# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000064463
**File Stem:** 0001493152-25-019770
**Filing Date:** 2025-10
**Character Count:** 160296
**Document Hash:** f0a7c316b3cee419903c887907ebd933
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001493152-25-019770.hdr.sgml**: 20251027

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001493152-25-019770

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: S-1

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 17

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251027

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251027

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Soluna Holdings, Inc
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000064463
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** FINANCE SERVICES [6199]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 09 Crypto Assets
- **EIN:** 141462255
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** NV
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** S-1
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-291105
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251420530

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 325 WASHINGTON AVENUE EXTENSION
- **CITY:** ALBANY
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 12205
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 518-218-2500

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 325 WASHINGTON AVENUE EXTENSION
- **CITY:** ALBANY
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 12205

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INC
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 19920703

**As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 27, 2025**

**Registration No. 333-**

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**FORM S-1**

**REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER**

**THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933**

**SOLUNA HOLDINGS, INC.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Nevada** | **7374** | **14-1462255** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of<br> incorporation or organization) | (Primary Standard Industrial<br> Classification Code Number) | (I.R.S. Employer<br> Identification Number) |

---

**325 Washington Avenue Extension**

**Albany, New York 12205**

**(516) 216-9257**

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)

**John Belizaire**

**Chief Executive Officer**

**Soluna Holdings, Inc.**

**325 Washington Ave Extension**

**Albany, New York 12205**

**(516) 216-9257**

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

***Copies to:***

**Steven E. Siesser, Esq.**

**Daniel L. Forman, Esq.**

**Lowenstein Sandler LLP**

**1251 Avenue of the Americas**

**New York, New York 10020**

**(212) 204-8688**

**Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:**

From time to time, as determined by the Selling Holder, after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer ☒ | Smaller reporting company ☒ |
|  | Emerging growth company ☐ |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

**This registration statement shall hereafter become effective in accordance with the provisions of Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933.**

**The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and does not solicit an offer to buy these securities in any state or other jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.**

**Subject to completion, dated October 27, 2025**

**PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS**

**Soluna Holdings, Inc.**

![A black text on a white background AI-generated content may be incorrect.](forms-1_001.jpg)

**Up to 3,500,000 Shares of Common Stock**

This prospectus relates to the resale of up to 3,500,000 shares of Soluna Holdings, Inc.'s (the "Company," "we," "our" or "us") common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("common stock"), by the selling stockholder listed in this prospectus (the "Selling Stockholder"). The shares of common stock registered for resale pursuant to this prospectus consist of (i) 1,000,000 shares (the "Common Shares") of our common stock issued to the Selling Stockholder on April 29, 2025, and (ii) up to 2,500,000 shares (the "Conversion Shares," and together with the Common Shares, the "Shares") of our common stock underlying the secured promissory note issued to the Selling Stockholder (f/k/a Green Cloud Holdings, LLC) on June 20, 2024, in a principal amount equal to $12.5 million (the "Note") at a conversion price of $5.00 per share, each (i) and (ii) in connection with and pursuant to that certain Modification Agreement, dated March 21, 2025 (the "Modification Agreement"), between the Company and the Note Parties (as defined below).

The Common Shares and the Note were, and the Conversion Shares when issued will be, issued to the Selling Stockholder in a private placement offering, as described herein (collectively, the "Private Placements"). For additional information about the Private Placements, see "*Private Placements*."

The Selling Stockholder may, from time to time, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any or all of the Shares or interests in the Shares on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the Shares are traded or in private transactions. These dispositions may be at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices. See "*Plan of Distribution*" in this prospectus for more information. We will not receive any proceeds from the resale or other disposition of the Shares by the Selling Stockholder. See "*Use of Proceeds*" beginning on page 11 and "*Plan of Distribution*" beginning on page 12 of this prospectus for more information. Although we have been advised by the Selling Stockholder that the Selling Stockholder is purchasing the Shares for its own account, for investment purpose in which they take investment risk (including, without limitation, the risk of loss), and without any view or intention to distribute such Shares in violation of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or any other applicable securities laws, the Selling Stockholder may be deemed an "underwriter" within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") , in which case any profits on the sales of the Shares by the Selling Stockholder and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by the Selling Stockholder would be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market ("Nasdaq") under the symbol "SLNH." The last reported sale price for our common stock on October 24, 2025 on Nasdaq was $3.05.

You should read this prospectus, together with the additional information described under the headings "*Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference*" and "*Where You Can Find More Information*," carefully before you invest in any of our securities.

**An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described in the section captioned "*Risk Factors*" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 and our other filings we make with the SEC from time to time, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, together with other information in this prospectus and the information incorporated by reference herein.**

**Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.**

**The date of this prospectus is , 2025.**

**<u>**TABLE OF CONTENTS**</u>**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#a_001) | ii |
| [PROSPECTUS SUMMARY](#a_002) | 1 |
| [THE OFFERING](#a_003) | 6 |
| [PRIVATE PLACEMENTS](#a_004) | 7 |
| [RISK FACTORS](#a_005) | 8 |
| [CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#a_006) | 9 |
| [SELLING STOCKHOLDER](#a_007) | 10 |
| [USE OF PROCEEDS](#a_008) | 11 |
| [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#a_009) | 12 |
| [DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES](#a_010) | 13 |
| [LEGAL MATTERS](#R_001) | 15 |
| [EXPERTS](#R_002) | 16 |
| [WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION](#R_003) | 17 |
| [INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE](#R_004) | 18 |

---

i

**ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS**

This prospectus forms part of a registration statement that we filed with the SEC, and that includes exhibits that provide more detail with respect to the matters discussed in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and the related exhibits filed with the SEC, together with the additional information described under the headings "*Where You Can Find More Information*" and "*Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference*" before making your investment decision.

You should rely only on the information provided in this prospectus or in a prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses or amendments thereto. Neither we, nor the Selling Stockholder, have authorized anyone else to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. You should assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date hereof. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

Neither we, nor the Selling Stockholder, are offering to sell or seeking offers to purchase the Shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. We have not done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the Shares as to distribution of the prospectus outside of the United States.

ii

**PROSPECTUS SUMMARY**

*The following summary highlights some information from this prospectus. It is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before making an investment decision. You should read this entire prospectus, including the "Risk Factors" section on page 8 and the disclosures to which that section refers you, the financial statements and related notes and the other more detailed information appearing elsewhere or incorporated by reference into this prospectus before investing in any of the securities described in this prospectus.*

**Corporate Overview**

Our mission is to make renewable energy a global superpower using computing as a catalyst.

We develop and operate digital infrastructure that taps into a growing global opportunity: the convergence of renewable energy and High-Performance Computing ("HPC"). We call this model **Renewable Computing™**.

Across the world, vast amounts of clean energy go to waste due to curtailment. At the same time, there is a critical shortage of power for energy-intensive infrastructure like Artificial Intelligence ("AI"), HPC, and Bitcoin mining. Renewable Computing™ bridges this gap-unlocking stranded renewable energy and turning it into scalable computing power.

We build, own or co-own, and operate data centers co-located with wind, solar, and hydroelectric plants. Our modular and scalable design supports high-throughput, batchable applications such as Bitcoin, and soon, HPC/AI workloads. These facilities are managed by **MaestroOS™**, our proprietary operating system ("MaestroOS"), which continuously analyzes signals like local power pricing, weather, grid demand, and market conditions to optimize performance and economics.

This intelligent orchestration enables long-term asset monetization and attractive returns on invested capital. Our approach is purpose-built for the energy transition. We specialize in curtailment solutions, working closely with leading renewable energy developers to access underutilized, low-cost power. Our behind-the-meter model allows us to draw energy directly from the plant or the grid, while also providing demand response services-reducing costs and enhancing grid resilience.

A key strategic advantage is our model of co-locating data centers directly with renewable power generation assets. By building behind the meter, we are able to bypass long interconnection queues and source electricity directly from the generation site. This structure not only improves power economics, but also accelerates time-to-market-an increasingly important factor for companies with large, time-sensitive computing workloads such as AI and HPC.

With a repeatable strategy and a growing pipeline of projects, we are scaling a new category of digital infrastructure-one that energizes the grid, lowers computing costs, and advances a more sustainable future.

We operate across multiple business lines and generate revenue from four primary sources, as described below:

● **Bitcoin Mining Business –** We mine Bitcoin through proprietary operations and joint ventures located at our data centers.

● **Bitcoin Hosting Business –** We provide hosting services to third-party Bitcoin mining customers at our data centers.

● **High Performance Computing Business –** We offer colocation and hosting services for companies seeking to train large language models (LLMs), fine-tune existing artificial intelligence models, and deploy other compute-intensive AI or HPC workloads.

● **Demand Response Business** – We leverage our data center infrastructure to provide demand response services to grid operators.

**Lines of Business**

*Bitcoin Mining Business*

We engage in proprietary Bitcoin mining, a process that verifies transactions and secures the Bitcoin blockchain. This process involves the use of specialized computing equipment to solve complex cryptographic algorithms. Miners compete to solve these algorithms; the first to do so is awarded a predetermined number of newly issued Bitcoins (the "Block Reward") and any transaction fees associated with that block.

We participate in one or more mining pools-collaborative networks of miners who combine computing power to improve the probability of earning rewards. Block Rewards earned by the pool are distributed among participants based on each member's proportional contribution. This model helps reduce revenue volatility compared to solo mining operations.

Our mining operations are energy-intensive and require significant computational resources. We operate data centers equipped with both proprietary and third-party hardware and software. Our proprietary data center operating system, **MaestroOS**, is used to optimize performance, manage power consumption, and increase operational efficiency.

Revenue from Bitcoin mining consists of Block Rewards and transaction fees and is recognized upon receipt in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Upon receipt, all digital assets are promptly converted into U.S. dollars through the Coinbase cryptocurrency exchange.

The profitability of this business is affected by several variables, including the market price of Bitcoin, global network hash rate, mining difficulty, electricity and infrastructure costs, and mining pool fees. In addition, Bitcoin undergoes a periodic "halving" event approximately every four years, reducing the Block Reward and potentially impacting future revenue. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, our Bitcoin Mining Business represented approximately 46% and 48% of total revenue. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, our Bitcoin Mining Business represented approximately 46% and 49% of total revenue.

 

*Bitcoin Hosting Business*

We provide colocation and hosting services for third-party Bitcoin mining customers at our data centers. Customers contract space based on their power requirements. Our current customer base includes several large-scale ("Hyperscale") Bitcoin miners. Contracts typically range from 12 to 24 months in duration.

We offer two primary commercial structures:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 1 | **Fixed-Fee Model** – Customers pay a fixed fee based on the volume of energy consumed. |
| 2 | **Profit-Share Model** – Customers pay a share of the profits from their mining activity, with power costs passed through. |

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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, our Bitcoin Hosting Business accounted for approximately 51% and 46% of total revenue. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, our Bitcoin Hosting Business accounted for approximately 51% and 46% of total revenue. Revenue in the Bitcoin Hosting Business was concentrated among a small number of customers. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, three customers made up approximately 79% of hosting revenue and 40% of total revenue. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, three customers made up approximately 80% of hosting revenue and 37% of total revenue.

*High Performance Computing (HPC) Business*

In June 2024, we began providing GPU-as-a-Service in partnership with Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company ("HPE"), offering GPU resources to startups, enterprises, and GPU marketplaces for a fee. As further described in our Annual Report, we terminated our agreement with HPE.

We are currently developing new infrastructure projects intended to support AI and HPC workloads. These efforts include engagement with potential joint venture partners, conducting site and feasibility studies, securing access to power and land, and performing other early-stage development activities.

Our first planned AI/HPC colocation project is **Project Kati**, which is in advanced development. Additional projects, including the announced **Project Rosa**, are also in progress. For the fiscal year 2024 and the six months ended June 30, 2025, we generated minimal revenue from our HPC Business.

*Demand Response Business*

We provide demand response services to grid operators and utilities by leveraging our data centers as dispatchable energy resources. In select states where we operate, our data centers are enrolled in ancillary services programs that support grid reliability.

Under these programs, we commit to reducing a facility's power consumption to a predetermined level when called upon by the grid operator. In return, we receive compensation for maintaining this dispatch capability, provided we meet specific performance criteria. For example, to qualify for compensation in a given period-typically monthly-the data center must meet minimum uptime and availability requirements.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, our Demand Response Business represented approximately 3% and 6% of total revenue. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, our Demand Response Business represented approximately 3% and 5% of total revenue.

**Recent Developments**

*NYDIG Settlement*

As previously disclosed, on December 29, 2022, NYDIG ABL LLC ("NYDIG") filed a complaint against (i) Soluna MC Borrowings, LLC 2021-1, a Delaware limited liability company ("Borrower") and indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Soluna Holdings, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the "Company"), and Soluna MC, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company and indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company ("Guarantor", and together with Borrower, the "Soluna Parties") in Marshall Circuit Court of the Commonwealth of Kentucky (the "Court") regarding a series of loans (the "NYDIG Loans") made by NYDIG to Borrower pursuant to a Master Equipment Finance Agreement, dated December 30, 2021, that were secured by certain assets of Borrower and guaranteed by Guarantor pursuant to a written guaranty agreement. The Soluna Parties and NYDIG entered into a Stipulation and Agreed Judgment which was approved by the Court on February 23, 2024, whereby judgment was granted to NYDIG on the counts in the complaint and the Soluna Parties became jointly and severally liable for an aggregate amount of $9,182,646.13 plus interest (the "Agreed Judgment Amount").

On September 29, 2025, the Soluna Parties and NYDIG entered into a Settlement Agreement (the "Settlement Agreement"), pursuant to which the Soluna Parties and NYDIG agreed to fully settle and resolve the Agreed Judgment Amount and all other matters relating to the NYDIG Loans in exchange for the Soluna Parties' agreement to make certain settlement payments to NYDIG in accordance with the Settlement Agreement. In exchange for such settlement payments, NYDIG, on behalf of itself and its related parties, and its and their respective predecessors, successors, heirs and assigns, agreed to release the Soluna Parties and their affiliates from any and all claims, demands, actions, causes of action, liabilities, damages, costs, and expenses, whether known or unknown, arising out of or relating to the Agreed Judgment Amount and the NYDIG Loans (other than obligations under the Settlement Agreement). If the Soluna Parties fail to make any agreed-upon settlement payments, or certain other defaults occur, the Agreed Judgment Amount shall be revived, reinstated, and restored.

 

 

*Generate Loan Facility*

On September 12, 2025, the Company caused its subsidiaries Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC ("Dorothy 1A Borrower"), Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo, LLC, and Soluna KK I ComputeCo, LLC (collectively, the "Borrowers") to enter into a Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Generate Lending, LLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent (the "Agent"), and Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-A, L.P. (the "Lender"). The Credit Agreement provides for senior secured term loan commitments in an aggregate principal amount of up to $35.5 million, comprised of (i) Tranche A-1 ($5.5 million), (ii) Tranche A-3 ($11.5 million), and (iii) Tranche B ($18.5 million). In addition, the Credit Agreement permits the Borrowers to request one or more Additional Tranche Loan Commitments (as defined in the Credit Agreement), in the aggregate amount of up to $64.5 million, subject to the approval of the Lender and the Agent, for project-level financing of eligible projects. On September 12, 2025, the Borrowers borrowed $12,623,591 under the Credit Agreement, comprised of Tranche A-1 loans and Tranche A-3 loans. The Company can draw upon Tranche B from September 12, 2025 until October 31, 2026, subject to the conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement. The maturity date for the Tranche A and Tranche B loans is the earlier of (i) payment of outstanding principal, interest, and fees and (ii) September 12, 2030. Additional Tranche Loan Commitments will have maturity dates as set forth in their respective amendments to the Credit Agreement.

Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Company issued to Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-B, L.P., an affiliate of the Lender and the Agent ("Generate"), in a private placement: (i) a pre-funded warrant to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock; and (ii) a common warrant to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock (collectively, the "Generate Warrants").

*Chief Financial Officer Resignation and Appointment*

On August 5, 2025, John Tunison, the Company's Chief Financial Officer, notified the Company that, effective August 21, 2025, he will resign from his position as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Company. In connection with Mr. Tunison's resignation, on August 8, 2025, David C. Michaels, a member of the Company's Board of Directors, was appointed as the Company's interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, effective August 21, 2025.

*Project Kati Financing*

On July 22, 2025, the Company closed a $20 million round of financing from Spring Lane Capital for a 35 megawatt (MW) expansion of Project Kati in Texas with Project Kati 1. The funds will be used for the construction of Project Kati 1 beginning in the third quarter of 2025.

*July 2025 Public Offering*

On July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the purchasers signatory thereto, pursuant to which the Company sold in a public offering (the "July 2025 Offering") an aggregate of (i) 8,794,544 shares of common stock; (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 296,365 shares of common stock; (iii) Series A warrants (the "Series A Warrants") to purchase 9,090,909 shares of common stock; and (iv) Series B warrants to purchase 9,090,909 shares of common stock.

Each share of common stock or pre-funded warrant was sold together with one Series A Warrant to purchase one Share and one Series B Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The combined public offering price for each share of common stock (or pre-funded warrant) and accompanying Series A Warrant and Series B Warrant was $0.55. The pre-funded warrants have an exercise price of $0.001 per share, are exercisable immediately upon issuance and will expire when exercised in full. Each Series A Warrant and Series B Warrant has an exercise price of $0.55 per share and is exercisable immediately upon issuance. The Series A Warrants will expire on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date and the Series B Warrants will expire on the twenty-four-month anniversary of the initial exercise date.

The net proceeds of the July 2025 Offering, after deducting the fees and expenses of the placement agent, and other offering expenses payable by the Company, but excluding the net proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, is approximately $4.3 million. The July 2025 Offering closed on July 17, 2025.

**Project Specific Developments**

*Project Hedy*

We have signed a term sheet for power for Project Hedy, a new 120 MW data center co-located with a 200 MW wind farm in South Texas. The wind farm is owned by a new power partner-a multinational conglomerate that focuses on developing and managing sustainable infrastructure solutions, with a strong emphasis on renewable energy, water management, and services, aiming to contribute to a low-carbon economy and a better planet.

*Project Ellen*

We have signed a term sheet for power for Project Ellen, a new 100 MW data center co-located with a 145 MW wind farm in South Texas. The wind farm is owned by a new power partner-a leader in renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure both in the U.S. and internationally. Project Ellen will be developed in two 50MW phases, leveraging wind energy to drive sustainable computing at scale.

*Project Annie*

We have signed a term sheet for power for Project Annie, a new 75 MW data center co-located with a 114 MW solar farm in Northeast Texas. The solar farm is owned by a new power partner-a leader in renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure both in the U.S. and internationally.

**Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company**

We qualify as a "smaller reporting company" under applicable SEC regulations. A smaller reporting company may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

● being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" disclosure in our periodic reports and registration statements, including this prospectus, and reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements;

● not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as amended, on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting; and

● reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation arrangements in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements, including this prospectus.

We will continue to be a smaller reporting company as long as we have a public float (determined as of the end of our second fiscal quarter) of less than $250 million or have annual revenues of less than $100 million as of the last fiscal year for which we have audited financial statements and a public float of less than $700 million.

We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to our stockholders may be different than you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you hold equity interests.

**Corporate Information**

Soluna Holdings, Inc. ("SHI"), formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, which was originally incorporated in the State of New York in 1961, reincorporated in the State of Nevada on March 29, 2021, and is headquartered in Albany, New York. Effective November 2, 2021, the Company changed its name from "Mechanical Technology, Incorporated" (or "MTI") to "Soluna Holdings, Inc." On October 29, 2021, Soluna Callisto Holdings, Inc. merged into Soluna Computing, Inc. ("SCI"), a private green data center development company and a subsidiary of SHI. MTI Instruments, Inc., a subsidiary of SHI, was sold on April 11, 2022. On March 23, 2021, our common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq. We formed a wholly owned subsidiary of SHI on December 27, 2023, SDI. Effective December 31, 2023, SCI transferred substantially all of its assets to SHI or its subsidiaries, including SDI.

Our principal executive office is located at 325 Washington Avenue Extension, Albany, NY 12205, and our phone number is (516) 216-9257. Our principal website address is *www.solunacomputing.com*.

Information contained in, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus or registration statement and inclusions of our website address in this prospectus or registration statement are inactive textual references only. You should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our securities.

We make available free of charge on or through our website access to press releases and investor presentations, as well as all materials that we file electronically with the SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such materials with, or furnishing them to, the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet website, www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file electronically with the SEC.

**THE OFFERING**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Common Stock to be offered by the Selling Stockholder** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Up to 3,500,000 shares of our common stock consisting of: |
|  | ● 1,000,000 Common Shares; and |
|  | ● Up to 2,500,000 Conversion Shares. |
| **Use of Proceeds** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We will not receive any proceeds from the Conversion Shares offered by the Selling Stockholder pursuant to this prospectus. The net proceeds from dispositions of the Common Shares (i) at a price of up to $4.00 per share, shall be applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note, and (ii) at a price greater than $4.00 per share, shall be applied first to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note in an amount equal to $4.00 per share of our common stock and then to the Selling Stockholder. Please see the section entitled "*Use of Proceeds*" on page 11 of this prospectus for a more detailed discussion. |
| **National Securities Exchange Listing** | Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol "SLNH." |
| **Risk Factors** | An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Please see the section entitled "*Risk Factors*" beginning on page 8 of this prospectus. In addition before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described in the section captioned "*Risk Factors*" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, and other filings we make with the SEC from time to time, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, together with other information in this prospectus and the information incorporated by reference herein. |

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The above discussion and table are based on 68,265,626 shares of our common stock outstanding as of October 22, 2025, and excludes:

● 2,645 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $21.45 per share;

● 199,190 shares of our common stock underlying restricted stock units;

● 1,250,000 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Series B Preferred Stock"); and

● 5,466,739 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, including pre-funded warrants, at a weighted average exercise price of $2.07 per share.

As of October 22, 2025, we had 4,928,545 shares of our 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Series A Preferred Stock"), issued and outstanding, and 62,500 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding.

**PRIVATE PLACEMENTS**

 

On June 20, 2024, pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of a Note Purchase Agreement (as amended on July 12, 2024, the "SPA") by and among (i) Soluna AL CloudCo, LLC ("CloudCo"), a Delaware limited liability company and a subsidiary of Soluna Cloud, Inc. ("Soluna Cloud"), a Nevada corporation and a subsidiary of the Company, (ii) Soluna Cloud, (iii) the Company, and (iv) the Selling Stockholder (collectively, the "Note Parties"), CloudCo issued the Note to the Selling Stockholder in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

On March 23, 2025, the Note Parties entered into the Modification Agreement to, among other things, (i) provide for the deposit of 1,000,000 Common Shares into an escrow account maintained by Northland Securities, Inc. ("Northland"), (ii) provide for the issuance to the Selling Stockholder of a warrant to purchase shares of our common stock upon the release by the Selling Stockholder of its lien on our property (the "Warrant"), (iii) amend the payment schedule of the Note to provide (a) for each of the six scheduled payments occurring after the earlier of the effectiveness of a registration statement for the resale of the Registrable Securities (as defined below) or the date that the Registrable Securities may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, without any information requirements, the amount of principal and interest payable on such date shall be reduced by 50% (the aggregate amount of the six months of such reductions, the "Specified Amount") and (b) if the aggregate amount of payments on the Note applied from the proceeds of the sale of the Common Shares on or prior to the last six scheduled payments is less than the Specified Amount (such difference, the "Make Whole Amount"), then the amount of each of the remaining scheduled payments shall be increased by an amount equal to the Make Whole Amount divided by the number of remaining scheduled payments, (iv) modify the Note such that the Note is now convertible into up to 2,500,000 Conversion Shares based on a conversion price of $5.00, (v) amend the Note to provide that we will be a direct co-obligor with CloudCo under the Note, and (vi) amend the SPA to allow us to organize or incorporate any subsidiary, over which we shall have voting or beneficial control, which is being formed with the intent to engage in a business or line of business substantially similar to that of Soluna Cloud or the Company, without first paying all of the principal and interest due under the Note and without first obtaining the Selling Stockholder's prior written consent.

Also under the Modification Agreement, we agreed to register for resale the Common Shares and Conversion Shares (together, the "Registrable Securities") as promptly as commercially practicable, as determined by us, following the registration for resale of certain other securities. Pursuant to the terms of the Modification Agreement, the net proceeds from dispositions of the Common Shares (i) at a price of up to $4.00 per share, shall be applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note, and (ii) at a price greater than $4.00 per share, shall be applied first to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note in an amount equal to $4.00 per share of our common stock and then to the Selling Stockholder.

We also agreed to register for resale the shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant as promptly as commercially practicable, as determined by us, after the issuance of the Warrant.

Subsequently, we and the Selling Stockholder mutually agreed that in lieu of issuing 1,000,000 Common Shares to Northland as described above, we would instead issue such Common Shares directly to the Selling Stockholder, and, on April 29, 2025, we issued 1,000,000 Common Shares directly to the Selling Stockholder.

**RISK FACTORS**

Before purchasing any of the securities you should carefully consider the risk factors incorporated by reference in this prospectus from our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent updates described in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. For a description of these reports and information about where you can find them, see "*Additional Information*" and "*Incorporation of Certain Information By Reference*." Additional risks not presently known or that we presently consider to be immaterial could subsequently materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects.

**CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS**

This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus contain, and our officers and representatives may from time to time make, forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "will," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "could," "intend," "target," "project," "estimate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential" or "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions intended to identify statements about the future. These statements speak only as of the date of this prospectus and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements about the following:

● the availability of financing
 opportunities, risks associated with economic conditions, dependence on management and conflicts of interest;

● the ability to service
 debt obligations and maintain flexibility in respect of debt covenants;

● economic dependence on
 regulated terms of service and electricity rates;

● the speculative and competitive
 nature of the technology sector;

● our ability to attract
 and retain hosted customers for our hosting operations;

● dependency in continued
 growth in blockchain and cryptocurrency usage;

● lawsuits and other legal
 proceedings and challenges;

● conflict of interests with
 directors and management;

● government regulations;

● our ability to construct
 and complete the anticipated expansion of our data centers;

● the impact of global economic
 and market conditions and political developments on our business, including, among others, tariffs, rising inflation and capital
 market disruptions, economic sanctions, bank failures, regional conflicts around the world, and economic slowdowns or recessions
 that may result from such developments which could harm our research and development efforts as well as the value of our common stock
 and our ability to access capital markets; and

● other factors beyond our
 control.

The foregoing does not represent an exhaustive list of matters that may be covered by the forward-looking statements contained herein and in the documents incorporated by reference herein or risk factors that we are faced with that may cause our actual results to differ from those anticipate in our forward-looking statements. Factors that may affect our results include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed in the "*Risk Factors*" section on page 8 of this prospectus, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K or in other reports we file with the SEC.

Moreover, new risks regularly emerge, and it is not possible for our management to predict or articulate all risks we face, nor can we assess the impact of all risks on our business or the extent to which any risk, or combination of risks, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 27A of the Securities Act do not protect any forward-looking statements that we make in connection with this offering. All forward-looking statements included in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus are based on information available to us on the date of this prospectus or the date of the applicable document incorporated by reference. Except to the extent required by applicable laws or rules, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained above and throughout this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. We have expressed our expectations, beliefs and projections in good faith and believe they have a reasonable basis. However, we cannot assure you that our expectations, beliefs or projections will result or be achieved or accomplished.

You should rely only on the information in this prospectus. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely upon it.

**SELLING STOCKHOLDER**

This prospectus covers the resale or other disposition by the Selling Stockholder identified in the table below of (i) 1,000,000 Common Shares, and (ii) up to 2,500,000 Conversion Shares. For additional information regarding the Shares included in this prospectus, see the section titled "*Private Placements*." We are registering the Shares included in this prospectus in order to permit the Selling Stockholder to offer such Shares for resale from time to time. The term "Selling Stockholder" includes the stockholder listed in the table below and its permitted transferees.

The table below sets forth, as of October 15, 2025, the following information regarding the Selling Stockholder:

● the name of the Selling
 Stockholder;

● the number of shares of
 common stock owned by the Selling Stockholder prior to this offering;

● the number of shares of
 common stock to be offered by the Selling Stockholder in this offering;

● the number of shares of
 common stock to be owned by the Selling Stockholder assuming the sale of all of the Shares covered by this prospectus; and

● the percentage of our issued
 and outstanding shares of common stock to be owned by the Selling Stockholder assuming the sale of all of the Shares covered by this
 prospectus based on the number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding as of October 22, 2025.

Except as described otherwise, the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the Selling Stockholder has been determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act and includes, for such purpose, shares of common stock that the Selling Stockholder has the right to acquire within 60 days of October 15, 2025.

All information with respect to the common stock ownership of the Selling Stockholder has been furnished by or on behalf of the Selling Stockholder. We believe, based on information supplied by the Selling Stockholder, that except as may otherwise be indicated in the footnotes to the table below, the Selling Stockholder has sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares of common stock reported as beneficially owned by the Selling Stockholder. Because the Selling Stockholder identified in the table may sell some or all of the shares of common stock beneficially owned by it and covered by this prospectus, and because there are currently no agreements, arrangements or understandings with respect to the sale of any of the shares of common stock, no estimate can be given as to the number of shares of common stock available for resale hereby that will be held by the Selling Stockholder upon termination of this offering. In addition, the Selling Stockholder may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of, or may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of, at any time and from time to time, the shares of common stock it beneficially owns in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act after the date on which it provides the information set forth in the table below. We have, therefore, assumed for the purposes of the following table, that the Selling Stockholder will sell all of the shares of common stock owned beneficially by it that are covered by this prospectus, but will not sell any other shares of common stock that it presently owns. Except in connection with the Promissory Note in the principal amount of $12,500,000, dated June 20, 2024, issued to the Selling Stockholder by an affiliate of the Company, under which the Company is an obligor, neither the Selling Stockholder, nor any persons (entities or natural persons) who have control over the Selling Stockholder, have held any position or office, or have otherwise had any material relationship with us or any of our subsidiaries within the past three years.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Name of Selling Stockholder | Shares Beneficially Owned prior to Offering<sup>(1)</sup> | Shares Offered by this Prospectus | Shares Beneficially Owned after Offering | Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned after Offering<sup>(2)</sup> |
| GreenCloud Partners, LLC <sup>(3)</sup> | 3500000<sup>(4)</sup> | 3500000<sup>(4)</sup> | 0 |  |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> Calculated in accordance with Rule 13(d)(3) under the Exchange Act, which includes all options and warrants owned by the holder which are exercisable within 60 days of October 15, 2025.

<sup>(2)</sup> Based upon 68,265,626 shares of our common stock outstanding on October 22, 2025.

<sup>(3)</sup> The registered holder of such shares is Northland Securities, Inc. As control person of such shares, David Altshuler may be deemed to possess voting and dispositive power over the shares. The address of the Selling Stockholder is c/o Dinse P.C., 209 Battery Street, P.O. Box 988, Burlington, Vermont 05402-0988.

<sup>(4)</sup> Includes: (i) 1,000,000 Common Shares, and (ii) up to 2,500,000 Conversion Shares.

**USE OF PROCEEDS**

The common stock to be offered and sold using this prospectus will be offered and sold by the Selling Stockholder named in this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from any sale of the Conversion Shares in this offering. The net proceeds from dispositions of the Common Shares (i) at a price of up to $4.00 per share, shall be applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note, and (ii) at a price greater than $4.00 per share, shall be applied first to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note in an amount equal to $4.00 per share of our common stock and then to the Selling Stockholder. We will pay all of the fees and expenses incurred by us in connection with this registration.

**PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION**

The Selling Stockholder of the common stock and any of its pledgees, assignees and successors-in-interest may, from time to time, sell any or all of its common stock covered hereby on Nasdaq or any other stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the common stock are traded or in private transactions. These sales may be at fixed or negotiated prices. The selling stockholder may use any one or more of the following methods when selling the common stock:

● ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the
broker-dealer solicits purchasers;

● block trades in which the broker-dealer will attempt to sell
the common stock as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction;

● purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the
broker-dealer for its account;

● an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the
applicable exchange;

● privately negotiated transactions;

● in transactions through broker-dealers that agree with the
Selling Stockholder to sell a specified number of such common stock at a stipulated price per share;

● through the writing or settlement of options or other hedging
transactions, whether through an options exchange or otherwise;

● a combination of any such methods of sale; or

● any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law.

The Selling Stockholder may also sell the common stock under Rule 144 or any other exemption from registration under the Securities Act, if available, rather than under this prospectus.

Broker-dealers engaged by the Selling Stockholder may arrange for other brokers-dealers to participate in sales. Broker-dealers may receive commissions or discounts from the Selling Stockholder (or, if any broker-dealer acts as agent for the purchaser of the common stock, from the purchaser) in amounts to be negotiated, but, except as set forth in a supplement to this prospectus, in the case of an agency transaction not in excess of a customary brokerage commission in compliance with Rule 2121 of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, and in the case of a principal transaction a markup or markdown in compliance with FINRA Rule 2121.

The Selling Stockholder and any broker-dealers or agents that are involved in selling the common stock may be deemed "underwriters" within the meaning of the Securities Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the resale of the common stock purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. The Selling Stockholder has informed us that it does not have any written or oral agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the common stock.

We are required to pay certain fees and expenses incurred by us incident to the registration of the common stock. We have agreed to indemnify the Selling Stockholder against certain losses, claims, damages and liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act with respect to this prospectus.

We agreed to keep this prospectus effective until the earlier of (i) the date on which the Note shall have been satisfied in full, or (ii) such date as the Shares may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 without any information requirements. The Shares offered hereunder will be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers if required under applicable state securities laws. In addition, in certain states, the Shares covered hereby may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.

Under applicable rules and regulations under the Exchange Act, any person engaged in the distribution of the common stock may not simultaneously engage in market making activities with respect to the common stock for the applicable restricted period, as defined in Regulation M, prior to the commencement of the distribution. In addition, the Selling Stockholder will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, including Regulation M, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of the common stock by the Selling Stockholder or any other person. We will make copies of this prospectus available to the Selling Stockholder and have informed them of the need to deliver a copy of this prospectus to each purchaser at or prior to the time of the sale (including by compliance with Rule 172 under the Securities Act).

Our common stock is quoted on Nasdaq under the symbol "SLNH."

**DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES**

*The following summary of the rights of our capital stock is not complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Articles of Incorporation, as amended (the "Articles of Incorporation"), and our Bylaws (the "Bylaws"), copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.*

We have authorized capital stock consisting of 75,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, of which 6,040,000 shares have been designated as shares of Series A Preferred Stock and 187,500 have been designated as Series B Preferred Stock, as of October 22, 2025. Unless stated otherwise, the following discussion summarizes the terms and provisions of our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws. This description is summarized from, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and the applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes, as amended (the "NRS"). For a description of the terms of our preferred stock, see Exhibit 4.14 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

**Common Stock**

***Voting rights.*** The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share held on all matters on which a vote of our common stockholders is taken. Stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. The election of directors of the Company is decided by plurality vote and all other questions are decided by a majority of the votes cast by our stockholders present in person or by proxy, except as otherwise required by the NRS or our Articles of Incorporation. Our Articles of Incorporation provide that notwithstanding any other provision of our Articles of Incorporation or our Bylaws (and notwithstanding the fact that some lesser percentage may be specified by law, the Articles of Incorporation, or the Bylaws), any director or the entire Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") may be removed at any time, but only for cause upon the affirmative vote of 75% or more of the outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote for the election of directors at a meeting called for that purpose.

The Board is divided into three classes, with each class consisting, as nearly as may be possible, of one-third of the total number of directors, with the terms of the classes scheduled to expire in successive years. At each annual meeting of the Company's stockholders, the stockholders elect the members of a single class of directors for three-year terms.

***Dividends.*** The holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends when, as, and if declared by the Board, out of funds legally available therefor.

***Liquidation.*** Except as otherwise provided under our Articles of Incorporation (including the terms of any preferred stock), upon liquidation, dissolution, or the winding up of the Company, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive any remaining assets of the Company in proportion to the respective number of shares held after payment of and reservation for Company liabilities.

***Preemptive Rights.*** The holders of shares of our common stock do not have any preemptive right to subscribe for or purchase any shares of any class or series of our capital stock.

***Redemption Rights.*** Shares of our common stock are not subject to redemption by the Company. To the extent that the Company issues additional shares of common stock, the relative interest in the Company of existing stockholders will likely be diluted.

**Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, and Nevada Law**

Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws contain provisions and terms that may delay, defer, or prevent a tender offer or change in control of the Company that a stockholder might consider to be in his, her, or its best interests, including attempts that might result in a premium being paid over the market price for shares of our common stock. The Company expects that such provisions and terms may have the effect of discouraging extraordinary corporate transactions with respect to the Company, such as hostile takeover bids, and will instead encourage any potential acquiror of the Company to first correspond with our Board. These provisions and terms include:

● Special meetings of stockholders may only be called by the by the chairman of the board or the chief executive officer, or, if there be no chairman of the board and no chief executive officer, by the president, and shall be called by the secretary upon the written request of at least a majority of the Board or the holders of not less than a majority of the voting power of the Company's stock entitled to vote.

● The Company maintains a classified Board that is divided into three classes serving for respective three-year terms. As a result, it would take at least two successive annual meetings of shareholders to replace a majority of the members of our Board.

● Vacancies on the Board may be filled by majority vote of remaining directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, with the individual elected to serve for the remainder of the unexpired term.

● Any director of the Company may be removed from service as a director only after the affirmative vote of 75% or more of outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote for the election of directors, at a meeting called for that purpose.

Nevada's "combinations with interested stockholders" statutes, NRS 78.411 through 78.444, inclusive, prohibit specified types of business "combinations" between certain Nevada corporations and any person deemed to be an "interested stockholder" for two years after such person first becomes an "interested stockholder" unless the corporation's board of directors approves the combination (or the transaction by which such person becomes an "interested stockholder") in advance, or unless the combination is approved by the board of directors and sixty percent of the corporation's voting power not beneficially owned by the interested stockholder, its affiliates and associates. Further, in the absence of prior approval certain restrictions may apply even after such two year period. However, these statutes do not apply to any combination of a corporation and an interested stockholder after the expiration of four years after the person first became an interested stockholder. For purposes of these statutes, an "interested stockholder" is any person who is (1) the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, or (2) an affiliate or associate of the corporation and at any time within the two previous years was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of the corporation. The definition of the term "combination" is sufficiently broad to cover most significant transactions between a corporation and an "interested stockholder." These statutes generally apply to Nevada corporations with 200 or more stockholders of record. However, a Nevada corporation may elect in its articles of incorporation not to be governed by these particular laws, but if such election is not made in the corporation's original articles of incorporation, the amendment (1) must be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of stock representing a majority of the outstanding voting power of the corporation not beneficially owned by interested stockholders or their affiliates and associates, and (2) is not effective until 18 months after the vote approving the amendment and does not apply to any combination with a person who first became an interested stockholder on or before the effective date of the amendment. We made an election to opt out of these statutes in our original articles of incorporation and have not amended such provision.

Nevada's "acquisition of controlling interest" statutes (NRS 78.378 through 78.3793, inclusive) contain provisions governing the acquisition of a controlling interest in certain Nevada corporations. These "control share" laws provide generally that any person that acquires a "controlling interest" in certain Nevada corporations may be denied voting rights, unless a majority of the disinterested stockholders of the corporation elect to restore such voting rights. These laws will apply to us as of a particular date if we were to have 200 or more stockholders of record (at least 100 of whom have addresses in Nevada appearing on our stock ledger at all times during the 90 days immediately preceding that date) and do business in the State of Nevada directly or through an affiliated corporation, unless our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws in effect on the tenth day after the acquisition of a controlling interest provide otherwise. These laws provide that a person acquires a "controlling interest" whenever a person acquires shares of a subject corporation that, but for the application of these provisions of the NRS, would enable that person to exercise (1) one-fifth or more, but less than one-third, (2) one-third or more, but less than a majority, or (3) a majority or more of all of the voting power of the corporation in the election of directors. Once an acquirer crosses one of these thresholds, shares which it acquired in the transaction taking it over the threshold and within the 90 days immediately preceding the date when the acquiring person acquired or offered to acquire a controlling interest become "control shares" to which the voting restrictions described above apply. These laws may have a chilling effect on certain transactions if our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws are not timely amended to provide that these provisions do not apply to us or to an acquisition of a controlling interest, or if our disinterested stockholders do not confer voting rights in the control shares.

Further, NRS 78.139 provides that directors may resist a change or potential change in control of a corporation if the board of directors determines that the change or potential change in control is opposed to or not in the best interest of the corporation upon consideration of any relevant facts, circumstances, contingencies or constituencies pursuant to NRS 78.138(4).

We expect the existence of these provisions may have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions that our Board does not approve in advance and could result in making it more difficult to accomplish transactions that our stockholders may see as beneficial such as (i) discouraging business combinations that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares of our common stock; (ii) discouraging hostile takeovers which could inhibit temporary fluctuations in the market price of our common stock that often result from actual or rumored hostile takeover attempts; and (iii) preventing changes in our management.

**Transfer Agent and Registrar**

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC (the "Transfer Agent") (formerly: American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC). The Transfer Agent's address is 48 Wall Street, 23rd Floor, New York, NY 10005.

**National Securities Exchange Listing**

Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol "SLNH."

**LEGAL MATTERS**

The validity of the shares of our common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP, Las Vegas, Nevada.

**EXPERTS**

The consolidated balance sheets of Soluna Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended have been audited by UHY LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is incorporated herein by reference. Such financial statements have been incorporated herein by reference in reliance on the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

**WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION**

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the securities offered by this prospectus. Pursuant to SEC rules, this prospectus, which is part of the registration statement, omits certain information, exhibits, schedules and undertakings set forth in the registration statement. For further information pertaining to us and our securities, reference is made to our SEC filings and to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents or provisions of any documents referred to in this prospectus are not necessarily complete, and in each instance where a copy of the document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, reference is made to the exhibit for a more complete description of the matters involved.

In addition, registration statements and certain other filings made with the SEC electronically are publicly available through the SEC's web site at http://www.sec.gov. The registration statement, including all exhibits and amendments to the registration statement, has been filed electronically with the SEC.

We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance with such requirements, will file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information will be available for inspection and copying at the web site of the SEC referred to above. We also maintain a website at www.solunacomputing.com, at which you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

**INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE**

The SEC allows us to "incorporate by reference" information that we file with it into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement.

We incorporate by reference the documents listed below that we have previously filed with the SEC:

● our
 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on [March 31, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225001756/form10-k.htm) ;

● our
 Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on [May 15, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225010886/form10-q.htm) , and for the period ended
 June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on [August 14, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225024045/form10-q.htm) ;

● our
 Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 10, 2025, [March 18, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225005535/form8-k.htm) , [March 27, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225010691/form8-k.htm) , [March 28, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225001318/form8-k.htm) , [April 29, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225006679/form8-k.htm) , [May 8, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225009327/form8-k.htm) , [July 3, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225017843/form8-k.htm) , [July 9, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225018416/form8-k.htm) , [July 17, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225020082/form8-k.htm) , [August 8, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225022807/form8-k.htm) , [August 20, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225024920/form8-k.htm) , [September 16, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225013614/form8-k.htm) , [September 23, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225014613/form8-k.htm) , [October 6, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225017009/form8-k.htm) and [October 21, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225018719/form8-k.htm) (other than any portions thereof deemed furnished and not filed);

● our Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on [July 21, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225020351/formdef14a.htm) (other than information furnished rather than filed); and

● the
 description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on [March 22, 2021](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329721000034/mkty8a12b.htm) , as updated
 by the Description of Securities set forth on [Exhibit 4.14](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225001756/ex4-14.htm) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31,
 2024, as filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, including any amendments thereto or reports filed for the purposes of updating this
 description.

All other reports and documents filed by us pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date that this registration statement becomes effective and after the date of this prospectus but before the termination of the offering of the securities described in this prospectus shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Notwithstanding the statements in the preceding paragraphs, no document, report or exhibit (or portion of any of the foregoing) or any other information that we have "furnished" to the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act shall be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Any statement contained in this prospectus or contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or any subsequently filed supplement to this prospectus, or document deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus, modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statements so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.

You may request a copy of these filings at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address:

Soluna Holdings, Inc.

325 Washington Avenue Extension

Albany, NY 12205

(518) 218-2550

Attn: Christopher Gandolfo

hello@soluna.io

You may also access these filings on our website at www.solunacomputing.com. You should rely only on the information incorporated by reference or provided in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone else to provide different or additional information on our behalf. An offer of these securities is not being made in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date of those respective documents.

**Up to 3,500,000 Shares of Common Stock**

![](forms-1_001.jpg)

**PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS**

**, 2025.**

**PART II**

**INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS**

**Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution**

The following table sets forth the costs and expenses payable by us in connection with the sale and distribution of the securities being registered. All amounts are estimates except the SEC registration fee.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| SEC Registration Fee | $1599.89 |
| Legal Fees and Expenses | $20000.0 |
| Accounting Fees and Expenses | $5000.0 |
| Miscellaneous | $2000.0 |
| **Total:** | $28599.89 |

---

**Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers**

NRS 78.138 provides that, unless the corporation's articles of incorporation for greater individual liability, a director or officer is not individually liable to the corporation or its stockholders or creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act in his or her capacity as a director or officer unless the statutory presumption that such director or officer has acted in good faith, on an informed basis and with a view to the interests of the corporation has been rebutted, and it is proven that (i) the director's or officer's acts or omissions constituted a breach of his or her fiduciary duties, and (ii) such breach involved intentional misconduct, fraud, or a knowing violation of law. Our Articles of Incorporation provide that no director or officer shall have any personal liability to the Company or its stockholders for damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer, except for (i) acts that involve intentional misconduct, fraud, or a knowing violation of the law or (ii) the payment of dividends in violation of the NRS.

Section 78.7502(1) of the NRS provides that a corporation may indemnify, pursuant to that statutory provision, any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or other enterprise or as a manager of a limited liability company, against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if such person is not liable pursuant to NRS 78.138 or if such person acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person's conduct was unlawful.

NRS 78.7502(2) permits a corporation to indemnify, pursuant to that statutory provision, any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person acted in any of the capacities set forth above against expenses, including amounts paid in settlement and attorneys' fees actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if he acted under similar standards, except that no indemnification pursuant to NRS 78.7502 may be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction, after any appeals taken therefrom, to be liable to the corporation or for amounts paid in settlement to the corporation, unless and only to the extent that the court in which such action or suit was brought or other court of competent jurisdiction determines that, in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses as the court deems proper. NRS 78.751(1) provides that a corporation shall indemnify any person who is a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, against expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with defending an action (including, without limitation, attorney's fees), to the extent that the person is successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, including, without limitation, an action by or in the right of the corporation, by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise or as a manager of a limited liability company, or any claim, issue or matter in such action.

NRS 78.751 provides that the indemnification pursuant to NRS 78.7502 shall not be deemed exclusive or exclude any other rights to which the indemnified party may be entitled (except that indemnification may not be made to or on behalf of any director or officer finally adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction, after exhaustion of any appeals taken therefrom, to be liable for intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of the law and such intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of the law was material to the cause of action) and that the indemnification shall continue as to directors, officers, employees or agents who have ceased to hold such positions, and to their heirs, executors and administrators. NRS 78.752 permits a corporation to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation against any liability asserted against him or her or incurred by him or her in any such capacity or arising out of his or her status as such whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify him or her against such liabilities.

Section 78.752 of the NRS provides that a Nevada company may purchase and maintain insurance or make other financial arrangements on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the company, or is or was serving at the request of the company as a director, officer, employee, or agent of another company, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise, for any liability asserted against him and liability and expenses incurred by him in his capacity as a director, officer, employee, or agent, or arising out of his status as such, whether or not the company has the authority to indemnify him against such liability and expenses.

Our Bylaws provide that the Company shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by applicable law, pay the expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by an indemnitee in defending or otherwise participating in any proceeding in advance of its final disposition.

In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These agreements, among other things, require us to indemnify our directors and executive officers for certain expenses, including attorneys' fees, judgments and fines incurred by a director or executive officer in any action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of our directors or executive officers or any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request.

We maintain a directors' and officers' insurance policy pursuant to which our directors and officers are insured against liability for actions taken in their capacities as directors and officers. We believe these provisions in the Bylaws and these indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.

**Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.**

On July 19, 2022, we issued to an accredited investor (i) 62,500 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, and (ii) warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock (the "July 2022 Warrants"). The shares of Series B Preferred Stock and the July 2022 Warrants were issued without registration under the Securities Act, based on the exemption from registration afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 promulgated thereunder.

On September 13, 2022, we and the purchasers (the "October 2021 Purchasers") listed in the Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 25, 2021 (the "October 2021 SPA"), entered into an agreement (the "Addendum Amendment") further amending the Addendum, dated July 19, 2022, pursuant to which, among other things, we issued to the October 2021 Purchasers 430,564 shares of common stock ("New Shares") in exchange for Class B warrants issued in connection with the October 2021 SPA, and Class D warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock , Class E common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock , Class F common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock , and Class G common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock (together, the "New Warrants"). The New Shares and the New Warrants were issued without registration under the Securities Act, based on the exemption from registration afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 promulgated thereunder.

On December 2, 2022, we entered into a placement agency agreement (the "Placement Agency Agreement") with Univest Securities, LLC ("Univest"), pursuant to which Univest agreed to serve as the exclusive placement agent for us in connection with such offering. Pursuant to the Placement Agency Agreement, we agreed to pay Univest 431,014 restricted shares of common stock in relation to Univest's role in the underwritten offering that closed on October 26, 2022 (the "October Shares"). The October Shares were issued without registration under the Securities Act, in reliance on the exemptions from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act.

On May 23, 2023, we entered into a Subscription and Investment Representation Agreement with David Michaels, our Secretary (the "Subscriber"), and sold to the Subscriber one share of our Series X Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Series X Preferred Stock"). The offering and sale of the Series X Preferred Stock was exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

On July 28, 2023, we paid a mandatory dividend on our outstanding Series B Preferred Stock in the amount of $657,223.64. Pursuant to a Dividend Payment Agreement, we and the holder of the Series B Preferred Stock agreed to satisfy the payment of the dividend through the issuance of 44,000 shares of our common stock and 70,300 pre-funded warrants. The issuance of the common stock and the pre-funded warrants was exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

On June 20, 2024, pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the SPA by and among the Note Parties, CloudCo issued the Note to the Selling Stockholder. As further inducement for the Selling Stockholder to purchase the Note, Soluna Cloud issued to the Selling Stockholder a warrant (the "June Warrant") exercisable for a number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud equal to the sum of (a) 12.5% of Soluna Cloud's issued and outstanding common stock as of the date of the June Warrant divided by 0.875, plus (b) 12.5% of each Qualified Issuance (as defined below) divided by 0.875. For purposes of the June Warrant, "Qualified Issuance" means (y) each issuance of common stock of Soluna Cloud during the period commencing on the day after the date of the June Warrant and ending on the earlier to occur of (i) the conclusion of up to an additional $112,500,000 of capital raised, whether in the form of debt, equity, mixed or otherwise, by Soluna Cloud and its subsidiaries and (ii) December 31, 2024 and (z) the number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud issuable upon the exercise or conversion of any convertible securities of CloudCo issued during such period. The June Warrant was issued in a transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act and exempt from registration or qualification under applicable state securities laws.

On July 12, 2024, the Note Parties entered into a First Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, which amended the SPA to permit CloudCo to issue additional secured promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount equal to $1,250,000 (the "Additional Notes") to additional accredited investors (the "Additional Investors"). As further inducement for the Additional Investors to purchase the Additional Notes, Soluna Cloud agreed to issue to each Additional Investor a warrant (collectively, the "July Warrants") for a number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud equal to the sum of (a) 1.25% of Soluna Cloud's issued and outstanding common stock as of the date of the July Warrants, divided by 0.9875, plus (b) 1.25% of each Qualified Issuance (as defined below), divided by 0.9875. For purposes of the July Warrants, "Qualified Issuance" means (y) each issuance of common stock of Soluna Cloud during the period commencing on the day after the date of the July Warrants and ending on the earlier to occur of (i) the conclusion of up to an additional $111,250,000 of capital raised, whether in the form of debt, equity, mixed or otherwise, by Soluna Cloud and its subsidiaries, and (ii) December 31, 2024, and (z) the number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud issuable upon the exercise or conversion of any convertible securities of CloudCo issued during such period. The July Warrants were issued in a transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act and exempt from registration or qualification under applicable state securities laws.

We entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the "SEPA") with YA II PN, LTD., a Cayman Islands exempt limited company ("YA") on August 12, 2024. Pursuant to the terms of the SEPA, we agreed to issue and sell to YA, from time to time, up to $25 million of shares of our common stock (the "SEPA Shares"). The SEPA Shares will be issued and sold by us to YA in reliance upon the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

On March 23, 2025, the Note Parties entered into the Modification Agreement to, among other things, provide for the deposit of 1,000,000 Common Shares into an escrow account maintained by Northland Securities, Inc., and provide for the issuance of the Warrant to the Selling Stockholder upon the release by the Selling Stockholder of its lien on our property. Subsequently, we and the Selling Stockholder mutually agreed that the 1,000,000 Common Shares would instead be issued directly to the Selling Stockholder, and, on April 29, 2025, we issued the 1,000,000 Common Shares to the Selling Stockholder. The Common Shares were issued and the Warrant will be issued in reliance upon the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

On September 12, 2025, the Company and the Borrowers entered into the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Company issued to Generate in a private placement: (i) a pre-funded warrant to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock; and (ii) a common warrant to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock. The Generate Warrants were issued and sold without registration under the Securities Act or state securities laws in reliance on the exemptions provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act promulgated thereunder and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws.

**Item 16. Exhibits**

2.1 [Agreement and Plan of Merger dated August 11, 2021, by and among Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, SCI Merger Sub, Inc., and Soluna Callisto Holdings Inc., formerly known as Soluna Computing, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed August 12, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000340/g082297_ex2-1.htm)

3.1 [Articles of Incorporation of Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the "2020 Form 10-K")).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329721000039/exhibit3-1.htm)

3.2 [Articles of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.3 of the 2020 Form 10-K).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329721000039/exhibit3-3.htm)

3.3 [Certificate of Merger filed with the Department of State of New York (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.4 of the 2020 Form 10-K).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329721000039/exhibit3-4.htm)

3.4 [Certificate of Amendment filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada dated June 9, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed June 15, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000192/g082217_ex3-1.htm)

3.5 [Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada on November 2, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed November 4, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000632/g082430_ex3-1.htm)

3.6 [Bylaws of Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.2 of the 2020 Form 10-K).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329721000039/exhibit3-2.htm)

3.7 [Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on August 18, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on August 19, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000384/g082310_ex4-1.htm)

3.8 [Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on December 22, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 8-K Report filed with the SEC on December 29, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000837/g082532_ex4-1.htm)

3.9 [Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on April 21, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 8-K Report filed with the SEC on April 27, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000586/g082991_ex4-1.htm)

3.10 [Certificate of Designation of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on July 20, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 8-K Report filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000942/g083091_ex4-1.htm)

3.11 [Certificate of Change dated October 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 17, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223037517/ex3-1.htm)

4.1 [Form of Common Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed April 12, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000089/g082117_ex4-3.htm)

4.2 [Form of Underwriters' Warrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed April 12, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000089/g082117_ex4-4.htm)

4.3 [Form of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed August 23, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000398/g082320_ex4-2.htm)

4.4 [Form of Secured Convertible Note issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000582/g082394_ex4-1.htm)

4.5 [Form of Class A Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000582/g082394_ex4-2.htm)

4.6 [Form of Class B Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000582/g082394_ex4-3.htm)

4.7 [Form of Class C Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000582/g082394_ex4-4.htm)

4.8 [Form of Representative's Warrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed December 29, 2021).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000837/g082532_ex4-2.htm)

4.9 [Form of Class D Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001256/g083193_ex4-1.htm)

4.10 [Form of Class E Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001256/g083193_ex4-2.htm)

4.11 [Form of Class F Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001256/g083193_ex4-3.htm)

4.12 [Form of Class G Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001256/g083193_ex4-4.htm)

4.13 [Description of Securities (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Annual Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225001756/ex4-14.htm)

4.14 [Form of A Warrant dated May 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 15, 2023 (the "First Quarter 2023 Form 10-Q"))](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223017349/ex4-17.htm)

4.15 [Form of B Warrant dated May 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to the First Quarter 2023 Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223017349/ex4-18.htm)

4.16 [Form of Warrant- Amended Class A Warrant (dated February 28, 2024) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.20 the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex4-20.htm)

4.17 [Form of Warrant- Amended Class B Warrant (dated February 28, 2024) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex4-21.htm)

4.18 [Form of Warrant- Amended Class C Warrant (dated February 28, 2024) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.22 the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex4-22.htm)

4.19 [Form of Warrant- Extension $0.01 Warrant (dated February 28, 2024) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex4-23.htm)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 4.20 | [Form of Warrant- Five Year Warrant for Exercise of $6.00 Repriced Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex4-24.htm) |
| 4.21 | [Form of Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Designation for the Series B Stock (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224039310/ex4-1.htm) |
| 4.22 | [Form of Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225000946/ex4-1.htm) |
| 4.23 | [Form of Series A Warrant issued in the Offering (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 17, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225020082/ex4-1.htm)<br>|
| 4.24 | [Form of Series B Warrant issued in the Offering (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 17, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225020082/ex4-2.htm)<br>|
| 4.25 | [Form of Pre-Funded Warrant issued in the Offering (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 17, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225020082/ex4-3.htm)<br>|
| 4.26 | [Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued in the Offering (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 17, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225020082/ex4-4.htm) |
| 4.27 | [Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225013614/ex4-1.htm) |
| 4.28 | [Form of Common Warrant (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225013614/ex4-2.htm) |
| 5.1\* | [Opinion of Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP.](ex5-1.htm) |
| 10.1+ | [Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329717000043/exhibit103.htm) |
| 10.2+ | [Form of Restricted Stock Agreement Notice for Board of Directors and Employees for Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2012).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329712000350/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.3+ | [Form of Incentive Stock Option Notice for Employees for Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2012).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329712000350/es10-3.htm) |
| 10.4+ | [Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Notice for Employees for Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 of the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2012).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329712000350/ex10-4.htm) |
| 10.5+ | [Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Notice for Board of Directors for Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 of the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2012).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329712000350/es10-5.htm) |
| 10.6+ | [Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.8 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329720000003/exhibit10-8.htm) |
| 10.7+ | [Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant's Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on April 25, 2014).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329714000209/esproxy.htm) |
| 10.8+ | [Form of Restricted Stock Grant Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.10 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329720000003/exhibit10-10.htm) |
| 10.9+ | [Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Grant Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196989) filed with the Commission on June 24, 2014).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329714000324/es4-3.htm) |
| 10.10+ | [Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196989) filed with the Commission on June 24, 2014).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329714000324/es4-4.htm) |
| 10.11+ | [Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant's Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on October 7, 2021)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000548/g082379_def14a.htm) |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.12+ | [Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.11 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000384/g082656_ex10-12.htm) |
| 10.13+ | [Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.13 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000384/g082656_ex10-13.htm) |
| 10.14+ | [Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.14 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000384/g082656_ex10-14.htm) |
| 10.15+ | [Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 1, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000835/g083045_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.16+ | [Form of Option Agreement for the Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001071/g083127_ex10-7.htm) |
| 10.17+ | [Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for the Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001071/g083127_ex10-8.htm) |
| 10.18+ | [Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001071/g083127_ex10-9.htm) |
| 10.19 | [Class A Preferred Share Purchase Agreement dated January 13, 2020, among Harmattan Energy, Ltd., formerly known as Soluna Technologies, Ltd., Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and the other investors set forth on Exhibit A thereto (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.21 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329720000003/exhibit10-21.htm) |
| 10.20 | [Amended and Restated Contingent Rights Agreement dated November 5, 2021, by and between Harmattan Energy, Ltd. and Soluna Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.26 of the 2021 Form 10-K)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000384/g082656_ex10-26.htm) |
| 10.21 | [Side Letter Agreement dated January 13, 2020, by and between Harmattan Energy, Ltd., formerly known as Soluna Technologies, Ltd., and Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.23 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329720000003/exhibit10-23.htm) |
| 10.22 | [Industrial Power Contract dated February 22, 2021, by and between Soluna SW LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Wind, LLC, and a West Kentucky Rural Electric Cooperative Collaboration (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2021)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000100329721000061/exhibit10-1.htm) |
| 10.23 | [Form of Guaranty of Rent dated as of May 3, 2021, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and a power-providing cooperative (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed May 4, 2021).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000124/g082184_ex10-5.htm) |
| 10.24 | [Termination Agreement dated August 11, 2021, by and among Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, Soluna Computing, Inc., formerly known as EcoChain, Inc., and Harmattan Energy, Ltd. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed August 12, 2021).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000340/g082297_ex10-1.htm) |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.25 | [Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 20, 2021, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and accredited investors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000582/g082394_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.26 | [Registration Rights Agreement dated October 25, 2021, by and between the Company and accredited investors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000582/g082394_ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.27 | [Security Agreement dated October 25, 2021, by and among the Company, MTI Instruments and Soluna Computing, Inc., formerly known as EcoChain, Inc., Soluna MC LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Block LLC, and Soluna SW LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Wind LLC, and Collateral Services LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392621000582/g082394_ex10-4.htm) |
| 10.28 | [Master Equipment Finance Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2021 by and between Soluna MC Borrowing 2021-1 LLC and NYDIG ABL LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000066/g082544_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.29 | [Digital Asset Account Control Agreement, effective as of December 30, 2021 by and among Soluna MC Borrowing 2021-1 LLC, NYDIG ABL LLC and NYDIG Trust Company LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000066/g082544_ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.30 | [Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2021 by Soluna MC LLC, in favor of NYDIG ABL LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000066/g082544_ex10-3.htm) |
| 10.31 | [Consent and Waiver Agreement, dated January 13, 2022, by and among the Company and the purchasers signatory to the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000066/g082544_ex10-4.htm) |
| 10.32+ | [Employment Agreement, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and Michael Toporek, dated as of January 14, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed January 21, 2022).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000098/g082575_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.33 | [Form of Note by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and certain institutional lenders (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.53 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000384/g082656_ex10-53.htm) |
| 10.34 | [Commercial Security Agreement, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and KeyBank National Association, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.54 of the 2021 Form 10-K).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000384/g082656_ex10-54.htm) |
| 10.35 | [Promissory Note, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and KeyBank National Association, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.55 of the 2021 Form 10-K).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000384/g082656_ex10-55.htm) |
| 10.36 | [Form of Underwriter's Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 26, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315222029639/ex4-1.htm) |
| 10.37 | [Form of Addendum by and between the Company, Collateral Agent, and each purchaser identified on Schedule A hereto (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000942/g083091_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.38 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement by and among the Company and the purchasers signatory thereto (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000942/g083091_ex10-2.htm) |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.39 | [Form of Leak-Out Agreement by and between the Company and the signatory thereto (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622000942/g083091_ex10-3.htm) |
| 10.40 | [Contribution Agreement by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., Soluna SLC Fund I Projects Holdco, LLC, Soluna DV Devco, LLC, and Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC, dated as of August 5, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 11, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001052/g083132_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.41 | [Form of Addendum Amendment by and Between the Company and the signatories thereof, dated September 13, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001256/g083193_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.42 | [Form of Series B Consent by and between the Company and the signatory thereof, dated September 13, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000175392622001256/g083193_ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.43 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the purchasers named therein, dated December 5, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 5, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315222034422/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.44 | [Form of Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 5, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315222034422/ex4-1.htm) |
| 10.45+ | [Soluna Holdings, Inc. Third Amended and Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223007465/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.46+ | [Soluna Holdings, Inc. 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223007465/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.47 | [Purchase of Membership Interests of Soluna DVSL Computeco LLC dated March 10, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.64 of the Company's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed on March 31, 2023 (the "2022 Form 10-K"))](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223010333/ex10-64.htm) |
| 10.48 | [Fourth Amended and Restated LLC Agreement Soluna DVSL Computeco LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.65 of the 2022 Form 10-K)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223010333/ex10-65.htm) |
| 10.49 | [Data Facility Lease (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.66 of the 2022 Form 10-K)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223010333/ex10-66.htm) |
| 10.50 | [Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement dated March 10, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.67 of the 2022 Form 10-K)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223010333/ex10-67.htm) |
| 10.51 | [Power Purchase Agreement with Lighthouse Electric Cooperative, Inc. dated February 24, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.68 of the 2022 Form 10-K)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223010333/ex10-68.htm) |
| 10.52 | [Second Addendum Amendment dated as of March 3, 2023 with Convertible Noteholders (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.69 of the 2022 Form 10-K)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223010333/ex10-69.htm) |
| 10.53 | [Second Amended Agreement dated May 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.70 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223017349/ex10-70.htm) |
| 10.54 | [Contribution Agreement by and among Navitas West Texas Investments, SPV, LLC, Soluna Computing, Inc., and Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC dated as May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.71 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223017349/ex10-71.htm) |
| 10.55 | [Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC dated as May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.72 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223017349/ex10-72.htm) |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.56 | [Loan and Security Agreement Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC and Navitas West Texas Investments, SPV, LLC dated as of May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.73 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223017349/ex10-73.htm) |
| 10.57+ | [Amended and Restated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the definitive proxy statement filed on May 30, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223019427/formdef14a.htm) |
| 10.58 | [Dividend Payment Agreement with the holder of the Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.75 to the 2023 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223028446/ex10-75.htm) |
| 10.59 | [Third Amendment Agreement with the holders of the Company's Convertible Notes (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 22, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223042538/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.60+ | [Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated November 20, 2023 with John Belizaire (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223042994/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.61+ | [Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement with Michael Toporeck (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315223042994/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.62 | [Fourth Amendment Agreement with holders of the Company's Convertible Notes (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224008481/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.63 | [Employment agreement with John Tunison (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224013008/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.64 | [Security Agreement between SDI Borrowing - 1, LLC and Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC, dated as of May 16, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 22, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224021002/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.65 | [Equipment Loan Agreement between SDI Borrowing - 1, LLC and Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC, dated as of May 16, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 22, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224021002/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.66 | [Form of Common Award Agreement- 2-year vest, 50% per year, no performance (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.82 to the Company's Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2024 (the "2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q")](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-82.htm)) |
| 10.67 | [Form of Common Award Agreement- 3-year time vesting (2024 fixed date start) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.83 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-83.htm) |
| 10.68 | [Form of Common Award Agreement- 3-year time vesting (2025 fixed date start) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.84 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-84.htm) |
| 10.69 | [Form of Common Award Agreement- 3-year vest, 33% per year, no performance (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.85 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-85.htm) |
| 10.70 | [Form of Common Award Agreement- 4-year vest, 25% per year, no performance (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.86 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-86.htm) |
| 10.71 | [Form of Common Award Agreement- 5-year vest, 20% per year, no performance (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.87 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-87.htm) |

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10.72 [Form of Common Award Agreement- Separation vesting (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.88 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-88.htm)

10.73 [Form of Preferred Award Agreement- Separation vesting (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.89 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-89.htm)

10.74 [Form of Preferred Award Agreement- Time vesting, June 1, 2025 Start date (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.90 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-90.htm)

10.75 [Form of Preferred Award Agreement- Time vesting, Start at 12 months (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.91 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-91.htm)

10.76 [Form of Preferred Award Agreement- Time vesting, Start at 18 months (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.92 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-92.htm)

10.77 [Form of Preferred Award Agreement- Time vesting, June 1, 2024 Start date (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.93 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-93.htm)

10.78 [Master Form of True Up Common Award Agreement- 2-year time based vesting (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.94 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-94.htm)

10.79 [Master Form of True Up Common Award Agreement- 3-year time based vesting (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.95 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-95.htm)

10.80 [Master Form of True Up Common Award Agreement- 3-year time vesting (2024 fixed date start) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.96 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-96.htm)

10.81 [Master Form of True Up Common Award Agreement- 3-year time vesting (2025 fixed date start) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.97 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-97.htm)

10.82 [Master Form of True Up Common Award Agreement- 4-year time based vesting (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.98 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-98.htm)

10.83 [Master Form of True Up Common Award Agreement- 5-year time based vesting (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.99 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-99.htm)

10.84 [Master Form of True Up Common Award Agreement- Separation vesting (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.100 to the 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224020047/ex10-100.htm)

10.85 [Soluna Holdings, Inc. Fourth Amended and Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on April 29, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224017019/formdef14a.htm)

10.86 [Soluna Holdings, Inc. Fifth Amended and Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on October 28, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224042630/formdef14a.htm)

10.87 [Soluna Holdings, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on April 29, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224017019/formdef14a.htm)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.88 | [Side Letter Agreement, dated July 22, 2023 by and between Soluna Digital, Inc. and Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.101 to the Company's Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024 (the "2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q")](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-101.htm)) |
| 10.89 | [Payoff Letter between SDI SL Borrowing - 1, LLC and Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC, dated July 22, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.102 to the 2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-102.htm) |
| 10.90 | [Assignment of Equipment and Debt Agreement by and between Soluna DVSL II Computeco, LLC and SDI SL Borrowing - 1, LLC, dated July 22, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.103 to the 2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-103.htm) |
| 10.91 | [Assignment of Equipment Agreement by and between Soluna EPC Services, LLC and Soluna DVSL II Computeco, LLC, dated July 22, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.104 to the 2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-104.htm) |
| 10.92 | [HPE Greenlake Services Custom Statement of Work, dated June 18, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.105 to the 2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-105.htm) |
| 10.93# | [Promissory Note between Soluna AL Cloudco, LLC and \[\*\*\*\], dated June 20, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.106 to the 2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-106.htm) |
| 10.94# | [Note Purchase Agreement by and among Soluna AL Cloudco, LLC, Soluna Cloud, Inc., Soluna Holdings, Inc. and \[\*\*\*\] (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.107 to the 2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-107.htm) |
| 10.95# | [Guaranty Agreement between Soluna Cloud, Inc. and \[\*\*\*\] dated June 20, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.108 to the 2024 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224032123/ex10-108.htm) |
| 10.96 | [First Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 12, 2024, by and between Soluna AL CloudCo, LLC, Soluna Cloud, Inc, Soluna Holdings, Inc. and GreenCloud Partners, LLC](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225001756/ex10-98.htm) |
| 10.97 | [Standby Equity Purchase Agreement between the Company and YA PN, LTD. (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 9, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224035524/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.98 | [Registration Rights Agreement between the Company and YA PN, LTD. (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 9, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224035524/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.99 | [Consent, Waiver, and Mutual Release Agreement, dated October 1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224039310/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.100 | [Form of Payment Agreement by and between the Company and Alpha Capital Anstalt, dated October 1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224039310/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.101 | [Form of Payment Agreement by and between the Company and 3i, LP, dated October 1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224039310/ex10-3.htm) |
| 10.102 | [Form of Payment Agreement by and between the Company and Supereight Capital Holdings Ltd., dated October 1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224039310/ex10-4.htm) |
| 10.103 | [Form of Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated October 1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224039310/ex10-5.htm) |
| 10.104 | [Amendment No. 1 to the Securities Purchase Agreement with the Series B Holder (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224039310/ex10-6.htm) |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.105 | [General Release Agreement by and between the Company and Univest Securities, LLC, dated October 1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.119 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on November 12, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315224044873/ex10-119.htm) |
| 10.106 | [Conversion Agreement, dated December 12, 2024, between the Company and the Noteholders (incorporated by reference to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225001756/ex10-107.htm) |
| 10.107 | [Consent and Waiver Agreement between the Company and the Series B Holder, dated October 1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.120 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 15, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225002391/ex10-120.htm) |
| 10.108 | [Loan Agreement, dated as of March 12, 2025, by and among Soluna SW LLC, Soluna SW Holdings, LLC and Galaxy Digital LLC (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225010691/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.109 | [Security Agreement, dated as of March 12, 2025, by and among Soluna SW LLC, Soluna SW Holdings, LLC and Galaxy Digital LLC (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225010691/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.110 | [Limited Guaranty Agreement, dated as of March 12, 2025, between Soluna Digital, Inc. and Galaxy Digital LLC (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225010691/ex10-3.htm) |
| 10.111 | [Modification Agreement, dated March 21, 2025, by and between Soluna AL CloudCo, LLC, Soluna Cloud, Inc., the Company, and the Investor (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225000946/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.112 | [At the Market Offering Agreement, dated April 29, 2025, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 29, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225006679/ex1-1.htm)<br>|
| 10.113 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.113 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-287519) filed on June 16, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225015179/ex10-113.htm) |
| 10.114 | [Consulting Agreement, entered into on August 8, 2025 and effective August 21, 2025, between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and David Michaels](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225022807/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.115 | [Credit and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2025, by and among the Company and the parties thereto (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225013614/ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.116 | [Registration Rights Agreement, dated September 12, 2025 between the Company and Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-B, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225013614/ex10-2.htm) |
| 10.117 | [Board Observer Letter, dated September 12, 2025, between the Company and Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-A, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2025).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000149315225013614/ex10-3.htm) |
| 21.1 | [Subsidiaries of Securities (incorporated by reference to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64463/000164117225001756/ex21.htm) |
| 23.1\* | [Consent of UHY LLP](ex23-1.htm) |
| 23.2\* | [Consent of Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP (including as part of Exhibit 5.1)](ex5-1.htm) |
| 24.1\* | [Power of Attorney (contained in the signature page of this registration statement).](#R_006) |
| 107\* | [Filing Fee Table](ex107.htm) |

---

\* Filed herewith

**Item 17. Undertakings**

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(a) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective registration statement; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;

*provided, however*, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (ii), and (iii) of this section do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.

(b) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(c) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(d) For the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A (§230.430A of this chapter), shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

(e) That for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser

(f) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant's annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan's annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial *bona fide* offering thereof.

(g) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-1 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Albany, New York, on October 27, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **SOLUNA HOLDINGS, INC.** | **SOLUNA HOLDINGS, INC.** |
| By: | */s/ John Belizaire* |
|  | John Belizaire<br> Chief Executive Officer |

---

**POWER OF ATTORNEY**

We, the undersigned officers and directors of Soluna Holdings, Inc., hereby severally constitute and appoint John Belizaire and David C. Michaels, and each of them singly (with full power to each of them to act alone), to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement (or any other registration statement for the same offering that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as full to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities held on the dates indicated:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Person | Capacity | Date |
| */s/ John Belizaire* | Chief Executive Officer, Director |  |
| John Belizaire | (Principal Executive Officer) | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ David C. Michaels* | Chief Financial Officer |  |
| David C. Michaels | (Principal Financial Officer) | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ Jessica L. Thomas* | Chief Accounting Officer |  |
| Jessica L. Thomas | (Principal Accounting Officer) | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ Michael Toporek* | Executive Chairman |  |
| Michael Toporek |  | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ Agnieska Budzyn* | Director |  |
| Agnieska Budzyn |  | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ Edward R. Hirshfield* | Director |  |
| Edward R. Hirshfield |  | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ Matthew E. Lipman* | Director |  |
| Matthew E. Lipman |  | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ Thomas J. Marusak* | Director |  |
| Thomas J. Marusak |  | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ William Hazelip* | Director |  |
| William Hazelip |  | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ William Phelan* | Director |  |
| William Phelan |  | October 27, 2025 |
| */s/ John Bottomley* | Director |  |
| John Bottomley |  | October 27, 2025 |

---

## Exhibit 5.1

**Exhibit 5.1**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ![](ex5-1_01.jpg) | **Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP** |
| ![](ex5-1_01.jpg) | 702.382.2101 main |
| ![](ex5-1_01.jpg) | 100 North City Parkway, Suite 1600 |
| ![](ex5-1_01.jpg) | Las Vegas, Nevada 89106 |

---

October 27, 2025

Soluna Holdings, Inc.

325 Washington Avenue Extension<br> Albany, New York 12205

To the addressee set forth above:

We have acted as local Nevada counsel to Soluna Holdings, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the "<u>Company</u>"), in connection with the filing by the Company of the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (the "<u>Registration Statement</u>"), including the prospectus contained therein (the "<u>Prospectus</u>"), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "<u>Commission</u>") under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "<u>Act</u>"), relating to the registration for resale, from time to time, by the selling stockholder listed in the Prospectus (the "<u>Selling Stockholder</u>"), of (i) 1,000,000 shares (the "<u>Common Shares</u>") of the Company's common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "<u>Common Stock</u>"), and (ii) up to 2,500,000 shares (the "<u>Conversion Shares</u>", and together with the Common Shares, the "<u>Shares</u>") of Common Stock, underlying that certain Promissory Note, dated as of June 20, 2024, as amended by the Modification Agreement (as defined below) (as so amended, the "<u>Note</u>"), issued by CloudCo (as defined below) and the Company to the Selling Stockholder pursuant to that certain Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 20, 2024, by and among the Company, the Selling Stockholder, Soluna AL CloudCo, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("<u>CloudCo</u>"), and Soluna Cloud, Inc., a Nevada corporation (collectively, the "<u>Note Parties</u>"), as amended by that certain First Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 12, 2024, and by that certain Modification Agreement, dated as of March 21, 2025 (the "<u>Modification Agreement</u>"), each by and among the Note Parties (as so amended, the "<u>NPA</u>", and together with the Note and the Modification Agreement, the "<u>Transaction Documents</u>"). This opinion letter is being delivered at your request pursuant to the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Act.

In our capacity as such counsel, we are familiar with the proceedings taken and proposed to be taken by the Company in connection with the authorization, issuance and resale of the Shares as contemplated by the Transaction Documents and as described in the Registration Statement and Prospectus. For purposes of this opinion letter, and except to the extent set forth in the opinions below, we have assumed that all such proceedings have been or will be timely completed in the manner presently proposed in the Transaction Documents, Registration Statement and Prospectus.

For purposes of issuing this opinion letter, we have (a) made such legal and factual examinations and inquiries, including an examination of originals or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction as being true copies of (i) the Transaction Documents, (ii) the Registration Statement and Prospectus, (iii) the articles of incorporation and bylaws of the Company, and (iv) such agreements, instruments, resolutions of the board of directors of the Company and committees thereof and other corporate records, and such instruments and other documents, as we have deemed necessary or appropriate for the purpose of issuing this opinion letter, and (b) obtained from officers and other representatives and agents of the Company and from public officials, and have relied upon, such certificates, representations and assurances, and public filings, as we have deemed necessary or appropriate.

Soluna Holdings, Inc.

October 27, 2025

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, in our examination, we have, with your permission, assumed without independent verification: (i) each agreement, instrument or other document (or form thereof) we have reviewed or which is referenced herein has been or will be duly executed and delivered by the parties thereto to the extent due execution and delivery are prerequisites to the effectiveness thereof; (ii) the statements of fact and all representations and warranties set forth in the Transaction Documents and in any other documents we have reviewed are, and when any Conversion Shares are issued will be, true and correct as to factual matters, in each case as of the date or dates of such documents and as of the date hereof; (iii) each natural person executing a document at all relevant times had, has, or at the time of such execution will have, sufficient legal capacity to do so; (iv) all documents submitted to us as originals are authentic, the signatures on all documents that we have examined are genuine and all documents submitted to us as certified, conformed, photostatic, facsimile or electronic copies conform to the original document; (v) all corporate records made available to us by the Company, and all public records we have reviewed, are accurate and complete; (v) the obligations of each party set forth in the Transaction Documents and in any other documents we have reviewed are, and when any Conversion Shares are issued will be, its valid and binding obligations, enforceable against such party in accordance with their respective terms; and (vii) after any issuance of Conversion Shares, the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock, together with the total number of shares of Common Stock then reserved for issuance or obligated to be issued by the Company pursuant to any agreement, arrangement, plan or otherwise, will not exceed the total number of shares of Common Stock then authorized under the Company's articles of incorporation.

We are qualified to practice law in the State of Nevada. The opinions set forth herein are expressly limited to and based exclusively on the general corporate laws of the State of Nevada, and we do not purport to be experts on, or to express any opinion with respect to the applicability or effect thereon of, the laws of any other jurisdiction. We express no opinion concerning, and we assume no responsibility as to laws or judicial decisions related to, or any orders, consents or other authorizations or approvals as may be required by, any federal laws, rules or regulations, including, without limitation, any federal securities laws, rules or regulations, or any state securities or "blue sky" laws, rules or regulations.

Based upon the foregoing, and in reliance thereon, and having regard to legal considerations and other information that we deem relevant, we are of the opinion that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The Common Shares have been duly authorized by the Company and are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The Conversion Shares have been duly authorized by the Company, and if, when and to the extent any Conversion Shares are issued in accordance with all applicable terms and conditions of, and in the manner contemplated by, the Transaction Documents, and as described in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, such Conversion Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

The opinions expressed herein are based upon the applicable laws of the State of Nevada and the facts in existence on the date of this opinion letter. In delivering this opinion letter to you, we disclaim any obligation to update or supplement the opinions set forth herein or to apprise you of any changes in any laws or facts after such time as the Registration Statement is declared effective. No opinion is offered or implied as to any matter, and no inference may be drawn, beyond the strict scope of the specific issues expressly addressed by the opinions set forth herein.

We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion letter as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the reference to our firm therein under the heading "Legal Matters". In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.

Very truly yours,

/s/ Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP

## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

<u>CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</u>

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement of Soluna Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") on Form S-1 of our report dated March 31, 2025, with respect to our audits of the Company's consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024, which appears in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our report contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading "Experts" in such Registration Statement.

/s/ UHY LLP

Albany, New York

October 27, 2025

## Ex-Filing

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?

**Exhibit 107**

**Calculation of Filing Fee Tables**

**Form S-1**

(Form Type)

**Soluna Holdings, Inc.**

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

**Table 1: Newly Registered Securities**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Security<br> Type** | **Security<br> Class<br> Title** | **Fee<br> Calculation <br> Rule(1)** | **Amount<br> Registered(2)** |  | **Proposed<br> Maximum<br> Offering<br> Price<br> Per Unit(1)** | **Maximum<br> Aggregate<br> Offering<br> Price(1)** | **Fee Rate** | **Amount of<br> Registration Fee** |
| Equity | Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | 457(c) | 3500000 | (3) | $3.31 | $11585000 | 0.00013810 | $1599.89 |
| **Total Offering Amounts** |  |  |  |  |  | $11585000 |  | $1599.89 |
| **Total Fee Offsets** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Net Fee Due** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $1599.89 |

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(1) Pursuant
 to Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and solely for the purpose of calculating
 the registration fee, the proposed maximum offering price per share is the average of the high and low prices reported for the registrant's
 common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Common Stock"), quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market on October 22, 2025.

(2) Pursuant
 to Rule 416(a) under the Securities Act, this registration statement also covers an indeterminate number of additional shares as
 may be issuable as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions.

(3) Consists
 of (i) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock issued to the selling stockholder, and (ii) up to 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock underlying
 the secured promissory note issued to the selling stockholder (f/k/a Green Cloud Holdings, LLC) on June 20, 2024, in a principal
 amount equal to $12.5 million, pursuant to that certain Modification Agreement, dated March 21, 2025, by and between Soluna
 AL CloudCo, LLC, Soluna Cloud, Inc., the registrant, and the selling stockholder.

N/A