# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001733868
**File Stem:** 0001213900-26-050285
**Filing Date:** 2026-4
**Character Count:** 964659
**Document Hash:** 67f82b6520a690b3578c6701828a5aaf
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001213900-26-050285.hdr.sgml**: 20260430

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001213900-26-050285

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 20-F

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 154

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260430

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260430

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** CNFinance Holdings Ltd.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001733868
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** FINANCE SERVICES [6199]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 02 Finance
- **EIN:** 000000000
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** E9
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 20-F
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-38726
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26926165

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 22/F, SOUTH FINANCE CTR, NO. 6 WUHENG RD
- **STREET 2:** TIANHE DISTRICT, GUANGZHOU CITY
- **CITY:** GUANGDONG PROVINCE
- **STATE:** F4
- **ZIP:** 00000
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 86-020-62316688

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 22/F, SOUTH FINANCE CTR, NO. 6 WUHENG RD
- **STREET 2:** TIANHE DISTRICT, GUANGZHOU CITY
- **CITY:** GUANGDONG PROVINCE
- **STATE:** F4
- **ZIP:** 00000

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?

**UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 20-F**

(Mark One)

☐ **REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**OR**

☒ **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025**

**OR**

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the transition period from <u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u> to <u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u> .**

**OR**

☐ **SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**Date of event requiring this shell company report <u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u>**

**For the transition period from &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;** 

Commission file number: 001-38726

**CNFinance Holdings Limited** (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant's name into English)

**Cayman Islands**

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

**22/F, South Finance Center, No. 7 Chunrong Road Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province People's Republic of China**

(Address of principal executive offices)

**Bin Zhai, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Tel: +86-20-62316688 E-mail: ir@cashchina.cn At the address of the Company set forth above**

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| American depositary shares, each ADS representing two hundred (200) Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share CNF | The New York Stock Exchange |
| Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share\* | The New York Stock Exchange |

---

\* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange of American depositary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

**None (Title of Class)**

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

**None (Title of Class)**

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

1,371,643,240 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share and 0 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, as of December 31, 2025.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☐ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-accelerated Filer ☒ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards<sup>†</sup> provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;☒ U.S. GAAP

☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board

☐ Other

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

**APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS**

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

Yes ☐ No ☐

<sup>†</sup> The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [Introduction](#a_001) | iii |
| [Forward-Looking Information](#a_002) | v |
| [Part I](#a_003) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers](#a_004) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 2. Offer Statistics And Expected Timetable](#a_005) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 3. Key Information](#a_006) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[3.A. \[Reserved\]](#a_007) | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[3.B. Capitalization and Indebtedness](#a_008) | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[3.C. Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds](#a_009) | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[3.D. Risk Factors](#a_010) | 5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 4. Information On The Company](#a_011) | 57 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[4.A. History and Development of the Company](#a_012) | 57 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[4.B. Business Overview](#a_013) | 58 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments](#a_014) | 100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects](#a_015) | 100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[5.A. Operating Results](#a_016) | 100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources](#a_017) | 127 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[5.C. Research and Development](#a_018) | 132 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[5.D. Trend Information](#a_019) | 132 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[5.E. Critical Accounting Estimates](#a_020) | 132 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees](#a_021) | 133 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[6.A. Directors and Senior Management](#a_022) | 133 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[6.B. Compensation](#a_023) | 134 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[6.C. Board Practices](#a_024) | 137 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions](#a_025) | 143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[7.A. Major Shareholders](#a_026) | 143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[7.B. Related Party Transactions](#a_027) | 143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[7.C. Interests of Experts and Counsel](#a_028) | 143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 8. Financial Information](#a_029) | 144 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information](#a_030) | 144 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[8.B. Significant Changes](#a_031) | 144 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9. The Offer And Listing](#a_032) | 145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[9.A. Offering and Listing Details](#a_033) | 145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[9.B. Plan of Distribution](#a_034) | 145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[9.C. Markets](#a_035) | 145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[9.D. Selling Shareholders](#a_036) | 145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[9.E. Dilution](#a_037) | 145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[9.F. Expenses of the Issue](#a_038) | 145 |

---

i

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 10. Additional Information](#a_039) | 146 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.A. Share Capital](#a_040) | 146 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association](#a_041) | 146 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.C. Material Contracts](#a_042) | 146 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.D. Exchange Controls](#a_043) | 146 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.E. Taxation](#a_044) | 146 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.F. Dividends and Paying Agents](#a_045) | 153 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.G. Statement by Experts](#a_046) | 153 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.H. Documents on Display](#a_047) | 153 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.I. Subsidiary information](#a_048) | 153 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10.J. Annual Report to Security Holders](#a_049) | 153 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 11. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#a_050) | 154 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities](#a_051) | 155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[12.A. Debt Securities](#a_052) | 155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[12.B. Warrants and Rights](#a_053) | 155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[12.C. Other Securities](#a_054) | 155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[12.D. American Depositary Shares](#a_055) | 155 |
| [Part II](#a_056) | 157 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 13. Item Defaults, Dividend Arrearages And Delinquencies](#a_057) | 157 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 14. Material Modifications To The Rights Of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds](#a_058) | 157 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[14.A.-14.D. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders](#a_059) | 157 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[14.E. Use of Proceeds](#a_060) | 157 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 15. Controls and Procedures](#a_061) | 158 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 16. \[Reserved\]](#a_062) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.A. Audit Committee Financial Expert](#a_063) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.B. Code of Ethics](#a_064) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services](#a_065) | 159 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees](#a_066) | 160 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers](#a_067) | 160 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.F. Change in Registrant's Certifying Accountant](#a_068) | 161 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.G. Corporate Governance](#a_069) | 161 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.H. Mine Safety Disclosure](#a_070) | 162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections](#a_071) | 162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.J. Insider Trading Policies](#a_072) | 162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[16.K. Cybersecurity](#a_073) | 162 |
| [Part III](#a_074) | 163 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 17. Financial Statements](#a_075) | 163 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 18. Financial Statements](#a_076) | 163 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 19. Exhibits](#a_077) | 163 |

---

ii

**Introduction**

Except where the context otherwise indicates and for the purpose of this annual report only:

● "ADSs" refers to the American depositary shares, each representing two hundred (200) of our Class A ordinary shares;

● "allowance ratio" of a particular date refers to amount of allowance for loan principal, interest and financing service fee receivables as a percentage of the outstanding loan principal, interest and financing service fee receivables as of the date;

● "China" or "the PRC" refers to the People's Republic of China, including Hong Kong and Macau and, only for the purpose of this annual report, excluding Taiwan; the only instances in which "China" or "the PRC" do not include Hong Kong or Macau are when used in the case of laws and regulations, including, among others, tax matters, adopted by the People's Republic of China; the legal and operational risks associated with operating in China also apply to our operations in Hong Kong;

● "Class A ordinary shares" refer to our Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

● "Class B ordinary shares" refer to our Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

● "contractual interest rate" refers to the interest rate prescribed under loan agreements;

● · "CNFinance", "the Company", or "the Group" refers to CNFinance Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability;

● "Credit Risk Mitigation Position" or "CRMP" refers to the amount contributed by the sales partners equal to 5% to 25% of the loans issued to the borrowers introduced by the sales partners to share the credit risk with the Company;

● "delinquency ratio" of a particular date refers to total balance of outstanding loan principal for which any installment payment is one or more days past-due as a percentage of the outstanding loan principal as of the date;

● "effective interest rate" refers to the annualized internal rate of return based on initial outlay of loan principal, initial inflow of financing service fees (if applicable) and expected monthly inflow of repayments;

● "effective sales partners" refers to the sales partners who have introduced at least one borrower since inception to us that was approved by our trust company partners for loan facilitation;

● "leverage ratio" refers to the ratio of total assets to total shareholders' equity;

● "charge-off ratio" refers to the ratio of charge-offs during a period over the average beginning and ending balances of outstanding loan principal of the same period;

● "loan-to-value ratio" or "LTV ratio" refers to the ratio of loan amount to the value of asset collateral; the loan amount is calculated as the amount of all outstanding loans to be secured by the collateral;

● "NPL" refers to a loan being delinquent for over 90 days;

● "NPL provision coverage ratio" of a particular date refers to amount of allowance for loan principal, interest and financing service fee receivables as a percentage of the outstanding balance of NPL principal as of the date;

● "NPL ratio" as of a particular date represents total balance of outstanding loan principal for which any installment payment is over 90 calendar days past-due as a percentage of the outstanding loan principal as of the date;

iii

● "ordinary shares" refers to our ordinary shares of par value US$0.0001 per share, including Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares;

● "Pearl River Delta region" refers to Dongguan, Zhongshan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Huizhou, Jiangmen, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Zhaoqing;

● "quick disposal plans" refers to the mechanisms that we utilize to quickly dispose of delinquent loans or collateral to recover potential losses, including selling the delinquent loans to third parties or disposal of collateral without going through judicial proceedings;

● "RMB" or "Renminbi" refers to the legal currency of the People's Republic of China;

● "senior units" refers to the senior units and intermediate units, if applicable, in a trust plan;

● "structural leverage ratio" refers to the ratio of the total amount of senior units and subordinated units; intermediate units are included as senior units for the purpose of calculation;

● "Tier 1 cities" refers to Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou;

● "Tier 2 cities" refers to Dongguan, Foshan, Nanjing, Nanchang, Nantong, Xiamen, Hefei, Dalian, Tianjin, Changzhou, Xuzhou, Huizhou, Chengdu, Wuxi, Kunming, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Ji'nan, Zhuhai, Shijiazhuang, Fuzhou, Suzhou, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Chongqing, Changsha, Qingdao, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Wuxi, Harbin, Changchun, Nanning, Wenzhou, Quanzhou, Guiyang, Taiyuan, Jinhua, Yantai, Jiaxing, Taizhou, Zhongshan, Baoding, Lanzhou and Langfang;

● "total operating income" refers to the sum of (i) net interest and fees income after collaboration cost and (ii) total non-interest income;

● "US$," "dollars" or "U.S. dollars" refers to the legal currency of the United States;

● "we," "us," "our company," "the Company," "the Group," and "our" refer to CNFinance Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities, including but not limited to Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shenzhen Fanhua United Investment Group Co., Ltd.) and Guangzhou Heze Information Technology Co., Ltd., as a group; and

● "Yangtze River Delta region" refers to Shanghai, Nanjing, Nantong, Hefei, Yixing, Changzhou, Yangzhou, Wuxi, Hangzhou, Jiangyin, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Suzhou, Jiaxing and Zhenjiang.

We present our financial results in RMB. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. This annual report contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations of Renminbi into U.S. dollars were made at the rate at RMB6.9931 to US$1.00, the exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in effect as of December 31, 2025.

iv

**Forward-Looking Information**

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made under the "safe harbor" provision under Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "will," "expect," "anticipate," "aim," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "is/are likely to," "potential," "continue" or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

● our goals and growth strategies;

● our future business development, results of operations and financial condition;

● relevant government policies and regulations relating to our business and industry;

● general economic and business conditions in China; and

● assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

We would like to caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors" of this annual report and other risks outlined in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Those risks are not exhaustive. We operate in an evolving environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is impossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statement. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

v

**Part I**

**Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers**

Not applicable.

**Item 2. Offer Statistics And Expected Timetable**

Not applicable.

**Item 3. Key Information**

**Risks Associated with Being Based in or Having the Majority of the Operations in China**

We are exposed to legal and operational risks associated with our operations in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a company with operations in China, including us, to conduct its business. Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. We are subject to risks due to the uncertainty of the interpretation and the application of the PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to the risks of uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government on U.S. listed companies. We may also be subject to sanctions imposed by PRC regulatory agencies, including the China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC"), if we fail to comply with their rules and regulations. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in companies having operations in China, including us, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. These China-related risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer securities to investors in the future and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, require an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle's securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.

On July 6, 2021, certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions call for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures, such as promoting the development of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC, promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the "Overseas Listing Trial Measures"), and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures will comprehensively improve and reform the existing regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies' securities and will regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies' securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. If a company fails to complete the filing procedure or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, it may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provide that a company in mainland China must file with the CSRC within three business days for its follow-on offering of securities after it is listed in an overseas market. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC also issued the Notice on Administration of the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and held a press conference for the release of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, which, among others, clarified that the companies in mainland China that have been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, but these companies should complete filing with the CSRC for their financing activities in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Based on the foregoing, as an issuer that has been listed overseas before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, we are not required to complete filing with the CSRC for our prior offshore offerings at this stage, but we may be subject to the filing requirements for our future capital raising activities under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures.

In addition, the Data Security Law was promulgated on June 10, 2021 and became effective in September 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law was promulgated on August 20, 2021 and officially implemented on November 1, 2021. The Data Security Law stipulates that the data handling activities that affect or may affect the national security should undergo national security review, and the Personal Information Protection Law stipulates that critical information infrastructure ("CII") operators, or personal information processors whose processing of personal information reaches the threshold amount prescribed by the national cyberspace authority, shall store the personal information collected or generated by them within the territory of the PRC. If it is necessary to provide the data overseas, the organization is required to pass the security assessment organized by the national cyberspace authority. The Measures for Cyber Security Review published by Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) in December 2021 provides that a network platform operator that has the personal information of more than one million users must apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office (the "CRO") for a cybersecurity review when it seeks to list overseas. Also, a CII operator, when procuring a network product or service, shall predict any national security risk that may arise after the use of such product or service. If national security will be affected or may be affected, the CII operator shall apply to the CRO for a cybersecurity review.

Although we do not believe we are a CII operator or a network platform operator, the PRC authorities could interpret such term broadly. If our company is deemed to be a CII operator or a network platform operator under such rules, we could be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC and other relevant PRC regulatory authorities and be required to change our existing practices in data privacy and cybersecurity matters at substantial costs. During such cybersecurity review, we may be required to stop providing services to our customers. If the CSRC or other PRC regulatory body subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC's approval for future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs or if the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities promulgates any interpretation or implements rules before our listing that would require us to obtain CSRC or other governmental approvals for future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs, we may not be able to proceed with future offerings of securities overseas or to the listing of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange, face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In any such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from future offerings of securities overseas into the PRC or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as our ability to complete future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs. We also cannot rule out the possibility that certain of our customers may be deemed as CII operators, in which case our products or services or data processing activities, if being deemed as related to national security, will need to be submitted for cybersecurity review before we can enter into agreements with such customers, and before the conclusion of such procedure, the customers will not be allowed to use our products or services. If the reviewing authority considers that the use of our services by certain of our customers involves risk of disruption, is vulnerable to external attacks, or may negatively affect, compromise, or weaken the protection of national security, we may not be able to provide our products or services to such customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and prospects. Uncertainties also exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and the viability of business operation. On March 15, 2019, the National People's Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China ("PRC Foreign Investment Law"), and the State Council promulgated the Implementing Regulations to the PRC Foreign Investment Law ("Implementing Regulations") on December 26, 2019, both of which came into effect on January 1, 2020. The PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations replaced the trio of previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations.

PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations specify that foreign investments shall be conducted in line with the Negative List issued by or approved to be issued by the State Council. If a foreign investment enterprise (the "FIE") proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment "restrictions" in the Negative List, the FIE must meet certain conditions under the Negative List before being established. If an FIE proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment "prohibitions" in the "Negative List," it must not engage in the business. Investments made in Mainland China by investors from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region shall be governed by the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations. On September 6, 2024, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Access of Foreign Investments (2024 Edition), as came into effect on November 1, 2024, according to which the industry of loan service has not been subject to foreign investment "restrictions" or "prohibitions" in the Negative List. Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, advises us that according to the PRC Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Regulations, the PRC regulatory agencies shall, considering the needs for further foreign opening and economic and social development, adjust the Negative List where appropriate. Therefore, if the industry of loan service is subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions under the Negative List issued subsequently, our failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations.

As there are still uncertainties regarding these new laws and regulations as well as the amendment, interpretation and implementation of the existing laws and regulations related to cybersecurity and data protection, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with these laws and regulations in all respects. The regulatory authorities may deem our activities or services non-compliant and therefore require us to suspend or terminate its business. We may also be subject to fines, legal or administrative sanctions and other adverse consequences, and may not be able to become in compliance with relevant laws and regulations in a timely manner, or at all. These may materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, and the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, our ability to accept foreign investments and conduct follow-on offerings, and listing or continuing listing on a U.S. or other foreign exchanges. In addition, the PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the real estate, education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding any other industry including the industry in which we operate, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China" for more details.

**Risks Associated with Our Corporate Structure**

CNFinance Holdings Limited is a holding company with no operations of its own. It conducts substantially all of its operations in China primarily through its subsidiaries in China, in particular Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Heze Information Technology Co., Ltd., and their subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities, and substantially all of its assets and operations are located in China. With a holding company structure, we principally rely on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. If these subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

In 2023, 2024 and 2025, CNFinance has not transferred any cash proceeds to any of its PRC subsidiaries. For instance, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities, may be transferred by CNFinance through China Financial Services Group Limited, our Hong Kong subsidiary, to Fanhua Chuangli Information Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited ("Fanhua Chuangli"), a PRC subsidiary, via capital contribution and shareholder loans, as the case may be. Fanhua Chuangli then will transfer funds to its subsidiaries to meet the capital needs of business operations. None of our PRC subsidiaries have issued any dividends or distributions to respective holding companies, including CNFinance, or any investors as of the date of this annual report. Our subsidiaries in the PRC generate and retain cash generated from operating activities and re-invest it in business operations.

In this annual report, "we," "us," "our company," and "our" refer to CNFinance Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities, including but not limited to Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Heze Information Technology Co., Ltd., as a group.

**Financial Information Related to the Consolidated Affiliated Entities**

Loans that we facilitate are granted to borrowers through structured funds set up by our trust company partners, such as the series of FOTIC Jinghua structured funds. Each structured trust fund has a separate bank account, and the assets of the structured funds can only be used to settle obligations under the respective structured fund. Under most trust plan agreements, we subscribe to all of the subordinated units of each structured trust plan and provide credit strengthening services as the subordinated unit holder. This requires us to ensure sufficient capital to repay the principal amount and the agreed financing costs for the senior unit holders. We are designated as the service provider to assist our trust company partners acquire and screen borrowers and perform credit assessment pursuant to collaboration agreements with our trust company partners. We provide loan facilitation and post-loan management services for service fees charged directly to the trust plans. As a result, we are deemed as the primary beneficiary of the funds from the accounting perspective as we have the power to direct the activities of the structured funds and have obligation to absorb losses of the funds or right to receive benefits. Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 810, the structured funds are considered as variable interest entities (VIEs) which need to be consolidated on our balance sheet. However, as advised by our PRC counsel, such structured funds are not considered as separate legal entities or VIEs under the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents' Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75. We subscribe to the subordinated units and act as the service provider under the trust plans through our wholly-owned subsidiaries.

**Risks Associated with the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act**

In recent years, U.S. regulatory authorities have continued to express their concerns about challenges in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. More recently, as part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China's, the United States enacted the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, in December 2020. Trading in our securities on U.S. markets, including the NYSE, may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor for two consecutive years. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued the HFCAA Determination Report to notify the SEC of its determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, or the 2021 Determinations, including the accounting firms that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report. On May 26, 2022, we were conclusively identified by the SEC under the HFCAA as having filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that cannot be inspected or investigated completely by the PCAOB in connection with the filing of our 2021 Form 20-F. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to conduct inspections and investigations completely of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in 2022. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 Determinations accordingly. As a result, we do not believe we are at risk of having our securities subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCAA unless a new determination is made by the PCAOB.

However, whether the PCAOB will continue to conduct inspections and investigations completely to its satisfaction of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor's, control, including positions taken by authorities of the PRC. The PCAOB is required under the HFCAA to make its determination on an annual basis with regards to its ability to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms based in the mainland China and Hong Kong. The possibility of being a Commission-Identified Issuer and risk of delisting could continue to adversely affect the trading price of our securities.

For the details of the risks associated with the enactment of the HFCAA, see "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China— The former accounting firm that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, was historically not permitted to be subject to inspection by the PCAOB, and consequently, investors were deprived of the benefits of such inspection in the past. Trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the NYSE, may determine to delist our securities."

**3. A. [Reserved]**

**3. B. Capitalization and Indebtedness**

Not applicable.

**3. C. Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds**

Not applicable.

**3. D. Risk Factors**

The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a company based in China, such as ours, to conduct its business, accept foreign investments or list on U.S. or other foreign exchanges. We face risks associated with regulatory approvals of overseas offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. For example, in recent years, regulatory actions undertaken by China's government*,* including the enactment of China's new Data Security Law, amended Cybersecurity Review Measures, Personal Information Protection Law, Regulations for the Administration of Network Data Security, Cybersecurity Law as amended, and any other future laws and regulations may require us to incur significant expenses and could materially affect our ability to conduct our business, accept foreign investments or list on a U.S. or foreign exchange. The PRC government also has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and as such may influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material adverse effect on our operations. The PRC government has published new policies that significantly affected certain industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding the industry where we operate, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the PRC anti-monopoly enforcement agencies have in recent years strengthened enforcement under the anti-monopoly law. Although we do not believe the current antimonopoly laws and regulations have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the relevant anti-monopoly laws and regulations may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions or lawsuits and could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities and foreign investment in China-based companies like ours. These risks could result in a material change in our operations and the value of our Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

Additionally, trading in our securities on U.S. markets, including the NYSE, may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor for two consecutive years. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued the HFCAA Determination Report to notify the SEC of its determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong (the "2021 Determinations"), including the accounting firms that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report. On May 26, 2022, we were conclusively identified by the SEC under the HFCAA as having filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that cannot be inspected or investigated completely by the PCAOB in connection with the filing of our 2021 Form 20-F. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections in the past also deprived our investors of the benefits of such inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to conduct inspections and investigations completely of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in 2022. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 Determinations accordingly. As a result, we do not believe we are at risk of having our securities subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCAA unless a new determination is made by the PCAOB. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to conduct inspections and investigations completely to its satisfaction of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor's, control, including positions taken by authorities of the PRC. The PCAOB is expected to continue to demand complete access to inspections and investigations against accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in the future. The PCAOB is required under the HFCAA to make its determination on an annual basis with regards to its ability to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms based in the mainland China and Hong Kong. The possibility of being a Commission-Identified Issuer and risk of delisting could continue to adversely affect the trading price of our securities. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use such accounting firm to conduct audit work, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of the annual report for the relevant fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, trading in our securities on U.S. markets would be prohibited. Such risk could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of the ADSs or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer ADSs and/or other securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China— The former accounting firm that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, was historically not permitted to be subject to inspection by the PCAOB, and consequently, investors were deprived of the benefits of such inspection in the past. Trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the NYSE, may determine to delist our securities."

You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in the ADSs. Below please find a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties we face, organized under relevant headings. In particular, as we are a China-based company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, you should pay special attention to subsections headed "Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China."

Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings.

***Risks Related to Doing Business in China***

● Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

● If we became subject to the U.S. Department of Treasury's final rule on outbound investment in the future, investments in our securities by U.S. persons and our ability to raise capital from U.S. persons could be subject to restrictions.

● Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us.

● The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business and as such may influence our operations, which may potentially result in a material adverse effect on our operations.

● The oversight of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, Cybersecurity Administration of China or other governmental authorities may adversely affect our business and their approval may be required in connection with future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval.

● We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

● PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using the proceeds of our public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

● The collaboration model we have in place with our sales partners to acquire borrowers might be regarded as financial marketing and might face compliance risks.

● The former accounting firm that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, was historically not permitted to be subject to inspection by the PCAOB, and consequently, investors were deprived of the benefits of such inspection in the past. Trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the NYSE, may determine to delist our securities.

***Risks Related to Our Business***

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● We have a limited operating history and our business practice continues to evolve, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.

● Our credit strengthening services to the trust plans as the subordinated unit holder might be subject to challenges by relevant regulatory authorities, and we may potentially be required to obtain licenses.

● Our trust company partners operate in a strictly regulated industry. If the practice of our trust company partners, including the cooperation arrangements with us, is challenged under any PRC laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

● Our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to secure funding on terms acceptable to us or our borrowers, or at all.

● We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases.

● Our collaboration model with our sales partners might be subject to challenges by relevant regulatory authorities.

● Some of our funding sources are highly regulated and are subject to the changing regulatory environment. If any of the funding sources is deemed to violate the PRC laws and regulations, we may need to secure new funding-failure of which may result in material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

● Our high leverage ratio may expose us to liquidity risk and we may not have sufficient capital reserve to manage losses.

● Our business depends on our ability to collect payment on and service the transactions we facilitate.

● The foreclosure action and enforcement process may be time-consuming, difficult and uncertain for legal and practicable reasons, which could adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

● Credit and other information that we or our trust company partners or our commercial bank partners receive from prospective borrowers and third parties about a borrower and the collateral may not accurately reflect the borrower's creditworthiness or the collateral's fair/recoverable value, which may compromise the accuracy of our and our trust company partners' credit assessment.

● We primarily rely on our trust company partners and our commercial bank partners to fund loans to borrowers, which may constitute provision of intermediary service, and our agreements with these partners and borrowers may be deemed as intermediation contracts under the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (the "Civil Code").

***Risks Related to Our American Depositary Shares***

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● The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

● If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

● Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

● We have not maintained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share for continued listing on the NYSE. If we continue to fail to meet this requirement and NYSE determines to delist our ADSs, the delisting would adversely affect the market liquidity of our ADSs and the market price of our ADSs could decrease.

● Under our dual-class share structure with different voting rights, holders of Class B ordinary shares have complete control of the outcome of matters put to a vote of shareholders, which may limit ability of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial.

● The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.

● Although the matter is not entirely clear, we were likely a passive foreign investment company (a "PFIC") for our 2025 taxable year, and we will likely be a PFIC for 2026 and our future taxable years, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. taxpayers.

**Risks Related to Doing Business in China** 

***Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.***

 ****

Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China's economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past, the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results. Recent international trade tensions, or a severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy in general, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese or global economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In particular, general economic factors and conditions in China or worldwide, including the general interest rate environment and unemployment rates, may affect micro- and small-enterprise owners' willingness to seek credit and our partners' ability and desire to invest in loans. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. The global financial markets have experienced significant disruptions in the past, including the recent international trade disputes and tariff actions announced by the United States, the PRC and certain other countries, as well as the recent banking turmoil in the United States and European Union. For instance, the U.S. administration has imposed significant amount of tariffs on Chinese goods, and the PRC government has imposed tariffs on certain goods manufactured in the United States. For instance, President Trump has recently escalated his tariff policies, imposing sweeping new tariffs on imports from numerous countries, including China, as part of what Trump describes as a strategy to address trade imbalances and revive domestic manufacturing. The tensions between the United States and China have intensified, marked by the imposition of higher tariffs and retaliatory measures from both sides. While these developments have not directly impacted our business, they could harm the business operations of those suppliers, customers and business partners engaged in exporting goods to these markets, which may ultimately impact our business as well. Additionally, there is no assurance that the list of goods impacted by additional tariffs will not be expanded or the tariffs will not be increased materially. Prolonged trade disputes may disrupt global economic conditions, potentially impacting our business and growth prospects.

There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world's leading economies, including the United States and China. There have also been concerns over unrest in the Middle East and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in financial and other markets. There have also been concerns about the economic effect of the tensions in the relationship between China and surrounding Asian countries. Recently, the Russia-Ukraine war has caused, and continues to intensify, significant geopolitical tensions in Europe and across the globe. The resulting sanctions are expected to have significant impacts on the economic conditions of the targeted countries and markets. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict since October 2023, and potential escalation of hostilities between these countries or regions may further complicate the geopolitical landscape and affect global economy. If present Chinese and global economic uncertainties persist, we may have difficulty in obtaining funding sources to fund the credit utilized by borrowers. Adverse economic conditions could also reduce the number of quality micro- and small-enterprise owners seeking credit from us, as well as their ability to make payments. Should any of these situations occur, the amount of loans facilitated to borrowers and, therefore, our operating income will decline, and our business and financial condition will be negatively impacted. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

The recent regulatory development has also imposed challenges to our future business and operations. On August 20, 2020, the Supreme People's Court announced an amendment to the judicial interpretation of China's private lending, which reduces the maximum annual interest rate allowed on private lending to four times of the latest one-year loan prime rate (LPR) (the "Amendment"). Although we do not believe we are regulated by the Amendment as a loan facilitator in collaboration with licensed trust company partners, our trust company partners have voluntarily adjusted the interest rates on some loan products we facilitate to comply with the new standards under the Amendment with some trust company partners to prevent the compliance risks due to the uncertainty of regulatory enforcement. As a result, our profit margin, results of operations and financial position may be adversely impacted going forward.

***If we became subject to the U.S. Department of Treasury's final rule on outbound investment in the future, investments in our securities by U.S. persons and our ability to raise capital from U.S. persons could be subject to restrictions.***

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On August 9, 2023, the Biden administration published an executive order, and the Treasury published an advanced notice of proposed rule-making (the "ANPRM"), providing a conceptual framework for outbound investment controls focused on China, including Hong Kong and Macau (the "Outbound Investment Program" or the "OIP"). Further to this ANPRM, on June 21, 2024, the Treasury issued a proposed rule on outbound U.S. investments involving China that was generally consistent in its requirements with the ANPRM. On October 28, 2024, Treasury issued a Final Rule to implement the executive order of August 9, 2023. The Final Rule took effect on January 2, 2025. The Final Rule imposes investment prohibition and notification requirements on U.S. persons for certain investments in entities associated with China (including Hong Kong and Macau) that are engaged in certain activities relating to three sectors: (i) semiconductors and microelectronics, (ii) quantum information technologies, and (iii) artificial intelligence systems, collectively defined as "Covered Foreign Persons." U.S. persons subject to the Final Rule are in some instances prohibited altogether from making, and in other instances required to report, certain investments in Covered Foreign Persons, which are defined as "Covered Transactions."

"Covered Transactions" include acquisitions of equity interests, certain debt financing, joint ventures, and certain investments as a limited partner in a non-U.S. person pooled investment fund. The Final Rule excludes some investments from the scope of Covered Transactions, including those in publicly traded securities listed on a national stock exchange. The Final Rule is aimed at exerting greater U.S. government oversight over U.S. direct and indirect investments involving China and may introduce new hurdles and uncertainties for cross-border collaborations, investments, and funding opportunities of China-based issuers including us.

More recently, the America First Investment Policy aims to expand the industry sectors covered by the U.S. outbound investment regulations and supplement outbound restrictions through the imposition of sanctions. The proposed restrictions may further deepen the uncertainties for cross-border collaboration, investment, and funding opportunities of China-based issuers, including us. It is unclear whether these challenges and uncertainties will be addressed or resolved, and how they might impact global political and economic conditions over the long term. Possible changes to the U.S. outbound investment regulations could limit or, in the worst case scenario, eliminate our ability to raise capital or contingent equity capital from U.S. investors in the future, or our ability to raise such capital may be significantly and negatively affected, which could be detrimental to our capital-raising capacity and our business, financial condition and prospects. If we were deemed a Covered Foreign Person and therefore be subject to the Final Rule, even though U.S. persons' acquisitions of certain publicly traded securities (such as our ADSs) will be exempted from the scope of covered transactions under the Final Rule, the Final Rule could still limit our ability to raise capital or contingent equity capital from U.S. investors after this offering, or our ability to raise such capital may be significantly and negatively affected, which could be detrimental to our capital raising capacity and our business, financial condition and prospects. In such case, the value of the ADSs may significantly decline, or in extreme cases, become worthless.

***Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us.***

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Our operations in China are governed by the PRC laws and regulations. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and may be amended from time to time, and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws and regulations are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws and regulations involves uncertainties. In addition, any new PRC laws or changes in PRC laws and regulations related to, among other things, foreign investment and business activities in China could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to operate our business in China.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce contracts in China and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, or at all, and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainty towards the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights and any failure to quickly respond to changes in the regulatory environment in the PRC could adversely affect our business, and impede our ability to continue our operations and proceed with our future business plans.

***The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business and as such may influence our operations, which may potentially result in a material adverse effect on our operations.***

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The PRC government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local PRC governments of may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or specific regions thereof, and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in Chinese properties. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as real estate and credit industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, on November 1, 2021, the Personal Information Protection Law came into effect. Although we do not believe the current personal information protection laws and regulations have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the relevant personal information protection laws and regulations may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions or lawsuits and could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. Any such intervention in or influence on our business operations or action to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities, once taken by the PRC government, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of our Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs, or significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.

***The approval of and/or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our issuance of securities overseas or maintenance of the listing status of our ADRs, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.***

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The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, require an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle's securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for future offerings of securities overseas or maintenance of the listing status of our ADSs would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.

On July 6, 2021, certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions call for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures, such as promoting the development of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission promulgated the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. If a company fails to complete the filing procedure or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, it may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provide that a company in mainland China must file with the CSRC within three business days for its follow-on offering of securities after it is listed in an overseas market. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC also issued the Notice on Administration of the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and held a press conference for the release of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, which, among others, clarified that the companies in mainland China that have been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, but these companies should complete filing with the CSRC for their financing activities in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Based on the foregoing, as an issuer that has been listed overseas before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, we are not required to complete filing with the CSRC for our offshore offerings prior to the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, but we may be subject to the filing requirements for our financing activities under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Any securities offerings and listings outside of mainland China by our Company after the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, including but not limited to follow on offerings, secondary listings, and going private transactions, will be subject to the filing requirements with the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filing in a timely manner and fully comply with such rules to maintain the listing status of our ADSs and/or other securities, or to conduct any securities offerings in the future. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection from the CSRC in connection with requirements of obtaining prior approval for the listing of our ADSs.

On April 2, 2022, the CSRC released the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Archives Rules. On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, jointly with other relevant governmental authorities, issued the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archive Management Work Relating to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the "Confidentiality Provisions"), which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Confidentiality Provisions requires, among others, that companies based in mainland China seeking to offer securities in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, shall establish the confidentiality and archives system, and shall complete approval and filing procedures with competent authorities, if such companies or their overseas listing entities provide or publicly disclose documents or materials involving state secrets and work secrets of PRC government agencies to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals. It further stipulates that providing or publicly disclosing documents and materials which may adversely affect national security or public interests, and accounting files or copies shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Any failure to comply with Confidentiality Provisions may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial conditions and prospects.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not provided files or copies of files outside China that involve national secrets, national security, vital interests, or have important preservation value to the nation and society. However, we cannot guarantee that relevant government agencies of China, including the CSRC, will share the same opinion as ours.

The interpretation and implementation of these opinions and rules remain unclear. We cannot assure you that we will not be required to obtain the approval of or file with the CSRC or other regulatory authorities to maintain the listing status of our ADSs on NYSE or to conduct offerings of securities in the future. If such approvals are required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our overseas offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities.

Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, has advised us, based on their understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations, that no permission is required from any Chinese authorities (including the CSRC and the CAC) for our overseas offerings and maintaining the listing status of the ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange, given that: (i) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether any offering such as offerings completed or contemplated by our company is subject to the M&A Rules; and (ii) our PRC subsidiaries were either incorporated as wholly foreign-owned enterprises by means of direct investment or by merger or acquisition of equity interest or assets of a PRC domestic company not subject to the M&A Rules. However, there can be no assurance that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC legal advisor. There are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of these opinions, and further explanations or detailed rules and regulations with respect to these opinions may be issued in the future, which may impose additional requirements on us.

***Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of cybersecurity related regulations and cybersecurity review as well as any impact these may have on our business operations.***

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The Data Security Law was promulgated on June 10, 2021 and became effective in September 2021, which stipulates that the data handling activities that affect or may affect the national security should undergo national security review. The Personal Information Protection Law was promulgated on August 20, 2021 and officially implemented on November 1, 2021, which stipulates that critical information infrastructure ("CII") operators, or personal information processors whose processing of personal information reaches the threshold amount prescribed by the national cyberspace authority, shall store the personal information collected or generated by them within the territory of the PRC. If it is necessary to provide the data overseas, the organization is required to pass the security assessment organized by the national cyberspace authority.

On August 17, 2021, the State Council issued the Regulations on the Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructures, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The regulations stipulate that the departments responsible for the security protection of critical information infrastructure (hereinafter referred to as the security protection departments) shall formulate rules for the identification of critical information infrastructure based on the actual situation of the industry and field, and report it to the public security department of the State Council for record. The following factors shall be considered in the formulation of identification rules: (1) the degree of importance of the network facilities and information systems to the core businesses of the industry and area concerned; (2) the degree of damage that may be caused if the network facilities and information systems are under destruction, loss of function or data leakage; and (3) the correlative impact on other industries and areas. The security protection departments shall be responsible for organizing the identification of critical information infrastructure in their respective industries and areas in accordance with the identification rules, timely notify the identification results to the operators and report such results to the public security department under the State Council.

In December 2021, the CAC published the amended Cybersecurity Review Measures, or the new measures, which provides that a network platform operator that has the personal information of more than one million users must apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office (the "CRO") for a cybersecurity review when it seeks to list overseas. Also, a CII operator, when procuring a network product or service, shall predict any national security risk that may arise after the use of such product or service. If national security will be affected or may be affected, the CII operator shall apply to the CRO for a cybersecurity review.

On September 24, 2024, the State Council issued the Regulations on Network Data Security Management (the "Regulation"), which came into effect on January 1, 2025. This regulation requires network data processors whose data processing activities affect or potentially affect national security to undergo a cybersecurity review in accordance with relevant regulations. However, the Regulation do not explicitly define actions that constitute "affecting or potentially affecting national security".

Given the nature of our business and as advised by our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, we do not believe that our company is either a "CII operator" or a "network platform operator" who possesses personal information of more than one million users, our data processing activities do not affect or are unlikely to affect national security, and therefore are not required to file for a cybersecurity review under the new measures, although we cannot guarantee that the relevant PRC regulatory authority will agree with such conclusion reached. If our company is deemed to be a CII operator or a network platform operator under such rules, or our data processing activities are considered to affect or potentially to affect national security, we could be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC and other relevant PRC regulatory authorities and be required to change our existing practices in data privacy and cybersecurity matters at substantial costs. During such cybersecurity review, we may be required to stop providing services to our customers. If the CSRC or other PRC regulatory body subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC's approval for future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs or if the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities promulgates any interpretation or implements rules before our listing that would require us to obtain CSRC or other governmental approvals for future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs, we may not be able to proceed with future offerings of securities overseas or to the listing of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange and face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In any such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from future offerings of securities overseas into the PRC or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as our ability to complete future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of our ADSs.

We also cannot rule out the possibility that certain of our customers may be deemed as CII operators, in which case our products or services or data processing activities, if being deemed as related to national security, will need to be submitted for cybersecurity review before we can enter into agreements with such customers, and before the conclusion of such procedure, the customers will not be allowed to use our products or services. If the reviewing authority considers that the use of our services by certain of our customers involves risk of disruption, is vulnerable to external attacks, or may negatively affect, compromise, or weaken the protection of national security, we may not be able to provide our products or services to such customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and prospects.

On October 28, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress promulgated the Decision on Amending the Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China, which took effect on January 1, 2026. The amended Cybersecurity Law significantly increases the administrative penalties for cybersecurity violations to align with the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law. Specifically, for violations that result in serious consequences, the maximum fine for network operators has been raised from RMB1 million to RMB10 million, and directly responsible personnel may face fines of up to RMB1 million. The amended Cybersecurity Law also broadens its extraterritorial jurisdiction, stipulating that any overseas organizations or individuals engaging in data processing or other activities that endanger the cybersecurity of the PRC shall be held legally liable.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not been informed or involved in any investigations or become subject to a cybersecurity review initiated by the CAC based on the new measures, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions in such respect or any regulatory objections to our current NYSE listing status from the CAC as of the date of this annual report. As there are still uncertainties regarding the enactment of these new laws and regulations as well as the amendment, interpretation and implementation of existing laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such laws and regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify, suspend or terminate any activities or services that are deemed illegal or non-compliant by the regulatory authorities and become subject to fines and/or other penalties. If we fail to address such issue in a timely manner, or at all, we may be required to suspend or terminate our related businesses or face other penalties. This may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the annual report based on foreign laws.***

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CNFinance Holdings Limited is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China, and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all of our executive officers are located in China. All of our directors who are not our executive officers are located in China, except for one independent director who resides in the United States. Service of court documents on a Cayman Islands company can be effected by serving the documents at the Company's registered office and it may be possible to enforce foreign judgments in the Cayman Islands against a Cayman Islands company, subject to some exceptions. However, if investors wish to serve documents on and/or enforce foreign judgments against our directors and officers, they will need to ensure that they comply with the rules of the jurisdiction where the directors and officers are located. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process within the United States upon us or those persons located inside China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

***We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.***

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With a holding company structure, we rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including for services of any debt we may incur.

Our PRC subsidiary's ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to its respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of our PRC subsidiaries, as a foreign invested enterprise, or FIE, is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at its discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 15% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

***PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using the proceeds of our public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.***

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Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the approval of or filing with the MOFCOM or its local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. In addition, (i) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE or its local branches and (ii) any of our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the difference between its total investment amount and registered capital or, as an alternative, only procure loans subject to the calculation approach and limitation as provided in the Notice of the People's Bank of China on Matters concerning the Macro-Prudential Management of Full-Covered Cross-Border Financing. For the restriction and limitation on the amount of loans, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents". We may not be able to complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations, our ability to use the proceeds of our public offerings, and our ability to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which took effect as of June 1, 2015 and was amended on December 30, 2019. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion.

On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Standardizing the Management Policy of Capital Account Settlement, or SAFE Circular 16, which was amended on December 4, 2023. SAFE Circular 16 stipulates that if there is any inconsistency between previous circulars (such as SAFE Circular 19) and SAFE Circular 16, SAFE Circular 16 shall prevail. SAFE Circular 16 reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope or prohibited by PRC laws or regulations. Specifically, the use of such Renminbi funds shall comply with the following provisions: (i) they shall not be used directly or indirectly for expenditures outside the scope of business of the enterprise or prohibited by national laws and regulations; (ii) unless otherwise expressly provided, they shall not be used directly or indirectly for investment in securities or other investment and wealth management (except for wealth management products and structured deposits with risk ratings not higher than Level 2); (iii) they shall not be used for the release of loans to non-affiliated enterprises except for cases expressly permitted by the scope of business; and (iv) they shall not be used for the purchase of residential properties not for self-use (except for enterprises engaging in real estate development and real estate leasing).

Violations of these circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of our public offerings to fund the establishment of new entities in China or their subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish variable interest entities in China, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi could have a material and adverse effect on your investment.***

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The change in value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by various factors such as changes in political and economic conditions in the PRC. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, RMB is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the RMB has depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. While appreciating approximately by 7% against the U.S. dollar in 2017, the Renminbi in 2018 depreciated approximately by 5% against the U.S. dollar. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and RMB internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the RMB will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Any significant appreciation or revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in foreign currency terms. More specifically, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the exchange rate of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar could materially and adversely affect the price of our ADSs in U.S. dollars without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations.

***Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our operating income effectively and affect the value of your investment.***

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The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our operating income in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands incorporated holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

***Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.***

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Among other things, the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation stipulates that if a foreign investor acquires a domestic enterprise and obtains actual control, and if it involves key industries, or has factors that affect or may affect national economic security, or causes the transfer of actual control of domestic enterprises with well-known trademarks or Chinese time-honored brands, the parties concerned shall report to MOFCOM. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC which became effective in 2008 and was amended on October 1, 2022, requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, according to the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment, which has been effective since January 28, 2021, a foreign investor or a party concerned in China (hereinafter collectively referred to as "party concerned") shall take the initiative to make a declaration to the working mechanism office prior to making one of the following investments and the working mechanism office shall be entitled to require the party concerned to make a declaration thereof: (i) investment in any of such fields as the military industry and military-supporting industry that concern state defense and security, as well as military facilities and areas surrounding industrial military facilities; and (ii) investment in any important agricultural product, important energy and resources, major equipment manufacturing, important infrastructure, important transportation services, important cultural products and services, important information technologies and internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields that concern state security while obtaining the actual control over the enterprises invested in. We may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

***PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary's ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.***

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In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents' Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, will be required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an SPV is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiary in China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and was amended in 2019. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.

Several of our shareholders that we are aware of are subject to SAFE regulations, and all of these shareholders have completed all necessary registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37. We cannot assure you, however, that all of these individuals may continue to make required filings or updates on a timely manner, or at all. We can provide no assurance that we are or will in the future continue to be informed of identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company. Any failure or inability by such individuals to comply with SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiary's ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign exchange-denominated loans from, our company or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as the interpretation and implementation of these foreign exchange regulations have been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

***Uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and the viability of business operation.***

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On March 15, 2019, the National People's Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China ("PRC Foreign Investment Law"),and the State Council promulgated the Implementing Regulations to the PRC Foreign Investment Law ("Implementing Regulations") on December 26, 2019, both of which came into effect on January 1, 2020. The PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations replaced the trio of previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations.

PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations specify that foreign investments shall be conducted in line with the Negative List issued by or approved to be issued by the State Council. If a foreign investment enterprise (the "FIE") proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment "restrictions" in the Negative List, the FIE must meet certain conditions under the Negative List before being established. If an FIE proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment "prohibitions" in the "Negative List," it must not engage in the business. Investments made in Mainland China by investors from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region shall be governed by the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations. On September 6, 2024, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Access of Foreign Investments (2024 Version), as came into effect on November 1, 2024, according to which the industry of loan service has not been subject to foreign investment "restrictions" or "prohibitions" in the Negative List. Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, advises us that according to the PRC Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Regulations, the PRC regulatory agencies shall, considering the needs for further foreign opening and economic and social development, adjust the Negative List where appropriate. Therefore, if the industry of loan service is subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions under the Negative List issued subsequently, our failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations.

***Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.***

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In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options are subject to these regulations after our company becomes an overseas-listed company upon the completion of our initial public offering. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject us or them to fines and legal sanctions, there may be additional restrictions on the ability of us or them to exercise stock options or remit proceeds gained from sale of stock into the PRC. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Stock Incentive Plans."

***If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders.***

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Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with its "de facto management body" within the PRC is considered a "resident enterprise" and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term "de facto management body" as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, issued a circular-the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Identification of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance With the Actual Standards of Organizational Management (SAT Circular 82), which was amended on December 29, 2017 and provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the "de facto management body" of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT's general position on how the "de facto management body" test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its "de facto management body" in China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise's financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise's primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe our company is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term "de facto management body." If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company or any of our non-PRC subsidiaries is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we or any such non-PRC subsidiary will be subject to PRC enterprise income on our or such subsidiary's worldwide income at the rate of 25%. Furthermore, we will be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are nonresident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition, nonresident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source). These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to obtain the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such PRC tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

***We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.***

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On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, which was amended on December 1 and December 29, 2017. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity securities through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Nonresident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017 and was later amended on June 15, 2018. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of nonresident enterprise income tax.

Where a nonresident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the nonresident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a "substance over form" principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

***The former accounting firm that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, was historically not permitted to be subject to inspection by the PCAOB, and consequently, investors were deprived of the benefits of such inspection in the past. Trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the NYSE, may determine to delist our securities.***

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Independent registered public accounting firms that issue the audit report included in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. KPMG Huazhen LLP, our former independent registered public accounting firm who audited the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2023 included elsewhere in this annual report, is located in China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB was historically unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely, without the approval of the Chinese authorities.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm's audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. As a result, investors were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections.

In recent years, U.S. regulatory authorities have continued to express their concerns about challenges in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. More recently, as part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China's, the United States enacted the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, in December 2020. Trading in our securities on U.S. markets, including the NYSE, may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor for two consecutive years. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued the HFCAA Determination Report to notify the SEC of its determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, or the 2021 Determinations, including the accounting firms that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report. On May 26, 2022, we were conclusively identified by the SEC under the HFCAA as having filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that cannot be inspected or investigated completely by the PCAOB in connection with the filing of our 2021 Form 20-F. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections in the past also deprived our investors of the benefits of such inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to conduct inspections and investigations completely of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in 2022. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 Determinations accordingly.

Our current auditor, HTL International, LLC ("**HTL**"), the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 included elsewhere in this annual report, is an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB may conduct inspections to assess our auditor's compliance with the applicable professional standards. HTL is headquartered in Houston, Texas, and is subject to inspection by the PCAOB on a regular basis. As a result, we do not believe we are at risk of having our securities subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCAA unless a new determination is made by the PCAOB.

However, whether the PCAOB will continue to conduct inspections and investigations completely to its satisfaction of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor's, control, including positions taken by authorities of the PRC. The PCAOB is expected to continue to demand complete access to inspections and investigations against accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in the future. The PCAOB is required under the HFCAA to make its determination on an annual basis with regards to its ability to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms based in the mainland China and Hong Kong. The possibility of being a Commission-Identified Issuer and risk of delisting could continue to adversely affect the trading price of our securities.

If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use such accounting firm to conduct audit work, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of the annual report for the relevant fiscal year. If we were so identified for two consecutive years, trading in our securities on U.S. markets would be prohibited. This would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase the ADSs when you wish to do so. Furthermore, such trading prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

***Proceedings instituted by the SEC against Chinese affiliates of the "big four" accounting firms could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.***

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Starting in 2011, the Chinese affiliates of the "big four" accounting firms, including our former independent registered public accounting firm that prepared the audit reports included in this annual report, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under Chinese law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102E of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC's internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms, including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepts that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms will receive matching Section 106 requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, as appropriate, an automatic six-month bar on a single firm's performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding against a firm, or, in extreme cases, the resumption of the current proceeding against all four firms. If additional remedial measures are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of the "big four" accounting firms in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC alleging the firms' failure to meet specific criteria set by the SEC with respect to requests for the production of documents, we may be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies, and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

If we use any independent registered public accounting firm that was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from the New York Stock Exchange or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

***Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the internet in China may adversely affect our business and reputation and subject us to liability for information displayed on our website.***

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The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, and the closure of the concerned websites. The website operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to the websites. If our website is found to be in violation of any such requirements, we may be penalized by relevant authorities, and our operations or reputation could be adversely affected.

***You may have difficulty enforcing judgments in Hong Kong.***

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Our PRC subsidiaries are wholly owned by our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong. You may have difficulties in enforcing court judgments obtained in United States courts against our Hong Kong subsidiary, including judgments relating to the federal securities laws of the United States. There is also doubt as to whether courts in Hong Kong will enforce judgments of United States courts based only upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States, or the securities laws of any state of the United States.

**Risks Related to Our Business** 

***We have a limited operating history and our business practice continues to evolve, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.***

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We commenced our loan service business in 2006 and adopted our previous business model in 2014, and introduced our collaboration model in December 2018. We have a limited operating history in the home equity loan market, especially in some aspects of our business operations, such as loan facilitation service and collateral management service, credit analysis and the development of cooperative relationships with funding partners and other business partners. Our ability to continuously attract borrowers and funding sources is critical to our business. We may from time to time introduce new loan services and products, make adjustments to our existing loan facilitation services and products and our risk management system, or make adjustments to our business operations in general.

The regulatory framework and market condition for China's home equity loan market is evolving and may remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. If our business practices or the business practices of our trust company partners are challenged under any PRC laws or regulations, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected. From time to time we may refine existing commercial arrangements in our business operations to comply with changing regulatory focuses. For example, FOTIC, one of our primary trust company partners, amended its loan agreements in 2017 with certain borrowers to add an option for FOTIC to demand payment of outstanding loan principal and interests before the maturity of the underlying trust funding. Starting in March 2018, we have been working with FOTIC to implement a performance-based service fee structure (the "2018 FOTIC Service Fee Structure"). For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Credit Strengthening Services." We have also been exploring new business model to broaden our prospective borrower bases. Since December 2018, we have sought to collaborate with limited partnerships and certain well-established corporations, where limited partners in such limited partnerships and the established corporations work as our sales partners to introduce prospective borrowers to us. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Collaboration Model." In order to expand our financing channels, we launched a new funding model in 2021 in collaboration with commercial banks, under which our commercial bank partners are responsible for reviewing and approving the loan while we charge a service fee for our loan facilitation services. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Commercial Bank Partnership." Unfavorable reception of the new business arrangements and new collaboration and funding model by potential borrowers could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We may face the risk of increased borrower complaints, potential supervision, examinations or enforcement actions by regulatory agencies and/or penalties for violation of financial regulations and other applicable laws and regulations. We may not be able to successfully address the risks and difficulties associated with the new business arrangement and new funding model, which could materially harm our business and operating results. The modifications to our business arrangements and business model may also increase the complexity of our business and may present new and significant challenges, as well as strains on our management, personnel, operations, systems, technical performance and financial resources. As a result, past performance of our practice does not necessarily indicate our future prospects and performance. Such past performance may or may not be sustained in the future.

You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges we encounter or may encounter given the rapidly evolving market in which we operate and our limited operating history in this particular market. These risks and challenges include, among other things, our ability to:

● offer customized and competitive loan services and products;

● increase the utilization of our loan services by existing borrowers as well as new borrowers;

● maintain low delinquency ratio of loans originated by us;

● achieve an effective and efficient collection and foreclosure process to assist our trust company partners to recover delinquent loans in the event of loan default;

● develop sufficient, diversified, cost-efficient and reputable funding sources;

● broaden our prospective borrower base;

● navigate through a complex and evolving regulatory environment;

● improve our operational efficiency;

● promote standardized and disciplined operational procedures in local offices;

● attract, retain and motivate talented employees to support our business growth;

● maintain and enhance relationships with our business partners;

● enhance our technology infrastructure to support the growth of our business and maintain the security of our system and the confidentiality of the information provided and utilized across our system;

● navigate economic condition and fluctuation; and

● defend ourselves against legal and regulatory actions.

***Our credit strengthening services to the trust plans as the subordinated unit holder might be subject to challenges by relevant regulatory authorities, and we may potentially be required to obtain licenses.***

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The Guiding Opinion on Regulating the Asset Management Business of Financial Institutions (the "Guiding Opinion") was issued by PBOC, together with China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission ("CBIRC"), China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC") and State Administration of Foreign Exchange on April 27, 2018. The Guiding Opinion prohibits direct or indirect guarantee for the principal and expected investment return of the senior unit holders of structural asset management products. The Guiding Opinion provides a grace period by the end of 2020. During the grace period, existing products not in compliance with the Guiding Opinion shall be gradually phased out. After the grace period, financial institutions shall not issue or renew any asset management products not in compliance with the Guiding Opinion.

Our credit strengthening arrangements may be deemed as indirectly guaranteeing senior unit holders' principal and expected investment return on the investments. As such, we may be required to further modify such arrangements with the trust plans, which could materially and adversely affect our business. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice or been made aware of any issues or concerns raised by regulatory authorities on our credit strengthening arrangements. We cannot guarantee you, however, that the regulatory authorities will hold the opinion that our credit strengthening arrangements are in compliance with the relevant regulations.

***Our trust company partners operate in a strictly regulated industry. If the practice of our trust company partners, including the cooperation arrangements with us, is challenged under any PRC laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.***

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We provide home equity loan service to borrowers primarily through collaboration with our trust company partners. Our trust company partners operate in a highly regulated industry and, as a result, are required to comply with a wide array of laws and regulations that are continually evolving. If our collaboration arrangement is deemed to violate any of these laws and regulations, we may be required to make significant changes to our business arrangements. These changes may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition and may not be implemented successfully.

For example, according to the Measures for the Administration of Trust Companies' Trust Plans of Assembled Funds issued by the CBRC, trust companies may not provide loans in excess of 30% of the paid-in balance of all the trust plans under its management. It is our trust company partners' responsibility to comply with these regulations and we have no specific knowledge as to whether our trust company partners are in compliance. We cannot assure you that our trust company partners have been in compliance at all times. In addition, according to the Several Opinions on Strengthening Supervision, Preventing Risks and Promoting the High - Quality Development of the Trust Industry, which was issued on January 27, 2025, requires strengthening the supervision over the whole process of trust business, enhancing the monitoring of the sources and investment directions of trust funds, and intensifying the supervision over businesses with concentrated investment, relatively high risks, complex structures and rapid scale growth. At the same time, closely monitor and prudently resolve the risks in trust businesses in fields such as real estate. We cannot assure you that relevant regulatory authorities will not impose additional restrictions on our trust company partners' businesses. This regulation may limit our access to funding from our trust company partners in the future, which may have a material adverse impact on our source of funding and results of operations.

While we believe we currently are in compliance with existing PRC regulations, in all material aspects, we cannot assure you that the PRC government authorities would agree with our interpretation of the relevant regulations. It is also possible that new laws and regulations may be adopted which, along with any possible changes needed to fully comply with any existing or newly released regulations, could require us to further modify our business or operations. The cost to comply with such laws or regulations would increase our operating expenses, and modifications of our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of our trust company partners are deemed to violate any laws, regulations and rules, they may face, among other things, regulatory warning, correction order, condemnation, fines, suspension of business license and criminal liability, which may have a material adverse impact on our funding source and results of operations.

***Our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to secure funding on terms acceptable to us or our borrowers, or at all.***

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We fund most of the loans we originate through our trust company partners. Loans funded by our trust company partners are disbursed to borrowers directly through trust plans. 70.7%, 87.3% and 78.4% of our home equity loan origination volume was originated under trust lending model in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. In order to expand our funding channels, we launched a new funding model in 2021 in collaboration with commercial banks, under which our commercial bank partners are responsible for reviewing and approving the loan while we charge a service fee for our loan facilitation services. 29.0%, 9.8% and 8.1% of our home equity loan origination volume was originated under collaboration with commercial banks in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The availability of funding from our trust company partners depends on many factors, such as the availability of investors on their platforms, general economic conditions, change of regulatory requirements, actual and expected delinquency ratio compared to alternative opportunities, some of which are out of our control. Our trust company partners may seek to acquire borrowers independently or through other third parties. In addition, our trust company partners may not be able to adapt their compliance practices with the evolving financial institution licensing and other regulations in the PRC. As a result, our ability to cooperate with our existing trust company partners may be subject to regulatory or other limitations. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Some of our funding sources are highly regulated and are subject to the changing regulatory environment. If any of the funding sources is deemed to violate the PRC laws and regulations, we may need to secure new funding, failure of which may result in material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects."

As our business grows, we may need to obtain new funding sources or require current funding partners to increase the amount of funding provided, such as collaborating with commercial banks. If there is a sudden or unexpected shortage of funds from our trust company partners or if we fail to maintain or develop relationships with our existing trust company partners or new funding partners, we may not be able to maintain necessary levels of funding without agreeing to less favorable terms, or at all. We may not be able to arrange additional, new or alternative methods of funding on favorable terms, or at all, or ensure that our cooperation with new funding partners will meet our expectations and the expectations of borrowers.

Additionally, if there is an unexpected scale of decrease in subordinated units due to a higher NPL ratio, we may not be able to arrange additional capital to increase our subordinated units contribution to satisfy the contractual structural leverage ratio as required by the subordinated units subscription agreement. If we are unable to secure sufficient funding on terms acceptable to us and our borrowers, or at all, we may not be able to provide attractive products and services to our borrowers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

***We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases.***

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Our business could be adversely affected by natural disasters or outbreaks of epidemics. These natural disasters, outbreaks of contagious diseases, and other adverse public health developments in China or any other market in which we operate and conduct business could severely disrupt our business operations by damaging our network infrastructure or information technology system or affecting the productivity of our workforce. The outbreak of any severe epidemic disease, such as avian flu, H1N1 flu, SARS or coronavirus, may disrupt our operations, which could negatively affect our financial condition and business prospects.

Our headquarters are located in Guangzhou, where most of our directors and management and a large majority of our employees currently reside. Consequently, we are highly susceptible to factors adversely affecting Guangzhou. If any of the abovementioned natural disasters, health epidemics or other outbreaks were to occur in Guangzhou, our operation may experience material disruptions, such as temporary closure of our offices and suspension of services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Our trust company partners may need to lower the structural leverage ratio of the trust plans which could materially and adversely affect our business.***

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The Guiding Opinion sets a limit on the contractual structural leverage ratio which is calculated as the total amount of senior units divided by subordinated units, and intermediate units shall be included as senior units for the purpose of this calculation. For a fixed-income product, the structural leverage ratio shall not exceed 3:1. The contractual structural leverage ratio of the trust plans or products set up by our trust company partners is determined pursuant to our collaboration agreements with them, which set the upper limit to such ratio at a range of 3:1 to 9:1. As of the date of this annual report, the actual structural leverage ratio of our trust plans is in compliance with the Guiding Opinion. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Terms of the Trust Plans" and "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Trust Lending—Funding Partners." We cannot assure you, however, that the actual structural leverage ratio of our trust plans are always in compliance and in the future, we may need to contribute additional funding to maintain a lower structural leverage ratio and our overall cost of funding may increase, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

***Our concentration of funding provided by our trust company partners and our concentration of borrowers introduced by one sales partner may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, if we lose any of our trust company partners or such sales partner either as a result of its decision to acquire services from our competitors or otherwise.***

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70.7%, 87.3% and 78.4% of our total home equity loan origination volume was originated under trust lending model in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Among the loans originated through our trust lending model, 55.8%, 37.9% and 13.1% were funded through FOTIC trust plans in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We generally acquire borrowers through the collaboration model where we collaborate with sales partners who introduce borrowers and receive incentives. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Collaboration Model." In 2022, we started to collaborate with a sales partner and the balance of outstanding loan principal of the loans issued to borrowers introduced by such sales partner accounted for 94.7% of our total balance of outstanding loan principal as of December 31, 2025. Although we have long-standing relationship with our trust company partners and such sales partner, there is no guarantee as to the continuation of the relationships between our trust company partners, such sales partner and us. We endeavor to diversify our funding source and borrower acquisition channel, but there is no assurance that we will be successful. The loss of any of our trust company partners, in particular FOTIC, or the afore-mentioned sales partner, whether as a result of its decision to acquire services from our competitors, or otherwise, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

***Our collaboration model with our sales partners might be subject to challenges by relevant regulatory authorities.***

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Under the collaboration model, sales partners contribute an amount equal to 5% to 25% of the loans issued to the borrowers introduced by them (such contribution, the "Credit Risk Mitigation Position," or "CRMP") and will receive incentive fees upon a pre-agreed schedule and other conditions.

According to the Judicial Interpretations to Issues Concerning Applications of Laws for Trial of Criminal Cases on Illegal Fundraising, promulgated by the Supreme People's Court, whoever meets the following four conditions, may be deemed as "absorbing public savings illegally or in disguised form" as prescribed in Article 176 of the Criminal Law, except as otherwise provided for by the Criminal Law: (i) taking in funds without license of the relevant authority or under the disguise of lawful business operations; (ii) publicizing by means of internet, media, recommendation fairs, leaflets or mobile phone text messages, or other means; (iii) promising to repay the principal and interests or make payments in forms such as currency, real objects or equities, within a certain time limit; and (iv) absorbing funds from the general public, namely unspecified people. According to Regulations on Preventing and Dealing with Illegal Fund-raising, illegal fundraising involves collecting funds from non-specific targets with promised principal and interest or other investment returns, without lawful permission from the State Council's financial management departments or in violation of China's financial management rules. The definition above stipulates the three features of illegal fundraising, which are illegal, with pecuniary interest, and targeting unspecified audiences.

It is unclear whether the CRMP we received would be deemed as absorbing funds illegally under PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any fines or penalties under the aforementioned regulations with respect to our collaboration model with sales partners. If we are deemed to be absorbing public savings illegally or in disguised form, we may be subject to fines up to the amount of fund absorbed and criminal penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business. We are in the process of refining the collaboration model with the sales partnerships under which sales partners will be restricted to qualified persons only. In addition, we have not made any commitments of making repayments within a certain time limit. We also require the sales partners to use their own funds as the source of the CRMP and prohibit collection of public funds from unspecified people. While we believe we are in compliance with the abovementioned laws and regulations, in all material aspects, we cannot assure you that the relevant authorities would agree with our interpretation of the relevant regulations. Our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected if our collaboration model with sales partners are deemed as absorbing public savings illegally or in disguised form.

According to the Administrative Measures on Assembled Funds Trust Schemes of Trust Companies, which was amended on February 2009, the trustor shall use legitimate funds of its own to subscribe to the trust units, and shall not participate in the trust scheme by illegally pooling funds from any other person. In addition, according to the Guiding Opinions on Regulating Asset Management Business of Financial Institutions, which were promulgated on April 2018, investors may not use loans or funds from third parties raised by issuing bonds to invest in asset management products. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any fines or penalties under the aforementioned regulations with respect to our collaboration model with sales partners. If the fund we subscribe for the subordinated units of the trust plan is identified as originated from CRMP, we may be subject to fines up to the amount of fund so identified and criminal and administrative penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business. Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, advises us that the CRMP from sales partners is for the purpose of reducing our own risk exposure, not for the purpose of illegally and publicly absorbing other people's funds; in addition, the CRMP does not belong to the loans or funds raised by issuing bonds as described in the abovementioned regulations. While we believe we are in compliance with the abovementioned laws and regulations, in all material aspects, we cannot assure you that the relevant authorities would agree with our interpretation of the relevant regulations. Our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected if the funds we subscribe for the subordinated units of the trust plan is identified as originating from CRMP.

In addition, under our collaboration model, the CRMP paid by the sales partners either through direct contribution or through contribution to limited partnerships may be seen as investment in trust plans which may be identified by PRC regulatory authorities as disguised loans granted by sales partners. According to the Regulation on Private Lending and Maintaining the Economic and Financial Order, which was promulgated on April 2018, no entity or individual may set up an agency that conducts or mainly conducts the granting of loans, or takes the granting of loans as the daily business activities, without the approval of the competent authority in accordance with the law. If the CRMP paid by sales partners either directly or to limited partnerships is identified by PRC regulatory authorities as disguised loans granted by sales partners, they may be subject to fines up to the amount of fund so identified and criminal and administrative penalties. Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, advises us that under the collaboration model, the main business of the sales partners we cooperate with are to introduce real estate mortgage loan projects to third parties, rather than providing loans. Our sales partners do not engage in issuance of loans and have not entered into any loan agreements with us. If the CRMP paid by sales partners either directly or to limited partnerships is identified by PRC regulatory authorities as disguised loans granted by sales partners, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

***Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.***

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Our business is subject to governmental supervision and regulation by the relevant PRC government authorities. Together, these government authorities promulgate and enforce regulations that cover many aspects of the operation of the home equity loan and finance industries. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation." Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, advises us that our businesses do not need special approvals or licenses, other than our small loan business and subject to "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our credit strengthening services to the trust plans as the subordinated unit holder might be subject to challenges by relevant regulatory authorities, and we may potentially be required to obtain licenses." We are further advised that these opinions are subject to uncertainties and the regulatory authorities may hold a different view.

As of the date of this annual report, all of our small loan subsidiaries have obtained such approvals or licenses.

***Some of our funding sources are highly regulated and are subject to the changing regulatory environment. If any of the finding sources is deemed to violate the PRC laws and regulations, we may need to secure new funding failure of which may result in a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.***

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We have multiple funding sources to support our business model, including funding sources that are highly regulated. Although we may or may not be subject to any direct material fines or penalties from the relevant regulatory authorities, if our funding sources are deemed to violate any relevant regulations in collaboration with us directly or indirectly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

We subscribe to the subordinated units and therefore have rights to the residual earnings under such trust plans. We historically acquire certain funding for the subordinated units by transferring our right to earnings with a repurchase arrangement to private equity funds. According to the regulations on private equity funds, private equity funds shall no longer engage in loan business and starting from April 1, 2020, the Asset Management Association of China (AMAC) will no longer accept new product filings which are not within the permitted investment scope of private equity funds. Private equity funds filed before April 1, 2020 may continue to invest in loan business. Our private equity funding sources' filing of products in collaboration with us were all accepted before April 1, 2020. Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, advises that the instructions shall come into force as of the date of promulgation. In case of any discrepancy between the self-discipline rules and Q&A issued by the AMAC and the Instructions, the latter shall prevail. To ensure the smooth transition, according to the principle of "separating the existing applications from new ones", the AMAC shall no longer handle any new and in-process record-filing applications that fail to meet the requirements of the Instructions from April 1, 2020. If a private investment fund which has completed record-filing formalities before April 1, 2020 engages in activities which do not comply with the essence of "fund" in Article 2 of the Instructions, such private investment fund shall not increase its scale of fundraising or its investment after September 1, 2020, and shall be liquidated upon maturity, and shall not be renewed in principle. We are further advised that these opinions are subject to uncertainties and the regulatory authorities may hold a different view. We cannot assure you that the registered channels can satisfy our financing needs, or that such regulations will not impose material restrictions on our future business operations as we continue to grow our business.

According to Measures for the Supervision and Administration of the Wealth Management Business of Commercial Banks promulgated in September 2018 (the "Wealth Management Measures"), a commercial bank is subject to certain investment threshold of nonstandardized debt assets. A transition period, starting from the effective date until the end of 2020, will be set for the Wealth Management Measures. During the transition period, new wealth management products introduced by commercial banks shall comply with the Wealth Management Measures. Commercial banks may continue to offer existing products for the undue assets invested in by existing wealth management products, but shall strictly control them within the overall scale of existing products and decrease them progressively in an orderly manner. Neither our trust company partners nor we have specific knowledge on whether a commercial bank investing in the senior units is in compliance with the Wealth Management Measures. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of noncompliance by commercial banks as senior unit holders. We cannot assure you, however, that commercial banks as senior unit holders will continue to comply in the future. If commercial banks as senior unit holders violate the Wealth Management Measures, such violation will have a material adverse effect on our trust company partners' funding sources and our business operations.

As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any material fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations with respect to the aforesaid funding resources. If our practice, or the practice of our funding partners in collaboration with us, is deemed to violate any laws, regulations and rules, we may face, among other things, regulatory warning, correction order, condemnation, fines, suspension of business license and criminal liability. If such situations occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

***We lack product and business diversification. Accordingly, our future operating income and earnings are more susceptible to fluctuations than a more diversified company.***

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Currently, our primary business activities include facilitating home equity loans and providing loan management services to borrowers and trust company partners and to a lesser extent, direct lending through our small loan subsidiaries. If we are unable to maintain and grow the operating income from our current business or develop additional revenue streams, our future operating income and earnings are not likely to grow and could decline. Our lack of product and business diversification could inhibit the opportunities for growth of our business and results of operations.

To maintain and increase the amount of loans we originate, we must continue to engage our existing borrowers and attract new borrowers, either by ourselves or through sales partners under our collaboration model, both of which may be affected by several factors, including interest rates of loans we originate, our brand recognition and reputation, our loan services and products offered, our operating efficiency and ability in engaging prospective borrowers, the effectiveness of our credit analysis system, our ability to secure sufficient and cost-efficient funding, service fees we charge to trust plans, our borrower experience and the PRC regulatory environment. In addition, we have also entered into agreements with our sales partners to utilize the offline network they operate to engage some of our prospective borrowers. If these sales partners could not effectively or efficiently introduce borrowers as anticipated, or if we are unable to expand the scale of our sales partners, we may not be able to acquire or engage new and existing borrowers efficiently. In addition, we may also impose more stringent control over borrower qualifications to ensure the quality of the loans we facilitate, which may negatively affect the amount of loans we facilitate. If we are unable to attract borrowers or if borrowers do not continue to use our services, we may be unable to increase our loan origination volume and corresponding income, and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

***Our concentration in loans secured by real properties may increase our credit losses in times of deterioration in local or national property markets, which would negatively affect our financial results.***

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The home equity loans we facilitate are secured by residential or commercial properties in our market areas. A significant decrease of property values will cause an increase in LTV ratio, resulting in borrowers having little or negative equity in their property, which may reduce new loan originations and provide incentive to borrowers to strategically default on their loans. Risk of loan defaults and foreclosures are unavoidable in the home equity loan industry.

***If we are unable to achieve low delinquency ratio for loans originated by us, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.***

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We may not be able to achieve low delinquency ratio for loans originated by us, or such delinquency ratios may be significantly affected by economic downturns or general economic conditions beyond our control and beyond the control of individual borrowers. The outstanding principal of home equity loans (including loans held for sale) originated by us was RMB11,828 million, RMB10,124 million and RMB8,448 million (US$1,208 million) as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. The delinquency ratio for loans originated by us (excluding loans held for sale) increased from 15.54% as of December 31, 2023 to 29.72% as of December 31, 2024, and to 50.26% as of December 31, 2025. Our NPL ratio (excluding loans held for sale) increased from 1.11% as of as of December 31, 2023 to 8.50% as of December 31, 2024, and to 35.62 % as of December 31, 2025. In order to diversify our financing channels to better serve the demands of MSE owners with credible funding sources, we started to collaborate with commercial banks in 2021, under which model we provide guarantees against the potential defaults and such contractual guarantee arrangement is underwritten by the guarantor company to which we provide back-to-back guarantee at request. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Commercial Bank Partnership." Accordingly, our results of operations, financial position and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected if we cannot achieve low delinquency ratio for the loans generated under such new funding model. Furthermore, our borrower base continues to expand with the growth of our business operations, which may include loan applicants with lower creditworthiness. We may not be able to achieve low delinquency ratio for loans originated by us in the future, or return to the low delinquency ratio or NPL ratio we achieved in the past.

***Our high leverage ratio may expose us to liquidity risk and we may not have sufficient capital reserve to manage losses.***

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As part of the collaboration we have with our trust company partners, we subscribe to subordinated units in trust plans through our subsidiaries and fund those units with (i) our own funds and (ii) funding from transferring our right to earnings in subordinated units to third parties. We transfer our right to earnings in subordinated units to third parties with a repurchase arrangement, which requires us to repurchase the right to earnings in subordinated units. For details of our repurchase agreements with third parties under the trust lending model, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Funding Sources." In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we transferred our right of earnings in subordinated units to a certain private equity fund and to a certain third party. Our financing costs under such repurchase arrangement ranged from 8% to 14% per annum of the transfer prices in 2023, 2024 and 2025. We are required to consolidate all of the results under trust plans on our consolidated financial statements, including those of the senior units. This consolidation is necessary as our trust lending model creates exposure to variability of returns from the activities of the trust plans.

We historically operated a small direct lending business through our small loan subsidiaries, financed with our own funds or funds we received from third parties by transferring our rights in the loans together with a repurchase arrangement.

As a result of our funding model, we may be exposed to high leverage ratio. Our leverage ratio was 4.1 times, 4.9 times and 2.0 times as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our high level of borrowings and leverage ratio may adversely affect our liquidity and business operations, including but not limited to increasing our vulnerability under adverse economic condition, potentially limiting our ability to raise more debt and increasing our exposure to interest rate fluctuation. Our business and results of operations also depend on our ability to secure cost-effective financing. The third parties to whom we transfer our right to earnings or small rights to earnings in loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables may not continue to provide funding at rates acceptable to us, and we may not find alternative financing at similar rates, or at all.

If we continue to have a high leverage ratio, our exposure to liquidity risk may restrict our ability to make necessary capital expenditures or develop business opportunities in the future. For the credit strengthening services we provide, we may also be required to provide additional funding when there is an NPL in the loan portfolio. Due to this arrangement and our high leverage ratio, we may not have sufficient capital reserve to manage potential losses in the future, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial positions. In addition, although we are not currently subject to any capital reserve requirement, we cannot assure you that the regulatory authority will not impose such requirements in the future, which may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial positions due to our high leverage ratio.

***If our or our trust company partners' or our commercial bank partners' risk management system fails to perform effectively, such failure may materially and adversely impact our operating results.***

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Credit assessment of the borrowers we facilitate is conducted by our risk management system, and subject to final risk assessment by our trust company partners or commercial bank partners under different funding models. Our risk management system uses credit analysis and data from prospective borrowers and multiple external sources and might not be effective as we continue to increase the amount of transactions, expand the borrower base and broaden our borrower engagement efforts through different channels in the future. If our system or our trust company partners' or commercial bank partners' system is ineffective or if the credit analysis and data we or our trust company partners or our commercial bank partners obtained are incorrect or outdated, the relevant risk management abilities could be negatively affected, resulting in incorrect recommendations or denials of loan applications or mispriced loan products, or eventually loan default. If we are unable to effectively and accurately assess the credit risks of borrowers or price loan products appropriately, we may be unable to offer quality services to our trust company partners, commercial bank partners or borrowers. Our risk and credit assessment may not be able to provide more predictive assessments of future borrower behavior or result in better evaluation of our borrower base when compared to our competitors. Pursuant to the terms of our collaboration agreements with trust company partners and commercial bank partners, trust company partners or commercial bank partners are independently responsible for credit assessment and approving the loans applications and we are not subject to any penalties for inaccurate risk assessment or mispriced loan products. However, we ultimately bear credit risk on loans we facilitate as we have payment obligations under our credit strengthening arrangements or the new funding model with commercial bank partners. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Credit Strengthening Services." In addition, our performance-based service fee and return under the subordinated units may be reduced as a result of increased NPLs. If our or our trust company partners' or commercial bank partners' risk management system fails to perform effectively, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

***Our business depends on our ability to collect payment on and service the transactions we facilitate.***

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We offer post-loan management services to our trust company partners. We have implemented payment and collection policies and practices designed to optimize compliant repayment, while also providing superior borrower experience. Our collection process is divided into distinct stages based on the days of delinquency, which dictate the level of collection steps taken. For example, automatic reminders through text, voice and instant messages are sent to a delinquent borrower as soon as the collections process commences. Our collection team will also make phone calls to borrowers following the first missed payment and periodically thereafter. We may also resort to arbitration or litigation to recover delinquent loans or assign those loans to a third party and collect proceeds upfront. Despite our servicing and collection efforts, we cannot assure you that we will be able to collect payments on the transactions we facilitate as expected. As we are exposed to credit risks as the subordinated unit holder and also as a result of credit strengthening services we provide, our failure to collect payment on the transactions will have a material adverse effect on our business operations and financial positions. For example, in the event of loans issued to the borrowers referred by the sales partners are in default, the respective sales partners who introduced such borrowers will share the credit risks with us by choosing from several options, including relinquishing the respective CRMPs for such loan. Upon relinquishing its CRMPs, the sales partner is deemed to be released from its repayment obligations under the collaboration agreement. For more details, see "4.B. Business Overview – Our Products." In addition, our collection team may not possess adequate resource and manpower to collect payment on and service the loans we facilitated. If we fail to adequately collect amounts delinquent or due, then our service fees charged to trust plans may be delayed or reduced and our results of operations will be adversely affected. As the amount of transactions facilitated by us increases in the future, we may devote additional resources into our collection efforts. However, there can be no assurance that we would be able to utilize such additional resources in a cost-efficient manner.

Moreover, Circular 141 provides that all types of institutions or entrusted third-party institutions shall not collect loans through violence, intimidation, insult, slander, harassment, etc. Furthermore, according to the Notice on Further Regulating the Personal Trust Loan Business of Trust Companies issued by Beijing Bureau of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission in August 2020, trust companies within the Beijing jurisdiction shall clarify the list of prohibited behaviors with the institutions they collaborate with and their staff, and must not collect loans through violence, intimidation, insult, slander, harassment, etc. The Amendment XI to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, which was issued on December 2020 and became effective in March 2021, stipulates that whoever falls under any of the following circumstances when collecting any illegal debts generated from offering loans with high interest shall, if the circumstances are serious, be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also, or shall only, be fined: (1) using violence or coercive methods; (2) restricting another person's personal freedom of movement or trespass to another person's dwelling; or (3) threatening, stalking, or harassing another person.

Although we aim to ensure our collection efforts comply with the relevant laws and regulations in the PRC and we have established strict internal policies that our collections personnel shall not engage in aggressive practices, we cannot assure you that such personnel will not engage in any misconduct as part of their collection efforts. Any such misconduct by our collection personnel or the perception that our collection practices are considered to be aggressive and not compliant with the relevant laws and regulations in the PRC may result in harm to our reputation and business, which could further reduce our ability to collect payments from borrowers, lead to decrease in the willingness of prospective borrowers to apply for the home equity loans we facilitate, or fines and penalties imposed by the relevant regulatory authorities, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

***If our allowance for loan losses is not sufficient to cover actual loan losses, our results of operations would be negatively affected.***

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Our business is subject to fluctuations based on local economic conditions. These fluctuations are neither predictable nor within our control and may have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition. In determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses, we analyze our loss and delinquency experience by loan categories and we consider the effect of existing economic conditions. In addition, we make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of loan portfolios, including the creditworthiness of borrowers and the value of real properties serving as collateral for the repayment loans. If the actual results are different from our estimates, or our analysis is incorrect, our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in a loan portfolio, which would require additions to allowance and would decrease our net income. Our emphasis on loan growth and on increasing portfolio, as well as any future loan deterioration, will require us to increase our allowance further in the future. Any increase in our allowance for loan losses or loan charge-offs as required by regulatory authorities may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

***Increases in market interest rates could negatively affect the amount of loans facilitated by us and cost of funds provided to borrowers.***

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Borrowers' costs of borrowing mainly consist of interest expenses. An increase in prevailing interest rates could result in an increase in the interest rates of loans we facilitate, and borrowers may be less likely to accept such adjusted terms. If borrowers decide not to use the products or services we offer because of such increase in market interest rates, our ability to retain existing borrowers and engage prospective borrowers as well as our competitive position may be severely impaired. If we are unable to effectively manage such market interest rate risk, our business, profitability, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. See "4.B. Business Overview – Our Products" for more details on the interest rates of our loan products.

Our overall funding costs may fluctuate with market interest rates while the interest rates for existing loans are fixed during the terms of the loans. As a result, an increase in the market interest rates may negatively impact the availability and cost of our funding, which may have a material adverse impact on our profitability and results of operations.

***We are involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business from time to time. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.***

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We are involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business from time to time. In our opinion, based on the facts known at this time, the ultimate resolution of these ordinary course legal proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations as a whole. However, no assurances can be given as to the outcome of any pending legal proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For debt collection purposes, we initiate legal proceedings against borrowers to recover payments that are delinquent for 30 days if we cannot reach agreement with the default borrowers by then. We may not be able to obtain or enforce favorable judgments or arbitration awards, or recover the amounts in dispute in full or at all. Furthermore, claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law could be asserted against us by individuals, governmental or other entities in civil, administrative or criminal investigations and proceedings. These claims could be asserted under a variety of laws and regulations, including but not limited to contract laws, online or private lending laws or regulations, consumer protection laws or regulations, intellectual property laws, information security and privacy laws, and labor and employment laws. For further details, see the section headed "Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal and Administrative Proceedings." These actions could expose us to adverse publicity and to monetary damages, fines and penalties, as well as suspension or revocation of licenses or permits to conduct business. Even if we eventually prevail in these matters, we could incur significant legal fees or suffer reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations as well as our future growth and prospects.

***The foreclosure action and enforcement process may be time-consuming, difficult and uncertain for legal and practicable reasons, which could adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.***

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The home equity loans we facilitate are secured by collateral, normally residential or commercial real properties owned by borrowers. In the event that a borrower is in default and the payment is past due for over 30 days or upon the incurrence of unusual situations (such as forfeiture of the collateral), we may need to help our trust company partners initiate judicial or arbitration proceedings against the defaulting borrower and foreclose the real property collateral. Historically, we were able to help our trust company partners enforce their rights to the collaterals through a power of attorney that was signed by the borrower and notarized by a notary public before loan disbursement. This allowed the trust company partners to quickly dispose of the collaterals without having to involve the borrower. However, the judicial or arbitration proceedings may be time-consuming and may not ultimately be possible. In addition, the enforcement process may be difficult in practice. Furthermore, the defaulting borrowers may have concealed, transferred or disposed of their assets beforehand, which make it difficult or impossible for us to apply for attachment. Moreover, if the attached assets are found to be subject to prior mortgage or other third parties' rights during proceedings, our interests will be ranked lower than these prior parties, thereby limiting or even preventing us from full coverage by the collateral. As a result, in case of defaults we may not be able to recover the full amount of loans and outstanding interests or at all, and in turn our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In 2019, courts in certain regions of PRC issued regulations on banning the filings and executions in "trap loans" cases. While we believe our business does not fall into "trap loans" and such regulations are not be applicable to us, the interpretations of such regulations may vary among different courts. We cannot guarantee that the regulatory authority will agree with our interpretation. In 2019, certain court proceedings relating to the loans we facilitated were delayed or suspended due to such regulations.

***Credit and other information that we or our trust company partners or our commercial bank partners receive from prospective borrowers and third parties about a borrower and the collateral may not accurately reflect the borrower's creditworthiness or the collateral's fair/recoverable value, which may compromise the accuracy of our and our trust company partners' or our commercial bank partners' credit assessment.***

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For the purposes of credit risk assessment, we and our trust company partners or our commercial bank partners obtain from prospective borrowers and third parties certain information of the prospective borrowers or the prospective real property collateral, which may not be complete, accurate or reliable. A credit report on a borrower or prospective collateral generated by our third-party sources or our trust company partners' or our commercial bank partners' own credit assessment system may not reflect that particular borrower's actual creditworthiness or the prospective collateral's actual market value because it may be based on outdated, incomplete or inaccurate information. Additionally, once we and our trust company partners or our commercial bank partners have obtained a borrower's information, the borrower may subsequently (i) become delinquent in the payment of an outstanding obligation; (ii) default on a preexisting debt obligation; (iii) take on additional debt; or (iv) sustain other adverse financial events, making the information we have previously obtained inaccurate. Such inaccurate or incomplete borrower information could compromise the accuracy of our or our trust company partners' or our commercial bank partners' credit assessment and adversely affect the effectiveness of our risk management, which could in turn harm our reputation, lower our service fees charged to trust plans, and as a result, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We currently determine the preliminary market value of the prospective real property collateral using external databases at the time borrowers submit their loan applications. We also conduct site visits to cross-check conditions and verify information of the prospective real property collateral. In addition, we compare the preliminary third-party appraiser report with quotes on an anonymous basis from local real estate agencies in the same neighborhood. However, there is no assurance that we have complete and accurate information relating to the prospective real property collateral. In addition, our trust company partners or our commercial bank partners perform their own independent credit assessment and make the decision on loan grants based on their credit assessment results. If we or our trust company partners or our commercial bank partners overestimate market value of the real property collateral, the loans we facilitate may not be fully secured, which could affect the accuracy of our or our trust company partners' or our commercial bank partners' credit assessment and the effectiveness of our or our trust company partners' or our commercial bank partners' risk management. Therefore, our reputation, and as a result, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

***Our business operations may be negatively impacted if borrowers use loan proceeds to engage in activities prohibited or not encouraged by regulators.***

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Borrowers supply a variety of information that is included in the standardized loan applications prepared by us, including intended use of proceeds. We verify such information by conducting site visits and informal interviews. As our business continues to grow and our borrower base continues to expand, we might not have enough resources to continuously verify or monitor the information provided by the borrowers, such as intended use of loan proceeds. The loan agreements our borrowers enter into limit the use of proceeds to business operation purposes, not purchase of real property or consumption. The trust companies have the right to require early payment if proceeds were not used for business operation purposes. However, we cannot guarantee and may not effectively monitor that the loan is strictly used for business operating purposes. The borrower may use loan proceeds for other purposes with increased risk than as originally provided or use loan proceeds to engage in activities prohibited or discouraged by regulators. Such activities may harm our reputation and negatively impact our business operations.

***Fraudulent activity could negatively impact our operating results, brand and reputation and cause the use of our loan facilitation services to decrease.***

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We are subject to the risk of fraudulent activity associated with borrowers, our trust company partners and third parties handling borrower information. Our resources, technologies and fraud detection tools may be insufficient to accurately detect and prevent fraud. Significant increases in fraudulent activity could negatively impact our brand and reputation, reduce the volume of loan transactions facilitated through us and lead us to take additional steps to reduce fraud risk, which could increase our costs. High-profile fraudulent activity could even lead to regulatory intervention, and may divert our management's attention and cause us to incur additional expenses and costs. Although we have not experienced any material business or reputational harm as a result of fraudulent activities in the past, we cannot rule out the possibility that any of the foregoing may occur, causing harm to our business or reputation in the future. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

***We are subject to credit cycle and the risk of deterioration of credit profiles of borrowers.***

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Our business is subject to the credit cycle associated with the volatility of the general economy. If economic conditions deteriorate, we may face increased risk of default or delinquency of borrowers, which will result in lower returns or losses. In the event that the creditworthiness of borrowers deteriorates or we cannot track the deterioration of their creditworthiness, the criteria we use for the analysis of borrower credit profiles may be rendered inaccurate, and our or our trust company partners' risk management system may be subsequently rendered ineffective. This in turn may lead to higher delinquency ratio and adverse impacts on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial positions.

***Our current business model has a relatively large exposure to second lien mortgage.***

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In 2023, 2024 and 2025, loans secured by second lien interest accounted for 62.9%, 58.7% and 53.9%of our loan origination volume of home equity loans, respectively. For loans secured by second lien interests, our rights over the collateral will be subordinated to other secured creditors with higher priority. If the borrowers default, we may not be able to collect the full amount of our security interests in the collateral due to lien subordination. There is no assurance that we will be able to realize the value of the collateral as we anticipated in a timely manner, or at all. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

***We primarily rely on our trust company partners and our commercial bank partners to fund loans to borrowers, which may constitute provision of intermediary service, and our agreements with these partners and borrowers may be deemed as intermediation contracts under the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (the "Civil Code").***

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Under the Civil Code, if an intermediary intentionally conceals any material fact or provides false information in connection with the conclusion of the proposed contract, which results in harm to the client's interests, the intermediary may not claim for service fees and shall be liable for the damages caused. Therefore, if we intentionally conceal material information or provide false information to our trust company partners and our commercial bank partners and are found at fault, or if we fail to identify false information received from borrowers or others and in turn provide such information to our trust company partners and our commercial bank partners, we could be held liable for damages caused to our trust company partners and our commercial bank partners as an intermediary pursuant to the Civil Code. On the other hand, we do not assume any liability solely on the basis of failure to correctly assign a credit limit or pricing to a particular borrower in the process of facilitating a loan transaction, as long as we do not intentionally conceal any material fact intentionally or provide false information, and are not found to be at fault otherwise. However, due to the lack of detailed regulations and guidance in the area of home equity loans and the possibility that the PRC government authority may promulgate new laws and regulations regulating home equity loans in the future, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations for the home equity loan industry, and there can be no assurance that the PRC government authority will ultimately take a view that is consistent with ours.

***The personal data and other confidential information of borrowers and our partners which we collect or are provided access to may subject us to liabilities imposed by relevant governmental regulations or expose us to risks of cyberattacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions.***

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We receive, transmit and store a large volume of personally identifiable information and other confidential data from borrowers and our partners. There are numerous laws regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personally identifiable information and user data. Specifically, personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions, the intent of which is to protect the privacy of personal information that is collected, processed and transmitted in or from the governing jurisdiction. On November 28, 2019, the Secretary Bureau of the Cyberspace Administration of China, the General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Office of the Ministry of Public Security and the General Office of the State Administration for Market Regulation promulgated the Identification Method of Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information Through App, which provides guidance for the regulatory authorities to identify the illegal collection and use of personal information through mobile apps, and for the app operators to conduct self-examination and self-correction and for other participants to voluntarily monitor compliance. Personal Information Protection Law stipulates that personal information shall be processed in accordance with the principles of lawfulness, legitimacy, necessity and good faith, and not in any manner that is misleading, fraudulent or coercive. Collection of personal information shall be limited to the minimum scope necessary for achieving the purpose of processing and shall not be excessive. In addition, personal information processing rules should be disclosed to personal information subjects, and the purpose, method and scope of processing should be clearly stated. While we strive to comply with all applicable data protection laws and regulations, as well as our own privacy policies, this regulatory framework for privacy issues in China and worldwide is currently evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in business practices or privacy policies, or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to laws, regulations and other applicable rules regarding privacy and privacy advocacy, industry groups or other private parties may propose new and different privacy standards. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws and privacy standards are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws or privacy standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and privacy standards, could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business. In addition, the data we possess may make us an attractive target for and potentially vulnerable to, cyberattacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions. Furthermore, some of the data we possess is stored on our servers, which are hosted by third parties. While we and our third-party hosting facilities have taken steps to protect confidential information to which we have access and we store our data in encrypted form, our security measures may be breached in the future. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our database could cause confidential borrower, partner information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. If our security measures are breached because of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, or if design flaws in our software are exposed and exploited, our reputation, business and results of operations may be materially and adversely impacted.

Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we and our third-party hosting facilities may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, the Administrative Measures for the Security of the International Network of Computer Information Network, effective on December 30, 1997 and amended on January 8, 2011, require us to report any data or security breaches to the local offices of the PRC Ministry of Public Security within 24 hours of any such breach. Furthermore, the Measures for the Administration of the Reporting of National Cybersecurity Incidents, issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China on September 11, 2025 and effective on November 1, 2025, impose additional reporting obligations. These measures bring within their regulatory scope incidents that harm networks, information systems, or their associated data and business applications due to human causes, cyberattacks, network vulnerabilities, software or hardware defects and malfunctions, force majeure, or other factors that negatively impact the state, society, or the economy. The measures explicitly define the reporting processes, channels, and timeframes for such events. Specifically, for cybersecurity incidents classified as relatively large or more severe, such as the leakage of personal information of more than one million citizens, network operators are required to report to the competent local provincial cyberspace administration promptly, and in no event later than four hours after the occurrence. Any security breach, whether actual or perceived, would harm our reputation, and could cause us to lose borrowers and partners and adversely affect our business and results of operations. We do not have cybersecurity insurance in case of security breach. As of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any material incidents of security breach.

***Any failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations could damage our reputation.***

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In cooperation with our trust company partners, we have adopted various policies and procedures, including internal controls, "know-your-customer" procedures, customer due diligence and customer screening procedures, for anti-money laundering purposes. In addition, we rely on and may in the future, rely on other third-party service providers, in particular the custody banks and payment agents that handle the transfer of funds between borrowers and lenders, to have their own appropriate anti-money laundering policies and procedures. Custody banks and payment agents are subject to anti-money laundering obligations under applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and are regulated in that respect by the PBOC. If any of our third-party service providers fail to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, our reputation could suffer and we could become subject to regulatory intervention, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any negative perception of the industry, such as that arising from any failure of other home equity loan service providers to detect or prevent money laundering activities, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could compromise our image or undermine the trust and credibility we have established.

The PRC Anti-money Laundering Law, which became effective in January 2007 and was amended on November 8, 2024, sets forth the principal anti-money laundering requirements applicable to financial institutions as well as nonfinancial institutions with anti-money laundering obligations, including the adoption of precautionary and supervisory measures, establishment of various systems for client identification, retention of clients' identification information and records and reports on large transactions and suspicious transactions. Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism by Financial Institutions, effective in August 2021 and amended in September, 2025, provides that a financial institution shall, according to the provisions, establish and improve the internal control system for combating money laundering and financing of terrorism, assess risks of money laundering and financing of terrorism, establish a risk management mechanism commensurate with the risk status and business scale, build an information system for combating money laundering, and establish or designate a department and appoint corresponding personnel to effectively perform the obligations of combating money laundering and financing of terrorism. Notably, this amendment expanded the regulatory coverage to ensure that policy banks, the banking, securities, futures, fund management, and insurance industries, as well as various newly emerged licensed institutions within these sectors, are all included as anti-money laundering obligated entities. In conjunction with these revisions, the People's Bank of China issued the Notice on Matters Concerning the Implementation of the "Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism by Financial Institutions" on October 20, 2025, which further specifies the regulatory division of responsibilities and operational requirements.

However, as the detailed anti-money laundering regulations of home equity loan facilitators have not been published, there is uncertainty as to how the anti-money laundering requirements will be interpreted and implemented, and whether home equity loan service providers like us must abide by the rules and procedures set forth in the PRC Anti-money Laundering Law that are applicable to nonfinancial institutions with anti-money laundering obligations. We cannot assure you that the anti-money laundering policies and procedures we have adopted will be effective in protecting our business from being exploited for money laundering purposes or will be deemed to be following applicable anti-money laundering implementing rules if and when adopted.

***The collaboration model we have in place with our sales partners to acquire borrowers might be regarded as financial marketing and might face compliance risks.***

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The People's Bank of China, the China Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange have issued notice on further regulating financial marketing and publicity activities on December 20, 2019, which took effect on January 25, 2020. It is stipulated that financial marketing and publicity activities refer to the activities of financial product or financial service providers using various publicity tools or methods to publicize and promote financial products or financial services, and it is illegal to engage in financial business without a business license or beyond the permitted business scope, and market entities that fail to obtain relevant financial business qualifications shall not conduct marketing and publicity activities relating to the financial business, except that information release platforms and media entrusted by relevant financial business qualifications may carry out financial marketing and publicity activities for them.

We currently collaborate with our sales partners on the promotion of real estate mortgage loan projects, and we introduce borrowers to the trust companies. As the above notice is broad in regulatory scope and still evolving, we cannot guarantee you that the marketing activities of us or our sales partners will not be regarded as financial marketing and publicity activities. If the marketing activities of us or our sales partners are found to be in violation of the above notice, we may be penalized by relevant authorities and our marketing activities may be suspended, which could adversely affect our business operations.

***The collecting, storing and sharing of information among us, our sales partners and the trust companies might face compliance risks.***

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The PBOC and the National Financial Standardization Technical Committee released the Personal Financial Information Protection Technical Specifications ("Specifications") on February 13, 2020, according to which financial institutions shall not entrust or authorize other institutions, without the qualification for financial business, to collect information such as bank account information, personal identification number, mobile phone number, KYC information, home address and other information that is linked to the identity of a specific individual. Financial institutions shall also forbid outsourcing service agencies and external service agencies through agreements or contracts to store such information.

On 26, December, 2022, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission ("CBIRC") issued the Administrative Measures for the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests by Banking and Insurance Institutions. According to such Administrative Measures, banking institutions shall establish a management mechanism for the list of cooperating institutions and strengthen the ongoing management of cooperating institutions, and set entry and exit criteria for cooperating institutions on matters involving consumer rights and interests, such as the security of consumers' personal information.

On December 27, 2024, China's National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) issued the Administrative Measures for Data Security of Banks and Insurance Institutions ("Measures"). The Measures require that banking and trust institutions shall strengthen the access control and security management of suppliers when sensitive or higher-level data are involved in supply chain services. Banking and trust institutions shall formulate centralized approval management systems for external data procurement and cooperative introduction, incorporate them into the outsourcing risk management system for overall management, and comprehensively establish management mechanisms for data requirements, security assessment, collection and introduction, data operation and maintenance, registration and filing, and supervision and evaluation. Banking and trust institutions shall investigate the authenticity and legality of data sources, assess the security guarantee capabilities and data security risks of data providers, and clarify the data security responsibilities and obligations of both parties.

On May 1, 2025, the PBOC issued the Administrative Measures for Data Security in the Business Fields of the People's Bank of China, which will become effective on June 30, 2025. These measures apply to data processing activities conducted by financial institutions within the PBOC's regulatory scope. The measures mandate that data processors establish a comprehensive data classification and grading system, categorizing business data into general, important, and core data. Financial institutions are required to implement full-lifecycle security management mechanisms covering data collection, storage, usage, processing, transmission, provision, and deletion. Specifically, the measures impose strict access controls, encryption, and de-identification requirements for highly sensitive data. Additionally, processors of important data must conduct annual data security risk assessments and submit reports to the PBOC, alongside establishing rigorous incident monitoring, emergency response, and regulatory reporting procedures

As of the date hereof, there is no such terms or provisions that we are entrusted or authorized to collect such information from the borrower by the trust companies and commercial banks in the agreements between us and the trust companies and commercial banks. We have collected information from the borrowers with the borrowers' express consent. Although the Specifications are a recommended industry standard and have no mandatory legal force, but they might still be referred to by regulatory agencies. Therefore, if our collecting, storing and sharing of the borrower's above-mentioned information are found to be in violation of the laws, it could have an adverse impact on our business model and adversely affect our business operations, especially in terms of our collaboration model with commercial bank partners.

***The Administrative Measures for Credit Reporting Business may have a certain negative impact on our business, and we may face challenges from the regulatory authorities.***

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The Administrative Measures for Credit Reporting Business, which were adopted on September 17, 2021, are promulgated for implementation as of January 1, 2022. For the purpose of the measures, credit reporting business refers to activities in which credit information on enterprises and individuals is collected, arranged, preserved, processed, and provided to users; Credit information refers to basic information, loan information, and other relevant information collected in accordance with the law and used to identify and judge the credit status of enterprises and individuals when providing services for financial and other activities, as well as analysis and evaluation information formed based on the foregoing information. Also, an applicant shall obtain the permission for a personal credit reporting agency from the People's Bank of China in accordance with the law to engage in personal credit reporting business; handle the record-filing of a corporate credit reporting agency in accordance with the law to engage in corporate credit reporting business; or handle the record-filing of a credit rating agency in accordance with the law to engage in credit rating business. Financial institutions, including but not limited to commercial banks and trust companies, shall not carry out commercial cooperation with market institutions that have not obtained the lawful qualifications for credit reporting business in accessing credit information.

As we are in the process of loan facilitation for trust companies or commercial banks, we may involve the collection and provision of borrowers' information. Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, believes that we have not arranged or processed the borrower's credit information while conducting business, and we are not engaged in personal credit investigation business. However, since the measures are relatively new and the relevant interpretation is uncertain, we are not sure whether the regulatory authorities would take our business as credit investigation service, or would require us to obtain relevant licenses, to cooperate with third-party credit investigation agencies. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received warnings, penalties, or objections to our business. However, if the business we carry out is regarded as credit investigation business by the regulatory authorities, we may be required to adjust our existing business model within certain period to comply with the authorities' regulations, which may increase our operating cost. If the adjustments and the rectification cannot be completed within the prescribed period, we may face administrative penalties such as being banned in accordance with the law, confiscation of illegal gains, fines, etc.

***If we are unable to maintain relationships with our third-party service providers, our business will suffer.***

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We rely on third-party service providers to operate various aspects of our business. For instance, third parties supply us with external data including real property valuation, borrowers' credit histories, government data and blacklists. Furthermore, we engage third-party service providers to maintain our security systems, ensuring confidentiality of data and preventing malicious attacks.

Our relationships with various third parties are integral to the smooth operation of our business. Most of our agreements with third-party service providers are nonexclusive and do not prohibit third-party service providers from working with our competitors. If our relationships with third-party service providers deteriorate or third-party service providers decide to terminate our respective business relationships for any reason, such as to work with our competitors on more exclusive or more favorable terms, our operations may be disrupted. In addition, our third-party service providers may not uphold the standard we expect under our agreements. If any of these were to happen, our business operations could be materially impaired and our results of operations would suffer.

***Misconduct, fraud, errors and failure to function by our employees or third-party service providers could harm our business and reputation***

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We are exposed to the risk of misconduct, fraud and errors by our employees and third-party service providers with whom we collaborate. In addition, we rely on our employees for debt collection. We aim to ensure that our collection efforts comply with the relevant laws and regulations in the PRC and we have established strict policies that our employees should not engage in aggressive practices while performing debt collection. Nevertheless, we do not have full control over our employees. Misconduct and errors by our employees could result in violations of law by us, regulatory sanctions and/or serious reputational or financial harm. We cannot always deter misconduct and errors by our employees, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect these activities may not be effective in all cases. There cannot be any assurance that misconduct and errors by our employees will not lead to a material adverse effect on our business. Any of these occurrences could result in our diminished ability to operate our business, potential liability to third parties, inability to attract borrowers and funding sources, reputational damage, regulatory intervention and financial harm, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Misconduct and errors by our trust company partners, commercial bank partners, sales partners and other parties with whom we collaborate with could harm our business and reputation.***

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We are exposed to the risk of misconduct and errors by our trust company partners, commercial bank partners, sales partners and other business partners with whom we collaborate. We rely on our sales partners for borrower acquisition and we do not have full control over sales partners' conduct or conduct of their respective acquisition channels while sourcing borrowers. We could be materially and adversely affected if personal information was disclosed to unintended recipients or if an operational breakdown or failure in the processing of transactions occurred, whether as a result of human error, purposeful sabotage or fraudulent manipulation of our operations or systems. Financial products and financial institutions are heavily regulated in China. For example, the Administrative Measures for Working Capital Loans, the Administrative Measures for Fixed Asset Loans and the Administrative Measures for Personal Loans, which came into effect on July 1, 2024, have strengthened the management requirements for personal loan operations at banking institutions. These measures have clarified or adjusted business processes such as loan amounts, loan terms, and payment methods. We are not regulated as a financial institution, but we may be indirectly subject to PRC financial regulations as a result of cooperation with financial institutions as our funding source partners. If any financial product designed by us and our funding partners is deemed to violate any PRC laws or regulations, we may be jointly liable due to the service we provide, or we may have to terminate the relationship with our funding partners. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct or errors by our trust company partners, commercial bank partners, sales partners and other business partners, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent such activities may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanageable risks or losses. If any of our funding partners, sales partners and other business partners misuse or misappropriate funds, commit fraud or other misconduct, or fail to follow our rules and procedures when interacting with our borrowers, we could be liable for damages and subject to regulatory actions and penalties. We could also be perceived to have facilitated or participated in the illegal misappropriation of funds, documents or data, and therefore be subject to civil or criminal liability. Any of these occurrences could result in our diminished ability to operate our business, potential liability to third parties, inability to attract third parties, reputational damage, regulatory intervention or financial harm, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***If we do not compete effectively in our target markets, our operating results could be harmed.***

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The PRC's home equity loan market is rapidly evolving. We compete with financial products and companies that attract potential borrowers or funding sources, or both. Particularly, we compete with other financial service companies that facilitate home equity loans.

Some of our current or potential competitors have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their platforms and distribution channels. Their business models may also ultimately prove more successful or more adaptable to new regulatory, technological and other developments. Our current or potential competitors may also have longer operating histories, a more extensive borrower base, more data and distribution channels, greater brand recognition and brand loyalty and broader partnership relationships than we have. For example, established internet companies, including social media companies that possess large, existing borrower bases, substantial financial resources and established distribution channels, may enter the market. Traditional financial institutions may also focus on the MSE market, which may have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations as we may not necessarily have competitive advantage. Our competitors may be better at developing new products, responding quickly to new technologies and undertaking more extensive marketing campaigns. If we are unable to compete with such companies or meet the need for innovation in our industry, the demand for our services could stagnate or substantially decline and we could experience reduced operating income, any of which could harm our business.

When new competitors seek to enter our target market, or when existing market participants seek to increase their market share, they sometimes undercut the pricing and/or terms common in that market, which could adversely affect our market share or ability to exploit new market opportunities. In addition, since the home equity loan lending industry is a relatively recent development in China, potential partners and borrowers may not fully understand how our business works and may not be able to fully appreciate the features that we have invested in and adopted on our business as compared to other home equity loan service providers. Our pricing and terms could deteriorate if we fail to act to meet these competitive challenges. Further, to the extent that our competitors are able to offer more attractive terms to our trust company partners, such trust companies may choose to terminate their relationships with us. All of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future growth.

***If negative publicity arises with respect to us or the home equity loan lending industry in general, our employees, our third-party service providers or our trust company partners, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.***

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If negative publicity arises about the home equity loan lending industry or the secured lending industry in general in China or our company, including the quality, effectiveness and reliability of our business, our ability to effectively manage and resolve borrower complaints, privacy and security practices, litigation, regulatory challenges and the experience of borrowers with our services, even if inaccurate, could adversely affect our reputation and the confidence in, and the use of, our services, which could harm our business and operating results. The PRC government has recently instituted general regulations and specific rules, including the Guiding Opinion, to develop a more transparent regulatory environment for assets management products. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to secure funding on terms acceptable to us or our borrowers, or at all." Many companies in China's home equity loan lending industry have not been fully compliant with these regulations, which prevents these companies from providing home equity loans. To the extent that borrowers associate our company with these failed companies, they may be less willing to use our services. Harm to our reputation can also arise from many other sources, including employee misconduct, misconduct by our partners, or third-party service providers, failure by us, our partners or third-party service providers to meet minimum standards of service and quality, inadequate protection of borrower and partner information and compliance failures and claims. Additionally, negative publicity with respect to our partners or service providers could also affect our business and operating results to the extent that we rely on these partners or if borrowers associate our company with these partners.

***If we fail to promote and maintain our brand in an effective and cost-efficient way, our business and results of operations may be harmed.***

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Our brand and reputation are integral to our acquisition of borrowers and funding sources, and we intend to invest in marketing and brand promoting efforts. The success of our marketing efforts and borrowing experience with our services are integral to our ability to attract new and retain repeat borrowers. Our marketing channels include traditional media such as telephone marketing and direct sales conducted by sales partners, and marketing campaigns, as well as online media, search engine optimization and search engine marketing. If our current marketing efforts and channels are less effective or inaccessible to us, or if the cost of such channels significantly increases or we cannot penetrate the market with new channels, we may not be able to promote and maintain our brand and reputation to maintain or grow the existing borrower base. If we are unable to promote and maintain our brand and reputation in a cost-efficient manner, our market share could diminish or we could experience a lower growth rate than we anticipated, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Any failure to protect our own intellectual property rights could impair our brand, negatively impact our business or both.***

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Our success and ability to compete also depend in part on protecting our own intellectual property. We rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret, trademark and other rights, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary technology, processes and other intellectual property. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate. Third parties may seek to challenge, invalidate or circumvent our copyright, trade secret, trademark and other rights or applications for any of the foregoing. In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management. Our failure to secure, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could seriously adversely affect our brand and adversely impact our business.

***We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights, which could harm our business.***

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Our competitors, as well as a number of other entities and individuals, may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to our industry. From time to time, third parties may claim that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights. We may, however, be unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our applications, technology or services. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, restrict us from conducting our business or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms. We may also be obligated to indemnify parties or pay substantial settlement costs, including royalty payments, in connection with any such claim or litigation and to obtain licenses, modify applications or refund fees, which could be costly. Even if we were to prevail in such a dispute, any litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management from our business operations.

***We have existing debts and may incur more in the future, which may adversely affect our financial condition and negatively impact our operations.***

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We have substantial existing debts and we may incur more in the future. The incurrence of debt could have a variety of negative effects, including:

● default and foreclosure on our assets if our operating income is insufficient to repay debt obligations;

● acceleration of obligations to repay the indebtedness (or other outstanding indebtedness), even if we make all principal and interest payments when due, if we breach any covenants that require the maintenance of certain financial ratios or reserves without a waiver or renegotiation of that covenant;

● our inability to obtain necessary additional financing if the debt security contains covenants restricting our ability to obtain such financing while the debt security is outstanding;

● diverting a substantial portion of cash flow to pay principal and interest on such debt, which would reduce the funds available for expenses, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes; and

● creating potential limitations on our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in our business and in the industry in which we operate.

The occurrence of any of these risks could adversely affect our operations or financial condition.

***Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.***

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Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this annual report. While we have provided different incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, although we have entered into confidentiality and noncompetition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

***We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.***

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We are subject to enterprise income tax, value-added tax, and other taxes in each province and city in China where we have operations. Our tax structure is subject to review by various local tax authorities. The determination of our provision for income tax and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate decisions by the relevant tax authorities may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.

***Certain of our leased properties may have defective titles and we may be forced to relocate operations affected by such defects, which could cause disruption to our business and have a negative impact on our business operations and financial condition.***

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As of December 31, 2025, we operated our businesses primarily in over 64 leased properties in Shenzhen, Wuhan, Xi'an, Beijing and other cities in China. We have not signed lease contracts or not renewed expired lease contracts with respect to a small portion of such leased properties, and we may be forced to relocate if the lessors request us to leave the premises. With respect to a small portion of such leased properties, the lessors failed to provide title certificates evidencing property ownership of these lessors. According to PRC laws and regulations, where a landlord lacks title evidence or rights to lease, the relevant lease contracts may be void or unenforceable under PRC laws and regulations, and may also be subject to challenge by third parties. Moreover, a small portion of the leased properties are mortgaged by the lessors. In case the mortgagees enforce the mortgage, we may not be able to continue using our leased properties. In addition, a small portion of our lease contracts have not been registered with the relevant regulatory authorities. According to PRC laws and regulations, failure to register lease contracts will not affect the effectiveness. However, landlords and tenants may be subject to administrative fines for such failure.

As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any action, claim or investigation being conducted or threatened by the relevant regulatory authorities with respect to defects in our leased contracts or leased properties. However, we cannot assure you that such defects will be cured in a timely manner, or at all. Our business may be interrupted and additional relocation costs may be incurred if we are required to relocate operations affected by such defects. Moreover, if our lease contracts are challenged by third parties, it could result in diversion of management attention and cause us to incur costs associated with defending such actions, even if such challenges are ultimately determined in our favor.

***Competition for employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business.***

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We believe our success depends on the efforts and talent of our employees, including risk management, software engineering, financial and marketing personnel. Our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for highly skilled technical, risk management and financial personnel is extremely intense. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and expenses in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training new employees, and the quality of our services and our ability to serve borrowers and our partner funding sources could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

***Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.***

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The economy in China has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to continue to increase. In addition, we are required by PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless we are able to control our labor costs or pass on these increased labor costs to borrowers by increasing the fees of our services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

***If we cannot maintain our corporate culture as we grow, we could lose the innovation, collaboration and focus that contribute to our business.***

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We believe that a critical component of our success is our corporate culture, which we believe fosters innovation, encourages teamwork and cultivates creativity. As we develop the infrastructure of a public company and continue to grow, we may find it difficult to maintain these valuable aspects of our corporate culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively impact our future success, including our ability to attract and retain employees, encourage innovation and teamwork and effectively focus on and pursue our corporate objectives.

***We do not have any business insurance coverage.***

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Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

***If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately or timely report our results of operations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.***

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As a public company, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of the Group's internal control over financial reporting, report any material weaknesses in such internal controls and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting.

The Group's management has concluded that the Group's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025. See "Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting." We are exempt from the requirement of an attestation report issued by our registered public accounting firm because we are a non-accelerated filer. The Group will endeavor to maintain an effective internal control system, but any failure may cause the Group's management not be able to conclude that the Group has effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level. To the extent the Group's independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to, and report on, the effectiveness of the Group's internal control over financial reporting in the future, it may not be able to conclude that the Group has effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level. This could in turn result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of the Group's financial statements and negatively impact the trading price of the ADSs. Furthermore, the Group has incurred and may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward.

In addition, there is no assurance that we or our auditor will not identify deficiencies in the Group's internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses and render the Group's internal control over financial reporting ineffective for any future periods. If the Group fails to maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, the Group may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that the Group has effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if the Group fails to achieve and to maintain effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a negative impact on the trading price of the ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose the Group to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject the Group to potential delisting from the NYSE, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

***We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly since we have ceased to qualify as an "emerging growth company."***

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Since the completion of our initial public offering, we have become a public company and have incurred significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, in the assessment of the emerging growth company's internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also permits an emerging growth company to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. However, we have elected to "opt out" of this provision and, as a result, we have been complying with new or revised accounting standards as required when they were adopted for public companies.

Since we have ceased to be an "emerging growth company," we have incurred significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our Board of Directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

***We have granted, and may continue to grant, share incentives, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.***

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We adopted an equity incentive plan in 2018, or the 2018 Plan, for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, officers, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and promote the success of our business.

We account for compensation costs for all share-based awards using a fair-value-based method and recognize expenses in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under the 2018 Plan, we are authorized to grant options, restricted stock units and other types of awards the administrator of the 2018 Plan decides. Under the 2018 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards is 307,608,510 shares. As of the date of this annual report, options to purchase a total of 307,608,510 Class A ordinary shares were outstanding under the 2018 Plan. We believe the granting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share-based awards in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

***Certain of our existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company, and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other stockholders.***

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Kylin Investment Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, holds 17.8% of our Class A ordinary shares. As a result, each shareholder has significant influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations, liquidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. This concentration of ownership may also have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a future change of control, which could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company, and might reduce the price of our ADSs.

***Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.***

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Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government-sponsored employee benefit plans, including social insurance plans, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, maternity insurance, housing provident fund and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where our employees are based. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. Our failure in making adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and in complying with applicable PRC labor-related laws may subject us to late payment penalties, and we could be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our branches have not made full contributions to the social insurance plans and the housing provident fund for employees as required by the relevant PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any notice from regulatory authorities or any claim or request from these employees in this regard. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant regulatory authorities will not require us to pay outstanding amounts and impose late payment penalties or fines on us, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***The inconsistency of domicile and place of business of our PRC subsidiaries may have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.***

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Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. We have developed a network of 37 branches and sub-branches in over 30 cities in China. According to the PRC laws and regulations, the domicile and the place of business of our PRC subsidiaries should be the same. As our business grows rapidly, we may change the place of business according to market development strategy. We cannot assure you that the domicile of all the PRC subsidiaries, branches and sub-branches are consistent with the place of their business. In the event that our PRC subsidiaries, branches and sub-branches cannot be reached by relevant regulatory authorities at the domicile or place of business they provided, such subsidiaries, branches or sub-branches may be included in the unusual operation enterprise list, and may be required to rectify or may be imposed with penalties, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

***From time to time we may evaluate and enter into strategic alliances, which could divert significant management attention and resources, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results.***

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We may from time to time evaluate and enter into strategic alliances with various third parties. Strategic alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including the potential failure to achieve the expected benefits of the alliance, risks associated with potential leakage of proprietary information, nonperformance by the counterparty and an increase in expenses incurred in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. Strategic alliances will also divert the management's time and resources from our normal operations and we may have to incur unexpected liabilities or expenses.

**Risks Related to Our American Depositary Shares**

***The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.***

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The trading price of our ADSs have been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

● variations in our earnings and cash flows;

● announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

● announcements of new offerings, solutions and expansions by us or our competitors;

● changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

● detrimental adverse publicity about us, our services or our industry;

● announcements of new regulations, rules or policies relevant for our business;

● additions or departures of key personnel;

● our share repurchase program;

● release of lockup or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

● potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management's attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

***We have not maintained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share for continued listing on the NYSE. If we continue to fail to meet this requirement and NYSE determines to delist our ADSs, the delisting would adversely affect the market liquidity of our ADSs and the market price of our ADSs could decrease.***

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Our ADSs are listed on the NYSE. In order to maintain our listing, we must meet minimum financial and other requirements, including the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share for continued listing, as set forth in Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual ("Price Criteria").

We were notified by NYSE on April 7, 2025, that we were not in compliance with the Price Criteria, as the average closing price of our ADSs was less than US$1.00 over thirty (30) trading-day period. NYSE provided us with a cure period of six (6) months following receipt of the notification to regain compliance with NYSE continued listing standards. As part of our efforts to regain compliance with the Price Criteria, we changed the ratio of our ADSs to Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, from the current ratio of one (1) ADS to twenty (20) Class A ordinary shares to a new ratio of one (1) ADS to two hundred (200) Class A ordinary shares. The change became effective on September 5, 2025. On October 1, 2025, we received a notification letter from NYSE that our stock price was above the NYSE's minimum requirement of US$1.00 based on a thirty (30)-trading day average ended September 30, 2025. Accordingly, we have regained compliance with the Price Criteria, and will continue to be traded on the NYSE.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to meet the minimum bid price requirement or any other requirements in the future. The failure to maintain our listing on the NYSE would have an adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of our ADSs. Without a NYSE listing, shareholders may have a difficult time getting a quote for the sale or purchase of our ADSs, the sale or purchase of our ADSs would likely be made more difficult, and the trading volume and liquidity of our ADSs could decline. Delisting from the NYSE could also result in negative publicity and could make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital.

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***Under our dual-class share structure with different voting rights, holders of Class B ordinary shares have complete control of the outcome of matters put to a vote of shareholders, which may limit ability of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial.***

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We have adopted a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 20 votes. After the expiration of the one-year lock-up period, each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at the option of the holder, subject to approval by the Directors. Class A ordinary shares are convertible into Class B ordinary shares at the option of the holder, subject to approval by the Directors. Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A ordinary shares upon any sale, transfer, assignment, or disposition to any person who is not an Affiliate of a Director or Officer, or upon a change of beneficial ownership resulting in a person who is not an Affiliate of a Director or Officer becoming a beneficial owner. Each Class B ordinary share confers upon the holder the same rights as Class A ordinary shares with respect to dividends and distributions, and the return of capital on liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up on a *pari passu* basis.

As a result of this dual-class share structure, the holders of our Class B ordinary shares have significant control over the outcome of matters put to a vote of shareholders and have significant influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations, liquidations and the sale of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. The holders of Class B ordinary shares control the outcome of a shareholder vote (i) with respect to matters requiring an ordinary resolution which requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of shareholder votes; and (ii) with respect to matters requiring a special resolution which requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of shareholder votes. The holders of Class B ordinary shares may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders or holders of the ADSs. It may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of the ADSs. This concentrated control will limit the ability of the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. We plan to issue Class B ordinary shares in the near term, which will result in a concentration of voting power and significantly limit the voting influence of our Class A shareholders. In addition, such issuance of Class B ordinary shares would substantially dilute the percentage ownership held by the investors who purchased ADSs.

***The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.***

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S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have recently announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

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***If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.***

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The trading market for the ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

***Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.***

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Sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline significantly. As of December 31, 2025, we had 1,371,643,240 Class A ordinary shares outstanding. Among these shares, 827,681,600 Class A ordinary shares are in the form of ADSs. All of our ADSs sold in our initial public offering will be freely transferable by persons other than our "affiliates" without restriction or additional registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. All of the other Class A ordinary shares outstanding will be available for sale, upon the expiration of the lock-up periods described elsewhere in this annual report beginning from May 5, 2019 (if applicable to such holder), subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all of these Class A ordinary shares may be released prior to the expiration of the applicable lock-up period at the discretion of the designated representatives. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the applicable lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our ADSs could decline significantly.

Certain major holders of our Class A ordinary shares have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the applicable lock-up periods in connection with our initial public offering. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline significantly. We adopted an equity incentive plan in 2018, or the 2018 Plan, under which we have the discretion to grant a broad range of equity-based awards to eligible participants. See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plan." We have registered certain Class A ordinary shares that we may issue under our share incentive plans and intend to register all Class A ordinary shares that we may issue under our share incentive plans. Once we register these Class A ordinary shares, they can be freely sold in the public market in the form of ADSs upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates and relevant lock-up agreements. If a large number of our Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into our Class A ordinary shares are sold in the public market in the form of ADSs after they become eligible for sale, the sales could reduce the trading price of our ADSs and impede our ability to raise future capital. In addition, any Class A ordinary shares that we issue under our share incentive plans would dilute the percentage ownership held by the investors who purchased ADSs.

***We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that any share repurchase program will enhance long-term shareholder value, and share repurchases could increase the volatility of the price of our Class A ordinary shares and/or ADSs and could diminish our cash reserves.***

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On March 16, 2022, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program whereby our company was authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to US$20.0 million of its Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs during a period of up to 12 months commencing on March 16, 2022. On March 16, 2023, the Company's board of directors authorized to extend the share repurchase program for 12 months commencing on March 16, 2023. On March 16, 2024, the Company's board of directors authorized to extend the share repurchase program for 24 months commencing on March 16, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, our Company had repurchased a total of 0.8 million ADSs at an aggregate amount of US$19.0 million.

Our board of directors also has the discretion to authorize additional share repurchase programs in the future. The share repurchase programs do not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of ADSs and/or shares. We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase program will enhance long-term shareholder value. The share repurchase programs could affect the price of our listed securities and increase volatility and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares and/or ADSs. Furthermore, share repurchases could increase the volatility of the price of our ordinary and/or ADSs could diminish our cash reserves.

***Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the ADSs.***

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Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller's interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

Public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto, and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.

It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations, and any investment in the ADSs could be greatly reduced or even rendered worthless.

***Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on a price appreciation of the ADSs for a return on your investment.***

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We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our Board of Directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may, subject to the provisions of our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, by ordinary resolution, declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our Board of Directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in the ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs.

***You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.***

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We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are governed by our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands (as compared to U.S. law) as well as from the common law of England. The decisions of the English courts are of highly persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands (except for those decisions handed down from Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to the extent that these have been appealed from the Cayman Islands courts. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are broadly similar to those in other common law jurisdictions, but there may be differences in the statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, if shareholders want to proceed against the Company outside of the Cayman Islands, they will need to demonstrate that they have standing to initiate a shareholders derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies save for some exceptions. Our directors have discretion under our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

***Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.***

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Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may be instituted only in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or in the state courts of New York County in New York if either (i) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute or (ii) the designation of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive forum for any particular dispute is, or becomes, invalid, illegal or unenforceable), and you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the depositary may, in its sole discretion, elect to institute any action, controversy, claim or dispute directly or indirectly based on, arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby in any competent court in the Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China and/or the United States, or, by having such disputes referred to and finally resolved by an arbitration either in New York, New York or in Hong Kong, subject to certain exceptions solely related to the aspects of such claims that are related to U.S. federal securities law, in which case the resolution of such aspects may, at the option of such registered holder of the ADSs, remain in state or federal court in New York, New York. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended. See "Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities-American Depositary Shares" for more information.

***ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.***

 ****

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, ADSs holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. The waiver to right to a jury trial of the deposit agreement is not intended to be deemed a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs of our or the depositary's compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. The enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in a different outcome than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

***Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.***

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We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, most of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Further, our directors and officers are located outside of the Cayman Islands. Service of court documents on a Cayman Islands company can be effected by serving the documents at the Company's registered office and it may be possible to enforce foreign judgments in the Cayman Islands against a Cayman Islands company, subject to some exceptions. However, if investors wish to serve documents on and/or enforce foreign judgments against our directors and officers, they will need to ensure that they comply with the rules of the jurisdiction where the directors and officers are located. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers, depending on where the directors and officers are located.

Walkers (Hong Kong), our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has informed us that there is no guarantee that the courts of the Cayman Islands will automatically allow shareholders of our company to originate actions in the Cayman Islands based upon securities laws of the United States. In addition, there is no guarantee with regard to Cayman Islands law that a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws will be determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands as fiscal, penal or punitive in nature. If such a determination is made, the courts of the Cayman Islands will not recognize or enforce a judgment predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are taxes, fiscal, fines or penal in nature, or otherwise contrary to public policy, including punitive damages. Walkers (Hong Kong) has further informed us that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), a judgment obtained in such jurisdiction will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any reexamination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is final and conclusive, (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty or similar fiscal or revenue obligations, and was not obtained by fraud or in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. A Cayman Islands court may impose civil liability on us or our directors or officers in a suit brought in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands against us or these persons with respect to a violation of U.S. federal securities laws, provided that the facts surrounding any violation constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Cayman Islands law.

Our PRC legal advisor, Global Law Office, advises us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would enforce judgments of United States courts or Cayman courts obtained against us or these persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal and state securities laws. Our PRC legal advisor further advises us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with the United States or the Cayman Islands that provides for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the Cayman Islands.

***The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of your Class A ordinary shares underling your ADSs.***

 ****

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as holder of the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary may try to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with those instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to enable you to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our post-offering articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting material in time to ensure you can direct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the shares underlying your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

***You may experience dilution of your holdings due to the inability to participate in rights offerings.***

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We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

***You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs.***

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Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems it expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

***We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.***

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Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

● the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

● the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

● the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

● the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NYSE. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

***As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards.***

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As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are subject to New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards. However, New York Stock Exchange rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would enjoy under New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

***Although the matter is not entirely clear, we were likely a passive foreign investment company (a "PFIC") for our 2025 taxable year, and we will likely be a PFIC for 2026 and our future taxable years, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. taxpayers.***

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In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average value of its assets (generally determined on a quarterly basis) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that directly or indirectly owns at least 25% by value of the equity interests of another corporation or partnership is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation or partnership and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation of partnership. Passive income generally includes interest, income equivalent to interest, rents, dividends, royalties and gains from financial investments.

It is not entirely clear how the PFIC rules should apply to a company with a business such as ours. For example, although the loans issued through our trust plans are shown in their entirety as our assets on our consolidated balance sheet, it is not clear whether for purposes of the PFIC rules we should be treated as owning only our subordinated interests in the trusts plans, and earning only the portion of the trust plans' interest income attributable thereto. If we are treated as owning only the subordinated units and the portion of the trust plans' loans attributable thereto, our PFIC status for any taxable year may depend on the relative values of the loans we are treated as owning and our other passive assets on the one hand, and the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets (to the extent attributable to the services we provide) and fee receivables on the other hand. The value of our goodwill and other intangible assets, and the extent to which our goodwill and other intangible assets should be treated as active assets, are not entirely clear. Moreover, the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets may be determined by reference to our market capitalization, which has declined in recent years and may continue to decline or be volatile. In addition, we provide loan facilitation, loan administration and other services in connection with the loans issued by our trust plans and we charge our trust plans service fees that are eliminated in, and therefore not shown on, our consolidated income statement. Therefore, our PFIC status for any taxable year may depend on the relative amounts of our fee and interest income (which as discussed above may be less than the amount of interest income shown on our income statement, if we are treated as owning only a portion of the trusts' loans). Furthermore, it is not entirely clear whether a portion of the interest income earned by the trust plans could be treated as payable in part for services to the borrowers. Although our PFIC status for any taxable year is not entirely clear, based on the composition of our income and assets and the manner in which we currently operate our business, we were likely a PFIC for our 2025 and prior taxable years, and will likely be a PFIC for our 2026 taxable year and future taxable years, subject to the discussion in the subsequent paragraph regarding the Active Financing Exception, as defined below. U.S. taxpayers should consult their tax advisers regarding the proper application of the PFIC rules to us and our PFIC status for any taxable year.

For purposes of the PFIC rules "passive income" is defined by way of a cross-reference to Section 954(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), which applies for purposes of the Code's "controlled foreign corporation" ("CFC") rules. A different provision under the CFC rules (namely Section 954(h) of the Code) sets forth an exception for interest income derived by "eligible CFCs" that are "predominantly engaged" in the active conduct of a financing or similar business (the "Active Financing Exception"). Because the Active Financing Exception addresses eligible CFCs, there has been uncertainty as to whether it could apply to determine the PFIC status of companies that are not CFCs, such as our company. Proposed Treasury regulations promulgated in 2019 (the "2019 Proposed Regulations") provided that the Active Financing Exception could apply to determine the PFIC status of such companies. However, in 2020 these regulations were finalized (the "2020 Final Regulations") without addressing the Active Financing Exception. Although the 2020 Final Regulations are silent on the availability of the Active Financing Exception to companies like us, in the preamble to the 2020 Final Regulations Treasury expressed its position that under current law the Active Financing Exception does not apply in determining the PFIC status of a company that is neither a CFC nor a bank. The 2020 Final Regulations apply to taxable years of shareholders beginning on or after January 14, 2021. Treasury indicated in the preamble to the 2020 Final Regulations that taxpayers can rely on the 2019 Proposed Regulations to apply the Active Financing Exception for any open taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2020. Concurrently with the issuance of the 2020 Final Regulations, Treasury issued proposed regulations (the "2020 Proposed Regulations") that would state explicitly that the Active Financing Exception is available only if the tested non-U.S. corporation is a bank. The 2020 Proposed Regulations have not been finalized yet. Based on the foregoing, our ADS holders and shareholders (i) generally are permitted to apply the Active Financing Exception for a taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2020 (provided that we in fact satisfied the exception's conditions for the relevant year), (ii) should expect that the Internal Revenue Service will not agree with a return position that applies the Active Financing Exception for any subsequent taxable year, and (iii) should be aware that if the 2020 Proposed Regulations are finalized in their current form they generally will not be able to take the position that the Active Financing Exception applies for any taxable year to which the regulations will apply. If we were "predominantly engaged" in the active conduct of a financing or similar business (as defined for purposes of the Active Financing Exception) and met all of the exception's requirements, then we would not be a PFIC for any taxable year with respect to which taxpayers validly applied the Active Financing Exception, if applicable. U.S. owners of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares should be aware that we have not determined whether these requirements were in fact satisfied. Moreover, if any of our trust plans is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and if such trust's senior unit holders are treated as owning interests in such partnership other than as creditors, the characterization of our interest income as active under the Active Financing Exception may also depend, in part, on whether we owned 25% or more of the value of such trust for the relevant taxable years. U.S. owners of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Active Financing Exception could apply to us with respect to any taxable year prior to the finalization of the 2020 Proposed Regulations, and whether it is advisable to take this position in light of Treasury's views, as described above.

A U.S. taxpayer that owns our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares during any year in which we are a PFIC will generally be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. See "Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company" in this annual report. U.S. taxpayers should consult their tax advisers regarding our PFIC status for any taxable year and the tax considerations relevant to owning shares or ADSs of a PFIC.

**Item 4. Information On The Company**

**4. A. History and Development of the Company** 

We started our operations in 1999 through Fanhua Chuang Li Information Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., which became our onshore holding company of the main operating subsidiaries in the PRC. In 2000, we formed our wholly owned Hong Kong subsidiary, China Financial Services Group Limited ("CFSGL"), as the offshore holding company of our PRC subsidiaries. In 2006, we were spun off from Fanhua Inc., a company listed on NASDAQ and changed its English name to "AIFU Inc." in April 2025 (symbol: AIFU), and formed Sincere Fame International Limited ("SFIL") under the laws of British Virgin Islands as the holding company of CFSGL. In January 2014, CNFinance Holdings Limited was incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands. CNFinance Holdings Limited became our holding company through share exchanges with the shareholders of SFIL in March 2018. We conduct our business in the PRC primarily through Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Heze Information Technology Co., Ltd., and their subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities.

In November 2018, our ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "CNF." In November 2024, we changed our corporate name from "CNFinance Holdings Limited 泛華金融控股有限公司" to "CNFinance Holdings Limited 深泛联控股有限公司". Following the ratio change of the Company's ADSs to Class A ordinary shares, which commenced on September 5, 2025, each ADS now represents two hundred (200) of our Class A ordinary shares.

On December 10, 2025, we held an extraordinary general meeting and adopted a dual-class shareholding structure by amending the authorized share capital of the Company:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) FROM: US$380,000 divided into 3,800,000,000 Ordinary
 Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) TO: US$2,000,000 divided into 18,000,000,000 Class
 A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each and 2,000,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value
 of US$0.0001 each, by:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) the re-designation and reclassification of 1,559,576,960
 authorized issued Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each into 1,559,576,960 Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal
 or par value of US$0.0001 each in the capital of the Company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) the re-designation and reclassification of 2,240,423,040
 authorized and unissued Ordinary Shares into 2,240,423,040 Class A Ordinary shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each in
 the capital of the Company; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) the increase in the authorized share capital of the
 Company by the creation of 14,200,000,000 authorized but unissued Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001
 each in the capital of the Company and 2,000,000,000 authorized but unissued Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of
 US$0.0001 each in the capital of the Company.

Each holder of our Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share, and each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to 20 votes per share on all matters subject to vote at a general meeting of us. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not issued any Class B ordinary shares.

Our principal executive offices of our main operations are located 22/F, South Finance Center, No. 7 Chunrong Road Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 (020) 6231-6688. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Walkers Corporate Limited, 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town, Grand Cayman KY1-9008, Cayman Islands. SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC on www.sec.gov. You can also find information on our website, http://ir.cashchina.cn/.

**4. B. Business Overview**

**Overview** 

We are a leading home equity loan service provider in China. We, through our operating subsidiaries in China, conduct business by connecting demands and supplies through collaborating with sales partners and trust companies as well as commercial banks. Our sales partners are responsible for recommending micro- and small-enterprise ("MSE") owners with financing needs to us and we introduce eligible borrowers to licensed financial institutions with sufficient funding sources including trust companies and commercial banks who will then conduct their own risk assessments and make credit decisions. We have established a national network of 37 branches and sub-branches in over 30 cities in China. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we originated home equity loans with an aggregate principal amount of RMB17.3 billion, RMB9.8 billion and RMB1.6 billion, representing a decrease of 43.4% and 83.6% as compared to 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Our primary target borrower segment is MSE owners who own real properties in Tier 1 and Tier 2 and other major cities in China. We originated home equity loans for 23,910, 12,912 and 2,688 (including 211 under the commercial bank partnership model) borrowers in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. These MSE owners typically have quick cash flow turnover from their business operations with high demand for working capital. Their financing needs are often unpredictable, time-sensitive and frequent. We believe our target borrowers are underserved by traditional financial institutions due to various reasons. Traditional financial institutions often impose stringent and inflexible loan application requirements designed for large corporations, making it difficult for MSE owners to meet such requirements. In addition, time-consuming and cumbersome requirements often limit MSE owners' ability to meet their imminent financing needs. Moreover, unlike in the United States where home equity loans commonly serve as a financing alternative, traditional lenders in China, such as large commercial banks, typically do not grant loans secured by second lien interests and are generally less incentivized to introduce innovative home equity loan products.

We aim to serve our target borrowers by facilitating home equity loans and providing tailored services. Our standardized and integrated online and offline credit application and assessment process shorten the time of loan disbursement, providing expeditious financing solutions to MSE owners. We offer home equity loans to MSE owners that allow them to repay only the interests by installments and repay the full principal amount when due. In addition, we also facilitate home equity loans to MSE owners in the form of installment loans with a tenor typically ranging from one to three years, assisting borrowers' short-term and long-term business planning. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the average tenor of the home equity loans we originated was 12, 12 and 10 months with the weighted average effective interest rate (inclusive of interests and financing service fees, if applicable, payable by the borrowers) of 16.9%, 16.6% and 16.1% per annum, respectively. Such loan products are secured by first or second lien interests on real properties. 62.9%, 58.7% and 53.9% of our total home equity loan origination volume in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, was secured by second lien interests. Depending on the value of the collateral and the creditworthiness of the borrower, we offer flexible loan principal typically ranging from RMB100,000 to RMB5,000,000.

Our risk mitigation mechanism is embedded in the design of our loan products, supported by an integrated online and offline process focusing on risks of both borrowers and collateral and further enhanced by effective post-loan management procedures. Our business infrastructure supports our operations by providing various offline services, such as on-site visits, interaction with local real property bureau and debt collection. Collateral for loans we facilitate is geographically dispersed in Tier 1 and Tier 2 and other major cities in China. We offer home equity loan products that allow borrowers to repay only the interests by installments and repay the full principal amount when due. In addition, we also provide home equity loan products that require monthly payments comprising principal and interests repayments, which permits us to assist our trust company partners to monitor borrowers' credit status. Our practical risk assessment focuses on both credit risks of borrowers and quality of the collateral. We have also established strict guidelines on the characteristics and quality of collateral, including, among others, an LTV ratio capped at 70%.

Through trust lending model we collaborate with our trust company partners, who are well-established trust funds in China with sufficient funding sources and have licenses to engage in lending business nationwide. This structure provides us with stable funding sources. Under the trust lending model, our trust company partners set up trust plans and acquire funding from their investors. Trust plans are typical investment vehicles in which investors participate by subscribing to trust units and receive a return as set out in subscription agreements. Each trust plan issues multiple trust products which are funded with senior and subordinated units at a pre-determined ratio with a term of one to three years. The loans funded by the trust products, however, have terms typically ranging from one to three years. For details of matching our funding sources and loans we facilitate, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Matching of Terms of Funding Sources and Loans." The contractual ratio of the senior units and subordinated units of trust plans or products is determined pursuant to our collaboration agreements with our trust company partners, which set the upper limit to such ratio at a range of no higher than 3:1. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Terms of the Trust Plans" and "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Trust Lending—Funding Partners." As part of the collaboration we have with our trust company partners, we are required to subscribe to all of the subordinated units under most trust plans. By subscribing to subordinated units, we are entitled to the residual value from trust plans after certain payments to senior unit holders, trust company partners and third-party service providers. Payments to senior unit holders consist of expected investment returns which are usually paid quarterly and principal amounts which are repaid upon borrowers' payments of underlying loans. We as subordinated unit holders are paid each quarter after the quarterly payment of interest returns to senior unit holders and upon maturity after the payment of principal amounts to senior unit holders. Our financing costs for the senior units, excluding the trust administrative fees, ranged from 7.5% to 8.0% per annum of the issuance number of senior units in 2025, and our financing costs for subordinated units under repurchase arrangements with financial institutions was 9.5% to 13.8% per annum of the transfer prices for such subordinated units in 2025. Our cost of the subordinated units as measured by the investment amount was RMB2,377.2 million, RMB1,776.2 million and RMB293.1 million (US$41.9 million), as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our investment return from the subordinated units was RMB495.9 million, RMB478.1 million and RMB(139.3) million (US$(19.4) million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We are designated as the service provider and provide post-loan services such as payment monitoring, debt collection and release of collateral as the need arises. We receive a performance-based service fee up to 8% per annum of the size of the trust plan charged to the trust plans for the services we provide.

In December 2018, we introduced our collaboration model to optimize our collaboration with trust companies. Sales partners recommend borrowers to us by direct cooperation with us or joining limited partnerships. By contributing an amount equal to 5% to 25% of the loans issued to the borrowers introduced by them, sales partners receive incentive fees upon a pre-agreed schedule and other conditions. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Collaboration Model." As of the date of this annual report, we have around 2,187 contracted sales partners in total, among which around 127 are effective sales partners.

In order to diversify our financing channels to better serve the demands of MSE owners with credible funding sources, we started to collaborate with commercial banks in 2021. Under this commercial bank partnership model, we recommend borrowers to commercial banks who are responsible for reviewing and approving the loan. We provide loan facilitation services including introducing borrowers, initial credit assessment, facilitating loans from the banks to borrowers, and providing technical assistance, and assist commercial banks with post-loan managements. We charge a service fee equal to a pre-agreed percentage of each loan we introduce for our afore-mentioned loan facilitation services. We provide guarantees against the potential defaults and such contractual guarantee arrangement is underwritten by the guarantor company to which we provide back-to-back guarantee at request. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Commercial Bank Partnership."

We acquire our borrowers primarily through our sales partners. Through our sales partners and our established network and branch offices, we reach prospective MSE borrowers and assess their creditworthiness and value of collaterals, and if these borrowers meet our requirements, we refer them to our trust company and commercial bank partners who make their own independent credit assessment and decisions before directly lending to qualified borrowers. We help trust companies and commercial banks sign loan agreements with borrowers directly, and assist borrowers in pledging collateral for the benefit of trust companies and commercial banks.

In 2023, 2024 and 2025, over 95.0% of our borrowers were introduced to us by our sales partners under the trust lending model. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Collaboration Model." In 2023, we started to introduce sales partners under the commercial bank partnership model. 97.8% of borrowers introduced to commercial banks were acquired through sales partners, and 2.2% of borrowers introduced to commercial banks were acquired through local channel partners in 2025.

To a lesser extent, we also had a direct lending model through which we lend directly under our small loan licenses to borrowers with our own funding or funding we acquire from transfer of rights to earnings in loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables to third parties with a repurchase arrangement.

For details of our repurchase agreements with third parties under both the trust lending and direct lending models, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Funding Sources" and "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Small Loan Direct Lending." We generally rely on and will continue to rely primarily on our trust lending model and commercial bank partnership model, which are supplemented with our direct lending model.

**Our Borrowers**

***Borrower Base***

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We strategically target MSE owners who own properties in Tier 1 and Tier 2 and other major cities in China. These MSE owners typically have quick cash flow turnover from their business operations with high demand for working capital. MSE owners often also have financing needs that are unpredictable, time-sensitive and frequent. We believe target borrowers are underserved by traditional financial institutions, whose often stringent and inflexible loan application requirements that are designed for large corporations make it difficult for MSE owners to fulfill. In addition, time-consuming and cumbersome requirements often limit MSE owners' ability to meet their imminent financing need.

In addition, unlike in the United States where home equity loans serve as a common financing alternative, traditional lenders in China such as many large commercial banks typically do not grant loans secured by second lien interests. Providing second lien home equity loans or title loans is limited for commercial banks in China, given the high level of regulatory supervision from relevant regulatory authorities. These products have instead been developed by non-traditional financial institutions like trust companies or some small commercial banks in cooperation with us, to fulfill the unserved demand.

We originated home equity loans for 23,910, 12,912 and 2,688 (including 211 under the commercial bank partnership) borrowers in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our borrowers have presence in over 30 Tier 1 and Tier 2 and other major cities in China and are geographically dispersed.

***Borrower Acquisition***

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Under the Collaboration Model, we acquire our borrowers primarily through our sales partners. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, over 95.0% of our borrowers were introduced to us by our sales partners under the trust lending model. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products——Collaboration Model."

Under our partnership with commercial banks, we have diversified our borrowers' profiles with more competitive pricing and efficiency. In 2023, we started to introduce sales partners under the commercial bank partnership model as well. Around 97.8% of borrowers introduced to commercial banks were acquired through sales partners, and 2.2% of borrowers introduced to commercial banks were acquired through local channel partners in 2025. Borrowers are engaged through our local offices and word-of-mouth marketing. Our local staff works with various local channel partners including corporate and individual offline channels and telemarketing companies. We align the incentive of our local staff by offering a commission equal to a pre-determined fixed rate of the loan origination amount.

**Our Products**

The home equity loans we facilitate permit borrowers to borrow relatively large amounts up to 70% LTV ratio. Our weighted average LTV ratio was 62.0%, 60.5% and 60.0%, for home equity loans originated in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we originated home equity loans for trust companies of RMB12.2 billion, RMB8.6 billion and RMB1.3 billion (US$0.2 billion), respectively. And we introduced loans of RMB5.0 billion, RMB1.0 billion and RMB0.1 billion to commercial banks in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The home equity loans we facilitate are typically secured by apartments, houses or commercial properties owned by borrowers. Unlike most traditional financial institutions, the home equity loans we facilitate can be secured with second lien interests on top of the first lien interests with banks, offering additional financing to MSE owners not otherwise readily available to them.

We facilitate home equity loans with flexible tenors typically ranging from one to three years enabling borrowers' short-term and long-term business planning. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the average tenor of the home equity loans we originated was 12, 12 and 10 months.

The home equity loans we originate under trust lending model are also competitively priced, with a weighted average effective interest rate of 16.9%, 16.6% and 16.1% per annum in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The interest rates of our loan product under commercial bank partnership model ranged from 7% to 16%, which had attracted more borrowers with higher credit record. We offer home equity loan products that allow borrowers to repay only the interests by installments and repay the full principal amount when due. In addition, we also provide home equity loan products that require monthly payments comprising principal and interests repayments, making it easier for borrowers to manage their cash flow and for us to timely monitor borrowers' creditworthiness. Borrowers are obligated to pay directly to the trust plans in full the principal amount plus interest when due. We offer a flexible repayment schedule for installment loans, including but not limited to (i) an equal monthly installment comprising principal and interests evenly distributed throughout the life of the loan, (ii) a monthly installment comprising principal and interests in accordance with a pre-agreed step-down schedule, where a borrower starts with a higher equal monthly installment that decreases after a defined period and (iii) a monthly installment of interests only and full repayment of loan principal when due.

To foster our home equity loan business, we also provide bridge loan products, which are generally unsecured short-term loans, to pay off borrowers' existing loans secured by real property. As a result, such real property will be released from existing loans and can be used as collateral for the home equity loans we facilitate. Once borrowers obtain home equity loans facilitated by us, the bridge loans granted by us will be repaid in full. We granted bridge loans of RMB7.8 million, RMB11.2 million and RMB21.8 million (US$3.1 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We may continue to originate bridge loans going forward as the need arises.

***Trust Lending***

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In July 2014, we began cooperating with trust companies to fund loans to borrowers through trust plans established in collaboration with these trust companies. In December 2018, we have started to explore the collaboration model under which we collaborate with sales partners who introduce borrowers and receive incentives.

*Terms of the Trust Plans*

 

Pursuant to our collaboration agreements, our trust company partners establish long-term trust plans which issue multiple trust products, ranging from one to three years. Investors in these trust plans can subscribe to the trust units, which provides them with returns as provided in the subscription agreements. Once borrowers' loan applications submitted through us are approved by trust company partners, they enter into loan agreements with borrowers and trust plans disburse loan proceeds to borrowers directly. Borrowers are required to repay the principal, interest and other fees, if applicable, directly to the account of the trust plan, and the trust company partner as trustee of the trust plan distributes the funds to unit holders according to the trust agreements. We are designated as the service provider for these trust plans, and in this role we assist our trust company partners acquire and screen borrowers and perform credit assessment pursuant to collaboration agreements with our trust company partners. We are also responsible for providing loan facilitation and post-loan management services for service fees charged directly to the trust plans.

Each trust product issued under the long-term trust plan is funded with senior and subordinated units at a predetermined contractual structural leverage ratio with the upper limit of no higher than 3:1. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Trust Lending—Funding Partners."

As part of the collaboration we have with our trust company partners, we are required to subscribe to all of the subordinated units of each trust product issued under most long-term trust plans. Our cost of the subordinated units as measured by the investment amount was RMB2,377.2 million, RMB1,776.2 million and RMB293.1 million (US$41.9 million), as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The trust plans typically pay senior unit holders an amount that equals (i) an expected rate of investment return, which is usually paid quarterly, plus (ii) the principal amount invested, which is the prompt repayment to trust companies after borrowers made payments for the underlying loans. The expected rate of investment return is provided in the subscription agreements of the senior units, to which we are not a party. Such rate of investment return is usually determined by our trust company partners based on market conditions and presented as an estimate. If the expected rate of investment return is not met, our trust company partners are not under any contractual obligation to top up for any shortfalls while we as the subordinated unit holders are required to manage the underlying NPLs to make up the shortfalls pursuant to our credit strengthening services. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Credit Strengthening Services." We as subordinated unit holders are paid each quarter after the quarterly payment of investment returns to senior unit holders and upon maturity after the payment of principal amounts to senior unit holders. The trust company partner is responsible for administering the trust plan and is paid a trust administrative fee.

We are responsible for maintaining the asset quality and receive a performance-based service fee of up to 8% per annum of the size of the trust plan for the services we provide, which decreases with the growth of percentage of NPLs in the amount of loans we facilitated. We as the subordinated unit holder also retain any residual value in trust plans after deducting (i) repayment of principal amount invested by senior unit holders, (ii) financing costs for the senior units, which primarily consist of the expected rate of return to the senior unit holders, (iii) administrative fee payments to trust companies and certain fee payments to third-party service providers (mainly depositary fees charged by the banks) and (iv) a performance-based service fee to us as service provider of up to 8% per annum of the size of the trust plan. Our financing costs for the senior units, excluding the trust administrative fees, ranged from 7.5% to 8.0% per annum of the issuance number of senior units in 2025.

We received performance-based fee payments of RMB409.0 million, RMB300.2 million and RMB103.6 million (US$14.4 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our investment return from the subordinated units was RMB495.9 million, RMB478.1 million and RMB(139.3) million (US$(19.4) million) for the same periods.

*Credit Strengthening Services*

 

We have been working with FOTIC to implement the 2018 FOTIC Funding Arrangements and implementing our credit strengthening services since 2018. Under the 2018 FOTIC Funding Arrangements, when there is an NPL under a trust product, we, as the subordinated unit holder, are required to adopt one of the following measures to ensure sufficient capital to repay the principal amount and the agreed financing costs for the senior units, which primarily consist of expected rate of investment return to the senior unit holders:

● purchase NPLs funded with senior units in an amount equal to the outstanding loan principal and interests;

● purchase additional subordinated units in an amount sufficient to cover the outstanding loan principal and interests of the NPLs; or

● replace such NPLs with non-delinquent loans or equal amount funded with our subordinated units.

Under the 2018 FOTIC Service Fee Structure, our service fee charged to a trust plan is performance-based and up to 8% per annum of the size of the trust plan decreases with the growth of the NPLs in the loans we facilitated.

*Funding Partners*

 

As of the date of this annual report, we have formed partnerships with well-established trust companies under our trust lending model, including FOTIC, COFCO Trust, Zhonghai Trust, , Shaanxi International Trust, Bohai Trust, and National Trust. Through these collaborative partnerships, we have access to flexible funding of RMB578.6 million sourced from the senior unit holders as of December 31, 2025. 55.8%, 37.9% and 13.1% of the loans we originated in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, were funded through FOTIC, mainly due to our familiarity and long-standing relationship with FOTIC. We also work with other leading trust partners to diversify our funding sources.

*Funding Sources*

Our trust company partners have developed various trust plans to provide home equity loans to borrowers we acquire and recommend. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, home equity loans we facilitated under the trust lending model amounted to RMB12.2 billion, RMB8.6 billion and RMB1.3 billion (US$0.2 billion), respectively. Each trust plan issues multiple trust products which are funded with senior and subordinated units at a predetermined ratio. The trust company partners may also transfer the underlying loans of trust products with repurchase arrangements to third parties at a specified annual rate of return when the original trust products become due. We subscribe to subordinated units in the trust plans through our wholly owned subsidiaries. Our financing costs for the senior units, excluding the trust administrative fees, ranged from 7.5% to 8.0% per annum of the issuance number of senior units in 2025.

Each trust plan sets a predetermined contractual structural leverage ratio between senior units and subordinated units. We may be required to subscribe to additional subordinated units upon request of the trustee to maintain the contractual structural leverage ratio. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been obligated to purchase additional subordinated units under this requirement. Other than our obligation to maintain the contractual structural leverage ratio or provide credit strengthening services, which is discussed in more details under "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Credit Strengthening Services," we are not contractually obligated to provide additional funding. There are no exceptions or reliefs available to the aforementioned additional funding obligation.

We fund our subscription of the subordinated units with (i) cash on hand and (ii) proceeds received through repurchase agreements with third parties with respect to subordinated units. Pursuant to such agreements, we transfer to third parties our rights to earnings in subordinated units up to an agreed investment return for a transfer price and are obligated to repurchase such right at a fixed repurchase price. Under such agreements, we continue to bear the risk of loss on the subordinated units and enjoy the upside on any return above the agreed investment return. The terms of our repurchase agreements may vary, such as obligating us to pay an expected investment return each quarter and the principal amount on or before the maturity date or requiring us to pay a lump sum amount within a specified period of time (generally within 360 days). In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we transferred our rights to earnings in subordinated units to a private equity fund and to certain third parties.

We utilize multiple funding sources to support our business, some of which may be subject to challenges by regulatory authorities from time to time under the evolving legal environment. For details, please refer to "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Some of our funding sources are highly regulated and are subject to the changing regulatory environment. If any of the funding sources is deemed to violate the PRC laws and regulations, we may need to secure new funding, failure of which may result in a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects."

*Matching of Terms of Funding Sources and Loans*

 

We forecast our cash flows each month to determine our use and need of cash for the next month and take into account the amount of loans becoming due, amount of trust products becoming due and target size of loan products to be facilitated. When our monthly cash flow forecasts indicate a need for additional funding to ensure the matching of terms of funding sources and loans, we coordinate with our trust company partners to acquire additional funding through the transfer of loans with repurchase arrangements or through other permitted means, such as bridge loans. Under our trust lending model, once a trust product matures, the trustee strives to repay the expected rate of investment return and principal to the senior unit holders. Under our previous credit strengthening services, we were required to make up for any shortfalls if the proceeds from loans were less than the principal amount invested by the senior unit holders and the agreed financing costs for the senior units, which primarily consist of the expected rate of investment return to the senior unit holders. We ceased to provide such credit strengthening services since March 2018. The trust products set up under long-term trust plans usually have a term of one to three years. The loans we facilitate have tenors typically ranging from one to three years. Historically, majority of the loans we facilitated were repaid within the first two years.

Our trust company partners have also implemented the pass-through repayment method in certain of the trust plans to help avoid the duration mismatch. Under the pass-through repayment method, loan repayment proceeds are usually distributed to the senior unit holders on a monthly basis to repay both the financing costs for the senior units and the principal amount invested by the senior unit holders after deducting relevant fees. Under the pass-through repayment method, the principal amount invested in the trust products is repaid as the underlying loans are repaid. As a result, terms of the underlying trust funding matched tenor of all loans we facilitated in 2023, 2024 and 2025.

*Collaboration Model*

 

We have switched to a collaboration business model to optimize the trust lending model since December 2018 to broaden our prospective borrower bases. Under the collaboration model, we generally require sales partners to contribute from a range of 5% to 25% of the loan principal they introduced (such contribution, the "CRMP"). The percentage of loan principal as the CRMP charged to sales partners is mainly determined based on the sales partner's business scale, risk control capabilities and liquidity of funds investigated by us through market research and multiple negotiations with the local loan practitioners' association in various cities in China, including four Tier 1 cities, key cities in the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. As of the date of this annual report, we have 2,187 contracted sales partners in total, among which around 127 are effective sales partners. Under such collaboration model, we will pay incentive fees, or collaboration cost, to each sales partner upon a pre-agreed schedule and conditions, which will be re-distributed to the sales partners. The collaboration cost we pay to sales partners is an agreed percentage of the loan principal amount, calculated by subtracting the project cost from interest and fees income received from borrowers. For each loan, the project cost is agreed between us and sales partners. The project cost is typically between 7.5%-9.5% of the loan principal, and the percentage varies based on different collaboration model types and the terms of the loan. The project cost in the loan agreement will not change once determined. The collaboration cost is settled monthly as agreed in the collaboration agreement. We only pay the incentive fee to the sales partner according to the pre-agreed schedule when the borrower repays the loan on time, in which case the sales partner is not obligated to return such incentive fee, and the collaboration costs are not subject to reimbursement. The following chart illustrates a typical arrangement among sales partners, borrowers, trust plans, trust plan investors and us.

![](ea028716501_img1.jpg)

We provide a convenient and user-friendly transaction process, which is implemented through our standardized home equity loan application procedures across our local offices. Our standardized transaction process under trust lending model is illustrated as below.

*Step 1: Sales partners recommend borrowers for loan application*

 

The transaction process begins with the submission of a loan application by a prospective borrower introduced by a sales partner either online or at one of our local offices. The application asks for information such as the borrower's identity card information, contact, business and prospective collateral. The applicant typically also consents to access to his or her credit report generated by third parties while submitting the application.

*Step 2: Risk assessment*

 

After an application is submitted, our proprietary risk management system collects credit and valuation data from a number of internal and external sources. We and our sales partners then proceed with our risk assessment involving both online and offline processes focusing on both the creditworthiness of borrowers and quality of collateral. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Risk Management—Dual—factor risk assessment with integrated online and offline processes."

*Step 3: Credit decision*

 

Once we have performed rigorous risk assessments on both applicant and collateral, we recommend qualified applicants with suggested loan principal amount to our trust company partners who proactively conduct their own independent credit assessment and make credit decisions on the loan applications we recommend. Specifically, our trust company partners are independently responsible for, reviewing loan applications and verifying applicants' personal, business and collateral information collected by us through various procedures. Our trust company partners are responsible for approving the loan application.

*Step 4: Credit extension*

 

Our trust company partners will make the credit decision based on its own credit assessment. We will notify the applicants once we receive approvals from our trust company partners. We then assist the borrowers in signing loan agreements with the trust companies.

*Step 5: Collateral pledge and CRMP collection*

 

As part of our services, we help the trust companies set up security interests on the collateral by assisting with relevant documentation and registering security interests with local real property bureau. Once the process of collateral pledge is completed, sales partners will need to submit CRMP for underlying loans.

*Step 6: Loan disbursement*

 

Our trust company partners sign loan agreements and confirm receipt of relevant title documents and perfected security interests before disbursement of loan proceeds to the borrowers' bank accounts. Funding occurs promptly after the documentary conditions precedent to the settlement are fulfilled.

*Step 7: Post-loan management process*

 

We are also designated as the service provider and provide post-loan management services to our trust company partners, including assisting them in monitoring repayment activities and collateral status and performing debt collection in an event of default on behalf of the trust companies. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Risk Management—Effective post-loan management procedures." Once the loans are fully paid off, we assist the trust company partners release the collateral.

*Sales Partners*

 

In the event of loans issued to the borrowers acquired under such collaboration model are in default, the respective sales partners who introduced such borrowers will share the credit risks with us by choosing from the following options, including (i)(1) full repayment to us for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement and acquiring respective credit rights, (i)(2) repayment in installments to us for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement, and a payment of fund possession fee to us following a pre-determined schedule and acquiring respective credit rights under each installments; (ii) repayment to us for the unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower, and if the borrower pays the payments under the loan agreement, the repayment by the sales partner on behalf of the borrower will be refunded to the sales partner; or (iii) relinquishing the respective CRMPs for such loan. Upon relinquishing its CRMPs, the sales partner is deemed to be released from its repayment obligations under the collaboration agreement.

When a loan defaults, we will inform the sales partner the overdue status of the loan through the mobile app and require the sales partners to choose among the above-mentioned options to perform its repayment obligations within an agreed timetable. When the sales partner selects option (i)(1), we receive the payment for purchasing the outstanding defaulted loan including all outstanding principal and the accrued and overdue interests, and we will refund the outstanding CRMPs to the sales partner. When the sales partner selects option (i)(2), it repurchases the delinquent loan by installments with the purpose to repurchase the entire outstanding principal and the accrued and overdue interests in the future. CRMPs will be refunded after entire amount of the overdue loan principal and interests are settled. When the sales partner selects option (ii), it repays the overdue loan principal and interests for the borrower according to the borrower's repayment schedule. If borrower repays in the subsequent period, we need to return the payment from borrower to the sales partner according to the collaboration agreement. If the sales partner chooses to fulfill the repayment obligation according to option (i)(1), (i)(2) or (ii) above, it still maintains the rights to claim the collaboration cost (incentive fees) for the current period.

When the sales partner refuses to fulfill its repayment obligation according to option (i)(1), (i)(2) or (ii) above, and selects option (iii), CRMPs related to the defaulted loan (or all CRMPs related to the specific sales partner if the CRMPs it provides can be shared in all loans introduced under the collaboration agreement as described below) are surrendered to us. Upon the confiscation of CRMPs, the sales partner is deemed to be released from its repayment obligations under the collaboration agreement, and the sales partner can no longer claim the outstanding collaboration cost (incentive fees) of the referred loan.

As described above, the percentage of loan principal as the CRMP charged to sales partners is mainly determined based on the sales partner's business scale, risk control capabilities and liquidity of funds, as elaborated below.

Sales partners who pay 10% of the loan principal as the CRMP are mainly loan service providers with strong risk control and management capabilities in Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities. The sales partners are required to pay a minimum CRMP upfront and the CRMP put up by these sales partners can be shared in all loans introduced, meaning that the CRMP can be used to offset all defaulting loans introduced by the sales partner. In third- and lower-tier cities, the percentage of loan principal as the CRMP charged to this type of sales partners will be raised to 15%.

Sales partners who pay 20% of the loan principal as the CRMP are mainly individual and smaller-scale loan service providers in Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities. Each CRMP put up by these sales partners can only be used to offset a specific loan in default. In third- and lower-tier cities, the percentage of loan principal as the CRMP charged to this type of sales partners will be raised to 25%.

Sales partners enter into strategic cooperation directly with us and contribute the CRMP directly to a designated account, which is fully refundable upon repayment of the loan that the CRMP is associated with. If at any time the balance of CRMP provided by sales partners is lower than the agreed percentage of the principal amount of the loans it introduced, the sales partner is required to make up the balance to reach the agreed CRMP percentage.

As of December 31, 2025, the percentage of options (i)(1), (i)(2), (ii) and (iii) selected by the sales partners on defaulting loans accounted for 14.0%, 73.5%, 0.5% and 12.0%, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the above percentage of options accounted for 9.2%, 84.9%, 2.0% and 3.9%, respectively. The percentage of the option selected is calculated based on the total loans principal amount (excluding any accrued interests) under each option selected by the sales partners divided by the total loans principal amount (excluding any accrued interests) under all options selected by the sales partners. The Company allow more sales partners to select option (i)(2) to help increase their liquidity. The percentage of loans on which sales partner refused to fulfill its repayment obligation accounted for only 1.8% and 6.8% of the outstanding loan principal including loans held for sale as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 respectively.

We believe such collaboration model will decrease our risk exposure. Since in the event that loans issued under the collaboration model are in default, the respective sales partners will share the credit risks with us by choosing from the above-mentioned options. Besides, the CRMPs from sales partners, by their nature, will also mitigate our exposure to credit losses.

***Commercial Bank Partnership***

 ****

In order to diversify our financing channels to better serve the demands of MSE owners with credible funding sources, we started to collaborate with commercial banks in 2021, under which our commercial bank partners are responsible for reviewing and approving the loan while we charge a service fee for loan facilitation services including introducing borrowers, initial credit assessment, facilitating loans from the banks to borrowers, and providing technical assistance, and assist commercial banks with post-loan managements. Under this commercial bank partnership model, we work with a guarantor company and provide matching services to our commercial bank partners for small and micro enterprises borrowers who seek business loans in exchange for real estate properties as collateral. The borrowers are obliged to mortgage their real estate properties to the commercial bank partner as collateral, while the guarantor is obliged to provide the guarantee deposit and assist us with preliminary review of the borrower, other pre-loan inspections and forward transfer services of past due loans as credit strengthening. Before making any decision, each of our commercial bank partner, the guarantor and ourselves will conduct a risk assessment of the borrower and the commercial bank partner holds the ultimate power to approve or reject a borrower. Once the loan is successfully granted by the commercial bank, we will receive a service fee and the guarantor company will receive a guarantee fee based on a pre-determined schedule. We provide guarantees against the potential defaults and such contractual guarantee arrangement is underwritten by the guarantor company to which we provide back-to-back guarantee at request. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—If we are unable to achieve low delinquency ratio for loans originated by us, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected." and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—If our or our trust company partners' or our commercial bank partners' risk management system fails to perform effectively, such failure may materially and adversely impact our operating results."

The loan origination volume in 2025 under the commercial bank partnership model was RMB130 million and the outstanding loan principal recorded at the end of 2025 was RMB2.0 billion. The Company offers loan facilitation services to the borrowers who have credit needs and the commercial banks who originate loans directly, with the Company continuing to provide post-origination services to the borrowers over the term of the loan agreement. As the Company is not the legal lender or borrower in the loan origination and repayment process, we do not record loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables arising from these loans nor interest-bearing borrowings to the third-party commercial banks.

In 2023, the Company started to introduce sales partners under the commercial bank partnership model, where we require the sales partners to contribute the CRMP from a range of 5% to 10% of the loan principal they introduced. 97.8% of borrowers introduced to commercial banks were acquired through sales partners in 2025. As different from the CRMP under the collaboration model in trust lending, the CRMP under the commercial bank partnership model can be used to offset all defaulting loans introduced by the contributing sales partner. We will pay incentive fees, or collaboration cost, to each sales partner upon pre-agreed schedule and conditions, which will be re-distributed to the sales partners. The collaboration cost we pay to sales partners is an agreed percentage of the loan principal amount, calculated by subtracting the project cost from interest and fees income received from borrowers. The project cost under commercial bank partnership is typically between 3.5%-13.3% of the loan principal, and the percentage varies based on different collaboration model types and the terms of the loan.

Our standardized transaction process under the commercial bank partnership model is illustrated below.

*Step 1: Borrower assessment*

 

We reach out to borrowers through local sales channels or sales partners. After obtaining the list of qualified borrowers, we first perform due diligence on such borrowers and then share those customers' information with the guarantor company we work with for its own risk assessment.

*Step 2: Loan application referral*

 

After passing the guarantor's risk assessment, the borrower will be introduced to our commercial bank partner. Such commercial bank partner will perform its own risk assessment and the borrower may be rejected even if the borrower passed the previous risk assessment by the guarantor.

*Step 3: Credit decision*

 

The commercial bank will inform the guarantor and us whether the loan recommended is approved or rejected for further actions and services.

*Step 4: Guarantee Agreement*

 

If the commercial bank partner decides to grant a loan, it will inform the guarantor to issue a guarantee agreement indicating that the guarantor is obliged to provide post-origination services and take legal responsibilities of any accidents that may happen relating to the borrower, including default risks. Additionally, for security purposes, the guarantor is obliged to provide a guarantee deposit as illustrated in Step 7 below.

*Step 5: Pledging collaterals*

 

Before releasing the loan to the borrower, the commercial bank partner entrusts the guarantor to assist the borrower completing the process of mortgaging their real estate properties, notarizing the loan contracts and obtaining encumbrance certificates. The guarantor is then obliged to send these documents directly back to the commercial bank partner.

*Step 6: Loan agreement*

 

After receiving the documents mentioned in Step 5, the commercial bank partner will proceed to the contract-signing process with the borrower.

*Step 7: Guarantee deposit*

 

After receiving all the required legal documents and signing the loan agreement, the commercial bank partner releases the loan to the borrower. For security purposes, the guarantor is obliged to pay a fixed percentage of total remaining loan balance as guarantee deposit to the commercial bank partner. We provide back-to-back guarantee to the guarantor at request.

*Step 8: Service fee*

 

We will receive facilitation service fee for our loan facilitation services. Under different collaboration arrangements, the borrower could pay such service fee directly to us on the due date of each installment or submit both the service fee and installment to the commercial bank and the commercial bank will disburse such service fee to us.

*Step 9: Repayment of loan principal and interest and post-loan management process*

 

The borrower repays all principal and interest directly to the commercial bank partner. After the borrower settles the principal and interest of the loan in advance or at maturity, the commercial bank partner will issue a settlement report, and the borrower can apply for collateral release with the assistance from the guarantor. The guarantor can confirm this information with the commercial bank partner and the commercial bank partner will issue the required documents to release the collateral. These legal documents will be delivered to us within 3 business days from the date when the borrower applies to release the collateral, and the guarantor and we are responsible for the releasing process. In the event of loans issued to the borrowers referred by the sales partners are in default, the respective sales partners who introduced such borrowers will share the credit risks with us by choosing from the following options, including (i)(1) full repayment to us for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement and acquiring respective credit rights, (i)(2) repayment in installments to us for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement, and a payment of fund possession fee to us following a pre-determined schedule and acquiring respective credit rights under each installments; (ii) repayment to us for the unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower, and if the borrower pays the payments under the loan agreement, the repayment by the sales partner on behalf of the borrower will be refunded to the sales partner; or (iii) relinquishing the respective CRMPs for such loan. Upon relinquishing its CRMPs, the sales partner is deemed to be released from its repayment obligations under the collaboration agreement.

***Small Loan Direct Lending***

 ****

Historically, we supplemented our trust lending model with direct lending by our small loan subsidiaries in Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing. Our subsidiaries typically entered into loan agreements that are secured by real property and had similar terms to home equity loans we facilitate under the trust lending model. We entered into loan agreements with borrowers directly. We financed our direct lending business with our own funds or funds we received from third parties by transferring our rights in the loans together with a repurchase arrangement.

Small loan direct lending business in China requires a license granted by local regulatory authorities and is subject to leverage constraints. Our three small loan subsidiaries in Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing have relevant licenses to conduct direct lending business since 2012, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Subject to various regulations, some of our direct lending business is limited to certain regions for which we have a license to engage in such business. Due to regulatory financing/net capital ratio constraints and for liquidity reasons, we expect that direct lending will remain a fairly limited and immaterial part of our business in the near future. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our loan origination volume through direct lending was RMB56 million, RMB277 million and RMB218 million, respectively. The balances of the borrowings that were funded by third parties for the small loan direct lending business were nil, nil and nil, as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

**Our Funding Model**

We have explored various funding sources and have focused on collaboration with our trust company partners starting in 2014. To a lesser extent, we historically utilized a direct lending model through our small loan subsidiaries. In 2021, we launched a new funding model in cooperation with commercial banks to expand our financing channels. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, 70.7%, 87.3% and 78.4% of the total home equity loan origination volume was originated under the trust lending model, respectively. In 2025, loan origination volume originated under the commercial bank partnership accounted for 8.1% of our total loan origination volume.

The following table illustrates the breakdown of the home equity loan origination volume by funding sources in the periods indicated.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Amount<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of<br> total** | **Amount<br> (RMB<br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** |
| **Loan origination volume by funding model** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Trust lending | 12222 | 70.7% | 8567 | 87.3% | 1262 | 78.4% |
| Bank lending | 5017 | 29.0% | 966 | 9.8% | 130 | 8.1% |
| Direct lending | 56 | 0.3% | 277 | 2.8% | 218 | 13.5% |
| **Total** | **17295** | **100.0%** | **9810** | **100.0%** | **1610** | **100.0%** |

---

The following table illustrates our funding capital from different sources as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Amount<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount<br> (RMB<br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** |
| **Funding capital by sources** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Trust lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Senior tranche | 8107 | 53.0% | 5814 | 60.4% | 579 | 10.4% |
| Subordinated tranche |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Own funds | 2377 | 15.5% | 1176 | 12.2% | 293 | 5.3% |
| Transferred to third parties | 682 | 4.5% | 1663 | 17.3% | 2723 | 49.1% |
| Bank lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Commercial banks | 4128 | 27.0% | 966 | 10.0% | 1956 | 35.2% |
| **Total** | **15294** | **100.0%** | **9619** | **100.0%** | **2828** | **100.0%** |

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**Business Infrastructure**

Since our inception, we have strategically developed a network of branches and sub-branches in over 30 cities in China. We prioritize expanding into cities that have stable housing market synergetic to our established network. We have carefully selected the geographic location of our offices and had 37 branches and sub-branches in China, with the majority located in Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities.

In practice, regulatory regime on property-backed loans and mortgages may differ from region to region. Experiences of interacting with regulatory authorities in different regions need to be acquired through long-time business practice. Under the current regulatory framework, it is crucial for home equity loan service providers to have local knowledge and resources. Benefiting from our extensive network, we have developed deep local knowledge and resources throughout the loan service process from loan origination to security interest perfection, and to debt collection. Our local team works closely with local authorities and has gained recognition for our business operations and established good working relationships with them.

We have also developed a cooperative relationship with our experienced sales partners who work with local real estate brokers and banks who cannot accommodate second lien collateral to acquire high-quality borrowers.

**Risk Management**

As a core component of our sustainable business model, we have developed a rigorous and robust risk management system. We focus on assessing both credit risks of borrowers and quality of collateral with our integrated online and offline processes. We refer borrowers who match the target profiles of trust companies and commercial banks, and share our risk assessment results before they perform their own independent credit assessment and make credit decisions. As of December 31, 2025, we had 156 employees in our risk management team. We impose strict guidelines on loan approvals and separation of loan approval and risk management. The loans we originated are divided into different categories by amount and are reviewed by various levels of seniority.

Our risk management is based on our institutional knowledge and is well tested and evidenced by historical performance and based on our product design, dual-factor risk assessment and effective post-loan management procedures.

***Credit risk mitigation embedded in product design***

 ****

The home equity loans we facilitate primarily take real properties located in Tier 1 and Tier 2 and other major cities as collateral. Our loan portfolio spreads over 30 cities across China. We believe that such geographic diversification better protects us against deterioration of local housing and economic conditions. To further limit credit risk, we devoted to control home equity loans up to 70% LTV ratio with weighted average LTV ratio of 62.0%, 60.5% and 60.0% for home equity loans originated in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, to ensure recovery in the event of borrower default. The LTV ratio varies for different types of real properties and is also adjusted pursuant to a borrower's credit history and quality of the collateral and may be lowered in the event of a past default.

We offer home equity loan products that allow borrowers to repay only the interests by installments and repay the full principal amount when due.

In addition, we also provide home equity loan products that require monthly payments comprising principal and interests repayments. This strategic design allows us to timely monitor borrowers' creditworthiness and initiate collection process at an early stage. We review a borrower's monthly cash flow to determine the tenor of the loan. Borrowers with stronger cash flow will have the option of shorter tenors, which may require larger payment on each installment. Borrowers with weaker cash flow are usually encouraged to take loans of longer tenor, so as to lower the amount of each installment. We may also require deposit payment for borrowers with past default. In addition, the maximum tenor of the loan is determined by the term of the relevant trust plan.

***Dual-factor risk assessment with integrated online and offline process***

 ****

We perform rigorous risk assessment on prospective borrowers and collateral in the following order:

*Step 1: Collecting data on loan applicants*

 

The first step of our borrower risk assessment process is to collect data on applicants upon approval by the borrower. This is typically done through information directly provided by applicants in our standardized application package, and information we aggregate from a number of sources, including various databases and the Credit Reference Center of the People's Bank of China.

*Step 2: Verification of information collected on loan applicants*

 

The second step of our borrower risk assessment process is to verify the information collected in Step 1. This is done through our offline identity authentication procedures conducted by local office staff together with corresponding sales partners, which typically consist of site visits to applicants' residences and business premises.

*Step 3: Valuation of proposed collateral*

 

We also perform risk assessment on the proposed real property collateral. The proposed real property collateral is appraised by independent leading online property appraisers and refined by us on specifics such as liquidity value, location, neighborhood, type, facing direction, floor plan and size.

*Step 4: Verification of collateral condition*

 

We also take measures to verify the condition of proposed collateral. Local office staff together with sales partners visit the property that a loan applicant intends to pledge. As part of the collateral assessment, we cross-check the preliminary valuation provided by our appraisal company partners with local real estate agents and bank mortgage documents.

After obtaining the authorization from the loan applicant, we check its credit report and determine its outstanding first lien loan amount and the identity of lender to the first lien loan.

If our verification procedure on either a loan applicant or collateral reveals significant discrepancies from the information provided by such applicant, we will not recommend such applicant to our trust company partners.

We determine the loan amount permitted to grant the loan applicant based on the applicant's credit status and collateral value. If both our trust partner and the loan applicant agree to the loan amount we advised, we will facilitate the signing of loan agreements and pledge agreement between them.

*Step 5: Perfection of collateral*

 

The last step of our collateral risk assessment process is to register the pledge over real properties under the names of trust company partners with the local real property bureau.

Immediately before the pledge of collateral is processed, we conduct a final lien search on the property to confirm if its lien status remains the same as previously reviewed. In the case that the lien status has not changed, we assist the borrower to pledge the collateral under the trust partner's name. A representative from our company submits both the loan agreement and the pledge agreement to the local Housing Administration Bureau for the collateral pledge, specifying that such collateral is exclusively pledged for protection of such loan. The Housing Administration Bureau will issue a warrant that clearly states the lender and the amount of the mortgage.

After successfully receiving the "deposit receipt" issued by the Housing Administration Bureau, we transfer the receipt to our trust partner and inform the trust partner to release the loan to the borrower. Borrowers are obligated to return loan proceeds if the pledge is not successfully registered under extreme circumstances.

***Judicial foreclosure of the collateral***

 ****

We usually suggest our trust partners pursue foreclosure for loans more than 90 days past due. According to the loan agreement, when a loan defaults, our trust partners are entitled to the full recovery of the delinquent principal, delinquent interest and penalties if any. If the proceeds from judicial disposal of the collateral are sufficient to cover the aforementioned full recovery amounts, we will obtain the amount of which may exceed the principal of the delinquent loan.

When calculating the impairment loss, we consider various expenses that may be incurred during the debt collection process, such as litigation fees, attorney fees, and other costs directly related to the collection process. The collection process to settle a past due loan generally takes one and a half to two years.

In 2025, the amount of loans where the Company abandoned the foreclosure process was RMB4.9 million. We abandon foreclosure when the defaulting borrower has regenerated ability to repay its debt by financing efforts or selling the collateral on its own and seeks to settle with the Company.

***Effective post-loan management procedures***

 ****

Under the agreements with our trust company partners, we are responsible for assisting our trust company partners in monitoring collection of overdue principal and interest, and are authorized by our trust company partners to oversee the collection process.

*Monitoring repayments*. We help our trust company partners closely monitor loan repayments, and help our sales partners closely monitor the real-time repayment status by posting them on the mobile app. Our system generates automatic payment reminders through SMSs one week before the due date. Collaborating with multiple sources of credit reference agencies, we help our trust company partners closely monitor if borrowers are involved in any new litigations.

*Monitoring collateral status*. We help our trust company partners selectively conduct searches against real property collateral depending on principal amount outstanding and nature and location of collateral. Such searches are supplemented with online revaluation of collateral through our appraisal company partners and the search results will be shared real-time with sales partners through the mobile app.

*Debt collection*. In an event of default, we help our trust company partners utilize different collection measures with our integrated online and offline process, and with the assistance of our sales partners.

● Within three to five business days past due, we and our sales partners will contact defaulting borrowers through SMSs or by phone to understand reasons for the nonpayment and inform them of past-due penalties.

● After a loan is past due for over six days, we and our sales partners will arrange a site visit to further assess the situation. If agreeable with the defaulting borrower, we will arrange for quick disposal plans, or disposal of collateral voluntarily by the borrower and repay the defaulted loans with the proceeds. Meanwhile, we will conduct an online judgment search against the defaulting borrowers and a lien search against the collateral. Once payment is 20 days past due, we will assist the trust partner to start preparing documents and materials for arbitration. Once payment is 30 days past due, we will assist the trust partner to initiate judicial proceedings against the defaulting borrower and inform the relevant sales partners of the situation. Once payment is 30 to 90 days past due, we and our sales partners will continue the collecting efforts, including initiating private negotiations with the borrower and requesting the borrower to repay the loan through self-raising of money or voluntary sale of the collateral, transferring the defaulted loans to the third parties, and move forward with the arbitration process.

● Typically, when payment is over 60 days past due, we will keep the sales partners informed and the sales partners shall choose from the following options, including (i)(1) full repayment to us for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower and acquiring respective credit rights, (i)(2) repayment in installments to us for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower and acquiring respective credit rights under each installments; (ii) repayment to us for the unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower, and if the borrower pays the payments under the loan agreement, the repayment by the sales partner on behalf of the borrower will be refunded to the sales partner; or (iii) relinquishing the respective CRMPs for such loan. If the sales partners do not choose to fully repay us as mentioned in (i) and (ii) above, we will confiscate the CRMP corresponding to the loan in default. Meanwhile, we will continue the collecting efforts and move forward with the judicial process or quick disposal plans. As of December 31, 2025, for all of the loans with payment over 60 days past due, our sales partners have either fulfilled or are in the process of fulfilling their obligations under our agreements with them.

We have implemented detailed debt collection guidance and code of conduct for our local staff to ensure our debt collection methods are ethical and in compliance with laws and regulations, and we share such materials with our sales partners for them to adjust their debt collection procedures accordingly. We recovered loan principal, interest and penalties which equal to 106.9%, 109.1% and 103.4% of the actual outstanding loan principal of these delinquent loans in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Transferring default loans to third parties is one of our loan recovery methods. If sales partners choose to fulfill their obligations to provide guarantee for the loans they introduced by repurchasing the delinquent loans according to the collaboration agreements signed between us and the sales partners, we would assist the trust partner to fully transfer the outstanding loan and related rights to the collateral to the sales partners at current market fair value.

Under the circumstances of selling delinquent loans to local investment asset management companies, experienced law firms or other entities, our post-loan department conducts a final check to determine the probability of recovering those loans by other collecting methods in shorter time before making the final decision on whether to sell those loans to a third party.

**Collateral**

The borrowers pledge their real properties to our trust company partners in the case of trust lending, to the guarantee companies in case of commercial bank partnership, and to our small loan subsidiaries in case of direct lending. We have developed detailed guidelines for real property collateral. The LTV ratios are also adjusted based on the type of property (residential or commercial), floor plan, age and credit history of property owners. As of December 31, 2025, the updated LTV as of the most recent balance sheet date was 60.0%, with 58.1% for the first lien loans and 70.6% for the second lien loans, which is calculated by the percentage of outstanding loan principal of the re-appraised collateral value as of December 31, 2025. In the circumstances where we are facilitating the second lien loans, we have to obtain a prior authorization from the borrower before it checks the borrower's credit status for the updated first lien balance, which is not practical in daily operation. Therefore, we use outstanding first lien balance at origination in the above calculation.

The following table illustrates the weighted average LTV ratio of on-balance sheet home equity loans (excluding loans held for sale) under trust lending model we originated for the periods or as of the dates indicated, and a breakdown by collateral type.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
| **Weighted average LTV ratio by collateral type** |  |  |  |
| **First lien** |  |  |  |
| Apartment | 56.4% | 54.8% | 58.3% |
| House | 44.7% | 37.6% | 46.2% |
| Commercial property | 46.0% | 46.3% | 49.9% |
| **Total** | **56.0%** | **54.2%** | **58.1%** |
| **Second lien** |  |  |  |
| Apartment | 66.6% | 66.6% | 70.8% |
| House | 50.8% | 52.8% | 67.4% |
| Commercial property | –% | –% | –% |
| **Total** | **66.0%** | **65.2%** | **70.6%** |
| **Total** | **62.0%** | **60.5%** | 60.0% |

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**On- and off-Balance Sheet Loans**

For loans disbursed indirectly through trusts plans per the request of our funding partners, we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the trusts plans. We therefore consolidate the trusts plans and record the loans funded through these trusts plans on our balance sheet. On-balance-sheet loans are recorded at amortized costs. Revenues from these loans are accounted as interest income, and we recorded allowance for loan loss.

Off-balance sheet loans refer to loans funded and disbursed directly by commercial banks and not consolidated on our balance sheet. For the off-balance-sheet loans, we provide loan facilitation and post-facilitation services and also guarantee the repayment through third-party guarantee company. As a result, we incur guarantee liabilities and take credit risks. Services provided in connection with this portion of loans are categorized under commercial bank partnership model.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Outstanding<br> loan<br> principal<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** | **Outstanding<br> loan<br> principal<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** | **Outstanding<br> loan<br> principal<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** |
| **On-balance sheet loan** | **11828** | **74.1%** | **10212** | **81.1%** | **6492** | **76.85%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Trust lending model | 11784 | 73.9% | 9933 | 78.8% | 6207 | 73.47% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Direct lending | 44 | 0.2% | 279 | 2.2% | 285 | 3.374% |
| **Off-balance sheet loan** | **4128** | **25.9** | **2386** | **18.9%** | **1956** | **23.15%** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial bank partnership model | 4128 | 25.9% | 2386 | 18.9% | 1956 | 23.15% |
| **Total** | **15956** | **100.0%** | **12598** | **100.0%** | **8448** | **100.0%** |

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The following table illustrates distribution of our outstanding on-balance sheet loan principal (excluding loans held for sale) by city tier as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Amount<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount<br> (RMB <br> in millions)** | **% of <br> total** |
| **Outstanding loan principal (excluding loans held for sale) by collateral city tier** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Tier 1 | 4479 | 48.7% | 3149 | 48.5% | 1976 | 41.99% |
| Tier 2 | 4453 | 48.5% | 2595 | 40.0% | 2666 | 56.7% |
| Others | 256 | 2.8% | 752 | 11.6% | 64 | 1.36% |
| **Total** | **9188** | **100.0%** | **6496** | **100.0%** | **4706** | **100.0%** |

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The process for updating collateral values during the period the loan is held includes the following: (i) regular review and reappraisal of collateral value based on the data from multiple external online appraisal firms; (ii) if the difference between the reappraised value and the value at origination exceeds 20%, we will determine whether such difference is due to regional market fluctuations and accept such reappraised value if the difference is determined to result from regional market fluctuations, and (iii) if the value difference is determined to be isolated from regional market fluctuations, we will check with recognized housing agent companies for the latest market sales price for properties with similar conditions such as locations, floorplans and ages, and use the average value of such similar properties as the ultimate reappraised value of the collateral.

The following table illustrates the breakdown of our home equity loan origination volume originated by first lien and second lien in the periods indicated.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Amount** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount** | **% of <br> total** |
|  | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** |
| Loan origination volume by first/second lien |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| First lien | 6412 | 37.1% | 4051 | 41.3% | 742 | 46.06% |
| Second lien | 10883 | 62.9% | 5759 | 58.7% | 869 | 53.94% |
| **Total** | **17295** | **100.0%** | **9810** | **100.0%** | **1611** | **100.0%** |

---

The following table illustrates distribution of our outstanding on-balance sheet loan principal (excluding loans held for sale) generated by first lien and second lien in the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **Amount** | **% of <br> total** | **Amount** | **% of<br> total** | **Amount** | **% of<br> total** |
|  | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** | ***(RMB in millions)*** |
| Outstanding loan principal (excluding loans held for sale) by first/second lien |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| First lien | 3477 | 37.8% | 2470 | 38.0% | 1572 | 33.4% |
| Second lien | 5711 | 62.2% | 4026 | 62.0% | 3134 | 66.6% |
| **Total** | **9188** | **100.0%** | **6496** | **100.0%** | **4706** | **100.0%** |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**Loans principal (excluding loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31, <br> 2025**<br>**Total** |
|  | ***(RMB<br> in thousands)*** |
| **First lien** | |
| Apartment | 1557443 |
| House | 12383 |
| Commercial property | 1913 |
| **Total** | **1571739** |
| **Second lien** |  |
| **Apartment** | 3031642 |
| House | 102292 |
| Commercial property | 0 |
| **Total** | **3133934** |
| **Total** | **4705673** |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**Loans principal (excluding loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31, <br> 2024**<br>**Total** |
|  | ***(RMB <br> in thousands)*** |
| **First lien** | |
| Apartment | 2354773 |
| House | 100584 |
| Commercial property | 14806 |
| **Total** | **2470163** |
| **Second lien** |  |
| **Apartment** | 3721312 |
| House | 304534 |
| Commercial property | - |
| **Total** | **4025846** |
| **Total** | **6496009** |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**Loans principal (excluding loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31, 2023**<br>**Total** |
|  | ***(RMB<br> in thousands)*** |
| **First lien** | |
| Apartment | 3337223 |
| House | 125227 |
| Commercial property | 14253 |
| **Total** | **3476703** |
| **Second lien** |  |
| **Apartment** | 5499286 |
| House | 212233 |
| Commercial property | 75 |
| **Total** | **5711594** |
| **Total** | **9188297** |

---

**Technology**

Our technology departments is composed of three employees as of December 31, 2025. We utilize our home equity loan information technology system to support our standardized credit application process. Through our information technology system, we are able to connect with third-party service providers' systems, including credit risk evaluation systems and leading property appraisers, to automatically collect data generated from their systems. In addition, our local staff uploads information collected during the due diligence process on a timely basis to supplement external credit data and ensure efficient approval process. Furthermore, we exchange loan application and approval information through our information technology system with our trust company partners' systems. Our sales partners could acquire borrowers, upload due diligence files, track risk assessment processes and check their incentives online using this system.

We collect and store user personal information, including names, phone numbers, addresses, identification information and financial information for the sole purpose of individual credit assessment. We retrieve such information with consent and have safeguards designed to protect such information. We store our data in encrypted form, which offers an additional layer of protection. We also verify data interchange with our funding partners using digital signatures, which enhances the security of such interchange. We also limit employees' access to such information and monitor authorized access.

**Sales and Marketing**

We acquire borrowers primarily through our sales partners. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, over 95.0% of our borrowers were introduced to us by our sales partners under the trust lending model. In 2023, we started to introduce sales partners under the commercial bank partnership model. In 2025, 97.8% of borrowers introduced to commercial banks were acquired through our sales partners, and 2.2% of borrowers introduced to commercial banks were acquired through local channel partners including corporate and individual offline channels and telemarketing companies. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Borrower—Borrower Acquisition."

**Intellectual Property**

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. We have registered 17 software copyrights in China, including our proprietary loan management software and financial data analytics software. We have registered our domain name, cashchina.cn. As of December 31, 2025, we had 46 registered trademarks, including our "CNFH" and company logo.

Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to obtain and use our intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources. In addition, third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or declaring their non-infringement of our intellectual property rights. In the event of a successful claim of infringement and our failure or inability to develop non-infringing technology or license the infringed or similar technology on a timely basis, our business could be harmed. Even if we are able to license the infringed or similar technology, license fees could be substantial and may adversely affect our results of operations. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Any failure to protect our own intellectual property rights could impair our brand, negatively impact our business or both" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights, which could harm our business."

**Data Policy**

We have adopted a strict internal data policy relating to confidential information of our borrowers and business partners, as well as our own confidential information. This policy establishes day-to-day data protection and use requirements, data and information classification, backup requirements, approval procedures and user control. This policy also specifies the manner in which data must be stored. We require each of our employees to agree in writing to abide by the data policy and protect the confidentiality of our data.

**Competition**

As a leader in China's home equity loan service industry, we face competition from other national or regional home equity loan providers and home equity loan service providers, as well as from commercial banks and other traditional financial institutions. As our business continues to grow, we also face significant competition for highly skilled personnel, including management, marketing team and risk management personnel. The success of our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to retain existing personnel and recruit additional highly skilled employees.

**Insurance**

We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and medical insurance for our employees. We also purchased employer's liability insurance and additional commercial health insurance to increase insurance coverage of our employees. We do not maintain property insurance to protect our equipment and other properties essential to our business operation against risks and unexpected events. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage sufficient and in line with market practice for our business operations in China.

**Regulation**

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant rules and regulations affecting our business that we operate in China.

As a home equity loan service provider, we facilitate loans by connecting borrowers with our trust company partners, and, to a lesser extent, we also lend directly to borrowers through our small loan subsidiaries. We have established three small loan subsidiaries in Beijing, Chongqing and Shenzhen that are permitted to operate small loan businesses.

***Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment***

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The establishment, operation and management of companies in China is governed by the PRC Company Law, as amended in 2005, 2013, 2018, and 2023. According to the PRC Company Law, companies established in the PRC are either limited liability companies or joint stock limited liability companies. The establishment procedures, organizational form, organizational structure and rules of conduct of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise are subject to PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations, that came into effect on January 1, 2020, which provide that foreign investors shall not invest in the fields or industries prohibited for foreign investment access listed in the Negative List, and shall comply with the conditions or requirements when investing in the restricted fields listed in the Negative List, and foreign investors investing in the fields and industries not listed in the Negative List are treated equally with the domestic investors. The organizational form, organizational structure, and rules of conduct of foreign-invested enterprises shall be governed by the PRC Company Law, the PRC Partnership Enterprise Law and other applicable laws.

On December 29, 2023, the Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress (the "Congress") issued the Amendment to the PRC Company Law, to be effective on July 1, 2024, which expands the scope of capital contributions to include equity and creditor's rights. The draft improves the provisions of duties of loyalty and diligence for directors, supervisors, and senior managers, and tighten their responsibilities to maintain the Company's capital. The draft increases the reporting obligations of related party transactions and expands the scope of related parties to include family relatives of directors, senior management and supervisors as well as units or individuals associated with them.

On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and the State Administration for Market Regulation ("SAMR") jointly issued the Measures for the Reporting of Foreign Investment Information ("Measures"), which came into effect on January 1, 2020, replacing the Interim Measures for the Administration of the Establishment and Change of Foreign-Invested Enterprises. The Measures provides that in terms of investing directly or indirectly in the PRC, foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information to the competent commercial authority in accordance with the Measures. The competent commercial authority shall supervise and inspect the fulfillment of information reporting obligations of foreign investors and foreign-invested enterprises. If investment information is not filed in accordance with the Measures, foreign-invested enterprises may be required to make corrections or be subject to fines.

*Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2024 Version)*

 

The Negative List uniformly lists special administrative measures on foreign investment access such as requirements on equity interest and management. Foreign investors investing in the fields and industries not listed in the Negative List are treated equally with the domestic investors. The Negative List lists the transitional period for removing or relaxing access restrictions in certain fields and industries. After the transitional period, the investment access restrictions will be cancelled or relaxed. Our business is currently not listed in the Negative List (2024 Version). According to Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, which was promulgated by the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce in December 2020 and has been come into effect in January 2021, the Foreign Investment Security Review Mechanism, or the Security Review mechanism, in charge of organization, coordination and guidance of foreign investment security review is thereunder established. A working mechanism office shall be established under the NDRC and led by the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce to undertake routine work on the security review of foreign investment. According to the Security Review Mechanism, foreign investment activities falling in the scope such as important cultural products and services, important information technologies and internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields that concern state security while obtaining the actual control over the enterprises invested in, a foreign investor or a party concerned in the PRC shall take the initiative to make a declaration to the working mechanism office prior to making the investment.

***Regulations Relating to Small Loan***

 ****

Under the Guiding Opinions of the CBRC and the PBOC on the Pilot Operation of Small Loan Companies which was promulgated by the CBRC and the PBOC on May 4, 2008, or the Guiding Opinions on Small Loan Companies, a small loan company is a company that specializes in operating a small loan business with investments from natural persons, legal entities or other social organizations, and which does not accept public deposits. The establishment of a small loan company is subject to the approval of the competent government authority at the provincial level. The major sources of funds for a small loan company are limited to capital paid by shareholders, donated capital and capital borrowed from up to two financial institutions. Furthermore, the balance of the capital borrowed by a small loan company from financial institutions must not exceed 50% of the net capital of such small loan company, and the interest rate and term of the borrowed capital are required to be determined by us with the banking financial institutions upon consultation, and the interest rate on the borrowed capital must be determined by using the Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate as the base rate. With respect to the grant of credit, small loan companies are required to adhere to the principle of "small sum and decentralization." The outstanding balance of the loans granted by a small loan company to one borrower cannot exceed 5% of the net capital of such company. The interest ceiling used by a small loan company may be determined by such companies, but in no circumstance shall it exceed the restrictions prescribed by the judicatory authority, and the interest floor is 0.9 times the base interest rate published by the PBOC. Small loan companies have the flexibility to determine the specific interest rate within the range depending on market conditions. In addition, according to the Guiding Opinions on Small Loan Companies, small loan companies are required to establish and improve their corporate governance structures, the loan management systems, the financial accounting systems, the asset classification systems, the provision systems for accurate asset classification and their information disclosure systems, and such companies are required to make adequate provision for impairment losses and are required to accept public scrutiny supervision and are prohibited from carrying out illegal fund-raising in any form.

On September 7, 2020, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Circular of General Office of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Strengthening the Supervision and Administration of Micro-loan Companies, namely the Circular on Microloan Companies. Circular on Micro-loan Companies aims to promote the regulated and healthy development of micro-loan industry, and notifies the relevant matters as follows: (1) regulating business operations and improving service capabilities, (2) improving business management and promoting healthy development, (3) strengthening supervision and administration and rectifying the order of the industry, and (4) increasing support and creating a good environment. Accordingly, micro-loan companies are required to adhere to the principle of small amounts and dispersion, monitor the loan purposes, standardizing debt collection, etc. Furthermore, Circular on Micro-loan Companies endows the regulatory authorities the power to increase penalties upon violations of relevant laws and regulations. If the relevant laws and regulations do not contain penalty provisions or the micro-loan company in violation of laws and regulations does not reach the penalty standards, the regulatory authorities may take such regulatory measures as conducting a regulatory interview, issuing a warning letter, ordering the Company to make rectifications, circulating a notice of criticism, and recording the violations of laws and regulations into the information database of illegal business behavior. Circular 141 outlines general requirements on the "cash loan" business conducted by network small loan companies, banking financial institutions and online lending information intermediaries.

On January 17, 2025, China's National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) issued the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Micro-Loan Companies ("Measures"), which came into force on the same day and replaces the 2020 the Circular on Microloan Companies. The Measures introduce stricter geographic restrictions, prohibiting traditional micro-loan companies from operating across provincial boundaries, while online micro-lenders must adhere to region-specific licensing requirements. Loan limits are tightened, with individual consumer loans capped at RMB200,000 per borrower and business loans at RMB1 million, alongside stricter concentration rules that restrict loans to a single borrower to 10% of a company's net assets (15% for related parties). To curb excessive leverage, external financing is confined to a "1+4" model, limiting non-standardized and standardized financing to 1x and 4x net assets, respectively. The Measures explicitly ban high-risk practices such as license leasing, public deposit-taking, and misleading marketing tactics like promoting "low-interest" or "high-limit" loans. The Measures required mandating micro-loan companies to classify loans overdue for 90 days as non-performing and adopt segregated accounts for fund management. Online lenders must digitize their entire lending process and meet stringent cybersecurity standards. Consumer safeguards are bolstered through enhanced transparency rules, requiring full disclosure of product risks, and strict data privacy measures that prohibit lending to minors or individuals without repayment capacity. Provincial regulators are tasked with primary oversight, supported by the NFRA's unified rules and a new supervisory rating system to enforce risk-based, tiered regulation.

Circular 141 requires network small loan companies to cautiously manage their funding sources and shall not (1) engage in any illegal fundraising or absorbing public deposits, (2) sell, transfer or substantively transfer its credit assets through internet platform or any kind of local financial exchange, and (3) raise any funds through the Peer-to-Peer Lending Information Intermediaries.

Funds raised by the transferring of credit assets and asset securitization shall be calculated in a consolidation manner within the balance sheet, and the ratio of total amount of fundraising and net capital shall be executed temporarily according to the local ratio. The local authorities shall not further relax the ratio of fundraising by the small loan companies.

Any violation of Circular 141 may result in penalties, including but not limited to suspension of operation, orders to make rectification, condemnation, revocation of license, order to cease business operation and criminal liabilities.

Our small loan subsidiaries are not network small loan companies, and we are not subject to the restrictions under the aforesaid regulation. But whether the relevant regulatory authorities will have a more limited explanation or make further restrictions on small loan businesses remains uncertain at this stage.

*Interim Administrative Measures of Small Loan Companies in Shenzhen*

 

The Interim Administrative Measures of the Pilot Small Loan Companies of Shenzhen was issued by the People's Government of Shenzhen Municipality on September 3, 2011. The Notice on Further Reinforcement and Regulation on Interim Guidance on Pilot Entry and Approval of the Small Loan Companies was issued by the Finance Development Service Office of Shenzhen Municipality on April 3, 2013. The Notice on the Pilot Business of Financing Innovation for Small Loan Companies in Shenzhen was issued by the People's Government of Shenzhen Municipality Financing Development Service Office on February 20, 2014. The key regulations of small loan companies in Shenzhen are as follows:

● if a small loan company is a limited liability company, its registered capital must be at least RMB300 million; if it is a company limited by shares, its registered capital must be at least RMB400 million;

● the balance of funds obtained by a small loan company from external legitimate channels may not exceed 200% of its net capital the previous year;

● the main promoter of a small loan company shall (1) have net assets no less than RMB200 million and an asset-liability ratio of no more than 65%, and, in principle, the long-term investment amount after investing in this project shall be no more than 60% of net assets (on a consolidated financial statements basis); and (2) have continuous positive earnings for three years with a total net profit of no less than RMB60 million, and the total tax contribution shall be no less than RMB18 million (on a consolidated financial statements basis);

● enterprise, social organization or economic organization as other contributors shall be divided into two categories: (1) if the ratio of investments is 30% or more, it shall be subject to the approval process as the main promoter; and (2) if the ratio of investments is no more than 30%, it shall be subject to the following conditions: having been incorporated for more than three years with net assets no less than RMB100 million and an asset-liability ratio no more than 65%, and, in principle, the long-term investment amount after investing on this project shall be no more than 60% of net assets, having continuous positive earnings for two years with a total net profit of no less than RMB20 million, and the total tax contribution shall be no less than RMB6 million (on a consolidated financial statement basis);

● if a foreign financial institution or small loan credit company (or other similar entity) is the main promoter, it shall be subject to the following conditions: (1) having total assets no less than RMB2 billion (on a consolidated financial statement basis); (2) having been engaged in financial business and continuously operating for no less than 10 years with sufficient analysis and research on the small loan market in China; and (3) shall obtain the approval of the financial regulation authorities as a bank financing institution;

● the key management personnel may hold no more than 5% of shares of the small loan company, and, as a temporary restriction, no other social natural person may contribute to the small loan company;

● the main promoter shall contribute no less than 30% of the total registered capital and shall control the Company relatively, other contribution by other entities shall be no less than 5% of the total registered capital; and

● the equity interests of a small loan company may be transferred, but no transfer or pledge is allowed in the first three years following the incorporation of the small loan company. Equity interests held by the directors or senior managers of the small loan company shall not be transferred during the term of office. As the time expires, the transferee shall have qualifications as the transferor, and the transferee shall not transfer its shares within three years following the date of change of registration of shares.

*Guidance on Small Loan Companies in Chongqing*

 

Guidance on Chongqing's Promotion of Pilot Operation of Small Loan Companies was issued by the People's Government of Chongqing Municipality on August 1, 2008. The Notice on Issues Concerning the Adjustment of Interim Measures of Chongqing Municipality for the Administration of Pilot Operation of Small Loan Companies was issued by the People's Government of Chongqing Municipality on April 27, 2009. The Notice on Further Promoting the Development of Small Loan Companies was issued by the People's Government of Chongqing Municipality on April 12, 2011. The Notice on Interim Supervision Regulations on Chongqing Small Loan Companies Financing Supervision was issued by Chongqing Financing Business Office on June 4, 2012. The Guidelines for the Supervision of the Establishment and Change of Chongqing Small Loan Company (Trial Implementation) was issued by the Chongqing Finance Office, and implemented on July 1st, 2013. The Notice on Adjusting Regulations of Chongqing Small Loan Company was issued by the Chongqing Finance Office on October 27, 2016. On November 15, 2019, Chongqing Local Financial Supervision Administration (CQLFSA) issued the Guideline for Disclosure of Service Information of Chongqing Small Loan Companies. On November 26, 2019, CQLFSA issued the Notice on Guiding Small Loan Companies to Reduce Loan Interest Rates. On June 15, 2025, the Chongqing Local Financial Regulatory Bureau issued the Measures for the Supervision and Rating of Small Loan Companies in Chongqing. The key regulations of small loan companies in Chongqing are as follows:

● if a small loan company is a foreign investment company, its registered capital must be at least US$30 million, and the shareholding of the foreign investor must be more than 50%;

● for small loan companies with sound corporate management and strong risk management ability, the balance of the capital borrowed from banking financial institutions can be 100% of its net capital;

● the balance of loans granted to a single borrower by a small loan company must not exceed 10% of the net capital of the Company and the balance of credit limit granted to a single client as a group enterprise must not exceed 15% of the net capital of the small loan company;

● support qualified small loan companies to increase their capital and shares, as well as mergers and acquisitions to enhance their capital strength; and

● support small loan companies to list on domestic and overseas capital markets, and make good use of cross-border financing channels such as cross-border loans and overseas bond issuance under the China-Singapore (Chongqing) Strategic Interconnection Demonstration Project to obtain low-cost and long-term overseas funds.

***Regulations Relating to Loan Facilitator***

 ****

Circular 141 imposes several requirements on financial institutions engaged in the "cash loan" business. With respect to the loan business conducted in cooperation with third-party entities, such financial institutions must not outsource their core business function (including credit assessment and risk control) and must not accept any credit enhancement services, whether or not in a disguised form (including the commitment to taking default risks) provided by any third-party entities that lack the qualification to provide guarantee services. Such financial institutions must require and ensure that such third-party entities do not charge any interest or fees from the borrowers. We historically provided credit enhancement to our trust company partners, but all the remaining loans under such arrangement had been transferred in 2021 and substantially all of such remaining loans had been paid off in 2022. We historically charged a financing service fee from the borrower under our trust lending model and small loan direct lending model, but we ceased charging such financing service fee starting from August 2017.

 **

***Regulations Relating to Loans and the Interest Rate***

 **

Part III Contracts of Civil Code of People's Republic of China, which became effective in January 2021, or the Contract Part, governs the formation, validity, performance, enforcement and assignment of contracts. To further clarify the specific application relating to the Contract Part, the PRC Supreme People's Court promulgated the Judicial Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Contract Part of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, which came into force on December 5, 2023. The Contract Part requires that the interest rates charged under a loan agreement must not violate the applicable provisions of the PRC laws and regulations. In accordance with the Decision of the Supreme People's Court on Revising the Provisions on Several Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Private Lending Cases (2nd Revisions in the year of 2020) issued by the PRC Supreme People's Court in December 2020 and effective since January 2021, or the Revised Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, private lending refers to the act of financing among natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations.

The revised Private Lending Judicial Interpretations required to reduce the maximum annual interest rate allowed on private lending to four times of the one-year loan prime rate (LPR). The one-year LPR refers to the one-year loan market quoted interest rate issued by the National Bank Interbank Funding Center, which was authorized by the PBOC, on the 20th of each month since August 20, 2019.

According to the Official Reply of the Supreme People's Court to the Issues concerning the Scope of Application of the New Judicial Interpretation on Private Lending, The Revised Private Lending Judicial Interpretations on private lending shall not apply to disputes arising from engagement in relevant financial business by small loan companies.

***Regulations Relating to Financing Guarantee***

 ****

In March 2010, CBRC, NDRC, MIIT, MOFCOM, PBOC, SAIC and the Ministry of Finance of PRC promulgated the Tentative Administrative Measures for Financing Guarantee Companies. The Tentative Administrative Measures for Financing Guarantee Companies requires an entity or individual to obtain a prior approval from the relevant regulatory body to engage in the financing guarantee business and defines "financing guarantee" as an activity whereby the guarantor and the creditor, such as a financial institution in the banking sector, agree that the guarantor shall bear the guarantee obligations in the event that the secured party fails to perform its financing debt owed to the creditor.

In August 2017, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Regulations, which became effective on October 1, 2017. The Financing Guarantee Regulations define "financing guarantee" as a guarantee provided for debt financing (including but not limited to the extension of loans or issuance of bonds) and set out that the establishment of a financing guarantee company or engagement in the financing guarantee business without approval may result in several penalties, including but not limited to banning, an order to cease business operation, confiscation of illegal gains, fines of up to RMB1,000,000 and criminal liabilities. The Financing Guarantee Regulations also set forth that the outstanding guarantee liabilities of a financing guarantee company shall not exceed 10 times its net assets and that the outstanding guarantee liabilities of a financing guarantee compacities of the same guaranteed party shall not exceed 10% of the net assets of the financing guarantee company, while the outstanding guarantee liabilities of a financing guarantee company in respect of the same guaranteed party and its affiliated parties shall not exceed 15% of its net assets.

The Supplementary Provisions stipulate that any institution, which provides services such as customer recommendation and credit evaluation for different kinds of lending institutions, shall not provide any financing guarantee services directly or in a disguised way, without approval. As for an institution which has no business license for financing guarantee business but actually engages in the financing guarantee business, the competent supervision and administration department shall ban it in accordance with the Regulation on Financing Guarantee Companies and order it to properly settle the stock business. If the institution intends to continue to engage in the financing guarantee business, it shall establish a financing guarantee company pursuant to the Regulation on Financing Guarantee Companies.

The Circular of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Issuing the Procedures for the Off-site Supervision of Financing Guarantee Companies (the Off-site Supervision Circular) was promulgated on July 14, 2020 and took effect on September 1, 2020. The Off-site Supervision Circular stipulates that financing guarantee companies should establish and implement an off-site supervision information filing system, and file the off-site supervision data and non-data information according to the requirement of regulatory authorities in time. If the financing guarantee companies do not comply with the requirement of regulatory authorities, regulatory authorities can exert penalties in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

***Regulations Relating to Illegal Fundraising***

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Raising funds by entities or individuals from the general public must be conducted in strict compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations to avoid administrative and criminal liabilities. The Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning the Penalty on Illegal Fundraising issued by the General Office of the State Council in July 2007 explicitly prohibit illegal public fundraising. The main features of illegal public fundraising include: (i) illegally soliciting and raising funds from the general public by means of issuing stocks, bonds, lotteries or other securities without obtaining the approval of relevant authorities, (ii) promising a return of interest or profits or investment returns in cash, properties or other forms within a specified period of time and (iii) using a legitimate form to disguise an unlawful purpose.

To further clarify the criminal charges and punishments relating to illegal public fundraising, the Supreme People's Court promulgated the Judicial Interpretations to Issues Concerning Applications of Laws for Trial of Criminal Cases on Illegal Fundraising, or the Illegal Fundraising Judicial Interpretations, which came into force in January 2011. Decision of the Supreme People's Court on Revising the Interpretations of the Supreme People's Court on Certain Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Law in the Trial of Criminal Cases Involving Illegal Fund Raising came into force on March 1, 2022. The Illegal Fundraising Judicial Interpretations provides that a public fundraising will constitute a criminal offense related to "illegally soliciting deposits from the public" under the PRC Criminal Law if it meets all the following four criteria: (i) taking in funds without license of the relevant authority or under the disguise of lawful business operations; (ii) publicizing by means of Internet, media, recommendation fairs, leaflets or mobile phone text messages, or other means; (iii) promising to repay the principal and interests or make payments in forms such as currency, real objects or equities, within a certain time limit; and (iv) absorbing funds from the general public, namely unspecified people. An illegal fundraising activity can incur a fine or prosecution in the event it constitutes a criminal offense. Pursuant to the Illegal Fundraising Judicial Interpretations, an offender that is an entity will be subject to criminal liabilities if it illegally solicits deposits from the general public or illegally solicits deposits in disguised form (i) with the amount of deposits involved exceeding RMB1,000,000, (ii) with over 150 fundraising targets involved, (iii) with direct economic loss caused to fundraising targets exceeding RMB500,000, or (iv) the illegal fundraising activities have caused baneful influences to the public or have led to other severe consequences. In addition, any entity that, while knowingly aware that another party deceptively issues securities, illegally accepts deposits from the general public, issues stocks and corporate bonds without permission, practice fund-raising fraud, or carry out fund-raising criminal activities such as organizing and leading pyramid sales activities, provides publicity such as advertising to such party, shall be convicted and punished as an accomplice for committing the relevant crime. In accordance with the Opinions of the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procurator and the Ministry of Public Security on Several Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Illegal Fundraising Criminal Cases, the administrative proceeding for determining the nature of illegal fundraising activities is not a prerequisite procedure for the initiation of criminal proceedings concerning the crime of illegal fundraising, and the administrative departments' failure in determining the nature of illegal fundraising activities does not affect the investigation, prosecution and trial of cases concerning the crime of illegal fundraising. According to "the Notice of the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security on the Promulgation of Opinions on Several Issues in Handling Criminal Cases of Illegal Fundraising" issued in January 2019, the determination of the "illegality" of fundraising shall be based on the laws and regulations of the national financial management. If there are only general stipulations in the laws and regulations of the national financial management, the "illegality" could be determined in accordance with the spirit of laws and regulations and the provisions on regulatory documents such as regulations, measures, and implementation rules of the People's Bank of China, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission.

According to Regulations on Preventing and Dealing with Illegal Fundraising, which came into effect in May 2021, illegal fundraising involves collecting funds from non-specific targets with promised principal and interest or other investment returns, without lawful permission from the State Council's financial management departments or in violation of China's financial management rules. Provincial-level governments should have overall responsibility for anti-illegal fundraising efforts within their respective administrative regions, and local governments should build necessary work mechanisms. Financial and non-banking payment institutions should report large-value and suspicious transactions as required, and analyze and identify related accounts having suspected association with illegal fundraising.

***Regulations Relating to Mortgage***

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The principal regulations governing mortgage include the Part II Property Rights (including Security Rights) of Civil Code of the PRC and their respective Interpretations of the Supreme People's Court. Under these laws and regulations, in order to create a legal and executable mortgage, the parties concerned shall conclude a written mortgage contract and complete the mortgage registration formalities with applicable real estate registration authorities. Mortgage interests shall be created at the time of registration.

Under the Part II Property Rights of Civil Code of the PRC, a mortgage contract shall include, amongst others, the following terms: (1) type and amount of the secured debt; (2) term for performance of debt obligations by the debtor; (3) mortgaged property's description, quality, quantity, condition, location, ownership or ownership of the right to use the mortgaged property; and (4) scope of the guarantee. In March 2019, the PRC Ministry of Land and Resources revised the Implementation Regulations for the Provisional Regulations on Real Estate Registration, according to which the mortgage contract is one of the required registration materials to be submitted to the real estate registration authorities.

***Anti-money Laundering Regulations***

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The PRC Anti-money Laundering Law, which became effective in January 2007, sets forth the principal anti-money laundering requirements applicable to financial institutions as well as nonfinancial institutions with anti-money laundering obligations, including the adoption of precautionary and supervisory measures, establishment of various systems for client identification, retention of clients' identification information and records and reports on large transactions and suspicious transactions.

In November, 2024, the Standing Committee of NPC amended the PRC Anti-Money Laundering Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2025. According to the amendment, predicate acts of money laundering include not only criminal activities, but also newly include illegal activities. The amendment also includes in the scope of Anti-money Laundering monitoring activities that conceal the nature of the proceeds of illegal activities and the source of their proceeds.Where a financial institution relies on a third party to conduct customer due diligence, the third party shall provide the financial institution with the necessary customer due diligence information and cooperate with the financial institution to continuously conduct customer due diligence.

The Measures for Supervision and Administration of Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism Financing of Financial Institutions, or the Anti-Money Laundering Measures for Financial Institutions, which became effective in April 2021 and amended in September, 2025, clarified that the following financial institutions duly established within the PRC territory are subjected to fulfill anti-money laundering related obligations: (a) policy banks, commercial banks, rural cooperative banks, rural credit cooperatives and village/township banks; (b) securities companies, futures companies and fund management companies; (c) insurance companies and insurance asset management companies; (d) trust companies, financial asset management companies, finance companies of enterprise groups, financial leasing companies, auto finance companies, consumer finance companies, currency brokerage companies and wealth management subsidiaries of commercial banks; (e) non-bank payment institutions; and (f) other financial institutions determined and announced by the PBOC that engage in financial business. Furthermore, the reporting of large-value and suspicious transactions by institutions engaging in exchange business, fund sales business, professional insurance agency and brokerage business, as well as online micro-loan companies, shall be subject to these Measures. The PBOC and its branches shall carry out the supervision and administration of the financial institutions' work with regard to the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing pursuant to the relevant laws and regulations. The Anti-Money Laundering Measures for Financial Institutions require the financial institutions to draft and improve the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing internal control policy, evaluate the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing risks, establish the risks management mechanism according to its risks conditions and operation scale, construct anti-money laundering information system, and set up or appoint institutions equipped with qualified staff, to perform its anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing obligations.

In September, 2025, the PBOC amended the Administrative Measures for the Reporting of Large-Value Transactions and Suspicious Transactions by Financial Institutions. The scope of application under these amended measures has been expanded to align with the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism by Financial Institutions. Accordingly, the aforementioned institutions are required to fulfill their obligations to report large-value and suspicious transactions by submitting such reports to the China Anti-Money Laundering Monitoring and Analysis Center.

On October 31, 2025, the PBOC, jointly with the NFRA and the CSRC, issued the Administrative Measures for Customer Due Diligence and Identification of Customer Identity Materials and Transaction Records of Financial Institutions, which became effective on January 1, 2026. These measures significantly strengthen Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements by mandating that financial institutions implement differentiated due diligence measures based on the risk profiles of their customers. In high-risk scenarios, institutions are required to perform enhanced due diligence, which includes more rigorous identity verification and detailed verification of the source of funds. Additionally, the measures have appropriately extended the mandatory retention periods for customer identification materials and transaction records to ensure enhanced regulatory traceability and compliance.

In conjunction with the above revisions, the POBC issued the Notice on Matters Concerning the Implementation of the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism by Financial Institutions on October 20, 2025, which further specifies the regulatory division of responsibilities and operational requirements.

On January 13, 2026, eight departments, including the PBOC, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Public Security, jointly issued the Administrative Measures for Special Preventive Measures for Anti-Money Laundering, which became effective on February 16, 2026. These measures mandate that all units and individuals implement special preventive measures against specified targets, including: (i) terrorist organizations and personnel identified by the National Anti-Terrorism Leading Group; (ii) organizations and individuals subject to targeted financial sanctions under UN Security Council resolutions as published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and (iii) organizations and individuals identified by the PBOC as posing significant money laundering risks. Under these measures, "special preventive measures" require the immediate cessation of financial and other services, funds, or assets to the listed parties, their proxies, or entities under their direct or indirect control, as well as the immediate restriction of relevant fund and asset transfers. Any violation of these measures will result in penalties in accordance with the PRC Anti-Money Laundering Law

***Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection***

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Internet content in China is regulated and restricted from a state security standpoint. On December 28, 2000, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People's Congress introduced and enacted the Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security, which was amended on August 27, 2009 and may subject violators to criminal punishment in China for any effort to: (i) use the internet to market fake and substandard products or carry out false publicity for any commodity or service; (ii) use the internet for the purpose of damaging the commercial goodwill and product reputation of any other person; (iii) use the internet for the purpose of infringing on the intellectual property of any person; (iv) use the internet for the purpose of fabricating and spreading false information that affects the trading of securities and futures or otherwise jeopardizes the financial order; or (v) create any pornographic website or webpage on the internet, providing links to pornographic websites, or disseminating pornographic books and magazines, movies, audiovisual products or images. The Ministry of Public Security has promulgated measures that prohibit use of the internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content and require internet service providers to take proper measures, including anti-virus, data backup and other related measures, and keep records of certain information about the users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days, and detect illegal information, stop transmission of such information and keep relevant records. If an internet information service provider violates these measures, the Ministry of Public Security and the local security bureaus may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

PRC government authorities have enacted laws and regulations on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. In December 2012, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People's Congress promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. In July 2013, the MIIT promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users to regulate the collection and use of users' personal information in the provision of telecommunication services and internet information services in China. Telecommunication business operators and internet service providers are required to establish their own rules for collecting and use of users' information and cannot collect or use users' information without their consent. Telecommunication business operators and internet service providers are prohibited from disclosing, tampering with, damaging, selling or illegally providing others with, collected personal information.

On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People's Congress published Cyber Security Law of the PRC, which took effect on June 1, 2017 and requires network operators to perform certain functions related to cybersecurity protection and the strengthening of network information management. For instance, under the Cyber Security Law, network operators of key information infrastructures shall store within the territory of the PRC all the personal information and important data collected and produced within the territory of the PRC, and their purchase of network products and services that may affect national securities shall be subject to national cybersecurity review. On 14 September, 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China released the Draft Amendment of the Cyber Security Law for public consultation. The Draft Amendments have significantly increased penalties for breaches, introducing a fine up to 5% of its annual turnover in the previous year. The draft also applies with the individuals directly liable subject to a fine up to RMB1 million and/or a ban on taking on managerial positions in China.

On April 13, 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which took effect on June 1, 2020, to provide more detailed rules regarding cybersecurity review requirements.

In addition, the Guidelines to Promote the Health Growth of the Internet Finance, or the Internet Finance Guidelines, requires internet finance service providers, including online finance platforms, among other things, to improve technology security standards and safeguard customer and transaction information. The State Council, the PBOC and other relevant regulatory authorities will jointly adopt the implementing rules and technology security standards.

On November 28, 2019, the Secretary Bureau of the State Internet Information Office, the General Office of the MIIT, the General Office of the Ministry of Public Security, and the General Office of the SAMR issued the Identification Methods for Collection and Use of Personal Information in Violation of Laws by Applications, which enumerates the conducts to be including those with no published rules, no explicit purpose, method and scope when collecting and using personal information, collection and use of personal information without user consent, violation of "necessary principle", collection of personal information unrelated to the services provided, and provision of personal information to others without consent, failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by law, or no published information for complaints and reporting methods.

On May 28, 2020, the National People's Congress adopted the Civil Code, which came into effect on January 1, 2021. According to the Civil Code, the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual shall legally obtain such personal information of others when necessary and ensure the safety of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit personal information of others, or illegally purchase or sell, provide, or disclose personal information of others.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress adopted the Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law mainly sets forth specific provisions regarding establishing basic systems for data security management, including data classification management system, risk assessment system, monitoring and early warning system, and emergency disposal system. In addition, the Data Security Law clarifies the data security protection obligations of organizations and individuals carrying out data-related activities and implementing data security protection responsibility.

In August 2021, The Personal Information Protection Law was passed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and was effective from 1 November 2021.

The Personal Information Protection Law is the first piece of legislation in China dedicated to the protection of personal information. It establishes individuals' consents as the principal legal basis for processing personal information. It requires that the processing of personal information shall abide by the principles of legality, fairness, good faith, minimum necessity, openness, and transparency. There shall also be specific and reasonable purposes of processing. Individuals shall have the right to access and obtain a copy of their personal information from the processors of personal information. Individuals can also request the processors of personal information to rectify or delete their personal information, as well as to provide them with means to transfer their personal information to other processors. Processors of personal information which need to transfer personal information out of the Mainland China shall obtain separate consent from individuals, and meet certain requirements, such as passing the security assessment made by the state cyberspace authorities, obtaining the required certification, or entering into a standard contract as prescribed by the state cyberspace authorities.

The Personal Information Protection Law contains provisions on extraterritorial application. Foreign organizations which process personal information of individuals in PRC for the purposes of offering products or services to them, or analyzing and assessing their behaviors, shall be subject to this law. These foreign organizations shall also establish designated agencies or appoint representatives in PRC. A processor of personal information which contravenes the requirements under the Personal Information Protection Law is liable to a maximum fine of RMB50,000,000 or 5% of its annual turnover of the preceding year. Other penalties may include suspension of operation for rectification, cancellation of business permits or licenses, etc.

On September 24, 2024, the State Council issued the Regulations on Network Data Security Management (the "Regulation"), which came into effect on January 1, 2025. The Regulation clarifies the requirements for the content and form of privacy policies, and specify the requirements that should be complied with when processing personal information based on individual consent. It also clarify the requirements for exercising rights such as access to, copying of, correction of, supplementation of, and deletion of personal information, and detail the specific conditions for the transfer of personal information. In addition, the Regulation requires network data processors whose data processing activities affect or potentially affect national security to undergo a cybersecurity review in accordance with relevant regulations. However, the Regulation do not explicitly define actions that constitute "affecting or potentially affecting national security".

On December 27, 2024, China's National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) issued the Administrative Measures for Data Security of Banks and Insurance Institutions ("Measures"). The Measures require that banking and trust institutions shall strengthen the access control and security management of suppliers when sensitive or higher-level data are involved in supply chain services. Banking and trust institutions shall formulate centralized approval management systems for external data procurement and cooperative introduction, incorporate them into the outsourcing risk management system for overall management, and comprehensively establish management mechanisms for data requirements, security assessment, collection and introduction, data operation and maintenance, registration and filing, and supervision and evaluation. Banking and trust institutions shall investigate the authenticity and legality of data sources, assess the security guarantee capabilities and data security risks of data providers, and clarify the data security responsibilities and obligations of both parties.

On February 12, 2025, the CAC issued the Administrative Measures of Compliance Audit on Personal Information Protection, which requires any personal information processor in China to conduct a regular compliance audit on its personal information processing activities. In addition, CAC may require a personal information processor to conduct compliance audit, if it finds out that the personal information processor's processing activities have relatively high risks or there is a security incident. A personal information processor that fails to conduct the compliance audit may be subject to administrative penalties under the Personal Information Protection Law or even criminal liabilities if it constitutes a criminal offense.

On October 28, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress promulgated the Decision on Amending the Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China, which took effect on January 1, 2026. The amended Cybersecurity Law significantly increases the administrative penalties for cybersecurity violations to align with the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law. Specifically, for violations that result in serious consequences, the maximum fine for network operators has been raised from RMB 1 million to RMB 10 million, and directly responsible personnel may face fines of up to RMB 1 million.The amended Cybersecurity Law also broadens its extraterritorial jurisdiction, stipulating that any overseas organizations or individuals engaging in data processing or other activities that endanger the cybersecurity of the PRC shall be held legally liable.

The Measures for the Administration of the Reporting of National Cybersecurity Incidents, issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China on September 11, 2025 and effective on November 1, 2025, impose additional reporting obligations. These measures bring within their regulatory scope incidents that harm networks, information systems, or their associated data and business applications due to human causes, cyberattacks, network vulnerabilities, software or hardware defects and malfunctions, force majeure, or other factors that negatively impact the state, society, or the economy. The measures explicitly define the reporting processes, channels, and timeframes for such events. Specifically, for cybersecurity incidents classified as relatively large or more severe, such as the leakage of personal information of more than one million citizens, network operators are required to report to the competent local provincial cyberspace administration promptly, and in no event later than four hours after the occurrence.

***Regulations Relating to Credit Reporting Business***

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The Measures for Credit Reporting Business ("Measures") was issued by the PBOC in September 2021 and was promulgated in January 2022. The Measures define "credit information" as information that "serves the financial and other activities and is used to determine individuals and enterprises credit status, and information originated from analysis and evaluation of individuals and enterprises' credit status based on the foregoing information". It applies to entities that carry out credit reporting business and "activities relating to credit reporting business" in China as well as such activities carried out outside China but targeting Chinese residents. It provides rules on credit reporting business and credit reporting agencies, requiring that any institution shall obtain the permission for a personal credit reporting agency from the People's Bank of China in accordance with the law to engage in personal credit reporting business; handle the record-filing of a corporate credit reporting agency in accordance with the law to engage in corporate credit reporting business; or handle the record-filing of a credit rating agency in accordance with the law to engage in credit rating business. The Measures require financial institutions to be prohibited from cooperating with unauthorized institutions. If relevant institutions have already cooperated with unauthorized institutions, they should complete compliance rectification within 18 months from January 1, 2022.

***Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights***

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The PRC has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, trademarks and domain names.

*Copyright and Software Products*

 

The National People's Congress adopted the Copyright Law in 1990 and amended it in 2001, 2010 and 2020 respectively. The amended Copyright Law extends copyright protection to internet activities, products disseminated over the internet and software products. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center.

In order to further implement the Computer Software Protection Regulations promulgated by the State Council on December 20, 2001 and amended on January 30, 2013, the State Copyright Bureau issued the Computer Software Copyright Registration Procedures on February 20, 2002, which applies to software copyright registration, license contract registration and transfer contract registration.

*Trademarks*

 

Trademarks are protected by the PRC Trademark Law adopted in 1982 and subsequently amended in 1993, 2001, 2013, and 2019 as well as the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law adopted by the State Council in 2002 and amended on April 29, 2014. The Trademark Office under the SAIC handles trademark registrations and grants a term of 10 years to registered trademarks and another 10 years if requested upon expiry of the first or any renewed 10-year term. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record. The PRC Trademark Law has adopted a "first-to-file" principle with respect to trademark registrations. Any malicious application for trademark registration not for the purpose of use shall be rejected. Where a trademark for which a registration has been made is identical or similar to another trademark which has already been registered or been subject to a preliminary examination and approval for use on the same kind of or similar commodities or services, the application for registration of such trademark may be rejected. Any person applying for the registration of a trademark may not prejudice the existing right first obtained by others nor may any person register in advance a trademark that has already been used by another party and has already gained a "sufficient degree of reputation" through such party's use. Trademark license agreements should be filed with the Trademark Office or its regional offices.

*Domain Names*

 

Internet domain name registration and related matters are primarily regulated by the Measures on the Administration of Domain Names for the Chinese Internet, issued by the MIIT on November 5, 2004 and effective as of December 20, 2004, which was replaced by the Measures on Administration of Internet Domain Names issued by the MIIT as of November 1, 2017 and the Implementing Rules on Registration of National Top-level Domain Names issued by China Internet Network Information Center in June, 2019. Domain name registrations are handled through domain name service agencies established under the relevant regulations, and the applicants become domain name holders upon successful registration.

***Regulations Relating to Employment***

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Pursuant to the Labor Law of PRC, promulgated by the NPC in July 1994, and most recently amended on December 29, 2018, or the Labor Law, and the Labor Contract Law of PRC, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC in June 2007 and amended in December 2012, or the Labor Contract Law, employers must execute written employment contracts with full-time employees. If an employer fails to enter into a written employment contract with an employee within one year from the date on which the employment relationship is established, the employer must rectify the situation by entering into a written employment contract with the employee and pay the employee twice the employee's salary for the period from the day following the lapse of one month from the date of establishment of the employment relationship to the day prior to the execution of the written employment contract. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. Violations of the PRC Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative sanctions, and serious violations may result in criminal liabilities.

Enterprises in China are required by the Social Insurance Law of PRC promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC in October 2010, which became effective in July 2011, as most recently amended on December 29, 2018, or the Social Insurance Law, the Regulations on Management of Housing Provident Fund released by the State Council in March 2002, and most recently amended on March 24, 2019 and other related rules and regulations, to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans may be subject to fines and other administrative sanctions. According to the Social Insurance Law, an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee of 0.05% per day, as the case may be. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within the deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. According to the Regulations on Management of Housing Fund, an enterprise that fails to make housing fund contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline; otherwise, an application may be made to a local court for compulsory enforcement.

We have not made adequate contributions to employee benefit plans as required by applicable PRC laws and regulations. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties."

***Regulations Relating to Tax***

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*Enterprise Income Tax*

 

PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on taxable income, which is determined under (i) the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, promulgated by the NPC and implemented in January 2008, and most recently amended on December 29, 2018, and (ii) the implementation rules to the EIT Law promulgated by the State Council, effective since January 2008, amended on April 23, 2019, and most recently amended on January 20, 2025. The EIT Law imposes a uniform enterprise income tax rate of 25% on all resident enterprises in the PRC, including foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, unless they are qualified for certain exceptions. According to the EIT Law and its implementation rules, the income tax rate of an enterprise that has been determined to be a high and new technology enterprise may be reduced to 15% with the approval of relevant tax authorities.

In addition, according to the EIT Law, enterprises registered in countries or regions outside the PRC but have their "de facto management bodies" located within China may be considered as PRC resident enterprises and are therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Though the implementation rules of the EIT Law define "de facto management bodies" as "establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., of an enterprise," the only detailed guidance currently available for the definition of "de facto management body" as well as the determination and administration of tax residency status of offshore incorporated enterprises are set forth in the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or the Circular 82, promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation (the "SAT") in April 2009, and the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial Version) issued by the SAT in July 2011, or Bulletin No. 45, which provides guidance on the administration as well as the determination of the tax residency status of a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the law of a foreign country or territory and that has a PRC company or PRC corporate group as its primary controlling shareholder.

According to Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC resident enterprise by virtue of having its "de facto management body" in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met:

● the primary location of the day-to-day operational management and the places where they perform their duties are in the PRC;

● decisions relating to the enterprise's financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval of organizations or personnel in the PRC;

● the enterprise's primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and

● 50% or more of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

Bulletin No. 45 further clarifies certain issues related to the determination of tax resident status and competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of Recognition of Residential Status from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, a payer does not need to withhold income tax when paying certain PRC-sourced income such as dividends, interest and royalties to such Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise.

*Value-Added Tax and Business Tax*

 

According to the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax ("Provisional Regulations"), which was promulgated by the PRC State Council on December 13, 1993 and amended in November 2008, February 2016 and November 2017, and the Implementing Rules of the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax, which were promulgated by the MOF on December 18, 2008 and subsequently amended by the MOF and the SAT on October 28, 2011, all taxpayers selling goods, providing processing, repairing or replacement services or importing goods within the PRC must pay value-added tax.

Since January 1, 2012, the MOF and the SAT have implemented the VAT Pilot Plan, which imposes VAT in lieu of business tax for certain "modern service industries." According to the implementation circulars released by the MOF and the SAT on the VAT Pilot Plan, the "modern service industries" include research, development and technology services, information technology services, cultural innovation services, logistics support, lease of corporeal properties, attestation and consulting services. According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the SAT on Implementing the Pilot Program of Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax in an All-round Manner which became effective on May 1, 2016, as subsequently amended on March 20 2019, entities and individuals engaged in the sale of services, intangible assets or fixed assets within the PRC territory are required to pay value-added tax instead of business tax. Following the implementation of the VAT Pilot Plan, most of our PRC subsidiaries and affiliates have been subject to VAT, instead of business tax. From April 1, 2019, according to "The Notice on Policies for Deepening the Value-Added Tax Reform" issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration and the General Administration of Customs in March 2019 and "The Notice on Adjusting the Value-Added Tax Rate" issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration in April 2018, most of our Chinese companies and subsidiaries used to pay a Value-Added Tax rate of 3% or 6%.

On December 25, 2024, the Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress of China enacted the Value-Added Tax Law of the People's Republic of China ("VAT Law"), which took effect on January 1, 2026, replacing the existing Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax. The VAT Law maintains the current tax regime framework and tax burden level, while further clarifying the scope within which the State Council is authorized to develop special preferential policies. Compared with the current regulations, the VAT Law provides a different list of non-taxable transactions, including services provided by employees to their employers, administrative fees and government funds, compensation for expropriation, and interest income from deposits. Additionally, the VAT Law has updated the scope of non-creditable input VAT by removing the input VAT arising from loan services and adding the restrictive conditions to non-creditable input VAT arising from catering services, life services and entertainment services.

*Stamp Tax*

 

As regulated in the Stamp Tax Law, which will come into effect on July 1, 2022, the taxable items include contracts, documents of transfer of property rights, and business account books, and the transfer of stocks and depositary receipts issued based on stocks that are traded on stock exchanges legally formed and other national securities trading venues approved by the State Council. The effect of this law will have an impact on our tax situation.

***Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange***

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*Regulation on Foreign Currency Exchange*

 

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, most recently amended in August 2008. Under the PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. By contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital account items, such as direct investments, repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13. After SAFE Notice 13 became effective on June 1, 2015, instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from SAFE, entities and individuals will be required to apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of the SAFE, will directly examine the applications and conduct the registration.

In August 2008, SAFE issued the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested enterprise of foreign currency-registered capital into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. SAFE Circular 142 provides that the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable government authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises. The use of such RMB capital may not be changed without SAFE's approval, and such RMB capital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations may result in severe monetary or other penalties. In March 2015, SAFE issued the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective in June 2015 and was amended in 2019 and 2023. SAFE Circular 19 made certain adjustments to some regulatory requirements on the settlement of foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises. It also annulled the SAFE Circular 142, and lifted some foreign exchange restrictions under SAFE Circular 142. However, SAFE Circular 19 continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using a Renminbi fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises.

In November 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment(amended in 2015, 2018 and 2019), which substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to this circular, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, such as pre-establishment expenses accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of RMB proceeds derived by foreign investors in the PRC and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer requires the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible previously. In addition, SAFE promulgated another circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Printing and Distributing the Administrative Provisions on Foreign Exchange in Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and Relevant Supporting Documents in May 2013(amended in 2018 and 2019), which specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC must be conducted by way of registration, and banks must process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches. On June 9, 2016, the SAFE promulgated Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts(amended in 2023), or Circular 16, which expands the application scope from only the capital of the foreign-invested enterprises to the capital, the foreign debt fund and the fund from overseas public offerings. Circular 16 allows that the discretionary settlement of foreign exchange receipts under capital accounts refers to the case in which the foreign exchange receipts under capital accounts (including foreign exchange capital, foreign debts, and repatriated funds raised through overseas listing) subject to discretionary settlement as expressly prescribed in the relevant policies may be settled with banks according to the actual need of domestic institutions for business operations. Where the current regulations contain any restrictive provisions on the foreign exchange settlement of foreign exchange receipts under capital accounts of domestic institutions, such provisions shall prevail. Domestic institutions may, at their discretion, settle up to 100% of foreign exchange receipts under capital accounts for the time being. The SAFE may adjust the above proportion in due time according to balance of payments. In addition, Circular 16 specifies the use of foreign exchange receipts under capital accounts of a domestic institution and the RMB funds obtained thereby from foreign exchange settlement shall be subject to the following provisions: (i) they shall not, directly or indirectly, be used for expenditure beyond the enterprise's business scope or expenditure prohibited by laws and regulations of the State; (ii) unless otherwise specified, they shall not, directly or indirectly, be used for investments in securities or other investment than banks' principal-secured products; (iii) they shall not be used for the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) they shall not be used for the construction or purchase of real estate for purposes other than self-use (except for real estate enterprises). Where there is any contractual stipulation on the use scope of revenue under capital accounts between a domestic institution and other parties concerned, the relevant funds shall not be used beyond such scope. Unless otherwise specified, such stipulation shall not conflict with this Circular. Moreover, Circular 16 allows the enterprises to use their foreign exchange capitals under capital accounts allowed by the relevant laws and regulations.

In January 2017, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years' losses before remitting profits. Moreover, pursuant to Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

On October 23, 2019, SAFE issued the Circular on Further Promoting Cross-border Trade and Investment Facilitation, or SAFE Circular 28, which was amended in 2023. Among others, SAFE Circular 28 relaxes the prior restrictions and allows the foreign-invested enterprises without equity investment as in their approved business scope to use their capital obtained from foreign exchange settlement to make domestic equity investment as long as the investments are real and in compliance with the foreign investment-related laws and regulations. In addition, SAFE Circular 28 stipulates that qualified enterprises in certain pilot areas may use their capital income from registered capital, foreign debt and overseas listing, for the purpose of domestic payments without providing authenticity certifications to the relevant banks in advance for those domestic payments. According to the Circular on Optimizing the Administration of Foreign Exchange to Support the Development of Foreign-related Business issued by the SAFE on April 10, 2020, eligible enterprises are allowed to make domestic payments using the income under their capital accounts generated from their capital, foreign debt and overseas listing, without providing materials for each transaction evidencing the authenticity in advance, provided that the capital usage is authentic and compliant with the current capital account income usage management regulations.

On December 4, 2023, SAFE issued the Circular on Further Deepening the Reform to Facilitate Cross-border Trade and Investment, which facilitates foreign-invested enterprises' foreign exchange receipts and payments. The Circular allows the domestic equity transferor to directly receive the foreign currency funds for equity transfer consideration paid by domestic entities, as well as foreign exchange funds raised by domestic companies through overseas listing, into the capital account settlement account. Funds within the capital account settlement account can be freely converted and used.

On September 12, 2025, the SAFE issued the Circular on Matters Concerning Deepening the Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration for Cross-border Trade and Investment, or SAFE Circular 43, which significantly streamlines procedures for direct investment and cross-border financing. SAFE Circular 43 cancels the basic information registration requirements for pre-establishment expenses of foreign investors and domestic reinvestment by foreign-invested enterprises. Notably, it permits foreign currency profits generated domestically to be used directly for domestic reinvestment into the capital accounts of target companies.

*Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents*

 

The SAFE issued the SAFE Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident's Investment and Financing and Round Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, that became effective in July 2014, replacing the previous SAFE Circular 75. SAFE Circular 37 regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing or conduct round trip investment in China. Under SAFE Circular 37, an SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate onshore or offshore assets or interests, while "round trip investment" refers to direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 provides that, before making contributions into an SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete the foreign exchange registration with the SAFE or its local branch.

PRC residents or entities who had contributed legitimate onshore or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but had not obtained registration as required before the implementation of the SAFE Circular 37 must register their ownership interests or control in the SPVs with qualified banks. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change with respect to the SPV registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of the PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, and mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37 and the subsequent notice, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through roundtrip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprise, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

In February 2015, the SAFE released the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Simplifying and Improving the Policies of Foreign Exchange Administration Applicable to Direct Investment, or Circular 13, which has amended Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than the SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

*Share Option Rules*

 

Pursuant to Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly listed companies may submit applications to the SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. In addition, under the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Related to Foreign Exchange Administration in Domestic Individuals' Participation in Equity Incentive Plans of Companies Listed Abroad issued by SAFE in February 2012, or the Share Option Rules, PRC residents who are granted shares or share options by companies listed on overseas stock exchanges under share incentive plans are required to (i) register with the SAFE or its local branches, (ii) retain a qualified PRC agent, which may be a PRC subsidiary of the overseas listed company or another qualified institution selected by the PRC subsidiary, to conduct SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the share incentive plans on behalf of the participants, and (iii) retain an overseas institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of share options, purchase and sale of shares or interests and funds transfers.

***Regulations on Dividend Distribution***

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Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries, which are wholly foreign-owned enterprises incorporated in China, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. The principal laws and regulations governing the distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises include the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations, both of which came into effect on January 1, 2020, and other applicable laws, according to which a foreign investor may, in accordance with the law, freely transfer into or out of the PRC its contributions, profits, capital earnings, income from asset disposal, intellectual property rights royalties acquired, compensation or indemnity legally obtained, income from liquidation, etc., made or derived within the territory of the PRC in RMB or any foreign currency, subject to no illegal restriction by any entity or individual in terms of the currency, amount, frequency of such transfer into or out of the PRC, etc.

***Regulations on Overseas Listing***

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On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the "M&A Rules"), which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. Foreign investors shall comply with the M&A Rules when they purchase equity interests of a domestic company or subscribe to the increased capital of a domestic company and thus change the nature of the domestic company into a foreign-invested enterprise; or when the foreign investors establish a foreign-invested enterprise in the PRC, purchase the assets of a domestic company and operate the assets; or when the foreign investors purchase the assets of a domestic company, establish a foreign-invested enterprise by injecting such assets and operate the assets. The M&A Rules purport, among other things, to require offshore special purpose vehicles formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals, to obtain approval from the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange.

On March 1, 2020, Securities Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised in 2019) became effective. It stipulates that any securities issuance and trading activities outside the People's Republic of China that disrupt the domestic market order in the PRC and damage the legitimate rights and interests of domestic investors shall be investigated for legal liability in accordance with the relevant laws. This gives the China Securities Regulatory Commission, public security organs and judicial organs "long-arm jurisdiction" over overseas securities market activities.

On July 6, 2021, certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions call for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures, such as promoting the development of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission promulgated the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. If a company fails to complete the filing procedure or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, it may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provide that a company in mainland China must file with the CSRC within three business days for its follow-on offering of securities after it is listed in an overseas market. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC also issued the Notice on Administration of the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and held a press conference for the release of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, which, among others, clarified that the companies in mainland China that have been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, but these companies should complete filing with the CSRC for their financing activities in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Based on the foregoing, as an issuer that has been listed overseas before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, we are not required to complete filing with the CSRC for our offshore offerings prior to the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, but we may be subject to the filing requirements for our financing activities under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Any securities offerings and listings outside of mainland China by our Company after the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, including but not limited to follow on offerings, secondary listings, and going private transactions, will be subject to the filing requirements with the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filing in a timely manner and fully comply with such rules to maintain the listing status of our ADSs and/or other securities, or to conduct any securities offerings in the future.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection from the CSRC in connection with requirements of obtaining prior approval for the listing of our ADSs. However, the interpretation, application and enforcement of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures remain unclear. We cannot assure you that we will be able to complete any required filing in a timely manner and fully comply with such rules to maintain the listing status of our ADSs and/or other securities, or to conduct any securities offerings in the future.

On April 2, 2022, the CSRC released the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Archives Rules. On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, jointly with other relevant governmental authorities, issued the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archive Management Work Relating to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the "Confidentiality Provisions"), which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Confidentiality Provisions requires, among others, that companies based in mainland China seeking to offer securities in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, shall establish the confidentiality and archives system, and shall complete approval and filing procedures with competent authorities, if such companies or their overseas listing entities provide or publicly disclose documents or materials involving state secrets and work secrets of PRC government agencies to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals. It further stipulates that providing or publicly disclosing documents and materials which may adversely affect national security or public interests, and accounting files or copies shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Given the Confidentiality Provisions were recently promulgated, there remain substantial uncertainties about how these provisions will be interpreted, or implemented and how it will affect our operations or future securities offerings.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not provided files or copies of files outside China that involve national secrets, national security, vital interests, or have important preservation value to the nation and society. However, we cannot guarantee that relevant government agencies of China, including the CSRC, will share the same opinion as ours.

***Summaries of the National Conference for the Work of Courts in the Trial of Civil and Commercial Cases***

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Summaries of the National Conference for the Work of Courts in the Trial of Civil and Commercial Cases circulated by the Supreme People's Court On November 8, 2019 ("Summaries"), provides that, in the trust documents and relevant contracts, the beneficiaries are divided into different categories, such as preferential beneficiaries and inferior beneficiaries, and it is stipulated that the preferential beneficiaries will subscribe for trust plan shares with their asset, and after the trust expires, the inferior beneficiaries bear the obligation to make up the difference between the benefit obtained from the trust property by the preferential beneficiaries plus its investment principal and the agreed proceeds. The people's court shall legally support preferential beneficiaries' claims for the liability borne by inferior beneficiaries as agreed. The agreement on the rights and obligations of different types of beneficiaries in the trust documents will not affect the determination of the legal trust relationship between the beneficiary and the trustee. In addition, the Summaries provided for the nature of credit enhancement documents, i.e., where any party which are not parties to the trust contract provides similar commitment documents such as making up differences by this third party, fulfillment of the repurchase obligations at maturity instead, and liquidity support as credit enhancement measures, the contents of which comply with the provisions of the law on guarantees, the people's court shall determine that a guarantee contractual relationship is established among the parties. If the contents do not comply with the provisions of the law on guarantees, the corresponding rights and obligations shall be determined according to the specific content of the commitment document, and the corresponding civil liability shall be determined according to the facts of the case.

***Notice on Further Regulating Financial Marketing and Publicity Activities***

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The People's Bank of China, the China Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange have issued notices on further regulating financial marketing and publicity activities on December 20, 2019, which took effect on January 25, 2020. It is stipulated that it is illegal to engage in financial business without a business license or beyond the permitted business scope, and market entities that fail to obtain relevant financial business qualifications shall not conduct marketing and publicity activities relating to the financial business, except that information release platforms and media entrusted by relevant financial business qualifications carry out financial marketing and publicity activities for them.

As this notice is relatively new, in the cooperation agreements we signed with the trust companies, there is no specific agreement on the marketing and publicity activities of financial products. At present, we have started to communicate with the trust partners on financial product marketing and publicity issues. We will improve the cooperation model to ensure that marketing activities and those of our sales partners are legal and in compliance.

***Administrative Measures for Online Marketing of Financial Products (Draft for Comment)***

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The "Administrative Measures for Online Marketing of Financial Products (Draft for Comment)" was published on December 31, 2021, requiring financial institutions to conduct online marketing of financial products on their own or entrust Internet platform companies to conduct online marketing of financial products within the scope of business permitted by the financial regulatory authorities. Any institution or individual is prohibited from providing online marketing for illegal financial activities such as illegal fundraising.

***Notice of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on the Record filing of Mobile Internet Apps***

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On July 21, 2023, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China issued the Notice of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on the Record filing of Mobile Internet Apps. The operator of Apps and mini-programs should complete filing procedures with the telecommunications regulatory authorities. Existing Apps and mini-programs should record filing procedures between September 2023 and March 2024. New Apps and mini-programs cannot be put into use unless and until the filing procedures have been successfully fulfilled. As of March 31, 2024, we had completed the filing procedures for all Apps and mini-programs that we operate.

**4. C. Organizational Structure**

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure with material subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report. For a complete list of our subsidiaries, please refer to note 1 to our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 included elsewhere in this annual report. We subscribe to the subordinated units of the trust products issued under long-term trust plans through three of our wholly owned subsidiaries, Guangzhou Heze Information Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Chengze Information Technology Co., Ltd., and Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd.. From an accounting perspective, we are exposed to the risk and variability of returns from activities of the trust plans and are therefore required to consolidate the financial results of the trust plans, including the results related to the senior units. Financial data of a trust plan is consolidated as if the trust plan is a subsidiary. Income and expenses of the trust plans are consolidated on our consolidated statements of comprehensive income while assets and liabilities of the trust plans are consolidated on our consolidated balance sheet. We do not, however, have ownership interest in the trust plans from a legal perspective other than in the subordinated units that account for only a portion of the total outstanding amount of the trust plans. For details of the contractual structural leverage ratio of each trust plan, please refer to "Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Funding Model."

![](ea028716501_img2.jpg)

Notes:

(1) Guangzhou Chengze Information Technology Co., Ltd.
 is one of the entities through which we subscribe to subordinated units of trust products.

(2) Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd. operates
 our loan services business through various subsidiaries in the PRC and operates our small loan business through Beijing Fanhua Micro-credit
 Company Limited and Shenzhen Fanhua Micro-credit Co., Ltd.

**4. D. Property, Plant and Equipment**

Our corporate headquarters are located in Guangzhou, China, where we own an office of 2,600 square meters. We also maintain leased properties ranging from 10 square meters to 1,855 square meters in around 30 cities. The lease term varies from six months to five years. We believe that our existing facilities are generally adequate to meet our current needs, but we expect to seek additional funding as needed to accommodate future growth.

**Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments**

None.

**Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects**

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those we describe under "Item 3.D. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this annual report.

**5. A. Operating Results**

**Overview**

We are a leading home equity loan service provider in China. We facilitate loans by connecting MSE owners with our funding partners. Our primary target borrower segment is MSE owners who own real properties in Tier 1 and Tier 2 and other major cities in China.

We have established a national network of 37 branches and sub-branches in over 30 cities in China. We acquire our borrowers primarily through our sales partners under trust lending model. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, over 95.0% of our borrowers who obtained loans from trust companies were introduced to us by our sales partners under the collaboration model. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Collaboration Model." Under trust lending model, we originated home equity loans with an aggregate principal amount of RMB12.2 billion, RMB8.6 billion and RMB1.3 billion (US$0.2 billion) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The loan origination volume in 2025 under the commercial bank partnership was RMB130.3 million (US$18.6 million) and the outstanding loan principal was RMB1,956 million as of December 31, 2025. In 2023, we originated home equity loans for 23,910 (including 7,117 under the commercial bank partnership) borrowers. In 2024, we originated home equity loans for 12,912 (including 1,566 under the commercial bank partnership) borrowers. In 2025, we originated home equity loans for 2,688 (including 211 under the commercial bank partnership) borrowers. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the average tenor of the home equity loans we originated was 12, 12 and 10 months with the weighted average effective interest rate (inclusive of interests and financing service fees, if applicable, payable by the borrowers) of 16.9%, 16.6% and 16.1% per annum, respectively. The interest rates of our loan products under commercial bank partnership ranged from 7.0% to 16.2%.

Our practical risk assessment procedure focuses on both credit risks of borrowers and quality of the collateral. We have also established guidelines on characteristics and quality of collateral, including, among others, an LTV ratio capped at 70%. The weighted average LTV ratio of the home equity loan origination volume was 62.0%, 60.5% and 60.0% in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our NPL ratio (including loans held for sale) was 21.25%, 40.86% and 80.46%, respectively. Charge-off ratio in 2023, 2024 and 2025 was 0.82%, 2.09% and 13.49%, respectively.

Our total operating income decreased from RMB770.1 million in 2023 to RMB553.3 million in 2024, and to RMB79.6 million (US$11.1 million) in 2025. Our net income decreased from RMB164.6 million in 2023 to RMB37.8 million in 2024, and to RMB(470.4) million (US$(67.3) million) in 2025.

Under the contractual arrangements with our trust company partners, we subscribe to subordinated units of trust plans and provide services to trust plans. As a result, we are entitled to (i) the investment return payable to us as subordinated unit holder and (ii) a performance-based service fee up to 8% per annum of the size of trust plans payable to us for our services provided to trust plans. Our cost of the subordinated units as measured by the investment amount was RMB2,377.2 million, RMB1,776.2 million and RMB293.1 million (US$41.9 million) as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our investment return from the subordinated units was RMB495.9 million, RMB478.1 million and RMB(139.3) million (US$(19.9) million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

As a subordinated unit holder, we are exposed to variability of returns from activities of trust plans and are therefore required to consolidate the financial results of trust plans on our consolidated financial statements, including those of the senior units. Therefore, the service fee charged to trust plans is considered inter-company transaction and is eliminated together with management service expenses of trust plans for accounting purposes. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we generated service fees charged to trust plans of RMB409.0 million, RMB300.2 million and RMB103.6 million (US$14.8 million), respectively.

**Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations**

***Ability to maintain and expand borrower base***

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Due to the nature of our business, our ability to increase our loan origination volume largely depends on our ability to acquire new borrowers for the loans we facilitate. Since December 2018, we have been acquiring borrowers primarily through our sales partners under the collaboration model. For details, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Products—Collaboration Model." Our sales partners are typically local loan facilitators who have their own sales and marketing teams, they use such teams to reach to qualified candidates and recommend them to our platform. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, over 95.0% of our borrowers were introduced to us by our sales partners under trust lending model. We originated home equity loans for 23,910, 12,912 and 2,688 (including 211 under the commercial bank partnership) borrowers in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our results of operations will depend on our ability to maintain and expand borrower base.

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***Effective risk management***

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Our operating income and profitability are largely affected by our and our trust company partners' risk management capabilities. We are exposed to credit risks under the trust lending model as a result of subscription of subordinated units and credit strengthening services and being a lender under the direct lending model. As such, the ability of us and our trust company partners to accurately assess default risks through our and our trust company partners' credit analysis system directly affects our loan delinquency ratios and profitability. Any significant weakness in our or our trust company partners' risk management system will directly or indirectly result in an increase in delinquency of loans originated by us or a failure of our loan servicing to recover losses. For a detailed discussion of our risk management, please refer to "Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Risk Management."

***Relationship with our funding partners***

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Our collaborative relationships with our funding partners are critical to our operations. We mainly collaborate with our trust company partners through trust lending model. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, 70.7%, 87.3% and 78.4% of our total home equity loan origination volume was originated under trust lending model, respectively. The availability of funds from our funding partners affects our liquidity and the amount of loan transactions that we can facilitate, which directly affects our profitability. Terms of our collaboration agreements with our funding partners generally set the financing costs of our home equity loan business. Our financing costs for senior units excluding the trust administrative fees, ranged from 7.5% to 8.0% per annum of the issuance number of senior units in 2025. The interest charged by trust company partners to our borrowers affects our profitability. If we fail to maintain or deepen our existing relationships with our trust company partners, our liquidity and profitability may be adversely affected. A general deterioration of our relationships with our funding partners will result in a significant decrease in liquidity or in our service fees charged to trust plans, and we may not be able to secure alternative financing on terms acceptable to us or our borrowers, or at all. This may result in a decrease in the volume of loans we facilitate, which has a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. For detailed discussion relating to our relationship with our funding partners, please refer to "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Funding Model."

***China's macroeconomic environment***

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Our business depends on the growth of MSE owners' demand for home equity loan financing, which in turn depends on China's macroeconomic environment. General economic factors, including the real estate prices, credit environment for MSEs, interest rate environment and unemployment rates, may affect borrowers' willingness to seek home equity loans and/or repayment capability. For example, significant increase in interest rates could cause prospective borrowers to defer obtaining loans as they wait for interest rates to decrease. Additionally, a slowdown in the economy, resulting in a rise in the unemployment rate and/or a decrease in real income, may affect MSEs' revenue. All these factors may affect borrowers' repayment capability and their willingness to seek loans, which may potentially affect delinquency ratios. For details, please see "Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases."

***Government regulations and policies***

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The regulatory environment for China's financial market is developing and evolving, creating both challenges and opportunities that could affect our financial performance. We must adapt to developments in regulations and policies and may have to adjust our business practices, funding structures and product offerings from time to time. For an overview of applicable laws and regulations and risks relating to our business, see the sections headed "Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors."

**Loan Performance Data and Trend Analysis**

Our operating results and financial condition are directly affected by the performance of the loans we originate. We focus mainly on the NPL ratio as home equity loans over 90 days past-due are more difficult and time-consuming to recover.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of and for the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **As of and for the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **As of and for the Year Ended <br> December 31,** |
| <br>**Loan performance metrics (including loans held for sale)** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
| Delinquency ratio<sup>(1)</sup> | 34.36% | 55.29% | 86.79% |
| NPL ratio<sup>(2)</sup> | 21.25% | 40.86% | 80.46% |
| Allowance ratio<sup>(3)</sup> | 7.56% | 7.96% | 9.72% |
| NPL provision coverage ratio<sup>(4)</sup> | 35.56% | 19.52% | 12.09% |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of and for the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **As of and for the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **As of and for the Year Ended <br> December 31,** |
| <br>**Loan performance metrics (excluding loans held for sale)** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
| Delinquency ratio<sup>(1)</sup> | 15.54% | 29.72% | 50.26% |
| NPL ratio<sup>(2)</sup> | 1.11% | 8.50% | 35.62% |
| Allowance ratio<sup>(3)</sup> | 7.90% | 9.64% | 18.50% |
| NPL provision coverage ratio<sup>(4)</sup> | 713.25% | 113.74% | 52.01% |

---

Notes:

(1) Delinquency ratio represents total balance of outstanding
 loan principal for which any installment payment is one or more days past-due as a percentage of the outstanding loan principal as
 of the date.

(2) NPL ratio represents total balance of outstanding loan
 principal for which any installment payment is over 90 calendar days past-due as a percentage of the outstanding loan principal as
 of the date.

(3) Allowance ratio represents amount of allowance for
 loan principal, interest and financing service fee receivables as a percentage of the outstanding loan principal, interest and financing
 service fee receivables as of the date.

(4) NPL provision coverage ratio represents amount of allowance
 for loan principal, interest and financing service fee receivables as a percentage of the outstanding balance of NPL principal as
 of the date.

Our delinquency ratio (excluding loans held for sale) has increased from 15.54% as of December 31, 2023 to 29.72% as of December 31, 2024, and to 50.26% as of December 31, 2025. The increase in the delinquency ratio (excluding loans held for sale) from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025 was due to the fact that the borrowers' ability to service their debts was negatively affected by the economic uncertainties.

Our NPL ratio (excluding loans held for sale) increased from 1.11% as of December 31, 2023 to 8.50% as of December 31, 2024, and to 35.62% as of December 31, 2025.

Our allowance ratio (excluding loans held for sale) has increased from 7.90% as of December 31, 2023 to 9.64% as of December 31, 2024, and to 18.50% as of December 31, 2025.

In 2020, the Company revised its charge-off policy. Upon the revision, the Company considers loans principal, interest and financial service fee receivables of loans that are 180 days past due uncollectable and the balance shall be charged down to net realizable value (fair value of collaterals, less estimated cost to sell), unless such loans are well-secured and already in the process of re-collection. The tables below illustrate the delinquency and NPL ratios for loans introduced under the collaboration model and the loans under the traditional facilitation model by first lien and second lien as of December 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, presented based on the revised charge-off policy. Since 2023, we have ceased calculating and providing delinquency and NPL ratio under the traditional facilitation model separately because the balance of outstanding loan principal under the traditional facilitation model was small and immaterial to the overall loan portfolio.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**(Including loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31,<br> 2025**<br>**Total** |
| **First lien** | |
| Delinquency Ratio | 82.11% |
| NPL Ratio | 77.18% |
| **Second lien** |  |
| Delinquency Ratio | 90.06% |
| NPL Ratio | 82.75% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**(Excluding loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31,<br> 2025**<br>**Total** |
| **First lien** | |
| Delinquency Ratio | 41.07% |
| NPL Ratio | 29.00% |
| **Second lien** |  |
| Delinquency Ratio | 58.42% |
| NPL Ratio | 41.50% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**(Including loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31,<br> 2024**<br>**Total** |
| **First lien** | |
| Delinquency Ratio | 57.10% |
| NPL Ratio | 43.84% |
| **Second lien** |  |
| Delinquency Ratio | 54.08% |
| NPL Ratio | 38.89% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**(Excluding loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31,<br> 2024**<br>**Total** |
| **First lien** | |
| Delinquency Ratio | 29.42% |
| NPL Ratio | 9.05% |
| **Second lien** |  |
| Delinquency Ratio | 29.90% |
| NPL Ratio | 8.16% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**(Including loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31, <br> 2023**<br>**Total** |
| **First lien** | |
| Delinquency Ratio | 38.51% |
| NPL Ratio | 24.90% |
| **Second lien** |  |
| Delinquency Ratio | 31.65% |
| NPL Ratio | 18.88% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| <br>**(Excluding loans held for sale)** | **As of<br> December 31,<br> 2023**<br>**Total** |
| **First lien** | |
| Delinquency Ratio | 17.41% |
| NPL Ratio | 1.38% |
| **Second lien** |  |
| Delinquency Ratio | 14.40% |
| NPL Ratio | 0.94% |

---

The following tables illustrate the amount of loans (excluding loans held for sale) we facilitate by collateral type for which we have an allowance determined based on the fair value of collateral, less cost to sell and the related allowance for credit losses for each applicable collateral category as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of <br> December 31, 2025** | **As of <br> December 31, 2025** | **As of <br> December 31, 2025** |
|  | **Loan** | **Allowance** | **Allowance<br> Ratio** |
|  | **(RMB in thousands)** | **(RMB in thousands)** | **(RMB in thousands)** |
| Apartment | 440853 | 96101 | 21.8% |
| House | 39598 | 34179 | 86.3% |
| Commercial Property | 2798 | 14 | 0.5% |
| **Total** | **483249** | **130294** | **27.0%** |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of <br> December 31, 2024** | **As of <br> December 31, 2024** | **As of <br> December 31, 2024** |
|  | **Loan** | **Allowance** | **Allowance<br> Ratio** |
|  | **(RMB in thousands)** | **(RMB in thousands)** | **(RMB in thousands)** |
| Apartment | 542842 | 79208 | 14.6% |
| House | 9219 |  |  |
| Commercial Property | - | - | - |
| **Total** | **552061** | **79208** | **14.3%** |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **As of <br> December 31, 2023** | **As of <br> December 31, 2023** | **As of <br> December 31, 2023** |
|  | **Loan** | **Allowance** | **Allowance<br> Ratio** |
|  | **(RMB in thousands)** | **(RMB in thousands)** | **(RMB in thousands)** |
| Apartment | 93325 | 36620 | 39.2% |
| House | 8391 | 3294 | 39.3% |
| Commercial Property | – | – | – |
| **Total** | **101716** | **39914** | **39.2%** |

---

We incur losses and charge-off loans when we determine that the loan is uncollectable. We consider loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables meeting any of the following conditions as uncollectible and the balance shall be written down to net realizable value (fair value of collaterals, less estimated cost sell):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) death of the borrower;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) identification of fraud,
 and the fraud is officially reported to and filed with relevant law enforcement departments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) sales of loans to third
 parties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv) settlement with the borrower, where the Company releases
 irrecoverable loans through private negotiations with the borrower where the borrower cannot repay the loan in full through self-funding
 or voluntary sale of the collateral;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v) disposal through legal
 proceedings, including but not limited to online arbitrations, judicial auctions and court enforcements; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(vi) loans are 180 days past
 due unless both well-secured and in the process of collection.

The following table sets forth our charge-off ratio for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
| Charge-off ratio | 0.82% | 2.09% | 13.49% |

---

Our charge-off ratio was 0.82%, 2.09% and 1.15% in 2023, 2024 and 2025. We continue to dispose of collateral through judicial or arbitration proceedings and utilize other quick disposal plans available to manage NPLs. Meanwhile, we also transfer loans to third parties in exchange for proceeds upfront to quickly recover overdue loans, and the related gains or losses from such sale will be accounted for as other gains/(losses) in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

**Selected Income Statement Items**

***Total operating income***

 ****

Our total operating income represents the sum of (i) net interest and fees income after collaboration cost and (ii) total non-interest income. Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost represents total interest and fees income netting of total interest and fees expenses and collaboration cost for sales partners. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we generated net interest and fees income after collaboration cost of RMB775.9 million, RMB588.3 million and RMB31.9 million (US$4.6 million), respectively. Total non-interest income/(losses) comprises of net gains/(losses) on sales of loans, net realized gains on sales of investments and other gains/(losses), net The total non-interest losses in 2023, 2024 and 2025 were RMB5.8 million, non-interest losses of RMB35.0 million and non-interest income of RMB47.7 million (US$6.8 million), respectively.

 ****

Under the contractual arrangements with our trust company partners, we subscribe to subordinated units of the trust plans and also provide services to trust plans. As a result, we are entitled to (i) the investment return payable to us as subordinated holder and (ii) a performance-based service fee of up to 8% per annum of the size of trust plans payable to us for our services provided to trust plans. As subordinated unit holder, we are exposed to variability of returns from activities of trust plans and are therefore required to consolidate the financial results of trust plans. Therefore, the service fee charged to trust plans is considered inter-company transaction and is eliminated together with service expenses of trust plans for accounting purposes. As a result, the total payments to us under our trust lending model, together with the interest spread under our small loan direct lending model and certain non-interest income, is reflected on our consolidated financial statements as total operating income. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our total operating income for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **US$** |
| Interest and fees income<sup>(1)</sup> | 1754595020 | 1538620115 | 575783341 | 82335923 |
| Interest and fees expenses<sup>(2)</sup> | (723081286) | (794518514) | (511866737) | (73195970) |
| **Net interest and fees income** | **1031513734** | **744101601** | **63916604** | **9139953** |
| Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model | 87936005 | 97127306 | 19959208 | 2854129 |
| Collaboration cost for sales partners | (343508143) | (252881333) | (52006417) | (7436819) |
| Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost | **775941596** | **588347574** | **31869396** | **4557263** |
| **Non-interest income/(losses)** |  |  |  |  |
| Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments, net | 6548484 | (4125037) | (971725) | (138955) |
| Net losses on sales of loans | (17190545) | (6497731) | (20967075) | (2998252) |
| Other gains/(losses), net<sup>(1)</sup> | 4847597 | (24400913) | 69674481 | 9824363 |
| **Total non-interest (losses)/income, net** | **(5794464)** | **(35023681)** | **47735681** | **6826112** |
| **Total operating income** | **770147132** | **553323893** | **79605075** | **11383374** |

---

Note:

(1) Interest and fees income include
 (i) interest and financing service fees on loans, (ii) interest income on debt securities, (iii) interest income charged to sales
 partners, and (iv) interest on deposits with banks.

(2) Interest and fees expenses refer to interest expenses
 on interest-bearing borrowings.

***Interest and fees income***

 ****

*Interest and financing service fees on loans*

 

Our interest and financing service fees on loans represents interest payment from borrowers under our trust lending model and direct lending model, and historical financing service fee charged on borrowers for the loan services we provide. Financing service fee is deferred and amortized over the average life of the related loans using the effective interest method. Due to recent regulatory changes, we ceased charging such financing service fee starting from August 2017.

*Interest income on debt securities*

 

Interest income on debt securities is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of debt securities to unrelated companies plus any interest received from corporate debt securities.

*Interest income charged to sales partners*

 

In the event of a loan defaults and the sales partner chooses to repurchase such loan in installments, the Company charges certain percentage of the loan as the interest income charged to sales partners. Interest income charged to sales partners refers to the cost of and interest on the partner's 40% repayment and instalment repurchase options under collaboration model.

*Interest on deposits with banks*

 

Our interest on deposits with banks represents interest generated from our cash deposits with banks.

***Interest and fees expenses***

 ****

We recorded interest and fees expenses of RMB723.1 million, RMB794.5 million and RMB511.9 million (US$73.2 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Our interest and fees expenses consists of interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings was RMB723.1 million, RMB794.5 million and RMB511.9 million (US$73.2 million), accounting for 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively, of our total interest and fees expenses for the same periods.

*Interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings*

 

Interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings consists primarily of financing costs payable to (i) senior unit holders, (ii) third parties to whom we transferred rights to earnings in certain of our subordinated units in trust plans with a repurchase arrangement, and (iii) third parties to whom we transferred certain rights to earnings in loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables with a repurchase arrangement.

***Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model***

 ****

Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model represents fees charged to commercial banks for services including introducing borrowers, initial credit assessment, facilitating loans from the banks to the borrower and providing technical assistance to the borrower and banks, net of fees paid to third-party insurance company.

Revenues from loan facilitation services (covering matching of commercial banks to borrowers and facilitating the execution of loan agreement between commercial banks and borrowers) are recognized at the time a loan is originated, at which time the facilitation service is considered completed. Revenues from post-origination services (covering cash processing services and collection services) are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying loans as the services are provided.

The Group provided guarantee services for its off-balance sheet loans under the commercial bank partnership model. As a result, at inception of the guarantee, the Group recognized a stand-ready guarantee liability under ASC 460 at fair value with an associated guarantee receivable. Subsequently, the stand-ready guarantee is released into gains from guarantee liabilities on a straight-line basis over the term of the guarantee.

***Collaboration cost for sales partners***

 ****

Collaboration cost for sales partners represents sales incentives paid to sales partners. It has decreased from RMB252.9 million in 2024 to RMB52.0 million (US$7.4 million) in 2025, primarily due to a decrease of daily average outstanding loan principal under the trust lending model in 2025 as compared to 2024.

***Non-interest income/(losses)***

 ****

*Realized gains on sales of investments*

 

Realized gains on sales of investments consist of realized gains and losses from the disposal of investment securities, presented on a net basis.

*Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans*

 

Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans refer to any gains and losses from the disposal of loans.

*Other gains/(losses), net*

 

Other gains/(losses), net mainly consists of gains of confiscating CRMPs. Particularly, in the event of a loan defaults and the sales partner chooses to repurchase such loan in installments, the Company charges certain percentage of the loan as the interest income charged to sales partners. The interest income charged to sales partners was previously presented as "fund possession fee" under "other gains/(losses), net", and is separately listed as "interest income charged to sales partners" since third quarter of 2022 due to an increase in its absolute amount.

***Operating expenses***

 ****

Our operating expenses consist of employee compensation and benefits, share-based compensation expenses, taxes and surcharges, operating lease cost, offering expenses and other expenses.

The following table sets forth our operating expenses, in absolute amounts and as percentages of total operating income, for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **RMB** | **%** | **RMB** | **%** | **RMB** | **US$** | **%** |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Employee compensation and benefits | 204573389 | 26.6% | 155735239 | 28.1% | 91214320 | 13043474 | 114.6% |
| Share-based compensation expenses | 7517349 | 1.0% | 14898534 | 2.7% |  |  | 0.0% |
| Taxes and surcharges | 31343671 | 4.1% | 26168730 | 4.7% | 10724811 | 1533628 | 13.5% |
| Operating lease cost | 16366797 | 2.1% | 15693697 | 2.8% | 13709695 | 1960460 | 17.2% |
| Other expenses | 121520772 | 15.8% | 187322734 | 33.9% | 67122182 | 9598344 | 84.3% |
| **Total operating expenses** | **381321978** | **49.5%** | **399818934** | **72.2%** | **182771008** | **26135907** | **229.6%** |

---

Other expenses primarily consist of (i) advertising and promotion expenses; (ii) litigation fees; (iii) consulting fees; (iv) research and development expenses; (v) office and commute expenses, which mainly include expenses relating to office renovation, office facility expansion and daily commute; (vi) attorney fees; (vii) entertainment and traveling expenses, and (viii) post-loan management fee paid to third parties.

The following table sets forth breakdown of other expenses in absolute amounts and as percentages of total operating income, for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** | **For the Year Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **RMB** | **%** | **RMB** | **%** | **RMB** | **US $** | **%** |
| **Other expenses** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Advertising and promotion expenses | 49828134 | 6.5% | 13653838 | 2.5% | 58303 | 8337 | 0.1% |
| Litigation fees and Attorney fees | 1714117 | 0.2% | 18877828 | 0.5% | 607877 | 86925 | 0.8% |
| Entertainment and traveling expenses | 15252790 | 2.0% | 14811438 | 2.7% | 5320381 | 760804 | 6.7% |
| Office and commute expenses | 10792783 | 1.4% | 10117559 | 1.8% | 1909400 | 273041 | 2.4% |
| Consulting fees | 17480308 | 2.3% | 12058142 | 2.2% | 3780760 | 540641 | 4.7% |
| Communication expenses | 2826369 | 0.4% | 2784808 | 0.5% | 2054855 | 293840 | 2.6% |
| Depreciation and amortization | 1753032 | 0.2% | 11540877 | 2.1% | 15978766 | 2284933 | 20.1% |
| Directors and officers liability insurance | 3613489 | 0.5% | 919443 | 0.2% | 4132204 | 590897 | 5.2% |
| Research and development expenses | 1791754 | 0.2% | 1010223 | 0.2% | 3790202 | 541992 | 4.8% |
| Post-loan management fee | 10481523 | 1.4 | 99368411 | 18.0% | 28081272 | 4015568 | 35.3% |
| Others | 5986473 | 0.8% | 2180167 | 0.4% | 1408162 | 201364 | 1.8% |
| **Total other expenses** | **121520772** | **15.8%** | **187322734** | **31.1%** | **67122182** | **9598342** | **84.3%** |

---

**Taxation**

***Cayman Islands***

 ****

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

***British Virgin Islands***

 ****

Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, our company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends by our British Virgin Islands subsidiaries to their shareholders, no British Virgin Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

***Hong Kong***

 ****

Our wholly owned subsidiary, China Financial Services Group Limited, is subject to Hong Kong profits tax on their activities conducted in Hong Kong at a uniform tax rate of 16.5%. Payments of dividends by our subsidiaries to us are not subject to withholding tax in Hong Kong.

***PRC***

 ****

Our subsidiaries and their subsidiaries in China are companies incorporated under PRC law and, as such, are subject to PRC enterprise income tax on their taxable income in accordance with the relevant PRC income tax laws. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (the "EIT Law"), which became effective on January 1, 2008, and most recently amended on December 29, 2018, a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate is generally applicable to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, except where a special preferential rate applies. For example, enterprises qualified as "High and New Technology Enterprises" are entitled to a 15% enterprise income tax rate rather than the 25% uniform statutory tax rate. The enterprise income tax is calculated based on the entity's global income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards. According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the SAT on Implementing the Pilot Program of Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax in an All-round Manner, which became effective on May 1, 2016, as amended on March 20, 2019, entities and individuals engaged in the sale of services, intangible assets or fixed assets within the PRC territory are required to pay value-added tax instead of business tax. Following the implementation of the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax, or the VAT Pilot Plan, most of our PRC subsidiaries and affiliates have been subject to VAT, at a rate of 3% or 6%, instead of business tax.

As a Cayman Islands holding company, we may receive dividends from our PRC subsidiaries through China Financial Services Group Limited. The PRC EIT Law and its implementing rules provide that dividends paid by a PRC entity to a nonresident enterprise for income tax purposes is subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, subject to reduction by an applicable tax treaty with China. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Hong Kong Tax Treaty, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or SAT Circular 81, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet the following conditions, among others, in order to apply the reduced withholding tax rate: (i) it must be a company; (ii) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (iii) it must have directly owned such required percentage in the PRC resident enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. On January 1, 2020, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Issuing the Administrative Measures for Entitlement to Treaty Benefits for Non-resident Taxpayers, which replaced the Administrative Measures for Nonresident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatment under Tax Treaties, or SAT Circular 60. The Announcement changed the reporting requirement into collecting, gathering and retaining relevant materials for future reference in accordance with the provisions of these Measures in order to accept the follow-up administration of tax authorities. At the same time, the Announcement adjusts the definition of non-resident taxpayer to make it more accurate, which refers to taxpayers who shall be tax residents of the other contracting party in accordance with the provisions of the clauses on residents of the tax treaties. The SAT promulgated the Announcement on Certain Issues Concerning the Beneficial Owner in a Tax Agreement, or Circular 9, on February 3, 2018, effective as April 1, 2018, which provides guidance for determining whether a resident of a tax treaty country is the "beneficial owner" of income under China's tax treaties and similar arrangements.

China Financial Services Group Limited may be able to benefit from the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends it receives from our PRC subsidiaries if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under SAT Circular 81 and other relevant tax rules and regulations. However, according to SAT Circular 81, if the relevant tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future. In addition, according to Circular 9, a beneficial owner shall generally engage in substantial business activities, and an agent shall not be considered a beneficial owner and, therefore, shall not qualify for those benefits. It is possible, however, under Circular 9, China Financial Services Group Limited would not be considered the "beneficial owner" of any such dividends, and that such dividends would as a result be subject to withholding tax at the rate of 10% rather than the favorable 5% rate applicable under the Hong Kong Tax Treaty.

If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside China were deemed to be a "resident enterprise" under the PRC EIT Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders."

**Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates**

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We continually evaluate these judgments and estimates based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, our expectations regarding the future based on available information and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application.

The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. You should read the following description of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this annual report.

Our consolidated financial statements include the results of the trust plans as the trust lending model creates exposure to variability of returns from the activities of the trust plans. All intercompany transactions and balances, including payment of service fees from trust plans to us, are eliminated in consolidation.

***Variable interest entities ("VIEs")***

 ****

An entity is a variable interest entity (VIE) if it meets the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 810, Consolidation, which are (i) the entity has equity that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; or (ii) the entity has equity investors that cannot make significant decisions about the entity's operations or that do not absorb their proportionate share of the entity's expected losses or expected returns. The Group consolidates a VIE when it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and a right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE (that is, the Group is the primary beneficiary). All other entities not deemed to be VIEs with which the Group has involvement are evaluated for consolidation under other subtopics of ASC 810.

In the normal course of business, the Group engages in a variety of activities with VIEs. The Group determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the time it becomes involved with the variable interest entity and reconsiders that conclusion continually. In evaluating whether the Group is the primary beneficiary, the Group evaluates its economic interests in the entity. If the Group is determined to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE, it must account for the VIE as a consolidated subsidiary. If the Group is determined not to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE, such VIE is not consolidated.

The Group has segregated its involvement with VIEs between those VIEs which are consolidated and those VIEs which are not consolidated.

***Revenue recognition***

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Interest and financing service fees on loans which are amortized over the contractual life of the related loans are recognized in consolidated statements of comprehensive income in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 310 using the effective interest method. In accordance with the relevant guidance in ASC Topic 606, the amounts associated with guarantee services under commercial bank partnership model is within the scope of ASC Topic 460 and should be accounted for in accordance with the provisions of that Topic. The services not within the scope of other Topics should be accounted for in accordance with the remaining provisions of ASC Topic 606 and the applicable revenue recognition guidance. Also, asset management revenue and revenue from rendering of services are recognized in accordance with ASC 606 when following conditions are met: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The criteria of revenue recognition as they relate to each of the following major revenue generating activities are described below:

*Interest and financing service fees on loans*

 

Interest and financing service fees on loans, which include financing service fees on loans, are collected from borrowers for loans and related services.

Interest and financing service fees on loans includes the amortization of any discount or premium or differences between the initial carrying amount of an interest-bearing asset and its amount at maturity calculated using the effective interest basis.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset and of allocating the interest and financing service fees on loans over the years. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument. When calculating the effective interest rate, we estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but do not consider future credit losses. Interest on the impaired assets is recognized using the rate of interest used to discount future cash flows.

*Interest income on debt investment*

 

Interest income on debt securities is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of debt securities to unrelated companies plus any interest received from corporate debt securities.

*Revenue under commercial bank partnership model*

 

In accordance with the relevant guidance in ASC Topic 606, the amounts associated with guarantee services under commercial bank partnership model is within the scope of ASC Topic 460 and should be accounted for in accordance with the provisions of that Topic. The services not within the scope of other Topics should be accounted for in accordance with the remaining provisions of ASC Topic 606 and the applicable revenue recognition guidance.

The Group considers loan facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model (covering matching of commercial banks to borrowers and facilitating the execution of loan agreement between commercial banks and borrowers) and post-facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model (covering cash processing services and collection services) as two distinctive performance obligations in accordance with ASC Topic 606. The transaction price is first allocated to guarantee services under commercial bank partnership model, if any, which is recorded at fair value and recognized amortized during the guarantee term in accordance with ASC Topic 460.

Then the remaining considerations are allocated to the loan facilitation under commercial bank partnership model and post-facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model using their relative standalone selling prices. When estimating total consideration, the Group considers early termination scenarios based on historical early payment and other termination scenarios as the Group cannot receive the full contractual service fee amount under early termination, given the service fee is collected on a pro-rata basis upon early loan termination. Such service fee is determined to be variable consideration that meets the "probable of not reversing" threshold. As such, the Group recognizes revenue related to early termination based on its best estimate and true up adjustments are made from time to time. The Group does not have observable standalone selling price for the loan facilitation services or post-facilitation services because it does not provide loan facilitation services or post-facilitation services on a standalone basis in similar circumstances to similar customers. There is no direct observable standalone selling price for similar services in the market that is reasonably available to the Group.

As a result, the estimation of standalone selling price involves significant judgment. The Group uses an expected cost plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling prices of loan facilitation services and post facilitation services as the basis of revenue allocation. When estimating the selling prices, the Group considers the cost related to such services, profit margin, customer demand, effect of competition on services, and other market factors, among which estimates of the cost of providing the services is the most significant.

The transaction price allocated to loan facilitation services is recognized as revenue upon execution of loan agreements between commercial banks and borrowers; the consideration allocated to post-facilitation services is recognized over the period of the loan on a straight-line method, which approximates the pattern of when the underlying services are performed.

Remaining performance obligations represents the amount of the transaction price for which services have not been performed under post-facilitation services. The Group collects service fees monthly. The aggregate amounts of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied pertaining to post-origination services were RMB17.53 million, RMB6.3 million and RMB9.2 million (US$1.3 million) as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. 100%, 100% and 100% of the remaining performance obligations will be recognized over the following 12 months for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

*Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments*

 

Realized gains/(losses) consist of realized gains and losses from the sale of investment securities, presented on a net basis.

*Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans*

 

Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans refer to any gains and losses from the disposal of loans which is accounted for as a sale under ASC 860.

*Gains on confiscation of CRMPs*

 

Gains on confiscation of CRMPs are recognized to the extent confiscated CRMPs exceed previously recognized allowance for loan losses and guarantee asset when sales partners surrender the CRMPs and the obligation of refunding the CRMPs is released.

***Loans***

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) On-balance sheet loans

Loans are reported at their outstanding principal balances net of any unearned income and unamortized deferred fees and costs. Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are generally deferred and recognized as adjustments to income over the lives of the related loans.

We facilitate credit to borrowers through structured funds which are considered as consolidated VIEs and we evaluated VIEs for consolidation in accordance with ASC 810. Although we have ceased providing credit enhancement and top-up arrangements since March 2018 and all the remaining loans under such arrangement had been transferred in 2021 and substantially all of such remaining loans had been paid off in 2022, we, as the subordinated unit holder, still provide credit strengthening services and are responsible to ensure sufficient capital to repay the principal amount and the agreed financing costs for the senior units, we also act as the manager of the structured funds, those are the two key factors to determine whether we should consolidate the structured funds. As a result, the loan principal remains on our consolidated balance sheets, whilst the funds received from senior tranches holders are recorded as Other Borrowings in our consolidated balance sheets.

***Non-accrual policies***

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Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables are placed on non-accrual status when payments are 90 days contractually past due. When a loan principal, interest and financing service fee receivable is placed on non-accrual status, interest and financing service fees accrual ceases. If the loan is non-accrual, the cost recovery method is used and cash collected is applied to first reduce the carrying value of the loan. Otherwise, interest income may be recognized to the extent cash is received. Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables may be returned to accrual status when all of the borrower's delinquent balances of loans principal, interest and financing service fees have been settled and the borrower continues to perform in accordance with the loan terms for a period of at least six months.

***Charge-off policies***

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Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables are charged down to net realizable value (fair value of collaterals, less estimated costs to sell) when the Group has determined the remaining balance is uncollectable after exhausting all collection efforts. In order to comply with ASC 310 and ASC 326, the Group considers loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables meeting any of the following conditions as uncollectable and charged-off: (i) death of the borrower; (ii) identification of fraud, and the fraud is officially reported to and filed with relevant law enforcement departments; (iii) sales of loans to third parties; (iv) settlement with the borrower, where the Group releases irrecoverable loans through private negotiations with the borrower where the borrower cannot repay the loan in full through self-funding or voluntary sale of the collateral; (v) disposal through legal proceedings, including but not limited to online arbitrations, judicial auctions and court enforcements; or (vi) loans are 180 days past due unless both well-secured and in the process of collection.

***Allowance for credit losses***

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Allowance for credit losses represents management's best estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Commencing January 1, 2020, the Group adopted ASC 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which replaced the incurred loss methodology for determining the provision for credit losses and allowance for credit losses with a current expected credit loss methodology ("ACL"), which is based on past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of the loans. ASC 326 defines the ACL as a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to the amortized cost of a financial asset to present the net amount that management expects to collect on the financial asset over its expected life. All financial assets carried at amortized cost are in the scope of ASC 326, while assets measured at fair value are excluded. The allowance for credit losses is adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. When credit expectations change, the valuation account is adjusted with changes reported in provision for credit losses. If amounts previously charged off are subsequently expected to be collected, the Group may recognize a negative allowance, which is limited to the amount that was previously charged off.

The ACL includes collectively evaluated ("collective ACL") and individually evaluated ("individual ACL") allowance for credit losses. The Group aggregates loans sharing similar risk characteristics into pools for purposes of measuring expected credit losses. Pools are reassessed periodically to confirm that all loans within each pool continue to share similar risk characteristics. Expected credit losses for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets are measured individually.

The collective ACL is measured based on loans that share similar risk characteristics and includes both quantitative and qualitative components. The collective ACL utilizes probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) models, and is the product of multiplying PD, LGD, and exposure at default (EAD) for nondelinquent loans, delinquent loans within 90 days. The PD is computed based on the historical delinquency data, adjusted for a macroeconomic forecast, which considers selected economic variables and the weighting of multiple macroeconomic forecast scenarios over the life of the loans. These macroeconomic scenarios include variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. These variables include, but are not limited to, gross-domestic product, total retail sales of consumer goods and urban per capita disposable income and are updated at least quarterly. The LGD model considers historical loss experience period. The qualitative component of the collective ACL represents the Group's judgment of additional considerations to account for external risk factors that are not adequately measured in the quantitative component of the collective ACL, including consideration of idiosyncratic risk factors, conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors.

The individual ACL is estimated on an individual basis for loans whose payments are contractually past due more than 90 days or do not share similar risk characteristics. A financial asset is collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. When a collateral-dependent financial asset is probable of foreclosure, the Group will utilize the discounted cash flow ("DCF") model to determine the expected credit loss for the loan by comparing the amortized cost of the loan with the present value of the projected cashflow for the underlying collateral. The projected cashflow is calculated based on fair value of collateral provided by third-party appraisers, adjusted for the estimated disposal discounts on the collateral and cost to sell.

Under the trust lending model, when the Group grants a loan through a trust plan, the loan is with the borrower and guarantee is entered into with a separate counterparty (the sales partner). As such, under the definition of ASC 326-20-20, the guarantee arrangement and lending arrangement would be considered freestanding arrangements. As sale partners will provide guarantee of the entire loan to the Group, collection for loss is probable and estimable when a loss on an insured loan is incurred and recognized. In this case, the Group will recognize guarantee loss recoverable asset in the amount that the Group determines is probable to receive from the guarantor with an offsetting entry to "provision for credit losses" when the Group concludes that the loss recovery is collectible. However, potential recovery that exceeds the recognized loss, if any, (gain contingency) will not be recognized until cash is received. Therefore, the amounts estimated to be recoverable from the proceeds of guarantees will be reported as a separate asset (guarantee asset) in the balance sheet. The increase in guaranteed recoverable assets are included in the income statement as a reduction of the "provision for credit losses", separate disclosure of the increase in guaranteed recoverable assets is included in the roll forward of the "allowance for credit losses". The income statement caption was disclosed as "Provision for credit losses, net of increase in increase in guaranteed recoverable assets".

***Loans held-for-sale***

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Loans held-for-sale are measured at the lower of cost or fair value, with valuation changes recorded in noninterest revenue. The valuation is performed on an individual loan basis. Loan origination fees or costs and purchase price discounts or premiums are deferred in a contra loan account until the related loan is sold. The deferred fees or costs and discounts or premiums are an adjustment to the basis of the loan and therefore are included in the periodic determination of the lower of cost or fair value adjustments.

The loan is derecognized if the Group does not retain any risk and rewards after transferring the loan. Such transfer would be recorded as sales according to ASC 860-10-40-5. At the time of derecognition, any related loan loss allowance is released. Gains and losses on loans transfer as a sale are recognized in the non-interest income.

(ii) Off-balance sheet loans

For loans funded by the proceeds from third-party commercial banks, each underlying loan and borrower has to be approved by the third-party commercial banks individually. Once the loan is approved by and originated by the third-party commercial bank, the fund is provided by the third-party commercial bank to the borrower and a lending relationship between the borrower and the third-party commercial bank is established through a loan agreement. Effectively, the Group offers loan facilitation services to the borrowers who have credit needs and the commercial banks who originate loans directly to borrowers referred by the Group. The Group continues to provide post-facilitation services to the borrowers over the term of the loan agreement. Under this scenario, the Group determines that it is not the legal lender or borrower in the loan origination and repayment process. Accordingly, the Group does not record loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables arising from these loans nor interest-bearing borrowings to the third-party commercial banks.

Under the commercial bank partnership model, when the third-party commercial banks grant loans, the Group provides guarantee services to commercial banks and takes on all of the credit risk of the borrowers. Also, if the loan is referred to the Group by a separate counterparty (the sales partner), the credit risk of the borrower will be transferred to the sales partner. As such, under the definition of ASC 326-20-20, the guarantee arrangement between the third-party commercial banks and the Group and between the Group and the sales partner would be considered freestanding arrangements. As sale partners will provide guarantee of the entire loan to the Group, collection for loss is probable and estimable when a loss on an insured loan is incurred and recognized. In this case, the Group will recognize guarantee loss recoverable asset in the amount that the Group determines is probable to receive from the guarantor with an offsetting entry to "provision for credit losses" when the Group concludes that the loss recovery is collectible. However, potential recovery that exceeds the recognized loss, if any, (gain contingency) will not be recognized until cash is received. Therefore, the amounts estimated to be recoverable from the proceeds of guarantees will be reported as a separate asset (guarantee asset) in the balance sheet. The income statement caption was disclosed as "Provision for credit losses, net of increase in increase in guaranteed recoverable assets".

***Guarantee liabilities***

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Starting from 2021, the Group started to cooperate with third-party financing guarantee corporations that provides guarantee services to commercial banks. According to relevant financial guarantee arrangements, third-party financing guarantee corporations will fulfil its obligations to purchase defaulted loans. However, the Group is required to provide deposits and replenish such deposits from time to time to third-party financing guarantee corporations for its obligations of purchasing defaulted loans. Effectively, the Group provides back-to-back guarantee to third-party financing guarantee corporations and takes on all of the credit risk of the borrowers. These financial guarantee contracts are accounted for as guarantee liabilities under ASC 460, Guarantees.

The Group adopted ASC 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which requires gross accounting for guarantee liability. As a result, at inception of these financial guarantee provided for off-balance sheet loans under commercial bank partnership model, the Group will recognize both a stand-ready guarantee liability under ASC 460 with an associated guarantee receivable, and a contingent guarantee liability with an allowance for credit losses of the underlying loans under current expected credit loss methodology, which includes both quantitative and qualitative components. The collective ACL utilizes probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) models, and is the product of multiplying PD, LGD, and exposure at default (EAD) for guarantee liabilities. The PD is computed based on the historical delinquency data, adjusted for a macroeconomic forecast, which considers selected economic variables and the weighting of multiple macroeconomic forecast scenarios over the life of the off-balance sheet loans. The LGD model considers historical loss experience period. The qualitative component of the collective ACL represents the Group's judgment of additional considerations to account for external risk factors that are not adequately measured in the quantitative component of the collective ACL, including consideration of idiosyncratic risk factors, conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors.

Subsequent to the initial recognition, the ASC 460 stand-ready guarantee is released into gains from guarantee liabilities on a straight-line basis over the term of the guarantee, while the contingent guarantee is reduced by the pay-outs made by the Group to compensate the investors upon borrowers' default.

***Share-based compensation expenses***

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We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award and recognize the cost over the period the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which generally is the vesting period. We recognize compensation cost using a front-loading approach for an award with only service conditions that has a graded vesting schedule over the requisite service period for the entire award, net of estimated forfeitures, provided that the cumulative amount of compensation cost recognized at any date at least equals the portion of the grant-date value of such award that is vested at that date. Forfeiture rates are estimated based on historical and future expectations of employee turnover rates.

In January 2017, SFIL adopted the 2017 SFIL Share Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan. Under the 2017 Plan, SFIL granted 187,933,730 options to its certain management members and employees to purchase up to 187,933,730 Class A ordinary shares. The term of the options will not exceed ten years from the date of the grant. Accordingly, 60%, 20% and 20% of the award options shall vest on December 31 of each of the years 2017 to 2019, respectively. Unless terminated earlier, the 2017 Plan will terminate automatically in 2022 to 2024, respectively.

On August 27, 2018, we adopted our 2018 CNFinance Holdings Limited Share Incentive Plan, or the 2018 Plan to replace the 2017 Plan and granted 187,933,730 options to certain management members and employees to purchase up to 187,933,730 of our Class A ordinary shares under this 2018 Plan to replace the granted and outstanding options under the 2017 Plan. Except for the extension of the 20% of the 2017 Option's termination year, which was vested in December 31, 2017, by one year to December 31st, 2023, all terms of the 2017 Option Plan and the 2018 Share Option Plan were the same.

On December 31, 2019, we granted up to 119,674,780 options to certain management members and employees to purchase up to 119,674,780 of our Class A ordinary shares under the 2018 Plan. Such options will be considered vested as to 50%, 30%, 20% on each of December 31, 2020, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, respectively, but will only be distributed to the applicable grantees based on their performance scores on December 31, 2022, subject to continued employment through such date. As of the date hereof, the options may be allocated to up to 42 employees. Vested options will expire five years from the date of vesting.

On December 31, 2023, 80% of the options issued in 2018 had expired. The Board authorized the Company to extend the expiration date of the expired portion from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024. On December 31, 2024, 100% of the options issued in 2018 (including the 80% that was extended on December 31, 2023) had expired, the Company therefore extended the expiration date of the 100% of 2018 option to December 31, 2027.

Share-based payment transactions with employees, such as share options are measured based on the grant date fair value of the equity instrument. We recognize the compensation costs net of estimated forfeitures over the applicable vesting period. The estimate of forfeitures will be adjusted over the requisite service period to the extent that actual forfeitures differ, or are expected to differ, from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeitures will be recognized through a cumulative catchup adjustment in the period of change and will also impact the amount of stock compensation expense to be recognized in future periods. There were no market conditions associated with the share option grants.

The fair value of options granted to employees is determined based on a number of factors including valuations. In determining the fair value of our equity instruments, we referred to valuation reports prepared by an independent third-party appraisal firm, based on data we provided. The valuation reports provided us with guidelines in determining the fair value of the equity instruments, but we are ultimately responsible for the determination of all amounts related to share-based compensation recorded in the financial statements.

Excluding the options containing service vesting conditions, we calculated the estimated fair value of the options on the respective grant dates using a binomial option pricing model with assistance from independent valuation firms, with the following assumptions:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Share awards<br> granted on<br> January 3,<br> 2017<br> ("2018<br> Option")** | **Share awards<br> granted on<br> January 3, 2019<br> ("2019<br> Option")** | **Share awards<br> granted on<br> December 31,<br> 2023<br> ("Extend 2018<br> Option")** | **Share awards<br> granted on<br> December 31,<br> 2024** |
| Expected volatility | 40.00% | 41.52% | 59.27% | 48.52% |
| Expected dividends |  |  |  |  |
| Risk-free interest rate | 3.10% | 3.12% | 2.08% | 1.65% |
| Expected term (in years) | 5 | 5 |  |  |
| Expected life (in years) | 6 | 8 | 1 | 3 |

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The contractual life of the share option is used as an input into the binomial option pricing model. Exercise multiple and post-vesting forfeit are incorporated into the model. When the options of the 2018 Option were issued, our shares had not been publicly traded at the time the options were issued and our shares were rarely traded privately, expected volatility for the shares underlying such options is estimated based on the average historical volatility of comparable entities with publicly traded shares for the period before the date of grant with length commensurate to contractual life of the options. The risk-free rate for the expected term of the option is based on the yield to maturity of China's six-year government bond at the date of grant. When the options of the 2019 Option were issued, our shares were already publicly traded. Since the shares have only been publicly traded for just over a year, the expected volatility for the shares underlying such options is estimated based on the historical volatility of comparable entities with publicly traded shares for the period before the date of grant with length commensurate to contractual life of the options. The contractual life of the options is 6 years, 7 years and 8 years, respectively. Therefore, the risk-free rate for the expected term of the options is determined based on the yield to maturity of China 5-year, 7-year and 10-year government bond, using interpolation method, at the date of grant. We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and do not anticipate any dividend payments on our Class A ordinary shares in the foreseeable future.

If any of the assumptions used in the binomial option pricing model changes significantly, share-based compensation expenses for future awards may differ materially compared with the awards granted previously.

The following table sets forth the fair value of options and Class A ordinary shares estimated at the dates of option grants indicated below with the assistance from an independent valuation firm.

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| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Date of options grant** | **Options<br> granted** | **Exercise<br> price** | **Exercise<br> price** | **Fair <br> value of <br> option** | **Fair <br> value of <br> option** | **Fair <br> value of <br> Class A<br> ordinary<br> shares** | **Fair <br> value of <br> Class A<br> ordinary<br> shares** |
| January 3, 2017 | 75173492 | RMB | 0.50 | RMB | 1.26 | RMB | 1.72 |
| January 3, 2017 | 112760238 | RMB | 0.50 | RMB | 1.27 | RMB | 1.72 |
| December 31, 2019 | 83772346 | RMB | 1.00 | RMB | 0.71 | RMB | 1.40 |
| December 31, 2019 | 35902434 | RMB | 1.00 | RMB | 0.75 | RMB | 1.40 |
| December 31, 2023 | 150346984 | RMB | 0.50 | RMB | 0.34 | RMB | 0.29 |
| December 31, 2024 | 150346984 | RMB | 0.50 | RMB | 0.08 | RMB | 0.35 |

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For the 2018 Option, the Group recognized compensation expenses of RMB39,715,168 and RMB15,886,067 in year 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the expenses in relation to the 2018 Option have been fully recognized. There was no income tax benefit recognized associated with the share-based compensation expenses. On December 31, 2023, 80% of the 2018 Option has expired. The Board authorized the Group to postpone the expiration date of the expired portion from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024. On December 31, 2024, 100% of the options issued in 2018 (including the 80% that was extended on December 31, 2023) had expired, the Company therefore extended the expiration date of the 100% of 2018 option to December 31, 2027. As of December 31, 2025, the Group recognized compensation expenses of nil.

For the 2019 Option, the Group recognized compensation expenses of nil, nil and nil in year 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. There was no income tax benefit recognized associated with the share-based compensation expenses. As of December 31, 2025, the expenses in relation to the 2019 Option have been fully recognized.

**Non-GAAP Financial Measure**

***Adjusted Net Income***

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We use adjusted net income, a non-GAAP financial measure, in evaluating our operating results and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. We believe that adjusted net income helps identify underlying trends in our business by excluding the impact of share-based compensation expense, which are non-cash charges. We believe that adjusted net income provides useful information about our operating results, enhances the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects and allows for greater visibility with respect to key metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **US$** |
| Adjusted net income | 83973831 | 141125677 | 172134910 | 52682980 | (470394042) | (67265454) |

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Adjusted net income is not defined under U.S. GAAP and is not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP financial measure should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, its most directly comparable financial measure prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A reconciliation of the historical non-GAAP financial measure to its most directly comparable GAAP measure has been provided in the tables included below. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of the historical non-GAAP financial measure to its most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. As adjusted net income has material limitations as an analytical metric and may not be calculated in the same manner by all companies, it may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies. In light of the foregoing limitations, you should not consider adjusted net income as a substitute for, or superior to, net revenues prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

The following table reconciles our adjusted net income for the periods presented to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which is net income.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** | **For the Year Ended December 31** |
|  | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **US$** |
| Net income/(loss) | 65207464 | 135351411 | 164617561 | 37784446 | (470394042) | (67265454) |
| Add: share-based compensation expenses | 18766367 | 5774266 | 7517349 | 14898534 | - | - |
| **Adjusted net income/(loss)** | **83973831** | **141125677** | **172134910** | **52682980** | **(470394042)** | **(67265454)** |

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**Results of Operations**

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the periods presented. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The results in any period are not necessarily indicative of our future trends.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended<br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended<br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended<br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended<br> December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** | |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |<br>**US$** |
| Interest and fees income | 1754595020 | 1538620115 | 575783341 | 82335923 |
| Interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings | (723081286) | (794518514) | (511866737) | (73195970) |
| Net interest and fees income | **1031513734** | **744101601** | **63916603** | **9139953** |
| **Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model** | **87936005** | **97127306** | **19959208** | **2854129** |
| Collaboration cost for sales partners | (343508143) | (252881333) | (52006417) | (7436819) |
| **Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost** | **775941596** | **588347574** | **31869396** | **4557263** |
| Provision for credit losses, net of increase in guaranteed recoverable assets | (177282998) | (105216440) | (480931843) | (68772339) |
| Provision for cost method investment | (5907577) |  |  |  |
| **Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost and provision** | **592751021** | **483131134** | **(449062449)** | **(64215076)** |
| Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments, net | 6548484 | (4125037) | (971725) | (138955) |
| Net losses on sales of loans | (17190545) | (6497731) | (20967075) | (2998252) |
| Other gains/(losses), net | 4847597 | (24400913) | 69674481 | 9963318 |
| **Total non-interest (losses)/income, net** | **(5794464)** | **(35023681)** | **47735681** | **6826112** |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| Employee compensation and benefits | (204573389) | (155735239) | (91214320) | (13043474) |
| Share-based compensation expenses | (7517349) | (14898534) |  |  |
| Taxes and surcharges | (31343671) | (26168730) | (10724811) | (1533628) |
| Operating lease cost | (16366797) | (15693697) | (13709695) | (1960460) |
| Other expenses | (121520772) | (187322734) | (67122182) | (9598344) |
| **Total operating expenses** | **(381321978)** | **(399818934)** | **(182771008)** | **(26135907)** |
| **Income/(loss) before income tax expense** | **205634579** | **48288519** | **(584097775)** | **(83524871)** |
| Income tax expense | (41017018) | (10504073) | 113703733 | 16259418 |
| **Net income/(loss)** | **164617561** | **37784446** | **(470394042)** | **(67265454)** |
| Earnings per share |  |  |  | 0 |
| Basic | 0.12 | 0.03 | (0.34) | -(0.05) |
| Diluted | 0.11 | 0.03 | (0.34) | (0.05-) |
| **Other comprehensive income** |  |  |  | 0 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 867116 | 524148 | (4739910) | (1808501) |
| **Comprehensive income/(loss)** | **165484677** | **38308595** | **(475133952)** | **(69073954)** |
| Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interests | **19377314** | - | - | - |
| **Total comprehensive income attributable to Class A ordinary shareholders** | **146107363** | **38308595** | **(475133952)** | **(69073954)** |

---

***Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024***

***Interest and fees income***

 **

Total interest and fees income for fiscal year 2025 was RMB575.8 million (US$82.3 million) as compared to RMB1,538.6 million for the same period of 2024.

*Interest and financing service fees on loans*

Interest and financing service fees on loans was RMB486.8million (US$69.6 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB1,343.7 million for the same period of 2024, primarily attributable to a decrease of daily average outstanding loan principal under trust lending model in 2025 as compared to 2024.

 

*Interest income charged to sales partners*

Interest income charged to sales partners, representing interest charged to sales partners who choose to repurchase default loans in installments, decreased to RMB72.1 million (US$10.3 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 from RMB162.6 million in the same period of 2024, primarily attributable to the increase in the amount of loans on which sales partner refused to fulfill its repayment obligation accounted.

*Interest income on debt securities*

 

Interest income on debt securities decreased to RMB14.4 million (US$2.1 million) in 2025 from RMB16.8 million in 2024.

*Interest on deposit with banks*

 

Interest on deposits with banks was RMB4.3 million (US$0.6million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB15.5 million for the same period of 2024, primarily due to decrease of daily average time deposit in 2025 than 2024.

***Interest and fees expenses***

 ****

Total interest and fees expenses refer to interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings was RMB511.9 million (US$73.2 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB794.5 million for the same period of 2024, the decrease was primarily due to a decrease of daily average outstanding loan principal under the trust lending model in 2025 as compared to 2024.

***Net interest and fees income***

 ****

As a result of the foregoing, net interest and fees income was RMB63.9 million (US$9.1 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB744.1 million for the same period of 2024.

***Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model***

 ****

Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model, representing fees charged to commercial banks for services including introducing borrowers, initial credit assessment, facilitating loans from the banks to the borrowers and providing technical assistance to the borrowers and banks, net of fees paid to third-party guarantor and commissions paid to sales channels, decreased by 79.5% to RMB20.0 million (US$2.9 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 from RMB97.1 million in the same period of 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of daily average outstanding loan principal in 2025 as compared to 2024.

***Collaboration cost for sales partners***

 ****

Collaboration cost for sales partners ****representing sales incentives paid to sales partners was RMB52.0 million (US$7.4 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB252.9 million for the same period of 2024, the decrease was primarily due to a decrease of daily average outstanding loan principal in 2025 as compared to 2024.

***Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost***

 ****

Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost was RMB31.9 million (US$4.6 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB588.3 million for the same period of 2024.

***Provision for credit losses***

 ****

Provision for credit losses representing provision for credit losses under the trust lending model and the expected credit losses of guarantee under the commercial bank partnership model was RMB480.9 million (US$68.8 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB105.2 million in the same period of 2024, primarily driven by the increase in NPL Ratio.

***Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments, net***

 ****

Realized losses on sales of investments, net representing realized gains and losses from the sales of investment securities was a loss of RMB1.0 million (US$0.1 million) for the fiscal year of 2025, as compared to a gain of RMB4.1 million in the same period of 2024.

***Net losses on sales of loans***

 ****

Net losses on sales of loans was RMB21.0 million (US$3.0 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB6.5 million in the same period of 2024.

***Other gains/(losses), net***

 ****

Other gains/(losses), net was a gain of RMB69.7 million (US$10.0 million) for the fiscal year of 2025, compared with a loss of RMB24.4 million in the same period of 2024.

***Total operating expenses***

 ****

Our total operating expenses was RMB182.8 million (US$26.1 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB399.8 million for the same period of 2024.

*Employee compensation and benefits*

 

Employee compensation and benefits decreased by 41.4% to RMB91.2 million (US$13.0 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB155.7 million for the same period of 2024, primarily due to a decrease in number of employees.

*Share-based compensation expenses*

 

Share-based compensation expenses was nil (US$nil) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB14.9 million for the same period of 2024. In December 2024, the Company extended the expiration date of 2018 Option to December 31, 2027 and the related incremental compensation cost of RMB14.9 million was recognized at the original expiration date.

*Taxes and surcharges*

 

Taxes and surcharges decreased to RMB10.7 million (US$1.5 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB26.2 million for the same period of 2024. According to the PRC tax regulations, "service fees charged to trust plans" incur a 6% VAT on the subsidiary level, but are not recorded as an input VAT on a consolidated trust plan level. The Company lowered the "Service fees charged to trust plans" in 2025.

*Operating lease cost*

 

Operating lease cost was RMB13.7 million (US$2.0 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB15.7 million for the same period of 2024.

*Other expenses*

 

Other expenses was to RMB67.1 million (US$9.6 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to RMB187.3 million for the same period of 2024.

***Income tax expenses/benefits***

 ****

Income tax benefits was RMB113.7 million (US$16.3 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to the income tax expense of RMB10.5 million for the same period of 2024 primarily due to the reason that we recorded a loss before income tax expense in 2025.

***Net income/losses***

 ****

Net loss was RMB470.4 million (US$67.3 million) for the fiscal year of 2025 as compared to a net income of RMB37.8 million for the same period of 2024.

***Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023***

***Interest and fees income***

 **

Total interest and fees income for fiscal year 2024 was RMB1,538.6 million (US$210.8 million) as compared to RMB1,754.6 million for the same period of 2023.

*Interest and financing service fees on loans*

 

Interest and financing service fees on loans was RMB1,343.7 million (US$184.1 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB1,580.0 million for the same period of 2023, primarily attributable to a decrease of daily average outstanding loan principal under trust lending model in 2024 as compared to 2023.

*Interest income charged to sales partners*

 

Interest income charged to sales partners, representing interest charged to sales partners who choose to repurchase default loans in installments, increased by 20.8% to RMB162.6 million (US$22.3 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 from RMB134.5 million in the same period of 2023, primarily attributable to the increase of delinquent loans repurchased by instalments by sales partners to fulfill their obligations.

*Interest income on debt securities*

 

Interest income on debt securities decreased to RMB16.8 million (US$2.3 million) in 2024 from RMB20.5 million in 2023.

*Interest on deposit with banks*

 

Interest on deposits with banks was RMB15.5 million (US$2.1million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB19.6 million for the same period of 2023, primarily due to decrease of daily average time deposit in 2024 than 2023.

***Interest and fees expenses***

 ****

Total interest and fees expenses refer to interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings was RMB794.5 million (US$108.8 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB723.1 million for the same period of 2023, the increase was primarily due to the increase in the daily average principal of borrowings with repurchase agreement which typically bears higher interest rate in 2024.

***Net interest and fees income***

 ****

As a result of the foregoing, net interest and fees income was RMB744.1 million (US$101.9 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB1,031.5 million for the same period of 2023.

***Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model***

 ****

Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model, representing fees charged to commercial banks for services including introducing borrowers, initial credit assessment, facilitating loans from the banks to the borrowers and providing technical assistance to the borrowers and banks, net of fees paid to third-party guarantor and commissions paid to sales channels, increased by 10.5% to RMB97.1 million (US$13.3 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 from RMB87.9 million in the same period of 2023. The increase was primarily due to the decrease in the expenses associated with facilitating new loans under commercial bank partnership.

***Collaboration cost for sales partners***

 ****

Collaboration cost for sales partners ****representing sales incentives paid to sales partners was RMB252.9 million (US$34.6 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB343.5 million for the same period of 2023, the decrease was primarily due to a decrease of daily average outstanding loan principal under the trust lending model in 2024 as compared to 2023.

***Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost***

 ****

Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost was RMB588.3 million (US$80.6 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB775.9 million for the same period of 2023.

***Provision for credit losses***

 ****

Provision for credit losses representing provision for credit losses under the trust lending model and the expected credit losses of guarantee under the commercial bank partnership model was RMB105.2 million (US$14.4 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB177.3 million in the same period of 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by the combined effect of a decrease in allowances that are collectively evaluated and an increase in allowances that are individually evaluated. The decrease in allowances that are collectively evaluated are mainly due to the decrease of the Company's outstanding loan principal. As there are still uncertainties associated with real estate market, the Company chose to contain the volume of facilitation to mitigate risks. The increase of allowances that are individually evaluated are mainly due to the Company's conservative approach in evaluating risks associated with loans that are 90 or more days past due.

***Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments, net***

 ****

Realized losses on sales of investments, net representing realized gains and losses from the sales of investment securities was RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million) for the fiscal year of 2024, as compared to a gain of RMB6.5 million in the same period of 2023.

***Net losses on sales of loans***

 ****

Net losses on sales of loans was RMB6.5 million (US$0.9 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB17.1 million in the same period of 2023.

***Other gains/(losses), net***

 ****

Other gains/(losses), net was a loss RMB24.4 million (US$3.3 million) for the fiscal year of 2024, compared with a gain of RMB4.8 million in the same period of 2023. The Company recorded net losses in 2024 because the balance of CRMPs forfeited by the sales partners continued to decrease as a growing number of sales partners started to repurchase delinquent loans by instalments. When CRMPs deposited by sales partners are confiscated by the Company, the Company will recognize the amount forfeited in other gain. Associated CRMPs will not be deemed as confiscated anymore when sales partners who forfeited their CRMPs were able to continue to fulfil their guarantee responsibility.

***Total operating expenses***

 ****

Our total operating expenses was RMB399.8 million (US$54.8 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB381.4 million for the same period of 2023.

 

*Employee compensation and benefits*

 

Employee compensation and benefits decreased by 23.9% to RMB155.7 million (US$21.3 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB204.6 million for the same period of 2023, primarily due to a decrease in commissions paid due to a decrease in loan origination volume.

*Share-based compensation expenses*

 

Share-based compensation expenses was RMB14.9 million (US$2.0 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB7.5 million for the same period of 2023. In December 2024, the Company extended the expiration date of 2018 Option to December 31, 2027 and the related incremental compensation cost of RMB14.9 million was recognized at the original expiration date.

*Taxes and surcharges*

 

Taxes and surcharges decreased to RMB26.2 million (US$3.6 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB31.3 million for the same period of 2023. According to the PRC tax regulations, "service fees charged to trust plans" incur a 6% VAT on the subsidiary level, but are not recorded as an input VAT on a consolidated trust plan level. The Company lowered the "Service fees charged to trust plans" in 2024.

*Operating lease cost*

 

Operating lease cost was RMB15.7 million (US$2.2 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB16.4 million for the same period of 2023.

*Other expenses*

 

Other expenses was to RMB187.3 million (US$25.7 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB121.6 million for the same period of 2023, primarily due to increase in post-loan management fees paid to third parties to accelerate recovery of delinquent loans.

***Income tax expenses***

 ****

Income tax expenses was RMB10.5 million (US$1.4 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB41.0 million for the same period of 2023 primarily due to decrease in taxable incomes.

***Net income***

 ****

Net income was RMB37.8 million (US$5.2 million) for the fiscal year of 2024 as compared to RMB164.6 million for the same period of 2023.

**5. B. Liquidity and Capital Resources**

***Cash Flows and Working Capital***

 ****

Our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from financing, operating and investing activities. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of RMB0.3 billion (US$48.4 million), as compared to cash and cash equivalents of RMB1.2 billion as of December 31, 2024, substantially all of which were held by our PRC subsidiaries. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of bank deposits and are primarily denominated in Renminbi. We believe that our current cash and anticipated cash flow from financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months.

We intend to finance our future working capital requirements and capital expenditures from funds provided by operating activities and raised from financing activities. We may, however, require additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our existing cash is insufficient to meet our requirements, we may seek to issue debt or equity securities or obtain additional credit facilities. Financing may be unavailable in the amounts we need or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Issuance of additional equity securities, including convertible debt securities, would dilute our earnings per share. The incurrence of debt would divert cash for working capital and capital expenditures to service debt obligations and could result in operating and financial covenants that restrict our operations and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders. If we are unable to obtain additional equity or debt financing as required, our business operations and prospects may suffer.

As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we conduct our operations primarily through our PRC subsidiaries in China. We are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries in China through capital contributions or loans, subject to the approval of government authorities and limits on the amount of capital contributions and loans. The ability of our subsidiaries in China to make dividends or other cash payments to us is subject to various restrictions under PRC laws and regulations. For details, please refer to "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure."

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** | **For the Year Ended <br> December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **US$** |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 1705760744 | 757230274 | 84447150 | 12075782 |
| Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities | (2483913809) | (263667119) | 3273866515 | 468156685 |
| Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities | 1005540570 | (1332188609) | (4185772315) | (598557480) |
| Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 227387505 | (838625454) | (827458650) | (118325013) |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of year | 1772184145 | 2001602420 | 1170386076 | 167362983 |
| Effect of exchange rate change on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 2030770 | 7409110 | (4739909) | (4739909) |
| **Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year** | **2001602420** | **1170386076** | **338187517** | **48360171** |

---

***Operating Activities***

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2025 was RMB84.4 million (US$12.1 million) due to net loss of RMB470.4 million (US$67.3 million), mainly adjusted for (i) provision for credit losses of RMB480.9 million, (ii) depreciation and amortization of RMB16.0 million. Adjustment for changes in operating assets and liabilities consisted of (i) a decrease in CRMP and guarantee repayments from sales partner of RMB424.0 million, (ii) an increase in other operating liabilities of RMB187.8 million, (iii) an increase in other operating assets of RMB279.5 million, (iv) a decrease in deposits of RMB70.8 million, and (v) a decrease in guarantee deposits of RMB61.1million.

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2024 was RMB757.2 million (US$103.7 million) due to net income of RMB 37.8 million (US$5.2 million), mainly adjusted for (i) provision for credit losses of RMB 105.2 million, (ii) share-based compensation expenses of RMB 14.9 million and (iii) depreciation and amortization of RMB11.5 million; and (iv) the increase of proceeds from sales and paydowns of loans originally classified as held for sale was RMB1,404.5 million. Adjustment for changes in operating assets and liabilities consisted of (i) a decrease in other operating liabilities of RMB 40.6 million, (ii) a decrease in deposits of RMB 1.1 million, and (iii) an increase in other operating assets of RMB 243.9 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2023 was RMB1,705.8 million due to net income of RMB164.6 million (US$23.2 million), mainly adjusted for (i) provision for credit losses of RMB177.3 million, (ii) share-based compensation expenses of RMB7.5 million, (iii) depreciation and amortization of RMB1.8 million, (iv) losses on sale of loans of RMB17.2 million, (v) the utilized of loans held-for-sale for originations and purchase was RMB629.0 million and (vi) the increase of proceeds from sales and paydowns of loans originally classified as held for sale was RMB1,896.1 million. Adjustment for changes in operating assets and liabilities consisted of (i) a decrease in other operating liabilities of RMB12.6 million, (ii) a decrease in other operating assets of RMB15.1 million, (iii) a decrease in deposits of RMB18.0 million, (iv) an increase of CRMP of RMB234.5 million and (v) an increase in guarantee deposits of RMB142.0 million.

***Investing Activities***

 ****

Net cash provided by investing activities was RMB3,273.9 million (US$468.2 million) in 2025, which was attributable to (i) collection of loans of RMB2,943.4 million, (ii) proceeds from sale of investment securities of RMB717.3 million, and (iii) proceeds from sales of loans of RMB366.4 million offset by (i) purchase of securities investments of RMB707.0 million, (ii) purchase of loans with credit deterioration of RMB56.4 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB263.7 million (US$36.2 million) in 2024, which was attributable to (i) purchase of investment securities of RMB922.1 million, (ii) purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets of RMB7.9 million, (iii) loans originated, net of principal collected of RMB819.0 million and (iv) purchase of loans with credit deterioration of RMB 436.0 million, offset by (i) proceeds from sales of investment securities of RMB1,080.9 million, (ii) proceeds from sales of loans of RMB814.6 million, and (iii) proceeds from disposal of cost method investments of RMB25.0 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB2,483.9 million in 2023, which was attributable to (i) purchase of investment securities of RMB2,868.7 million, (ii) purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets of RMB114.5 million, and (iii) loans originated, net of principal collected of RMB3,040.8 million, offset by (i) proceeds from sales of investment securities of RMB2,973.9 million, (ii) proceeds from sales of loans of RMB1,203.0 million, and (iii) proceeds from disposal of non-marketable equity securities of RMB3.4 million.

***Financing Activities***

 ****

Net cash used in financing activities in 2025 was RMB4,185.8 million (US$598.6), which was attributable to repayment of interest-bearing borrowings of RMB6,961.4 million, offset by proceeds from interest-bearing borrowings of RMB2,777.4 million.

Net cash used in financing activities in 2024 was RMB 1,332.2 million (US$182.5 million), which was attributable to repayment of interest-bearing borrowings of RMB 10,820.9 million, offset by proceeds from interest-bearing borrowings of RMB9,493.3 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB1,005.5 million in 2023, which was attributable to proceeds from interest-bearing borrowings of RMB10,402.3 million, offset by repayment of interest-bearing borrowings of RMB9,294.9 million.

**Capital Expenditures**

Our capital expenditures primarily cover the acquisition of property, equipment, and intangible assets essential for operational support. Our capital expenditures were RMB114.5 million, RMB7.9 million and RMB3.6 million (US$0.5 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

**Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Arrangements**

We launched in 2021 a new funding model in cooperation with commercial banks, under which our commercial bank partners are responsible for reviewing and approving the loan while we charge a service fee for our loan facilitation services. For loans funded by the proceeds from third-party commercial banks as our commercial bank partners, each underlying loan and borrower has to be approved by the third-party commercial banks individually. Once the loan is approved by and originated by the third-party commercial bank, the fund is provided by the third-party commercial bank to the borrower and a lending relationship between the borrower and the third-party commercial bank is established through a loan agreement. Effectively, we offer loan facilitation services to the borrowers who have credit needs and the commercial banks who originate loans directly to borrowers referred by us. We continue to provide post-origination services to the borrowers over the term of the loan agreement. As we are not the legal lender or borrower in the loan origination and repayment process, we do not record loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables arising from these loans nor interest-bearing borrowings to the third-party commercial banks.

Apart from the above, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholders' equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. Moreover, we do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

**Contractual Obligations**

We lease multiple office spaces which are contracted under various non-cancelable operating leases, most of which provide extension or early termination options and are generally expired in one to four years. We do not enter into any finance leases or leases where the Group is a lessor. Moreover, the existing operating lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Management determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and records the leases in the financial statements upon lease commencement, which is the date when the underlying office space is made available for use by the lessor. The incremental borrowing rates determined for computing the lease liabilities are based on the People's Bank of China (PBOC) Benchmark Rates for terms of loans ranging from zero (exclusive) to five years and above.

The following tables present the operating lease cost and other supplemental information.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** | **Year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2023** | **2023** | **2024** | **2024** | **2025** | **2025** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Operating lease cost |  | 16366797 |  | 15693697 |  | 13709695 |

---

**Holding Company Structure**

CNFinance Holdings Limited is a holding company with no operations of its own. It conducts substantially all of its operations in China primarily through its subsidiaries in China, in particular Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Heze Information Technology Co., Ltd., and their subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities, and substantially all of its assets and operations are located in China. With a holding company structure, we principally rely on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. If these subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

In 2023, 2024 and 2025, CNFinance has not transferred any cash proceeds to any of its PRC subsidiaries. For instance, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities, may be transferred by CNFinance through China Financial Services Group Limited, our Hong Kong subsidiary, to Fanhua Chuangli Information Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited ("Fanhua Chuangli"), a PRC subsidiary, via capital contribution and shareholder loans, as the case may be. Fanhua Chuangli then will transfer funds to its subsidiaries to meet the capital needs of business operations.

None of our PRC subsidiaries have issued any dividends or distributions to respective holding companies, including CNFinance, or any investors as of the date of this annual report. Our subsidiaries in the PRC generate and retain cash generated from operating activities and re-invest it in business operations.

In addition, our subsidiaries in the PRC are only permitted to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprise as promulgated by the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, or PRC GAAP. The aggregate retained earnings for our PRC subsidiaries as determined under the PRC GAAP were RMB3,124.3 million, RMB3,169.1 million and RMB2,636.2 million (US$377.0 million), as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Pursuant to the law applicable to foreign investment enterprises, our subsidiaries that are foreign investment enterprises in the PRC are required to draw 10% of their profits as the companies' statutory common reserve, provided that companies with aggregate common reserve of more than 50% of the companies registered capital may elect not to draw any statutory common reserve any more. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of our subsidiary. Appropriation to the other two reserve funds are at our subsidiary's discretion. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders."

As of the date of this annual report, the majority of our PRC subsidiaries are still required to contribute to general reserve fund and these contributions are not expected to cease in the near term. Appropriation to the other two reserve funds are at our subsidiaries' discretion. Our PRC subsidiaries did not make any contributions to the enterprise expansion fund or the staff and bonus welfare fund during each period presented. The restricted amounts of our PRC subsidiaries totaled RMB432.6 million, RMB 448.7 million and RMB478.3 million (US$68.4 million) as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. In addition, ADS holders may potentially be subject to PRC taxes on dividends paid by CNFinance in the event it is deemed as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes.

An offshore holding company is permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding from the proceeds of offshore fund raising activities to its PRC subsidiaries through loans or capital contributions, and to its consolidated affiliated entities only through loans, in each case subject to the satisfaction of the applicable government registration and approval requirements. As a result, there is uncertainty with respect to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries when needed. For details about the applicable PRC rules that limit transfer of funds from overseas to our PRC subsidiaries, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using the proceeds of our public offerings to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business." Notwithstanding the foregoing, our PRC subsidiaries may use their own retained earnings (rather than Renminbi converted from foreign currency denominated capital) to provide financial support to our consolidated affiliated entities either through entrustment loans from our PRC subsidiaries or direct loans to such consolidated affiliated entities' nominee shareholders, which would be contributed to the consolidated affiliated entities as capital injections. Such direct loans to the nominee shareholders would be eliminated in our consolidated financial statements against the consolidated affiliated entities' share capital.

Furthermore, if certain procedural requirements are satisfied, the payment of current account items, including profit distributions and trade and service related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from State Administration of Foreign Exchange ("SAFE") or its local branches. However, where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses, such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies, approval from or registration with competent government authorities or its authorized banks is required. The PRC government may take measures at its discretion from time to time to restrict access to foreign currencies for current account or capital account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, our PRC subsidiaries may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our offshore intermediary holding companies or ultimate parent company, and therefore, our shareholders or investors in the ADSs. In addition, we cannot assure you that new regulations or policies will not be promulgated in the future, which may further restrict the remittance of RMB into or out of the PRC. We cannot assure you, in light of the restrictions in place, or any amendment to be made from time to time, that our current or future PRC subsidiaries will be able to satisfy their respective payment obligations that are denominated in foreign currencies, including the remittance of dividends out of the PRC.

**Recent Accounting Pronouncements**

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU No. 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Group has adopted the guidance on a prospective basis beginning January 1, 2025.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement as well as disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented in the income statement. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date, clarified that ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Both early adoption and retrospective application are permitted.

In August 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Trade Receivables and Contract Assets". This ASU provides a practical expedient and accounting policy election to allow entities to measure expected credit losses on certain trade receivables and contract assets using a provision matrix approach. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted.

The Group is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

**5. C. Research and Development**

We have focused on and will continue to invest in our technology system, which supports all key aspects of our platform and is designed to optimize for scalability and flexibility.

Our research and development expenses which was reported in other expenses of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income were RMB1.8 million, RMB1.0 million and RMB4.8 million (US$0.7 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

**5. D. Trend Information**

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2025 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial condition.

**5. E. Critical Accounting Estimates**

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reporting of, among other things, assets and liabilities, contingent assets and liabilities and total revenues and expenses. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that from other sources. Since our financial reporting process inherently relies on the use of estimates and assumptions, our actual results could differ from what we expect. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (ii) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Such critical estimates are discussed below. For further information on our other significant accounting estimates, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

*Allowance for credit loss and guaranteed liabilities*

 

Commencing January 1, 2020, we adopted ASC 326, which replaced the incurred loss methodology for determining the provision for credit losses and allowance for credit losses with a current expected credit loss methodology that is referred to as the ACL model. Allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio, and the guaranteed liabilities represents our estimate of probable losses of providing financial guarantee services for the off-balance sheet loans under the commercial bank partnership model. Estimation of ACL requires us to make assumptions regarding the likelihood and severity of credit loss events and their impact on expected cash flows, which drive the probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD) models. we incorporate forward-looking information through the use of macroeconomic scenarios applied over the forecasted life of the assets. These variables include, but are not limited to, gross-domestic product rates and consumer price indexes.

**Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees**

**6. A. Directors and Senior Management**

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date of this annual report. The business address of our directors and executive officers except for Mr. Fengyong Gao, Mr. Lin Xu, Mr. Xi Wang and Mr. Ge Yang is 22/F, South Finance Center, No. 7 Chunrong Road Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. The business address for Mr. Fengyong Gao is Room 703A, No.1518 Minsheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai. The business address for Mr. Lin Xu is No.1405, Building 4, No.3 Courtyard, Sanlihe Yiqu, Xicheng District, Beijing. The business address for Mr. Xi Wang is No.66 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The business address for Mr. Ge Yang is 32 Crabtree Ln Tenafly, NJ 07670, the U.S.A.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Directors and Executive Officers** | **Age** | **Position/Title** |
| Bin Zhai | 56 | Chairman, Director, Chief Executive Officer |
| Jun Qian | 52 | Director and Vice President |
| Fengyong Gao | 56 | Independent Director |
| Lin Xu | 63 | Independent Director |
| Xi Wang | 56 | Independent Director |
| Ge Yang | 55 | Independent Director |
| Zehui Zhang | 53 | Vice President |
| Huiling Jiang | 56 | Vice President |
| Jing Li | 45 | Chief Financial Officer |

---

*Bin Zhai* has served as our Chairman of the Board of Directors since 2017 and our Chief Executive Officer since 2010. He joined our company in 2006 as executive director of Shenzhen Nanfeng Mortgage Advisory Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Fanhua Inc. Prior to joining us, Mr. Zhai served as account manager of Bank of Communications Tianjin Branch from 1991 to 1993, investment manager at China Ministry of Agriculture Shenzhen Office from 1993 to 1998 and general manager at Shenzhen Modern Warehouse Building Material Co., Ltd. from 1998 to 2006. Mr. Zhai received his bachelor's degree in insurance from Nankai University in China.

*Jun Qian* joined the Company in 2001 and has served as our Vice President since 2010. Mr. Qian has over 20 years of experience in China's loan industry and has served in the Company's senior management team for more than 15 years. Mr. Qian received his bachelor's degree in international trade from Hohai University and his second bachelor's degree in accounting from Guilin University of Electronic Technology.

*Fengyong Gao* has served as our Independent Director since our initial public offering. Mr. Gao is the founder, partner and chief executive director of Leading Capital Co., Ltd. and the founder, partner and chairman of the board of Shanghai Blue Ocean Capital. Mr. Gao previously served as the general manager of the trust department and subsequently as the vice president of Bridge Trust Co., Ltd. from 2003 to 2007. Mr. Gao currently also serves as the independent director of China Haisum Engineering Co., Ltd. and Great Wall Movie and Television Co. Ltd. Mr. Gao received both his bachelor's degree and master's degree in finance from Nankai University in China.

*Lin Xu* has served as our Independent Director since our initial public offering. Mr. Xu currently serves as the chairman of the board of U.S.-China Green Fund. Prior to that, Mr. Xu served as the director general of China Center for Urban Development of NDRC from 2017 to 2018, the director general of Development Planning Department of NDRC from 2012 to 2017. Mr. Xu also served as the director general of Fiscal and Financial Affairs Department of NDRC from 2006 to 2012 and as the deputy director general of Development Planning Department of NDRC from 2002 to 2006. Mr. Xu received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from Hunan Shaoyang Normal College, his first master's degree in economics from Nankai University and his second master's degree of public administration from the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at National University of Singapore.

*Xi Wang* has served as our Independent Director since March 2019. Dr. Wang is currently a professor at Lingnan (University) College, as well as the director of China Institute for Economic Transformation and Opening of Sun Yat-sen University ("SYSU"). He specializes in economics and his research area includes banking and monetary policy, international finance (exchange rates and balance of payments), and China's economy among other subjects. Dr. Wang received his master's degree and Ph.D in economics from SYSU and has been a professor at SYSU since 2004. He is a contributor of multiple business journals, such as the Economic Research Journal, China Economic Quarterly, Finance Research, and Journal of World Economy. Dr. Wang also serves as an independent director at various companies including Palm Eco-Town Development Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange since May 2014, Zhuhai Rural Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. since July 2014, Guangdong Electric Power Development Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange since June 2016, Guangzhou Public Transport Group Co., Ltd. since August 2018, and Guangzhou Yuexiu Financial Holdings Group Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange since January 2019.

*Ge Yang* has served as our Independent Director since November 2022. Mr. Yang has over 30 years of experiences in corporate finance, non-bank financial institution, and wealth and asset management, having worked with public companies both in China and in the U.S. Mr. Yang received his bachelor's degree in international finance from Nankai University, his MBA degree from Tsinghua University, and a second master's degree in accounting from Seton Hall University.

*Zehui Zhang* has served as our Vice President since 2010. He joined Fanhua Inc. in 2001 and served as general manager of Guangdong Nanfeng Insurance Agency Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Fanhua Inc. from 2002 to 2009. Mr. Zhang has over 15 years of experience in finance business. He received his diploma in accounting at Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, formerly known as Guangdong Commercial Management College, in China.

*Huiling Jiang* has served as our Vice President since 2021. She joined the Company in 2008, and served successively as the Manager of Operation Management Department, the Manager of Risk Management Department, the General Manager of Guangzhou Branch, the Manager of Retail Financing Department, the President of Structural Funding Department and the Assistant President of the Company.

*Jing Li* has served as our Chief Financial Officer, Assistant President of the Company and the Head of Department of Finance and Internal Control since the fourth quarter of 2021. Ms. Li has 20 years of experience in the financial industry and holds the certificate of ACCA and IPA. Prior to joining CNFinance Holdings Limited in 2008, she worked for Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP and Fanhua Inc. Ms. Li received her bachelor's degree in financial management from Guangdong University of Foreign Studies and her MPAcc degree from Sun Yat-Sen University.

**6. B. Compensation**

**Compensation**

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, we paid an aggregate of RMB1.3 million (US$0.20 million) in cash to our executive officers (including our executive directors), and we paid US$0.12 million to our non-executive directors. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, we paid for our executive officers (including our executive directors) an aggregate of RMB0.21 million (US$0.03 million) of social insurance plans and housing provident funds required by PRC law. We did not pay such insurance or housing fund for our non-executive directors. For share incentive grants to our directors and executive officers, please refer to "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plan."

**Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements**

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period, which can be renewed upon both parties' agreement before the end of the current employment term. We may terminate an executive officer's employment for cause at any time without advance notice in the event of, among other things, (i) commitments by such executive officer of any serious breach of the terms and conditions of his or her employment and our internal rules and procedures, (ii) conviction of a criminal offense, or (iii) severe neglect of his or her duties or embezzlement to our detriment. We may also terminate an executive officer's employment by giving a 30 days' prior written notice or by paying a compensation of an amount equal to one month's wages of such executive officer. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time by giving a 30 days' prior written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, unless expressly consented to by us, at all times during and after the termination of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, any of our confidential information or the confidential information of our customers and suppliers. In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by certain non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and for two years following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) carry out or otherwise be concerned or interested, directly or indirectly, in certain businesses in direct or indirect competition with us; (ii) assume employment with or provide services to certain of our competitors or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, with such competitors; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, by the offer of alternative employment or other inducement whatsoever, to solicit the services of any of our employees, agents or consultants who are employed or engaged by us at any time in the one year preceding the last date of his or her employment.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we may agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

**Share Incentive Plan** 

***2017 SFIL Share Incentive Plan***

 ****

In January 2017, SFIL adopted the 2017 SFIL Share Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan. Under the 2017 Plan, SFIL granted 187,933,730 options to its certain management members and employees to purchase up to 187,933,730 Class A ordinary shares. The term of the options will not exceed ten years from the date of the grant.

***2018 CNFinance Holdings Limited Share Incentive Plan***

 ****

On August 27, 2018, we adopted the 2018 CNFinance Holdings Limited Share Incentive Plan, or the 2018 Plan, to replace the 2017 Plan and granted 187,933,730 options to certain management members and employees to purchase up to 187,933,730 of our Class A ordinary shares under this 2018 Plan to replace the granted and outstanding options under the 2017 Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the 2018 Plan, 60%, 20% and 20% of the award options shall vest on December 31 of each of the years 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

On December 31, 2023, 80% of the options issued in 2018 had expired. The Board authorized the Company to extend the expiration date of the expired portion from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024.

On December 31, 2024, 100% of the 2018 Option (including the 80% which was postponed on December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024) has expired. The Group extended the expiration date of 100% of the 2018 Option to from December 31. 024 to December 31, 2027.

On December 31, 2019, we granted 119,674,780 options to certain management members and employees to purchase up to 119,674,780 of our Class A ordinary shares under the 2018 Plan. Pursuant to the terms of 2018 Plan, 50%, 30% and 20% of the award options shall vest on December 31 of each of the years of 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

The purpose of the 2018 Plan is to promote the success and enhance the value of the Company by linking the personal interests of the members of the board of directors, employees and consultants to those of the Company shareholders and by providing such individuals with an incentive for outstanding performance to generate superior returns to the Company shareholders. The 2018 Plan is further intended to provide flexibility to the Company in its ability to motivate, attract and retain the services of member of the board of director, employees and consultants upon whose judgment, interest and special effort the successful conduct of the Company's operation is largely dependent. The 2018 Plan provides for the issuance of up to an aggregate of 307,608,510 of our Class A ordinary shares.

The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2018 Plan.

***Types of Awards****.* The 2018 Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares and restricted share units and other rights or benefits under the 2018 Plan.

***Plan Administration****.* The 2018 Plan shall be administered by the board of directors; provided, however, that the board of directors may delegate to a committee of one or more members of the board of the directors the authority to grant or amend Awards to grantee other than Independent Directors and executive officers of the Company. The committee shall consist of at least two individuals, each of whom qualifies as a non-employee director.

***Eligibility****.* Employees, consultants of the Company or its affiliate and member of the board of directors are eligible to participate in the 2018 Plan. An employee or consultant who has been granted an award may, if he or she is otherwise eligible, be granted additional awards.

***Designation of Award****.* Each award under the 2018 Plan is designated in an award agreement, which is a written agreement evidencing the grant of an award executed by the company and the grantee, including any amendments thereto.

***Conditions of Award****.* The board of directors or any entity appointed by the board of directors to administer the 2018 Plan shall determine the provisions, terms, and conditions of each award including, but not limited to, the award vesting schedule, repurchase provisions, rights of first refusal, forfeiture provisions, and form of payment upon settlement of the award.

***Terms of Award****.* The term of each award is stated in the award agreement between the Company and the grantee of such award.

***Amendment, Modification, Suspension or Termination of the 2018 Plan****.* The administrator of the 2018 Plan may amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate this 2018 Plan, or any Award Agreement hereunder or any portion hereof or thereof at any time; provided, however, that (a) to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with applicable laws defined therein, or stock exchange rules, the Company shall obtain shareholder approval of any Plan amendment in such a manner and to such a degree as required, and (b) shareholder approval is required for any amendment to the 2018 Plan that (i) increases the number of shares available under the 2018 Plan (other than any adjustment as provided by Article 8 of the 2018 Plan), (ii) permits the Committee to extend the term of the 2018 Plan or the exercise period for an option beyond ten years from the date of grant, or (iii) results in a material increase in benefits or a change in eligibility requirements.

The following table summarizes, as of the date of this annual report, the outstanding equity awards granted to our directors and executive officers under the 2018 Plan, which replaced the 2017 Plan.

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Number of<br> Options<br> Outstanding(1)** | **Ordinary<br> Shares<br> Underlying<br> Equity<br> Awards<br> Granted(1)** | **Exercise<br> Price <br> (Per share)(1)** | **Exercise<br> Price <br> (Per share)(1)** | **Date of<br> Grant(1)** | **Date of<br> Expiration** |
| Bin Zhai | 40000000 | 40000000 | RMB | 0.5 | January 3, 2017 | December 31, 2027 |
| Ning Li | 30000000 | 30000000 | RMB | 0.5 | January 3, 2017 | December 31, 2027 |
| Jun Qian | 20000000 | 20000000 | RMB | 0.5 | January 3, 2017 | December 31, 2027 |
| Zehui Zhang | 20000000 | 20000000 | RMB | 0.5 | January 3, 2017 | December 31, 2027 |
| All directors and executive officers as a group | 110000000 | 110000000 | RMB | 0.5 | January 3, 2017 | December 31, 2027 |

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Notes:

(1) Does not include 35,902,434 options to purchase up
 to 35,902,434 of our Class A ordinary shares granted under the 2018 Plan on December 31, 2019, with an exercise price of RMB1.0 per
 share. Such options will be considered vested as to 50%, 30%, 20% on each of December 31, 2020, December 31, 2021 and December 31,
 2022, respectively, but will only be distributed to the applicable grantees based on their performance scores on December 31, 2022,
 subject to continued employment through such date.

As of the date of this annual report, our other employees as a group held options to purchase up to 161,706,076 of our Class A ordinary shares. For the options granted on January 3, 2017, our other employees as a group held options to purchase up to 77,933,730 of our Class A ordinary shares, with an exercise price of RMB0.5 per share. For the option granted on December 31, 2019, our other employees as a group held options to purchase up to 83,772,346 of our Class A ordinary shares, with an exercise price of RMB1.0 per share.

For discussions of our accounting policies and estimates for awards granted pursuant to the 2018 Plan, see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates—Share-based compensation expenses."

**6. C. Board Practices**

**Board of Directors**

Our Board of Directors consists of six directors, including four independent directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director.

A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his or her interest at a meeting of our directors. A general notice given to the directors by any director to the effect that he or she is a member, shareholder, director, partner, officer or employee of any specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract or transaction with that company or firm shall be deemed a sufficient declaration of interest for the purposes of voting on a resolution in respect to a contract or transaction in which he/she has an interest, and after such general notice it shall not be necessary to give special notice relating to any particular transaction. A director may vote in respect of any contract or proposed contract or arrangement notwithstanding that he/she may be interested therein and if he/she does so, his/her vote shall be counted and he/she may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of the directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. Our board of directors may exercise all of the powers of our company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, or any part thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party. None of our directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service as a director.

**Committees of the Board of Directors**

Our Board of Directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee under our Board of Directors. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee's members and functions are described below.

***Audit Committee***

 ****

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Fengyong Gao, Mr. Lin Xu and Mr. Xi Wang, and is chaired by Mr. Fengyong Gao. We have determined that Mr. Fengyong Gao, Mr. Lin Xu and Mr. Xi Wang satisfy the requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We have determined that Mr. Fengyong Gao qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert." The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

● reviewing and recommending to our board for approval, the appointment, re-appointment or removal of the independent auditor, after considering its annual performance evaluation of the independent auditor;

● approving the remuneration and terms of engagement of the independent auditor and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent auditors at least annually;

● obtaining a written report from our independent auditor describing matters relating to its independence and quality control procedures;

● reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management's response;

● discussing with our independent auditor, among other things, the audits of the financial statements, including whether any material information should be disclosed, issues regarding accounting and auditing principles and practices;

● reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act;

● reviewing and recommending the financial statements for inclusion within our quarterly earnings releases and to our board for inclusion in our annual reports;

● discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm;

● reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any special steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

● at least annually, reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of the committee charter;

● approving annual audit plans, and undertaking an annual performance evaluation of the internal audit function;

● establishing and overseeing procedures for the handling of complaints and whistleblowing;

● meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent registered public accounting firm;

● monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance; and

● reporting regularly to the board.

***Compensation Committee***

 ****

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Bin Zhai, Mr. Jun Qian and Mr. Fengyong Gao and is chaired by Mr. Bin Zhai. We have determined that Mr. Fengyong Gao satisfies the "independence" requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his or her compensation is deliberated upon. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

● overseeing the development and implementation of compensation programs in consultation with our management;

● at least annually, reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our executive officers;

● at least annually, reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-executive directors;

● at least annually, reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or other similar arrangements;

● reviewing executive officer and director indemnification and insurance matters;

● overseeing our regulatory compliance with respect to compensation matters, including our policies on restrictions on compensation plans and loans to directors and executive officers;

● at least annually, reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of the committee charter;

● selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person's independence from management; and

● reporting regularly to the board.

***Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee***

 ****

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Bin Zhai, Mr. Jun Qian and Mr. Xi Wang, and is chaired by Mr. Bin Zhai. We have determined that Mr. Xi Wang satisfies the "independence" requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

● recommending nominees to the board for election or re-election to the board, or for appointment to fill any vacancy on the board;

● reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience, expertise, diversity and availability of service to us;

● developing and recommending to our board such policies and procedures with respect to nomination or appointment of members of our board and chairs and members of its committees or other corporate governance matters as may be required pursuant to any SEC or NYSE rules, or otherwise considered desirable and appropriate;

● selecting and recommending to the board the names of directors to serve as members of the audit committee and the compensation committee, as well as of the nominating and corporate governance committee itself;

● at least annually, reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of the committee charter;

● developing and reviewing at least annually the corporate governance principles adopted by the board and advising the board with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance and our compliance with such laws and practices; and

● evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the board as a whole.

**Duties and Functions of Directors**

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonable prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached. The functions and powers of our Board of Directors include, among others, (i) convening shareholders' annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings, (ii) declaring dividends, (iii) appointing officers and determining their terms of offices and responsibilities, and (iv) approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our share register.

**Terms of Directors and Officers**

Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board. Each director is not subject to a term of office and holds office until such time as his successor takes office or until the earlier of his death, resignation or removal from office by special resolution or the unanimous written resolution of all shareholders. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found by our company to be of unsound mind; (iii) resigns by notice in writing to our company; (iv) without special leave of absence from our Board of Directors, is absent from three consecutive meetings of the board and the board resolves that his office be vacated; (v) is prohibited by law from being a director; or (vi) is removed from office pursuant to any other provisions of our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

**Interested Transactions**

A director may, subject to approval of the chairman of the relevant board meeting and under applicable law or applicable NYSE rules, vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested, provided that the nature of the interest of any directors in such contract or transaction is disclosed by him or her at or prior to its consideration and any vote in that matter.

**6. D. Employees**

We had 326 employees as of December 31, 2025. Our employees are based in our headquarters in Guangzhou, Guangdong province and various local offices over 30 cities across China.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our employees by function as of December 31, 2025.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of <br> December 31, 2025** | **As of <br> December 31, 2025** |
| <br>**Functions** | **Number** | **% of <br> Total<br> Employees** |
| Risk Management | 156 | 47.9% |
| Sales and Marketing | 59 | 18.1% |
| General and Administration | 25 | 7.6% |
| Finance | 43 | 13.2% |
| Others | 43 | 13.2% |
| **Total** | **326** | **100.0%** |

---

As required by laws and regulations in China, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments, including, among other things, housing, pension, medical insurance and unemployment insurance.

We typically enter into standard employment, confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our senior management. These contracts include a standard non-compete covenant that prohibits any employee from competing with us, directly or indirectly, during his or her employment and for two years after the termination of employment, provided that we pay monthly compensation equal to 30% of his or her previous average monthly salary during the restriction period.

We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any labor disputes. None of our employees are represented by labor unions.

**6. E. Share Ownership**

The following table sets forth information concerning the beneficial ownership of our Class A ordinary shares, as of March 31, 2026, by:

● each of our directors and executive officers; and

● each person known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our Class A ordinary shares.

The calculations in the table below are based on 1,371,643,240 Class A ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of the date of March 31, 2026.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant, or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Functions** | **Class A<br> Ordinary<br> Shares** | **% of<br> Beneficially Ownership<br> of total Class A<br> Ordinary<br> Shares and<br> Class B<br> Ordinary<br> Shares** | **% of<br> Aggregate<br> Voting<br> Power** |
| **Directors and Executive Officers:†** | | | |
| Bin Zhai<sup>(1)</sup> | 283949380 | 20.1% | 20.1% |
| Jun Qian<sup>(2)</sup> | 20000000 | 1.4% | 1.4% |
| Zehui Zhang<sup>(3)</sup> | 20000000 | 1.4% | 1.4% |
| Huiling Jiang |  |  |  |
| Jing Li |  |  |  |
| Fengyong Gao |  |  |  |
| Lin Xu |  |  |  |
| Xi Wang |  |  |  |
| Ge Yang |  |  |  |
| **Principal Shareholders:** |  |  |  |
| Kylin Investment Holdings Limited<sup>(4)</sup> | 283949380 | 17.8% | 17.8% |
| S. Donald Sussman<sup>(5)</sup> | 139187000 | 10.1% | 10.1% |
| Neil Gagnon<sup>(6)</sup> | 93301000 | 6.8% | 6.8% |

---

Notes:

\* For each person and group included in this table, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of shares beneficially owned by such person or group by the sum of (i) 1,559,576,960, being the number of Class A ordinary shares as of March 31, 2026 and (ii) the number of Class A ordinary shares underlying share options held by such person or group that are exercisable within 60 days after March 31, 2026.

† The business address of our directors and executive
 officers except for Mr. Fengyong Gao, Mr. Lin Xu, Mr. Xi Wang and Mr. Ge Yang is 22/F, South Finance Center, No. 7 Chunrong Road
 Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. The business address for Mr. Fengyong Gao
 is Room 703A, No.1518 Minsheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai. The business address for Mr. Lin Xu is No.1405, Building 4, No.3
 Courtyard, Sanlihe Yiqu, Xicheng District, Beijing. The business address for Mr. Xi Wang is No.66 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong
 Province. The business address for Mr. Ge Yang is 32 Crabtree Ln Tenafly, NJ 07670, the U.S.A.

(1) Includes (i) options we granted to Mr. Bin Zhai under
 the 2018 Plan to purchase up to 40,000,000 of our Class A ordinary shares that are immediately exercisable; and (ii) the equity
 interest held by Mr. Bin Zhai through Kylin Investment Holdings Limited, or Kylin Investment, as set forth in note (4) below.

(2) Includes options we granted to Mr. Jun Qian under the
 2018 Plan to purchase up to 20,000,000 of our Class A ordinary shares that are immediately exercisable. This does not include the
 equity interest held by Mr. Jun Qian through Kylin Investment, as set forth in note (4) below.

(3) Includes options we granted to Mr. Zehui Zhang under
 the 2018 Plan to purchase up to 20,000,000 of our Class A ordinary shares that are immediately exercisable. This does not include
 the equity interest held by Mr. Zehui Zhang through Kylin Investment, as set forth in note (4) below.

(4) Represents 243,949,380 Class A ordinary shares of
 our company held by Kylin Investment Holdings Limited, or Kylin Investment, a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands.
 50% of the total outstanding shares of Kylin Investment are held by Mr. Bin Zhai, our chairman and chief executive officer. 30% of
 the total outstanding shares of Kylin Investment are held by Mr. Ning Li, our former executive director and former chief financial
 officer. 10% of the total outstanding shares of Kylin Investment are held by Mr. Jun Qian, one of our officers and 10% of the total
 outstanding shares of Kylin Investment are held by Mr. Zehui Zhang, one of our officers. Mr. Bin Zhai may be deemed to have the power
 to direct voting and disposition of the 243,949,380 of our Class A ordinary shares held by Kylin Investment. The business address
 of Kylin Investment Holdings Limited is Floor 44, Building G, Winter Square, Gaode Land, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's
 Republic of China.

(5) Represents 139,187,000 Class A ordinary shares of
 our company held by Mr. S. Donald Sussman, which may be held, in part, in the forms of ADS, with each ADS representing two hundred
 (200) Class A ordinary shares. The foregoing beneficial ownership information of Mr. S. Donald Sussman is based on the Amendment
 No.4 to the Schedule 13G filed by Mr. S. Donald Sussman with the SEC on February 13, 2025. The business address of Mr. S. Donald
 Sussman is 888 E Las Olas Blvd, Suite 710, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301-2395, U.S.A.

(6) Represents 93,301,000 Class A ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Neil Gagnon, which may be held, in part, in the forms of ADS, with each ADS representing two hundred (200) Class A ordinary shares. This amount consists of: (i) 8,408,800 ordinary shares over which Mr. Gagnon has sole voting and dispositive power; (ii) 65,648,200 ordinary shares over which Mr. Gagnon shares dispositive power (including 65,344,200 shares with shared voting power) in his capacity as the Chief Executive Officer and principal owner of Gagnon Securities LLC, which acts as an investment manager to several customer accounts; and (iii) 16,071,800 ordinary shares over which Mr. Gagnon shares voting and dispositive power in his capacity as the managing member of Gagnon Advisors, LLC, which acts as an investment manager to Gagnon Investment Associates, LLC.. The foregoing beneficial ownership information of Mr. Neil Gagnon is based on the Schedule Amendment No. 2 to the Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 12, 2026 by Neil Gagnon, Gagnon Securities LLC and Gagnon Advisors, LLC. The business address of Mr. Gagnon is 1370 Ave. of Americas, 26th Floor, New York, NY 10019.

**6. F. Disclosure of a Registrant's Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation**

Not applicable

**Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions**

**7. A. Major Shareholders**

Please refer to "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership."

**7. B. Related Party Transactions**

**Employment Agreements**

See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—6.B. Compensation—Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements" for a description of the employment agreements we have entered into with our senior executive officers.

**Share Incentives**

See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—6.B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plan" for a description of share options we have granted to our directors, officers and other individuals as a group.

**Other Related Party Transactions**

The Group did not have any other related party transactions in the year ended December 31, 2025.

**7. C. Interests of Experts and Counsel**

Not applicable.

**Item 8. Financial Information**

**8. A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information**

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

**Legal and Administrative Proceedings**

We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in a substantial cost and diversion to our resources, including our management's time and attention. For risks relating to legal and administrative proceedings against us, please see "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We are involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business from time to time. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition."

**Dividend Policy**

We have not previously declared or paid cash dividends and we have no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on our shares or the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely principally on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business" and "Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Dividend Distribution."

Our Board of Directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, subject to the provisions in our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our Board of Directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our Board of Directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends on our Class A ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to the ADS holders in proportion to the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See "Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities—American Depositary Shares."

**8. B. Significant Changes**

Except as otherwise disclosed in this report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of the annual financial statements included herein.

**Item 9. The Offer And Listing**

**9. A. Offering and Listing Details**

Our ADSs have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since November 7, 2018 under the symbol "CNF." On September 5, 2025, we implemented a ratio change of our ADSs to Class A ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing twenty (20) Class A ordinary shares to one (1) ADS representing two hundred (200) Class A ordinary shares. Each ADS currently represents two hundred (200) of our Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share.

**9. B. Plan of Distribution**

Not applicable.

**9. C. Markets**

Our ADSs have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since November 7, 2018 under the symbol "CNF."

**9. D. Selling Shareholders**

Not applicable.

**9. E. Dilution**

Not applicable.

**9. F. Expenses of the Issue**

Not applicable.

**Item 10. Additional Information**

**10. A. Share Capital**

Not applicable.

**10. B. Memorandum and Articles of Association**

We incorporate by reference into this annual report our Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the form of which was filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our current report on Form 6-K (File Number 001-38726), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 10, 2025. Our members adopted our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association by a special resolution on December 10, 2025, which became effective immediately.

**10. C. Material Contracts**

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in this annual report.

**10. D. Exchange Controls**

The Cayman Islands currently has no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions. For exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in China, see "Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange."

**10. E. Taxation**

**Cayman Islands Taxation** 

According to Walkers (Hong Kong), our Cayman counsel, the Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation, and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us or holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares levied by the government of the Cayman Islands, except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

Our Company has been incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and, as such, has obtained an undertaking from the Government of the Cayman Islands as to tax concessions under the Tax Concessions Act (as amended). In accordance with the provision of Section 6 of the Tax Concession Act (as amended), the Governor in Cabinet undertakes with our company:

● that no law which is hereafter enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciation shall apply to our company or its operations; and

● in addition, that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable:

● on or in respect of the shares or other obligations of our company; or

● by way of the withholding, in whole or part, of any relevant payment as defined in Section 6(3) of the Tax Concessions Law (as amended).

These concessions shall be for a period of 20 years from January 28, 2014.

**PRC Taxation**

Under the PRC EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was lastly amended on December 29, 2018, an enterprise established outside the PRC with "de facto management bodies" within the PRC is considered a "resident enterprise" for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. Under the implementation rules to the PRC EIT Law, a "de facto management body" is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise.

In addition, the SAT Circular 82 issued by the SAT in April 2009 and as amended on December 29, 2017, specifies that certain offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups will be classified as PRC resident enterprises if the following are located or resident in the PRC: (a) senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; (b) financial and personnel decision-making bodies; (c) key properties, accounting books, company seal, minutes of board meetings and shareholders' meetings; and (d) half or more of the senior management or directors having voting rights. Further to SAT Circular 82, the SAT issued the SAT Bulletin 45, which took effect in September 2011, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82. SAT Bulletin 45 provides for procedures and administration details of determination on resident status and administration on post-determination matters. Our company is a company incorporated outside the PRC. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside the PRC. As such, we do not believe that our company meets all of the conditions above or is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. For the similar reasons, we believe our other entities outside China are not PRC resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term "de facto management body." There can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with us. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. For example, a 10% withholding tax would be imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders). In addition, nonresident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by us). These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to obtain the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders."

**Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations** 

The following are material U.S. federal income tax consequences to the U.S. Holders described below of the ownership and disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, but this discussion does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person's decision to hold such ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. This discussion applies only to a U.S. Holder that holds the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as capital assets for U. S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant in light of a U.S. Holder's particular circumstances, including any minimum tax, the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income and tax consequences applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such as:

● certain financial institutions;

● dealers or traders in securities that use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;

● persons holding ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as part of a straddle, conversion transaction or similar transaction;

● persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;

● entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

● tax-exempt entities, "individual retirement accounts" or "Roth IRAs";

● persons who acquired our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of an employee stock option or otherwise as compensation;

● persons that own or are deemed to own 10% or more of the Company's stock by vote or value; or

● persons holding ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside the United States.

If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes owns ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships owning ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of ADSs and Class A ordinary shares.

This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, and the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC (the "Treaty"), all as of the date hereof, any of which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion assumes that each obligation under the deposit agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms.

As used herein, a "U.S. Holder" is a person that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes a beneficial owner of the Company's ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and:

● a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

● a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia; or

● an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.

In general, a U.S. Holder that owns ADSs will be treated as the owner of the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if a U.S. Holder exchanges ADSs for the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by those ADSs.

This discussion does not address the effects of any state, local or non-U.S. tax laws, or any U.S. federal taxes other than income taxes (such as U.S. federal estate or gift tax consequences). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of owning and disposing of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in their particular circumstances.

***Passive Foreign Investment Company***

 ****

In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average value of its assets (generally determined on a quarterly basis) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that directly or indirectly owns at least 25% by value of the equity interests of another corporation or partnership is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation or partnership and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation of partnership. Passive income generally includes interest, income equivalent to interest, rents, dividends, royalties and gains from financial investments.

It is not entirely clear how the PFIC rules should apply to a company with a business such as ours. For example, although the loans issued through our trust plans are shown in their entirety as our assets on our consolidated balance sheet, it is not clear whether for purposes of the PFIC rules we should be treated as owning only our subordinated interests in the trust plans, and earning only the portion of the trust plans' interest income attributable thereto. If we are treated as owning only the subordinated units and the portion of the trust plans' loans attributable thereto, our PFIC status for any taxable year may depend on the relative values of the loans we are treated as owning and our other passive assets on the one hand, and the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets (to the extent attributable to the services we provide) and fee receivables on the other hand. The value of our goodwill and other intangible assets, and the extent to which our goodwill and other intangible assets should be treated as active assets are not entirely clear. Moreover, the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets may be determined by reference to our market capitalization, which has declined in recent years and may continue to decline or be volatile. In addition, we provide loan facilitation, loan administration and other services in connection with the loans issued by our trust plans and we charge our trust plans service fees that are eliminated in, and therefore not shown on, our consolidated income statement. Therefore, our PFIC status for any taxable year may depend on the relative amounts of our fee and interest income (which as discussed above may be less than the amount of interest income shown on our income statement, if we are treated as owning only a portion of the trusts' loans). Furthermore, it is not entirely clear whether a portion of the interest income earned by the trust plans could be treated as payable in part for services to the borrowers. Although our PFIC status for any taxable year is not entirely clear, based on the composition of our income and assets and the manner in which we currently operate our business, we were likely a PFIC for our 2025 and prior taxable years, and will likely be a PFIC for our 2026 taxable year and future taxable years, subject to the discussion in the subsequent paragraph regarding the Active Financing Exception, as defined below. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the proper application of the PFIC rules to us and our PFIC status for any taxable year.

For purposes of the PFIC rules "passive income" is defined by way of a cross-reference to Section 954(c) of the Code, which applies for purposes of the Code's "controlled foreign corporation" ("CFC") rules. A different provision under the CFC rules (namely Section 954(h) of the Code) sets forth an exception for interest income derived by "eligible CFCs" that are "predominantly engaged" in the active conduct of a financing or similar business (the "Active Financing Exception"). Because the Active Financing Exception addresses eligible CFCs, there has been uncertainty as to whether it could apply to determine the PFIC status of companies that are not CFCs, such as our company. Proposed Treasury regulations promulgated in 2019 (the "2019 Proposed Regulations") provided that the Active Financing Exception could apply to determine the PFIC status of such companies. However, in 2020 these regulations were finalized (the "2020 Final Regulations") without addressing the Active Financing Exception. Although the 2020 Final Regulations are silent on the availability of the Active Financing Exception to companies like us, in the preamble to the 2020 Final Regulations Treasury expressed its position that under current law the Active Financing Exception does not apply in determining the PFIC status of a company that is neither a CFC nor a bank. The 2020 Final Regulations apply to taxable years of shareholders beginning on or after January 14, 2021. Treasury indicated in the preamble to the 2020 Final Regulations that taxpayers can rely on the 2019 Proposed Regulations to apply the Active Financing Exception for any open taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2020. Concurrently with the issuance of the 2020 Final Regulations, Treasury issued proposed regulations (the "2020 Proposed Regulations") that would state explicitly that the Active Financing Exception is available only if the tested non-U.S. corporation is a bank. The 2020 Proposed Regulations have not been finalized yet. Based on the foregoing**,** U.S. Holders (i) generally are permitted to apply the Active Financing Exception for a taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2020 (provided that we in fact satisfied the exception's conditions for the relevant year), (ii) should expect that the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") will not agree with a return position that applies the Active Financing Exception for any subsequent taxable year, and (iii) should be aware that if the 2020 Proposed Regulations are finalized in their current form they generally will not be able to take the position that the Active Financing Exception applies for any taxable year to which the regulations apply. If we were "predominantly engaged" in the active conduct of a financing or similar business (as defined for purposes of the Active Financing Exception) and met all of the exception's requirements, then we would not be a PFIC for any taxable year with respect to which taxpayers validly applied the Active Financing Exception, if applicable. U.S. Holders should be aware that we have not determined whether these requirements were in fact satisfied. Moreover, if any of our trust plans is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and if such trust's senior unit holders are treated as owning interests in such partnership other than as creditors, the characterization of our interest income as active under the Active Financing Exception may also depend, in part, on whether we owned 25% or more of the value of such trust for the relevant taxable years. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Active Financing Exception could apply to us with respect to any taxable year prior to the finalization of the 2020 Proposed Regulations, and whether it is advisable to take this position in light of Treasury's views, as described above.

Our company may also hold, directly or indirectly, equity interests in subsidiaries and other entities which are PFICs (collectively "Lower-tier PFICs"). Under attribution rules, if we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders will be deemed to own their proportionate share of the equity interests in each Lower-tier PFICs and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax according to the PFIC rules described below on (i) certain distributions by a Lower-tier PFIC and (ii) a disposition of equity interests of a Lower-tier PFIC, in each case as if the U.S. Holder held such interests directly, even though the U.S. Holders will not receive the proceeds of those distributions or dispositions directly.

A U.S. Holder that owns our company's ADSs or Class A ordinary shares (or as discussed above is deemed to own equity interests of any Lower-tier PFIC) during any taxable year in which we are a PFIC will generally be subject to adverse tax treatment. In general, gain recognized on a disposition (including, under certain circumstances, a pledge) of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by the U.S. Holder (or on an indirect disposition of equity interests of any Lower-tier PFIC) will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder's holding period for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of disposition and to any year before we (or, a Lower-tier PFIC, as the case may be) became a PFIC, will be taxed as ordinary income. The amounts allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for that taxable year for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, and an interest charge will be imposed on the resulting tax liability for each taxable year. Any loss recognized upon disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will be capital loss and will be long-term capital loss if the U.S. Holder held the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. The total amount of gain (before the imposition of interest charges described above) or loss will equal the difference between the U.S. Holder's tax basis in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares disposed of and the amount realized on disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars.

Furthermore, to the extent that distributions received in a taxable year by a U.S. Holder on its ADSs or Class A ordinary shares (or a distribution by any Lower-tier PFIC that is deemed to be received by a U.S. Holder) exceed 125% of the average of the annual distributions received (or deemed received) during the preceding three taxable years or the U.S. Holder's holding period, whichever is shorter, the excess distributions will be subject to taxation in the same manner.

If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such ADSs or Class A ordinary shares held by the U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds such ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, even if we cease to be a PFIC, unless the U.S. Holder makes a "deemed sale" election, which would allow the U.S. Holder to eliminate the continuing PFIC status under certain circumstances but would require the U.S. Holder to recognize gain taxed under the general PFIC rules described above.

If the ADSs are "regularly traded" on a "qualified exchange," a U.S. Holder of ADSs may make a mark-to-market election that would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above. The ADSs will be treated as "regularly traded" in any calendar year in which more than a de minimis quantity of the ADSs are traded on a qualified exchange on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. The New York Stock Exchange on which the ADSs are listed is a qualified exchange for this purpose. If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, the U.S. Holder generally will recognize as ordinary income any excess of the fair market value of the ADSs at the end of each taxable year over their adjusted tax basis, and will recognize an ordinary loss in respect of any excess of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election). If a U.S. Holder makes the election, the U.S. Holder's tax basis in the ADSs will be adjusted to reflect the income or loss amounts recognized. Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs in a year when the Company is a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as an ordinary loss (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election, with any excess loss treated as a capital loss). Distributions paid on ADSs will be treated as discussed below under "—Taxation of Distributions." U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the availability and advisability of making a mark-to-market election in their particular circumstances. In particular, U.S. Holders should consider carefully the impact of a mark-to-market election with respect to their ADSs given that we may have Lower-tier PFICs and that there is no provision in the Code, Treasury regulations or any administrative guidance that would permit making a mark-to-market election with respect to any Lower-tier PFIC the shares of which are not "regularly traded" as described above.

If we are a PFIC (or with respect to a particular U.S. Holder are treated as a PFIC) for a taxable year in which we pay a dividend or for the prior taxable year, the favorable tax rate applicable to "qualified dividend income" paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders will not apply.

We do not intend to provide U.S. Holders with the information necessary to make a qualified electing fund election, which if available would result in an alternative treatment of the ADSs and Class A ordinary shares.

If a U.S. Holder owns ADSs or Class A ordinary shares during any year in which we are PFIC, the U.S. Holder generally must file annual reports on an IRS form 8621 with respect to us and any Lower-tier PFIC, generally with the U.S. Holder's federal income tax return for that year.

The application of the PFIC rules to an investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares is complex. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers concerning our PFIC status for any taxable year and the application of the PFIC rules in their particular circumstances.

***Taxation of Distributions***

 ****

The following discussion is subject to the discussion under "—Passive Foreign Investment Company" above.

Distributions paid on the Company's ADSs or Class A ordinary shares (other than certain pro rata distributions of Class A ordinary shares) will be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of our company's current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because we do not calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions generally will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. Dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to U.S. corporations under the Code. In light of the discussion in "—Passive Foreign Investment Company" above, non-corporate U.S. Holders should expect that dividends, if any, will likely not be eligible for preferential tax rates.

Dividends will be included in a U.S. Holder's income on the date of the U.S. Holder's, or in the case of ADSs, the depositary's, receipt. The amount of any dividend income paid in foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the spot rate in effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars on such date. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the amount received. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.

Dividends will be treated as foreign-source income for foreign tax credit purposes. As described in "Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—PRC Taxation," dividends paid by the Company may be subject to PRC withholding tax. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of the dividend income will include any amounts withheld in respect of PRC withholding tax. Subject to applicable limitations, which vary depending upon the U.S. Holder's circumstances and the discussion below regarding certain Treasury regulations, PRC taxes withheld from dividend payments (at a rate not exceeding the applicable rate provided in the Treaty if a U.S. Holder is eligible for Treaty Benefits) generally will be creditable against a U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the creditability of PRC taxes in their particular circumstances. For example, Treasury regulations provide that, in the absence of an election to apply the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty, in order for non-U.S. income taxes to be creditable, the relevant non-U.S. income tax rules must be consistent with certain U.S. federal income tax principles, and we have not determined whether the PRC income tax system meets this requirement. The IRS has released notices that provide relief from certain of the provisions of the Treasury regulations described above for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). In lieu of claiming a credit, a U.S. Holder may elect to deduct any creditable PRC taxes in computing its taxable income, subject to applicable limitations. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits applies to all otherwise creditable foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year.

***Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares***

 ****

The following discussion is subject to the discussion under "—Passive Foreign Investment Company" above. A U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss on a sale or other taxable disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or disposition and the U.S. Holder's tax basis in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares disposed of, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. Such gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or disposition, the U.S. Holder has owned the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares for more than one year, and we are not a PFIC (or treated as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. Holder). Long-term capital gains recognized by noncorporate U.S. Holders are subject to tax rates that are lower than those applicable to ordinary income. In light of the discussion under "—Passive Foreign Investment Company" above, U.S. Holders should expect that any gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will likely not be treated as long-term capital gain. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

***Foreign tax credit for PRC taxes imposed on disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares***

 ****

As described in "Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—PRC Taxation," gain on the sale of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may be subject to PRC taxes if the Company is considered a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes. Under the Code, capital gains of U.S. persons are generally treated as U.S. source income. However, a U.S. Holder that is eligible for Treaty benefits may be able to elect to treat the gain as foreign-source income under the Treaty and claim foreign tax credit in respect of any PRC tax on dispositions. Treasury regulations generally preclude a U.S. Holder from claiming a foreign tax credit with respect to PRC income taxes on gains from dispositions of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares if the U.S. Holder is not eligible for, or does not elect to apply, the benefits of the Treaty. As discussed above, the IRS has released notices that provide relief from certain of the provisions of these Treasury regulations (including the limitation described in the preceding sentence) for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). However, even if these Treasury regulations do not prohibit U.S. Holders from claiming a foreign tax credit with respect to any PRC taxes on disposition gains, other limitations under the foreign tax credit rules may preclude U.S. Holders from claiming (or limit U.S. Holders' ability to claim) a foreign tax credit in whole or in part. If a U.S. Holder is precluded from claiming (or does not wish to claim) a foreign tax credit, it is possible that any PRC taxes on disposition gains may either be deductible or reduce the amount realized on the disposition. An election to deduct non-U.S. taxes in lieu of claiming foreign tax credits applies to all otherwise creditable non-U.S. taxes paid or accrued in the relevant taxable year. The rules governing foreign tax credits and deductibility of foreign taxes are complex. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the consequences of the imposition of any PRC tax on disposition gains, including the Treaty's resourcing rule, any reporting requirements with respect to a Treaty-based return position and the creditability or deductibility of the PRC tax on disposition gains in their particular circumstances (including any applicable limitations).

***Information Reporting and Backup Withholding***

 ****

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient (and if required, establishes its status as such) or (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals (or certain specified entities) may be required to report information relating to their ownership of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares or non-U.S. financial accounts through which they are held. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding their reporting obligations with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

**10. F. Dividends and Paying Agents**

Not applicable.

**10. G. Statement by Experts**

Not applicable.

**10. H. Documents on Display**

We have filed this annual report on Form 20-F, including exhibits, with the SEC. As allowed by the SEC, in Item 19 of this annual report, we incorporate by reference certain information we filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report. We have also filed a registration statement on Form F-6 (Registration No. 333-228089), a registration statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333230955), and a registration statement on Form 8-A (Registration No. 001-38726), including relevant exhibits and schedules under the Securities Act, covering the Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs, as well as the ADSs.

You may read and copy this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and at the SEC's regional offices in New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois. You also can request copies of this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing information on the operation of the SEC's Public Reference Room.

The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. Our annual report and some of the other information submitted by us to the SEC may be accessed through this website. We are subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers, and are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually an annual report on Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year, which is December 31. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We will furnish JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., the depositary of our ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders' meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders' meeting received by the depositary from us.

**10. I. Subsidiary information**

Not applicable.

**10. J. Annual Report to Security Holders**

Not applicable.

**Item 11. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk**

***Interest rate risk***

 ****

Our exposure to interest rate risk relates to the interest income and financing service fee on loans and interest on deposits with banks. Borrowers' cost of borrowing mainly consist of interest rates charged under trust plans. An increase in prevailing interest rates could result in an increase in the interest rates of loans we facilitate, and borrowers may be less likely to accept such adjusted terms. If borrowers decide not to use the products or services we offer because of such an increase in market interest rates, our ability to retain existing borrowers and engage prospective borrowers as well as our competitive position may be severely impaired.

***Foreign exchange risk***

 ****

Substantially all of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. The functional currency of our company is the Hong Kong dollar. The functional currency of SFIL, which is incorporated in British Virgin Islands, is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of our subsidiary in the PRC is the Renminbi. We use Renminbi as our reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency during the year are converted into functional currency at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occurred. Due to foreign currency translation adjustments, we recognized a foreign exchange loss of RMB867,116 in 2023, a foreign exchange gain of RMB524,149 in 2024, and a foreign exchange loss of RMB4,739,910 (US$6,77,798) in 2025, respectively.

The Renminbi is not freely convertible into foreign currencies for capital account transactions. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China's political and economic conditions and China's foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U. S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

***Inflation risk***

 ****

Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2023, 2024 and 2025 were increases of 0.2%, 0.1% and 0.8%, respectively. Although we have not in the past been materially affected by inflation since our inception, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China.

**Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities**

**12. A. Debt Securities**

Not applicable.

**12. B. Warrants and Rights**

Not applicable.

**12. C. Other Securities**

Not applicable.

**12. D. American Depositary Shares**

**Fees and Expenses**

Pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, the depositary may charge each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of shares, issuances in respect of share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal of deposited securities or whose ADRs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason, $5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered, as the case may be. The depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of a share distribution, rights and/or other distribution prior to such deposit to pay such charge.

The following additional charges shall be incurred by the ADR holders, by any party depositing or withdrawing shares or by any party surrendering ADSs and/or to whom ADSs are issued (including, without limitation, issuance pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock regarding the ADSs or the deposited securities or a distribution of ADSs), whichever is applicable:

● a fee of US$1.50 per ADR or ADRs for transfers of certificated or direct registration ADRs;

● a fee of up to US$0.05 per ADS for any cash distribution made, or for any elective cash/stock dividend offered, pursuant to the deposit agreement;

● an aggregate fee of up to US$0.05 per ADS per calendar year (or portion thereof) for services performed by the depositary in administering the ADRs (which fee may be charged on a periodic basis during each calendar year and shall be assessed against holders of ADRs as of the record date or record dates set by the depositary during each calendar year and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

● an amount for the reimbursement of such charges and expenses as are incurred by the depositary and/or any of its agents (including, without limitation, the custodian, as well as charges and expenses incurred on behalf of holders in connection with compliance with foreign exchange control regulations or any law or regulation relating to foreign investment) in connection with the servicing of the shares or other deposited securities, the sale of securities (including, without limitation, deposited securities), the delivery of deposited securities or otherwise in connection with the depositary's or its custodian's compliance with applicable law, rule or regulation (which fees and charges shall be assessed on a proportionate basis against holders as of the record date or dates set by the depositary and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

● a fee of up to U.S.$0.05 per ADS held for the direct or indirect distribution of securities (other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement) or the net cash proceeds from the public or private sale of any such securities, regardless of whether any such distribution and/or sale is made by, for, or received from, or (in each case) on behalf of, the depositary, the Company and/or any third party (which fee may be assessed against holders as of a record date set by the depositary);

● stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges;

● cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred at your request in connection with the deposit or delivery of shares, ADRs or deposited securities;

● transfer or registration fees for the registration of transfer of deposited securities on any applicable register in connection with the deposit or withdrawal of deposited securities;

● in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into U.S. dollars, JPMorgan shall deduct out of such foreign currency the fees, expenses and other charges charged by it and/or its agent (which may be a division, branch or affiliate) so appointed in connection with such conversion; and

● fees of any division, branch or affiliate of the depositary utilized by the depositary to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities under the deposit agreement.

The fees and charges described above may be amended from time to time by agreement between us and the depositary.

The depositary may make available to us a set amount or a portion of the depositary fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary may agree from time to time. The depositary collects its fees for issuance and cancellation of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions, or by directly billing investors, or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary will generally set off the amounts owing from distributions made to holders of ADSs. If, however, no distribution exists and payment owing is not timely received by the depositary, the depositary may refuse to provide any further services to holders that have not paid those fees and expenses owing until such fees and expenses have been paid. At the discretion of the depositary, all fees and charges owing under the deposit agreement are due in advance and/or when declared owing by the depositary.

The fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of the increase in any such fees and charges.

***Payments by Depositary***

 ****

In March 2019, excluding withholding tax, we received a US$0.4 million cash payment from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., the depositary bank for our ADR program. In 2025, we have returned reimbursement of nil to the depositary bank in relation to the implementation of ADS ratio change.

**Part II**

**Item 13. Item Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies**

None.

**Item 14. Material Modifications to The Rights Of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds**

**14. A.-14.D. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders**

On December 10, 2025, we held an extraordinary general meeting and adopted a dual-class shareholding structure by amending the authorized share capital of the Company:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) FROM: US$380,000 divided into 3,800,000,000 Ordinary
 Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) TO: US$2,000,000 divided into 18,000,000,000 Class
 A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each and 2,000,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value
 of US$0.0001 each, by:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) the re-designation and reclassification of 1,559,576,960
 authorized issued Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each into 1,559,576,960 Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal
 or par value of US$0.0001 each in the capital of the Company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) the re-designation and reclassification of 2,240,423,040
 authorized and unissued Ordinary Shares into 2,240,423,040 Class A Ordinary shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each in
 the capital of the Company; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) the increase in the authorized share capital of the
 Company by the creation of 14,200,000,000 authorized but unissued Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001
 each in the capital of the Company and 2,000,000,000 authorized but unissued Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of
 US$0.0001 each in the capital of the Company.

Each holder of our Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share, and each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to 20 votes per share on all matters subject to vote at a general meeting of us.

As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not issued any Class B ordinary shares.

See "Item 10. Additional Information" for a description of the rights of shareholders.

**14. E. Use of Proceeds**

The following "Use of Proceeds" information relates to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-226126) in relation to our initial public offering, which was declared effective by the SEC on November 6, 2018. In November 2018, we completed our initial public offering, resulting in net proceeds to us of US$45.7 million, net of the underwriting discounts and commissions and other fees paid or payable by us in connection with the offering.

As of December 31, 2025, we had used a portion of the net proceeds received from our initial public offering for share repurchase and other general corporate purposes.

**Item 15. Controls and Procedures**

**Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

Our management, with the participation of our Group Chief Executive Officer and Group Chief Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based upon that evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our existing disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

**Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15 (f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15(c) of the Exchange Act, based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

**Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm**

Because we are a non-accelerated filer, this annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.

**Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**Item 16. [Reserved]**

**16. A. Audit Committee Financial Expert**

Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Fengyong Gao, an independent director and the chairperson of our audit committee, qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert" within the meaning of the SEC rules and possesses financial sophistication within the meaning of Listing Rules of the New York Stock Exchange. Mr. Fengyong Gao satisfies the "independence" requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE.

**16. B. Code of Ethics**

Our Board of Directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers, employees, including certain provisions that specifically apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as Exhibit 99.1 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226126), as amended, filed with the SEC on July 31, 2018 and posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at ir.cashchina.cn. We hereby undertake to provide to any person without charge, a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics within ten working days after we receive such person's written request.

**16. C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services**

**Auditor Fees**

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by KPMG Huazhen LLP, our former independent registered public accounting firm, and HTL International, LLC, our current independent registered public accounting firm, for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
| <br>**Services** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
|  | **(in thousands)** | **(in thousands)** | **(in thousands)** |
| Audit Fees <sup>(1)</sup> | 8900 | 6225 | 4851 |
| Audit-Related Fees <sup>(2)</sup> |  |  |  |
| Tax Fees <sup>(3)</sup> |  |  |  |
| Other Fees <sup>(4)</sup> | 7 | - | - |
| **Total** | **8907** | **6225** | **4851** |

---

(1) *Audit Fees.* Audit fees mean the aggregate fees
 billed in each of the fiscal periods listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annual
 consolidated financial statements and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC.

(2) *Audit-related Fees.* Audit-related fees mean
 the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the assurance and related services, which
 were not included under Audit Fees above.

(3) *Tax Fees.* Tax fees mean fees incurred from professional
 services related to tax compliance.

(4) *Other Fees.* Other fees mean fees incurred from
 professional services related to training, advisory and assurance for corporate and social responsibility reporting and professional
 services related to tax advice.

On December 6, 2024, we engaged HTL International, LLC as the Company's independent registered public accounting firm and dismissed KPMG Huazhen LLP. See also "Item 16.F. Change in Registrant's Certifying Accountant."

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by HTL International, LLC, our independent registered public accounting firm, including audit services and audit-related services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.

**16. D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees**

Not applicable.

**16. E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers**

On March 16, 2022, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program whereby our company was authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to US$20.0 million of its Class A ordinary shares in the form of American depositary shares during a period of up to 12 months commencing on March 16, 2022 (the "Share Repurchase Program"). On March 16, 2023, the Company's board of directors authorized to extend the Share Repurchase Program for 12 months commencing on March 16, 2023. On March 16, 2024, the Company's board of directors authorized to extend the Share Repurchase Program for 24 months commencing on March 16, 2024.

The Company's share repurchases may be made from time to time on the open market at prevailing market prices, in open-market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or block trades, and/or through other legally permissible means, depending on market conditions and in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations. The timing and conditions of the share repurchases will be subject to various factors including the requirements under Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act. Our board of directors will review the share repurchase program periodically and may authorize adjustments to its terms and size or suspend or discontinue the program.

The table below is a summary of the shares repurchased by us from April 1, 2025 to March 31, 2026. All shares were repurchased in the open market pursuant to such share repurchase programs.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total <br> Number of <br> ADSs<br> Purchased** | **Average<br> Price Paid<br> Per ADS** | **Total ADSs<br> Purchased<br> as Part of<br> the Publicly<br> Announced<br> Plans<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Approximate Dollar <br> Value of <br> ADSs that<br> May Yet Be<br> Purchased<br> Under the<br> Plans** |
| **Period** |  |  |  |  |
| April 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| May 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| June 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| July 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| August 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| September 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| October 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| November 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| December 2025 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| January 2026 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| February 2026 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |
| March 2026 |  |  | 824146 | 952720.6 |

---

(1) adjusted following the change in the ratio of the Company's
ADSs to Class A ordinary shares

**16. F. Change in Registrant's Certifying Accountant**

For a detailed description of the change in registrant's certifying accountant, see our report on Form 6-K furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 6, 2024.

**16. G. Corporate Governance**

We are a "foreign private issuer" (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act), and our ADSs, each representing two hundred (200) Class A ordinary shares, are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Under Section 303A of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual, New York Stock Exchange listed companies that are foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the corporate governance provisions specified by the New York Stock Exchange with limited exceptions. The following summarizes some significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies under the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange.

**Director independence**

The NYSE Standards require a majority of the membership of NYSE-listed company boards to be composed of independent directors, which is not required under Cayman Islands law, the law of our country of incorporation. Our Board of Directors currently consists of six members, four of whom are independent directors.

**Non-management directors' executive sessions**

The NYSE Standards require non-management directors of NYSE-listed companies to meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management. We are not subject to this requirement under the Cayman Islands law.

**Committee member composition**

The NYSE Standards require NYSE-listed companies to have a nominating/corporate governance committee and a compensation committee that are composed entirely of independent directors. Cayman Islands law does not impose similar requirements. Currently, our compensation committee is composed of three members, only one of whom is an independent director. Our corporate governance and nominating committee is composed of three members, only one of whom is an independent director.

**Shareholder Approval**

The NYSE Standards require shareholder approval in connection with (i) equity-compensation plans and material revisions thereto; and (ii) issuance of shares under certain circumstances, including in connection with a transaction involving the issuance or potential issuance by the Company of common stock (or their equivalent) equal to 20% or more of the common stock or 20% voting power outstanding before the issuance. We are not subject to such shareholder approval requirements under the Cayman Islands law nor in our third amendment and restated memorandum and articles of association.

**16. H. Mine Safety Disclosure**

Not applicable.

**16. I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections**

Not applicable.

**16. J. Insider Trading Policies**

We have adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities by directors, senior management and employees, which policies and procedures are reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to us. We have filed our insider trading policies, as amended, as Exhibit 11.2 to this annual report on Form 20-F.

**16. K. Cybersecurity**

**Cybersecurity Risk Management**

Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall risk management program. Our cybersecurity risk management program is designed to align with industry best practices and provide a framework for handling cybersecurity threats and incidents, including threats and incidents associated with the use of applications developed and services provided by third-party service providers, and facilitate coordination across different departments of the company. This framework includes steps for assessing the severity of a cybersecurity threat, identifying the source of a cybersecurity threat including whether the cybersecurity threat is associated with a third-party service provider, implementing cybersecurity countermeasures and mitigation strategies and informing management and our board of directors of material cybersecurity threats and incidents. Our cybersecurity team is responsible for assessing our cybersecurity risk management program and we currently do not engage third parties for such assessment.

Our board of directors has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management and is charged with oversight of our cybersecurity risk management program. Our board is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks to which the company is exposed and implement processes and programs to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents. Our vice president in charge of operations reports material cybersecurity risks to our full board of directors. Management is responsible for identifying, considering and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining cybersecurity programs. Our cybersecurity programs are under the direction of our vice president in charge of operations who receives reports from our cybersecurity team and monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. Our vice president who directs our cybersecurity programs and dedicated personnel are experienced information systems security professionals and information security managers with years of experience. Management, including our cybersecurity team, regularly update the board of directors on the company's cybersecurity programs, material cybersecurity risks and mitigation strategies and provide cybersecurity reports upon requirements of the board that cover, among other topics, developments in cybersecurity and updates to the company's cybersecurity programs and mitigation strategies.

In 2025, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, despite our efforts, we cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats, or provide assurances that we have not experienced an undetected cybersecurity incident.

**Part III**

**Item 17. Financial Statements**

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

**Item 18. Financial Statements**

Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report.

**Item 19. Exhibits** 

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit Number** | **Description of Document** |
| 1.1 | [Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Form 6-K (File No. 001-38726), filed with the SEC on December 10, 2025)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000121390025119842/ea026912001ex3-1_cnfinance.htm) |
| 2.1 | [Form of Registrant's Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126). as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518314099/d544187dex43.htm) |
| 2.2 | [Registrant's Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518314099/d544187dex42.htm) |
| 2.3 | [Form of Deposit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518314099/d544187dex43.htm) |
| 2.4 | [Description of Securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38726) filed with the SEC on April 26, 2024).](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000121390024036386/ea020427001ex2-4_cnfinance.htm) |
| 4.1 | [Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant's directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518233328/d544187dex101.htm) |
| 4.2 | [Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and the executive officers of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our registration statement Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518233328/d544187dex102.htm) |
| 4.3 | [2018 CNFinance Holdings Limited Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from our registration statement Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518314099/d544187dex103.htm) |
| 4.4 | [English translation of Cooperative Service and Management Agreement between Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shenzhen Fanhua United Investment Group Co., Ltd.), and FOTIC, dated March 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 from our registration statement Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518216099/d544187dex104.htm) |
| 4.5 | [English translation of FOTIC Jinghua No. 5 Project Service Agreement between the Company and China Foreign Economy and Trade Trust Co., Ltd. ("FOTIC"), dated December 19, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 from our registration statement Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518216099/d544187dex105.htm) |
| 4.6 | [English translation of FOTIC Jinghua Structure Fund 5 Trust Plan-Structure Funds Trust Contract (Subordinated Level) between the Company and FOTIC, dated December 19, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 from our registration statement Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518216099/d544187dex106.htm) |
| 8.1\* | [List of subsidiaries of the Registrant](ea028716501ex8-1.htm) |
| 11.1 | [Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our registration statement Form F-1 (File No. 333-226126), as amended, initially filed publicly with the SEC on July 11, 2018)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000119312518233328/d544187dex991.htm) |
| 11.2 | [Insider Trading Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.2 to our Form 20-F (File No. 001-38726) filed publicly with the SEC on April 30, 2025)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000121390025037031/ea023708001ex11-2_cnfinance.htm) |
| 12.1\* | [Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](ea028716501ex12-1.htm) |
| 12.2\* | [Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](ea028716501ex12-2.htm) |
| 13.1\*\* | [Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](ea028716501ex13-1.htm) |
| 13.2\*\* | [Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](ea028716501ex13-2.htm) |
| 15.1\* | [Consent of Global Law Office](ea028716501ex15-1.htm) |
| 15.2\* | [Consent of Walkers (Hong Kong)](ea028716501ex15-2.htm) |
| 15.3\* | [Consent of KPMG Huazhen LLP, Former Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](ea028716501ex15-3.htm) |
| 15.4\* | [Consent of HTL International, LLC, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](ea028716501ex15-4.htm) |
| 15.5 | [Letter from KPMG Huazhen LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission, dated December 6, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 to our Form 6-K (File No. 001-38726), filed with the SEC on December 6, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000121390024106175/ea022373301ex16-1_cnfinance.htm) |
| 97 | [Compensation Recoupment policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to our Form 20-F (File No. 001-38726) filed publicly with the SEC on April 26, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1733868/000121390024036386/ea020427001ex97_cnfinance.htm) |
| 101.INS\* | Inline XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |

---

\* Filed herewith

\*\* Furnished herewith

**Signatures**

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | CNFinance Holdings Limited | CNFinance Holdings Limited | CNFinance Holdings Limited |
| Date: April 30, 2026 | By: | /s/ Bin Zhai | /s/ Bin Zhai |
|  |  | Name: | Bin Zhai |
|  |  | Title: | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

**INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENT**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Contents** | **Page(s)** |
| [REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID: 7000)](#F_001) | F-2 - F-3 |
| [REPORT OF FORMER INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID: 1186)](#F_002) | F-4 |
| [CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2025](#F_003) | F-5 - F-6 |
| [CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2024 AND 2025](#F_004) | F-7 |
| [CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2024 AND 2025](#F_005) | F-8 |
| [CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2024 AND 2025](#F_006) | F-9 - F-10 |
| [NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS](#F_007) | F-11 - F-72 |

---

(With Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm's Report Thereon)

**Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

CNFinance Holdings Limited:

**Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements** 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CNFinance Holdings Limited, its subsidiaries and variable interest entities (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP").

**Basis for Opinion**

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Critical Audit Matter**

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Assessment of the allowance for credit losses

As described in Notes 2(e), 2(o), 5, and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has home equity loans and off-balance sheet loans that are subject to credit losses. As of December 31, 2025, the Company recorded an allowance of credit loss of RMB251,318,270 and RMB458,680,518 for its home equity loans and contingent guarantee liabilities, respectively. The Company utilizes a current expected credit loss model, which is based on historical data, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of the loans to estimate allowance of credit loss ("ACL").

The ACL comprises of collective and individual allowance for credit loss. The collective allowance covers assets with similar risks, including non delinquent loans and loans delinquent up to 90 days. It takes into account quantitative and qualitative factors and is calculated by multiplying probability of default ("PD"), loss given default ("LGD"), and exposure at default ("EAD"). PD is based on past delinquency data and is adjusted for macroeconomic factors, which considers selected economic variables and the weighting of multiple macroeconomic forecast scenarios over the life of the loans. LGD reflects historical loss experience period, while EAD represents the amount outstanding. The qualitative component of the collective ACL represents the Company's judgment of additional considerations to account for external risk factors that are not adequately measured in the quantitative component of the collective ACL, including consideration of idiosyncratic risk factors, conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors. The individual allowance applies to loans delinquent over 90 days or with distinct risks, often collateral-dependent. It uses a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model, comparing carrying value to the present value of the expected cash flows from the underlying collateral, adjusted for disposal discounts and costs to sell.

We identified the ACL as a critical audit matter due to the significant judgment and estimation by management in determining the quantitative and qualitative variables utilized in their credit loss model to estimate collective and individual credit loss allowance, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and in evaluating audit evidence obtained relating to the credit loss estimates.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter:

● Evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over the ACL methodology, including PD and LGD model development, determination of forward-looking adjustments, macroeconomic variable selection, historical loss experience periods, collateral valuation for individual allowances;

● Tested the accuracy and completeness of underlying input data for collective and individual allowance calculations by verifying PD and LGD model inputs for collective allowances, such as historical delinquency and recovery data, and by verifying loan-specific inputs for individual allowances, such as expected cash flows and collateral values;

● Assessed the reasonableness of the PD and LGD model for collective allowances and determined whether the collective allowance models are suitable for their intended use, and evaluated the reasonableness of individual allowance calculations based on expected cash flows or collateral fair values;

● Assessed the reasonableness of forward-looking macroeconomic adjustments for collective allowances by comparing selected variables and scenario weightings to independent economic reports and industry practices;

● Engaged an auditor's specialist to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the methodologies and assumptions applied in deriving the forward-looking adjustments and the reasonableness of key assumptions;

● Verified collateral appraisals for individual allowances against third-party valuations, industry benchmarks, and regulatory guidance, ensuring lien and valuation factors were considered, and tested the reasonableness of disposal discount assumptions;

● Reviewed the Company's ACL policy and evaluated the sufficiency of disclosures related to the ACL in the financial statements, ensuring compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ HTL International, LLC |
| We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024. |
| Houston, Texas |
| April 30, 2026 |

---

**Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

CNFinance Holdings Limited:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows of CNFinance Holdings Limited (CNFinance), its subsidiaries and variable interest entities (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of the Company's operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG Huazhen LLP

We served as the Company's auditor from 2013 to 2024.

Guangzhou, China

April 26, 2024

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

**Consolidated balance sheets**

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB"), except for numbers of shares and per share data)

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Note*** | ***December 31,***<br> ***2024*** | ***December 31,***<br> ***2025*** |
|  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Assets** |  | | |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB1,024,148,680 and RMB267,290,165 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 4 | 1170386076 | 338187517 |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB6,086,217,494 and RMB1,013,029,316 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 5 | 7545283306 | 2487818792 |
| Allowance for credit losses (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB591,519,389 and RMB187,246,156 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | (678020346) | (314048676) |
| Net loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB5,494,698,105 and RMB825,783,160 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 6867262960 | 2173770117 |
| Loans held-for-sale (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB2,013,904,758 and RMB1,992,122,884 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 5(d) | 3529585983 | 3508002863 |
| Investment securities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB23,000,000 and RMB8,000,000 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 6 | 266928774 | 273442460 |
| Property and equipment | 7 | 187477921 | 177700454 |
| Intangible assets |  | 3082451 | - |
| Deferred tax assets (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB 1,809,403 and RMB 7,607,426 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 26 | 131112019 | 318345730 |
| Deposits (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB 130,977,736 and RMB 57,059,596 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 8 | 162039260 | 91278409 |
| Right-of-use assets (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB 413,172 and RMB 821,569 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 25049991 | 11760434 |
| Guaranteed assets (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB656,112,865 and RMB925,263,883 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 9 | 1133290527 | 1645127872 |
| Other assets (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB29,910,749 and RMB21,749,504 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 10 | 1550898580 | 1711503840 |
| **Total assets** |  | **15027114542** | **10249119696** |
| **Liabilities and shareholders' equity** |  |  |  |
| Interest-bearing borrowings | 11 |  |  |
| Borrowings under agreements to repurchase (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB29,708,280 and RMB36,524,859 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 1669232250 | 2766434387 |
| Other borrowings (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB5,844,144,937 and RMB591,994,138 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 5933286917 | 673140631 |
| Accrued employee benefits (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB38,168 and RMB33,769 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 15337376 | 7918035 |
| Income taxes payable (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB2,013,889 and RMB4,353,507 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 199758987 | 259788832 |
| Deferred tax liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of Nil and 55,991 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 26 | 73421888 | 80737217 |
| Lease liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB86,485 and RMB259,455 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 21389738 | 12236291 |
| Credit risk mitigation position | 12 | 1370674079 | 1074211035 |
| Other liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB430,140,564 and RMB119,631,799 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) | 13 | 1686454806 | 1794010893 |
| **Total liabilities** |  | **10969556041** | **6668477321** |
| **Commitments and contingencies** | 30 | - | - |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

**Consolidated balance sheets (continued)**

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Note*** | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Ordinary shares (USD0.0001 par value; 3,800,000,000 shares authorized; 1,559,576,960 shares issued and 1,371,643,240 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024) | 14 | 916743 |  |
| Class A Ordinary shares (USD0.0001 par value; 18,000,000,000 shares authorized; 1,559,576,960 shares issued and 1,371,643,240 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025) |  |  | 916743 |
| Class B Ordinary shares (USD0.0001 par value; 2,000,000,000 shares authorized; nil shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025) |  | - |  |
| Treasury stock |  | (122897896) | (124680070) |
| Additional paid-in capital | 15 | 1046619398 | 1046619398 |
| Retained earnings | 16 | 3141740988 | 2671346946 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive losses | 17 | (8820732) | (13560642) |
| **Total equity attributable to owners of the Company** |  | **4057558501** | **3580642375** |
| Non-controlling interests |  |  |  |
| **Total shareholders' equity** |  | **4057558501** | **3580642375** |
| **Total liabilities and shareholders' equity** |  | **15027114542** | **10249119696** |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

**Consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss)**

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB"), except for numbers of shares and per share data)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***Note*** | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Interest and fees income | 18 | 1754595020 | 1538620115 | 575783341 |
| Interest expenses on interest-bearing borrowings |  | (723081286) | (794518514) | (511866737) |
| **Net interest and fees income** |  | **1031513734** | **744101601** | **63916604** |
| Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model | 19 | 87936005 | 97127306 | 19959208 |
| Collaboration cost for sales partners | 20 | (343508143) | (252881333) | (52006417) |
| **Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost** |  | **775941596** | **588347574** | **31869396** |
| Provision for credit losses, net of increase in guaranteed recoverable assets | 21 | (177282998) | (105216440) | (480931843) |
| Provision for cost method investment | 10(viii) | (5907577) | - | - |
| **Net interest and fees income after collaboration cost and provision** |  | **592751021** | **483131134** | **(449062448)** |
| Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments, net | 22 | 6548484 | (4125037) | (971725) |
| Net losses on sales of loans | 23 | (17190545) | (6497731) | (20967075) |
| Other gains/(losses), net | 24 | 4847597 | (24400913) | 69674481 |
| **Total non-interest (losses)/income, net** |  | **(5794464)** | **(35023681)** | **47735681** |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| Employee compensation and benefits |  | (204573389) | (155735239) | (91214320) |
| Share-based compensation expenses |  | (7517349) | (14898534) | - |
| Taxes and surcharges |  | (31343671) | (26168730) | (10724811) |
| Operating lease cost |  | (16366797) | (15693697) | (13709695) |
| Other expenses | 25 | (121520772) | (187322734) | (67122182) |
| **Total operating expenses** |  | **(381321978)** | **(399818934)** | **(182771008)** |
| **Income/(loss) before income tax expense** |  | **205634579** | **48288519** | **(584097775)** |
| Income tax (expense) | 26 | (41017018) | (10504073) | 113703733 |
| **Net income/(loss)** |  | **164617561** | **37784446** | **(470394042)** |
| Earnings per share | 27 |  |  |  |
| Basic |  | 0.12 | 0.03 | (0.34) |
| Diluted |  | 0.11 | 0.03 | (0.34) |
| **Other comprehensive income/(loss)** |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | 867116 | 524149 | (4739910) |
| **Comprehensive income/(loss)** |  | **165484677** | **38308595** | **(475133952)** |
| Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interests |  | 19377314 | - | - |
| **Total comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders** |  | **146107363** | **38308595** | **(475133952)** |

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

**Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders' equity**

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB"), except for numbers of shares and per share data)

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| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Note*** | ***Ordinary<br> shares*** | ***Class A<br> Ordinary***<br> ***shares*** | ***Class B<br> Ordinary<br> shares*** | ***Treasury<br> stock*** | ***Additional<br> paid-in<br> capital*** | ***Accumulated<br> other<br> comprehensive<br> losses*** | ***Retained<br> earnings*** | ***Non-<br> controlling<br> interests*** | ***Total <br> equity*** |
|  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Balance as of January 1, 2023 |  | 916743 |  |  | (87631475) | 1024203515 | (10211997) | 2958716295 | 51720379 | 3937713460 |
| Repurchase of treasury stock |  | - |  |  | (30691070) | - | - | - | - | (30691070) |
| Net income |  | - | - |  | - | - | - | 145240247 | 19377314 | 164617561 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | &nbsp;&nbsp;17 | - | - |  | - | - | 867116 | - | - | 867116 |
| Share-based compensation |  | - | - |  | - | 7517349 | - | - | - | 7517349 |
| Contributions from non-controlling interests | &nbsp;&nbsp;2(a) |  |  |  | - | - | - | - | 71514091 | 71514091 |
| Acquisition of interest in consolidated VIEs from non-controlling interests |  | - | - |  | - | - | - | - | (142611784) | (142611784) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 916743 | - |  | (118322545) | 1031720864 | (9344881) | 3103956542 | - | 4008926723 |
| Balance as of January 1, 2024 |  | 916743 |  |  | (118322545) | 1031720864 | (9344881) | 3103956542 | - | 4008926723 |
| Repurchase of treasury stock |  | - |  |  | (4575351) | - | - | - | - | (4575351) |
| Net income |  | - | - |  | - | - | - | 37784446 | - | 37784446 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | &nbsp;&nbsp;17 | - | - |  | - | - | 524149 | - | - | 524149 |
| Share-based compensation |  | - | - |  | - | 14898534 | - | - | - | 14898534 |
| Contributions from non-controlling interests | &nbsp;&nbsp;2(a) | - | - |  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 916743 | - |  | (122897896) | 1046619398 | (8820732) | 3141740988 | - | 4057558501 |
| Balance as of January 1, 2025 |  | 916743 |  |  | (122897896) | 1046619398 | (8820732) | 3141740988 | - | 4057558501 |
| Re-designation of authorized ordinary shares | &nbsp;&nbsp;14 | (916743) | 916743 |  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Repurchase of treasury stock |  | - |  |  | (1782174) | - | - | - | - | (1782174) |
| Net loss |  | - | - |  | - | - | - | (470394042) | - | (470394042) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | &nbsp;&nbsp;17 | - | - |  | - | - | (4739910) | - | - | (4739910) |
| Share-based compensation |  | - | - |  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Contributions from non-controlling interests | &nbsp;&nbsp;2(a) | - | - |  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 |  | - | 916743 |  | (124680070) | 1046619398 | (13560642) | 2671346946 | - | 3580642375 |

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

**Consolidated statements of cash flows**

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB"))

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities:** |  |  |  |
| Net income/(loss) | 164617561 | 37784446 | (470394042) |
| **Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:** |  |  |  |
| Provision for credit losses | 177282998 | 105216440 | 480931843 |
| Provision for cost method investment | 5907577 | - | - |
| Depreciation and amortization | 1753032 | 11540878 | 15978766 |
| Share-based compensation expenses | 7517349 | 14898534 | - |
| Net losses/(gains) on disposal of property and equipment | 147644 | (39563) | - |
| Net loss on disposal of non-marketable equity securities and Investment securities | 1524159 | (4125037) | 971725 |
| Foreign exchange gains | (3589629) | (5933998) | (5672134) |
| Deferred tax benefit | (16493414) | (38044032) | (179918382) |
| Net losses on sale of loans | 17190545 | 6497731 | 20967075 |
| Profit and loss arising from fair value changes | 5765113 | - | - |
| Loans held-for-sale: |  |  |  |
| Originations and purchases | (629040509) | (392734939) | (126690813) |
| Proceeds from sales and paydowns of loans originally classified as held-for-sale | 1896137537 | 1404481435 | 732149970 |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
| Deposits | (18020425) | 1074466 | 70760851 |
| Guarantee deposits | (142002003) | (37968789) | 61057202 |
| Credit risk mitigation position and guarantee repayments from sales partner | 234530494 | (60885147) | (423952606) |
| Other operating assets | 15130538 | (243888698) | (279502517) |
| Other operating liabilities | (12597823) | (40643453) | 187760210 |
| **Net cash provided by operating activities** | **1705760744** | **757230274** | **84447150** |
| **Cash flows from investing activities:** |  |  |  |
| Loans originated, net of principal collected | (3040754719) | (818975410) | 2943445302 |
| Proceeds from sales of investment securities | 2973911087 | 1080908979 | 717259189 |
| Proceeds from disposal of non-marketable equity securities | 3400000 | 25000000 | 13178264 |
| Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment and intangible assets | 38909 | 833525 | 446703 |
| Proceeds from sales of loans | 1202955909 | 814597838 | 366434506 |
| Purchased loans with credit deterioration | (640283653) | (435981602) | (56366398) |
| Purchases of investment securities | (2868678085) | (922104610) | (706965500) |
| Purchases of non-marketable equity securities | - | - | - |
| Purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets | (114503257) | (7945839) | (3565552) |
| **Net cash provided/(used in) investing activities** | **(2483913809)** | **(263667119)** | **3273866515** |

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

**Consolidated statements of cash flows (continued)**

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Cash flows from financing activities:** |  |  |  |
| Proceeds from interest-bearing borrowings | 10402258233 | 9493281488 | 2777439569 |
| Proceeds from contributions from non-controlling shareholders | 71514091 | - | - |
| Repurchase of ordinary shares | (30691070) | (4575351) | (1782174) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Repayment of interest-bearing borrowings | (9294928900) | (10820894746) | (6961429710) |
| Acquisition of interests in consolidated VIEs from non-controlling interests | (142611784) | - | - |
| **Net cash provided by/used in financing activities** | **1005540570** | **(1332188609)** | **(4185772315)** |
| Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 227387505 | (838625454) | (827458650) |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of year | 1772184145 | 2001602420 | 1170386076 |
| Effect of exchange rate change on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 2030770 | 7409110 | (4739909) |
| **Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of year** | **2001602420** | **1170386076** | **338187517** |
| **Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:** |  |  |  |
| Income taxes paid, net of refunds | 63458446 | 27704212 | 4641211 |
| Interest expense paid | 726293220 | 776332323 | 469985706 |

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION** 

CNFinance Holdings Limited ("CNFinance"), through its controlled subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities (collectively, referred to hereinafter as the "Group") in the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), primarily provides micro credit loan services for micro and small-enterprise ("MSE") owners, loan facilitation and post-facilitation and guarantee services for the commercial banks, and loan lending agency service for financial institutions.

The Group's main funding resources are equity and borrowings from third parties. The loans are granted through its licensed micro credit subsidiaries in Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing directly, or the structured funds funded with the Group as general partners. Home equity loans were secured by residential or commercial real estate as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025.

In December 2018, the Group began to explore a new collaboration model to mitigate credit risks ("collaboration model") and started to record the business under this model. Under such model, the Group is able to develop a financial services platform that matches various parties to lend resources at competitive rates. Those parties include sales partners who introduce borrowers from particular jurisdictions, trust companies that administer funds, and the loan borrowers who has financial needs for their business operations. The sales partners are nationwide mid-or-small companies that have local risk assessment capabilities. The collaboration model requires the sales partners to place a security deposit called credit risk mitigation positions ("CRMP") which could be confiscated by the Group when loans are defaulted. The loan borrowers who are introduced by the sales partners are MSE owners who have properties that can be used as collateral. In the event of loans issued to the borrowers acquired under such collaboration model are in default, the respective sales partners who introduced such borrowers will share the credit risks with the Group by choosing from the following options, including (i)(1) full repayment to the Group for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower and acquiring respective credit rights, (i)(2) repayment in instalments to the Group for the total unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower and acquiring respective credit rights under each instalments; (ii) repayment to the Group for the unpaid principal and accrued and overdue interests under the respective loan agreement on behalf of the borrower, and if the borrower pays the payments under the loan agreement, the repayment by the sales partner on behalf of the borrower will be refunded to the sales partner; or (iii) relinquishing the respective credit risk mitigation positions ("CRMPs") for such loan.

The Group also has started to collaborate with commercial banks since 2021. Under the commercial bank partnership model, the Group provides loan facilitation services (covering matching of commercial banks to borrowers and facilitating the execution of loan agreement between commercial banks and borrowers), post-facilitation services (covering cash processing services and collection services), and guarantee services for the off–balance sheet loans. In 2023, the Group started to introduce sales partners under the commercial bank partnership model as well.

 ****

***Basis of preparation***

The consolidated financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP").

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

Investment in significant subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2025

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of company** | **Place and date of** <br> **incorporation/** <br> **establishment** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Issued** <br> **and fully** <br> **paid up capital** | **Issued** <br> **and fully** <br> **paid up capital** | **Percentage of**<br> **equity attributable** <br> **to the Group** | **Percentage of**<br> **equity attributable** <br> **to the Group** | **Principal**<br> **activities** |
|  |  | | | | | **Direct** | **Indirect** |  |
| Sincere Fame International Limited<br> 诚名国际有限公司 | British Virgin Islands October 6, 2006 | USD | 1230434 | USD | 1230434 | 100% | - | Investment Holding |
| China Financial Services Group<br> Limited泛华金融服务集团 有限公司 | Hong Kong August 28, 2000 | HKD | 100000000 | HKD | 100000000 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- | 100% | Investment Holding |
| Fanhua Chuang Li Information Technology (Shenzhen) Co.,<br> Ltd.泛华创利信息技术 (深圳) 有限公司 | the PRC December 21, 1999 | HKD | 400000000 | HKD | 400000000 | - | 100% | Investment Holding |
| Shenzhen Fanhua United Investment Group Co.,<br> Ltd.深圳泛华联合投资集团有限公司 | the PRC August 9, 2006 | RMB | 250000000 | RMB | 250000000 | - | 100% | Investment Holding |
| Guangzhou Anyu Mortgage Consulting Co.,<br> Ltd.广州安宇按揭咨询 有限公司 | the PRC January 23, 2003 | RMB | 2220000 | RMB | 2220000 | - | 100% | Micro credit and mortgage agency services |
| Chongqing Fengjie Financial Advisory Co.,<br> Ltd.重庆丰捷财务咨询 有限公司 | the PRC June 13, 2010 | RMB | 500000 | RMB | 500000 | - | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Guangzhou Chengze Information Technology Co.,<br> Ltd.广州诚泽信息科技 有限公司 | the PRC December 11, 2006 | RMB | 3000000 | RMB | 3000000 | - | 100% | Software development and maintenance |
| Chongqing Liangjiang New Area Fanhua Micro-credit Co.,<br> Ltd.重庆市两江新区泛华 小额贷款有限公司 | the PRC December 26, 2011 | USD | 30000000 | USD | 30000000 | - | 100% | Micro credit and mortgage agency services |
| Shenzhen Fanhua Micro-credit Co.,<br> Ltd.深圳泛华小额贷款 有限公司 | the PRC<br> March 15, 2012 | RMB | 300000000 | RMB | 300000000 | - | 100% | Micro credit and mortgage agency services |

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**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of company** | **Place and date of** <br> **incorporation/** <br> **establishment** | **Registered capital** | **Registered capital** | **Issued** <br> **and fully** <br> **paid up capital** | **Issued** <br> **and fully** <br> **paid up capital** | **Percentage of**<br> **equity attributable** <br> **to the Group** | **Percentage of**<br> **equity attributable** <br> **to the Group** | **Principal**<br> **activities** |
|  |  | | | | | **Direct** | **Indirect** |  |
| Shenzhen Fanhua Fund Management Services Co., Ltd.<br> 深圳泛华基金 管理服务有限公司 | the PRC <br> June 8, 2012 | RMB | 5000000 | RMB | 5000000 |  | 100% | Company register service |
| Guangzhou Heze Information Technology Co., Ltd.<br> 广州和泽信息科技 有限公司 | the PRC<br> September 16, 2010 | RMB | 20000000 | RMB | 20000000 |  | 100% | Software development and maintenance |
| Beijing Lianxin Chuanghui Information Technology Co., Ltd.<br> 北京联鑫创辉 信息技术有限公司 | the PRC<br> February 2, 2012 | HKD | 10000000 | HKD | 10000000 |  | 100% | Software development and maintenance |
| Shenzhen Fanlian Investment Co., Ltd.<br> 深圳泛联投资有限公司 | the PRC<br> November 26, 2012 | RMB | 30000000 | RMB | 30000000 |  | 100% | Investment Holding |
| Fanhua Financial Leasing (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.<br> 泛华融资租赁 (深圳)有限公司 | the PRC<br> September 4, 2012 | USD | 10000000 | USD | 10000000 |  | 100% | Business |
| Shenzhen Fanhua Chengyu Finance Service Co., Ltd.<br> 深圳泛华诚誉金融配套服务有限公司 | the PRC <br> March 15, 2013 | RMB | 10000000 | RMB | 10000000 |  | 100% | Labor outsourcing services |
| Beijing Fanhua Qilin Capital Management Co., Ltd.<br> 北京泛华麒麟资本管理有限公司 | the PRC <br> December 26, 2016 | RMB | 100000000 | RMB | 10000000 |  | 96% | Asset Management |
| Shijiazhuang Fanhua Financial Advisory Co., Ltd<br> .石家庄泛华财务咨询有限公司 | the PRC<br> July 27, 2017 | RMB | 2000000 |  |  |  | 100% | Financial Consultancy |
| Haikou Fanhua Financial Advisory Co., Ltd.<br> 海口市泛华财务咨询有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 12, 2020 | RMB | 1000000 |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Ganzhou Shenzhen Fanlian Financial Advisory Co., Ltd.<br> 赣州深泛联财务咨询有限公司 | the PRC<br> August 8, 2020 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Fanhua Jinfu (Foshan) Co., Ltd.<br> 泛华金服（佛山）有限公司 | the PRC <br> May 22, 2020 | RMB | 200000000 |  |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of company** | **Place and date of<br> incorporation/<br> establishment** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Issued<br> and fully<br> paid up capital** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable<br> to the Group** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable<br> to the Group** | **Principal activities** |
|  |  |  |  | | **Direct** | **Indirect** |  |
| Guangzhou Nansha Weisen Technology Co., Ltd<br> 广州南沙区玮森科技有限公司 | the PRC <br> March 3, 2020 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Software development and maintenance |
| Wuxi Shenzhen Fanlian Enterprise Management Co., Ltd.<br> 无锡深泛联企业管理有限公司 | the PRC <br> April 27, 2022 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Ningbo Lianyi Technological Advisory Co., Ltd.<br> 宁波联亿科技咨询有限公司 | the PRC November 24, 2022 | RMB | 50000000 |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Shenfanlian Eighteenth District (Dongguan) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联十八区（东莞）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 6, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian Eightth District (Jinan) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd <br> 深泛联八区（济南）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 13, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian Second District (Shenzhen) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联二区（深圳）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> April 20, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| ShenfanLian (Qingdao) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联（青岛）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 14, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Fanhua fifteenth District (Zhongshan) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 泛华十五区（中山）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> July 11, 2023 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian eighth District (Tianjin) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd <br> 深泛联八区（天津）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 15, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of company** | **Place and date of<br> incorporation/<br> establishment** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Issued<br> and fully <br> paid up capital** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable<br> to the Group** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable<br> to the Group** | **Principal<br> activities** |
|  |  |  |  | | **Direct** | **Indirect** |  |
| Shenfanlian eighth District (Beijing) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联八区（北京）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 6, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Fanhua fourteenth District (Shenzhen) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 泛华十四区（深圳）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> July 24, 2023 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian seventh District (Nanning) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联七区（南宁）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 7, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian Seventeenth District (Hubei) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联十七区（湖北）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 19, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Fanhua first District (Huizhou) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd <br> 泛华一区（惠州）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> August 4, 2023 | RMB | 200000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian (Foshan) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联（佛山）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> July 17, 2023 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of company** | **Place and date of<br> incorporation/<br> establishment** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Issued<br> and fully<br> paid up capital** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable to<br> the Group** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable to<br> the Group** | **Principal<br> activities** |
|  |  |  |  | | **Direct** | **Indirect** |  |
| Shenfanlian (Xi'an) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联（西安）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 19, 2023 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian Seventeenth District Enterprise Management Co., Ltd <br> 深泛联十七区（深圳）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> August 15, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian first district (Shenzhen) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 一区深泛联（深圳）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 26, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian (Zhengzhou) Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd <br> 深泛联（郑州）企业管理咨询有限公司 | the PRC<br> July 28, 2023 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian first District (Quanzhou) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联一区 (泉州) 企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> August 16, 2022 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfan Shilu District (Kunming) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd <br> 深泛拾陆区（昆明）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> July 5, 2023 | RMB | 200000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenzhen Fanlian (Nanjing) Financial Consulting Services Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联（南京）财务咨询服务有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 27, 2023 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Fanhua Fifteenth District (Chengdu) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 泛华十五区（成都）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> August 18, 2023 | RMB | 200000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of company** | **Place and date of<br> incorporation/<br> establishment** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Issued<br> and fully<br> paid up capital** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable<br> to the Group** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable<br> to the Group** | **Principal<br> activities** |
|  |  |  |  | | **Direct** | **Indirect** |  |
| Fanhua Sixteenth District (Tianjin) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 泛华十六区（天津）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> October 18, 2023 | RMB | 200000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Guangzhou Mingsheng Capital Management Limited Partnership (LP)<br> 广州明晟资本管理合伙企业（有限合伙） | the PRC <br> January 1, 2024 | RMB | 40000000 |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Shenfanlian first district (Nanning) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd.<br> 深泛联一区（南宁）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> March 5, 2024 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of company** | **Place and date of<br> incorporation/<br> establishment** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Registered<br> capital** | **Issued<br> and fully<br> paid up capital** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable to<br> the Group** | **Percentage of<br> equity attributable to<br> the Group** | **Principal<br> activities** |
|  |  | | | | **Direct** | **Indirect** |  |
| Ganzhou Shenzhen Fanlian Financial Advisory Co., Ltd.<br> 赣州深泛联财务咨询有限公司 | the PRC<br> August 8, 2020 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Fanhua Jinfu (Foshan) Co., Ltd.<br> 泛华金服（佛山）有限公司 | the PRC<br> May 22, 2020 | RMB | 200000000 |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Guangzhou Nansha Weisen Technology Co., Ltd<br> 广州南沙区玮森科技有限公司 | the PRC <br> March 30, 2020 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Software development and maintenance |
| Wuxi Shenzhen Fanlian Enterprise Management Co., Ltd.<br> 无锡深泛联企业管理有限公司 | the PRC <br> April 27, 2022 | RMB | 500000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Ningbo Lianyi Technological Advisory Co., Ltd.<br> 宁波联亿科技咨询有限公司 | the PRC <br> November 24, 2022 | RMB | 50000000 |  |  | 100% | Financial consultancy |
| Shenfanlian Eighteenth District (Dongguan) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联十八区（东莞）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 6, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian Eightth District (Jinan) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联八区（济南）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 13, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| Shenfanlian Second District (Shenzhen) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> -深泛联二区（深圳）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> April 20, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |
| ShenfanLian (Qingdao) Enterprise Management Co., Ltd<br> 深泛联（青岛）企业管理有限公司 | the PRC<br> June 14, 2023 | RMB | 1000000 |  |  | 100% | Enterprise Management |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

**Variable interest entities ("VIEs")**

An entity is a variable interest entity (VIE) if it meets the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 810, Consolidation, which are (i) the entity has equity that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; or (ii) the entity has equity investors that cannot make significant decisions about the entity's operations or that do not absorb their proportionate share of the entity's expected losses or expected returns. The Group consolidates a VIE when it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and a right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE (that is, the Group is the primary beneficiary). All other entities not deemed to be VIEs with which the Group has involvement are evaluated for consolidation under other subtopics of ASC 810.

In the normal course of business, the Group engages in a variety of activities with VIEs. The Group determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the time it becomes involved with the variable interest entity and reconsiders that conclusion continually. In evaluating whether the Group is the primary beneficiary, the Group evaluates its economic interests in the entity. If the Group is determined to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE, it must account for the VIE as a consolidated subsidiary. If the Group is determined not to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE, such VIE is not consolidated.

The Group has segregated its involvement with VIEs between those VIEs which are consolidated and those VIEs which are not consolidated.

**Consolidated VIEs**

Structured funds

The Group grants loans to customers through structured funds set up by trust companies. The assets of the structured funds can only be used to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs. The cash of structured funds represents that funds established by the institutional trust companies through segregated bank accounts, including structured funds that are partially funded by the Group's own capital. The cash and cash equivalents of structured funds amounted to RMB768,186,638 and RMB183,007,100 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 respectively can only be used to grant loans. The Group is general partner of the funds, promising the expected returns for limited partners, and providing credit strengthening on the loans to customers under the funds. The Group is also the manager of the funds, having the approval role for the loan origination and modification within the structured funds. The Group is the primary beneficiary of the funds as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the funds and it has obligation to absorb losses of the funds that could potentially be significant to the funds or the right to receive benefits from the funds that could potentially be significant to the funds.

The structured funds are not income taxpayers according to PRC income tax law. The Group consolidates the structured funds as it is the primary beneficiary of the funds as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

The table sets forth the investments in the consolidated VIEs by the Group as of December 31, 2025.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of the consolidated VIEs** | **Place and date of incorporation/establishment** | **Principal activities** |
| Jinghua Structured Fund 6<br> 菁华6号信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2014/9/9 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Bohai Trust Shenfanlian Micro Finance Structured<br> Fund渤海信托深泛联小微金融集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2016/9/14 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Bohai Huihe SME Structured Fund<br> 渤海汇和中小微企业经营贷集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2017/9/29 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Beijing Fanhua Micro-credit Company Limited<br> 北京泛华小额贷款有限公司 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2012/8/10 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhonghai Lanhai Structured Fund 1<br> 中海信托蓝海1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2018/7/18 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Bohai Trust No.1 Huiying Structured Fund<br> 渤海惠盈1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2018/9/10 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Bohai Trust No.2 Shenzhen Fanhua United Structured<br> Fund渤海信托-深泛联2号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2018/11/28 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Jinghua Structured Fund 1<br> 外贸信托菁华1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2019/5/8 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Hunan Structured Fund 2019-1<br> 湖南信托2019-1集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2019/9/23 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Hunan Structured Fund 2019-2<br> 湖南信托2019-2集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2019/9/23 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Shaanxi International Xinglong Structured Fund<br> 1-1陕国投·兴隆1-1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2019/11/6 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Shaanxi International Xinglong Structured Fund 2-1陕国投·兴隆2-1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2019/9/24 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of the consolidated VIEs** | **Place and date of incorporation/establishment** | **Principal activities** |
| No. 50 Jinghua Structured Fund<br> 外贸信托菁华50号资管计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2019/4/26 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| No. 70 Jinghua Structured Fund<br> 外贸信托菁华70号资管计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2020/12/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Shaanxi International Xinglong Structured Fund 22-1<br> 陕国投·兴隆22-1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2020/6/22 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| No. 74 Jinghua Structured Fund<br> 外贸信托菁华74号资管计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2020/11/26 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Hunan Structured Fund 2020-1<br> 湖南信托2020-1集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2020/12/8 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Shaanxi International Xinglong Structured Fund 2-2<br> 陕国投·兴隆2-2号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2021/1/26 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhonghai Lanhai Structured Fund 30-X<br> 中海信托-蓝海30-X号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2021/3/17 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Bohai Trust 2020 Pucheng No. 75<br> 渤海信托·2020普诚75号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2021/7/15 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Guomin Tianshu Structured Fund 2-1<br> 国民信托·天枢2-1号单一资金信托 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2021/8/31 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Shenzhen Ruishu Economic Information Technology Advisory Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 深圳瑞枢经济信息技术咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2021/9/30 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of the consolidated VIEs** | **Place and date of incorporation/establishment** | **Principal activities** |
| Shenzhen Chengshu Information Technology Advisory Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 深圳诚枢信息技术咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2021/11/29 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongrong Yuanshuo No.1 Structured Fund<br> 中融-元烁1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2021/9/29 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Tianjin Baihua Economic Information Advisory Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 天津柏华经济信息咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/1/19 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Bohai Trust 2021 Pucheng No. 83<br> 渤海信托·2021普诚83号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/1/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongrong Yuanshuo No.2 Structured Fund<br> 中融-元烁2号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/2/18 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Shenzhen Huashu Information Technology Advisory Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 深圳华枢信息技术咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/2/22 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zijin No.3 Business Acceleration Structured Fund<br> 紫金信托·助业3号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/4/25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongliang Hongrui No.1 Structured Fund<br> 中粮信托-弘瑞普惠1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/5/19 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongrong Yuanshuo No.3 Structured Fund<br> 中融-元烁3号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/7/26 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Tianjin Pinhua Economic Information Advisory Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 天津品华经济信息咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/10/10 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of the consolidated VIEs** | **Place and date of incorporation/establishment** | **Principal activities** |
| Shenzhen Zeshu Information Technology Advisory Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 深圳泽枢信息技术咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2022/11/19 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Hunan Caixin - Zhongliang - Hongxin Universal Benefit No. 1<br> 湖南财信-中粮-弘信普惠1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/2/7 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Shenzhen Mingshu Information Technology Advisory Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 深圳名枢信息技术咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/4/13 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| No. 51 Jinghua Structured Fund<br> 外贸信托-菁华51号单一资金信托 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/6/29 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| No. 2 Jinghua Structured Fund<br> 外贸菁华2号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/7/7 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Guangzhou Ming Hao Investment Partnership (Limited Partnership)<br> 广州市明灏投资合伙企业（有限合伙） | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/8/28 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongliang Trust Plan- Hongjun No. 1<br> 中粮信托-弘鋆1号 集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/9/7 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongliang Trust Plan-Honghao No. 1<br> 中粮信托-弘浩普惠1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/9/7 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongliang Trust Plan-Hongsheng No. 1<br> 中粮信托-弘盛普惠1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2024/11/1 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| Zhongliang Trust Plan- Hongmeng No. 1<br> 中粮信托-弘盟1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/11/15 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zhongliang Trust Plan-Hongyi Puhui No.1<br> 中粮信托-弘益普惠1号集合资金信托计划 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2025/04/01 | &nbsp;&nbsp; Micro credit |
| Zhongliang Trust Plan- Hongji No. 1<br> 中粮集合资金信托计划信托-弘济1号 | &nbsp;&nbsp;the PRC<br> 2023/12/ 25 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Micro credit |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**1.** **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)** 

The table sets forth the assets and liabilities of the consolidated VIEs included in the Group's consolidated balance sheets after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 1024148680 | 267290165 |
| Net loans principal, interest and financing service fees receivables | 5494698105 | 825783160 |
| Loans held-for-sale | 2013904758 | 1992122884 |
| Investment securities | 23000000 | 8000000 |
| Deferred tax assets | 1809403 | 7607426 |
| Other assets | 817414521 | 1004894552 |
| **Total assets** | 9374975467 | **4105698187** |
| Interest-bearing borrowings | 5873853217 | 628518997 |
| Income taxes payable | 2013889 | 4353507 |
| Deferred tax liabilities | - | 55991 |
| Other liabilities | 430265217 | 119925023 |
| **Total liabilities** | 6306132323 | **752853517** |

---

The table sets forth the results of operations of the VIEs included in the Group's consolidated statements of comprehensive income:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Revenue | 1352486176 | 1261363850 | 418086415 |
| Net income/(loss) | 495371047 | 397516115 | (103550301) |

---

The table sets forth the cash flows of the VIEs included in the Group's consolidated statements of cash flows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Net cash provided/(used) by operating activities | 1292343388 | 1544447565 | (180439240) |
| Net cash provided by/(used) in investing activities | (1282239529) | 1344524994 | 4668914945 |
| Net cash provided by/(used) in financing activities | 234705208 | (3375509894) | (5245334220) |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES** 

**(a)** **Principles of consolidation** 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Group. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Group accounts for investments over which it has significant influence but not a controlling financial interest using the equity method of accounting.

**Non-controlling interests**

Non-controlling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of the equity of majority-owned subsidiaries and VIEs which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the controlling shareholder.

**(b)** **Currency translation for financial statements presentation** 

The Group uses Renminbi ("RMB") as its reporting currency. The United States Dollar ("USD") is the functional currency of the Company incorporated in Cayman and the Group's subsidiary Sincere Fame International Limited incorporated in British Virgin Islands, and the Hong Kong Dollar ("HKD") is the functional currency of the Group's subsidiary China Financial Services Group Limited incorporated in Hong Kong and the RMB is the functional currency of the Group's PRC subsidiaries.

The financial statements of the Group are translated from the functional currency to the reporting currency, RMB. Assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries are translated into RMB using the exchange rate in effect at each balance sheet date. Income and expenses items are generally translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal year. Foreign currency translation adjustments arising from these are accumulated as a separate component of shareholders' equity on the consolidated financial statements. The resulting exchange differences are recorded in the consolidated statements of other comprehensive income/(loss).

**(c)** **Use of estimates** 

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, allowance for credit losses on loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables, debt securities, guarantee assets, the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, unrecognized tax benefits, the indefinite reinvestment assertion and the fair value of short term investments and share-based compensation.

**(d)** **Revenue recognition** 

Interest and financing service fees on loans which are amortized over the contractual life of the related loans are recognized in consolidated statements of comprehensive income in accordance with ASC 310 using the effective interest method.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

The Group considered relevant accounting guidance and concluded that arrangements for its guarantee services provided for its off-balance sheet loans under commercial bank partnership model are out of scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Therefore, "Gains/losses from guarantee liabilities" included in "Net revenue under commercial bank partnership model" on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive income should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 460, Guarantees. The other revenue streams under commercial bank partnership model are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606.

The criteria of revenue recognition as they relate to each of the following major revenue generating activities are described below:

(i) Interest and financing service fees on loans

Interest and financing service fees on loans, which include financing service fees on loans, are collected from borrowers for loans and related services.

Interest and financing service fees on loans include the amortization of any discount or premium or differences between the initial carrying amount of an interest-bearing asset and its amount at maturity calculated using the effective interest basis.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset and of allocating the interest and financing service fees on loans over the years. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Group estimates cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider future credit losses. Interest on the individually evaluated financial assets is recognized using the rate of interest used to discount future cash flows. The Group applies an exemption from the effective interest rate method for short-term loans with original maturities of 12 months or less

(ii) Interest income on debt securities

Interest income on debt securities is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of debt securities to unrelated companies plus any interest received from corporate debt securities.

(iii) Interest income charged to sales partners

In the event of loans issued to the borrowers are in default, one of the sales partners options is to repurchase the defaulted loan in instalments. Interest income charged to sales partners is calculated by applying the total unpaid principal and the accrued overdue interests of defaulted loans plus deferred interest as stated in the collaboration agreement.

(iv) Revenue under commercial bank partnership model

In accordance with the relevant guidance in ASC Topic 606, the amounts associated with guarantee services under commercial bank partnership model is within the scope of ASC Topic 460 and should be accounted for in accordance with the provisions of that Topic. The services not within the scope of other Topics should be accounted for in accordance with the remaining provisions of ASC Topic 606 and the applicable revenue recognition guidance.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

The Group considers loan facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model (covering matching of commercial banks to borrowers and facilitating the execution of loan agreement between commercial banks and borrowers) and post-facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model (covering cash processing services and collection services) as two distinctive performance obligations in accordance with ASC Topic 606. The transaction price is first allocated to guarantee services under commercial bank partnership model, if any, which is recorded at fair value and recognized during the guarantee term in accordance with ASC Topic 460.

Then the remaining considerations are allocated to the loan facilitation services and post-facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model using their relative standalone selling prices. When estimating total consideration, the Group considers early termination scenarios based on historical early payment and other termination scenarios as the Group can not receive the full contractual service fee amount under early termination, given the service fee is collected on a pro-rata basis upon early loan termination. Such service fee is determined to be variable consideration that meets the "probable of not reversing" threshold. As such, the Group recognizes revenue related to early termination based on its best estimate and true up adjustments are made from time to time. The Group does not have observable standalone selling price for the loan facilitation services or post-facilitation services because it does not provide loan facilitation services or post-facilitation services on a standalone basis in similar circumstances to similar customers. There is no direct observable standalone selling price for similar services in the market that is reasonably available to the Group.

The Group uses an expected cost plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling prices of loan facilitation services and post facilitation services as the basis of revenue allocation. When estimating the selling prices, the Group considers the cost related to such services, profit margin, customer demand, effect of competition on services, and other market factors, among which estimates of the cost of providing the services is the most significant.

The transaction price allocated to loan facilitation services is recognized as revenue upon execution of loan agreements between commercial banks and borrowers; the consideration allocated to post-facilitation services is recognized over the period of the loan on a straight-line method, which approximates the pattern of when the underlying services are performed.

Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price allocated to undelivered services under post-facilitation services. The associated revenue will be recognized until the services are performed and the revenue recognition criteria under ASC Topic 606 is satisfied. The Group collects service fees monthly. The aggregate amounts of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied pertaining to post-origination services were RMB6.26 million and RMB9.22 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Among the aggregate transaction price, approximately 100% and 100% of the remaining performance obligations will be recognized over the following 12 months for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

(v) Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments

Realized gains/(losses) consist of realized gains and losses from the sale of investment securities, presented on a net basis.

(vi) Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans

Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans refer to any gains and losses from the disposal of loans which is accounted for as a sale under ASC 860.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

(vii) Gains on confiscation of CRMPs

Gains on confiscation of credit risk mitigation positions are recognized to the extent confiscated CRMPs exceed previously recognized allowance for credit losses and guarantee asset when sales partners surrender the CRMPs and the obligation of refunding the CRMPs is released.

**(e)** **Loans** 

(i) On-balance sheet loans

Loans are reported at their outstanding principal balances net of any unearned income and unamortized deferred fees and costs. Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are generally deferred and recognized as adjustments to income over the lives of the related loans.

The Group facilitates credit to borrowers through structured funds which are considered as consolidated VIEs and the Group evaluated VIEs for consolidation in accordance with ASC 810 in the Consolidated VIEs Section of Note 1. Providing credit strengthening arrangement since March 2018 for the loans to customers under the funds is one of the key factors to determine that the Group should consolidate the structured funds as it is the primary beneficiary of the funds. As a result, the loan principal remains on the Group's consolidated balance sheets, whilst the funds received from senior tranches holders are recorded as Other Borrowings in the Group's consolidated balance sheets as disclosed in Note 12(b)(i).

**<u>Non-accrual policies</u>**

Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables are placed on non-accrual status when payments are 90 days contractually past due. When a loan principal, interest and financing service fee receivable is placed on non-accrual status, interest and financing service fees accrual cease. If the loan is non-accrual, the cost recovery method is used and cash collected is applied to first reduce the carrying value of the loan. Otherwise, interest income may be recognized to the extent cash is received. Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables may be returned to accrual status when all of the borrower's delinquent balances of loans principal, interest and financing service fee have been settled and the borrower continue to perform in accordance with the loan terms for a period of at least six months.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

**<u>Charge-off policies</u>**

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, the charge-off policies in Group are presented as follows:

Principal, interest and financing service fee receivables are charged down to net realizable value (fair value of collaterals, less estimated costs to sell) when the Group has determined the remaining balance is uncollectable after exhausting all collection efforts. In order to comply with ASC 310 and ASC 326, the Group considers loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables meeting any of the following conditions as uncollectable and charged-off: (i) death of the borrower; (ii) identification of fraud, and the fraud is officially reported to and filed with relevant law enforcement departments; (iii) sales of loans to third parties; (iv) settlement with the borrower, where the Group releases irrecoverable loans through private negotiations with the borrower where the borrower cannot repay the loan in full through self-funding or voluntary sale of the collateral; (v) disposal through legal proceedings, including but not limited to online arbitrations, judicial auctions and court enforcements; or (vi) loans are 180 days past due unless both well-secured and in the process of collection.

**<u>Allowance for credit losses</u>**

Allowance for credit losses represents management's best estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio.

Commencing January 1, 2020, the Group adopted ASC 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which replaced the incurred loss methodology for determining the provision for credit losses and allowance for credit losses with a current expected credit loss methodology ("ACL"), which is based on past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of the loans. ASC 326 defines the ACL as a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to the amortized cost of a financial asset to present the net amount that management expects to collect on the financial asset over its expected life. All financial assets carried at amortized cost are in the scope of ASC 326, while assets measured at fair value are excluded. The allowance for credit losses is adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. When credit expectations change, the valuation account is adjusted with changes reported in provision for credit losses. If amounts previously charged off are subsequently expected to be collected, the Group may recognize a negative allowance, which is limited to the amount that was previously charged off.

The ACL includes collectively evaluated ("collective ACL") and individually evaluated ("individual ACL") allowance for credit losses. The Group aggregates loans sharing similar risk characteristics into pools for purposes of measuring expected credit losses. Pools are reassessed periodically to confirm that all loans within each pool continue to share similar risk characteristics. Expected credit losses for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets are measured individually.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

The collective ACL is measured based on loans that share similar risk characteristics and includes both quantitative and qualitative components. The collective ACL utilizes probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) models, and is the product of multiplying PD, LGD, and exposure at default (EAD) for nondelinquent loans, delinquent loans within 90 days. The PD is computed based on the historical delinquency data, adjusted for a macroeconomic forecast, which considers selected economic variables and the weighting of multiple macroeconomic forecast scenarios over the life of the loans. These macroeconomic scenarios include variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. These variables include, but are not limited to, gross-domestic product, total retail sales of consumer goods and urban per capita disposable income and are updated at least quarterly. The LGD model considers historical loss experience period. The qualitative component of the collective ACL represents the Group's judgment of additional considerations to account for external risk factors that are not adequately measured in the quantitative component of the collective ACL, including consideration of idiosyncratic risk factors, conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors.

The individual ACL is estimated on an individual basis for loans whose payments are contractually past due more than 90 days or do not share similar risk characteristics. A financial asset is collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. When a collateral-dependent financial asset is probable of foreclosure, the Group will utilize the discounted cash flow ("DCF") model to determine the expected credit loss for the loan by comparing the amortized cost of the loan with the present value of the projected cashflow for the underlying collateral. The projected cashflow is calculated based on fair value of collateral provided by third-party appraisers, adjusted for the estimated disposal discounts on the collateral and cost to sell.

Under the trust lending model, when the Group grants a loan through a trust plan, the loan is with the borrower and guarantee is entered into with a separate counterparty (the sales partner). As such, under the definition of ASC 326-20-20, the guarantee arrangement and lending arrangement would be considered freestanding arrangements. As sale partners will provide guarantee of the entire loan to the Group, collection for loss is probable and estimable when a loss on an insured loan is incurred and recognized. In this case, the Group will recognize guarantee loss recoverable asset in the amount that the Group determines is probable to receive from the guarantor with an offsetting entry to "provision for credit losses" when the Group concludes that the loss recovery is collectible. However, potential recovery that exceeds the recognized loss, if any, (gain contingency) will not be recognized until cash is received. Therefore, the amounts estimated to be recoverable from the proceeds of guarantees will be reported as a separate asset (guarantee asset) in the balance sheet. The increase in guaranteed recoverable assets are included in the income statement as a reduction of the "provision for credit losses", separate disclosure of the increase in guaranteed recoverable assets is included in the roll forward of the "allowance for credit losses". The income statement caption was disclosed as "Provision for credit losses, net of increase in increase in guaranteed recoverable assets".

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

**<u>Loans held-for-sale</u>**

Loans held-for-sale are measured at the lower of cost or fair value, with valuation changes recorded in noninterest revenue. The valuation is performed on an individual loan basis. Loan origination fees or costs and purchase price discounts or premiums are deferred in a contra loan account until the related loan is sold. The deferred fees or costs and discounts or premiums are adjustments to the basis of the loan and therefore are included in the periodic determination of the lower of cost or fair value adjustments.

The loan is derecognized if the Group does not retain any risk and rewards after transferring the loan. Such transfer would be recorded as sales according to ASC 860-10-40-5. At the time of derecognition, any related allowance for credit losses is released. Gains and losses on loans transfer as a sale are recognized in the non-interest income.

(ii) Off-balance sheet loans

For loans funded by the proceeds from third-party commercial banks, each underlying loan and borrower has to be approved by the third-party commercial banks individually. Once the loan is approved by and originated by the third-party commercial bank, the fund is provided by the third-party commercial bank to the borrower and a lending relationship between the borrower and the third-party commercial bank is established through a loan agreement. Effectively, the Group offers loan facilitation services to the borrowers who have credit needs and the commercial banks who originate loans directly to borrowers referred by the Group. The Group continues to provide post-facilitation services to the borrowers over the term of the loan agreement. Under this scenario, the Group determines that it is not the legal lender or borrower in the loan origination and repayment process. Accordingly, the Group does not record loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables arising from these loans nor interest-bearing borrowings to the third-party commercial banks.

Under the commercial bank partnership model, when the third-party commercial banks grant loans, the Group provides guarantee services to commercial banks and takes on all of the credit risk of the borrowers. Also, if the loan is referred to the Group by a separate counterparty (the sales partner), the credit risk of the borrower will be transferred to the sales partner. As such, under the definition of ASC 326-20-20, the guarantee arrangement between the third-party commercial banks and the Group and between the Group and the sales partner would be considered freestanding arrangements. As sale partners will provide guarantee of the entire loan to the Group, collection for loss is probable and estimable when a loss on an insured loan is incurred and recognized. In this case, the Group will recognize guarantee loss recoverable asset in the amount that the Group determines is probable to receive from the guarantor with an offsetting entry to "provision for credit losses" when the Group concludes that the loss recovery is collectible. However, potential recovery that exceeds the recognized loss, if any, (gain contingency) will not be recognized until cash is received. Therefore, the amounts estimated to be recoverable from the proceeds of guarantees will be reported as a separate asset (guarantee asset) in the balance sheet. The income statement caption was disclosed as "Provision for credit losses, net of increase in increase in guaranteed recoverable assets".

**(f)** **Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash** 

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash, deposits which are highly liquid and all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The Group considers highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.

Restricted cash are cash and cash equivalents that are not readily available for normal disbursement and mainly represents cash and cash equivalents from structured funds. Such restricted cash is not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Group and could only be used to grant new loans and activities as mentioned in Note 1.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

**(g)** **Investment securities** 

**<u>Short term investments</u>**

Short term investments consist of wealth management products. Short term investments are recorded at fair value and included in the profit and loss of changes in fair value. Realized gains and losses from the sale of short term investments are determined on a specific identification basis and are recorded as realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments. Interest and investment income are recognized when earned.

**<u>Debt securities</u>**

Debt securities consist of held-to-maturity debt securities that the Group has the positive intent and ability to hold the security to maturity and are recorded at amortized cost.

The Group reviews its investments in held-to-maturity debt securities for impairment periodically, recognizing an allowance, if any, by applying an estimated loss rate. The Group considers available quantitative and qualitative evidence in evaluating the potential impairment of its investments in held-to-maturity debt securities. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the held-to-maturity debt securities.

**<u>Convertible bonds</u>**

The Group has elected the fair value option for investment in convertible bonds in accordance with ASC Subtopic 825-10 ("ASC 825-10"), Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The financial instruments guidance in ASC 825-10 permits reporting entities to apply the fair value option on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The investments accounted for under the fair value option are carried at fair value with realized gains or losses recorded in "Realized gains on sales of investments, net" and unrealized gains or losses recorded in "other gains/(losses), net" on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

**(h)** **Property and equipment** 

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation on equipment is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the economic useful life of the improvement or the term of the lease. The estimated useful life of office and other equipment range from 1 to 5 years, the estimated useful life of leasehold improvements or the term of the lease range from 1 to 6 years, while the estimated useful lives of motor vehicles range from 3 to 8 years.

**(i)** **Intangible assets** 

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are assets that are not amortized because there is no foreseeable limit to cash flows generated from them. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

The Group categorizes trademarks as indefinite-lived intangible assets, whose carrying value is nil. If it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, the Group records the amount that the carrying value exceeds the fair value as an impairment expense. The Group performed its annual impairment review of indefinite-lived intangible assets on December 31, 2024 and 2025 and determined that it is more likely than not that the carrying value was less than the fair value.

Intangible assets with finite useful lives represent software and cooperation agreements, the estimated useful lives of which are 1 to 3 years and 3 years, respectively.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

**(j)** **Income taxes** 

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and for operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Group recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured as the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Group classifies interest and penalties related to income taxes as income tax expense.

**(k)** **Employee benefit plans** 

Pursuant to relevant PRC regulations, the Group is required to make contributions to various employee benefit plans organized by municipal and provincial PRC governments. The contributions are made for each PRC employee at statutory rates as determined by local social security bureau. Contributions to the employee benefit plans are charged to the consolidated statements of income. The Group has no obligations for payment of pension benefits associated with the plans beyond the amount it is required to contribute.

**(l)** **Long-lived assets** 

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, and purchased intangible assets subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, the Group first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market value and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.

**(m)** **Share-based compensation** 

The Group measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award and recognizes the cost over the period the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which generally is the vesting period. The Group recognizes compensation cost using a front-loading approach for an award with only service conditions that have a graded vesting schedule over the requisite service period for the entire award, net of estimated forfeitures, provided that the cumulative amount of compensation cost recognized at any date at least equals the portion of the grant-date value of such award that is vested at that date. Forfeiture rates are estimated based on historical and future expectations of employee turnover rates.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

**(n)** **Operating leases** 

Leases where substantially all the rewards and risks of ownership of assets remain with the lessor are accounted for as operating leases. The Group's lease liability is measured at the present value of future operating lease payments, discounted using the incremental borrowing rate. Right of use asset is measured at the amount of lease liabilities plus prepaid rent and direct costs, less any lease incentives. The operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Certain of the operating lease agreements contain rent holidays, which are considered in determining the straight-line operating lease expense to be recorded over the lease term.

**(o)** **Guarantee liabilities** 

Starting from 2021, the Group started to cooperate with third-party financing guarantee corporations that provides guarantee services to commercial banks. According to relevant financial guarantee arrangements, third-party financing guarantee corporations will fulfil its obligations to purchase defaulted loans. However, the Group is required to provide deposits and replenish such deposits from time to time to third-party financing guarantee corporations for its obligations of purchasing defaulted loans. Effectively, the Group provides back-to-back guarantee to third-party financing guarantee corporations and takes on all of the credit risk of the borrowers. These financial guarantee contracts are accounted for as guarantee liabilities under ASC 460, Guarantees.

The Group adopted ASC 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which requires gross accounting for guarantee liability. As a result, at inception of these financial guarantee provided for off-balance sheet loans under commercial bank partnership model, the Group will recognize both a stand-ready guarantee liability under ASC 460 with an associated guarantee receivable, and a contingent guarantee liability with an allowance for credit losses of the underlying loans under current expected credit loss methodology, which includes both quantitative and qualitative components. The collective ACL utilizes probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) models, and is the product of multiplying PD, LGD, and exposure at default (EAD) for guarantee liabilities. The PD is computed based on the historical delinquency data, adjusted for a macroeconomic forecast, which considers selected economic variables and the weighting of multiple macroeconomic forecast scenarios over the life of the off-balance sheet loans. The LGD model considers historical loss experience period. The qualitative component of the collective ACL represents the Group's judgment of additional considerations to account for external risk factors that are not adequately measured in the quantitative component of the collective ACL, including consideration of idiosyncratic risk factors, conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors.

Subsequent to the initial recognition, the ASC 460 stand-ready guarantee is released into gains from guarantee liabilities on a straight-line basis over the term of the guarantee, while the contingent guarantee is reduced by the pay-outs made by the Group to compensate the investors upon borrowers' default.

**(p)** **Repurchase agreements** 

Financial assets sold under agreements to repurchase do not constitute a sale of the underlying financial assets for accounting purposes and are treated as collateralized financing transactions. Financial assets sold under agreements to repurchase are recorded at the amount of cash received plus accrued interest. Interest paid on agreements to repurchase is recorded in interest expense at the contractually specified rate.

**(q)** **Commitments and contingencies** 

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

**(r)** **Fair value measurements** 

The Group uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Group determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels in accordance with ASU 2011-04 (see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements):

● Level 1 Inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

● Level 2 Inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

● Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. In situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date, the fair value measurement reflects management's own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Those judgments are developed by management based on the best information available in the circumstances.

**(s)** **Earnings per share** 

The Company has two classes of ordinary shares, Class A and Class B, which have identical rights to dividends and distributions, including upon liquidation, and differ only in voting and conversion features. Accordingly, earnings per share is calculated based on the combined weighted average number of Class A and Class B ordinary shares outstanding during the period.

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive potential ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share when their effect would be anti-dilutive.

**(t)** **Segment reporting** 

The Group uses management approach to determine operation segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") for making decisions, allocation of resource and assessing performance.

The Group's CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. The Group operates and manages its business as a single segment.

All of the Group's revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were generated from the Chinese Mainland. As the Group generates all of its revenues in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented.

The Group generates revenues primarily from (i) Interest and financing service fees on loans collected from borrowers for loans and related services.; (ii) loan facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model (covering matching of commercial banks to borrowers and facilitating the execution of loan agreement between commercial banks and borrowers) and post-facilitation services under commercial bank partnership model (covering cash processing services and collection services).

The accounting policies of the segment profit or loss and assets are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The Group's CODM assesses performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net income that also is reported on the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) as net income. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total assets. The regularly provided significant segment expense information is the same as that included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). The Group's CODM uses net income to evaluate income generated from segment assets in deciding whether to reinvest profits into the segment or to pay dividends.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**2.** **SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)** 

**(u)** **Recently adopted accounting standards** 

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU No. 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 024 on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Group has adopted the guidance on a prospective basis beginning January 1, 2025.

**(v)** **Recently issued accounting standards** 

 

*<u>ASU 2024-03 - Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses</u>*

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement as well as disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented in the income statement. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Group does not expect to adopt ASU No. 2024-03 early and is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

 

*<u>ASU 2025-01 - Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date</u>*

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date, clarified that ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Both early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Group does not expect to adopt ASU No. 2025-01 early and is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

*<u>ASU 2025-05 - Income Statement - Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Trade Receivables and Contract Assets</u>*

In August 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Trade Receivables and Contract Assets". This ASU provides a practical expedient and accounting policy election to allow entities to measure expected credit losses on certain trade receivables and contract assets using a provision matrix approach. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Group does not expect to adopt ASU No. 2025-05 early and is currently evaluating the potential effect of this ASU on its credit loss estimation methodology.

The Group is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**3.** **Fair value measurements** 

Fair Value Hierarchy

ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and establishes a hierarchy of fair value inputs. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market. Valuation techniques that are consistent with the market, income or cost approach, as specified by ASC 820, are used to measure fair value.

Assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis mainly include marketable securities. Additionally, from time to time, the Group records fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. These nonrecurring adjustments typically involve application of the lower of cost or fair value ("LOCOM") accounting, write-downs of individual assets or application of the measurement alternative for non-marketable equity securities.

Fair Value Measurements

A description of the valuation techniques applied to the Group's major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value is as follows.

The Group determines fair value primarily based on pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Where quoted prices are available in an active market, the Group classifies the assets and liabilities within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is primarily determined using pricing models using observable trade data, market data, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or discounted cash flows. Such instruments would generally be classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. When observable data is unavailable, the Group estimates fair value using internal models, unobservable inputs, or material adjustments to available data. Such instruments would generally be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**3.** **Fair value measurements (continued)** 

The following table presents the Group's fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** |
|  | ***Fair value*** | ***Level 1*** | ***Level 2*** | ***Level 3*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Wealth management products | 28401958 | 28401958 |  | - |
| Convertible bonds | 39161360 | - |  | 39161360 |
| **Total** | **67563318** | **28401958** |  | **39161360** |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** |
|  | ***Fair value*** | ***Level 1*** | ***Level 2*** | ***Level 3*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Wealth management products | 38695647 | 38695647 |  | - |
| Convertible bonds | 40876080 | - |  | 40876080 |
| **Total** | **79571727** | **38695647** |  | **40876080** |

---

The following table presents the Group's fair value hierarchy for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** |
|  | ***Fair value*** | ***Level 1*** | ***Level 2*** | ***Level 3*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Assets** | | | | |
| Loans(1) | 175960029 |  | 175960029 | - |
| Loans held-for-sale(2) | 3508002863 |  | 3508002863 | - |
| **Total Assets** | **3683962892** |  | **3683962892** | **-**  |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |  |  |
| Guarantee liabilities(4) | 660190 |  | - | 660190 |
| **Total liabilities** | **660190** |  | **-**  | **660190** |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**3.** **Fair value measurements (continued)** 

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** |
|  | ***Fair value*** | ***Level 1*** | ***Level 2*** | ***Level 3*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Assets** | | | | |
| Loans(1) | 204920625 |  | 204920625 | - |
| Loans held-for-sale(2) | 3529585983 |  | 3529585983 | - |
| Equity securities(3) | 13178264 |  | 13178264 | - |
| **Total Assets** | **3747684872** |  | **3747684872** | **-**  |
| **Liabilities** |  |  |  |  |
| Guarantee liabilities(4) | 4197264 |  | - | 4197264 |
| **Total Liabilities** | **4197264** |  | **-**  | **4197264** |

---

(1) Loans are recorded at amortized cost, while the Group records nonrecurring fair value adjustments to reflect partial write-downs that are based on the observable market price of the loan or current appraised value of the collateral.

(2) Loans held-for-sale are held at LOCOM which may be written down to fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

(3) Non-marketable equity securities are accounted for using the measurement alternative and can be subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustments to record impairment.

(4) Guarantee liabilities are accounted for stand-ready guarantee liabilities of the Group's guarantee services for its off-balance sheet loans under the commercial bank partnership model at fair value.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, there were no transfers between instruments in Level 1 and Level 2.

**4.** **Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash** 

Cash and cash equivalents represent cash on hand and bank deposits. To limit exposure to credit risk relating to bank deposits, the Group primarily places bank deposits with large financial institutions in the PRC with acceptable credit rating. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group had cash balances at one and one PRC individual financial institutions, respectively, that held cash balances in excess of 10% of the Group's total cash balances. These bank deposits collectively accounted for 84.4% and 73.0% of the Group's total cash balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The nominal holders of certain bank accounts of the Group are employees of the Group. The Group has entered into agreements with these employees which stipulate that the funds held in these bank accounts are owned and managed by the Group. Cash balances of such accounts collectively accounted for 0.86% and 3.88% of the Group's total cash balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Restricted cash represents cash and cash equivalents from structured funds, which are established by the institutional trust companies through segregated bank accounts, including structured funds that are partially funded by the Group's own capital. Restricted cash amounted to RMB768,186,638 and RMB183,007,100 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 respectively, which can only be used to grant loans and is not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Group.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**5.** **Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Home equity loans:** &nbsp;&nbsp;(a) | 6510850772 | 1358158651 |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables |  |  |
| Less: allowance for credit losses &nbsp;&nbsp;(i) |  |  |
| - Individually evaluated | (79208134) | (130293599) |
| - Collectively evaluated | (548717233) | (121024672) |
| Subtotal | (627925367) | (251318270) |
| Net loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables of home equity loan | 5882925405 | 1106840380 |
| **Corporate loans:** &nbsp;&nbsp;(e) |  |  |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 1034432534 | 1129660142 |
| Less: allowance for credit losses | (50094979) | (62730405) |
| Net loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables of corporate loan | 984337555 | 1066929737 |
| **Net loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables** | **6867262960** | **2173770117** |

---

**(a)** **Home equity loans** 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | |
|  | ***First lien*** | ***Second lien*** | ***Subtotal*** | ***First lien*** | ***Second lien*** | <br>***Subtotal*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 2475754706 | 4035096066 | 6510850772 | 638740734 | 719417916 | 1358158651 |
| Less: allowance for credit losses (i) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| - Individually evaluated | (43242069) | (35966065) | (79208134) | (23143482) | (107150117) | (130293599) |
| - Collectively evaluated | (201671557) | (347045676) | (548717233) | (55647556) | (65377116) | (121024672) |
| Subtotal | (244913626) | (383011741) | (627925367) | (78791038) | (172527232) | (251318270) |
| **Net loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables** | **2230841080** | **3652084325** | **5882925405** | **559949696** | **546890684** | **1106840380** |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**5.** **Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables (continued)** 

**(i)** **Allowance for credit losses** 

The allowance for credit losses for home equity loans as of December 31, 2025 was RMB251 million, a decrease from RMB627 million as of December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by the combined effect of a decrease in allowances that are collectively evaluated and an increase in allowances that are individually evaluated. The decrease in allowances that are collectively evaluated are mainly due to the decrease of the Company's outstanding loan principal. The increase of allowances that are individually evaluated are mainly due to the increase in the outstanding loan principal of NPLs.

The table below presents the components of allowances for credit losses for loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables by impairment methodology with the recorded investment as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** |
|  | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans collectively evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans collectively evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans collectively evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated*** | |
|  | ***First lien*** | ***Second lien*** | ***Subtotal*** | ***First lien*** | ***Second lien*** | ***Subtotal*** |<br>***Total*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| As of January 1 | 201671557 | 347045676 | 548717233 | 43242069 | 35966065 | 79208134 | 627925367 |
| Provision for credit losses | 4341196 | (3839243) | 501953 | 66966040 | 301169990 | 368136030 | 368637983 |
| Charge-offs | - | - | - | (381158567) | (771694183) | (1152852750) | (1152852750) |
| (Decrease)/increase in guaranteed recoverable assets | (150365198) | (277829317) | (428194515) | 282163232 | 539146984 | 821310616 | 393116101 |
| Recoveries | - | - | - | 11930309 | 2561260 | 14491569 | 14491569 |
| **As of December 31** | **55647555** | **65377116** | **121024671** | **23143483** | **107150116** | **130293599** | **251318270** |
| Net loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 398044660 | 355840291 | 753884950 | 161905037 | 191050393 | 325955430 | 1106840381 |
| Recorded investment | 453692215 | 421217407 | 874909622 | 185048520 | 298200509 | 483249029 | 1358158651 |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**5.** **Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables (continued)** 

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** |
|  | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans collectively evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans collectively evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans collectively evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated*** | ***Allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated*** | |
|  | ***First lien*** | ***Second lien*** | ***Subtotal*** | ***First lien*** | ***Second lien*** | ***Subtotal*** |<br>***Total*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| As of January 1 | 272173960 | 413742780 | 685916740 | 13099754 | 26814193 | 39913947 | 725830687 |
| Provision for credit losses | 11834337 | (7544697) | 4289640 | 11155428 | 29701572 | 40857000 | 45146640 |
| Charge-offs |  |  |  | (93774223) | (136921530) | (230695753) | (230695753) |
| Decrease in guaranteed recoverable assets | (82336740) | (59152407) | (141489147) | 100995026 | 103550359 | 204545385 | 63056238 |
| Recoveries | - | - | - | 11766084 | 12821471 | 24587555 | 24587555 |
| **As of December 31** | **201671557** | **347045676** | **548717233** | **43242069** | **35966065** | **79208134** | **627925367** |
| Net loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 2050453834 | 3359618482 | 5410072316 | 180387247 | 292465842 | 472853089 | 5882925405 |
| Recorded investment | 2252125391 | 3706664158 | 5958789549 | 223629316 | 328431907 | 552061223 | 6510850772 |

---

The Group charges off loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables if the remaining balance is considered uncollectable. Recovery of loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables previously charged off would be recorded when received.

For the description of the Group's related accounting policies of allowance for credit losses, see Note 2(e) Loans.

The following tables present the aging of allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2025.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Total current*** | ***1 - 30 days<br> past due*** | ***31 - 90 days<br> past due*** | ***91 - 180 days<br> past due*** | ***Total loans*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| First lien | 25633976 | 10905446 | 19108135 | 23143481 | 78791038 |
| Second lien | 17850676 | 13199025 | 34327415 | 107150117 | 172527232 |
| Allowance for credit losses | 43484651 | 24104470 | 53435550 | 130293599 | 251318270 |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**5.** **Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables (continued)** 

The following tables present the aging of allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Total current*** | ***1 - 30 days<br> past due*** | ***31 - 90 days<br> past due*** | ***91 - 180 days<br> past due*** | ***Total loans*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| First lien | 52219677 | 55042038 | 94409842 | 43242069 | 244913626 |
| Second lien | 86004370 | 93605389 | 167435918 | 35966065 | 383011741 |
| Allowance for credit losses | 138224047 | 148647427 | 261845760 | 79208134 | 627925367 |

---

**(b)** **Loan delinquency and non-accrual details** 

The following tables provides information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for loan principal and financing service fee receivables as of December 31, 2025.

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Total current*** | ***1 - 30 days<br> past due*** | ***31 - 90 days <br> past due*** | ***91 - 180 days <br> past due*** | ***181 - 270 days <br> past due*** | ***271 - 360 days<br> past due*** | ***361 days <br> past due*** | ***Total loans*** | ***Total*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| First lien | 376026761 | 29038669 | 48626784 | 126348839 | 58699681 |  |  | 638740734 | 185048520 |
| Second lien | 298770044 | 35145938 | 87301425 | 180940161 | 117260348 |  |  | 719417916 | 298200509 |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 674796805 | 64184608 | 135928209 | 307289000 | 175960029 |  |  | 1358158651 | 483249029 |

---

The following tables provides information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for loan principal and financing service fee receivables as of December 31, 2024.

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Total current*** | ***1 - 30 days past due*** | ***31 - 90 days past due*** | ***91 - 180 days past due*** | ***181 - 270 days past due*** | ***271 - 360 days past due*** | ***361 days past due*** | ***Total loans*** | ***Total*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| First lien | 1743448927 | 211649445 | 297027019 | 152995572 | 70512116 |  | 121628 | 2475754706 | 223629316 |
| Second lien | 2821925668 | 359606965 | 525131525 | 194145026 | 134211678 |  | 75203 | 4035096066 | 328431907 |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 4565374595 | 571256410 | 822158544 | 347140598 | 204723794 |  | 196831 | 6510850772 | 552061223 |

---

Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables are placed on non-accrual status when payments are 90 days contractually past.

Any interest accrued on non-accrual loans is reversed at 90 days and charged against current earnings, and interest is thereafter included in earnings only to the extent actually received in cash. When there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectability of principal, all cash receipts are thereafter applied to reduce the recorded investment in the loan.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**5.** **Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables (continued)** 

**(c)** **Non-accrual loans** 

Non-accrual loans summary

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | ***Recorded investment*** | ***Recorded investment*** | ***Recorded investment*** | |
|  |<br>***Unpaid principal balance*** | ***Non-accrual loans*** | ***Non-accrual loans with related allowance for credit losses*** | ***Non-accrual loans without related allowance for credit losses*** |<br>***Related allowance for credit losses*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| First lien | 638113093 | 185048520 | 126348839 | 58699681 | 23143482 |
| Second lien | 718618336 | 298200509 | 180940161 | 117260348 | 107150117 |
| **As of December 31, 2025** | **1356731429** | **483249029** | **307289000** | **175960029** | **130293599** |
| First lien | 2470162350 | 223629316 | 152995572 | 70633744 | 43242069 |
| Second lien | 4025845985 | 328431907 | 194145026 | 134286881 | 35966065 |
| **As of December 31, 2024** | **6496008335** | **552061223** | **347140598** | **204920625** | **79208134** |

---

Individually evaluated loans are those loans where the Group, based on current information and events, believes it is probable all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan will not be collected. All amounts due according to the contractual terms means that both the contractual interest payments and the contractual principal payments of a loan will be collected as scheduled in the loan agreement. Individually evaluated loans without an allowance generally represent loans that the fair value of the underlying collateral meets or exceeds the loan's amortized cost.

Average recorded investment in non-accrual loans

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended<br> December 31, 2024*** | ***Year ended<br> December 31, 2024*** | ***Year ended<br> December 31, 2025*** | ***Year ended<br> December 31, 2025*** |
|  | ***Average<br> recorded investment*** | ***Interest and fees income recognized*** | ***Average<br> recorded investment*** | ***Interest and fees income recognized*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| First lien | 131831654 | 149067173 | 1137134169 | 97045861 |
| Second lien | 201779809 | 170331545 | 1760974069 | 118393217 |
| Non-accrual loans | 333611463 | 319398718 | 2898108237 | 215439078 |

---

(i) Average recorded investment represents ending balance for the last four quarters and does not include the related allowance for credit losses.

(ii) The interest and fees income recognized are those interest and financing service fees recognized related to Individually evaluated loans. All the amounts are recognized on cash basis.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**5.** **Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables (continued)** 

No debt restructuring in which contractual terms of loans are modified, has occurred during 2024 and 2025.

The Group transferred loans with carrying amounts of RMB1,674,043,872 and RMB961,847,815 to unrelated third party investors and recorded the transfers as sales for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The Group recognized net losses of RMB6,497,731 and RMB20,967,075 from transfers accounted for as sales of loans for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The Group carries out pre-approval, review and credit approval of loans by professionals for credit risk arising from micro credit business. During the post-transaction monitoring process, the Group conducts a visit of customers regularly after disbursement of loans and conducts on-site inspection when the Group considers it is necessary. The review focuses on the status of the collateral.

The Group adopts a loan risk classification approach to manage the loan portfolio risk. Loans are classified as collectively evaluated and individually evaluated based on the different risk characteristics. When one or more events demonstrates there is objective evidence of changes in risk characteristics and causes losses, corresponding loans are considered to be classified as individually evaluated. The individually evaluated component is calculated on an individual basis for the loans whose payments are contractually past due more than 90 days or which do not share similar risk characteristics.

The Group applies a series of criteria in determining the classification of loans. The loan classification criteria focus on a number of factors, including (i) the borrower's ability to repay the loan; (ii) the borrower's repayment history; (iii) the borrower's willingness to repay; (iv) the net realizable value of any collateral; and (v) the prospect for the support from any financially responsible guarantor. The Group also takes into account the length of time for which payments of principal and interest on a loan are overdue.

**(d)** **Loans held-for-sale** 

Loans held-for-sale are measured at the lower of cost or fair value, with valuation changes recorded in noninterest revenue. The valuation is performed on an individual loan basis. Loans classified as held-for-sale category had carrying amounts of RMB3,529,585,983 and RMB3,508,002,863 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

**(e)** **Corporate loans** 

Corporate loans are unsecured loans granted to unrelated entities in order to fulfil their normal operating and capital requirement. Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables of corporate loan were RMB1,034,432,534 and RMB1,129,660,142 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025 and the Allowance for credit losses assessed on a collective basis were RMB50,094,979 as of December 31, 2024 and RMB62,730,405 as of December 31, 2025, respectively.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**6.** **Investment securities** 

Investment securities consist of short term investments, debt securities and convertible bonds.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,***<br> ***2024*** | ***December 31,***<br> ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Short term investments &nbsp;&nbsp;(a) | 38695647 | 28401958 |
| Debt securities &nbsp;&nbsp;(b) | 187357047 | 205879142 |
| Convertible bonds &nbsp;&nbsp;(c) | 40876080 | 39161360 |
| **Total** | **266928774** | **273442460** |

---

**(a)** **Short term investments** 

The carrying amount and fair value of the investment securities by major security type and class of security as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 was as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Aggregate cost basis*** | ***Profits and<br> losses from<br> fair value<br> changes*** | ***Aggregate fair value*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| As of December 31, 2025: |  |  |  |
| Wealth management products | 28401958 |  | 28401958 |
| **Total** | **28401958** |  | **28401958** |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Aggregate<br> cost basis*** | ***Profits and<br> losses from<br> fair value<br> changes*** | ***Aggregate<br> fair value*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| As of December 31, 2024: |  |  |  |
| Wealth management products | 38695647 |  | 38695647 |
| **Total** | **38695647** |  | **38695647** |

---

Wealth management products are investment products issued by commercial banks and other financial institutions in China. The wealth management products invest in a pool of liquid financial assets in the interbank market or exchange, including debt securities, asset backed securities, interbank lending, reverse repurchase agreements and bank deposits. The Group did not recognize any profits and losses from fair value changes since the dominance of Wealth management products the Group had in 2025 are Short-Term with fixed return.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

**6.** **Investment securities (continued)** 

**(b)** **Debt securities** 

The debt securities are in the form of an investment in partnerships, made in December 2021 and 2022 and held- to-maturity corporate debt securities purchased in 2022. The partnership will return RMB10,000,000 to the Group quarterly, along with an 8% interest. The principal and interests are required to be fully repaid within 3 years. The investment has an amortized cost of RMB196,098,179 and RMB210,473,725 with an allowance for credit loss of RMB8,741,132 and RMB4,594,583 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

**(c)** **Convertible bonds** 

In November 2023, the Group invested in the convertible bonds of US$5,000,000 of CNF FAMILY OFFICE LIMITED, an unrelated party company, which is accounted for at the fair value option. In 2024, the Group invested another US$600,000 to CNF FAMILY OFFICE LIMITED. The fair value of the convertible bonds as of December 31, 2025 has not changed significantly from its date of investment. The convertible bonds are equivalent to RMB40,876,080 and RMB39,161,360 as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **7** | **Property and equipment** |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Office and other equipment | 15525093 | 15492670 |
| Leasehold improvements | 14225255 | 8623878 |
| Motor vehicles | 3257768 | 2994993 |
| Building | 183775478 | 183775478 |
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (29305673) | (33186565) |
| **Total** | **187477921** | **177700454** |

---

The Group paid RMB 177,325,555 in 2023 for the purchase of an office building, which was recorded as a prepayment as of December 31, 2023. The office building was placed into service and was recognized as a fixed asset in January, 2024. Total depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 was RMB11,540,877 and RMB12,896,315, respectively, which were recorded in other expenses in each year. The Group performed impairment testing on property and equipment as of December 31, 2025. The market approach was utilized to evaluate the fair value of these assets. Assessment results conclude that fair value of Leasehold Improvements, Motor vehicles and buildings that the Group held is higher than the corresponding book value, with no impairment indicators identified. As the office and other equipment held by the Group are substantially fully depreciated. No impairment events or triggering conditions exist. Based on the above assessment, no impairment loss is recognized for property and equipment in 2025.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **8** | **Deposits** |

---

Deposits include security deposits to landlords of rental premises and deposits to the China Trust Protection Fund. In accordance with relevant rules of the China Trust Protection Fund, 1% of the size of trust plans subscribed is deposited in the Fund.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **9** | **Guaranteed assets** |

---

As described in Note 12 sales partners submit CRMPs to the Group as a guarantee for the loans under the collaboration model. When allowance for credit losses is recognized and accrued, the Group will evaluate if the loan increase in guaranteed recoverable assets guaranteed by the CRMPs is probable and estimable. If the increase in guaranteed recoverable assets is probable and estimable, the amount guaranteed by the CRMPs is recognized as guaranteed assets.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **10** | **Other assets** |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Guarantee deposits (i) | 423441637 | 362384435 |
| Receivables from sales of loans (ii) | 152225024 | 77770721 |
| Prepayments (iii) | 111079096 | 82430366 |
| Purchased loans with credit deterioration (iv) | 419519965 | 442761986 |
| Receivables for default guarantee payments (v) | 28519198 | 87065328 |
| Receivables from loan facilitation service (vi) | 45703316 | 4704201 |
| Receivables of guarantee service (vii) | 4197264 | 605890 |
| Non-marketable equity securities (viii) | 13178264 | - |
| Amounts due from employees (ix) | 7741156 | 6898760 |
| Other receivables (x) | 345293660 | 646882153 |
| **Total** | **1550898580** | **1711503840** |

---

(i) Guarantee deposits are deposits that the Group provided, through Guangdong Nanfeng Financial Guarantee Group Co., Ltd ("Guangzhou Nanfeng"), a company that holds a financial guarantee license, for loans granted (a) under its consolidated VIE Zhonghai Lanhai Structured Fund 30-X, which is not structured in a stratified way and requires guarantee from a third party, and (b) under the cooperation with commercial banks for loan facilitation, post-facilitation and guarantee services, refer to Note 2(e)(ii) Off-balance sheet loans.

(ii) As mentioned in Note 5, the Group transferred the delinquent loans to third parties so that the Group could collect the payment more quickly than to simply dispose the collaterals through litigation. The loan is derecognized if the Group does not retain any risk and rewards after transferring the loan. Such transfer would be recorded as sales according to ASC 860-10-40-5. There is no constrain on the transferee's rights to pledge or exchange, and the Group will not maintain effective control on the transferred loans for which the transferred loans are accounted for as sales without repurchase agreements.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **10** | **Other Assets (continued)** |

---

(iii) Prepaid accounts mainly include litigation fees, rent, water, electricity and property management and network charges prepaid in the daily operation of the Group. Another important component is the prepayment of building purchase.

(iv) The purchased loans with credit deterioration are overdue loans repurchased at par value by the Group from commercial banks under the commercial bank partnership model. In 2023, the Group started purchasing loans with credit deterioration. As of December 31, 2025, the purchased loans with credit deterioration amounted to RMB664,663,913 and allowance for credit loss amounted to RMB221,901,927.

The following tables provides information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for purchased loans with credit deterioration as of December 31, 2025.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***31 - 90 days past due*** | ***91 - 180 days past due*** | ***181+ days past due*** | ***Total*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Purchased loans with credit deterioration | 50875333 | 6631875 | 607156705 | 664663913 |

---

The table below sets forth the movement of allowance for credit loss for the years ended December 31, 2025:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***2025*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **As of January 1** |  | 188777551 |
| Provision for credit losses |  | 18590628 |
| (Charge-offs)/Recovery | | 14,533,748 |
| **As of December 31** | | **221,901,927** |

---

(v) Under the commercial bank partnership model when a borrower is overdue for a certain number of days, the Group pays interest to the bank on behalf of the borrower, which is subsequently charged to the borrower, and this amount accounts for the receivables for default guarantee payments.

(vi) Under the commercial bank partnership model, the Group provides loan facilitation services and post-facilitation services.

(vii) Under the commercial bank partnership model, the Group calculates the guarantee obligation and recognizes the guarantee fee receivable.

(viii) The measurement alternative is selected for the non-marketable equity securities. Under the measurement alternative, the equity securities without readily determinable fair value are measured at cost minus impairment and adjusted for changes in observable prices.

In June 2016, the Group invested 10,003,334 shares at RMB3.00 per share, which represents 2.14% of the paid-in capital, in Guangdong Qingyuan Rural Commercial Bank ("Qingyuan Rural"). The Group transferred 2 million shares to an unrelated third party at RMB3.00 per share which is same as the investment cost on September 18, 2019. The Group transferred 1.7 million shares to an unrelated third party at RMB2.00 per share and recognized an investment loss of RMB1,524,159 on December 26, 2023. In 2023, the Group recognized an impairment of RMB5,907,577. In 2025, the Group disposed of such investment in Qingyuan Rural and recognized an investment loss of RMB1,428,031. As of December 31, 2025, the Group has Nil investment in Qingyuan Rural.

(ix) Amounts due from employees mainly include temporary advances to employees for payments on behalf of the Group.

(x) Other receivables primarily comprise (i) RMB391 million of amounts
receivable from third parties, which are unsecured, non-interest bearing and repayable within one year; and (ii) RMB156 million of amounts
paid in advance to third parties for which application against the corresponding contractual obligations is pending in accordance with
the underlying terms, expected to occur within one year.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **11** | **Interest-bearing borrowings** |

---

**(a)** **Borrowings under agreements to repurchase** 

Financial assets sold under agreements to repurchase are effectively short-term collateralized borrowings. In these transactions, the Group receives cash in exchange for transferring financial assets as collateral and recognizes an obligation to reacquire the financial assets for cash at the transaction's maturity. These types of transactions create risks, including (1) fair value of the financial assets transferred may decline below the amount of obligation to reacquire the financial assets, and therefore create an obligation to pledge additional amounts, or to replace collaterals pledged, and (2) the Group does not have sufficient liquidity to repurchase the financial assets at the transaction's maturity.

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Fixed interest rate per annum*** | ***Term*** | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  |  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Repurchase agreements** |  |  | | |
| Funds obtained from financial institutions (i) | 8.0% to 13.8% | Within 3 years | 1663401923 | 2723216185 |
| Interest payable to financial institutions (i) |  |  | 5830327 | 43218201 |
| **Total repurchase agreements** |  |  | **1669232250** | **2766434386** |

---

**Funds obtained from financial institutions**

In 2022, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB5,965,977 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Pingan Puhui Lixin Asset Management Co., Ltd ("Pingan Puhui"), with a 13.8% per annum rate of return. In 2023, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB78,506,284 to Pingan Puhui, with a 12.8% to 13.8% per annum rate of return. In 2024, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 197,573,465 to Pingan Puhui, with a 12.8% to 13.8% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB101,872,043 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 12,479,559 to Pingan Puhui, with a 12.8% to 13.8% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB54,986,088 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase: (a) the transferred loans which become overdue more than 360 days; (b) the remaining loan principals which are not matured upon the end of the term of the transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Pingan Puhui and the interest payable are RMB 137,667,154 and RMB 13,174,228, respectively.

In 2022, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB113,053,053 to an unrelated third-party transferee, China Foreign Economy and Trade Trust Co.,Ltd ("FOTIC") , with a 12.5% per annum rate of return. In 2023, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB1,442,034,780 to FOTIC, with a 11.5% to 12.5% per annum rate of return. In 2024, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB1,220,808,014 to FOTIC, with a 11.5% to 12.5% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB1,506,610,663 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB762,913,855 to FOTIC, with a 11.5% to 12.5% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB1,047,772,349 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase: (a) the transferred loans which become overdue more than 913 days; (b) the remaining loan principals which are not matured upon the end of the term of the transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from FOTIC and the interest payable are RMB984,426,690 and RMB1,249,547, respectively.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

In 2023, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB60,330,828 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Shanghai Xingbo Enterprise Management Partnership (Limited Partnership) ("Shanghai Xingbo"), with a 12.5% per annum rate of return. In 2024, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB43,436,307 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB3,079,305 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase the remaining loan principals which are not matured two years after the date of transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Shanghai Xingbo and the interest payable are RMB13,815,216 and RMB 426,161, respectively.

In 2023, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB143,964,403 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Zhonghai Trust Co.,Ltd. ("Zhonghai Trust"), with a 11.3% to 13.2% per annum rate of return. In 2024, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 253,263,591 to Zhonghai Trust Co.,Ltd. ("Zhonghai Trust"), with a 11.3% to 13.2% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB132,241,088 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB204,086,906 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase: (a) the transferred loans which become overdue more than 720 days; (b) the remaining loan principals which are not matured upon the end of the term of the transfer. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of funds obtained from Zhonghai Trust and the interest payable are RMB60,900,000 and RMB137,323, respectively.

In 2023, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB206,493,005 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Cofco Trust Co. Ltd. ("Cofco Trust"), with a 11.5% to 12.3% per annum rate of return. In 2024, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 902,523,554 to Cofco Trust Co. Ltd. ("Cofco Trust"), with a 11.5% to 12.3% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB310,475,497 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, the Group transferred additional loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 1,389,560,000 to Cofco Trust Co. Ltd. ("Cofco Trust"), with a 11.5% to 12.3% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB795,248,837 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase if the repayment of the transferred loans is not satisfactory for which the payback of the pledged assets is less than 10%, 20%, 30% and 70% of the initial remaining principal amount of the pledged assets at the agreed date. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Cofco Trust and the interest payable are RMB 1,392,852,224 and RMB27,614,576, respectively.

In 2023, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB56,038,750 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Changzhou Huitong Investment Co. ("Changzhou Huitong"), with a 11.5% to 13.0% per annum rate of return. In 2024, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB26,311,503 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB28,977,247 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase the remaining loan principals which are not matured two years after the date of transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Changzhou Huitong and the interest payable are RMB750,000 and RMB 7,219, respectively.

In 2024, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 26,169,926 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Guangxi Jinkong Asset Management Co., Ltd. ("Guangxi Asset"), with a 12.0% to 12.5% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB6,581,146 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 12,153,095 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Guangxi Jinkong Asset Management Co., Ltd. ("Guangxi Asset"), with a 12.0% to 12.5% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB9,811,715 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase the remaining loan principals which are not matured two years after the date of transfer. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of funds obtained from Guangxi Asset and the interest payable are RMB21,930,160 and RMB353,322, respectively.

In 2024, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB50,000,000 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Ruijing Financial Assets Management Company ("Jiangxi Ruijin"), with a 12.5% per annum rate of return. In 2025, loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with the carrying amount of RMB50,000,000 is settled and repurchased back by the group. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Jiangxi Ruijin and the interest payable are both nil.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

In 2024, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB52,850,000 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Nanjing Zijin Asset Management Co., Ltd ("Zijin Asset"), with a 10.0% per annum rate of return. In 2025, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB 18,150,000 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Nanjing Zijin Asset Management Co., Ltd. (""Zijin Asset""), with a 10.0% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB33,523,760 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase the remaining loan principals which are not matured two years after the date of transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Zijin Asset and the interest payable are RMB37,476,240 and RMB68,592, respectively.

In 2024, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB81,660,000 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Jiantou Holding Limited Liability Company ("Jiantou Holding"), with a 10.0% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB2,951,072 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. In 2025, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB104,083,060 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Jiantou Holding Limited Liability Company ("Jiantou Holding"), with a 10.0% per annum rate of return, a portion of them with carry amount of RMB145,793,487 is settled and repurchased back by the Group. However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase the remaining loan principals which are not matured two years after the date of transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Jiantou Holding and the interest payable are RMB36,998,500 and RMB67,475, respectively.

In 2025, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB35,000,000 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Guangdong Yuepu Microcredit Refinance Co., Ltd. ("Yuepu"), with a 10.5% per annum rate of return, However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase the remaining loan principals which are not matured two years after the date of transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Jiantou Holding and the interest payable are RMB35,000,000 and RMB112,292, respectively.

In 2025, the Group transferred loan principals, interests and financing service fee receivables with carrying amount of RMB1,400,000 to an unrelated third-party transferee, Xinhou Investment Management Co., Ltd. ("Xinhou Investment"), with a 12.0% per annum rate of return, However, in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, the right to earnings is not derecognized upon transfer as the Group is required to repurchase the remaining loan principals which are not matured two years after the date of transfer. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of funds obtained from Jiantou Holding and the interest payable are RMB1,400,000 and RMB7,467, respectively.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Underlying collateral types of gross obligations** | | |
| **Repurchase agreements:** | | |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 1663401923 | 2723216185 |
| **Total repurchase agreements** | **1663401923** | **2723216185** |

---

The below table provides the contractual maturities of the gross obligations under repurchase agreements.

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Overnight*** | ***Up to 30 days*** | ***30 to 90 days*** | ***Greater than<br> 90 days*** | ***Total gross obligations*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |
| As of December 31, 2025 | 90938049 | 90938049 | 28356855 | 2512983232 | 2723216185 |
| As of December 31, 2024 | 2781180 | 7955491 | 10308988 | 1642356264 | 1663401923 |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **11** | **Interest-bearing borrowings (continued)** |

---

**(b)** **Other borrowings** 

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| ***Other borrowings*** | ***Fixed interest rate per annum*** | ***Term*** | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  |  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Short-term:** |  |  | | |
| Investors of consolidated VIEs (i) | &nbsp;&nbsp;5.1% to 9.7% | &nbsp;&nbsp;Less than 1 year | 5354881238 | 454462325 |
| **Long-term:** |  |  |  |  |
| Investors of consolidated VIEs (i) | &nbsp;&nbsp;5.5% to 10.2% | &nbsp;&nbsp;1 - 5 years | 459550000 | 124169833 |
| Commercial bank A (ii) | &nbsp;&nbsp;4.50% | &nbsp;&nbsp;10 years | 67320834 | 59770835 |
| Commercial bank B (iii) | &nbsp;&nbsp;4.10% | &nbsp;&nbsp;30 years | 21830983 | 21375659 |
| **Interest payable to** |  |  |  |  |
| Investors of consolidated VIEs (i) |  |  | 29703862 | 13361979 |
| **Total** |  |  | **5933286917** | **673140631** |

---

(i) The financial liabilities arising from the VIEs with underlying investments in loans to customers are classified as payable in these consolidated financial statements. It is because the Group has an obligation to pay senior tranches holders upon maturity dates based on the related terms of those consolidated structured funds. As of December 31, 2025, the borrowings from VIEs have principal RMB 578,632,158, bearing interests from 5.1% to 10.2% per year.

(ii) In December 2022, the Group entered into a 10-year loan agreement with
a commercial bank in the PRC, with total principal of RMB75,500,000. The borrowing bear annual interest rate of 4.5% in 2025 and were
secured by the Group's recently purchased office buildings. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding loan principal was RMB 59,770,835.

(iii) In November 2023, the Group entered into a 30-year loan agreement with a commercial bank in the PRC, with total principal of RMB22,250,000. The borrowing bear annual interest rate of 4.1% and were secured by the Group's recently purchased real estate property. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding loan principal was RMB 21,375,659.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **11** | **Interest-bearing borrowings (continued)** |

---

Aggregate annual maturities of long-term borrowing obligations (based on final maturity dates) are as follows:

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** | ***December 31, 2025*** |
|  | ***2026*** | ***2027*** | ***2028*** | ***2029*** | ***2030*** | ***Thereafter*** | ***Total*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Investors of consolidated VIEs |  | 39000000 | 78969833 | - | - | 6200000 | 124169833 |
| Commercial bank A | 7550000 | 7550000 | 7550000 | 7550000 | 7550000 | 22020834 | 59770834 |
| Commercial bank B | 419349 | 436869 | 455121 | 1290140 | 493944 | 18280236 | 21375659 |
| **Total** | **7969349** | **46986869** | **86974954** | **8840140** | **8043944** | **46501070** | **205316327** |

---

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** | ***December 31, 2024*** |
|  | ***2025*** | ***2026*** | ***2027*** | ***2028*** | ***2029*** | ***Thereafter*** | ***Total*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Investors of consolidated VIEs | - | 435100000 | - | - | - | 24450000 | 459550000 |
| Commercial bank A | 7550000 | 7550000 | 7550000 | 7550000 | 7550000 | 29570834 | 67320834 |
| Commercial bank B | 402531 | 419349 | 436869 | 455121 | 1290140 | 18826973 | 21830983 |
| **Total** | **7952531** | **443069349** | **7986869** | **8005121** | **8840140** | **72847807** | **548701817** |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **11** | **Interest-bearing borrowings (continued)** |

---

**(c)** **Pledged assets** 

The Group pledges certain assets to secure borrowings under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings. The table provides the total carrying amounts of pledged assets by asset types*.***

 ****

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Loans principal, interest and financing service fee receivables | 2760756311 | 7429581032 |
| Office buildings | 134793318 | 128208171 |
| Real estate property | 43071871 | 40814830 |
| **Total** | **2938621500** | **7598604033** |

---

 ****

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **12** | **Credit risk mitigation position** |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Balance at the beginning of the year | 1589183564 | 1370674079 |
| Increase during the year | 713133747 | 29509303 |
| Decrease during the year | (931643232) | (325972348) |
| **Balance at the end of the year** | **1370674079** | **1074211034** |

---

Under the collaboration model, the Group collaborates with sales partners who are dedicated to introduce the Group's loan services to prospective borrowers. The sales partners need to place security deposits ranging from 5%-25% of the loans issued to the borrowers introduced by them (such contribution, the "credit risk mitigation position" or "CRMP") to the Group. The credit risk mitigation position will be transferred into an account designated by the Group and is fully refundable upon repayment of the loan the credit risk mitigation position is associated with.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **13** | **Other liabilities** |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Guarantee repayments from sales partner (i) | 903573569 | 776084008 |
| Guarantee liabilities (ii) | 355474674 | 459340708 |
| Settlement and clearing accounts (iii) | 222315820 | 386209816 |
| Collaboration cost payable (iv) | 54131483 | 45940989 |
| Other tax payable (v) | 49744896 | 9419865 |
| Receipt in advance (vi) | 30613918 | 59967940 |
| Customer pledged deposits (vii) | 41857183 | 45024448 |
| Amounts due to third parties (viii) | 7252415 | 1071279 |
| Accrued expenses (ix) | 11868417 | 1089005 |
| Others (x) | 9622431 | 9862835 |
| **Total** | **1686454806** | **1794013893** |

---

(i) Under the collaboration model, sales partners are required to provide a certain level of guarantee of repayment for loans recommended. Guarantee repayments from sales partner mainly consist of repayments collected from sales partners who exercise the guarantee, and those repayments will be returned to trust company.

(ii) In 2021, the Group started to cooperate with a third-party financing
guarantee corporation, Guangzhou Nanfeng, that directly provides guarantee services to commercial banks. According to relevant financial
guarantee arrangements, Guangzhou Nanfeng will fulfil its obligations to purchase defaulted loans. However, the Group is required to provide
deposits and replenish such deposits from time to time to Guangzhou Nanfeng for its obligations of purchasing defaulted loans. Effectively,
the Group provides back-to-back guarantee to Guangzhou Nanfeng and takes on all of the credit risk of the borrowers. These financial guarantee
contracts are accounted for as guarantee liabilities under ASC 460, Guarantees. Maximum potential undiscounted future payment that the
Group would be required to make were RMB1.86 billion and RMB1.35 billion, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively.
The Group recognized both a stand-ready guarantee liability under ASC 460 with an associated guarantee receivable, amounting RMB4,197,264
and RMB660,190 for fiscal year 2024 and 2025, respectively, and a contingent guarantee liability with an allowance for credit losses of
the underlying loans under current expected credit loss ("ACL") model for these financial guarantee provided for off-balance
sheet loans, amounting RMB351,277,409 and RMB458,680,518 for fiscal year 2024 and 2025, respectively. The increase in contingent guarantee
liabilities under ACL model from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025 is mainly due to the increase of loans defaulted which was guaranteed
by Guangzhou Nanfeng.

(iii) The Group transferred loans to third party investors and recorded these transactions as sales in Note 5(c). After the transfer, the contract terms related to payment proceeds from the loans remain the same: The Group collects payments of loans and then disburses the proceeds from the relevant loans to third-party transferees.

(iv) The collaboration cost for sales partners is a percentage of the loan principal amount that the sales partners recommended to the Group and is calculated by subtracting the project cost, a cost which is agreed between the Group and the sales partners that will vary based on different terms of loans, from interest and fees income received from borrowers.

(v) Other tax payables mainly represent value-added tax and surcharges payables.

(vi) Receipt in advance consists of advance for interest and financing service fees on loans and down payments of loans held-for-sale by loan transferees.

(vii) Customer pledged deposits mainly consist of the deposits collected from certain customers to reduce the risk of failure to make payments on schedule.

(viii) Amounts due to third parties are payments to be paid for third parties.

(ix) Accrued expenses mainly consist of promotional costs relating to building the collaboration model and expenses payable to consultants such as the auditor and lawyer.

(x) Other liabilities are expected to be settled or recognized as income within one year or are repayable on demand.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **14** | **Ordinary shares** |

---

On January 8, 2014, the Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands with authorized share capital of HKD 380,000 divided into 3,800,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of HKD 0.0001 each. Upon the incorporation of the Company, one subscriber's share was allotted and issued to Kevin Butler at a consideration of HKD 0.0001, representing 100% of the entire ordinary share of the Company. On the same date, such share was transferred to Complete Joy Investments Limited ("Complete Joy") at Nil consideration. As a result, Complete Joy was the sole owner of the Company.

On July 11, 2018, the Company repurchased a total of 1,230,434,041 shares of HKD 0.0001 each share, following by issuing a total of 1,230,434,040 shares of USD 0.0001 each share. As the result of the above redenomination, the par value of the Company's shares has been changed from HKD 0.0001 to USD 0.0001, and its authorized share capital has been increased to USD 380,000 divided into 3,800,000,000 shares of USD 0.0001 each.

Upon its initial public offering in November 2018 and the subsequent exercise of the over-allotment options, the Company issued a total of 133,209,200 ordinary shares. Following a change in the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio effective September 5, 2025, each ADS represents 200 Class A ordinary shares.

On December 10, 2025, the Company adopted a dual-class share structure by amending its authorized share capital. Following the amendment, the authorized share capital consists of 18,000,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 2,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares, each with a par value of US$0.0001 per share. Upon the adoption of the dual-class structure, the Company's existing ordinary shares were re-designated as Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.

Holders of Class A and Class B ordinary shares have identical rights to dividends and distributions, including upon liquidation. The two classes differ only with respect to voting rights, with each Class A ordinary share entitled to one vote per share and each Class B ordinary share entitled to twenty votes per share.

In July 2021, the Company issued 187,933,720 ordinary shares to a depositary as a reserve for future issuances upon the exercise of share options granted under the Company's share incentive plan. The shareholder rights associated with these shares, including voting and dividend rights, are waived until the underlying options are exercised. Accordingly, these shares are considered issued but not outstanding and are excluded from the computation of earnings per share until such time as the shares are transferred to the option holders upon exercise.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had 1,559,576,960 Class A ordinary shares issued, of which 187,933,720 shares were issued but not outstanding as described above. Accordingly, the Company had 1,371,643,240 Class A ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025. No Class B ordinary shares have been issued or are outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **15** | **Additional paid-in capital** |

---

Additional paid-in capital represents (1) the difference between the nominal value of share capital and the paid-up capital of the Group; (2) the difference between the purchase price and the proportionate share of the identifiable net assets of Guangzhou Anyu when the Group acquired its remaining shares to take full ownership; (3) the portion of the grant date fair value of unexercised share options granted to employees of the Group that has been recognized.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **16** | **Retained earnings** |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| PRC statutory reserves (i) | 258654052 | 258654052 |
| PRC surplus reserves (ii) | 190082835 | 219656867 |
| Unreserved retained earnings | 2693004101 | 2193036027 |
| **Total** | **3141740988** | **2671346946** |

---

(i) With effect from July 1, 2012, pursuant to the "Administrative Measures on Accrual of Provisions by Financial Institutions" issued by the Ministry of Finance in March 2012, the Group is required, in principle, to set aside a general reserve not lower than 1.5% of the ending balance of its gross risk-bearing assets.

(ii) In accordance with the Company's PRC subsidiaries' articles of associate, the subsidiaries are required to appropriate 10% of their net incomes, upon approval by board of directors.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **17** | **Accumulated other comprehensive losses** |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Balance as of<br> January 1,<br> 2024*** | ***Other<br> comprehensive<br> loss, net*** | ***Balance as of December 31,<br> 2024*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (9344881) | 524148 | (8820732) |
| **Total** | **(9344881)** | **524148** | **(8820732)** |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Balance as of<br> January 1,<br> 2025*** | ***Other<br> comprehensive<br> income, net*** | ***Balance as of<br> December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (8820732) | (4739930) | (13560642) |
| **Total** | **(8820732)** | **(4739910)** | **(13560642)** |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **18** | **Interest and fees income** |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | ***Year ended December 31,*** | ***Year ended December 31,*** | ***Year ended December 31,*** |
|  | ***Note*** | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Interest and financing service fees on loans | (i) | 1580001675 | 1343738056 | 484992923 |
| - Interest income |  | 1579868355 | 1343738056 | 484992923 |
| - Financing service fees |  | 133320 | - | - |
| Interest income charged to sales partners | (ii) | 134542337 | 162566756 | 72092927 |
| Interest income on debt securities | (iii) | 20468849 | 16842567 | 14375545 |
| Interest on deposits with banks |  | 19582159 | 15472736 | 4321947 |
| **Total** |  | **1754595020** | **1538620115** | **575783341** |

---

(i) Interest and financing service fees on loans, which include financing service fees on loans, are recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income using the effective interest method. Financing service fees on loans, are deferred and amortized over the contractual life of the related loans utilizing the effective interest method.

(ii) Interest income charged to sales partners refers to the cost of and interest on the partner's instalment repurchase options under collaboration model.

(iii) Interest income on debt securities in forms of partnership investment and corporate debt securities. Please refer to Note 6(b).

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **19** | **Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model** |

---

The Group has started to collaborate with commercial banks since 2021 and such collaboration grew and scaled in the second half of 2022. Net revenue under the commercial bank partnership model representing fees charged to commercial banks for services including introducing borrowers, initial credit assessment, facilitating loans from the banks to the borrower and providing technical assistance to the borrower and banks, net of fees paid to third-party financing guarantee corporations.

Revenues from loan facilitation services are recognized at the time a loan is originated, at which time the facilitation service is considered completed. Revenues from loan facilitation services, covering matching of commercial banks to borrowers and facilitating the execution of loan agreement between commercial banks and borrowers are RMB27,215,101 and RMB2,618,165 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Revenues from post-origination services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying loans as the services are provided. Revenues from post-facilitation services, covering cash processing services and collection services are RMB18,143,623 and RMB5,665,339 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Refer to Note 13, the Group provided guarantee services for its off-balance sheet loans under the commercial bank partnership model. As a result, at inception of the guarantee, the Group recognized a stand-ready guarantee liability under ASC 460 at fair value. Subsequently, the stand-ready guarantee is released into gains from guarantee liabilities on a straight-line basis over the term of the guarantee. Gains from guarantee liabilities are RMB124,689,007 and RMB30,456,920 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The total amount of net fees paid to third-party financing guarantee corporations for providing guarantee services to commercial banks and commission fee to local sales channels are RMB72,920,424 and RMB 18,781,216 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **20** | **Collaboration cost for sales partners** |

---

The Group collaborates with sales partners who are dedicated to introduce the Group and its loan services to prospective borrowers. The collaboration cost for sales partners is a percentage of the loan principal amount that the sales partners recommended to the Group and is calculated by subtracting the project cost, a cost which is agreed between the Group and the sales partners that will vary based on different terms of loans, from interest and fees income received from borrowers. The unique feature of this collaboration model is that the sales partners will be required to deposit an amount equal to 5% - 25% of the loans issued to the borrowers introduced by them. In return, the Group will pay collaboration cost as sales incentives to the sales partners.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **21** | **Provision for credit losses, net of increase in guaranteed recoverable assets** |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31,*** | ***Year ended December 31,*** | ***Year ended December 31,*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Home equity loans | 57110646) | (45146640) | (430655939) |
| Corporate loans | (31271295) | 5869429) | (12635426) |
| Debt securities | 6209195) | (545807) | 4146550 |
| Guarantee liabilities | (149512430) | 147228939 | (27160083) |
| Interest and financing service fee receivables | 5020090 | (85233977) | 3963683 |
| Other assets | (64839204) | (127388384) | (18590628) |
| **Total** | **(177282998)** | **(105216440)** | **(480931843)** |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **22** | **Realized gains on sales of investments, net** |

---

The gross realized gains on sales of investments are RMB38,169,360, RMB3,646,607 and 456,306 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The gross realized losses on sales of investments are RMB31,620,876, RMB7,771,643 and RMB1,428,031 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **23** | **Net losses on sales of loans** |

---

As mentioned in Note 5(c), the Group transferred the delinquent loans to third parties. Net losses on sale of loans which summarizes the received from sales of loans are net losses of RMB17,190,545, RMB6,497,731 and RMB 20,967,075 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **24** | **Other gains/(losses), net** |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  | ***Year ended December 31,*** | ***Year ended December 31,*** | ***Year ended December 31,*** |
|  | ***Note*** | **2023** | **2024** | **2025** |
|  |  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Foreign exchange gains | &nbsp;&nbsp;(i) | 3589629 | 5933998 | 5672134 |
| Net gains/(losses) on confiscated credit risk mitigation positions | &nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) | 422763 | (27365653) | 26803049 |
| Profits/(losses) from fair value changes | &nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) | (5765113) | - | - |
| Net loss on disposal of property and equipment |  | (147644) | 39563 | - |
| Others |  | 6747962 | (3008821) | 37199298 |
| **Total** |  | 4847597 | (24400913) | 69674481 |

---

(i) The changes of foreign exchange gain are mainly due to exchange rate changes in cash and cash equivalents held by the Group, including US dollar account and Hong Kong dollar account.

(ii) Sales partners provide CRMPs as security deposits. Pursuant to the collaboration agreements if the debtor's loan principal repayments or accrued interests are past due or the loan is in default, sales partners are obliged to fulfill their guaranteed responsibility by selecting among different approaches, otherwise the CRMPs deposited by sales partners are confiscated by the Group, refer to Note 1.

(iii) Profits/(losses) from fair value change refers to gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of investment securities.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **25** | **Other expenses** |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Advertising and promotion expenses | 49828134 | 13653838 | 58303 |
| Consulting fees | 17480308 | 12058142 | 3780760 |
| Entertainment and travelling expenses | 15252790 | 14811438 | 5320381 |
| Office and commute expenses | 10792783 | 10117559 | 1909400 |
| Post-loan management expenses | 10481523 | 99368411 | 28081272 |
| Directors and officers liability insurance | 3613489 | 919443 | 4132204 |
| Communication expenses | 2826369 | 2784808 | 2054855 |
| Research and development expenses | 1791754 | 1010223 | 3790202 |
| Depreciation and amortization | 1753032 | 11540878 | 15978766 |
| Litigation and attorney fees | 1714117 | 18877828 | 607877 |
| Others | 5986473 | 2180166 | 1408162 |
| **Total** | **121520772** | **187322734** | **67122182** |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **26** | **Income tax expense** |

---

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains.

British Virgin Islands (BVI)

Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the British Virgin Islands, the Group is not subject to any income tax in the British Virgin Islands.

Hong Kong

No provision for Hong Kong Profits Tax has been made for the subsidiary located in Hong Kong as the subsidiary has not derived any income subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax during the years.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **26** | **Income tax expense (continued)** |

---

Peoples Republic of China (PRC)

According to the PRC Corporate Income Tax ("CIT") Law, the Group's PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC income tax at the statutory tax rate of 25%, unless otherwise specified.

Some subsidiaries within the Group are small-scale and micro-profit enterprises, paying corporate income tax at a rate of 20% based on 25% of the actual taxable amount resulting in a 5% statutory income tax rate.

The effect of the Group's tax holiday on income tax expense is RMB3.4 million and RMB1.9 million in 2024 and 2025, respectively. The basic earnings per ordinary share effect of the Group's tax holiday for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 was RMB0.002 and RMB0.001, respectively. The diluted earnings per ordinary share effect of the Group's tax holiday for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 was RMB0.003 and RMB0.001, respectively.

Income tax expense, all of which relates to the PRC, consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Current tax expense | 57510432 | 48548105 | 66214649 |
| Deferred tax benefit | (16493414) | (38044032) | (179918382) |
| **Total income tax expense (benefit)** | **41017018** | **10504073** | **(113703733)** |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **26** | **Income tax expense (continued)** |

---

The principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Deferred tax assets:** |  |  |
| Allowance for credit losses | 379327404 | 543694787 |
| Debt securities | 2103374 | 56749148 |
| Guarantee liabilities | 87819352 | 110745738 |
| Net operating loss carry-forwards | 12183421 | 18135138 |
| Lease liabilities | 5347435 | 3059073 |
| Receivables from sales of loans | 1495934 | 735971 |
| Other deferred tax assets | 252144 | - |
| **Total deferred tax assets** | **488529064** | **733655257** |
| Valuation allowance | (12183421) | (18135138) |
| **Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance** | **476345643** | **714984717** |
| **Net deferred tax assets** | **131112019** | **318345730** |
| **Deferred tax liabilities:** |  |  |
| Intangible assets | (742500) | (742500) |
| Short term investments | - | - |
| Right-of-use assets | (6262498) | (2940108) |
| Intercompany receivables | (41453522) | (41453522) |
| Guarantee assets | (311497133) | (411210627) |
| Undistributed earnings from structured funds | (58699859) | (21029446) |
| **Total deferred tax liabilities** | **(418655512)** | **(477376203)** |
| **Net deferred tax liabilities** | **(73421888)** | **(80737217)** |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **26** | **Income tax expense (continued)** |

---

Movement of valuation allowance:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| At the beginning of year | 9116290 | 10041747 | 12183421 |
| Current year additions | 2096152 | 8090197 | 6492530 |
| Current year reversals | (722911) | (3884082) | (205135) |
| Current year expiration of carry-forwards | (447784) | (2064441) | (335678) |
| Net change in the valuation allowance | (925457) | 2141674 | 5951717 |
| **At the end of year** | **10041747** | **12183421** | **18135138** |

---

In assessing the recoverability of its deferred tax assets, management considers whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers reversing taxable temporary differences, carryback availability, projected future income and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. Recovery of a substantial majority of the Group's deferred tax assets is supported by reversing taxable temporary differences.

Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are recoverable, management believes that it is more likely than not that the Group will realize the benefits of its deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

Valuation allowances have been provided for certain deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty surrounding their realization. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, mainly arising from operating loss carryforwards, were provided because it was more likely than not that the Group will not be able to utilize the operating loss carryforwards generated by certain unprofitable subsidiaries.

The Group operates through its subsidiaries and VIEs. Since each entity files a separate tax return, the valuation allowance is considered on an individual entity basis.

As of December 31, 2025, the Group had net operating loss carryforwards of RMB72,540,552 from its subsidiaries registered in the PRC, which can be carried forward to offset future taxable income. The Group had deferred tax assets related to these net operating loss carryforwards of RMB 18,135,138. The net operating losses will expire in years in 2026 to 2030 if not utilized.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **26** | **Income tax expense (continued)** |

---

Management intends to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of the subsidiaries located in the PRC. The amount of the temporary difference in respect of investments in PRC subsidiaries is RMB2,706,513,294 as of December 31, 2025. Upon repatriation of the subsidiaries' and the VIE's earnings, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Group would be subject to 10% PRC withholding income tax when making distribution to foreign parent companies. However, the Group was not subject to withholding income tax in 2025 because the Group did not make any distribution to foreign parent companies. The related unrecognized deferred tax liabilities were RMB270,651,329.

Income before income tax expense is as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Cayman Islands | (9006814) | (6407208) | (6887634) |
| BVI | 4407292 | 10672841 | (575764) |
| Hong Kong | (1168618) | 2344219 | (592263) |
| PRC | 211402719 | 41678667 | (576042114) |
| Total | 205634579 | 48288519 | (584097775) |

---

The reconciliation of the PRC statutory income tax rate of 25%, the income tax rate of the jurisdiction where the Group has substantially all of its operations, to the effective income tax rate is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| PRC statutory income tax rate | 25% | 25% |
| (Decrease)/increase in effective income tax rate resulting from: |  |  |
| Tax holiday | (3.48)% | (7.04)% |
| Tax-free income | (2.64)% | (9.82)% |
| Non-deductible share option expense | 0.91% | 7.71% |
| Other non-deductible expenses | 0.42% | 0.83% |
| Zero tax rate in foreign countries | 0.84% | (2.21)% |
| Differential and preferential tax rates | (0.11)% | (1.09)% |
| Changes in valuation allowance | 0.67% | 8.71% |
| Research and development super-deduction | (1.01)% | (0.58)% |
| Changes in unrecognized tax benefits | (0.82)% | 0.34% |
| Others | 0.17% | (0.11)% |
| Effective income tax rate | 19.95% | 21.74% |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **26** | **Income tax expense (continued)** |

---

The Group has adopted ASU No. 2023-09 on a prospective basis beginning January 1, 2025. In accordance with the updated requirements of ASU No. 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, a reconciliation between PRC statutory rate and the Group's effective tax rate is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31, 2025*** | ***Year ended December 31, 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **%** |
| PRC statutory income tax rate | (146024444) | 25% |
| (Decrease)/increase in effective income tax rate resulting from: |  |  |
| Foreign Tax Effects | 2020045 | (0.35)% |
| Hong Kong: | 2020045 | (0.35)% |
| Statutory tax rate difference between Hong Kong and PRC | 154196 | (0.03)% |
| Non-Taxable Income | 1865849 | (0.32)% |
| Tax holiday | (1761445) | 0.30% |
| Tax-free income | 26520703 | (4.54)% |
| Other non-deductible expenses | 252691 | (0.04)% |
| Changes in valuation allowance | 6287395 | (1.08)% |
| Research and development super-deduction | (1269304) | 0.22% |
| Others | 270625 | (0.05)% |
| Effective income tax rate | (113703733) | 19.47% |

---

The Group's only major jurisdiction is China where tax returns generally remain open and subject to examination by tax authorities for tax years 1999 onwards. For the year ended December 31, 2025, income taxes paid amounted to RMB4,641,211 in mainland China, and nil in jurisdictions outside mainland China.

The Group did not have any significant unrecognized tax benefits, and no significant interest and penalty expenses related to income taxes were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. As of the reporting date, the Group has no uncertain tax positions.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **27** | **Earning per share** |

---

The Company has two classes of ordinary shares, Class A and Class B, which have identical rights to dividends and distributions. Accordingly, earnings per share is calculated based on the combined weighted average number of Class A and Class B ordinary shares outstanding during the period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2023*** | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| Net income/(loss) | 164617561 | 37784446 | (470394042) |
| Basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 1371643240 | 1371643240 | 1371643240 |
| Effect of dilutive share options | 74254198 | (88867427) | - |
| Dilutive weighted average number of ordinary shares | 1445897438 | 1282775813 | 1371643240 |
| Basic earnings per share | 0.12 | 0.03 | (0.34) |
| Diluted earnings per share | 0.11 | 0.03 | (0.34) |

---

In 2021, the Group issued 187,933,720 ordinary shares to the Depositary. No consideration was received by the Group for the issuance. As of December 31, 2025, no share out of the total 187,933,720 ordinary shares were used to settle share-based compensation. The 187,933,720 ordinary shares are legally issued and not outstanding, and do not affect the computation of earnings per share.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **28** | **Material related party transactions** |

---

The Group did not have any related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **29** | **Condensed financial information of the parent company** |

---

The Group's PRC VIEs and PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Group. The payment of dividends by entities organized in China is subject to limitations, procedures and formalities. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. The Group's subsidiaries are also required to set aside at least 10% of its net income based on PRC accounting standards each year to its statutory reserves account until the accumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its respective registered capital. The aforementioned reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends.

In addition, the Group's operations and revenues are conducted and generated in China, all of the Group's revenues being earned and currency received are denominated in RMB. RMB is subject to the foreign exchange control regulation in China, and, as a result, the Group may be unable to distribute any dividends outside of China due to PRC foreign exchange control regulations that restrict the Group's ability to convert RMB into US Dollars.

Regulation S-X requires the condensed financial information of registrant shall be filed when the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25 percent of consolidated net assets as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. For purposes of the above test, restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries shall mean that amount of the registrant's proportionate share of net assets of consolidated subsidiaries (after intercompany eliminations) which as of the end of the most recent fiscal year may not be transferred to the parent company by subsidiaries in the form of loans, advances or cash dividends without the consent of a third party. The condensed parent company financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04, Schedule I of Regulation S-X as the restricted net assets of the Group's PRC subsidiary and VIE exceed 25% of the consolidated net assets of the Group.

The condensed financial information of the parent company has been prepared in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Rule 5-04 and Rule 12-04, using the same accounting policies as set out in the Group's consolidated financial statements, except that the Group uses the equity method to account for investments in its subsidiaries. The footnote disclosures generally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed and omitted. The footnote disclosures contain supplemental information relating to the operations of the Group, as such, these statements are not the general-purpose financial statements of the reporting entity and should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Group.

On January 8, 2014, the Group was incorporated in the Cayman Islands with one subscriber's share allotted and issued at par value of HKD0.0001, representing 100% of the entire ordinary share of the Group. The shareholder as well as shareholder's equity remained the same until the reorganization with Sincere Fame.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **29** | **Condensed financial information of the parent company (continued)** |

---

***Condensed balance sheets***

 ****

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***December 31,<br> 2024*** | ***December 31,<br> 2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Assets** | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 5011068 | 2494328 |
| investment securities | - | - |
| Investments in subsidiaries | 3865503139 | 3403654519 |
| Other assets | 203820467 | 174931486 |
| **Total assets** | **4074334674** | **3581080333** |
| **Liabilities and shareholders' equity** |  |  |
| Accrued employee benefits | 437958 | 437958 |
| Other operating liabilities | 16338215 | - |
| **Total liabilities** | **16776173** | **437958** |
| Ordinary shares (USD0.0001 par value; 3,800,000,000 shares authorized; 1,559,576,960 shares issued and 1,371,643,240 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024) | 916743 | - |
| Class A Ordinary shares (USD0.0001 par value; 18,000,000,000 shares authorized; 1,559,576,960 shares issued and 1,371,643,240 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025) | - | 916743 |
| Class B Ordinary shares (USD0.0001 par value; 2,000,000,000 shares authorized; nil shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025) | - | - |
| Treasury stock | (122897896) | (124680070) |
| Additional paid-in capital | 727042734 | 728824908 |
| Retained earnings | 3461317652 | 2989141436 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive losses | (8820732) | (13560642) |
| **Total shareholders' equity** | **4057558501** | **3580642375** |
| **Total liabilities and shareholders' equity** | **4074334674** | **3581080333** |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **29** | **Condensed financial information of the parent company (continued)** |

---

***Condensed statements of comprehensive income***

 ****

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Interest and fees income** |  |  |
| Interest income on debt securities | - | - |
| Interest on deposits with banks | - | - |
| **Total interest and fees income** | **-**  | **-**  |
| Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | **51677272** | (454966227) |
| **Equity in earnings of subsidiaries** | **51677272** | **(454966227)** |
| Realized gains/(losses) on sales of investments, net | (5305137) | (8540181) |
| Other (losses)/gains, net | (479) | (2387) |
| **Total non-interest income/(loss)** | **(5305616)** | **(8542568)** |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |
| Employee compensation and benefits | (880653) | (868542) |
| Other expenses | (7706556) | (6016705) |
| **Total operating expenses** | **(8587209)** | **(6885247)** |
| **Income/(loss) before income tax expense** | **37784446** | **(470394042)** |
| **Net income/(loss)** | **37784446** | **(470394042)** |
| **Other comprehensive income** |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 524149 | (4739910) |
| **Comprehensive income/ (loss)** | **38308595** | **(475133952)** |

---

 ****

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **29** | **Condensed financial information of the parent company (continued)** |

---

***Condensed statements of cash flows***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | ***Year ended December 31*** | ***Year ended December 31*** |
|  | ***2024*** | ***2025*** |
|  | **RMB** | **RMB** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities:** |  |  |
| Net income/(loss) | 37784446 | (470394042) |
| Other operating assets | (50089318) | 488955427 |
| Other operating liabilities | 3864473 | (16338215) |
| **Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities** | **(8440399)** | **2223170** |
| **Net (decrease)/ increase in cash and cash equivalents** | **(8440399)** | **2223170** |
| Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of year | 12927318 | 5011068 |
| Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalents | 524149 | (4739910) |
| **Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year** | **5011068** | **2494328** |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **30** | **Commitments and contingencies** |

---

As of December 31, 2025, the Group has not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any unconsolidated third parties. In addition, the Group has not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to the Group's shares and classified as shareholders' equity, or that are not reflected in the Group's consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, the Group does not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. Moreover, the Group does not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to the Group or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with the Group.

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **31** | **Concentration of Risks** |

---

The Group commenced its loan service business in 2006, adopted its previous business model in 2014 and introduced the collaboration model in December 2018. To expand on its financing channels, the Group launched a new funding model in 2021 by collaborating with the commercial banks.

As of December 31, 2024, one of the Group's main funding resources is borrowing from trust companies, among them, majority of the borrowings were acquired from Trust company A, B and C, each accounted for more than 10% of the Group's total interest-bearing borrowing. As of December 31, 2025, the majority of the borrowings were acquired from Trust company A, B and C, yet the borrowings acquired from Trust company C account for 6.3% of the Group's total interest-bearing borrowing.

**Interest-bearing borrowing**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2024** | **December 31,**<br>**2025** |
|  | **%** | **%** |
| Trust company A | 38.7% | 52.1% |
| Trust company B | 29.1% | 30.6% |
| Trust company C | 26.8% | 6.3% |
| **Total** | **94.6%** | **89.0%** |

---

In 2022, the Group started to collaborate with sales partner A under the trust lending model, and also involved into business with sales partner A and its subsidiaries B and C in the commercial bank partnership model since the first quarter of 2023.

As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding principal balance of loans to borrowers introduced by sales partner A and its subsidiary B under the trust lending model represented 51.3% of the Group's total balance of outstanding loan principal. Sales partners A and B provided 45.3% and 8.8%, respectively.

**The trust lending model**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2024** | **December 31,**<br>**2025** |
|  | **%** | **%** |
| Sales partners A and B | 43.1% | 54.1% |

---

**CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED** 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

(Amounts in Renminbi ("RMB") unless otherwise stated)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **31** | **Concentration of Risks (continued)** |

---

As of December 31, 2024, Sales partners A and its subsidiaries B and C accounted for 67.3% of the outstanding loan principal under the commercial bank partnership. As of December 31, 2025, Sales partner C is not a subsidiary of sales partner A, the outstanding principal balance of loans to borrowers introduced by sales partners A and its subsidiaries B under the commercial bank partnership model represented 20.9% of the Group's total balance of outstanding loan principal.

**The commercial bank partnership model**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2024** | **December 31,**<br>**2025** |
|  | **%** | **%** |
| Sales partners A B, and C | 67.3% | 67.0% |

---

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, Sales Partner A's Affiliate Financing Guarantee Corporation A held a financial guarantee license and individually provided guarantee services for greater than 90% or more of the total outstanding off-balance under the commercial bank partnership model loans.

**Guarantee services**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2024** | **December 31,**<br>**2025** |
|  | **%** | **%** |
| Financing Guarantee Corporation A | 97.2% | 97.0% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **32** | **Subsequent events** |

---

The Group has considered subsequent events through April 30, 2026, which was the date of these consolidated financial statements were issued, and has determined none of these events were required to be recognized or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and related notes.

## Exhibit 8.1

**Exhibit 8.1**

**LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES AND CONSOLIDATED VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITY OF <br> CNFINANCE HOLDINGS LIMITED**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Subsidiaries** | **Jurisdiction of Incorporation** |
| Sincere Fame International Limited 诚名国际有限公司 | British Virgin Islands |
| China Financial Services Group Limited 泛华金融服务集团有限公司 | Hong Kong |
| Fanhua Chuang Li Information Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. 泛华创利信息技术(深圳)有限公司\* | PRC |
| Shenfanlian Investment (Shenzhen) Group Co., Ltd. 深泛联投资（深圳）集团有限公司\* | PRC |
| Guangzhou Chengze Information Technology Co., Ltd. 广州诚泽信息技术有限公司\* | PRC |
| Chongqing Liangjiang New Area Fanhua Micro-credit Co., Ltd. 重庆市两江新区泛华小额贷款有限公司\* | PRC |
| Beijing Lianxin Chuanghui Information Technology Co., Ltd. 北京联鑫创辉信息技术有限公司\* | PRC |
| Shenzhen Fanlian Investment Co., Ltd. 深圳泛联投资有限公司\* | PRC |
| Guangzhou Fanze Information Technology Co., Ltd. 广州泛泽信息科技有限公司\* | PRC |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Consolidated Variable Interest Entity** | **Jurisdiction of Incorporation** |
| Jinghua Structured Fund 1外贸信托菁华1号集合资金信托计划\* | PRC |
| Zhonghai Lanhai Structured Fund 1 中海信托蓝海1号集合资金信托计划\* | PRC |
| Jinghua Structured Fund 50外贸信托菁华50号资管计划\* | PRC |
| Zhongliang Hongrui Structured Fund 1 中粮信托-弘瑞普惠1号集合资金信托计划\* | PRC |
| Jinghua Structured Fund 2外贸菁华2号集合资金信托计划\* | PRC |

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\* The English name of this subsidiary or consolidated variable interest entity, as applicable, has been translated from its Chinese name.

## Exhibit 12.1

**Exhibit 12.1**

**Certification by the Principal Executive Officer**

**Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

I, Bin Zhai, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of CNFinance Holdings Limited (the "Company");

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Company's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company's auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 30, 2026

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Bin Zhai |
| Name: | Bin Zhai |
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer |

---

## Exhibit 12.2

**Exhibit 12.2**

**Certification by the Principal Financial Officer**

**Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

I, Jing Li, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of CNFinance Holdings Limited (the "Company");

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Company's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company's auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 30, 2026

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Jing Li |
| Name: | Jing Li |
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer |

---

## Exhibit 13.1

**Exhibit 13.1**

**Certification by the Principal Executive Officer<br> Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

In connection with the annual report of CNFinance Holdings Limited (the "Company") on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Bin Zhai, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: April 30, 2026 |  |  |
|  | By: | /s/ Bin Zhai |
|  | Name: | Bin Zhai |
|  | Title: | Chief Executive Officer |

---

## Exhibit 13.2

**Exhibit 13.2**

**Certification by the Principal Financial Officer<br> Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

In connection with the annual report of CNFinance Holdings Limited (the "Company") on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Jing Li, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: April 30, 2026 |  |  |
|  | By: | /s/ Jing Li |
|  | Name: | Jing Li |
|  | Title: | Chief Financial Officer |

---

## Exhibit 15.1

**Exhibit 15.1**

![](ea028716501_ex15-1img1.jpg)

Date: April 30, 2026

**CNFinance Holdings Limited**

22/F, South Finance Center, No. 6 Wuheng Road<br> Tianhe District, Guangzhou City

Guangdong Province

People's Republic of China

Dear Sirs/Madams,

We hereby consent to the reference to our firm in CNFinance Holdings Limited's annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Annual Report"), which will be filed by CNFinance Holdings Limited in April 2026 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and further consent to the incorporation by reference of the summaries of our opinions that appear in the Annual Report on Form 20-F into the Registration Statement (No. 333-230955) on Form S-8 and the Registration Statement (No. 333-259304 and No. 333-293400) on Form F-3.

We also consent to the filing of this consent letter with the SEC as an exhibit to the Annual Report.

In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933, or under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in each case, as amended, or the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Yours Sincerely,

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| |
|:---|
| /s/ Global Law Office |
| Global Law Office |

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## Exhibit 15.2

**Exhibit 15.2**

30 April 2026 Our Ref: MRC/BLUI/C6410-H18817 <br>The Board of Directors<br> CNFinance Holdings Limited 22/F, South Finance Center No. 6 Wuheng Road Tianhe District Guangzhou City Guangdong Province People's Republic of China

Dear Sir or Madam

**CNFinance Holdings Limited**

**FORM 20-F**

We consent to the reference to our firm under the heading "Item 3.D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to our American Depositary Shares" and "Item 10.E. Additional Information—Taxation —Cayman Islands Taxation" in the Annual Report on Form 20-F of CNFinance Holdings Limited for the year ended 31 December 2025 (the "**Annual Report**"), which will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "**Commission**") on or around 30 April 2026 under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "**Exchange Act**"). We further consent to the incorporation by reference of the summaries of our opinions that appear in the Annual Report into the Registration Statement (No. 333-230955) on Form S-8 and Registration Statement (No. 333-259304 and No. 333-293400) on Form F-3.

We also consent to the filing with the Commission of this consent letter as an exhibit to the Annual Report.

In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under the Exchange Act, or the Rules and Regulations of the Commission thereunder.

Yours faithfully

/s/ Walkers

**WALKERS (HONG KONG)**

## Exhibit 15.3

**Exhibit 15.3**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| ![](ea028716501_ex15-3img1.jpg) | KPMG Huazhen LLP<br> 8th Floor, KPMG Tower<br> Oriental Plaza<br> 1 East Chang An Avenue<br> Beijing 100738<br> China<br> Telephone +86 (10) 8508 5000<br> Fax +86 (10) 8518 5111<br> Internet kpmg.com/cn | 毕马威华振会计师事务所<br> (特殊普通合伙)<br> 中国北京<br> 东长安街1号<br> 东方广场毕马威大楼8层<br> 邮政编码:100738<br> 电话 +86 (10) 8508 5000<br> 传真 +86 (10) 8518 5111<br> 网址 kpmg.com/cn |

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**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement (No. 333-230955) on Form S-8 and registration statement (No. 333-259304 and No. 333-293400) on Form F-3 of our report dated April 26, 2024, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of CNFinance Holdings Limited.

/s/ KPMG Huazhen LLP

Guangzhou, China

April 30, 2026

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| KPMG Huazhen LLP, a People's Republic of China<br> partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global<br> organisation of independent member firms affiliated with<br> KPMG International Limited, a private English company<br> limited by guarantee. | 毕马威华振会计师事务所(特殊普通合伙) — 中国合伙制会计<br> 师事务所，是与毕马威国际有限公司(英国私营担保有限公<br> 司)相关联的独立成员所全球组织中的成员。 |

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## Exhibit 15.4

**Exhibit 15.4**

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-230955) and Form F-3 (No. 333-259304 and No. 333-293400) of our report dated April 30, 2026, relating to the consolidated financial statements of CNFinance Holdings Limited (the "Company"), as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Company.

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| |
|:---|
| /s/ HTL International, LLC |
| Houston, Texas |
| April 30, 2026 |

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