# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001558569
**File Stem:** 0001213900-25-101730
**Filing Date:** 2025-10
**Character Count:** 218722
**Document Hash:** 880223e778ddd59b3b1f8e6f0b4ff434
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001213900-25-101730.hdr.sgml**: 20251023

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001213900-25-101730

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: S-3

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 18

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251023

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251023

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** iSpecimen Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001558569
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-COMMERCIAL PHYSICAL & BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH [8731]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 08 Industrial Applications and Services
- **EIN:** 270480143
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** S-3
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-291043
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251413718

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 8 CABOT ROAD
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 1800
- **CITY:** WOBURN
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 08101
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 781-301-6700

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 8 CABOT ROAD
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 1800
- **CITY:** WOBURN
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 08101

**As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 23, 2025**

**Registration No. 333-** 

**UNITED STATES<br> SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549**

**FORM S-3**

**REGISTRATION STATEMENT<br> UNDER<br> THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933**

**iSpecimen Inc.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **8731** | **27-0480143** |
| (State or Other Jurisdiction of<br> Incorporation or Organization) | (Primary Standard Industrial<br> Classification Code No.) | (I.R.S. Employer<br> Identification No.) |

---

**8 Cabot Road, Suite 1800**

**Woburn, MA 08101<br> Telephone: (781) 301-6700**

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)

**Katharyn Field<br> President<br> 8 Cabot Road, Suite 1800**

**Woburn, MA 08101<br> Telephone: (781) 301-6700**

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

**Copies to:**

**Ross D. Carmel, Esq.**

**Barry P. Biggar, Esq.**

**Benjamin E. Sklar, Esq.**

**Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP**

**1185 Avenue of the Americas**

**New York, New York 10036**

**Phone: (212) 930-9700**

**Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public**: From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box: ☐

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box: ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ <br> Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

**This Registration Statement shall hereafter become effective in accordance with the provisions of section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933.**

**The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell the securities until the Registration Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, of which this prospectus is a part, is effective.**

**SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED OCTOBER 23, 2025**

**PROSPECTUS**

![](image_001.jpg)

**iSpecimen Inc.**

**$100,000,000**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Common Stock** | **Preferred Stock** |
| **Debt Securities** | **Warrants** |
| **Rights** | **Units** |

---

We may offer and sell from time to time, in one or more series, any one of the following securities of our company, for total gross proceeds up to $100,000,000

● common stock;

● preferred stock;

● secured or unsecured debt securities consisting of notes, debentures or other evidences of indebtedness which may be senior debt securities, senior subordinated debt securities or subordinated debt securities, each of which may be convertible into equity securities;

● warrants to purchase our securities;

● rights to purchase our securities; or

● units comprised of, or other combinations of, the foregoing securities.

We may offer and sell these securities separately or together, in one or more series or classes and in amounts, at prices and on terms described in one or more offerings. We may offer securities through underwriting syndicates managed or co-managed by one or more underwriters or dealers, through agents or directly to purchasers. The prospectus supplement for each offering of securities will describe in detail the plan of distribution for that offering. For general information about the distribution of securities offered, please see "Plan of Distribution" in this prospectus.

Each time our securities are offered, we will provide a prospectus supplement containing more specific information about the particular offering and attach it to this prospectus. The prospectus supplements may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. **This prospectus may not be used to offer or sell securities without a prospectus supplement which includes a description of the method and terms of this offering.**

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "ISPC." The last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on October 20, 2025 was $0.817 per share.

The aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates is approximately $11,133,000 based on 9,771,028 shares of outstanding common stock, of which 9,771,028 shares are held by non-affiliates, and a per share price of $1.14 which was the closing sale price of our common stock as quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market on October 3, 2025. Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, in no event will we sell securities in a primary offering with a value exceeding more than one-third of our public float in any 12-month period so long as our public float remains below $75,000,000. During the 12-calendar month period that ends on, and includes, the date of this prospectus, we have not offered and sold any of our securities pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3.

If we decide to seek a listing of any preferred stock, warrants, subscriptions rights, debt securities or units offered by this prospectus, the related prospectus supplement will disclose the exchange or market on which the securities will be listed, if any, or where we have made an application for listing, if any.

**Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading "Risk Factors" beginning on Page 17 of this prospectus, contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus or any prospectus supplement before making a decision to purchase our securities.**

**Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.**

**The date of this prospectus is , 2025.**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [About This Prospectus](#i_001) | ii |
| [Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements](#i_002) | iii |
| [Our Company](#i_003) | 1 |
| [Risk Factors](#i_004) | 17 |
| [Use of Proceeds](#i_005) | 24 |
| [Description of Capital Stock and Securities We May Offer](#i_006) | 25 |
| [Forms of Securities](#i_007) | 34 |
| [Plan of Distribution](#i_008) | 36 |
| [Legal Matters](#i_009) | 39 |
| [Experts](#i_010) | 39 |
| [Where You Can Find More Information](#i_011) | 39 |
| [Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference](#i_012) | 40 |

---

**You should rely only on the information we have provided or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or in any prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or in any prospectus supplement.**

**This prospectus and any prospectus supplement is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so.**

**You should assume that the information contained in this prospectus and in any prospectus supplement is accurate only as of their respective dates and that any information we have incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any prospective supplement or any sale of securities.**

i

**ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS**

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that iSpecimen Inc. ("we," "us," or the "Company") filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), utilizing a "shelf" registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may offer and sell, either individually or in combination, in one or more offerings, any combination of the securities described in this prospectus, for total gross proceeds of up to $100,000,000. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we offer securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain more specific information about the terms of that offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change any of the information contained in this prospectus or in the documents that we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

We may deliver a prospectus supplement with this prospectus, to the extent appropriate, to update the information contained in this prospectus. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information included in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, together with additional information described below under the captions "Where You Can Find More Information" beginning on page 39 and "Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference" beginning on page 40.

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in any prospectus supplement or in any free writing prospectus that we may provide you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement, any document incorporated by reference or any free writing prospectus is accurate as of any date, other than the date mentioned on the cover page of these documents. We are not making offers to sell the securities in any jurisdiction in which an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation.

ii

**CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement and the documents we have filed or will file with the SEC that are or will be incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement may contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained, or incorporated by reference, in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus that are not statements of historical fact may be forward-looking statements. When we use the words "anticipate," "believe," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "predict," "project," "will" and other similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions, we are identifying forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties which may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements.

Our forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations about our future results, performance, liquidity, financial condition, prospects, and opportunities, and are based upon information currently available to us, our interpretation of what we believe to be significant factors affecting our business and many assumptions regarding future events. Actual results, performance, liquidity, financial condition, prospects, and opportunities could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, our forward-looking statements. This could occur as a result of various risks and uncertainties, including the following:

● our ability to obtain new customers and keep existing customers;

● development of our technology to adequately keep pace to support expansion of our existing line of business or our entry into new lines of businesses;

● market adoption rate of our marketplace technology;

● our ability to continue to expand outside of the United States in compliance with local laws and regulations;

● our business model generally and our utilization of the proceeds from this offering;

● acceptance of the products and services that we market;

● the viability of our current intellectual property;

● government regulations and our ability to comply with government regulations;

● our ability to retain key employees;

● adverse changes in general market conditions for biospecimens;

● our ability to generate cash flow and profitability and continue as a going concern;

● our future financing plans;

● our ability to adapt to changes in market conditions which could impair our operations and financial performance; and

● other factors.

In light of these risks and uncertainties, and others discussed in this prospectus, there can be no assurance that any matters covered by our forward-looking statements will develop as predicted, expected or implied. Readers should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Except as expressly required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or any other reason. We advise you to carefully review the reports and documents we file from time to time with the SEC.

iii

**OUR COMPANY**

**Our Mission, Vision, and Core Values**

iSpecimen's mission is to accelerate life science research, discovery and development with a global marketplace platform that connects researchers to subjects, specimens, and associated data. Our vision is to create an "Amazon-like" global Marketplace of patients, biospecimens, and data for research to improve the quality of human life. We implement employee programs that foster a company culture predicated on the core values of corporate and individual growth, results and accountability, team before self; a can-do positive attitude, and the perseverance to succeed.

**Overview**

iSpecimen is technology-driven company founded to address a critical challenge: how to connect life science researchers who need human biofluids, tissues, and living cells ("biospecimens") for their research, with the billions of biospecimens available (but not easily accessible) in healthcare provider organizations worldwide. Our ground-breaking iSpecimen Marketplace platform was designed to solve this problem and transform the biospecimen procurement process to accelerate medical discovery.

The iSpecimen Marketplace brings new capabilities to a highly fragmented and inefficient biospecimen procurement market. Our technology consolidates the biospecimen buying experience in a single, online marketplace that brings together healthcare providers who have biospecimens and researchers across industry, academia, and government institutions who need them. We are seeking to transform the world of biospecimen procurement much like the way travel websites changed the consumer buying process for flights, hotels, and rental cars.

**The iSpecimen Marketplace Solution**

The iSpecimen Marketplace offers single-source access to millions of human biospecimens and patients across a diverse network of specimen providers quickly and compliantly, saving researchers time and money in their specimen procurement process while making it easier and more efficient for providers to get their specimens in the hands of researchers who need them. Our iSpecimen Marketplace technology makes it as easy to find specimens for research as it is to find flights on a travel website. We have adopted many of the same ease-of-use characteristics of these business-to-consumer, or B2C marketplaces, from simple guided searches, to the ability to refine search criteria with sliders and checkboxes, to the ability to add chosen items to a cart in order to purchase them, to online order management. Our two-sided marketplace platform makes it easy for researchers and healthcare providers to connect and transact, introducing efficiencies into what is otherwise a very time-consuming and manual process.

The platform is built upon a robust healthcare data set comprised of information about available specimens and research subjects, which then enables the search and matchmaking process. It receives de-identified specimen and patient data from electronic medical records, laboratory information systems, biobank inventory systems, and other healthcare data sources (either in real time via data feeds or regularly via file extracts) and harmonizes this "big data" across all participating organizations into a common dataset, which now incorporates external clinical content to further optimize and standardize the biospecimen data on iSpecimen's proprietary Marketplace platform. The data is then easily searchable by researchers using our intuitive, web-based user interface. Researchers can use their unique study inclusion and exclusion criteria as selection filters to search the de-identified healthcare data to find matching specimens currently available in laboratories and biobanks in our network. Researchers can then select the specific specimens they need for their studies, add them to a cart, request quotes, place orders, and track and manage their specimen requests and associated data across projects. When specimens are not available that meet their research criteria, researchers can, with a click of a button, request a quote for a custom specimen collection and this custom specimen request will be distributed across our network of biospecimen providers.

Biospecimen providers also gain efficiencies using the iSpecimen Marketplace, not only by giving providers instant access to a large researcher base, but because the technology orchestrates the bioprocurement workflow from specimen request to fulfilment. Specimen providers gain access to intuitive dashboards to view requests, create proposals, and track and manage their orders.

In addition to providing the technology platform to connect researchers and healthcare providers, iSpecimen handles all marketing, sales, contracting, and compliance functions across both sides of the marketplace.

We market to and develop relationships with researchers and specimen providers alike to bring them together into a single platform. We contract once with each participating customer and with each supplier organization and a single agreement then enables all users in that organization to instantly connect and work with all other organizations in the iSpecimen network. We also audit our suppliers to confirm they have proper Institutional Review Board ("IRB") (or equivalent) protocols in place where required by law.

As of December 31, 2024, we had more than 7,925 external registered users on the iSpecimen Marketplace platform, representing more than 3,006 unique internet domains. Collectively, these users logged into the iSpecimen Marketplace more than 162,252 times and performed nearly 19,295 specimen searches yielding more than 3,098 quote requests since its launch.

Our iSpecimen Marketplace platform has compiled de-identified healthcare data provided by our healthcare supply partners' approximately 19 million patient records, 105 million clinical specimen records, 1.4 million banked specimen records, and 1.2 million medical conditions as of December 31, 2024 — to allow researchers to easily search for and select research subjects, specimens, and associated data they need to drive their research programs. It then orchestrates and manages the biospecimen procurement workflows of both researchers and suppliers to bring efficiency to the entire buying process. Through the iSpecimen Marketplace, researchers gain instant access to millions of specimens anytime, anywhere, while participating supply organizations gain an opportunity to contribute compliantly to medical research while increasing their revenue and sustainability.

**Planned Developments of our Marketplace**

While the iSpecimen Marketplace currently supports our business model of providing access to search, find, and acquire human biospecimens and associated data from "inquiry to invoice" and positions us for future expanded business model exploration, there are a number of areas in which the iSpecimen Marketplace functionality could be enhanced to better support our stakeholders, including our prospects and customers, iSpecimen sales and operations staff, and our supply partners. We believe with additional investment in technology development resources, we could make significant progress in scaling our iSpecimen Marketplace and, in addition to increased patient and specimen data integration, we expect to continue to improve the matchmaking across the platform and have capabilities such as more direct support for our prospective collections, deeper search and workflow capabilities, increased automation, and direct pricing availability in the platform.

As investment allows, we plan to continue to better connect healthcare researchers with our network of suppliers to enable the acquisition of human biospecimens and data to help accelerate research and expand the impact of our iSpecimen Marketplace platform from "inquiry to invoice" through the following key approaches:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Ø | *Enhance the customer experience*. By working with our prospects and customers to understand their needs, we strive to provide a platform that more easily enables them to specify and find human biospecimens and data that meet the requirements of their research. |

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Ø *Increase our supplier engagement*. By continuing to engage with our supply partners to deliver solutions that make their interactions with us more fulfilling, we become more seamlessly integrated into their workflows and daily operations.

Ø *Improve operational efficiency*. By measuring the results of our operational workflows, we endeavor to reduce the friction and manual efforts in our processes and systems.

We continue to prioritize and release updated versions of the iSpecimen Marketplace platform in alignment with these areas and believe that continuing to focus on these approaches will enable us to scale our business model more effectively. As part of this continued platform evolution, iSpecimen continues to explore adjacencies that leverage the platform including a data as a product model.

**Corporate Treasury Initiative**

On August 7, 2025, we announced plans to establish a corporate treasury reserve of up to $200 million based on the Solana blockchain ecosystem (the "Treasury Program"). The purpose of the Treasury Program is to diversify our balance sheet and to support long-term growth initiatives. We have engaged WestPark Capital as an advisor and expect to retain BlockArrow Capital as our external treasury management consultant to assist with the design and implementation of this program. BlockArrow's role is expected to include developing policies, conducting counterparty diligence, coordinating execution and custody, overseeing risk management, and providing periodic reporting to our management and Board of Directors.

We currently do not hold any cryptocurrency or other digital assets. Over the next 1-2 years, we anticipate raising an aggregate of approximately $200 million to fund the Treasury Program, with an initial financing targeted within the fourth quarter of 2025. We are currently targeting at least $50 million in initial financing, subject to market conditions, investor demand, regulatory considerations, and our corporate capital needs. The timing, size, form, and terms of any financing will depend on market conditions and cannot be assured. The primary source of funding for the Treasury Program is expected to be capital raised from accredited retail and institutional investors through private or other financing transactions. We do not currently anticipate allocating existing cash balances to this program.

The Treasury Program does not contemplate the acquisition of operating businesses. Rather, we expect to acquire SOL, including, where appropriate, "Locked SOL," which we intend to acquire as part of our purchase strategy, through over-the-counter transactions with reputable cryptocurrency institutions.

Solana, or SOL, is a digital asset that is created and transmitted through the operations of the peer-to-peer Solana network and associated blockchain ledger (the "Solana blockchain" and together, the "Solana network"), which is a decentralized network of computers that operates on cryptographic protocols. While certain entities such as Solana Labs, Inc. and the Solana Foundation have outsized influence over the Solana network's development and governance (which was particularly true during the network's formative years), no single entity owns or operates the Solana network, the infrastructure of which is collectively maintained by a decentralized user base. The Solana network is a public, permissionless blockchain that supports decentralized applications and transactions. Its native token, Solana, or SOL, is used primarily (i) to pay transaction and network fees and (ii) for staking to help secure the network and participate, directly or via delegation, in network consensus. Solana aims to offer high throughput and low-latency transaction processing. SOL has a circulating supply that changes over time based on protocol-level issuance (i.e., inflationary rewards that compensate stakers/validators and delegators) and fee economics.

Unlike other digital assets, such as bitcoin, which are solely created through a progressive mining process, 500 million SOL were created in connection with the launch of the Solana network. The initial 500 million SOL were distributed 37.9% to investors, 10.4% to the Solana Foundation, 12.8% to Solana Labs, and the balance to be deployed to the Solana community by the Solana Foundation as bounties, incentive programs, marketing and grants. The rate at which new SOL supply has been minted and put into circulation has varied since network launch. In addition, the Solana protocol reduces the SOL supply by eliminating 50% of transaction fees paid to the network. As a result, net changes in SOL supply are expected to vary in the future. At network launch, the SOL circulating supply was 8 million SOL. Between the Solana network launch and December 31, 2024, the circulating supply of SOL increased by roughly 6,000% to approximately 483 million SOL and, as of September 2025, the total supply of *SOL* is approximately 610 million, with circulating supply of approximately 543 million (though we note that figures fluctuate due to ongoing issuance and fee burns). In February 2021, the SOL supply inflation rate was changed from 0.1% to a new initial inflation rate of 8%. The 8% initial inflation rate is scheduled to decline in 15% increments until a long-term inflation rate of 1.5% is reached. As of May 31, 2025, the SOL supply issuance rate was approximately 4.4% on an annual basis before any offsets for eliminated transaction fees.

Protocol parameters have historically provided for issuance that may decline over time, subject to governance, and a portion of network transaction fees may be permanently removed from supply (i.e., "burned"), while other fee components may accrue to validators or be adjusted through governance. These parameters, including issuance rates, burn mechanics and validator economics, are subject to change by the network's governance process and may affect SOL's supply dynamics and incentives. The Solana ecosystem comprises core protocol developers, validators, node operators, staking providers, delegators, custodians, market-makers and trading venues, wallets, and application developers building decentralized finance, tokenized assets, payments, gaming/NFTs and other use cases. The practical lifecycle of SOL typically involves (i) issuance via protocol rewards, (ii) distribution through market purchases or over-the-counter transactions (including Locked SOL with vesting/transfer restrictions), (iii) custody (self-custody or third-party custodians), (iv) optional staking/delegation (with bonding/unbonding and reward accrual mechanics that may affect liquidity), (v) use for fee payment on-chain, and (vi) disposition through on-chain transfers or sales on trading venues. Throughout this lifecycle, SOL is subject to protocol changes, governance decisions, potential network congestion or downtime, and market liquidity conditions.

We expect to engage a qualified third-party custodian to store any Solana we acquire. While we have not yet finalized a custody agreement, we anticipate retaining custodians with institutional-grade security and insurance coverage. In that regard, our external treasury management consultant, BlockArrow Capital, employs a layered security model that includes the use of offline "cold storage," insured custody through Coinbase Custody, and related risk controls. Coinbase Custody's insurance policies are expected to cover certain risks, such as theft, damage, or operational failures. We intend to have a custodial arrangement in place prior to the acquisition of any Solana. To the extent we engage one or more custodians, we expect the arrangements to address security, segregation of assets, insurance, and reporting obligations.

Locked SOL refers to SOL that is subject to contractual transfer or vesting restrictions, and such tokens only become "unlocked" and freely tradable once those restrictions expire. The process and timing of unlocking may vary by issuance, and contractual terms can differ between lots, with some tokens subject to longer vesting or transfer periods than others. Locked SOL is typically priced at a discount to prevailing spot prices to compensate for illiquidity and lock-up risk. We expect to adopt policies and procedures to evaluate, monitor, and manage the liquidity and risks associated with Locked SOL, including assessing vesting schedules, counterparty terms, and resale strategies once tokens become unlocked. We also expect to adopt policies and procedures to evaluate, monitor, and manage the liquidity and risks associated with Locked SOL, including reviewing vesting schedules, counterparty terms, and resale strategies once tokens become unlocked.

We currently do not intend to enter into hedging transactions with respect to our Solana holdings. Our strategy is to acquire and hold Solana as part of our corporate treasury reserve, and we expect to be fully exposed to fluctuations in the price of Solana. If, in the future, we determine to adopt a hedging program, such activities could include entering into derivative contracts, such as futures, options, or swaps, to reduce volatility in the value of our holdings. Any such hedging program would be subject to legal, regulatory, and counterparty considerations, and could involve significant costs and risks, including imperfect correlation with Solana prices, counterparty default, and limited liquidity in hedging markets. At this time, however, no hedging arrangements are contemplated.

Also, we currently plan to stake a portion of the Solana that we acquire as part of the Treasury Program. Staking involves locking up SOL tokens to support validation and security of the Solana network, either directly or through delegation to a validator. In return, we expect to earn staking rewards that are determined by protocol-level issuance parameters, validator performance, and overall network participation. We may also participate in "liquid staking" through third-party providers, which would issue us liquid staking tokens that represent our staked SOL and can be traded or used in decentralized finance applications. Liquid staking may improve liquidity relative to traditional staking but introduces additional counterparty, smart contract, and operational risks.

If we stake through third-party validators or liquid staking providers, we expect to enter into agreements that set forth fees, reward-sharing arrangements, bonding and unbonding periods, and other material terms. Bonding and unbonding periods are periods during which staked SOL cannot be withdrawn or sold, and may range from several days, weeks or months depending on network parameters and provider arrangements. These restrictions could limit our ability to access liquidity quickly in the event of adverse price movements.

We intend to adopt policies and procedures for staking, including limits on the percentage of our SOL to be staked at any given time, selection and monitoring of validators or providers, and liquidity management strategies to ensure that sufficient SOL remains available for corporate needs. The proportion of SOL that we ultimately stake will depend on market conditions, liquidity needs, risk management considerations, and governance approvals.

Our primary objective in acquiring Solana is to diversify our balance sheet and support long-term growth initiatives, rather than to engage in speculative trading. Over time, we may seek to generate yield through staking or liquid staking, as described above. Apart from staking, we do not currently have definitive plans to generate profit from our Solana holdings. However, we may in the future evaluate other strategies to enhance the value of our holdings, including (i) participating in decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols that accept Solana or liquid staking tokens as collateral to earn additional yield, (ii) lending Solana to reputable institutional counterparties in exchange for interest income, or (iii) selectively engaging in spot trading to rebalance our holdings or manage liquidity.

Any such strategies would be subject to legal, regulatory, counterparty, and liquidity considerations, and could involve significant risks, including smart contract vulnerabilities, counterparty defaults, leverage risks, and market illiquidity. We intend to adopt policies and procedures to evaluate and manage such risks prior to pursuing any of these strategies. At present, however, no non-staking strategies are committed, and there can be no assurance that any profit will be generated from our Solana holdings.

Our core business remains the operation of our global marketplace platform connecting patients, biospecimens, and data with researchers. The Treasury Program is intended to complement, not replace, this business by diversifying our balance sheet and exploring opportunities to generate yield. We do not currently expect our corporate treasury activities, including the acquisition, custody, staking, or other use of Solana or other digital assets, to become our principal line of business or to supersede our primary focus on biospecimen procurement and related services. However, depending on the amount of capital raised for the Treasury Program and the volatility of digital asset markets, our financial condition and results of operations could become materially influenced by the performance of our crypto asset holdings.

We may also evaluate limited opportunities in other digital assets beyond Solana, including tokenized real-world assets or other highly ranked cryptocurrencies, as part of a broader treasury diversification strategy. These activities would be ancillary to, and not a replacement for, our biospecimen marketplace operations.

Although our initial focus is on Solana, we may, over time, evaluate acquiring additional crypto assets as part of a broader treasury diversification strategy. Such assets could include other highly ranked cryptocurrencies by market capitalization or tokenized real-world assets, depending on market conditions, legal and regulatory considerations, and board approval. We have not yet committed to acquiring any such assets, and no specific diversification program beyond Solana has been determined. Any future acquisitions of digital assets other than Solana will be made only where legally transferable and after appropriate legal, regulatory, and counterparty due diligence.

We may also engage in limited spot trading of Solana and potentially other digital assets to manage liquidity, rebalance our holdings, or pursue opportunistic diversification. We currently anticipate allocating only a small percentage of our Treasury Program to such spot trading activities. Spot trading involves buying and selling digital assets in the open market and is subject to the same volatility, liquidity, counterparty, and regulatory risks as holding Solana directly, with the added risks of potential trading losses and execution uncertainty. At present, no definitive spot trading program has been adopted, and there can be no assurance that any such activities will be undertaken or, if undertaken, will be profitable.

There can be no assurance as to the timing, size, form, or success of the Treasury Program. Implementation of this strategy involves significant risks, including but not limited to extreme volatility in cryptocurrency prices, uncertain and evolving regulatory treatment in the United States and abroad, potential dilution from financings used to fund acquisitions of digital assets, and cybersecurity and custody risks associated with holding cryptocurrencies.

**Our Technology**

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***Technology Components***

The iSpecimen Marketplace technology is comprised of four major functional areas: search, workflow, data and administrative, compliance and reporting. We continue to invest in the evolution of these areas to improve customer and supplier engagement with the platform; provide operational efficiencies for our suppliers, our customers, and our internal operations; and increase the liquidity of products and services obtained through the platform. Our core business objective is to retain and grow both researcher and supplier usage of our platform to support biospecimen procurement, as well as to position our Company to explore other adjacent business opportunities that can benefit from the use of the iSpecimen Marketplace.

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| Ø | *Search*. The primary purpose of the iSpecimen Marketplace is to matchmake between those with access to subjects, specimens, and data, and those with a need for them to power their research. |

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By entering subject and sample selection requests through the iSpecimen Marketplace, researchers can instantly search across the available medical records of large populations within iSpecimen's healthcare provider network to create customized patient and specimen cohorts. Researchers can specify their criteria and either refine and review results to select specific specimens instantly, or they can request that iSpecimen find patients, specimens, and associated data to satisfy their needs when specimens do not currently exist in our network. Using our own proprietary algorithms, we enable researchers to explore both biospecimens that are currently available and view projections of those that are likely to become available in the future based on historic statistical analysis of data. This allows researchers to quickly and easily determine how we can fulfill their requirements, which is especially useful for project planning and budgeting.

Our search capabilities are what most notably distinguishes the iSpecimen Marketplace from other business-to- business, or B2B bioprocurement marketplaces. Whereas some other bioprocurement marketplaces support a search that generates a list of service providers that the researcher must then contact to inquire about specimen availability, the iSpecimen Marketplace goes a step further and returns a list of available specimens and data that actually meet the researcher's specific requirements. Researchers can then select the individual specimens, add them to a cart, and request a quote for these exact specimens. By incorporating user experiences that researchers are accustomed to from their online consumer shopping experiences, such as faceted searches and the ability to add items to a cart, the iSpecimen Marketplace brings B2C ease of use to the B2B space.

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| Ø | *Workflow.* Our workflow engine supports the unique bioprocurement workflows of our suppliers, customers, and internal iSpecimen operations users. For our suppliers, our ability to easily integrate into their environments and automate key parts of their bioprocurement workflow enables us to maintain a level of engagement and responsiveness necessary to successfully deliver on specimen requests from our research customers. We make it easy for suppliers to list their specimens in our iSpecimen Marketplace by receiving their data in the most commonly used data transmission formats for healthcare data, such as HL7 feeds (a healthcare data interchange standard), JSON files (a standard data interchange format), and CSV files (a comma separated values file used for tabular data), and then by harmonizing this data into standard terminology sets that allows their specimens to be searchable by our research customers. We provide these onboarding services at no charge to our supply partners. Additionally, our marketplace technology enables suppliers to track and manage all their specimen requests from feasibility assessment through the ordering and fulfillment process in a single web application, thereby streamlining their bioprocurement workflow. Because the work that we do with our suppliers is often a secondary concern to their primary mission of providing patient care, we believe that seamlessly integrating into their workflow is critical to its use and ongoing success. |

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In addition to supporting our suppliers' workflow requirements, our workflow engine orchestrates customers' bioprocurement workflows from specimen requests through fulfillment. Customers can not only search for and select specimens, but they can track and manage their specimen quote requests, place orders, track the progress of orders as they are fulfilled and shipped, and download packing lists, data sheets, and other accompanying data.

Finally, the Marketplace technology acts as the command and control center for internal iSpecimen operations users and allows them to easily federate and manage the sourcing of specimens and data for all requested projects across a large and growing supply chain. The technology tracks and manages requests for specimens from inquiry-to-invoice and provides a single place for internal users to manage all specimen requests, orders, shipments, and data. Additionally, because our technology easily scales to support a growing supply network and customer base, we have satisfied projects of all types and sizes — from small specimen requests to projects with more than a thousand samples from specific patient cohorts.

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| Ø | *Data.* We power search and orchestrate the procurement workflow through our ability to acquire, ingest, generate, and use big data from our healthcare provider partners. Working with a global, centralized set of healthcare providers, we receive this data in a variety of different formats and quality levels. We de-identify, normalize, and harmonize our supplier network's data for usage in our iSpecimen Marketplace, ensuring the highest level of patient privacy and compliance with HIPAA (as defined below) and all other applicable regulations that govern the research use of patient specimens and data. |

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In addition, our platform gathers usage data that enables us to granularly understand supply and demand as well as provide value-added insights to our business partners. For example, our biobanking partners often have access to more samples than they can economically store.

Understanding which samples are likely to be the most useful to researchers helps guide the biobanks' operational practices to optimize their supply chain (for example, providing them with information on the medical conditions and specimen types that are in highest demand can help guide their collection practices). Our ability to deliver relevant insights further increases the engagement with our platform and positions us as a valuable partner.

As we continue to ingest and generate more data, there are additional business opportunities to leverage our platform and continue to evolve the iSpecimen Marketplace using modern approaches such as robotic process automation and artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques to further improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the platform and enhance the value of the data. Our ability to leverage network effects will enable us to realize increasing returns from our investments and expand into adjacent markets such as clinical trial patient recruitment, data as a product, software-as-a-service ("SaaS"), and Next Generation Sequencing (an initiative launched in late 2023). With additional data comes additional security risks we worked to mitigate through shoring up existing security processes and protocols and the addition of a 24x7 managed risk vendor.

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| Ø | *Administrative, Compliance, and Reporting.* Administrative, compliance, and reporting functions are critical components to enable users to properly evaluate and manage the bioprocurement process. Our administrative capabilities include functions such as user management to assign users and roles and password management to ensure passwords are updated regularly, among other capabilities. Compliance management includes manual and technology-based processes that allow iSpecimen to track and manage unique regulatory and legal requirements across customers and suppliers (such as consent requirements versus consents granted, required specimen and data uses versus allowable specimen and data uses, resale or distribution requirements versus resale or distribution rights) to make sure that customer requirements and supplier requirements match before transferring specimens and data. Additionally, we conduct regular audits of supply sites capabilities and confirm that supply sites have IRB (or equivalent) protocols in place where required by law. Our reporting tools turn operational data into useful information by enabling users to view operational data in tables and other visualizations. Together, they help manage and streamline administrative, compliance, and reporting functions. |

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**Our Products and Services**

The iSpecimen Marketplace currently supports the supply chain management and bioprocurement process for specimens and associated data. We derive our revenue by procuring specimens from our healthcare provider network and then distributing these annotated biospecimens to our research client base. Revenue flows from the researchers who pay our Company to provide the specimens and we share that revenue back with the healthcare providers who supplied them. Revenue share back to the supplying organization is generally 20% to 50%, depending upon the sample type, collection requirements, and data provided. We are flexible and allow our suppliers to work with us using a number of revenue share constructs, including a fixed percent revenue share arrangement (whereby we share a fixed percentage of the revenue back with them), a fixed pricing schedule (whereby they set their pricing per specimen type), or on a project-based pricing (whereby the supply site sets fees on a per project basis). We have derived substantially all of our revenue from annotated biospecimen procurement and to date, have not charged our customers or suppliers fees for the use of the iSpecimen Marketplace platform, or for marketing, sales, contracting, or compliance functions that we provide as part of the specimen procurement process.

We generally operate in a "just in time" fashion, meaning we procure specimens from our suppliers and distribute specimens to our customers after we obtain an order for specimens from a research client. Generally, we do not speculatively purchase and bank samples in anticipation of future, unspecified needs. We believe our approach offers many advantages over a more traditional inventory-based supplier business model where biorepositories take inventory risks, and where turnover and cash conversion cycles can be lengthy, depending on market demand for certain specimen types.

Currently, we provide access to the following types of human biospecimens from healthy and diseased-state subjects:

Ø Biofluids — such as whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, sputum, nasopharyngeal material, and cerebral spinal fluid;

Ø Solid tissue — such as fresh, fixed, and cryopreserved tissue; and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks, slides, and curls; and

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| Ø | Hematopoietic stem and immune cells — such as bone marrow, cord blood, whole blood, or sub-components of these tissues such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (including normal or mobilized leukapheresis collections) and other isolated cell types (CD34+,T cells, NK cells, B cells, and monocytes). |

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For each of the biospecimen types, we offer:

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| Ø | Remnant specimens — specimens collected originally for clinical testing purposes but are no longer needed for clinical care of that patient. These samples typically are sourced from clinical laboratories and pathology laboratories prior to their disposal; and |

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| Ø | Research use only specimens — specimens collected specifically for research via a direct intervention with a research subject, under a protocol that has been reviewed and approved by an ethics committee such as an IRB and with such research subject's consent. These samples are typically sourced at healthcare providers or commercial partners that are a part of our supply network. |

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The cross product of all these categories (i.e. remnant or research use only and biofluids, tissues, or hematopoietic stem or immune cells) describes the product types we use to track and manage the business. These groupings include:

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| Ø | Remnant biofluids — These leftover clinical samples are procured from our clinical lab partners and are typically available days after specimen collection. They are generally priced to the researcher per specimen, depending upon specimen type, rarity, and requested data. |

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| Ø | Remnant tissue — These leftover anatomic pathology samples are procured from our pathology lab partners and typically are available years after they were first collected for clinical care. They are generally priced depending upon specimen type, rarity, and requested data. |

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| Ø | Remnant hematopoietic stem and immune cells — Remnant hematopoietic stem and immune cells includes bone marrow, cord blood, whole blood, or their viable cellular components, that are left over from a clinical testing process. These samples may be obtained from clinical and anatomic pathology labs. |

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| Ø | Next generation sequenced ("NGS") tissues – NGS tissues include various cancer types that have been fully DNA/RNA sequenced to identify specific biomarkers of interest. The tissues screened are tumor only FFPE specimens. Results are analyzed and paired with clinical annotation to create a robust data package that has some utility even without the need for the specimen itself. Tissues used for the program are a combination of remnant waiver of consent tissue blocks along with RUO fully consented blocks. |

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| Ø | Research use only biofluids — Research use only biofluids are collected directly from subjects, with their consent, and under an IRB (or equivalent) protocol. We obtain these samples via a variety of sources, including our biorepository and clinical research center partners. They are generally priced to the researcher per collection, depending upon specimen type, rarity, and requested data. These specimens contributed to approximately 49% and 39% of our revenue in 2024 and 2023, respectively. |

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| Ø | Research use only tissue — Research use only tissues are collected directly from subjects, with their consent, and under an IRB (or equivalent) protocol. They are typically collected during a clinically required surgical procedure. We obtain these specimens from our biorepository partners, anatomic pathology laboratories, or clinical research centers that have relationships with surgical facilities. These samples are priced to the researcher per sample, depending upon specimen type, rarity, and requested data. |

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| Ø | Research use only hematopoietic stem and immune cells — Research use only hematopoietic stem and immune cells includes bone marrow, cord blood, whole blood, or their cellular components, which are collected from subjects with their consent and under an IRB (or equivalent) protocol. Some of the aforementioned products are collected from healthy subjects or diagnosed (diseased) subjects and may be offered to researchers in fresh or cryopreserved format. They are prospectively collected primarily from our blood donor center partners or picked from banked inventory maintained by our supply site partners. The collection of these samples may require subjects to undergo apheresis procedures, bone marrow extraction procedures, and/or hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization therapies. These products are generally priced to the researcher per collection depending upon collection type, specimen type, rarity (subject phenotype or attributes selected), required procedures, and requested data. Research use only hematopoietic stem and immune cells were a relatively new product to us in 2019. These specimens accounted for approximately 1% and 1% of our revenue in 2024 and 2023, respectively. |

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For each of these product types, biospecimens may already exist in laboratory archives or banked in our network of biorepositories ("banked") or may be collected in the future from our network of healthcare providers and commercial specimen providers ("prospectively-collected" or "custom collections").

**Our Supply Partners**

Critical to the success of the iSpecimen Marketplace is the network of healthcare providers who make their patients, samples, and data available to researchers. This supply network was built over a ten-year period and as of December 31, 2024, our supply network consisted of approximately 76 unique healthcare organizations and biospecimen providers under agreement, including healthcare systems, community hospitals, clinics, private practice groups, commercial laboratories, blood centers, commercial biobanks, clinical research sites, and cadaveric donation centers.

Our suppliers are located in eleven (11) countries across the Americas, Europe, and Asia and our cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, break out as follows geographically:

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|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2023** |
| Americas | 66.19% | 64.87% |
| Europe, Middle East and Africa | 27.24% | 23.08% |
| Asia Pacific | 6.57% | 12.05% |

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Each supplier organization may give us access to one or more of the following environments within their organization where specimens may be obtained:

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| Ø | Clinical labs — This environment provides access to remnant biofluids and is typically found in hospitals, commercial laboratories, clinics, and private practice groups. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 11 of our healthcare supply sites provided us with access to remnant biofluids originating in clinical labs; |

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| Ø | Pathology labs — This environment provides access to remnant tissue and remnant hematopoietic stem and immune cells and typically exists within hospitals or commercial laboratories. As of December 31, 2024, approximately two (2) of our healthcare supply sites provided us with access to remnant tissue or cells originating in pathology labs; |

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| Ø | Biorepositories — These organizations typically reside within larger healthcare systems or commercial organizations. Generally, they collect and store specimens for unspecified future research purposes. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 16 of our supply sites provided us with access to specimens stored in biorepositories; |

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| Ø | Blood donor centers — These organizations typically collect large volumes of blood and derivatives for therapeutic or research purposes. They own and operate donor centers and may manufacture broad selection of isolated cell types (fresh or cryopreserved) from consented donors for research use; |

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| Ø | Cadaveric donation centers — These organizations receive whole cadavers and provide access to cadaveric tissues, biofluids, and stem cells, specifically for research purposes. As of December 31, 2024, one (1) of our supply sites provided us with cadaveric tissues and biofluids; and |

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| Ø | Clinical research centers — These organizations generally reside within healthcare facilities such as hospitals or clinics, or they operate as standalone entities providing access to subjects for research programs. Subjects may be approached and consented to provide specimens when they are in for healthcare appointments (i.e. patient encounters) or may be called in to specifically participate in research projects. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 44 of our healthcare supply sites provided us with access to patients directly from over thousands hospitals and thousands of clinics and practice groups. |

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Supply sites may provide specimens from one or all these environments, depending on their practices and capabilities. Each supply site can select how it will work with our Company.

In addition to obtaining specimens and data directly from healthcare organizations, we work with several commercial biobanks and biospecimen brokers who have their own network of healthcare provider supply partners and wish to make their samples available to our research clients as well. While these organizations are generally considered our competitors, they are willing to work with us because we provide value by acting as both a distribution channel for them and a supply partner to them to increase their revenues. Moreover, the inclusion of competitors' specimens in our iSpecimen Marketplace platform further strengthens our competitive position and value to our customers by further de- fragmenting our customers' buying experience.

**Our Customers**

Our customer base is primarily comprised of three main segments: biopharmaceutical companies, in vitro diagnostic companies, and government/academic institutions. As of December 31, 2024, we had distributed our specimens to approximately 765 customers, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since entering the regenerative medicine market late 2019, we have acquired 33 customers representing 0.7% of our total revenue both in 2023 and in 2024.

From our inception through December 31, 2024, we had distributed more than 240,000 specimens to 23 countries and our geographical revenues distribution for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

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|  | **December 31,** | **December 31,** |
|  | **2024** | **2023** |
| Americas | 85.13% | 89.93% |
| Europe, Middle East and Africa | 12.71% | 9.10% |
| Asia Pacific | 2.16% | 0.97% |

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During the year ended December 31, 2024, there was one customer that accounted for approximately 29% of our total revenue generated. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were one customer that accounted for approximately 25% of our total revenue generated. We continuously engage with all customers when we receive inbound requests from them, whether they are within or outside of the Americas. Year-over-year, our top customers have been different because their specimen needs tend to be project-based and depending upon where they are in their research and development cycle, they may not need large numbers of specimens each year. During the year, our customer retention rates are moderate, with 16 of our top 25 customers (64%) in the year ended December 31, 2023 also procuring specimens in the year ended December 31, 2024.

Biospecimens have broad utility within the healthcare and life science industries, as they are collected and used throughout nearly every stage of diagnostic and therapeutic product discovery and development. For diagnostic products, they are used consistently for preclinical discovery, clinical validation, and post-market validation, as well as surveillance. For therapeutic products, these samples are most often used during preclinical research involving drug target identification and validation, compound screening, lead optimization, predictive toxicology, and pharmacokinetic studies. They are also used for biomarker companion diagnostic discovery and development, which has been shown to reduce the costs of drug clinical trials by 30 to 60% according to Ark Research. In the case of regenerative medicine applications, hematologic samples are used for research and development of engineered cell therapies (e.g. CAR-T, CAR-NK), stem cell therapies (e.g. hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells), exosome therapies, identification of cell immunophenotypes for allogeneic therapies, and for developing and scaling-up cell therapy manufacturing processes.

Given recent advances in technology that now allow for the identification of molecular determinants of disease, the role of the patient's biospecimen has become even more important in all these endeavors and is essential to the development of precision medicine. This pursuit of precision medicine by the healthcare and life science industries has further increased the already high demand for human biospecimens and the clinical data that describe them.

**Our Competitors**

We compete with a highly fragmented landscape of organizations who have access to human biospecimens. The competitive organizations, including:

Ø Healthcare providers, who may offer access to clinical laboratory specimens, pathology laboratory specimens, biorepository specimens, or patients directly for research;

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| Ø | Commercial biobanks, who purchase and maintain inventories of specimens from healthcare providers in anticipation of future requests from researchers. Some of these organizations offer online catalogs that can be searched for specimens within their own biobanks; |

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Ø Specimen brokers, who act as a middleman between healthcare providers and researchers on a transaction-by- transaction basis;

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| Ø | Commercial specimen providers who operate their own donor centers, specimen procurement groups, and cell manufacturing facilities. Some of these organizations offer online catalogs that can be searched for specimens within their own biobanks; and |

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| Ø | Research services marketplaces that provide access to a list of biospecimen providers but not a list of available biospecimens. These organizations allow a researcher to fill out a specimen request form online which then gets distributed to the biospecimen providers in their marketplace. They do not support searches for precise specimens in the services marketplace. |

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In each of these cases, the landscape is extraordinarily fragmented, and our management estimates that most biospecimen providers have less than 5% market share each, and no single biospecimen provider has more than a 20% market share. Most competitors are smaller organizations with limited specimen procurement abilities. However, there are several larger biospecimen providers who are consolidating the industry by acquiring smaller specimen providers to enable them to provide broader access to specimens and research subjects. These organizations are well-capitalized by private equity and while they still lack a technology-based approach that enables them to search the inventories across their biospecimen provider network, because of their broad specimen access, banked inventory, and available cash, they currently represent our biggest competitive threat.

Specimen providers (e.g. Discovery Life Sciences and StemExpress) maintain internal biobanks and enable researchers to search online for specimens that reside within their own biobanks. Other research services marketplaces (e.g. Science Exchange) allow researchers to describe a specimen request which then gets broadcast to a network of specimen providers (i.e. no searching for specimens, but rather the identification of specimen providers who may or may not have matching specimens and the distribution of the specimen request to them). As such, we believe that there are no other online human biospecimen marketplaces that operate in a manner similar to our business. In addition, we believe that over the long term, the iSpecimen technology-based approach will allow us to scale faster than our competitors who rely upon manual efforts to procure specimens. Nonetheless, we believe we will continue to face competition from: healthcare providers that have their own inventory of biospecimens and thus offer lower prices by eliminating us and others as middlemen; commercial biobanks that have their own inventory of biospecimens and thus may deliver samples more quickly when a researcher's needs align with their existing inventory; specimen brokers with a specific niche (e.g. infectious disease); and commercial specimen providers with their own donor centers who may more predictably collect and deliver specimens.

**Our Intellectual Property**

Intellectual property rights are an important component of our business. While we currently do not have any patents protecting our intellectual property, we rely on a combination of copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements and other contractual protections with employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property rights, including our proprietary technology, brand, and know-how. We believe factors such as the technological and creative skills of our people; our existing and evolving partnerships; the creation of new features, functionality, and services; and the frequent enhancements to our platform have helped us to establish and will help us maintain our technology leadership position.

**Regulations**

iSpecimen works with the healthcare industry and with clinical researchers, both highly regulated environments in the United States and other countries. Government departments and agencies, at the federal, state, and local levels have regulations related to research activities that involve human subject research as well as regulations about the collection, storage, and dissemination of personal and healthcare data related to individuals. To support compliance with regulations, we have both internal personnel and external resources who provide us with expertise in various areas of compliance including a Chief Information Security Officer, Chief Privacy Officer, contracts manager, biospecimen and data privacy counsel (external), general counsel (external), IRB (external), and other employees with expertise and oversight of site compliance, lab compliance, and operational compliance.

The following is a general overview of the major laws and regulations pertaining to our business in the United States:

Ø 45 CFR Part 46 — Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

Ø HIPAA and 45 CFR Parts 160, 162, and 164 — HIPAA Privacy Rule, Security Rule, and Breach Notification Rule

Ø 21 CFR Part 11 — Food and Drug Regulations — Electronic Records, Electronic Signatures

Ø 21 CFR Part 50 — FDA Regulations — Protection of Human Subjects

Ø 21 CFR Part 56 — FDA Regulations — Institutional Review Boards

Ø Other Information Laws and Regulations

Ø Other Applicable Laws

Most countries have their own corresponding rules that we are also required to follow.

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***45 CFR Part 46 — Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects — "The Common Rule"***

The Common Rule refers to regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") and other federal agencies that fund or participate in research, which regulations protect individuals participating in research. The Common Rule defines "Human Subjects Research" as research involving a living individual about whom an investigator is conducting research when information or biospecimens are obtained through intervention or interaction with the individual, or where the research uses, studies, analyzes, or generates identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens. For this type of research, the Common Rule stipulates: (i) when this research must be reviewed and approved by an IRB (as well as when it may be exempt from IRB review and approval); (ii) the requirements for an IRB's membership, authority, review procedures, record keeping, and approval criteria; (iii) when informed consent must be obtained from a research subject for participation in research and the elements that must be communicated in an informed consent form (as well as when consent may be waived by an IRB); and (iv) rules related to special requirements for vulnerable populations (such as prisoners and pregnant women).

iSpecimen is involved with both Human Subject Research and non-Human Subject Research. The collection of Research Use Only ("RUO") specimens (i.e., samples collected specifically for research via a direct intervention with the research subject and not collected as part of routine clinical care) is considered Human Subject Research. In those cases, iSpecimen and our suppliers are subject to the Common Rule. Therefore, all research use only specimens collected in the United States need to be collected under an IRB-approved protocol, with informed consent (unless an IRB waives consent under appropriate regulatory standards).

When iSpecimen is the study sponsor (i.e. specimens are collected under our IRB protocol), we work with a commercial IRB (currently Advarra) to approve our protocol, informed consent forms, subject recruitment material, and collection sites. These protocols and associated material are reviewed regularly by our IRB in accordance with the Common Rule. When iSpecimen is not the study sponsor (i.e., when research use only specimens are collected at participating healthcare providers under their own IRB-approved protocols), we audit the site before we start procuring specimens to ensure that appropriate IRB approvals are in place.

For international specimen collection sites, we rely on those sites to ensure they are collecting specimens in accordance with the laws in their own jurisdictions, in addition to following basic U.S. rules related to Human Subjects Research.

Finally, iSpecimen participates in Non-Human Subject Research, specifically when we collect clinical remnant samples (i.e., those specimens that were collected originally as part of clinical care). According to the Common Rule, as long as the physical sample and any associated dataset is de-identified before being used for research, the use of clinical remnant samples is not considered Human Subject Research and therefore does not need IRB review and approval, nor does it require patient consent. For these samples, iSpecimen leaves it up to each supplier to determine whether the supplier seeks patients' consent or whether the supplier will inform its patients about the supplier's use of remnant samples, or allows its patients to opt-out of their use. In all cases, we track any use limitations that attached to a particular specimen. For researchers who only want samples from patients who have consented to allow use in research, we only distribute specimens meeting that criteria to those researchers.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health ("HITECH") Act, all as implemented by 45 CFR Part 160, 162 and 164 (collectively, "HIPAA").

HIPAA includes several applicable rules, including the *Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information* ("Privacy Rule"), the *Security Standards for the Protection of Electronic Protected Health Information* ("Security Rule"), and the *Breach Notification Rule* ("Breach Notification Rule").

The Privacy Rule addresses the allowable uses and disclosures of an individual's PHI by Covered Entities, defined by HHS as (1) health plans, (2) healthcare clearinghouses, and (3) healthcare providers who electronically transmit any health information in connection with transactions for which HHS has adopted standards (such as electronic billing). The Privacy Rule also applies to Business Associates, which include persons or entities that performs certain functions or activities that involve the use or disclosure of PHI on behalf of, or provide certain services to, a Covered Entity. HIPAA requires Covered Entities to obtain HIPAA Business Associate Agreements with their Business Associates.

The Security Rule establishes a national security standard for protecting ePHI. The Security Rule requires Covered Entities and Business Associates to implement physical, administrative, and technical safeguards to protect ePHI.

The Breach Notification Rule pertains to Covered Entities and Business Associates that have access to PHI and requires them to provide notification following a use or disclosure of PHI that does not comply with the Privacy Rule that compromises the security or privacy of the PHI (a "Breach").

Covered Entities and Business Associates that fail to comply with the HIPAA standards may be subject to civil money penalties or criminal prosecution.

iSpecimen has implemented many protocols and processes to comply with HIPAA and other data privacy and related laws and regulations. First, to reduce the likelihood of any Breach, iSpecimen removes all ePHI prior to storing information in our datacenter so that we do not possess PHI that is subject to HIPAA. Secondly, to the extent any PHI inadvertently remains in our datacenter, we have implemented physical, administrative, and technical safeguards to comply with the HIPAA Security Rule. We have implemented more than eighty HIPAA privacy and security policies at the Company to help ensure compliance with HIPAA Privacy, Security and Breach Notice rules. Thirdly, we regularly undergo HIPAA gap analyses and security testing using external, independent firms to find weaknesses and vulnerabilities in our technology and our data protection policies and procedures and remediate as needed. Finally, iSpecimen executes Business Associate Agreements or Data Use Agreements with our healthcare provider partners if they might share ePHI with us. To date, iSpecimen has never had a Breach of PHI and has never been investigated by HHS nor found to be out of compliance with HIPAA.

***21 CFR — FDA Regulations***

The Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") is an HHS agency that regulates clinical investigations of products under its jurisdiction, such as drugs, biological products, and medical devices. The FDA has its own set of rules related to the protection of human subjects in research which may differ from the Common Rule. However, FDA does harmonize its regulations with the Common Rule whenever permitted by law (see section 1002 of the 21st Century Cures Act, Public Law 114-255). iSpecimen follows the FDA regulations related to the protection of research subjects, so that its customers may submit data to the FDA resulting from research performed using data and specimens provided to the researcher by iSpecimen.

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***21 CFR Part 11 Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures***

21 CFR Part 11 is relevant when submissions to the FDA include records in electronic form that are created, modified, maintained, archived, retrieved, or transmitted under any records requirements set forth in FDA regulations. At a high level, Part 11 requires organizations to implement good business practices by defining the criteria under which electronic records and signatures are considered to be accurate, authentic, trustworthy, reliable, confidential, and generally equivalent to paper records and handwritten signatures on paper. These rules stipulate a range of features that must be in place in computer systems that handle electronic data; standard operating procedures relating to information technology systems and processes; system validation processes and procedures to ensure that electronic systems operate as intended.

Although iSpecimen defines and implements many relevant policies, processes, and technical controls, the iSpecimen Marketplace has not been certified or audited for 21 CFR Part 11 compliance. In addition, we do not require the originating systems from whom we receive data to be 21 CFR Part 11 compliant. While we do not represent to customers or suppliers that our systems are 21 CFR Part 11 compliant, our clients may still submit data to the FDA that was received, stored, and transmitted in our systems.

The vast majority of the specimens used by our customers are for projects that do not require 21 CFR Part 11 compliance, and our customers are responsible for determining whether they require Part 11-compliant data for the particular use. For specimens that are collected with informed consent, we audit informed consent differently for supply sites that use their own IRB or ethics committee and those supply sites that use the IRB we contract. In the event we are required to contact a client about a shipped specimen that is not supported by informed consent, which had not happened as of December 31, 2024, the client would then determine whether it could use the specimen without informed consent. In addition, we contract with an outside IRB for IRB services, which agrees to perform the services in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations governing independent institutional review boards, and to indemnify us for its failure to comply with applicable laws, rules, and regulations. The failure of our Company or our supply sites to comply with international, federal, state, and local laws and regulations could subject us to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties, and/or other enforcement actions which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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***21 CFR Part 50 — Protection of Human Subjects***

21 CFR Part 50 contains the general standards for obtaining informed consent and for human participation in clinical investigations as well as additional safeguards for children involved in clinical investigations, when the investigations are regulated by the FDA. The regulations specify the requirements for informed consent, exceptions to these requirements, elements of informed consent, and documentation of informed consent. Additionally, the requirements detail additional regulations for investigations involving children. Informed consent is not required to use de-identified specimens and data for certain FDA-regulated research, as set forth in guidance documents issued by the FDA.

To the extent our suppliers seek informed consent from individuals to use specimens and data for research, we will provide our clients, upon request, with copies of our or our suppliers' template informed consent forms and IRB approval prior to obtaining samples from us. However, gaps may exist in our or our suppliers' protocols and informed consent forms that make them incompatible with this regulation and we may fail to properly audit and identify these gaps.

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***21 CFR 56 Institutional Review Boards***

21 CFR Part 56 contains the general standards for the composition, operation, and responsibility of an IRB that reviews clinical investigations regulated by the FDA. These regulations are intended to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects involved in such investigations and indicate the required organization and membership of an IRB; the IRB's function and operations; record-keeping and reporting; and administrative actions for non-compliance.

iSpecimen utilizes an outside IRB to review the iSpecimen specimen collection protocol. While we believe the IRB composition and operations to be 21 CFR Part 56 compliant, there may be gaps that make them incompatible with this regulation.

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***Other Information Laws and Regulations***

Other information laws and regulations include all applicable laws concerning the privacy and/or security of personal information including, but not limited to, state data breach notification laws; personal data protection laws such as the California Consumer Privacy

Act of 2018, Nevada Senate Bill 220 (an amendment to the state's existing online privacy policy statute) and Maine's Act to Protect the Privacy of Online Consumer Information; and all applicable Payment Card Industry Security Standards with respect to account data protection.

Currently, iSpecimen collects personal data on customers, suppliers, investors, employees, research subjects, Marketplace registrants, and other individuals who interact with iSpecimen personnel or our websites. We believe we are in compliance with these data protection rules but there remains inherent risk of a data breach of iSpecimen's systems or any of our technology service and SaaS providers (such as those organizations who provide us with customer relationship management software, marketing automation software, online file storage, web services, email systems, accounting systems, and data aggregation and visualization services).

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***Other Applicable Laws***

In addition to the above-described regulation by United States federal and state government related to Human Subject Research and data privacy and security, there are many other U.S. and international rules that are applicable to iSpecimen. The following list contains some of the other federal and state laws and regulations that could directly or indirectly affect our ability to operate the business:

Ø Occupational Safety and Health regulations and requirements;

Ø Centers for Disease Control Import Permit Program rules related to biological agents;

Ø Shipping rules such as IATA Dangerous Goods regulations;

Ø State and local laws and regulations for the disposal and handling of medical waste and biohazardous material;

Ø Export laws such as the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security Export Administration Regulations, U.S. State Department's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control in export licensing;

Ø Import laws such as the Customs and Border Protection Trade Act of 2002 and the Customs Modernization Act;

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Ø | The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs; |

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Ø Federal, state, and local tax and tariff rules;

Ø Other laws and regulations administered by the FDA;

Ø Other laws and regulations administered by HHS;

Ø State and local laws and regulations governing human subject research and clinical trials; and

Ø Other laws and regulations of which we are unaware.

These laws cover areas where we may not have expertise and, in many areas, these laws are actively evolving. We, or our other third-party customers, suppliers and/or distribution partners, may not be able to maintain regulatory compliance in such countries or may incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining our foreign regulatory compliance.

**International Regulatory Environment**

Because iSpecimen procures specimens from and distributes specimens to countries outside of the United States, we are subject to international rules related to the protection of human subjects in research, data privacy and security, import and export regulations, tariffs, and foreign rules similar to any of the aforementioned U.S. rules, as well as those of which we are unaware.

One of the more prominent international regulations is the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR') which took effect in May 2018. The GDPR regulates the collection, use, disclosure, transfer, and/or other processing of personal data of identified or identifiable individuals located in the European Economic Areas, including the European Union ("EU"). This data specifically includes personal health data that generally is provided as part of biospecimen collection studies. The GDPR imposes numerous requirements on companies that process personal data, including requirements relating to processing health and other sensitive data, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates for processing (with some exceptions), allowing individuals to revoke consents granted, enabling individuals the right to have their data erased (with some exceptions), amended, or transferred to another data controller (known as "data portability"), providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, limiting the transfer of data to countries outside of the EU, providing notification of data breaches, and taking certain measures when engaging third-parties who may also use or process the data.

In addition, EU member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting the processing of personal data, including biometric, genetic, or health data.

The GDPR increases our obligations with respect to data collected by our EU suppliers. We generally rely upon our contractual terms with these organizations as a means for obligating them to provide us data in accordance with the GDPR regulations. In addition to utilizing contractual terms to obligate specimen suppliers to conform with GDPR, we generally request the international supplier fills out a pre-contract questionnaire to understand their GDPR compliance before engaging in the contracting process and then perform a post-contract audit that also asks about GDPR applicability and the site's conformance to the GDPR. Audit questionnaires are distributed every two years after the initial site audit.

**Employees**

As of June 30, 2025, we had nine (9) employees and two (2) contractors, Robert Lim and Yuying Liang.

**RISK FACTORS**

We have included discussions of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions under the heading "Risk Factors" included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, which risk factors are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. See "Where You Can Find More Information" beginning on page 39 for an explanation of how to get a copy of these reports. Additional risks related to our securities may also be described in a prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you.

**Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk.** Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should carefully consider the risk factors we describe in any prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you or in any report incorporated by reference into this prospectus or such prospectus supplement, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, as well as the additional risk factors set forth below.

Although we discuss key risks in those risk factor descriptions, additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business. Our subsequent filings with the SEC may contain amended and updated discussions of significant risks. We cannot predict future risks or estimate the extent to which they may affect our financial performance. Please also carefully read the section above entitled "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" beginning on page iii.

In addition, we have included certain updated or supplemental risk factors to reflect developments since those filings, including certain risks that were described in our Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on October 6, 2025 (which has not yet been declared effective). These additional risk factors should be read together with, and are intended to supplement, the risk factors incorporated by reference above.

**Risks Related to Our Corporate Treasury Initiative and Digital Assets**

***Our plan to establish a Solana-based corporate treasury program exposes us to significant risks associated with digital assets, including volatility and competition from other digital assets.***

On August 7, 2025, we announced plans to establish a corporate treasury program of up to $200 million based on the Solana blockchain ecosystem. Digital assets such as SOL are highly volatile, and their market prices can fluctuate dramatically over short periods of time due to factors beyond our control, including market sentiment, technological developments, macroeconomic events, and regulatory actions. In general, the value of certain digital assets, including SOL, have fluctuated significantly from 2017 through present date. Specifically, SOL reached an all-time high of $294.33 on January 19, 2025, and has since experienced price corrections, dipping as low as $96.58 on April 6, 2025. As of June 29, 2025, the price of Solana was down about 48% from its January 2025 high. During the twelve-month period ended August 31, 2025, the market price of Solana ranged from a low of approximately $95 to a high of approximately $295 per token (reflecting its 52-week trading range). Such price swings highlight the substantial risk that our holdings of SOL may lose value rapidly, without warning, and without regard to our operating performance.

In addition, the price of Solana may be materially impacted by competition from other crypto assets and by the level of adoption and usage of Solana relative to other blockchains and digital assets. Competition from the emergence or growth of alternative digital assets and smart contracts platforms, such as Avalanche, Polkadot, or Cardano, could have a negative impact on the demand for, and price of, Solana. If competing crypto assets achieve greater adoption or utility, demand for Solana could decline, which may cause its value to decrease significantly. A decline in the value of SOL or other digital assets we may acquire could materially and adversely affect the value of our corporate treasury, our balance sheet, and our stock price.

***We may not be successful in raising sufficient capital to fund the Treasury Program.***

We currently hold no digital assets. The primary source of funding for the Treasury Program is expected to be capital raised from accredited retail and institutional investors through private or other financing transactions. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital on favorable terms, or at all, we may be unable to implement the program as intended, which could negatively impact our business strategy and investor confidence.

***The regulatory environment for digital assets is uncertain and evolving.***

The regulatory treatment of digital assets, including SOL, is unsettled and subject to rapid change. Governmental bodies in the United States and abroad have taken, and may continue to take, regulatory actions that could restrict or limit our ability to acquire, hold, or use digital assets, or could impose significant costs, disclosure obligations, or licensing requirements. Future regulatory actions may make it more difficult or even impossible to implement our Treasury Program as currently contemplated.

***Custody and cybersecurity risks could lead to a partial or total loss of our digital assets.***

Safekeeping of digital assets requires complex technical and operational security measures. Even if we engage qualified custodians, our assets remain subject to risks of hacking, theft, loss of private keys, operational failures, or mismanagement. While insurance coverage may be available for certain risks, it may not be adequate to compensate us for all losses. Any such loss could materially and adversely affect our balance sheet, reputation, and investor confidence.

***Our purchase strategy may expose us to additional risks, including illiquidity associated with "Locked SOL."***

We intend to acquire SOL that is subject to contractual transfer or vesting restrictions ("Locked SOL"), which means that such tokens will not be freely tradable until the applicable restrictions lapse. Locked SOL typically becomes "unlocked" over time through pre-set vesting schedules or transfer restrictions that may last for months or years, depending on the terms of issuance. Once the relevant contractual restrictions expire, the tokens become transferable and can be sold in the market. These tokens may be priced at a discount to prevailing spot prices to reflect the lack of immediate liquidity and transferability. The contractual transfer or vesting restrictions may vary between different lots of Locked SOL depending on the specific terms of each purchase or issuance. We may adopt policies and procedures to evaluate, monitor, and manage the timing and risks of such restrictions, including assessing the liquidity implications of holding Locked SOL and determining appropriate resale strategies when tokens become unlocked. Because of these restrictions, Locked SOL are considerably less liquid than cash and our non-Locked SOL tokens, which could expose us to heightened liquidity and counterparty risks compared to purchasing only freely tradable assets. As a result, we may be unable to sell our Locked SOL, enter into additional capital raising transactions using our Locked-SOL tokens as collateral, or otherwise generate funds using our Locked SOL, or if we are forced to sell our Locked SOL at a significant loss in order to meet working capital requirements. If market conditions deteriorate during the restricted period, we could incur significant losses on these holdings, and our business and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

***Our involvement in digital assets may subject us to reputational risk.***

The use of digital assets by companies remains controversial and may be negatively perceived by investors, customers, regulators, or other stakeholders. Association with the volatility or speculative nature of digital assets could harm our reputation, reduce customer confidence in our core biospecimen business, and adversely impact our ability to raise capital or attract strategic partners.

***There can be no assurance as to the timing, size, form, or success of the Treasury Program.***

The implementation of the Treasury Program is subject to numerous uncertainties, including market conditions, investor demand, regulatory approvals, and Board discretion. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete the targeted financings, acquire digital assets on favorable terms, or realize any anticipated benefits from this program.

***Absent federal regulations, there is a possibility that SOL may be classified as a "security." Any classification of SOL as a "security" would subject us to additional regulation and could materially impact the operation of our business.***

We believe that SOL is not a security but neither the SEC nor any other U.S. federal or state regulator publicly stated whether they agree with our assessment. Despite the Trump Administration's Executive Order titled "Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology" which includes as an objective, "protecting and promoting the ability of individual citizens and private sector entities alike to access and … to maintain self-custody of digital assets," SOL has not yet been classified with respect to U.S. federal securities laws. Therefore, while we have concluded that the SEC is not likely to classify SOL as a "security" within the meaning of the U.S. federal securities laws, and so registration of the Company under The Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act") is therefore not required under the applicable securities laws, we acknowledge that a regulatory body or federal court may determine otherwise. Our conclusion, even if reasonable under the circumstances, would not preclude legal or regulatory action based on a determination by the SEC that SOL is a "security" which would require us to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act.

We have also adapted our process for analyzing the U.S. federal securities law status of SOL and other cryptocurrencies over time, as guidance and case law have evolved. As part of our U.S. federal securities law analysis, we take into account a number of factors, including the various definitions of "security" under U.S. federal securities laws and federal court decisions interpreting the elements of these definitions, such as the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in the Howey and Reves cases, as well as court rulings, reports, orders, press releases, public statements, and speeches by the SEC Commissioners and SEC Staff providing guidance on when a digital asset or a transaction to which a digital asset may relate may be deemed a security by the SEC for purposes of U.S. federal securities laws. Our position that we believe the SEC would not view SOL as a "security" is premised, among other reasons, on our conclusion SOL does not meet the elements of the Howey test. Among the reasons for our conclusion that SOL is not a security is that holders of SOL do not have a reasonable expectation of profits from our efforts in respect of their holding of SOL.

We acknowledge, however, that the SEC, a federal court or another relevant regulatory entity with jurisdiction or other enforceable authority over us could take a different view. Application of securities laws to the specific facts and circumstances of digital assets is complex and subject to change. Our conclusion, even if reasonable under the circumstances, would not preclude legal or regulatory action based on a finding that SOL, or any other digital asset we might hold, is a "security." As such, we are at risk of enforcement proceedings against us, which could result in potential injunctions, cease-and-desist orders, fines, and penalties if SOL was determined to be a security by a regulatory body or a court. Such developments could subject us to fines, penalties, and other damages, and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

***If we were deemed to be an investment company under the 1940 Act, applicable restrictions likely would make it impractical for us to continue segments of our business as currently contemplated.***

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Under Sections 3(a)(1)(A) and (C) of the 1940 Act, a company generally will be deemed to be an "investment company" if (i) it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities or (ii) it engages, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities and it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities, shares of registered money market funds under Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Rule 3a-1 under the 1940 Act generally provides that, notwithstanding the Section 3(a)(1)(C) test described in clause (ii) above, an entity will not be deemed to be an "investment company" for purposes of the 1940 Act if no more than 45% of the value of its assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities, shares of registered money market funds under Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, and cash items) consists of, and no more than 45% of its net income after taxes (for the past four fiscal quarters combined) is derived from, securities other than U.S. government securities, shares of registered money market funds under Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, securities issued by employees' securities companies, securities issued by qualifying majority owned subsidiaries of such entity, and securities issued by qualifying companies that are controlled primarily by such entity. We do not believe that we are an "investment company" as such term is defined in either Section 3(a)(1)(A) or Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act.

If we implement the Treasury Program successfully, it is possible that SOL tokens would comprise in excess of 40% of our total assets. Since we believe SOL is not an investment security, we do not hold ourselves out as being engaged primarily, nor do we propose to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities within the meaning of Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act.

With respect to Section 3(a)(1)(C), we believe we satisfy the elements of Rule 3a-1 and therefore are deemed not to be an investment company under, and we intend to conduct our operations such that we will not be deemed an investment company under, Section 3(a)(1)(C). We believe that we are not an investment company pursuant to Rule 3a-1 under the 1940 Act because, on a consolidated basis with respect to wholly-owned subsidiaries but otherwise on an unconsolidated basis, no more than 45% of the value of the Company's total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities, shares of registered money market funds under Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, and cash items) consists of, and no more than 45% of the Company's net income after taxes (for the last four fiscal quarters combined) is derived from, securities other than U.S. government securities, shares of registered money market funds under Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, securities issued by employees' securities companies, securities issued by qualifying majority owned subsidiaries of the Company, and securities issued by qualifying companies that are controlled primarily by the Company.

SOL and other digital assets, and new business models and transactions enabled by blockchain technologies, present novel interpretive questions under the 1940 Act. There is a risk that assets or arrangements that we have concluded are not securities could be deemed to be securities by the SEC or another authority for purposes of the 1940 Act, which would increase the percentage of securities held by us for 1940 Act purposes.

If we were deemed to be an investment company, Rule 3a-2 under the 1940 Act is a safe harbor that provides a one-year grace period for transient investment companies with a bona fide intent to be engaged primarily, as soon as is reasonably possible (in any event by the termination of such one-year period), in a business other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, with such intent evidenced by the company's business activities and an appropriate resolution of its board of directors. The grace period is available only once every three years and runs from the earlier of (i) the date on which the issuer owns securities and/or cash having a value exceeding 50% of the issuer's total assets on either a consolidated or unconsolidated basis or (ii) the date on which the issuer owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer's total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Accordingly, the grace period may not be available at the time that we seek to rely on Rule 3a-2; however, Rule 3a-2 is a safe harbor and we may rely on any exemption or exclusion from investment company status available to us under the 1940 Act at any given time. Furthermore, reliance on Rule 3a-2, Section 3(a)(1)(C), or Rule 3a-1 could require us to take actions to dispose of securities, limit our ability to make certain investments or enter into joint ventures, or otherwise limit or change our service offerings and operations.

If we were to be deemed an investment company in the future, restrictions imposed by the 1940 Act, including limitations on our ability to issue different classes of stock and equity compensation to directors, officers, and employees and restrictions on management, operations, and transactions with affiliated persons, likely would make it impractical for us to continue the Treasury Strategy as currently contemplated, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

***If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our SOL, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we could lose some or all of our SOL and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.***

Substantially all of the SOL we will own will be held in custody accounts at U.S.-based institutional-grade digital asset custodians, such as Coinbase Custody. Security breaches and cyberattacks will be of particular concern with respect to our SOL. SOL and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies and the entities that provide services to participants in the SOL ecosystem have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities. For example, in October 2021 it was reported that hackers exploited a flaw in the account recovery process and stole from the accounts of at least 6,000 customers of the Coinbase exchange, although the flaw was subsequently fixed and Coinbase reimbursed affected customers. Similarly, in November 2022, hackers exploited weaknesses in the security architecture of the FTX Trading digital asset exchange and reportedly stole over $400 million in digital assets from customers. A successful security breach or cyberattack could result in:

● a partial or total loss of our SOL in a manner that may not be covered by insurance or the liability provisions of the custody agreements with the custodians who hold our SOL;

● harm to our reputation and brand;

● improper disclosure of data and violations of applicable data privacy and other laws; or

● significant regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, penalties, and other legal, regulatory, contractual and financial exposure.

In addition, any actual or perceived data breach or cyberattack on other digital asset companies or networks could erode confidence in the broader SOL ecosystem or in using the SOL network for financial transactions, and could negatively affect us, even if we are not directly affected.

Cyberattacks across industries, including SOL, are growing more frequent, persistent, and sophisticated, often carried out by well-funded groups, individuals or state actors. Techniques to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to systems and information (including personal data and digital assets), disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, hard to detect, and may go unnoticed until after an attack. Such threats may target us or our third-party providers. We may experience security breaches as a result of human error, insider threats, malfeasance or system flaws. Specifically, we expect ongoing attempts at unauthorized access through hacking, phishing, social engineering, fraud, and other methods implemented by criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage, and insiders. Some attacks, including dormant or undetectable threats, could harm us even without directly breaching our systems. Remote work and geopolitical conflicts, such as the ongoing conflicts in Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas, and other future conflicts, heighten these risks. Any future breach affecting us or others in the SOL industry, including third parties we rely on, could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results.

***We currently do not hedge our Solana exposure, which leaves us fully exposed to volatility.***

At present, we do not intend to enter into hedging transactions, such as futures, options, or swaps, to mitigate fluctuations in the price of Solana. As a result, we will be fully exposed to adverse movements in the market price of Solana, which has historically experienced significant volatility. If Solana prices decline, the value of our holdings and balance sheet could be materially and adversely affected. While we may consider hedging strategies in the future, any such program would involve additional costs, regulatory and counterparty considerations, and could introduce new risks, including imperfect correlation with Solana prices, limited liquidity, and counterparty defaults.

***Staking our Solana could limit liquidity and expose us to additional risks.***

Solana does not pay interest, but if management determines to stake the Solana tokens we hold in treasury, rewards can be earned on our staked SOL. Future fluctuations in Solana's trading prices may result in our converting Solana purchased with the net proceeds from any offering into cash with a value substantially below the net proceeds from such an offering. In addition, if we stake a portion of our Solana holdings, those tokens will be subject to bonding and unbonding periods during which they cannot be withdrawn, sold, or otherwise transferred. This lack of liquidity could materially and adversely affect our ability to respond to market volatility or to meet corporate liquidity needs. In addition, our staking rewards depend on validator performance, protocol issuance parameters, and overall network conditions. There is no assurance that rewards will be earned as expected or at all. If we engage in liquid staking, we may receive tradeable tokens that represent our staked SOL, but these tokens carry risks associated with smart contracts, counterparty default, and market liquidity.

***We have no history in generating staking revenues from Solana, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.***

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While our primary business focus is providing a global marketplace platform for patients, biospecimens, and data for research, we plan to adopt the Treasury Policy under which the principal holding in its treasury reserve on the balance sheet will be allocated to digital assets, and specifically long term strategy of holding SOL.

We have no operating history in respect of the Treasury Policy, which makes it difficult to forecast our prospects and future results of operations as to the Treasury Policy. You should take into account the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in rapidly evolving markets. Our recent performance should not be considered indicative of our future performance. Further, in future periods, our revenue growth could slow or our revenue could decline for a number of reasons, including unexpected government regulation, any reduction in the value of cryptocurrency generally or Solana specifically, demand for our platform, increased competition, contraction of our overall market, our inability to accurately forecast demand for our platform and plan for capacity constraints or our failure, for any reason, to capitalize on growth opportunities. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our business would be harmed.

***Our plans to pursue staking and liquid staking strategies expose us to additional competition, counterparty and operational risks.***

If we stake through third-party validators or liquid staking providers, we will rely on those entities' performance, security, and compliance. Failures by validators or providers, including technical failures, hacking, regulatory restrictions, or insolvency, could lead to partial or total loss of our staked Solana or of liquid staking tokens. Even if assets are not lost, we may suffer reduced rewards, delays in withdrawal, or reputational harm. These risks are in addition to the volatility and regulatory risks inherent in holding Solana generally. In addition, we expect to contend with other companies also focused on developing digital asset staking operations. Market participants with sufficient knowledge and capital has the ability acquire tokens on the open market and start staking, which would increase competition.

***If we pursue income-generating strategies with our Solana other than staking, such activities could expose us to significant additional risks.***

We may in the future engage in lending, collateralization, or other yield-generating activities involving Solana or liquid staking tokens. These activities carry risks such as counterparty default, smart contract failure, leverage risk, regulatory uncertainty, and reduced liquidity. Any losses from such activities could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Our pursuit of a Solana-based treasury program and other crypto asset activities could distract from our core biospecimen marketplace operations and expose us to significant risks.***

While our primary business is providing a global marketplace platform for patients, biospecimens, and data for research, we are also pursuing a strategy of acquiring Solana and potentially other crypto assets as part of our Treasury Program. This separate strategy involves risks distinct from our core operations, including extreme price volatility, uncertain regulation, cybersecurity and custody risks, and reputational concerns. If management attention, financial resources, or investor perception becomes disproportionately focused on our crypto asset activities, our biospecimen business could suffer. Furthermore, if our crypto asset activities materially impact our financial condition or results of operations, investors may reassess our business model and value us differently than a company solely engaged in the biospecimen marketplace.

***Our plans to diversify into other digital assets beyond Solana may expose us to additional risks.***

While our current focus is on Solana, we may in the future acquire other cryptocurrencies or tokenized real-world assets. Each such asset presents unique risks, including differences in technology, governance, market adoption, regulatory treatment, liquidity, and custody. Diversification into other digital assets may not reduce risk and could increase our exposure to novel or less-tested protocols. If we acquire additional crypto assets, we may face operational, accounting, tax, and regulatory challenges distinct from those associated with Solana, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

***Our potential spot trading activities could increase volatility and the risk of losses.***

We may allocate a small portion of our treasury program to spot trading of Solana or other crypto assets. Spot trading exposes us to risks of adverse price movements, limited liquidity, execution delays, and counterparty failures. Unlike a long-term holding strategy, spot trading could result in realized losses that directly reduce our balance sheet. If our trading activities are unsuccessful, or if regulators impose restrictions on spot trading of digital assets, our financial results and reputation could be adversely affected.

**USE OF PROCEEDS**

Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from these sales for general corporate purposes, which includes, without limitation, continued development and expansion of the iSpecimen Marketplace platform, sales and marketing efforts, expansion of supplier and development capabilities, operations fulfillment functions and working capital. We also plan to allocate a portion of the net proceeds to our digital asset treasury program, focused primarily on Solana, as part of our long-term balance sheet and treasury management strategy. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies that are complementary to our own, although we have no current plans, commitments or agreements with respect to any such acquisitions or investments as of the date of this prospectus. We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus our intended use for the net proceeds received from the sale of any securities sold pursuant to the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. Our management will have broad discretion in the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering.

Pending the application of the net proceeds, we may invest the net proceeds in short-term, investment grade, interest-bearing securities, certificates of deposit or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government, and, to a limited extent, in Solana or other digital assets consistent with our treasury policy and applicable regulations.

**DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK AND THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER**

**General**

The following description of the material provisions of our capital stock (which includes a description of securities we may offer pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus, as the same may be supplemented, forms a part) does not purport to be complete and is based on and qualified by our Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the "Certificate of Incorporation") our Third Amended and Restated Bylaws ("Bylaws") each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to our <u>Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 202</u>4. The summary below is also qualified by reference to provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL").

Our authorized capital stock consists of 250,000,000 shares, consisting of 200,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share. As of October 21, 2025, our outstanding capital stock consists of 9,771,028 shares of common stock, and no shares of preferred stock. These figures do not include securities that may be issued upon exercise or vesting of our outstanding derivative securities including our warrants and our awards of options and restricted stock units under our equity incentive plans.

We, directly or through agents, dealers or underwriters designated from time to time, may offer, issue and sell, together or separately, up to $100,000,000 in the aggregate of:

● common stock;

● preferred stock;

● secured or unsecured debt securities consisting of notes, debentures or other evidences of indebtedness which may be senior debt securities, senior subordinated debt securities or subordinated debt securities, each of which may be convertible into equity securities;

● warrants to purchase our securities;

● rights to purchase our securities; or

● units comprised of, or other combinations of, the foregoing securities.

We may issue the debt securities as exchangeable for or convertible into shares of common stock, preferred stock or other securities. The preferred stock may also be exchangeable for and/or convertible into shares of common stock, another series of preferred stock or other securities. The debt securities, the preferred stock, the common stock and the warrants are collectively referred to in this prospectus as the "securities." When a particular series of securities is offered, a supplement to this prospectus will be delivered with this prospectus, which will set forth the terms of the offering and sale of the offered securities.

**Common Stock**

*Authorization; Outstanding Shares.* We are authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of which 9,771,028 shares were issued and outstanding as of October 21, 2025. We may amend from time to time our Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock. Any such amendment would require the approval of the holders of at least 34% of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote.

*Voting Rights.* Holders of our common stock are entitled to one (1) vote for each share on all matters submitted to a stockholder vote. The common stock does not have cumulative voting rights. Therefore, holders of a majority of the shares of common stock voting for the election of directors can elect all of the directors. Holders of our common stock representing 34% the voting power of our capital stock issued, outstanding and entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, are necessary to constitute a quorum at any meeting of stockholders.

*Dividends.* Subject to limitations under Delaware law and the rights of holders of any class of stock having preference over our common stock, holders of our common stock are entitled to share in all dividends that our board of directors, in its discretion, declares from legally available funds.

*Liquidation; Dissolution.* In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each outstanding share entitles its holder to participate pro rata in all assets that remain after payment of liabilities and after providing for each class of stock, if any, having preference over the common stock.

*Other Rights and Restrictions.* Our common stock has no pre-emptive rights, no conversion rights and there are no redemption provisions or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock.

*Listing*. Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "ISPC."

*Transfer Agent and Registrar*. The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions LLC. The transfer agent and registrar's address is 1155 Long Island Avenue, Edgewood, New York, NY 11717 and its telephone number is 1-877-830- 4932.

**Preferred Stock**

Our board of directors has the authority by resolution to authorize the issue issuance, from time to time, of up to an aggregate of 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series, and to fix the designations, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof or thereon, without any further vote or action by the stockholders. No shares of preferred stock are outstanding as of October 21, 2025. We may reissue shares of preferred stock that are redeemed, purchased, or otherwise acquired by us unless otherwise provided by law. Our Board of Directors is authorized to fix or alter the designations, powers and preferences, and relative, participating, optional or otherwise rights if any, and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including, without limitation:

● the designation of the series;

● the number of shares of the series;

● the dividend rate or rates on the shares of that series, whether dividends will be cumulative, and if so, from which date or dates, and the relative rights of priority, if any, of payment of dividends on shares of that series;

● whether the series will have conversion privileges, and, if so, the terms and conditions of such conversion, including provision for adjustment of the conversion rate in such events as the Board of Directors shall determine;

● whether or not the shares of that series shall be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the option of the Corporation or the holder thereof, and if made subject to such redemption, the terms and conditions of such redemption, including the date or dates upon or after which they shall be redeemable, and the amount per share payable in case of redemptions, which amount may vary under different conditions and at different redemption rates;

● the terms and amount of any sinking fund provided for the purchase or redemption of the shares of such series;

● the rights of the shares of that series in the event of voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Corporation, and the relative rights of priority, if any, of payment of shares of that series;

● the restrictions, if any, on the issue or reissue of any additional preferred stock; and

● any other relative rights, preferences, and limitations of that series.

**Provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws that May Have an Anti-Takeover Effect**

Provisions of our Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Third Amended and Restated Bylaws could make it more difficult to acquire us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest, open market purchases, removal of incumbent directors and otherwise. These provisions, which are summarized below, are expected to discourage types of coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with us. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure us outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging takeover or acquisition proposals because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

*Vacancies.* Newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors and any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, disqualification, removal or other cause shall be filled by a majority of the remaining directors on the board.

*Bylaws.* Our Certificate of incorporation and Bylaws authorize the Board of Directors to adopt, repeal, rescind, alter or amend our Bylaws without stockholder approval.

*Removal*. Except as otherwise provided, a director may be removed from office only by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than a majority of the voting power of the issued and outstanding stock entitled to vote.

*Calling of Special Meetings of Stockholders.* Our Bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time only by the Board of Directors or by our secretary following receipt of one or more written demands from stockholders of record who own, in the aggregate, at least 15% the voting power of our outstanding stock then entitled to vote on the matter or matters to be brought before the proposed special meeting.

*Cumulative Voting.* Our Certificate of Incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would allow holders of less than a majority of the stock to elect some directors.

*Staggered Board.* Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes with only one class of directors being elected in each year and each class serving a three-year term. As a result, only a minority of the Board of Directors will be considered for election at every annual meeting of stockholders, which may make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities.

**Effects of Authorized but Unissued Stock**

One of the effects of the existence of authorized but unissued common stock and undesignated preferred stock may be to enable our Board of Directors to make more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of our Company by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, and thereby to protect the continuity of management. If, in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, the Board of Directors were to determine that a takeover proposal was not in our best interest, such shares could be issued by the Board of Directors without stockholder approval in one or more transactions that might prevent or render more difficult or costly the completion of the takeover transaction by diluting the voting or other rights of the proposed acquirer or insurgent stockholder group, by putting a substantial voting bloc in institutional or other hands that might undertake to support the position of the incumbent Board of Directors, by effecting an acquisition that might complicate or preclude the takeover, or otherwise.

In addition, our Certificate of Incorporation grants our Board of Directors' broad power to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of shares of common stock. The issuance also may adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of those holders and may have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change in control of our company.

**Transfer Agent**

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions LLC. The transfer agent and registrar's address is 1155 Long Island Avenue, Edgewood, New York, NY 11717 and its telephone number is 1-877-830- 4932.

**Listing**

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "ISPC."

**Debt Securities**

As used in this prospectus, the term "debt securities" means the debentures, notes, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness that we may issue from time to time. The debt securities will either be senior debt securities, senior subordinated debt or subordinated debt securities. We may also issue convertible debt securities. Debt securities may be issued under an indenture (which we refer to herein as an Indenture), which are contracts entered into between us and a trustee to be named therein. The Indenture has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. We may issue debt securities and incur additional indebtedness other than through the offering of debt securities pursuant to this prospectus. It is likely that convertible debt securities will not be issued under an Indenture.

The debt securities may be fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a secured or unsecured senior or subordinated basis by one or more guarantors, if any. The obligations of any guarantor under its guarantee will be limited as necessary to prevent that guarantee from constituting a fraudulent conveyance under applicable law. In the event that any series of debt securities will be subordinated to other indebtedness that we have outstanding or may incur, the terms of the subordination will be set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the subordinated debt securities.

We may issue debt securities from time to time in one or more series, in each case with the same or various maturities, at par or at a discount. Unless indicated in a prospectus supplement, we may issue additional debt securities of a particular series without the consent of the holders of the debt securities of such series outstanding at the time of the issuance. Any such additional debt securities, together with all other outstanding debt securities of that series, will constitute a single series of debt securities under the applicable Indenture and will be equal in ranking.

Should an Indenture relate to unsecured indebtedness, in the event of a bankruptcy or other liquidation event involving a distribution of assets to satisfy our outstanding indebtedness or an event of default under a loan agreement relating to secured indebtedness of our company or its subsidiaries, the holders of such secured indebtedness, if any, would be entitled to receive payment of principal and interest prior to payments on the unsecured indebtedness issued under an Indenture.

Each prospectus supplement will describe the terms relating to the specific series of debt securities. These terms will include some or all of the following:

● the title of debt securities and whether the debt securities are senior or subordinated;

● any limit on the aggregate principal amount of debt securities of such series;

● the percentage of the principal amount at which the debt securities of any series will be issued;

● the ability to issue additional debt securities of the same series;

● the purchase price for the debt securities and the denominations of the debt securities;

● the specific designation of the series of debt securities being offered;

● the maturity date or dates of the debt securities and the date or dates upon which the debt securities are payable and the rate or rates at which the debt securities of the series shall bear interest, if any, which may be fixed or variable, or the method by which such rate shall be determined;

● the basis for calculating interest;

● the date or dates from which any interest will accrue or the method by which such date or dates will be determined;

● the duration of any deferral period, including the period during which interest payment periods may be extended;

● whether the amount of payments of principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the debt securities may be determined with reference to any index, formula or other method, such as one or more currencies, commodities, equity indices or other indices, and the manner of determining the amount of such payments;

● the dates on which we will pay interest on the debt securities and the regular record date for determining who is entitled to the interest payable on any interest payment date;

● the place or places where the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the debt securities will be payable, where any securities may be surrendered for registration of transfer, exchange or conversion, as applicable, and notices and demands may be delivered to or upon us pursuant to the applicable Indenture;

● the rate or rates of amortization of the debt securities;

● any terms for the attachment to the debt securities of warrants, options or other rights to purchase or sell our securities;

● if the debt securities will be secured by any collateral and, if so, a general description of the collateral and the terms and provisions of such collateral security, pledge or other agreements;

● if we possess the option to do so, the periods within which and the prices at which we may redeem the debt securities, in whole or in part, pursuant to optional redemption provisions, and the other terms and conditions of any such provisions;

● our obligation or discretion, if any, to redeem, repay or purchase debt securities by making periodic payments to a sinking fund or through an analogous provision or at the option of holders of the debt securities, and the period or periods within which and the price or prices at which we will redeem, repay or purchase the debt securities, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation, and the other terms and conditions of such obligation;

● the terms and conditions, if any, regarding the option or mandatory conversion or exchange of debt securities;

● the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which any debt securities of the series may be redeemed, in whole or in part at our option and, if other than by a board resolution, the manner in which any election by us to redeem the debt securities shall be evidenced;

● any restriction or condition on the transferability of the debt securities of a particular series;

● the portion, or methods of determining the portion, of the principal amount of the debt securities which we must pay upon the acceleration of the maturity of the debt securities in connection with any event of default;

● the currency or currencies in which the debt securities will be denominated and in which principal, any premium and any interest will or may be payable or a description of any units based on or relating to a currency or currencies in which the debt securities will be denominated;

● provisions, if any, granting special rights to holders of the debt securities upon the occurrence of specified events;

● any deletions from, modifications of or additions to the events of default or our covenants with respect to the applicable series of debt securities, and whether or not such events of default or covenants are consistent with those contained in the applicable Indenture;

● any limitation on our ability to incur debt, redeem stock, sell our assets or other restrictions;

● the application, if any, of the terms of the applicable Indenture relating to defeasance and covenant defeasance (which terms are described below) to the debt securities;

● what subordination provisions will apply to the debt securities;

● the terms, if any, upon which the holders may convert or exchange the debt securities into or for our securities or property;

● whether we are issuing the debt securities in whole or in part in global form;

● any change in the right of the trustee or the requisite holders of debt securities to declare the principal amount thereof due and payable because of an event of default;

● the depositary for global or certificated debt securities, if any;

● any material federal income tax consequences applicable to the debt securities, including any debt securities denominated and made payable, as described in the prospectus supplements, in foreign currencies, or units based on or related to foreign currencies;

● any right we may have to satisfy, discharge and defease our obligations under the debt securities, or terminate or eliminate restrictive covenants or events of default in the Indentures, by depositing money or U.S. government obligations with the trustee of the Indentures;

● the names of any trustees, depositories, authenticating or paying agents, transfer agents or registrars or other agents with respect to the debt securities;

● to whom any interest on any debt security shall be payable, if other than the person in whose name the security is registered, on the record date for such interest, the extent to which, or the manner in which, any interest payable on a temporary global debt security will be paid;

● if the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities is to be payable in one or more currencies or currency units other than as stated, the currency, currencies or currency units in which it shall be paid and the periods within and terms and conditions upon which such election is to be made and the amounts payable (or the manner in which such amount shall be determined);

● the portion of the principal amount of any debt securities which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity of the debt securities pursuant to the applicable Indenture;

● if the principal amount payable at the stated maturity of any debt security of the series will not be determinable as of any one or more dates prior to the stated maturity, the amount which shall be deemed to be the principal amount of such debt securities as of any such date for any purpose, including the principal amount thereof which shall be due and payable upon any maturity other than the stated maturity or which shall be deemed to be outstanding as of any date prior to the stated maturity (or, in any such case, the manner in which such amount deemed to be the principal amount shall be determined); and

● any other specific terms of the debt securities, including any modifications to the events of default under the debt securities and any other terms which may be required by or advisable under applicable laws or regulations.

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we do not anticipate the debt securities will be listed on any securities exchange. Holders of the debt securities may present registered debt securities for exchange or transfer in the manner described in the applicable prospectus supplement. Except as limited by the applicable Indenture, we will provide these services without charge, other than any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection with the exchange or transfer.

Debt securities may bear interest at a fixed rate or a variable rate as specified in the prospectus supplement. In addition, if specified in the prospectus supplement, we may sell debt securities bearing no interest or interest at a rate that at the time of issuance is below the prevailing market rate, or at a discount below their stated principal amount. We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement any special federal income tax considerations applicable to these discounted debt securities.

We may issue debt securities with the principal amount payable on any principal payment date, or the amount of interest payable on any interest payment date, to be determined by referring to one or more currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity indices or other factors. Holders of such debt securities may receive a principal amount on any principal payment date, or interest payments on any interest payment date, that are greater or less than the amount of principal or interest otherwise payable on such dates, depending upon the value on such dates of applicable currency, commodity, equity index or other factors. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information as to how we will determine the amount of principal or interest payable on any date, as well as the currencies, commodities, equity indices or other factors to which the amount payable on that date relates and certain additional tax considerations.

**Warrants**

We may issue warrants to purchase our securities or other rights, including rights to receive payment in cash or securities based on the value, rate or price of one or more specified commodities, currencies, securities or indices, or any combination of the foregoing. Warrants may be issued independently or together with any other securities that may be sold by us pursuant to this prospectus or any combination of the foregoing and may be attached to, or separate from, such securities. To the extent warrants that we issue are to be publicly traded, each series of such warrants will be issued under a separate warrant agreement to be entered into between us and a warrant agent.

We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from a current report on Form 8-K that we file with the SEC, forms of the warrant and warrant agreement, if any. The prospectus supplement relating to any warrants that we may offer will contain the specific terms of the warrants and a description of the material provisions of the applicable warrant agreement, if any. These terms may include the following:

● the title of the warrants;

● the price or prices at which the warrants will be issued;

● the designation, amount and terms of the securities or other rights for which the warrants are exercisable;

● the designation and terms of the other securities, if any, with which the warrants are to be issued and the number of warrants issued with each other security;

● the aggregate number of warrants;

● any provisions for adjustment of the number or amount of securities receivable upon exercise of the warrants or the exercise price of the warrants;

● the price or prices at which the securities or other rights purchasable upon exercise of the warrants may be purchased;

● if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the securities or other rights purchasable upon exercise of the warrants will be separately transferable;

● a discussion of any material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to the exercise of the warrants;

● the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence, and the date on which the right will expire;

● the maximum or minimum number of warrants that may be exercised at any time;

● information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any; and

● any other terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the warrants.

**Rights**

We may issue rights to purchase our securities. The rights may or may not be transferable by the persons purchasing or receiving the rights. In connection with any rights offering, we may enter into a standby underwriting or other arrangement with one or more underwriters or other persons pursuant to which such underwriters or other persons would purchase any offered securities remaining unsubscribed for after such rights offering. In connection with a rights offering to holders of our capital stock, a prospectus supplement will be distributed to such holders on the record date for receiving rights in the rights offering set by us.

We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from a current report on Form 8-K that we file with the SEC, forms of the subscription rights, standby underwriting agreement or other agreements, if any. The prospectus supplement relating to any rights that we offer will include specific terms relating to the offering, including, among other matters:

● the date of determining the security holders entitled to the rights distribution;

● the aggregate number of rights issued and the aggregate amount of securities purchasable upon exercise of the rights;

● the exercise price;

● the conditions to completion of the rights offering;

● the date on which the right to exercise the rights will commence and the date on which the rights will expire; and

● any applicable federal income tax considerations.

Each right would entitle the holder of the rights to purchase the principal amount of securities at the exercise price set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Rights may be exercised at any time up to the close of business on the expiration date for the rights provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, all unexercised rights will become void.

Holders may exercise rights as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. Upon receipt of payment and the rights certificate properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the rights agent, if any, or any other office indicated in the prospectus supplement, we will, as soon as practicable, forward the securities purchasable upon exercise of the rights. If less than all of the rights issued in any rights offering are exercised, we may offer any unsubscribed securities directly to persons other than stockholders, to or through agents, underwriters or dealers or through a combination of such methods, including pursuant to standby underwriting arrangements, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

**Units**

We may issue units consisting of any combination of the other types of securities offered under this prospectus in one or more series. We may evidence each series of units by unit certificates that we may issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into unit agreements with a unit agent. Each unit agent, if any, may be a bank or trust company that we select. We will indicate the name and address of the unit agent, if any, in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of units. Specific unit agreements, if any, will contain additional important terms and provisions. We will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from a current report that we file with the SEC, the form of unit and the form of each unit agreement, if any, relating to units offered under this prospectus.

If we offer any units, certain terms of that series of units will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement, including, without limitation, the following, as applicable:

● the title of the series of units;

● identification and description of the separate constituent securities comprising the units;

● the price or prices at which the units will be issued;

● the date, if any, on and after which the constituent securities comprising the units will be separately transferable;

● a discussion of certain United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the units; and

● any other material terms of the units and their constituent securities.

**FORMS OF SECURITIES**

Each security may be represented either by a certificate issued in definitive form to a particular investor or by one or more global securities representing the entire issuance of securities. Certificated securities in definitive form and global securities will be issued in registered form. Definitive securities name you or your nominee as the owner of the security, and in order to transfer or exchange these securities or to receive payments other than interest or other interim payments, you or your nominee must physically deliver the securities to the trustee, registrar, paying agent or other agent, as applicable. Global securities name a depositary or its nominee as the owner of the debt securities, warrants or units represented by these global securities. The depositary maintains a computerized system that will reflect each investor's beneficial ownership of the securities through an account maintained by the investor with its broker/dealer, bank, trust company or other representative, as we explain more fully below.

***Registered Global Securities***

We may issue the securities in the form of one or more fully registered global securities that will be deposited with a depositary or its nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement and registered in the name of that depositary or nominee. In those cases, one or more registered global securities will be issued in a denomination or aggregate denominations equal to the portion of the aggregate principal or face amount of the securities to be represented by registered global securities. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole for securities in definitive registered form, a registered global security may not be transferred except as a whole by and among the depositary for the registered global security, the nominees of the depositary or any successors of the depositary or those nominees.

The specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to any securities to be represented by a registered global security will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those securities. We anticipate that the following provisions will apply to all depositary arrangements.

Ownership of beneficial interests in a registered global security will be limited to persons, called participants, that have accounts with the depositary or persons that may hold interests through participants. Upon the issuance of a registered global security, the depositary will credit, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the participants' accounts with the respective principal or face amounts of the securities beneficially owned by the participants. Any dealers, underwriters or agents participating in the distribution of the securities will designate the accounts to be credited. Ownership of beneficial interests in a registered global security will be shown on, and the transfer of ownership interests will be effected only through, records maintained by the depositary, with respect to interests of participants, and on the records of participants, with respect to interests of persons holding through participants. The laws of some states may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of these securities in definitive form. These laws may impair your ability to own, transfer or pledge beneficial interests in registered global securities.

So long as the depositary, or its nominee, is the registered owner of a registered global security, that depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner or holder of the securities represented by the registered global security for all purposes under the applicable indenture, warrant agreement or unit agreement.

Except as described below, owners of beneficial interests in a registered global security will not be entitled to have the securities represented by the registered global security registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of the securities in definitive form and will not be considered the owners or holders of the securities under the applicable indenture, warrant agreement or unit agreement. Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a registered global security must rely on the procedures of the depositary for that registered global security and, if that person is not a participant, on the procedures of the participant through which the person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the applicable indenture, warrant agreement or unit agreement. We understand that under existing industry practices, if we request any action of holders or if an owner of a beneficial interest in a registered global security desires to give or take any action that a holder is entitled to give or take under the applicable indenture, warrant agreement or unit agreement, the depositary for the registered global security would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial interests to give or take that action, and the participants would authorize beneficial owners owning through them to give or take that action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.

Payments to holders with respect to securities represented by a registered global security registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee will be made to the depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of the registered global security. None of the Company, the trustees, the warrant agents, the unit agents or any other agent of the Company, agent of the trustees, the warrant agents or unit agents will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in the registered global security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to those beneficial ownership interests.

We expect that the depositary for any of the securities represented by a registered global security, upon receipt of any payment of principal, premium, interest or other payment or distribution to holders of that registered global security, will immediately credit participants' accounts in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in that registered global security as shown on the records of the depositary. We also expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in a registered global security held through participants will be governed by standing customer instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with the securities held for the accounts of customers or registered in "street name," and will be the responsibility of those participants.

If the depositary for any of these securities represented by a registered global security is at any time unwilling or unable to continue as depositary or ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act and a successor depositary registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act is not appointed by us within 90 days, we will issue securities in definitive form in exchange for the registered global security that had been held by the depositary. Any securities issued in definitive form in exchange for a registered global security will be registered in the name or names that the depositary gives to the relevant trustee, warrant agent, unit agent or other relevant agent of ours or theirs. It is expected that the depositary's instructions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the registered global security that had been held by the depositary.

**PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION**

We may sell the securities from time to time to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers. A distribution of the securities offered by this prospectus may also be effected through the issuance of derivative securities, including without limitation, warrants, rights to purchase and subscriptions. In addition, the manner in which we may sell some or all of the securities covered by this prospectus includes, without limitation, through:

● a block trade in which a broker-dealer will attempt to sell as agent, but may position or resell a portion of the block, as principal, in order to facilitate the transaction;

● purchases by a broker-dealer, as principal, and resale by the broker-dealer for its account; or

● ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which a broker solicits purchasers.

A prospectus supplement or supplements with respect to each series of securities will describe the terms of the offering, including, to the extent applicable:

● the terms of the offering;

● the name or names of the underwriters or agents and the amounts of securities underwritten or purchased by each of them, if any;

● the public offering price or purchase price of the securities or other consideration therefor, and the proceeds to be received by us from the sale;

● any delayed delivery requirements;

● any over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;

● any underwriting discounts or agency fees and other items constituting underwriters' or agents' compensation;

● any discounts or concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers; and

● any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed.

The offer and sale of the securities described in this prospectus by us, the underwriters or the third parties described above may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions, including privately negotiated transactions, either:

● at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;

● in an "at the market" offering within the meaning of Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act;

● at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or

● at negotiated prices.

Only underwriters named in the prospectus supplement will be underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.

**Underwriters and Agents; Direct Sales**

If underwriters are used in a sale, they will acquire the offered securities for their own account and may resell the offered securities from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate.

Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, the obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement, other than securities covered by any over-allotment option. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement, naming the underwriter, the nature of any such relationship.

We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities, and we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, our agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment.

We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.

**Dealers**

We may sell the offered securities to dealers as principals. The dealer may then resell such securities to the public either at varying prices to be determined by the dealer or at a fixed offering price agreed to with us at the time of resale.

**Institutional Purchasers**

We may authorize agents, dealers or underwriters to solicit certain institutional investors to purchase offered securities on a delayed delivery basis pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified future date. The applicable prospectus supplement or other offering materials, as the case may be, will provide the details of any such arrangement, including the offering price and commissions payable on the solicitations.

We will enter into such delayed contracts only with institutional purchasers that we approve. These institutions may include commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies and educational and charitable institutions.

**Indemnification; Other Relationships**

We may provide agents, underwriters, dealers and remarketing firms with indemnification against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents, underwriters, dealers and remarketing firms, and their affiliates, may engage in transactions with, or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business. This includes commercial banking and investment banking transactions.

**Market-Making; Stabilization and Other Transactions**

There is currently no market for any of the offered securities, other than our common stock, which is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. If the offered securities are traded after their initial issuance, they may trade at a discount from their initial offering price, depending upon prevailing interest rates, the market for similar securities and other factors. While it is possible that an underwriter could inform us that it intends to make a market in the offered securities, such underwriter would not be obligated to do so, and any such market-making could be discontinued at any time without notice. Therefore, no assurance can be given as to whether an active trading market will develop for the offered securities. We have no current plans for listing of the debt securities, preferred stock, warrants or subscription rights on any securities exchange or quotation system; any such listing with respect to any particular debt securities, preferred stock, warrants or subscription rights will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement or other offering materials, as the case may be.

Any underwriter may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing transactions, short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Over-allotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum price. Syndicate-covering or other short-covering transactions involve purchases of the securities, either through exercise of the over-allotment option or in the open market after the distribution is completed, to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a stabilizing or covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.

Any underwriters or agents that are qualified market makers on the Nasdaq Capital Market may engage in passive market-making transactions in our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of our common stock. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker's bid, however, the passive market maker's bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market-making may stabilize the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.

**Fees and Commissions**

If 5% or more of the net proceeds of any offering of securities made under this prospectus will be received by a FINRA member participating in the offering or affiliates or associated persons of such FINRA member, the offering will be conducted in accordance with FINRA Rule 5121.

**LEGAL MATTERS**

Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, the validity of the securities offered by this prospectus, and any supplement thereto, will be passed upon for us by Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP, New York, NY. The legality of the securities for any underwriters, dealers or agents will be passed upon by counsel as may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.

**EXPERTS**

The financial statements incorporated in this prospectus by reference to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 have been audited by Bush & Associates CPA LLC, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, and are incorporated herein in reliance upon such report given on the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been audited by Wolf & Company, P.C., our former independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report (which includes an explanatory paragraph relating to substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern as described in Note 1 to the financial statements), and are incorporated herein in reliance upon such report given on the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

**WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION**

This prospectus is part of the registration statement on Form S-3 we filed with the SEC under the Securities Act and does not contain all the information set forth in the registration statement. Whenever a reference is made in this prospectus to any of our contracts, agreements or other documents, the reference may not be complete and you should refer to the exhibits that are a part of the registration statement or the exhibits to the reports or other documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus for a copy of such contract, agreement or other document. Because we are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. We maintain a website at www.ispecimen.com. Information contained in or accessible through our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus.

**INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE**

The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference information from other documents that we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Information in this prospectus supersedes information incorporated by reference that we filed with the SEC prior to the date of this prospectus, while information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede the information in this prospectus. We incorporate by reference into this prospectus and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the information or documents listed below that we have filed with the SEC (Commission File No. 001-40501):

● Our Annual Report on [Form 10-K](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025031639/ea0237797-10k_ispecimen.htm) for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on April 14, 2025;

● Our Quarterly Report on [Form 10-Q](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025045447/ea0241874-10q_ispecimen.htm) for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, as filed with the SEC on May 19, 2025;

● Our Quarterly Report on [Form 10-Q](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025076629/ea0253075-10q_ispecimen.htm) for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the SEC on August 14, 2025;

● Our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on [February 24, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025016309/ea0231832-8k_ispecimen.htm) , [February 28, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025018804/ea0232619-8ka1_ispecimen.htm) , [March 11, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025022444/ea0233826-8k_ispecimen.htm) , [June 5, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025051593/ea0244830-8k_ispecimen.htm) , [June 24, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025057284/ea0246274-8k_ispecimen.htm) , [July 10, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025062804/ea0248396-8k_ispecimen.htm) , [July 25, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025067772/ea0250233-8k_ispecimen.htm) , [August 5, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025072070/ea0251234-8k_ispecimen.htm) , and [August 7, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025073069/ea0252182-8k_ispecimen.htm) ; and

● The description of our common stock set forth in our Registration Statement on [Form 8-A](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000110465921080784/tm2035427d23_8a12b.htm) filed with the SEC on June 14, 2021 including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description, including [Exhibit 4.3](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000155837022004077/ispc-20211231xex4d3.htm) to our Annual Report on [Form 10-K](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025031639/ea0237797-10k_ispecimen.htm) for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 14, 2025.

In addition, all documents filed by us pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date hereof and before the termination or completion of this offering of our securities shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus and to be a part of it from the filing dates of such documents, except in each case for information contained in any such filing where we indicate that such information is being furnished and is not to be considered "filed" under the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus shall be deemed modified, superseded or replaced for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus, or in any subsequently filed document that also is deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus, modifies, supersedes or replaces such statement. Any statement so modified, superseded or replaced shall not be deemed, except as so modified, superseded or replaced, to constitute a part of this prospectus. None of the information that we disclose under Items 2.02 or 7.01 of any Current Report on Form 8-K or any corresponding information, either furnished under Item 9.01 or included as an exhibit thereto, that we may from time to time furnish to the SEC will be incorporated by reference into, or otherwise included in this prospectus, except as otherwise expressly set forth in the relevant document. Subject to the foregoing, all information appearing in this prospectus is qualified in its entirety by the information appearing in the documents incorporated by reference.

Documents incorporated by reference are available from us without charge, excluding all exhibits unless we have specifically incorporated by reference the exhibit in this prospectus. You may obtain documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus by requesting them in writing or by telephone from:

iSpecimen Inc.<br> 8 Cabot Road, Suite 1800

Woburn, MA 08101<br> Attention: Corporate Secretary<br> Telephone: (781) 301-6700

Information about us is also available at our website at www.ispecimen.com. However, the information on our website is not a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference.

**ISPECIMEN INC.**

**$100,000,000**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Common Stock <br> Debt Securities <br> Rights** | **Preferred Stock <br> Warrants <br> Units** |

---

**Prospectus**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**, 2025**

**PART II** 

**INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS**

**Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution**

The following table sets forth an estimate of the fees and expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by the Registrant in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered. All the amounts shown are estimates, except for the SEC registration fee.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount** |
| SEC registration fee | $15310 |
| FINRA filing fee | $nan<sup>(1)</sup> |
| Fees and expenses of the trustee | $nan<sup>(1)</sup> |
| Printing expenses | $nan<sup>(1)</sup> |
| Legal fees and expenses | $65000<sup>(1)</sup> |
| Accounting fees and expenses | $nan<sup>(1)</sup> |
| Transfer agent fees and expenses | $nan<sup>(1)</sup> |
| Miscellaneous | $nan<sup>(1)</sup> |
| Total | $nan<sup>(1)</sup> |

---

(1) These fees are calculated based on the securities offered and
the number of issuance and accordingly cannot be estimated at this time.

**Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers**

Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") provides that a corporation may indemnify directors and officers as well as other employees and individuals against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any threatened, pending or completed actions, suits or proceedings in which such person is made a party by reason of such person being or having been a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation. Section 145 of the DGCL also provides that expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by a director or officer in defending an action may be paid by a corporation in advance of the final disposition of an action if the director or officer undertakes to repay the advanced amounts if it is determined such person is not entitled to be indemnified by the corporation. The DGCL provides that Section 145 is not exclusive of other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled under any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. Our second amended and restated bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, we shall indemnify and hold harmless any person who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative by reason of the fact that such person, or the person for whom he is the legally representative, is or was a director or officer of ours, against all liabilities, losses, expenses (including attorney's fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such proceeding.

Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL permits a corporation to provide in its certificate of incorporation that a director of the corporation shall not be personally liable to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) for unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases, redemptions or other distributions, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.

Our Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Third Amended and Restated Bylaws provide we shall, to the fullest extent permitted under the laws of the State of Delaware, as amended and supplemented from time to time, indemnify each person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that such party is or was, or has agreed to become, a director or officer of ours, or is or was serving, or has agreed to serve, at our request, as a director, officer or trustee of, or in a similar capacity with, another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including any employee benefit plan, or by reason of any action alleged to have been taken or omitted in such capacity, against all expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such party or on such party's behalf in connection with such action, suit or proceeding and any appeal therefrom.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

**Item 16. Exhibits**

The following exhibits are filed with this registration statement.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit <br> Number** | **Description of Document** |
| 1.1\*\* | Form of Underwriting Agreement. |
| 3.1 | [Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 22, 2021)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000110465921084200/tm2120278d1_ex3-1.htm) |
| 3.2 | [Third Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 10, 2025)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1558569/000121390025062804/ea024839601ex3-1_ispecimen.htm) |
| 3.3\*\* | Form of Certificate of Designation of Preferred Stock |
| 4.1\*\* | Form of Indenture |
| 4.2\*\* | Form of Debt Securities |
| 4.3\*\* | Form of Warrant Agreement and Warrant Certificate |
| 4.4\*\* | Form of Preferred Stock Certificate |
| 4.5\*\* | Form of Unit Agreement and Unit Certificate |
| 4.6\*\* | Form of Rights Agreement and Rights Certificate. |
| 5.1\* | [Opinion of Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP](ea026065401ex5-1_ispecimen.htm) |
| 23.1\* | [Consent of Wolf & Company, P.C.](ea026065401ex23-1_ispecimen.htm) |
| 23.2\* | [Consent of Bush & Associates CPA LLC](ea026065401ex23-2_ispecimen.htm) |
| 23.3\* | [Consent of Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP (included on Exhibit 5.1)](ea026065401ex5-1_ispecimen.htm) |
| 24\* | [Power of Attorney (included on signature page of this registration statement)](#a_001) |
| 25.1\*\*+ | Statement of Eligibility of Trustee on Form |
| 107\* | [Filing Fee Table](ea026065401ex-fee_ispecimen.htm) |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| \* | Filed herewith. |
| \*\* | If applicable, to be filed by an amendment of as an exhibit to a report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act and incorporated by reference. |
| + | To be filed pursuant to Rule 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act. |

---

**Item 17. Undertakings**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being
made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the
Securities Act of 1933;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after
the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the
aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing,
any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which
was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus
filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent
change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective
registration statement; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan
of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration
statement;

*provided, however,* that the undertakings set forth in paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) above do not apply if the registration statement is on Form S-3 or Form F-3 and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the registration statements or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is a part of the registration statement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the
Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities
offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment
any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities
Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration
statement; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2),
(b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i),
(vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to
be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness
or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability
purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the
registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of
such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made
in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated
by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a
time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement
or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant
under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes
that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting
method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following
communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities
to such purchaser:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant
relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared
by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to
the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned
registrant; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) any other communication that is an offer in the offering made
by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes
of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, each filing of the registrant's annual report pursuant
to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement shall
be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that
time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the
Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions
or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against
public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is therefore unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification
against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling
person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling
person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been
settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against
public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933, and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) If and when applicable, the undersigned registrant hereby undertakes
to file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section 310 of the
Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Commission under Section 305(b)(2) of the Act.

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Woburn, State of Massachusetts, on October 23, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **iSPECIMEN INC.** | **iSPECIMEN INC.** |
| By: | /s/ Robert Bradley Lim |
|  | Robert Bradley Lim |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |

---

**Power of Attorney**

Each of the undersigned officers and directors of iSpecimen Inc. hereby constitutes and appoints Katharyn Field and Robert Bradley Lim, and each of them any of whom may act without joinder of the other, the individual's true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for the person and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign this registration statement on Form S-3, and any other registration statement relating to the same offering (including any registration statement, or amendment thereto, that is to become effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended), and any and all amendments thereto (including post-effective amendments to the registration statement), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Signature** | **Title** | **Date** |
| /s/ Robert Bradley Lim | Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer, | October 23, 2025 |
| Robert Bradley Lim | Secretary and Director |  |
| /s/ Yuying Liang | Principal Accounting and Financial Officer | October 23, 2025 |
| Yuying Liang |  |  |
| /s/ Siyun Yang | Director | October 23, 2025 |
| Siyun Yang |  |  |
| /s/ Anthony Lau | Director | October 23, 2025 |
| Anthony Lau |  |  |
| /s/ Avtar Dhaliwal | Director | October 23, 2025 |
| Avtar Dhaliwal |  |  |

---

## Exhibit 5.1

**Exhibit 5.1**

![](ex5-1_001.jpg)

October 23, 2025

iSpecimen Inc.

8 Cabot Road, Suite 1800

Woburn, MA 08101

Re: Registration Statement on Form S-3

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as counsel to iSpecimen Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), in connection with the registration, pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-3 (the "Registration Statement"), filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"), relating to the offering and sale from time to time, as set forth in the Registration Statement, the form of prospectus contained therein (the "Prospectus"), and one or more supplements to the Prospectus (each, a "Prospectus Supplement"), by the Company of up to an aggregate of $100,000,000 of securities of the Company consisting of (a) shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the "Common Stock"), (b) shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the "Preferred Stock"), (c) debt securities of the Company, which may be senior or subordinated, convertible or non-convertible, secured or unsecured (the "Debt Securities"), (d) warrants to purchase one or more of the Securities (as hereinafter defined) (the "Warrants"), and (e) units consisting of any combination of the foregoing securities (the "Units"). The Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities, Warrants and Units, and any securities issuable upon the conversion, exchange or exercise of such securities, are collectively referred to herein as the "Securities".

We advise you that we have examined executed originals or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction of the following documents: (i) the Registration Statement; (ii) the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement; (iii) resolutions adopted by the Company's board of directors (the "Board of Directors") relating to the registration of the Securities and related matters, (iv) the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, as amended to date (the "Certificate of Incorporation"); and (v) the Company's Bylaws, as amended to date (the "Bylaws", and together with the Certificate of Incorporation, the "Constituent Documents"). In addition, we have examined and relied upon such corporate records and other documents, instruments and certificates of officers and representatives of the Company and of public officials, and we have made such examination of law, as we have deemed necessary or appropriate for purposes of the opinion expressed below.

We have assumed for purposes of rendering the opinions set forth herein, without any verification by us, the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all natural persons to execute and deliver documents, the authenticity and completeness of documents submitted to us as originals and the completeness and conformity with authentic original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, that all documents, books and records made available to us by the Company are accurate and complete.

1185 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS \| 31ST FLOOR \| NEW YORK, NY \| 10036

T (212) 930-9700 \| F (212) 930-9725 \| WWW.SRFC.LAW

For purposes of this opinion letter, we have also assumed that: (a) the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto (including post-effective amendments) shall have become and remain effective under the Act, no stop order with respect thereto shall have been issued, a prospectus supplement shall have been prepared and filed with the Commission describing the Securities offered thereby and such Securities shall have been issued and sold in accordance with the terms set forth in such prospectus supplement; (b) any securities issuable upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any Securities being offered shall have been duly authorized by corporate action and, if appropriate, reserved for issuance upon such conversion, exercise or exchange; (c) at the time of any offering or sale of any shares of Common Stock, Preferred Stock or Securities exercisable, convertible or exchangeable into Common Stock or Preferred Stock, there shall be a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, as applicable, authorized and unissued under the Certificate of Incorporation then in effect and not otherwise reserved for issuance; (d) at the time of issuance of the Securities, the Company shall validly exist and shall be in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and shall have the necessary corporate power for such issuance; (e) any definitive purchase, at-the-market offering, underwriting or similar agreement with respect to any Securities, if applicable, and any applicable indenture, warrant agreement or unit agreement relating to Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, as the case may be, shall constitute legally valid and binding obligations of the parties thereto, enforceable against each of them in accordance with their respective terms, at the time of issuance of the applicable Securities; (f) certificates representing the shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, as the case may be, or any Debt Securities, Warrants or Units shall have been duly executed, countersigned, registered and delivered, or if uncertificated, valid book-entry notations shall have been made in the share or other register of the Company, in each case in accordance with the Constituent Documents and in the manner contemplated by the Registration Statement and/or the applicable prospectus supplement, either (x) against payment therefor in an amount not less than the par value thereof, in the case of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, or such other consideration determined by the board of directors, or an authorized committee thereof, as permitted under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL"), in accordance with the provisions of any applicable definitive purchase agreement, at-the-market offering agreement, underwriting agreement, indenture, warrant agreement, unit agreement or similar agreement, if any, approved by the Company or (y) upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any other Security in accordance with the terms of such Security or the instrument governing such Security as approved by the Company, for the consideration approved by the Company (in the case of Common Stock or Preferred Stock in an amount not less than the par value thereof, or such other consideration determined by the board of directors, or an authorized committee thereof, as permitted under the DGCL); (g) the Constituent Documents shall be in full force and effect and shall not have been amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise altered, and there shall be no authorization of any such amendment, restatement, supplement or alteration, in each case since the date hereof, other than in connection with the authorization and issuance of Securities; and (h) any trustee under an applicable indenture has satisfied all regulatory and legal requirements applicable to its activities.

For purposes of this opinion letter, we refer to the following as the "Future Authorization and Issuance" of Securities:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) With respect to any of the Securities, (i) the authorization by the Company of the terms, offering and issuance of such Securities (the "Authorization") and (ii) the issuance of such Securities in accordance with the Authorization therefor upon the receipt by the Company of the consideration to be paid therefor in accordance with the Authorization;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) With respect to Preferred Stock, (i) the establishment of the terms of such Preferred Stock by the Company in conformity with the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law and (ii) the proper execution, acknowledgement and filing with the Delaware Secretary of State, and the effectiveness of, a certificate of designations to the Certificate of Incorporation setting forth the terms of such Preferred Stock in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) With respect to the Debt Securities, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable indenture and the due authorization, execution, authentication and delivery of such Debt Securities in accordance with such indenture and any applicable definitive agreement, and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Debt Securities will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) With respect to Warrants, (i) the due authorization, valid execution and delivery by the Company and the other parties thereto of any agreement under which the Warrants are to be issued (each, a "Warrant Agreement") and (ii) the establishment of the terms of the Warrants, and the execution and delivery of the Warrants, in conformity with the Warrant Agreement and applicable law; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) With respect to the Units, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable unit agreement, if any, and the due authorization, issuance and delivery of such Units in accordance with such unit agreement and any applicable definitive agreement, and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Units will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

Based upon the foregoing and subject to the qualifications, assumptions and limitations contained herein, we are of the opinion that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. With respect to the Common Stock, including those shares that are duly issued upon conversion, exchange or exercise of any Preferred Stock, Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, upon the authorization and issuance of such shares of Common Stock, such shares of Common Stock will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. With respect to one or more series of the Preferred Stock, including those duly issued upon conversion, exchange or exercise of any Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, upon the authorization and issuance of such shares of Preferred Stock, such shares of Preferred Stock will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. With respect to the Debt Securities, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable indenture and the due authorization, execution, authentication and delivery of such Debt Securities in accordance with such indenture and any applicable definitive agreement, and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Debt Securities will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms..

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. With respect to the Warrants, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable warrant agreement and the due authorization, countersignature, issuance and delivery of such Warrants in accordance with such warrant agreement and any applicable definitive agreement, and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Warrants will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. With respect to the Units, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable unit agreement, if any, and the due authorization, issuance and delivery of such Units in accordance with such unit agreement and any applicable definitive agreement, and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Units will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

The opinions set forth above are subject to the following exceptions, limitations and qualifications:

We express no opinion as to: (a) the effect of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, fraudulent transfer, moratorium or other similar laws now or hereafter in effect relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors; (b) the effect of general principles of equity, including without limitation, concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing and the possible unavailability of specific performance or injunctive relief, regardless of whether enforcement is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law, and the discretion of the court before which any proceeding may be brought; (c) the unenforceability under certain circumstances under law or court decisions of provisions providing for the indemnification of, or contribution to, a party with respect to a liability where such indemnification or contribution is contrary to public policy; (d) the rights or remedies available to any party for violations or breaches of any provisions of the Debt Securities, Warrants or Units that are immaterial or the enforcement of which would be unreasonable under the then-existing circumstances; (e) the rights or remedies available to any party for material violations or breaches that are the proximate result of actions taken by any party to the Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, other than the party against whom enforcement is sought, which actions such other party is not entitled to take pursuant to the Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, or that otherwise violate applicable laws; (f) the rights or remedies available to any party that takes discretionary action that is arbitrary, unreasonable or capricious, or is not taken in good faith or in a commercially reasonable manner, whether or not the Debt Securities, Warrants or Units permit such action; or (g) the effect of the exercise of judicial discretion, whether in a proceeding in equity or at law.

The aforesaid opinions as to enforceability of the Debt Securities, Warrants and Units are subject to the qualification that certain provisions of the Debt Securities, Warrants and Units, as applicable, may not be enforceable, but (subject to the limitations set forth in clauses (a) through (g) of the immediately preceding paragraph) such unenforceability will not render the Debt Securities, Warrants and Units, as applicable, invalid as a whole or substantially interfere with realization of the principal benefits and/or security provided thereby.

This opinion is being furnished at the request of the Company and in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Act in connection with the offer and resale of the Securities and is not to be used, quoted or otherwise referred to for any other purpose without our prior written consent. This opinion does not constitute such prior written consent.

We are members of the Bar of the State of New York. We express no opinion as to the effect of any laws other than the laws of the State of New York, the DGCL and the Federal laws of the United States of America, each as in effect on the date hereof.

This opinion speaks only at and as of its date and is based solely on the facts and circumstances known to us at and as of such date. We assume no obligation to revise or supplement this opinion to reflect any facts or circumstances that may hereafter come to our attention or any changes in fact or law that may hereafter occur.

We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the reference made to our firm under the caption "Legal Matters" in the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement. In giving such consent, we do not thereby concede that our firm is within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.

---

| |
|:---|
| */s/ Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP* |
| Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP |

---

1185 Avenue of the Americas \| 31<sup>st</sup> Floor \| New York, NY \| 10036

T (212) 930 9700 \| F (212) 930 9725 \| WWW.SRFC.LAW

## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form S-3 and related Prospectus of iSpecimen Inc. of our report dated March 13, 2024, except Note 1, Reverse Stock Split and Note 13, as to which the date is April 14, 2025, relating to the financial statements of iSpecimen Inc., appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of iSpecimen Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2023.

We also consent to the reference to our firm under the heading "Experts" in such Prospectus.

/s/ Wolf & Company, P.C.

Boston, Massachusetts

October 23, 2025

## Exhibit 23.2

**Exhibit 23.2**

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

![](ex23-2_001.jpg)

To Whom It May Concern:

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement on Form S-3 of our report dated April 14, 2025, relating to the financial statements of iSpecimen Inc., which appears in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We also consent to the reference to our firm under the heading "Experts" in the Prospectus.

Very truly yours,

/s/ Bush & Associates CPA

Bush & Associates CPA LLC (PCAOB 6797)

Henderson, Nevada

October 23, 2025

179 N. Gibson Rd., Henderson, NV 89014 ● 702.703.5979 ● www.bushandassociatescpas.com

## Ex-Filing

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? Filing Fee Exhibit

**Ex-Filing Fees**

**CALCULATION OF FILING FEE TABLES**

**S-3**

**iSpecimen Inc.**

**Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities**

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Line Item Type** | **Security Type** | **Security Class Title** | **Notes** | **Fee Calculation<br> Rule** | **Amount Registered** | **Proposed Maximum Offering<br> Price Per Unit** | **Maximum Aggregate Offering Price** | **Fee Rate** | **Amount of Registration Fee** |
| *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* | *Newly Registered Securities* |
| Fees to be Paid | Equity | Common Stock | (1) | 457(o) |  | $| $— |  | $— |
| Fees to be Paid | Equity | Preferred Stock | (2) | 457(o) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fees to be Paid | Debt | Debt Securities | (3) | 457(o) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fees to be Paid | Other | Warrants | (4) | 457(o) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fees to be Paid | Other | Units | (5) | 457(o) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fees to be Paid | Unallocated (Universal) Shelf |  | (6) | 457(o) |  | $| $100000000.00 | 0.0001381 | $13810.00 |
| Total Offering Amounts: | Total Offering Amounts: | Total Offering Amounts: | Total Offering Amounts: | Total Offering Amounts: | Total Offering Amounts: | Total Offering Amounts: | $100000000.00 |  | 13810.00 |
| Total Fees Previously Paid: | Total Fees Previously Paid: | Total Fees Previously Paid: | Total Fees Previously Paid: | Total Fees Previously Paid: | Total Fees Previously Paid: | Total Fees Previously Paid: |  |  |  |
| Total Fee Offsets: | Total Fee Offsets: | Total Fee Offsets: | Total Fee Offsets: | Total Fee Offsets: | Total Fee Offsets: | Total Fee Offsets: |  |  |  |
| Net Fee Due: | Net Fee Due: | Net Fee Due: | Net Fee Due: | Net Fee Due: | Net Fee Due: | Net Fee Due: |  |  | $13810.00 |

---

**__________________________________________ Offering Note(s)**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) In accordance with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security. These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) In accordance with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security. These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) In accordance with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security. These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) In accordance with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security. These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) In accordance with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security. These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(6) In accordance with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security. These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder. Represents the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.