# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001540305
**File Stem:** 0000894189-23-001593
**Filing Date:** 2023-2
**Character Count:** 29893
**Document Hash:** 7d2817388ff2f7f189f11d7e7716daef
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0000894189-23-001593.hdr.sgml**: 20230228

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0000894189-23-001593

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 497K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 2

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20230228

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20230228

**EFFECTIVENESS DATE**: 20230228

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** ETF Series Solutions
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001540305
- **IRS NUMBER:** 000000000
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1112

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 497K
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-179562
- **FILM NUMBER:** 23680180

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 615 EAST MICHIGAN ST
- **CITY:** MILWAUKEE
- **STATE:** WI
- **ZIP:** 53202
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 414-287-3700

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 615 EAST MICHIGAN ST
- **CITY:** MILWAUKEE
- **STATE:** WI
- **ZIP:** 53202

## Series and Classes Contracts Data

### Blue Horizon BNE ETF (Series ID: S000070106)

| Class ID   | Class Name           | Ticker Symbol   |
|:---|:---|:---|
| C000223018 | Blue Horizon BNE ETF | BNE             |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **BLUE HORIZON BNE ETF** <br>**Trading Symbol: BNE**<br>**Listed on NYSE Arca, Inc.** | ***Summary Prospectus***<br>***February 28, 2023***<br>www.bne-etf.com |

---

Before you invest, you may want to review the Fund's prospectus and statement of additional information ("SAI"), which contain more information about the Fund and its risks. The current prospectus and SAI dated February 28, 2023, are incorporated by reference into this Summary Prospectus. You can find the Fund's prospectus, reports to shareholders, and other information about the Fund online at www.bne-etf.com/investor-materials. You can also get this information at no cost by calling 1-800-617-0004 or by sending an e-mail request to ETF@usbank.com.

**Investment Objective**

The Blue Horizon BNE ETF (the "Fund") seeks to track the performance, before fees and expenses, of the Blue Horizon New Energy Economy 100 Index (the "Index").

**Fees and Expenses of the Fund**

The following table describes the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold, and sell shares of the Fund ("Shares"). **You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the table and Example below.** 

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Annual Fund Operating Expenses**<br>*(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)* | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Annual Fund Operating Expenses**<br>*(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)* |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Management Fees | 0.89% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees | 0.00% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other Expenses | 0.00% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses** | **0.89%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less Fee Waiver<sup>1</sup> | (0.02)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses Less Fee Waiver** | **0.87%** |

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<sup>1</sup> The Fund's investment adviser has agreed to waive two basis points (0.02%) of its management fees for the Fund until at least February 28, 2024. This agreement may only be terminated before that date by or with the consent of the Fund's Board of Trustees.

**Expense Example**

This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then continue to hold or redeem all of your Shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund's operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **1 Year** | **3 Years** | **5 Years** | **10 Years** |
| $89 | $282 | $491 | $1094 |

---

**Portfolio Turnover**

The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or "turns over" its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund's performance. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022, the Fund's portfolio turnover rate was 65% of the average value of its portfolio.

**Principal Investment Strategy**

The Fund uses a "passive management" (or indexing) approach to track the performance, before fees and expenses, of the Index. The Index seeks to track the performance of a portfolio of companies that are leaders, enablers, and beneficiaries of a transformational shift in the way energy is produced, stored, distributed, and consumed. The Index was created in 2020 and is owned by Blue Horizon Capital LLC ("Blue Horizon" or the "Index Provider").

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*Blue Horizon New Energy Economy 100 Index*

The Index consists of a portfolio of approximately 100 U.S. and foreign companies from the following New Energy Economy Sectors (collectively, companies participating in the "New Energy Economy"):

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Electric Vehicles & Other New Energy Consuming Applications** | Companies whose core products, services, technologies, or intellectual property are being transformed by advances in the way energy is used or consumed (*e.g.*, electric vehicles, portable consumer devices and electronics, devices that improve mobility, and tools).  |
| **Energy Distribution** | Companies driving advancements in the distribution of energy (*e.g*., micro grids, distributed energy systems, smart grids, charging infrastructure and services, and related infrastructure).  |
| **Energy Storage** | Companies developing new technologies, products, or services for the storage of energy (*e.g*., batteries, thermal units, mechanical units, chemical units, and related battery sub-components).  |
| **Energy Materials** | Companies engaged in activities related to the mining and production or refinement of critical elements, critical intermediates, specialty materials, performance materials, advanced material systems, and sub-systems used across the New Energy Economy. |
| **Energy Generation** | Companies engaged in making clean or alternative energy generation more cost effective, safe, and sustainable *(e.g.*, energy generation from solar, wind, hydrogen, fusion, fission, geothermal, biofuels, and clean fuels). |

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Companies eligible for inclusion in the Index are those included in the Blue Horizon New Energy Economy Universe (the "BH Universe"), a proprietary database of companies in the New Energy Economy Sectors listed above. Companies in the BH Universe are then screened for investibility requirements including a market capitalization in excess of $200 million and a minimum average daily value traded of $1 million. Companies in the BH Universe are then further screened for relevance to their applicable New Energy Economy Sectors, and assigned a score based on revenue, market share, growth, and technology leadership relative to their New Energy Economy Sectors. Companies with stronger ties to the New Energy Economy Sectors receive higher scores, and the companies with the highest scores are included in the Index, subject to a maximum of 30 companies in any one New Energy Economy Sector.

The Index is rebalanced semi-annually, and Index constituents are equally weighted at the time of each rebalance. The Index is reconstituted (*i.e.*, companies added or removed from the Index) when the Index Provider determines that changes to the Index constituents are appropriate to maintain the integrity of the Index's theme, *e.g.*, by removing companies that are no longer a leader in their New Energy Economy Sector or adding companies that have gained relevance in their New Energy Economy Sector.

*The Fund's Investment Strategy*

The Fund will generally use a "replication" strategy to achieve its investment objective, meaning the Fund will generally invest in all of the component securities of the Index in the same approximate proportions as in the Index. However, the Fund may use a "representative sampling" strategy, meaning it may invest in a sample of the securities in the Index whose risk, return, and other characteristics closely resemble the risk, return, and other characteristics of the Index as a whole, when the Fund's adviser believes it is in the best interests of the Fund (*e.g.*, when replicating the Index involves practical difficulties or substantial costs, an Index constituent becomes temporarily illiquid, unavailable, or less liquid, or as a result of legal restrictions or limitations that apply to the Fund but not to the Index).

The Fund is expected to concentrate (*i.e.*, hold more than 25% of its total assets) in securities of an industry or group of related industries to approximately the same extent as the Index. As of October 31, 2022, the Index was not concentrated in any industry or group of related industries; however, securities in the energy, industrial, and materials sectors made up a significant portion of the Index.

**Principal Investment Risks**

The principal risks of investing in the Fund are summarized below. The principal risks are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate finding particular risks and comparing them with other funds. Each risk summarized below is considered a "principal risk" of investing in the Fund, regardless of the order in which it appears. As with any investment, there is a risk that you could lose all or a portion of your investment in the Fund. Some or all of these risks may adversely affect the Fund's net asset value per share ("NAV"), trading price, yield, total return and/or ability to meet its objectives. For more information about the risks of investing in the Fund, see the section in the Fund's Prospectus titled "Additional Information About the Fund."

• **Associated Risks of New Energy Economy Companies.** New Energy Economy companies include energy, industrial, infrastructure, and logistics companies, among others, and will therefore be susceptible to adverse economic, environmental, business, regulatory, or other occurrences affecting such companies. New Energy Economy companies may be affected by the obsolescence of existing technology, short product cycles, falling prices and profits, competition from new market entrants and general economic conditions. In addition, intense competition and legislation resulting in more strict government regulations and enforcement policies and specific expenditures for cleanup efforts can significantly affect this sector. Risks associated with hazardous materials, fluctuations in energy prices and supply and demand of alternative energy fuels, energy conservation, the success of exploration projects and tax and other government regulations can significantly affect New

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Energy Economy companies. Also, supply and demand for specific products or services, the supply and demand for oil and gas, the price of oil and gas, production spending, government regulation, world events and economic conditions may affect this sector.

• **Concentration Risk**. The Fund's investments will be concentrated in an industry or group of industries to the extent that the Index is so concentrated. In such event, the value of the Shares may rise and fall more than the value of shares of a fund that invests in securities of companies in a broader range of industries.

*•* **Depositary Receipt Risk**. Depositary Receipts involve risks similar to those associated with investments in foreign securities, such as changes in political or economic conditions of other countries and changes in the exchange rates of foreign currencies. Depositary Receipts listed on U.S. exchanges are issued by banks or trust companies and entitle the holder to all dividends and capital gains that are paid out on the underlying foreign shares ("Underlying Shares"). When the Fund invests in Depositary Receipts as a substitute for an investment directly in the Underlying Shares, the Fund is exposed to the risk that the Depositary Receipts may not provide a return that corresponds precisely with that of the Underlying Shares.

• **Equity Market Risk**. The equity securities held in the Fund's portfolio may experience sudden, unpredictable drops in value or long periods of decline in value. This may occur because of factors that affect securities markets generally or factors affecting specific issuers, industries, or sectors in which the Fund invests. Common stocks are generally exposed to greater risk than other types of securities, such as preferred stock and debt obligations, because common stockholders generally have inferior rights to receive payment from issuers. In addition, local, regional or global events such as war, including Russia's invasion of Ukraine, acts of terrorism, spread of infectious diseases or other public health issues, recessions, rising inflation, or other events could have a significant negative impact on the Fund and its investments. For example, the global pandemic caused by COVID-19, a novel coronavirus, and the aggressive responses taken by many governments, including closing borders, restricting international and domestic travel, and the imposition of prolonged quarantines or similar restrictions, has had negative impacts, and in many cases severe impacts, on markets worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused prolonged disruptions to the normal business operations of companies around the world and the impact of such disruptions is hard to predict. Such events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors and industries more significantly than others. Such events could adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund's portfolio securities or other instruments and could result in disruptions in the trading markets.

• **ETF Risks**. The Fund is an ETF, and, as a result of an ETF's structure, it is exposed to the following risks:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ *Authorized Participants, Market Makers, and Liquidity Providers Concentration Risk.* The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as Authorized Participants ("APs"). In addition, there may be a limited number of market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent either of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to NAV and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities and no other entities step forward to perform their functions.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ *Costs of Buying or Selling Shares.* Due to the costs of buying or selling Shares, including brokerage commissions imposed by brokers and bid-ask spreads, frequent trading of Shares may significantly reduce investment results and an investment in Shares may not be advisable for investors who anticipate regularly making small investments.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ *Shares May Trade at Prices Other Than NAV.* As with all ETFs, Shares may be bought and sold in the secondary market at market prices. Although it is expected that the market price of Shares will approximate the Fund's NAV, there may be times when the market price of Shares is more than the NAV intra-day (premium) or less than the NAV intra-day (discount) due to supply and demand of Shares or during periods of market volatility. This risk is heightened in times of market volatility, periods of steep market declines, and periods when there is limited trading activity for Shares in the secondary market, in which case such premiums or discounts may be significant. Because securities held by the Fund may trade on foreign exchanges that are closed when the Fund's primary listing exchange is open, there are likely to be deviations between the current price of a security and the security's last quoted price from the closed foreign market. This may result in premiums and discounts that are greater than those experienced by domestic ETFs.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*◦ Trading*. Although Shares are listed for trading on NYSE Arca, Inc. (the "Exchange") and may be traded on U.S. exchanges other than the Exchange, there can be no assurance that Shares will trade with any volume, or at all, on any stock exchange. In stressed market conditions, the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the liquidity of the Fund's underlying portfolio holdings, which can be significantly less liquid than Shares, and this could lead to differences between the market price of the Shares and the underlying value of those Shares.

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• **Foreign Securities Risk**. Investments in non-U.S. securities involve certain risks that may not be present with investments in U.S. securities. For example, investments in non-U.S. securities may be subject to risk of loss due to foreign currency fluctuations or to political or economic instability. Investments in non-U.S. securities also may be subject to withholding or other taxes and may be subject to additional trading, settlement, custodial, and operational risks. These and other factors can make investments in the Fund more volatile and potentially less liquid than other types of investments.

*•* **Index Provider Risk.** There is no assurance that the Index Provider, or any agents that act on its behalf, will compile the Index accurately, or that the Index will be determined, maintained, constructed, reconstituted, rebalanced, composed, calculated or disseminated accurately. The Fund's adviser relies upon the Index Provider and its agents to compile, determine, maintain, construct, reconstitute, rebalance, compose, calculate (or arrange for an agent to calculate), and disseminate the Index accurately. Any losses or costs associated with errors made by the Index Provider or its agents generally will be borne by the Fund and its shareholders.

• **Market Capitalization Risk**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**◦** *Large-Capitalization Investing*. The securities of large-capitalization companies may be relatively mature compared to smaller companies and therefore subject to slower growth during times of economic expansion. Large-capitalization companies may also be unable to respond quickly to new competitive challenges, such as changes in technology and consumer tastes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**◦** *Mid-Capitalization Investing.* The securities of mid-capitalization companies may be more vulnerable to adverse issuer, market, political, or economic developments than securities of large-capitalization companies, but they may also be subject to slower growth than small-capitalization companies during times of economic expansion. The securities of mid-capitalization companies generally trade in lower volumes and are subject to greater and more unpredictable price changes than large capitalization stocks or the stock market as a whole, but they may also be nimbler and more responsive to new challenges than large-capitalization companies. Some mid-capitalization companies have limited product lines, markets, financial resources, and management personnel and tend to concentrate on fewer geographical markets relative to large-capitalization companies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ *Small-Capitalization Investing.* The securities of small-capitalization companies may be more vulnerable to adverse issuer, market, political, or economic developments than securities of larger-capitalization companies. The securities of small-capitalization companies generally trade in lower volumes and are subject to greater and more unpredictable price changes than larger capitalization stocks or the stock market as a whole. Some small capitalization companies have limited product lines, markets, and financial and managerial resources and tend to concentrate on fewer geographical markets relative to larger capitalization companies. There is typically less publicly available information concerning smaller-capitalization companies than for larger, more established companies. Small-capitalization companies also may be particularly sensitive to changes in interest rates, government regulation, borrowing costs and earnings.

• **Models and Data Risk**. The composition of the Index is heavily dependent on proprietary quantitative models as well as information and data supplied by third parties ("Models and Data"). When Models and Data prove to be incorrect or incomplete, any decisions made in reliance thereon may lead to securities being included in or excluded from the Index that would have been excluded or included had the Models and Data been correct and complete. If the composition of the Index reflects such errors, the Fund's portfolio can be expected to reflect the errors, too.

• **Passive Investment Risk.** The Fund is not actively managed, and its adviser would not sell shares of an equity security due to current or projected underperformance of a security, industry, or sector, unless that security is removed from the Index, the selling of shares of that security is otherwise required upon a reconstitution or rebalancing of the Index, or is necessary to comply with investment policies that apply to the Fund but not the Index.

• **Sector Risk.** To the extent the Fund invests more heavily in particular sectors of the economy, its performance will be especially sensitive to developments that significantly affect those sectors.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**◦** *Energy Sector Risk.* The energy sector is comprised of energy, industrial, infrastructure, and logistics companies, and will therefore be susceptible to adverse economic, environmental, business, regulatory, or other occurrences affecting that sector. The energy sector has historically experienced substantial price volatility. At times, the performance of these investments may lag the performance of other sectors or the market as a whole. Companies operating in the energy sector are subject to specific risks, including, among others, fluctuations in commodity prices; reduced consumer demand for commodities such as oil, natural gas, or petroleum products; reduced availability of natural gas or other commodities for transporting, processing, storing, or delivering; slowdowns in new construction; extreme weather or other natural disasters; and threats of attack by terrorists on energy assets. Additionally, energy sector companies are subject to substantial government regulation and changes in the regulatory environment for energy companies may adversely impact their profitability. Over time, depletion of natural gas reserves and other energy reserves may also affect the profitability of energy companies.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ *Industrial Sector Risk.* The industrial sector can be significantly affected by, among other things, worldwide economic growth, supply and demand for specific products and services, rapid technological developments, international political and economic developments, environmental issues, tariffs and trade barriers, and tax and governmental regulatory policies. As the demand for, or prices of, industrials increase, the value of the Fund's investments generally would be expected to also increase. Conversely, declines in the demand for, or prices of, industrials generally would be expected to contribute to declines in the value of such securities. Such declines may occur quickly and without warning and may negatively impact the value of the Fund and your investment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ *Materials Sector Risk.* Companies in the materials sector may be adversely impacted by the volatility of commodity prices, changes in exchange rates, depletion of resources, over-production, litigation and changes in government regulations, among other factors.

• **Tracking Error Risk**. As with all index funds, the performance of the Fund and the Index may differ from each other for a variety of reasons. For example, the Fund incurs operating expenses and portfolio transaction costs not incurred by the Index. In addition, the Fund may not be fully invested in the securities of the Index at all times or may hold securities not included in the Index.

**Performance**

The following performance information indicates some of the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows the Fund's performance for calendar years ended December 31. The table illustrates how the Fund's average annual returns for the 1-year and since inception periods compare with those of a broad measure of market performance and the Index. The Fund's past performance, before and after taxes, does not necessarily indicate how it will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund's website at www.bne-etf.com.

**Calendar Year Total Returns**

![chart-5cb55c20aaf44ffebb7a.jpg](chart-5cb55c20aaf44ffebb7a.jpg)

During the period of time shown in the bar chart, the Fund's highest quarterly return was 7.13% for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, and the lowest quarterly return was -19.00% for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

**Average Annual Total Returns** 

**For the Periods Ended December 31, 2022** 

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Blue Horizon BNE ETF** | **1 Year** | **Since Inception<br>(12/8/2020)** |
| Return Before Taxes | -19.18% | -3.59% |
| Return After Taxes on Distributions | -19.12% | -3.56% |
| Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares | -11.20% | -2.66% |
| **Blue Horizon New Energy Economy 100 Total Return Index**<br>(reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) | -18.17% | -2.24% |
| **S&P 500 Energy Sector Total Return Index**<br>(reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) | 65.71% | 54.24% |
| **S&P 500 Total Return Index**<br>(reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) | -18.11% | 3.34% |

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After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates during the period covered by the table above and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor's tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as an individual retirement account ("IRA") or other tax-advantaged accounts. In certain cases, the figure representing "Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Shares" may be higher than the other return figures for the same period. A higher after-tax return results when a capital loss occurs upon redemption and provides an assumed tax deduction that benefits the investor.

**Management**

*Investment Adviser:* Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC (the "Adviser") serves as the Fund's investment adviser.

*Portfolio Managers:* Andrew Serowik, a Portfolio Manager of the Adviser, has served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since its inception in December 2020. Todd Alberico and Gabriel Tan, each a Portfolio Manager of the Adviser, have served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since June 2021.

**Purchase and Sale of Shares**

Shares are listed on the Exchange, and individual Shares may only be bought and sold in the secondary market through brokers at market prices, rather than NAV. Because Shares trade at market prices rather than NAV, Shares may trade at a price greater than NAV (premium) or less than NAV (discount).

The Fund issues and redeems Shares at NAV only in large blocks known as "Creation Units," which only APs (typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem. The Fund generally issues and redeems Creation Units in exchange for a portfolio of securities and/or a designated amount of U.S. cash.

Investors may incur costs attributable to the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay to purchase Shares (bid) and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept for Shares (ask) when buying or selling Shares in the secondary market (the "bid-ask spread"). Recent information about the Fund, including its NAV, market price, premiums and discounts, and bid-ask spreads is available on the Fund's website at www.bne-etf.com.

**Tax Information**

Fund distributions are generally taxable as ordinary income, qualified dividend income, or capital gains (or a combination), unless your investment is in an IRA or other tax-advantaged account. Distributions on investments made through tax-deferred arrangements may be taxed later upon withdrawal of assets from those accounts.

**Financial Intermediary Compensation**

If you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank) (an "Intermediary"), the Adviser or its affiliates may pay Intermediaries for certain activities related to the Fund, including participation in activities that are designed to make Intermediaries more knowledgeable about exchange traded products, including the Fund, or for other activities, such as marketing, educational training or other initiatives related to the sale or promotion of Shares. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the Intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Any such arrangements do not result in increased Fund expenses. Ask your salesperson or visit the Intermediary's website for more information.