committee, whose decisions will be presented to the full Audit Committee at its next regularly scheduled meeting.

Incremental fees for previously approved non-audit services that are expected to exceed the previously approved fee estimate must also be pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

**Part IV**

**Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Financial Statements

Balance Sheets

Statements of Operations

Statements of Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

Statements of Cash Flows

Notes to Financial Statements

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Schedules

All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not required, are not applicable or the information is included in the financial statements or related notes thereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed with, or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit No.** | **Description** |
| 2.1# | [Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 10, 2022, by and between Knightscope, Inc. and Case Emergency Systems (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 11, 2022 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465922107493/tm2227968d1_ex2-1.htm) |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2.2 | [Securities Purchase Agreement by and among the Company, Event Risk LLC and Eric Rose dated February 27, 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 3, 2026 (File No. 001-41248).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465926022476/tm267594d1_ex2-1.htm) |
| 3.1 | [Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A/A filed on July 18, 2019 (File No. 024-11004)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000114420419035041/tv525280_ex2-1.htm) |
| 3.2 | [Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated April 5, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 8, 2024 (File No. 001 - 41248).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465924044733/tm2411300d1_ex3-1.htm) |
| 3.3 | [Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 16, 2024 (File No. 001-41248).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465924099977/tm2423897d1_ex3-1.htm) |
| 3.4 | [Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 16, 2024 (File No. 001-41248).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465924099977/tm2423897d1_ex3-2.htm) |
| 3.5 | [Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 16, 2024 (File No. 001-41248).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465924099977/tm2423897d1_ex3-3.htm) |
| 3.6 | [Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 16, 2024 (File No. 001-41248).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465924099977/tm2423897d1_ex3-4.htm) |
| 3.7 | [Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A/A filed on December 7, 2016 (File No. 024-10633)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000114420416138424/v454344_ex2-2.htm) |
| 3.8 | [Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2025 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465925069103/tm2521172d3_ex3-1.htm) |
| 4.1† | [Description of Registered Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Annual Report on 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on March 31, 2025 (File No. 001-41248) .](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000141057822000800/tmb-20211231xex4d1.htm) |
| 4.2 | [Form of Senior Secured Convertible Note (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 11, 2022 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465922107493/tm2227968d1_ex4-1.htm) |
| 4.3 | [Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 11, 2022 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465922107493/tm2227968d1_ex4-2.htm) |
| 4.4 | [Form of Senior Debt Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on February 1, 2023 (File No. 333-269493)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465923009006/tm234983d1_ex4-10.htm) |
| 4.5 | [Form of Subordinated Debt Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on February 1, 2023 (File No. 333-269493)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465923009006/tm234983d1_ex4-11.htm) |
| 4.6 | [Form of Indenture, including Form of Bond (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A/A filed on September 29, 2023 (File No. 024-12314)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465923104876/tm2318795d3_ex3-1.htm) |
| 4.7 | [Form of Subscription Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A/A filed on September 29, 2023 (File No. 024-12314)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465923104876/tm2318795d3_ex4-1.htm) |
| 10.1\* | [2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 6.1 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1 - A/A filed on December 7, 2016 (File No. 024-10633)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000114420416138424/v454344_ex6-1.htm) |
| 10.2\* | [2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 6.2 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1 - A/A filed on December 7, 2016 (File No. 024-10633)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000114420416138424/v454344_ex6-2.htm) |
| 10.3 | [Referral Program Agreement, dated April 20, 2021, between Knightscope, Inc. and Dimension Funding, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 6.6 to our Annual Report on Form 1-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed on April 30, 2021 (File No. 24R-00075)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465921059135/tm2113857d1_ex6-6.htm) |
| 10.4\* | [Employment Agreement and Indemnification Agreement between the Company and William Santana Li (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 6.6 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A filed on October 15, 2021 (File No. 024 -11680)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465921126374/tm2129412d1_ex6-6.htm) |
| 10.5\* | [Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, dated July 10, 2023, between Knightscope, Inc. and William Santana Li (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 13, 2023 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000141057823002349/tmb-20230930xex10d1.htm) |
| 10.6 | [Employment Agreement and Indemnification Agreement between the Company and Mercedes Soria Li (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 6.9 to our Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A filed on October 15, 2021 (File No. 024-11680)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465921126374/tm2129412d1_ex6-9.htm) |
| 10.7\* | [Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, dated July 11, 2023, between Knightscope, Inc. and Mercedes Soria (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 13, 2023 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000141057823002349/tmb-20230930xex10d3.htm) |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.8 | [Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 4, 2022, by and between Knightscope, Inc. and B. Riley Principal Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 5, 2022 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465922042890/tm2211434d1_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.9 | [Amendment No. 1 to Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 11, 2022, by and between Knightscope, Inc. and B. Riley Principal Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 12, 2022 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465922045114/tm2212514d1_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.10\*\* | [Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 10, 2022, by and between Knightscope, Inc. and each purchaser identified on the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 11, 2022 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465922107493/tm2227968d1_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.11 | [Agreement and Waiver, dated as of December 30 2022, by and between Knightscope, Inc. and the investor signatory thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 3, 2023 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465922131441/tm2233801d1_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.12 | [At the Market Offering Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2023, by and between Knightscope, Inc. and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on February 1, 2023 (File No. 333-269493)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465923009006/tm234983d1_ex1-2.htm) |
| 10.13\* | [Employment Agreement between the Company and Apoorv Dwivedi (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on April 1, 2024 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000141057824000417/tmb-20231231xex10d9.htm) |
| 10.14\* | [Form of Board of Directors Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on April 1, 2024 (File No. 001-41248))](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000141057824000417/tmb-20231231xex10d12.htm). |
| 10.15 | [Agreement and Waiver dated August 1, 2024, by and between the Company and Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC - Segregated Master Portfolio B (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2024 (File No. 001-41248)i).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465924086770/tm2421114d1_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.16 | [Secured Promissory Note (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2024 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000110465924086770/tm2421114d1_ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.17 | [Sublease between the Company and Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. dated March 13, 2025. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025 filed on May 14, 2025 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000155837025007781/kscp-20250331xex10d1.htm) |
| 10.18 | [Consent to Subletting by and between 305 N Mathilda LLC, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. and the Company dated April 9, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025 filed on May 14, 2025 (File No. 001-41248).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000155837025007781/kscp-20250331xex10d2.htm) |
| 10.19 | [Knightscope, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Annex A-2 to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement filed on July 21, 2025 (File No. 001-41248)).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000155837025009331/kscp-20250908xdef14a.htm#AnnexA2) |
| 19.1† | [Knightscope, Inc. Insider Trading Policy](kscp-20251231xex19d1.htm) |
| 23.1† | [Consent of BPM LLP.](kscp-20251231xex23d1.htm) |
| 31.1† | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](kscp-20251231xex31d1.htm) |
| 31.2† | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](kscp-20251231xex31d2.htm) |
| 32.1+ | [Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](kscp-20251231xex32d1.htm) |
| 32.2+ | [Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](kscp-20251231xex32d2.htm) |
| 97.1†\* | [Knightscope, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recovery Policy](kscp-20251231xex97d1.htm) |
| 101.INS† | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |
| 101.SCH† | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL† | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF† | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB† | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE† | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104† | Inline Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;† Filed herewith.

+ Furnished herewith.

# Certain exhibits and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission a copy of any omitted exhibits or schedules upon

[**Table of Contents**](#TOC)

request; provided that the Company may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

\*\* Certain exhibits and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission a copy of any omitted exhibits or schedules upon request.

\* Represents management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

**Item 16. Form 10-K Summary**

None.

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 27, 2026.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| KNIGHTSCOPE, INC. | KNIGHTSCOPE, INC. |
| By: | /s/ William Santana Li |
|  | William Santana Li |
|  | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and President |

---

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Signature**<br>| **Title**<br>| **Date**<br>|
| */s/ William Santana Li*<br>| Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and President<br>|  |
| William Santana Li | (Principal Executive Officer) | March 27, 2026 |
| */s/ Apoorv Dwivedi*<br>| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer<br>| March 27, 2026<br>|
| Apoorv Dwivedi<br>| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)<br>|  |
| */s/ William Billings*<br>| Director<br>| March 27, 2026<br>|
| William Billings<br>|  |  |
| */s/ Robert Mocny*<br>| Director<br>| March 27, 2026<br>|
| Robert Mocny<br>|  |  |
| */s/ Melvin Torrie*<br>| Director<br>| March 27, 2026<br>|
| Melvin Torrie<br>|  |  |

---

## Exhibit 19.1

**Exhibit 19.1**

#### KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

#### INSIDER TRADING POLICY

#### March 28, 2025
**Background**

The board of directors of Knightscope, Inc. (the "***Company***") has adopted this Insider Trading Policy (this "***Policy***") for directors, officers, and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries with respect to the trading of the Company's securities, as well as the securities of publicly-traded companies with whom we have a business relationship.

Federal and state securities laws prohibit the purchase or sale of a company's securities by persons who are aware of material nonpublic information about that company or its securities. These laws also prohibit persons who are aware of such material nonpublic information from disclosing this information to others who may trade. Companies and their controlling persons are also subject to liability if they fail to take reasonable steps to prevent insider trading by company personnel.

It is important that you understand the breadth of activities that constitute illegal insider trading and the consequences, which can be severe.

This Policy is designed to prevent insider trading or allegations of insider trading, and to protect the Company's reputation for integrity and ethical conduct. It is your obligation to understand and comply with this Policy. Should you have any questions regarding this Policy, please contact the Company's Chief Financial Officer.

**Scope of Policy**

*Persons Covered.* As a director, officer, or employee of the Company or its subsidiaries, this Policy applies to you. The restrictions that apply to you also apply to your family members who reside with you, anyone else who lives in your household, and any family members who do not live in your household but whose transactions in Company securities are directed by you or are subject to your influence or control (such as parents or children who consult with you before they trade in Company securities). This Policy does not, however, apply to personal securities transactions by the foregoing individuals (family members who reside with you, anyone else who lives in your household, and any family members who do not live in your household but whose transactions in Company securities are directed by you or are subject to your influence or control) where the purchase or sale decision is made by a third party not controlled by, influenced by or related to you or any of the foregoing individuals.

In addition, this Policy applies to any entities that you influence or control (including corporations, limited liability companies, partnerships or trusts). For entities that are venture or similar investment funds, you have influence or control of the shares held by those funds if you can vote or dispose of them. Any transactions by entities that you have influence or control over should be treated for purposes of this Policy and applicable securities laws as if they were for your own account.

You are responsible for making sure that any transaction in a security by you, your family members, or by the persons or entities that you control or influence, as covered by this Policy, complies with this Policy.

*Companies Covered.* The prohibition on insider trading in this Policy is not limited to trading in the Company's securities. It includes trading in the securities of other firms about which you are in possession of material nonpublic information, such as customers or suppliers of the Company and those entities with which the Company may be

Page 1 of 8

------

negotiating material transactions, such as an acquisition, investment or sale. Information that is not material to the Company may nevertheless be material to one of those other firms.

*Transactions Covered.* "*Trading*" includes purchases and sales of stock, derivative securities such as put and call options, warrants and convertible debentures or preferred stock, and debt securities (debentures, bonds and notes). "*Trading*" also includes certain transactions under Company equity plans. Note that:

● *Stock Option Exercises.* This Policy's trading restrictions generally do not apply to the exercise and hold of shares purchased under a stock option. The trading restrictions do apply, however, to any market sale of the underlying stock, including through a cashless exercise of the option through a broker as this entails selling a portion of the underlying stock to cover the costs of exercise.

● This Policy's trading restrictions generally do not apply to "sell-to-cover" transactions pursuant to a non-discretionary policy adopted by the Company that is intended to facilitate the payment of withholding taxes associated with vesting of equity awards (other than stock options).

● This Policy's trading restrictions generally do not apply to transactions under a pre-cleared Rule 10b5-1 plan or a pre-cleared non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K.

● In addition, *bona fide gifts* are not transactions subject to this Policy, unless the person making the gift has reason to believe that the recipient intends to sell the Company securities while the donor is aware of material nonpublic information, or the person making the gift is subject to the trading restrictions described below under the section "Statement of Policy—Pre-Clearance Procedures."

**Statement of Policy**

*No Trading with Material Nonpublic Information.* You may not trade in the securities of the Company, directly or through family members or other persons or entities, if you are aware of material nonpublic information relating to the Company or its securities. Similarly, you may not trade in the securities of any other company if you are aware of material nonpublic information about that company which you obtained in the course of your employment with the Company.

*No Tipping.* You may not pass material nonpublic information on to others or recommend to anyone the purchase or sale of any securities when you are aware of such information. This practice, known as "tipping," also violates the securities laws and can result in the same civil and criminal penalties that apply to insider trading, even if you did not trade and did not gain any monetary benefit from another's trading.

*The following restrictions apply to all directors, officers and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries.*

*Quarterly Blackout Periods*. To help prevent inadvertent violations of the federal securities laws and to avoid even the appearance of trading on the basis of inside information, all directors, officers and employees of the Company are prohibited from trading in the Company's securities during **quarterly blackout periods that begin on the fifteenth (15th) day of the last month of a fiscal quarter and end after the second full business day following the public release of the Company's earnings for that quarter.** 

*Event-Specific Blackouts*. Individuals also may be prohibited from trading in the Company's securities during certain event-specific blackout periods. From time to time, an event may occur that is material to the Company and is known by only a few directors, officers or other employees. So long as the event remains material and nonpublic, the persons who are aware of the event, as well as any other persons the Company deems appropriate, may not trade in the Company's securities. The existence of an event-specific blackout generally will not be announced, other than to those who are aware of the event giving rise to the blackout. If, however, a person whose trades are subject to pre-clearance requests permission to trade in the Company's securities during an event-specific blackout, the Company's Chief Financial Officer or his or her designee (the "***Compliance Officer***") may inform the requesting person of the existence of a blackout period, without disclosing the reason for the blackout. Any person made aware of the existence

Page 2 of 8

------

of an event-specific blackout should not disclose the existence of the blackout to any other person. The failure of the Compliance Officer to designate a person as being subject to an event-specific blackout will not relieve that person of the obligation not to trade while aware of material nonpublic information.

*Pre-Clearance Procedures.* The Company's directors, officers and certain designated employees of the Company and its subsidiaries who have access to material nonpublic information about the Company ("***covered persons***") are subject to the following pre-clearance procedures. Covered persons, together with their family members and other members of their household, and any entities that a covered person influences or controls, may not engage in any transaction involving the Company's securities (including without limitation an option exercise, gift, loan, pledge, contribution to a trust or any other transfer) without first obtaining pre-clearance of the transaction from the Company's Compliance Officer. A request for pre-clearance should be submitted to the Compliance Officer at least two business days in advance of the proposed transaction. If, upon requesting pre-clearance, a covered person is advised that a transaction in the Company's securities may take place, the covered person may enter into a transaction within two business days thereafter. If, for any reason, a transaction is not completed within the two business days, pre-clearance must be obtained again before a transaction may occur. Any person who has requested pre-clearance may not disclose the approval or denial of the request to any other person.

*No Exception for Hardship*. The existence of a personal financial emergency does not excuse you from compliance with this Policy. One limited exception is that any person who is subject to the quarterly earnings blackout period and who has an unexpected and urgent need to sell Company stock in order to generate cash may, in limited and appropriate circumstances, be permitted to sell Company stock even during the quarterly blackout period. Hardship exceptions may be granted only by the Compliance Officer and must be requested at least two business days in advance of the proposed transaction. A hardship exception may be granted only if the person requesting it certifies, and the Compliance Officer concludes, that the person requesting it is not aware of material nonpublic information and there are no other reasons to prohibit trading. Under no circumstance will a hardship exception be granted during an event-specific blackout period to a director, executive officer or other person to whom an event-specific blackout period applies. A hardship exception does not relieve any person of the obligation not to trade while aware of material nonpublic information.

**Exception for Approved Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans**

Transactions in the Company's securities that are executed pursuant to a compliant Trading Plan (as defined below) are not subject to the prohibition on trading on the basis of material nonpublic information contained in this Policy or to the restrictions set forth above relating to blackout periods and, if applicable, pre-clearance procedures.

Rule 10b5-1 provides an affirmative defense from insider trading liability under the federal securities laws for trading plans that meet certain requirements specified in the rule.

The Company requires that all Rule 10b5-1 trading plans be pre-cleared in writing in advance by the Compliance Officer and satisfy the requirements of this Policy, as outlined below. Rule 10b5-1 trading plans may be further subject to additional policies or guidelines adopted by the Company from time to time, which may be obtained from the Compliance Officer. Please consult the Company's Compliance Officer if you have any questions about entering into a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan.

Transactions under a trading plan (a "Trading Plan") must satisfy either:

● the conditions of Rule 10b5-1; or

● the elements of a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K; <u>and</u> 

● be pre-approved by the Compliance Officer.

The Compliance Officer may impose such other conditions on the implementation and operation of a Trading Plan as they deem necessary or advisable.

Page 3 of 8

------

An individual may only modify a Trading Plan outside of a blackout period and, in any event, where the individual does not possess material nonpublic information. Modifications to and early terminations of a Trading Plan are subject to pre-approval by the Compliance Officer.

The Company also reserves the right from time to time to suspend, discontinue, or otherwise prohibit transactions under a Trading Plan if the Compliance Officer, Chief Executive Officer, or the Board of Directors, in its or their discretion, determines that such suspension, discontinuation, or other prohibition is in the best interests of the Company.

Compliance of a Trading Plan with the terms of Rule 10b5-1 and the execution of transactions pursuant to the Trading Plan are the sole responsibility of the person initiating the Trading Plan, and none of the Company, the Compliance Officer, or the Company's other employees assumes any liability for any delay in reviewing and/or refusing to approve a Trading Plan submitted for approval, nor the legality or consequences relating to a person entering into, informing the Company of, or trading under, a Trading Plan.

**Definition of Material Nonpublic Information**

Note that inside information has two important elements - materiality and public availability.

*Material Information.* Information is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in deciding whether to buy, hold or sell a security. Any information that could reasonably be expected to affect the price of the security is material. While it is not possible to define all categories of material information, common examples of material information include without limitation:

● Projections of financial performance, including future earnings or losses or other earnings guidance.

● Financial results of a completed period.

● Earnings that are inconsistent with the consensus expectations of the investment community.

● A pending or proposed merger, acquisition or tender offer or an acquisition or disposition of significant assets.

● A pending or proposed joint venture.

● A Company restructuring.

● A change in management or the board of directors.

● Major events regarding the Company's securities, including the declaration of a stock split, the offering of additional securities or a stock repurchase program.

● Financial liquidity problems.

● Actual or threatened major litigation, or the resolution of such litigation.

● A cybersecurity risk or incident involving the Company's business, including relating to customer, employee or Company data, or a product or service.

● New major contracts, orders, suppliers, customers or finance sources, or the loss thereof.

● Development of a significant new product, process or service.

Page 4 of 8

------

Both positive and negative information can be material. Because trading that receives scrutiny will be evaluated after the fact with the benefit of hindsight, questions concerning the materiality of particular information should be resolved in favor of materiality, and trading should be avoided.

*Nonpublic Information*. Nonpublic information is information that is not generally known or available to the public. One common misconception is that material information loses its "nonpublic" status as soon as a press release is issued disclosing the information. In fact, information is considered to be available to the public only when it has been released broadly to the marketplace (such as by a press release or an SEC filing that is available on the SEC's website) *and the investing public has had time to absorb the information fully*. As a general rule, information should not be considered fully absorbed by the marketplace until the end of the second full trading day after the information is released. For example, if the Company announces financial earnings before trading begins on a Tuesday, the first time you can buy or sell Company securities is the opening of the market on Thursday (assuming you are not aware of other material nonpublic information at that time). However, if the Company announces earnings after trading begins on that Tuesday, the first time you can buy or sell Company securities is the opening of the market on Friday. Depending on the particular circumstances, the Company may determine that a longer or shorter period should apply to the release of specific material nonpublic information.

**Additional Guidance**

The Company considers it improper and inappropriate for those employed by or associated with the Company to engage in short-term or speculative transactions in the Company's securities or in other transactions in the Company's securities that may lead to inadvertent violations of the insider trading laws. Accordingly, your trading in Company securities is subject to the following additional restrictions.

*Short Sales*. Short sales (the sale of a security that the seller does not own) may evidence an expectation on the part of the seller that the securities will decline in value, and therefore have the potential to signal to the market that the seller lacks confidence in the Company's prospects. In addition, short sales may reduce a seller's incentive to improve the Company's performance. For these reasons, you may not engage in short sales of the Company's securities, including a "sale against the box" (a sale with delayed delivery).

*Publicly Traded Options*. Given the relatively short term of publicly traded options, you may not engage in transactions in publicly traded options, such as puts, calls and other derivative securities, on an exchange or in any other organized market.

*Standing* Orders *and Limit Orders*. Standing orders and limit orders (excluding standing and limit orders under pre-cleared Rule 10b5-1 trading plans) should be used only for a very brief period of time. A standing order placed with a broker to sell or purchase stock at a specified price leaves you with no control over the timing of the transaction. As a result, a standing order transaction executed by the broker when you are aware of material nonpublic information may result in unlawful insider trading. The Company discourages such standing order transactions on Company securities.

*Hedging Transactions.* Certain forms of hedging or monetization transactions, such as zero-cost collars and forward sale contracts, allow a person to lock in much of the value of his or her stock holdings, often in exchange for all or part of the potential for upside appreciation in the stock. These transactions allow the person to continue to own the covered securities, but without the full risks and rewards of ownership. When that occurs, the person may no longer have the same objectives as the Company's other shareholders. Therefore, all directors, officers, and employees of the Company are prohibited from engaging in such transactions.

*Margin Accounts and Pledges*. Securities held in a margin account or pledged as collateral for a loan may be sold without your consent by the broker if you fail to meet a margin call or by the lender in foreclosure if you default on the loan. Because a margin or foreclosure sale may occur at a time when you are aware of material nonpublic information or otherwise are not permitted to trade in Company securities, you are prohibited from holding Company securities in a margin account or pledging Company securities as collateral for a loan. An exception to this prohibition may be granted where you wish to pledge Company securities as collateral for a loan (not including margin debt) and clearly demonstrate the financial capacity to repay the loan without resort to the pledged securities. If you wish to

Page 5 of 8

------

pledge Company securities as collateral for a loan, you must submit a request for approval to the Compliance Officer at least two weeks prior to the proposed execution of the documents evidencing the proposed pledge.

**Post-Termination Transactions**

This Policy continues to apply to your transactions in Company securities even after you have terminated employment or other services to the Company or a subsidiary. If you are aware of material nonpublic information when your employment or service relationship terminates, you may not trade in Company securities until that information has become public or is no longer material.

**Personal Responsibility**

You should remember that the ultimate responsibility for adhering to this Policy and avoiding improper trading rests with you. This includes making sure that any family members who reside with you, household members and other affiliated individuals or entities whose transactions are subject to this Policy also comply with this Policy. If you violate this Policy, the Company may take disciplinary action, including dismissal for cause. Any action on the part of the Company, the Compliance Officer or any other employee or director pursuant to this Policy does not in any way constitute legal advice or insulate an individual from liability under applicable securities laws.

The Company may change or otherwise revise the terms of this Policy from time to time to respond to developments in law and practice. The Company will take steps to inform all affected persons of any material changes or revisions to this Policy.

**Company Assistance**

Your compliance with this Policy is of the utmost importance both for you and for the Company. If you have any questions about this Policy or its application to any proposed transaction, you may obtain additional guidance from the Company's Compliance Officer. Do not try to resolve uncertainties on your own, as the rules relating to insider trading are often complex, not always intuitive and carry severe consequences.

Page 6 of 8

------

**Certification**

**All directors, officers, and employees must certify their understanding of, and intent to comply with, this Policy. A copy of the certification is enclosed with this Policy.**

Page 7 of 8

------

**KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.**

**INSIDER TRADING POLICY**

**CERTIFICATION**

To Knightscope, Inc.:

I, __________________________ (name), have received and read a copy of the Knightscope, Inc. Insider Trading Policy (the "***Policy***") . I hereby agree to comply with the specific requirements of the Policy in all respects during my employment or other relationship with Knightscope, Inc. (the "***Company***"). I understand that my failure to comply in all respects with the Policy is a basis for termination for cause of my employment or other relationship with the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Signature)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Date)

Page 8 of 8

------

## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-1 (Nos. 333-268315 and 333-264259), Form S-3 (Nos. 333-286404 and 333-269493) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-291066, 333-286275, 333-272393, 333-266891 and 333-264454) of Knightscope, Inc. of our report dated March 27, 2026 relating to the financial statements, which appears in this Form 10-K.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ BPM LLP |
| San Jose, California |
| March 27, 2026 |

---

------

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, William Santana Li, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Knightscope, Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 0<br>|  |  |  |
| Dated: March 27, 2026 | By: | /s/ William Santana Li | /s/ William Santana Li |
|  |  | Name: | William Santana Li |
|  |  | Title: | Chief Executive Officer and President |
|  |  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

------

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION**

I, Apoorv Dwivedi, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Knightscope, Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 0<br>|  |  |  |
| Dated: March 27, 2026 | By: | /s/ Apoorv Dwivedi | /s/ Apoorv Dwivedi |
|  |  | Name: | Apoorv Dwivedi |
|  |  | Title: | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

------

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION**

**PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Dated: March 27, 2026 | By: | /s/ William Santana Li | /s/ William Santana Li |
|  |  | Name: | William Santana Li |
|  |  | Title: | Chief Executive Officer and President |
|  |  |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

------

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION**

 **PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Dated: March 27, 2026 | By: | /s/ Apoorv Dwivedi | /s/ Apoorv Dwivedi |
|  |  | Name: | Apoorv Dwivedi |
|  |  | Title: | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
|  |  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

------

## Exhibit 97.1

**Exhibit 97.1**

#### Knightscope, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recovery Policy
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**1.** **Purpose** 

The purpose of the Knightscope, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recovery Policy (this "**Policy**") is to provide for the recovery of certain Incentive-Based Compensation in the event of an Accounting Restatement. This Policy is intended to comply with, and to be administered and interpreted consistent with, Section 10D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the **"Exchange Act"),** Rule 10D-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act **("Rule 10D-1**"), Listing Rule 5608 adopted by the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("**Nasdaq**") (the "**Listing Standard**"), and any applicable rules, standards or other guidance adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission or any national securities exchange or association on which the Company's securities are listed, in each case, as amended from time to time (collectively, "**Applicable Rules**"). Unless otherwise defined in this Policy, capitalized terms shall have the meanings set forth in Section 10 below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**2.** **Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation** 

In the event of an Accounting Restatement, it is the Company's policy that it will recover reasonably promptly the amount of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation Received by an Executive Officer during the Recovery Period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.** **Administration** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.1.** This Policy shall be administered by the Committee, except that the Board may determine to act as the administrator or designate another committee of the Board to act as the administrator with respect to any portion of this Policy other than Section 3.4 (the "**Administrator** "). The Administrator is authorized to interpret and construe this Policy and to make all determinations necessary, appropriate, or advisable for the administration of this Policy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.2.** The Administrator is authorized to take appropriate steps to implement this Policy and may effect recovery hereunder by: (i) requiring payment to the Company, (ii) set-off, (iii) reducing compensation, or (iv) such other means or combination of means as the Administrator determines to be appropriate.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.3.** The Administrator is authorized to engage any third-party advisers that it deems necessary or appropriate in connection with its administration of this Policy and to effect any recovery required hereunder, with appropriate funding provided by the Company for such third-party engagement. The Administrator is further authorized and directed to consult with the full Board or such other committees of the Board, such as the Audit Committee, as may be necessary or appropriate as to matters within the scope of such other committee's responsibility and authority.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.4.** The Company need not recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation if and to the extent that the Committee determines that such recovery is impracticable and not required under Rule 10D-1 and the Listing Standard because: (i) the direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing this Policy would exceed the amount to be recovered after (a) making a reasonable attempt to recover such Erroneously Awarded Compensation, (b) documenting such reasonable attempt(s), and (c) providing such documentation to Nasdaq, (ii) recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified broad-based retirement plan to fail to meet the requirements of Section 401(a)(13) or Section 411(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and regulations thereunder, or (iii) recovery would violate the Company's home country laws; provided that the Company has (a) obtained an opinion of home country counsel, acceptable to Nasdaq, that recovery would result in such violation, and (b) provided such opinion to Nasdaq.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**3.5.** Any determinations made by the Administrator under this Policy shall be final and binding on all affected individuals and need not be uniform with respect to each Executive Officer covered by this Policy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**4.** **Other Recovery Rights; Company Claims** 

Any right of recovery pursuant to this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of recovery at law or in equity that may be available to the Company under applicable law or pursuant to the terms of any other compensation recovery policy of the Company that may be in effect from time to time, including in any employment agreement, plan or award agreement, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to the Company. Nothing contained in this Policy and no recovery hereunder shall limit any claims, damages, or other legal remedies the Company may have against an individual arising out of or resulting from any actions or omissions by such individual.

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**5.** **Reporting and Disclosure** 

The Company shall file all disclosures with respect to this Policy in accordance with the requirements of federal securities laws.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**6.** **Indemnification Prohibition** 

Notwithstanding the terms of any indemnification or insurance policy or any contractual arrangement that may be interpreted to the contrary, the Company shall not indemnify any Executive Officer with respect to amount(s) recovered under this Policy or claims relating to the enforcement of this Policy, including any payment or reimbursement for the cost of third- party insurance purchased by such individual to fund potential clawback obligations hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**7.** **Amendment; Termination** 

The Board or the Committee may amend or terminate this Policy `from time to time in its discretion as it deems appropriate and shall amend this policy as it deems necessary to comply with applicable law or any rules or standards adopted by a national securities exchange or association on which the Company's securities are listed; provided, however, that no amendment or termination of this Policy shall be effective to the extent it would cause the Company to violate any federal securities laws, Securities and Exchange Commission rule or the rules or standards of any national securities exchange or association on which the Company's securities are listed. This Policy will terminate automatically when the Company does not have a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or association and will be limited the extent that an y provision of the Applicable Rules is no longer in effect or applicable to the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**8.** **Successors** 

This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all individuals who are, were or become Executive Officers and their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators, or other legal representatives.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**9.** **Effective Date** 

This Policy is effective only for Incentive-Based Compensation Received by an Executive Officer on or after the Effective Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.** **Definitions.** For purposes of this Policy, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth below:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.1.** **"Accounting Restatement"** means an accounting restatement of the Company's financial statements due to the Company's material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any accounting restatement required to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.2.** **"Administrator"** has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1 hereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.3.** **"Board"** means the Company's Board of Directors.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.4.** **"Company"** means Knightscope, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its affiliates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.5.** **"Committee"** means the Compensation Committee of the Board.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.6.** **"Effective Date"** means October 2, 2023.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.7.** **"Erroneously Awarded Compensation"** means the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation Received by an Executive Officer that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that would have been Received by the Executive Officer had it been determined based on the restated amounts. For Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or total shareholder return **("TSR")** the Administrator will determine the amount based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Accounting Restatement on the stock price or TSR upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was received, and the Company will maintain documentation of the determination of that reasonable estimate and provide the documentation to Nasdaq. In all cases, the amount to be recovered will be calculated without regard to any taxes paid by the Executive Officer with respect

------

to the Erroneously Awarded Compensation. As set forth in Section 3.3, the Administrator is authorized to engage third-party advisers in connection with the determination of any amounts of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.8.** **"Executive Officers"** means the Company's current and former executive officers as determined by the Administrator in accordance with Rule 10D-1 and the Listing Standard. Generally, Executive Officers include any executive officer designated by the Board as an "officer" under Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.9.** **"Financial Reporting Measure"** means (i) any measure that is determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company's financial statements and any measure derived wholly or in part from such a measure, and (ii) any measure based wholly or in part on the Company's stock price or total shareholder return. A Financial Reporting Measure need not be presented within the Company's financial statements or included in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.10.** **"Incentive-Based Compensation"** means any compensation granted, earned, or vested based in whole or in part on the Company's attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure that was Received by an individual (i) on or after the Effective Date and after such individual began service as an Executive Officer, (ii) who served as an Executive Officer at any time during the performance period for the Incentive-Based Compensation and (iii) while the Company has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or association

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.11.** **"Received"**: Incentive-Based Compensation is deemed to be "**Received**" in the Company's fiscal period during which the Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-Based Compensation award is attained, even if the payment or grant of such Incentive-Based Compensation occurs after the end of that period.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**10.12.** **"Recovery Period"** means the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the date that the Company is required to prepare the applicable Accounting Restatement and any "transition period" as described under Rule 10D-1 and the Listing Standard. For purposes of this Policy, the "**date that the Company is required to prepare the applicable Accounting Restatement**" is the earlier to occur of (i) the date the Board, a committee of the Board, or the officer or officers of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement, or (ii) the date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare an Accounting Restatement.

**11. Interpretation*.*** This Policy will be interpreted and applied in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of the Applicable Rules, and to the extent this Policy is inconsistent with such Applicable Rules, it shall be deemed amended to the extent necessary to ensure it is consistent therewith.

**12. Acknowledgement by Executive Officer.** Each Executive Officer shall sign and return to the Company an Acknowledgment Form substantially in the form attached to this Policy as Exhibit A-1 or in such other form determined by the Administrator, pursuant to which the Executive Officer agrees to be bound by, and comply with, the terms of this Policy.

------

#### Exhibit A- 1
**Knightscope, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recovery Policy ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FORM**

I, the undersigned, acknowledge and affirm that I have received and reviewed a copy of the Knightscope, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recovery Policy, as amended from time to time (the "**Policy**"), and agree that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) I am and will continue to be subject to the Policy **.** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) The Policy will apply to me both during and after my employment with the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) I will abide by the terms of the Policy and will take all actions requested by the Company in order to enable or facilitate the enforcement of the Policy, including, without limitation, by promptly returning any Erroneously Awarded Compensation to the Company to the extent required by, and in a manner determined by the Administrator and permitted by, the Policy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) In the event of any inconsistency between the Policy and the terms of any contractual rights I may have, including any employment agreement or offer letter to which I am a party, or the terms of any compensation plan, program, or agreement under which any compensation has been granted, awarded, earned or paid, the terms of the Policy shall govern.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v) I further acknowledge that I am not entitled to indemnification in connection with any enforcement of the Policy and expressly waive any rights to such indemnification under the Company's organizational documents or otherwise.

Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined in this Acknowledgement Form shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Policy.

<u>Signature</u> <br> <u>Print Name</u> <br> Date

------