# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001563880
**File Stem:** 0001193125-26-159041
**Filing Date:** 2026-4
**Character Count:** 204056
**Document Hash:** 8205d8a275819f2fa37070d8a7b895fd
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001193125-26-159041.hdr.sgml**: 20260416

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001193125-26-159041

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 424B5

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 3

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260416

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260416

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001563880
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 450834299
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 424B5
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-291517
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26867788

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 195 CHURCH STREET
- **STREET 2:** 16TH FLOOR
- **CITY:** NEW HAVEN
- **STATE:** CT
- **ZIP:** 06510
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 203-304-2499

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 195 CHURCH STREET
- **STREET 2:** 16TH FLOOR
- **CITY:** NEW HAVEN
- **STATE:** CT
- **ZIP:** 06510

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**As Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)<br> Registration No. 333-291517** 

**The information in this preliminary prospectus supplement is not complete and may be changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission. This preliminary prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state or jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.** 

***SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED APRIL 16, 2026***

***PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT***

***(To Prospectus dated November 13, 2025)***

***$150,000,000***

![LOGO](g106297g16a16.jpg)

***Common Stock***

***We are offering $150,000,000 of shares of our common stock in this offering.***

***Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol "TRVI." The last reported sale price for our common stock on April 15, 2026, was $14.27 per share.***

***We are a "smaller reporting company" under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, rules and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company disclosure requirements for this prospectus supplement and future filings. See "Prospectus Supplement Summary—Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company" on page S-5 of this prospectus supplement for more information.***

***Investing in our securities involves significant risks. See "[Risk Factors](#supptoc106297_3)" beginning on page S-7 of this prospectus supplement and in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement to read about factors you should consider before buying our securities.***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | *Per<br>Share* |  | *Total* |  |
|  *Offering price* | $| | $| |
|  *Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)* | $| | $| |
|  *Proceeds to us, before expenses* | $| | $| |

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*(1)* *We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain offering-related expenses. See "Underwriting" beginning on page S-17 for additional information regarding these expenses and the underwriting discounts and commissions payable in this offering.* 

*We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to an additional $22,500,000 of shares of our common stock at the public offering price per share of common stock, less underwriting discounts and commissions. If the underwriters exercise their option in full, the total underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us will be $, and the total proceeds to us, before expenses, will be $.* 

*Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.* 

*The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock to investors on or about April , 2026.* 

*Joint Book-Running Managers* 

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| ***Morgan Stanley*** | ***Leerink Partners*** | ***Cantor*** | ***Stifel*** |

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*Lead Manager* 

***Oppenheimer & Co.***

***Prospectus Supplement dated April , 2026***

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**TABLE OF CONTENTS** 

**Prospectus Supplement** 

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT](#supptoc106297_1) | S-1 |
|  [PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY](#supptoc106297_2) | S-2 |
|  [RISK FACTORS](#supptoc106297_3) | S-7 |
|  [CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA](#supptoc106297_4) | S-9 |
|  [USE OF PROCEEDS](#supptoc106297_5) | S-11 |
|  [DILUTION](#supptoc106297_6) | S-12 |
|  [MATERIAL U.S. TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF COMMON STOCK](#supptoc106297_7) | S-13 |
|  [UNDERWRITING](#supptoc106297_8) | S-17 |
|  [LEGAL MATTERS](#supptoc106297_9) | S-22 |
|  [EXPERTS](#supptoc106297_10) | S-22 |
|  [WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION](#supptoc106297_11) | S-22 |
|  [INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE](#supptoc106297_12) | S-23 |

---

**Prospectus** 

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#toca106297_1) | 1 |
|  [RISK FACTORS](#toca106297_2) | 2 |
|  [WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION](#toca106297_3) | 3 |
|  [INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE](#toca106297_4) | 3 |
|  [CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#toca106297_5) | 4 |
|  [TREVI THERAPEUTICS, INC.](#toca106297_6) | 6 |
|  [USE OF PROCEEDS](#toca106297_7) | 7 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES](#toca106297_8) | 8 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK](#toca106297_9) | 17 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF UNITS](#toca106297_10) | 24 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS](#toca106297_11) | 25 |
|  [FORMS OF SECURITIES](#toca106297_12) | 26 |
|  [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#toca106297_13) | 28 |
|  [LEGAL MATTERS](#toca106297_14) | 31 |
|  [EXPERTS](#toca106297_15) | 31 |

---

S-i

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT** 

This document is in two parts. The first part is this prospectus supplement, which describes the specific terms of this offering and also adds to and updates information contained in the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein. The second part, the accompanying prospectus, provides more general information about our business and our securities. Generally, when we refer to this prospectus, we are referring to both parts of this document combined. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement, on the one hand, and the information contained in the accompanying prospectus or any document incorporated by reference herein or therein filed before the date of this prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference in the accompanying prospectus — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.

Before buying any of the securities that we are offering, we urge you to carefully read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, all of the information contained in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, as well as the additional information described under the headings "Where You Can Find More Information" and "Information Incorporated by Reference." These documents contain important information that you should consider when making your investment decision.

We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference herein were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made.

We have not authorized, and the underwriters have not authorized, anyone to provide you with any information other than that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or in any free writing prospectus that we authorize for use in connection with this offering and to which we have referred you. We and the underwriters take no responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities described in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy such securities in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful.

Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit an offering of the securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus supplement.

Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus to "we," "our" and "us" refer, collectively, to Trevi Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiary.

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**PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY** 

*This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in our securities, and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference herein or therein and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering. You should read all such documents carefully, including the information contained in the sections entitled "Risk Factors" in this prospectus supplement beginning on page S-7, and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, or the 2025 10-K, which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, before deciding to buy shares of our common stock.* 

**Overview** 

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of the investigational therapy Haduvio (oral nalbuphine ER) for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF, non-IPF interstitial lung disease, or non-IPF ILD, and refractory chronic cough, or RCC. Haduvio is an oral extended-release formulation of nalbuphine. Haduvio acts on the cough reflex arc both centrally and peripherally as a <u>k</u>appa receptor <u>a</u>gonist and a <u>m</u>u receptor <u>a</u>ntagonist, or KAMA, targeting opioid receptors that play a key role in controlling chronic cough. The kappa- and mu-opioid receptors are known to be critical mediators of cough.

In June 2025, we announced positive topline results from our Phase 2b CORAL clinical trial, which was a dose-ranging study evaluating the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Haduvio for IPF-related chronic cough. We have completed an End-of-Phase 2 meeting with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA. At the meeting, we gained overall alignment on the plan for the remaining clinical trials to potentially support a New Drug Application, or NDA, submission for Haduvio, including two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials and the remaining Phase 1 clinical trials. We plan to conduct the Phase 3 trials in parallel, with the first Phase 3 trial to be initiated in the second quarter of 2026 and the second Phase 3 trial to be initiated in the second half of 2026. The two Phase 3 trials will be conducted as randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter global trials with 2:1 randomization. The protocol for the first of the two Phase 3 trials provides for the enrollment of approximately 300 patients and 52 weeks of fixed dosing with Haduvio 54 mg twice-a-day (BID), with the primary efficacy endpoint measured at 24 weeks of fixed dosing and the safety endpoint measured at 52 weeks of fixed dosing. The protocol for the second of the two Phase 3 trials provides for the enrollment of approximately 130 patients and 12 weeks of fixed dosing with Haduvio 54 mg BID with the primary efficacy endpoint measured at 12 weeks of fixed dosing. The primary efficacy endpoint for both trials will be the relative change from Baseline in 24-hour cough frequency (coughs per hour), as determined by an objective cough monitor, for Haduvio compared with placebo. A key secondary endpoint for both trials will be relative change from Baseline in the cough severity numerical rating scale (CS-NRS). These trial designs are subject to final review of the protocols by the FDA. We expect to have topline results from the first Phase 3 trial in the first half of 2028 and from the second Phase 3 trial in the second half of 2027.

We are also developing Haduvio for the treatment of non-IPF ILD-related chronic cough. We plan to initiate an adaptive design Phase 2b clinical trial for the treatment of patients with non-IPF ILD-related chronic cough in the second half of 2026, subject to a meeting with the FDA and review of the trial protocol by the FDA. If we initiate the trial when anticipated, we would expect topline results from the Phase 2b trial in the second half of 2027.

In addition, we are developing Haduvio for the treatment of patients with RCC. In March 2025, we announced positive topline data from our Phase 2a RIVER trial of Haduvio in patients with RCC. As the next step in our

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RCC program, we plan to initiate a Phase 2b trial of Haduvio for the treatment of patients with RCC in the second quarter of 2026. We are planning to conduct this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Poland. The Phase 2b trial will enroll approximately 100 patients. The Phase 2b trial is designed to evaluate three different dose groups of Haduvio (54 mg BID, 27 mg BID and 27 mg once daily (QD)) as compared to placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint for the trial is the relative change from Baseline in 24-hour cough frequency (coughs per hour) at the end of Week 6, as determined by an objective cough monitor, for Haduvio compared with placebo. The trial is subject to review of the protocol by regulatory authorities. The protocol will provide for a sample size re-estimation, or SSRE, analysis, which is expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2026 with topline results expected to occur in the second half of 2027.

We also plan to continue to progress and advance NDA supportive studies necessary for regulatory approval, including Phase 1 clinical studies such as completing our respiratory safety study and conducting drug-drug interaction, food effect, and hepatic and renal impairment studies.

**Preliminary Cash Balance as of March 31, 2026** 

Although we have not finalized our full financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2026, we estimate that we had approximately $171.8 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of March 31, 2026. The estimated figure above is based on preliminary information and represents management's estimates as of the date of this prospectus supplement, is subject to completion of our financial closing procedures and does not present all necessary information for a complete understanding of our financial condition as of March 31, 2026, or our results of operations for the quarter ended March 31, 2026. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted a review of, and does not express an opinion or any other form of assurance with respect to, this preliminary estimate. As a result, prospective investors should exercise caution in relying on this information. This preliminary financial information should not be viewed as a substitute for full quarterly financial statements prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles and reviewed by our independent registered public accounting firm.

**Risks Associated with Our Business** 

Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. These risks are discussed more fully in the "Risk Factors" section of this prospectus supplement and the "Risk Factors" section of the 2025 10-K, which is incorporated by reference herein. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have incurred significant losses since inception and expect to continue to incur significant and increasing
losses for the foreseeable future. We may never achieve or maintain profitability.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We will need substantial additional funding. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital when needed on
acceptable terms or at all, we could be forced to delay, reduce or abandon our product development programs or commercialization efforts.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We are dependent on the successful development and commercialization of Haduvio, our sole product candidate. If
we are unable to complete the clinical development of, obtain marketing approval for or successfully commercialize Haduvio or if we experience significant delays in doing so, our business would be substantially harmed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We are in the process of designing future clinical trials of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in
patients with IPF, non-IPF ILD, and RCC, including our planned Phase 3 trials of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF, our planned adaptive design Phase 2b clinical trial of Haduvio
for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with non-IPF ILD, and our planned Phase 2b trial of Haduvio for the treatment of patients with RCC. Before commencing these trials, we plan to

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submit the protocols to regulatory authorities to obtain any feedback they may have. Changes in the design of the planned trials or regulatory delays may affect the timing and costs of these trials and may affect our ability to complete these trials with our existing cash resources.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The outcome of clinical trials of a product candidate may not be predictive of the success of later clinical
trials of such product candidate or of clinical trials of such product candidate for different indications. For instance, Haduvio may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy results in our planned trials of Haduvio, despite demonstrating
positive results in earlier Phase 2 clinical trials.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have experienced delays and difficulties in the enrollment of patients in our clinical trials in the past. If
we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in future clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented. Other companies are conducting clinical trials or have announced plans for
future clinical trials that are seeking or are likely to seek to enroll patients with IPF, non-IPF ILD, and RCC, and patients are generally only able to enroll in a single trial at a time. In addition, many
patients use various treatments not specifically approved to treat chronic cough and these patients and their physicians may be reluctant to forgo, discontinue or otherwise alter their use of such treatments to participate in our clinical trials.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome. Even if we complete
the necessary nonclinical studies and clinical trials, the regulatory approval process is uncertain, which may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of Haduvio or any future product candidate on a timely basis or at all.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Adverse events or undesirable side effects caused by, or other unexpected properties of, Haduvio or any future
product candidate may be identified during development and could delay or prevent the marketing approval or limit the use of Haduvio or any future product candidate.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The drug label for nalbuphine, the active ingredient in Haduvio, carries an opioid class label warning for
serious, life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression and Haduvio, if approved for marketing in any indication, will likely carry a similar opioid class label.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Many currently approved mu-opioid receptor agonist products are subject
to restrictive marketing and distribution regulations which, if applied to Haduvio, could potentially restrict its use and harm our ability to generate profits.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or enter into sales, marketing and
distribution arrangements with third parties, we may not be successful in commercializing Haduvio or any future product candidates if and when they are approved.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We face competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing products before or more
successfully than we do.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We contract with third parties to conduct our clinical trials and for the manufacture, storage, packaging and
distribution of Haduvio for clinical trials, including with a single supplier for the active ingredient in Haduvio. We expect to continue to rely on third parties for these services in connection with our future development and commercialization
efforts for Haduvio. If they do not perform satisfactorily, our business could be harmed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we fail to comply with our obligations under our existing and any future intellectual property licenses with
third parties, including our license with Keenova Therapeutics plc, we could lose license rights that are critical to our business or owe damages to the licensor of such intellectual property.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient patent protection for Haduvio or any future product candidate
and the disease indications for which we are developing or may in the future develop Haduvio or any other product candidate, or if the scope of the patent protection is not sufficiently

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broad, competitors could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to such product candidate and our ability to successfully commercialize such product candidate may be adversely affected.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The number of shares of common stock underlying our outstanding warrants is significant in relation to our
currently outstanding common stock, which could have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock and make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future equity financings.

**Our Corporate Information** 

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 17, 2011 under the name Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 195 Church Street, 16th Floor, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, and our telephone number is (203) 304-2499. Our website address is www.trevitherapeutics.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus supplement. We have included our website address in this prospectus supplement solely as an inactive textual reference.

We own or have rights to trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate name, logos and website names. We own the trademarks Trevi<sup>®</sup> and Haduvio<sup>™</sup>. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this prospectus supplement are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus supplement are listed without the <sup>®</sup> and <sup>™</sup> symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, service marks and trade names. We intend to propose Haduvio as the trade name for our oral nalbuphine ER investigational product.

**Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company** 

We are a "smaller reporting company," as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates was less than $700 million measured on the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and our annual revenue was less than $100 million during our most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i) the market value of our shares held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (ii) our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our shares held by non-affiliates was less than $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. As a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation, and, for so long as we remain a smaller reporting company with less than $100 million in annual revenue, we are not required to obtain an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. Accordingly, the information contained or incorporated by reference herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

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**THE OFFERING** 

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| **Common stock offered by us**  | $150,000,000 of shares. |

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| **Option to purchase additional shares**  | We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus supplement to purchase up to $22,500,000 of additional shares of our common stock at the public offering price less underwriting discounts and commissions. |

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| **Common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering**  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shares (or shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares). |

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| **Use of proceeds**  | We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the clinical development of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF, non-IPF ILD, and RCC, for working capital and for other general corporate purposes. See "Use of Proceeds" on page S-11 of this prospectus supplement for more information. |

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| **Risk factors**  | See "Risk Factors" beginning on page S-7 and the other information included in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, for a discussion of certain factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our securities. |

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| **Nasdaq Global Market symbol**  | "TRVI" |

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The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 128,306,056 shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2025. The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding as used throughout this prospectus supplement, unless otherwise indicated, excludes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 5,179,850 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2025
at a weighted-average exercise price of $3.34 per share;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 6,911,027 and 1,103,842 shares of common stock available for future issuance as of December 31, 2025 under
our 2019 Stock Incentive Plan and our 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, respectively;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 1,851,852 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of common stock warrants outstanding as of
December 31, 2025 at a weighted average exercise price of $1.37 per share; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 17,248,948 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of pre-funded warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2025 at an exercise price of $0.001 per share.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus supplement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• assumes no exercise of the outstanding stock options or warrants described above;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• does not reflect the potential issuance of shares of our common stock that remain available for sale as of the
date of this prospectus supplement under the "at-the-market" sales agreement we entered into with Leerink Partners LLC in June 2023, pursuant to which we may
sell common stock from time to time.

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**RISK FACTORS** 

*An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should carefully consider the risks described below and those discussed under the captions entitled "Risk Factor Summary" and "Risk Factors" in the 2025 10-K, which are incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, together with other information in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, the information and documents incorporated by reference herein and therein, and in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment in our securities.* 

**Risks Related to Our Securities and This Offering** 

***We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may invest or spend the net proceeds in ways with which you do not agree and in ways that may not yield a return on your investment.***

Although we currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, in the manner described in "Use of Proceeds" in this prospectus supplement, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. You will not have the opportunity to influence our decisions on how to use the net proceeds from this offering. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could harm our business, cause the trading price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

***We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, stockholders must rely on appreciation in the price of our common stock, if any, for any return on their investment.***

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock and we do not intend to do so in the foreseeable future. We currently plan to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the operation, development and growth of our product pipeline and business. As a result, future appreciation, if any, in the market value of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate or even maintain the price at which our holders have purchased it.

***If you purchase shares of common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.***

The offering price of our common stock is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per share after this offering. Based on a public offering price of $ per share, you will experience immediate dilution of $ per share, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of December 31, 2025, after giving effect to this offering, and the public offering price. Furthermore, if holders of our previously issued options, common stock warrants or pre-funded warrants to acquire common stock at prices below the offering price exercise any such options, common stock warrants or pre-funded warrants, you will experience further dilution. For additional information on the dilution that you will experience immediately after this offering, see the section titled "Dilution" of this prospectus supplement for more information.

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***If you purchase shares of common stock in this offering, you may also experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.***

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our planned operations, particularly as we continue the development of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF, chronic cough in patients with non-IPF ILD, and in patients with RCC. Accordingly, we will be required to obtain further funding through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and licensing arrangements or other sources to fund these expenses. To the extent that we raise additional capital in the future through sales of common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities, your ownership interest may be diluted.

Furthermore, we have a significant number of outstanding options, warrants and pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, many of which are exercisable at prices substantially lower than the closing sale price on the Nasdaq Global Market of $14.27 on April 15, 2026. If these securities are exercised at prices that are below the price you pay for shares of common stock in this offering, you will incur further dilution. Moreover, to the extent that we issue additional options to purchase, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for, shares of our common stock in the future and those options or other securities are exercised, converted or exchanged, you would experience further dilution.

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**CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA** 

This prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the information incorporated by reference herein and therein include "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, which involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues and profitability, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. The words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "might," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "target," "would" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

These forward-looking statements may include, among other things, statements about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our plans to develop and, if approved, subsequently commercialize Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in
patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF, non-IPF interstitial lung disease, or non-IPF ILD, and refractory chronic cough, or RCC;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding the timing for the initiation of clinical trials and the reporting of data from such
trials, including with respect to our planned Phase 3 trials of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF, our planned Phase 2b clinical trial of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with non-IPF ILD, our planned Phase 2b trial of Haduvio for the treatment of patients with RCC, and our planned Phase 1 NDA supportive studies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing of and our ability to submit applications for and to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for
Haduvio;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding our ability to fund our operating expenses, including our ongoing and planned clinical
trials, with our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our estimates regarding expenses, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the impact of government laws and regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our competitive position;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to establish and maintain collaborations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the anticipated use of the net proceeds from this offering.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents we incorporate by reference herein and therein, particularly in the section titled "Risk Factors" in this prospectus supplement and in the 2025 10-K, that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures or investments we may make. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus incorporate by reference statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys, and studies conducted by third parties as well as our own estimates. All of the market data incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus involves a number of assumptions and limitations. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy

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or completeness of such information. Our estimates of the potential market opportunities for Haduvio include several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge, industry publications, third-party research and other surveys, which may be based on a small sample size and may fail to accurately reflect market opportunities. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, no independent source has verified such assumptions.

You should read this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents we incorporate by reference herein or therein and have filed or incorporated by reference herein or therein completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may differ materially from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required by applicable law.

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**USE OF PROCEEDS** 

We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale in this offering of $150.0 million of shares of our common stock will be approximately $ million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, we estimate that our net proceeds will be approximately $ million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us.

We currently intend to use our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, plus the net proceeds from this offering, to fund the clinical development of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF, non-IPF ILD, and RCC, for working capital and for other general corporate purposes.

Based on our current plans, we believe that the anticipated net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through 2029. We expect these cash resources will enable us to fund our development program for Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF, including our two planned Phase 3 trials, potentially through FDA approval. We also expect that these cash resources will enable us to fund and report topline data from our planned Phase 2b clinical trial and potentially a subsequent Phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of patients with non-IPF ILD-related chronic cough, and our planned Phase 2b trial for the treatment of patients with RCC. However, our planned spending of these resources does not include any commercial expenses related to the commercial launch of Haduvio or the conduct of any other clinical trials. In addition, these resources will not be sufficient for us to fund the clinical development of Haduvio through regulatory approval for non-IPF ILD-related chronic cough or RCC, or to fund any future product candidates through regulatory approval, and we will need to raise substantial additional capital to complete the development and commercialization of Haduvio and any future product candidates. We have based our estimates as to how long we expect we will be able to fund our operations and the timing and costs of our planned trials and regulatory process on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect, in which case we would be required to obtain additional financing, and our trials and regulatory activities may be delayed or take longer than we currently expect. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy.

This expected use of the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the progress of our development efforts, the status of and results from clinical trials, the timing of regulatory submissions and the outcome of regulatory review, any future commercialization efforts, as well as any collaborations that we may enter into with third parties for our product candidates and any unforeseen cash needs. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering. We have no current agreements, commitments or understandings for any material acquisitions or licenses of any products, businesses or technologies.

Pending our use of the net proceeds from this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation investments, including short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments and U.S. government securities.

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**DILUTION** 

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our common stock and the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.

Our historical net tangible book value as of December 31, 2025 was approximately $183.2 million, or $1.43 per share of our common stock. Our historical net tangible book value is the amount of our total tangible assets less our total liabilities. Historical net tangible book value per share represents our historical net tangible book value divided by the 128,306,056 shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

After giving effect to our issuance and sale of shares of our common stock in this offering at the public offering price of $ per share of common stock, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of December 31, 2025 would have been $ million, or $ per share. This represents an immediate increase in as adjusted net tangible book value per share of $ to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $ in as adjusted net tangible book value per share to investors purchasing common stock in this offering. Dilution per share to investors purchasing securities in this offering is determined by subtracting the as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the public offering price per share paid by investors. The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  Public offering price per share |  | $|
|  Historical net tangible book value per share as of December 31, 2025 | $1.43 |  |
|  Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors participating in this offering |  |  |
|  As adjusted net tangible book value per share as of December 31, 2025, after giving effect to this offering |  |  |
|  Dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering |  | $|

---

The calculations in the foregoing table do not include the following as of December 31, 2025:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 5,179,850 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2025
at a weighted-average exercise price of $3.34 per share;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 6,911,027 and 1,103,842 shares of common stock available for future issuance as of December 31, 2025 under
our 2019 Stock Incentive Plan and our 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, respectively;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 1,851,852 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of common stock warrants outstanding as of
December 31, 2025 at a weighted average exercise price of $1.37 per share; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 17,248,948 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of pre-funded warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2025 at an exercise price of $0.001 per share.

If the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of common stock, our as adjusted net tangible book value at December 31, 2025, after giving effect to this offering, would be approximately $, or approximately $ per share, representing an increase in net tangible book value of $ per share to existing stockholders and immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $ per share to investors in this offering at the public offering price.

To the extent that any of our outstanding options or warrants are exercised, we grant additional options or other awards under our equity incentive plans or issue additional warrants, or we issue additional shares of common stock in the future, there may be further dilution to new public investors.

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**MATERIAL U.S. TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF COMMON STOCK** 

The following is a discussion of material U.S. federal income and estate tax considerations relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock by a non-U.S. holder. For purposes of this discussion, the term "non-U.S. holder" means a beneficial owner (other than a partnership or other entity or arrangement treated as a pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of our common stock that is not, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a corporation, or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or
organized in or under the laws of the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a trust, if a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or
more U.S. persons has authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or if the trust has a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations.

This discussion is based on current provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the Code, existing and proposed U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, current administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of the date of this prospectus supplement and all of which are subject to change or to differing interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect. Any change or differing interpretation could alter the tax consequences to non-U.S. holders described in this prospectus supplement. In addition, we have not requested a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge one or more of the tax consequences described in this prospectus supplement.

This discussion addresses only non-U.S. holders that hold shares of our common stock as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment). This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income and estate taxation that may be relevant to a particular non-U.S. holder in light of that non-U.S. holder's individual circumstances, nor does it address the alternative minimum tax, the Medicare tax on net investment income, or any aspects of U.S. state, local or non-U.S. taxes. This discussion also does not consider any specific facts or circumstances that may apply to a non-U.S. holder and does not address the special tax rules applicable to particular non-U.S. holders, such as:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• insurance companies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• tax-exempt organizations and governmental organizations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pension plans;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• financial institutions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• brokers or dealers in securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• traders that have elected to mark securities to market;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• "qualified foreign pension funds" as defined in Section 897(l)(2) of the Code and entities all
of the interests of which are held by qualified foreign pension funds;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• controlled foreign corporations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• passive foreign investment companies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• accrual-method taxpayers subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• owners that hold our common stock as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction, synthetic security or
other integrated investment; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• certain U.S. expatriates.

In addition, this discussion does not address the tax treatment of partnerships or other entities or arrangements treated as pass-through entities or persons who hold their common stock through partnerships or other entities or arrangements that are pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A partner in a partnership or other pass-through entity that will hold our common stock should consult his, her or its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock through a partnership or other pass-through entity, as applicable.

**Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax considerations of acquiring, holding and disposing of our common stock.** 

**Distributions on our Common Stock** 

We do not expect to make cash distributions to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. If we pay distributions on our common stock, those distributions generally will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. If a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess will be treated as a tax-free return of the non-U.S. holder's investment, up to such holder's tax basis in the common stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as capital gain, subject to the tax treatment described below under the heading "Gain on Disposition of Common Stock."

Dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder's country of residence. A non-U.S. holder of our common stock who claims the benefit of an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder's country of residence generally will be required to provide us and/or our paying agent with a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or successor form) and satisfy applicable certification and other requirements. A non-U.S. holder that is eligible for a reduced rate of U.S. withholding tax under an income tax treaty may obtain a refund or credit of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim with the IRS. Non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding their entitlement to benefits under a relevant income tax treaty.

Dividends that are treated as effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by a non-U.S. holder within the United States, and, if an applicable income tax treaty so provides, that are attributable to a permanent establishment or a fixed base maintained by the non-U.S. holder within the United States, are generally exempt from the 30% withholding tax if the non-U.S. holder satisfies applicable certification and disclosure requirements. However, such U.S. effectively connected income is taxed on a net income basis at the same U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to United States persons (as defined in the Code). Any U.S. effectively connected income received by a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation may also, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional "branch profits tax" at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder's country of residence.

**Gain on Disposition of Common Stock** 

A non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain recognized on a disposition of our common stock unless:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder's
conduct of a trade or business in the United States, and if an applicable income tax treaty so provides, the gain is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the non-U.S. holder in
the United States; in these cases, the

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non-U.S. holder will be taxed on a net income basis at the same U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to United States persons (as defined in the Code), and if the non-U.S. holder is a foreign corporation, the branch profits tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, may also apply; <br>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the non-U.S. holder is a non-resident alien present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition and certain other requirements are met, in which case the non-U.S. holder will be subject to a 30% tax (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on the net gain derived from the disposition, which may be offset by U.S.-source capital
losses of the non-U.S. holder, if any, provided that the non-U.S. holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we are, or have been at any time during the five-year period preceding such disposition (or the non-U.S. holder's holding period, if shorter), a "U.S. real property holding corporation" unless our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market and the non-U.S. holder held no more than 5% of our outstanding common stock, directly or indirectly, during the shorter of the 5-year period ending on the date of the disposition or
the period that the non-U.S. holder held our common stock. If we are determined to be a U.S. real property holding corporation and the foregoing exception does not apply, then the non-U.S. holder generally will be taxed on its net gain derived from the disposition at the U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to United States persons (as defined in the Code). Generally, a corporation is a
"U.S. real property holding corporation" if the fair market value of its "U.S. real property interests" equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of its worldwide real property interests plus its other assets
used or held for use in a trade or business. Although there can be no assurance, we believe that we are not currently, and we do not anticipate becoming, a "U.S. real property holding corporation" for U.S. federal income tax purposes. No
assurance can be provided that our common stock will be regularly traded on an established securities market for purposes of the rule described above.

**Information Reporting and Backup Withholding** 

We must report annually to the IRS and to each non-U.S. holder the gross amount of the distributions on our common stock paid to such holder and the tax withheld, if any, with respect to such distributions. Backup withholding, currently at a 24% rate, generally will not apply to payments to a non-U.S. holder of dividends on or the gross proceeds of a disposition of our common stock provided the non-U.S. holder furnishes the required certification for its non-U.S. status, such as by providing a valid IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E or IRS Form W-8ECI, or certain other requirements are met. Backup withholding may apply if the payor has actual knowledge, or reason to know, that the holder is a U.S. person who is not an exempt recipient.

Information reporting and backup withholding generally will apply to the proceeds of a disposition of our common stock by a non-U.S. holder effected by or through the U.S. office of any broker, U.S. or foreign, unless the holder certifies its status as a non-U.S. holder and satisfies certain other requirements, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, information reporting and backup withholding will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds to a non-U.S. holder where the transaction is effected outside the United States through a non-U.S. office of a broker. However, for information reporting purposes, dispositions effected through a non-U.S. office of a broker with substantial U.S. ownership or operations generally will be treated in a manner similar to dispositions effected through a U.S. office of a broker. Non-U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the information reporting and backup withholding rules to them.

Copies of information returns may be made available to the tax authorities of the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is incorporated under the provisions of a specific treaty or agreement.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules from a payment to a non-U.S. holder can be refunded or credited against the non-U.S. holder's U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided that an appropriate claim is timely filed with the IRS.

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**FATCA** 

Provisions of the Code commonly referred to as the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, generally impose a 30% withholding tax on dividends on, or gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of, our common stock if paid to a foreign entity unless: (i) if the foreign entity is a "foreign financial institution," the foreign entity undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, (ii) if the foreign entity is not a "foreign financial institution," the foreign entity identifies certain of its U.S. investors, or (iii) the foreign entity is otherwise excepted under FATCA.

Withholding under FATCA generally applies to payments of dividends on our common stock. While withholding under FATCA may apply to payments of gross proceeds from a sale or other disposition of our common stock, under proposed U.S. Treasury Regulations, withholding on payments of gross proceeds is not required. Although such regulations are not final, applicable withholding agents may rely on the proposed regulations until final regulations are issued.

If withholding under FATCA is required on any payment related to our common stock, investors not otherwise subject to withholding (or that otherwise would be entitled to a reduced rate of withholding) on such payment may be required to seek a refund or credit from the IRS. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify the requirements described in this section. Non-U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible implications of FATCA on their investment in our common stock and the entities through which they hold our common stock.

**U.S. Federal Estate Tax** 

Common stock owned or treated as owned by an individual who is a non-U.S. holder (as specially defined for U.S. federal estate tax purposes) at the time of death will be included in the individual's gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes and, therefore, may be subject to U.S. federal estate tax, unless an applicable estate tax or other treaty provides otherwise.

**The preceding discussion of material U.S. federal tax considerations is for prospective investors' information only. It is not tax advice. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the particular U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of purchasing, holding and disposing of our common stock, including the consequences of any proposed changes in applicable laws.** 

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**UNDERWRITING** 

Under the terms and subject to the conditions in an underwriting agreement dated the date of this prospectus supplement, the underwriters named below, for whom Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Leerink Partners LLC are acting as representatives, have severally agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to them, severally, the number of securities indicated below:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Number of Shares** |
|  Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC |  |
|  Leerink Partners LLC |  |
|  Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. |  |
|  Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated |  |
|  Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. |  |
|  Total: |  |

---

The underwriters and the representatives are collectively referred to as the "underwriters" and the "representatives," respectively. The underwriters are offering the shares of common stock subject to their acceptance of the shares from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the several underwriters to pay for and accept delivery of the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus supplement are subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their counsel and to certain other conditions. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus supplement if any such shares are taken. However, the underwriters are not required to take or pay for the shares covered by the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares described below.

The underwriters initially propose to offer part of the shares of common stock directly to the public at the offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus supplement and part to certain dealers at a price that represents a concession not in excess of $ per share of common stock under the public offering price. After the initial offering of the shares of common stock, the offering price and other selling terms may from time to time be varied by the representatives.

We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from the date of this prospectus supplement, to purchase up to additional shares of common stock at the public offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus supplement, less underwriting discounts and commissions. To the extent the option is exercised, each underwriter will become obligated, subject to certain conditions, to purchase about the same percentage of the additional shares of common stock as the number listed next to the underwriter's name in the preceding table bears to the total number of shares of common stock listed next to the names of all underwriters in the preceding table.

The following table shows the per share and total public offering price, underwriting discounts and commissions, and proceeds before expenses to us. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase up to an additional shares of common stock.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Per Share** | **Total** | **Total** |
|  | **Per Share** | **No<br>Exercise** | **Full<br>Exercise** |
|  Public offering price | $| $| $|
|  Underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid by us | $| $| $|
|  Proceeds, before expenses, to us | $| $| $|

---

The estimated offering expenses payable by us, exclusive of the underwriting discounts and commissions, are approximately $. We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for expenses relating to determining the offering compliance with the rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority up to $15,000.

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Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol "TRVI".

We and all of our directors and officers have agreed that, without the prior written consent of Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Leerink Partners LLC on behalf of the underwriters, we and they will not, and will not publicly disclose an intention to, during the period ending 60 days after the date of this prospectus supplement, or the restricted period:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract
to sell, grant any option, right or warrant for the sale of, or otherwise dispose of or transfer any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• exercise any right with respect to the registration of any shares of common stock or any securities convertible
or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, or file or cause to be filed any registration statement in connection therewith, under the Securities Act; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• enter into any swap or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, directly or
indirectly, the economic consequence of ownership of the common stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock

whether any such swap or transaction described above is to be settled by delivery of common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise.

The restrictions described in the immediately preceding paragraph to do not apply to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• transfers of securities to us in connection by any person in connection with the termination of that
person's services to us; provided that any filing under Section 16 of the Exchange Act made in connection with such transfer shall clearly indicate in the footnotes thereto that the filing relates to such circumstances;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the exercise or exchange of any option or warrant to acquire any shares of common stock or options to purchase
shares of common stock, in each case for cash or on a "cashless" or "net exercise" basis, pursuant to any stock option, stock bonus or other stock plan or arrangement in existence as of the date of this prospectus supplement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the transfer of securities upon the completion of a bona fide third-party tender offer, merger, consolidation or
other similar transaction made to all holders of our securities involving a change of control of the Company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the sale or disposal of or transfer of shares of common stock purchased in the offering of the securities or in
open market transactions after the completion of the offering of the securities; provided that no filing under the Exchange Act, is required or voluntarily made in connection with such sale, disposal or transfer;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the transfer or disposal of securities pursuant to a trading plan that complies with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, provided that such plan was established prior to the date of the lock-up agreement; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• facilitating the establishment of a trading plan on behalf of a stockholder, officer or director of the Company
pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act for the transfer of shares of common stock, provided that (i) such plan does not provide for the transfer of common stock during the restricted period and
(ii) no public announcement or filing under the Exchange Act, if any, will be made regarding the establishment of such plan, except as required.

Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Leerink Partners LLC, in their sole discretion, may release the common stock and other securities subject to the lock-up agreements described above in whole or in part at any time.

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In order to facilitate the offering of the common stock, the underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the common stock. Specifically, the underwriters may sell more shares than they are obligated to purchase under the underwriting agreement, creating a short position. A short sale is covered if the short position is no greater than the number of shares available for purchase by the underwriters under the option to purchase additional shares. The underwriters can close out a covered short sale by exercising the option or purchasing shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to close out a covered short sale, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the open market price of shares compared to the price available under the option. The underwriters may also sell shares in excess of the option, creating a naked short position. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering. As an additional means of facilitating this offering, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase, shares of common stock in the open market to stabilize the price of the common stock. These activities may raise or maintain the market price of the common stock above independent market levels or prevent or retard a decline in the market price of the common stock. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.

We and the underwriters have agreed to indemnify each other against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

A prospectus supplement in electronic format may be made available on websites maintained by one or more underwriters participating in this offering. The representatives may agree to allocate a number of shares of common stock to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the representatives to underwriters that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.

The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various financial advisory and investment banking services for us, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses. For example, we entered into an "at-the-market" sales agreement with Leerink Partners LLC on June 26, 2020, as amended, or the 2020 ATM Sales Agreement, pursuant to which we had offered and sold, from time to time at our discretion, shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of up to $62.0 million through Leerink Partners LLC, acting as our sales agent, for which Leerink Partners LLC received all customary fees and expense reimbursement. Further, in June 2023, we entered into an "at-the-market" sales agreement with Leerink Partners LLC, or the 2023 ATM Sales Agreement, replacing the 2020 ATM Sales Agreement, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our discretion, shares of common stock for gross proceeds of up to $200.0 million through Leerink Partners LLC and under the prospectus supplement we filed in November 2025 concurrently with the filing of an automatic universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3. We are not obligated to make any sales of our common stock under the 2023 ATM Sales Agreement. As of April 15, 2026, we had issued and sold 4,498,065 shares of common stock under the 2023 ATM Sales Agreement for gross proceeds of $14.6 million, before deducting estimated commissions and allocated fees of $0.5 million.

In addition, in the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers and may at any time hold long and short positions in such securities and instruments. Such investment and securities activities may involve our securities and instruments. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long or short positions in such securities and instruments.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Selling Restrictions** 

***European Economic Area***

In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area, or, each, a Relevant State, no securities have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in that Relevant State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the securities which has been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Regulation, except that offers of securities may be made to the public in that Relevant State at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Regulation:

(a) to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under Article 2 of the Prospectus Regulation;

(b) to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined under Article 2 of the Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or

(c) in any other circumstances falling within Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation,

provided that no such offer of securities shall require us or any representative to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an "offer to the public" in relation to the securities in any Relevant State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for any securities, and the expression "Prospectus Regulation" means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 (as amended).

***United Kingdom***

No securities have been offered or will be offered pursuant to this offering to the public in the United Kingdom except that the securities may be offered to the public in the United Kingdom at any time:

(a) where (i) the offer is conditional on the admission of the securities to trading on the London Stock Exchange plc's main market (in reliance on the exception in paragraph 6(a) of Schedule 1 of the POATR) or (ii) the securities being offered are at the time of the offer already admitted to trading on London Stock Exchange plc's main market (in reliance on the exception in paragraph 6(b) of Schedule 1 of the POATR);

(b) to any qualified investor as defined in paragraph 15 of Schedule 1 of the POATR;

(c) to fewer than 150 persons (other than qualified investors as defined in paragraph 15 of Schedule 1 of the POATR), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriters for any such offer; or

(d) in any other circumstances falling within Part 1 of Schedule 1 of the POATR.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an "offer to the public" in relation to the securities in the United Kingdom means the communication to any person which presents sufficient information on: (a) the securities to be offered; and (b) the terms on which they are to be offered, to enable an investor to decide to buy or subscribe for the securities and the expression "POATR" means the Public Offers and Admissions to Trading Regulations 2024.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Canada***

The securities may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**LEGAL MATTERS** 

The validity of the shares of common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, Massachusetts. Covington & Burling LLP, New York, New York, is counsel for the underwriters in connection with this offering.

**EXPERTS** 

Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, as set forth in their report, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and elsewhere in this registration statement. Our financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Ernst & Young LLP's report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

**WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION** 

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Copies of certain information filed by us with the SEC are also available on our website at www.trevitherapeutics.com. Our website is not a part of this prospectus supplement and is not incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement. Our website address is included in this document as an inactive textual reference only.

This prospectus supplement is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus omit some information contained in the registration statement in accordance with SEC rules and regulations. You should review the information and exhibits in the registration statement for further information about us and our subsidiary and the securities we are offering. Statements in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus concerning any document we filed as an exhibit to the registration statement or that we otherwise filed with the SEC are not intended to be comprehensive and are qualified by reference to these filings. You should review the complete document to evaluate these statements. You can obtain a copy of the registration statement from the SEC's website.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE** 

The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus much of the information we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those publicly available documents. The information that we incorporate by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. Because we are incorporating by reference future filings with the SEC, this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus is continually updated, and those future filings may modify or supersede some of the information included or incorporated in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any of the statements in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or in any document previously incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus incorporate by reference the documents listed below (File No. 001-38886) and any future filings we make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (in each case, other than those documents or the portions of those documents not deemed to be filed), until the offering of the securities under the registration statement is terminated or completed:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Annual Report on [Form 10-K](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000119312526110783/trvi-20251231.htm) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, filed on March 17, 2026;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The information responsive to Part III of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, provided in our [preliminary proxy statement](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000119312526151354/trvi-20260410.htm) for the 2026 Annual
Meeting of Stockholders, filed on April 10, 2026;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Current Report on [Form 8-K](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000119312526098676/trvi-20260309.htm) filed on March 9, 2026; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on [Form 8-A](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000119312519124152/d643194d8a12b.htm) filed on April 29, 2019, including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description.

You may request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address or telephone number:

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

195 Church Street, 16th Floor

New Haven, Connecticut 06510

(203) 304-2499

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**PROSPECTUS**![LOGO](g106297g03a45.jpg)

**Debt Securities** 

**Common Stock** 

**Preferred Stock** 

**Units** 

**Warrants** 

We may offer and sell securities from time to time in one or more offerings. This prospectus describes the general terms of these securities and the general manner in which these securities will be offered. We will provide the specific terms of these securities in supplements to this prospectus. The prospectus supplements will also describe the specific manner in which these securities will be offered and may also supplement, update or amend information contained in this document. You should read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement before you invest.

We may offer these securities in amounts, at prices and on terms determined at the time of offering. The securities may be sold directly to you, through agents, or through underwriters and dealers. If agents, underwriters or dealers are used to sell the securities, we will name them and describe their compensation in a prospectus supplement.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol "TRVI."

**Investing in these securities involves significant risks. See the information included under "[Risk Factors](#toca106297_2)" on page 2 of this prospectus and the risk factors set forth in any accompanying prospectus supplement and under similar headings in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement for a discussion of the factors you should carefully consider before deciding to purchase these securities.** 

**Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.** 

**The date of this prospectus is November 13, 2025** 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**TABLE OF CONTENTS** 

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#toca106297_1) | 1 |
|  [RISK FACTORS](#toca106297_2) | 2 |
|  [WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION](#toca106297_3) | 3 |
|  [INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE](#toca106297_4) | 3 |
|  [CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#toca106297_5) | 4 |
|  [TREVI THERAPEUTICS, INC.](#toca106297_6) | 6 |
|  [USE OF PROCEEDS](#toca106297_7) | 7 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES](#toca106297_8) | 8 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK](#toca106297_9) | 17 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF UNITS](#toca106297_10) | 24 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS](#toca106297_11) | 25 |
|  [FORMS OF SECURITIES](#toca106297_12) | 26 |
|  [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#toca106297_13) | 28 |
|  [LEGAL MATTERS](#toca106297_14) | 31 |
|  [EXPERTS](#toca106297_15) | 31 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS** 

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we refer to as the "SEC," utilizing a "shelf" registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time sell any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings.

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we sell securities, we will provide one or more prospectus supplements that will contain specific information about the terms of the offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus or in any documents that we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus and, accordingly, to the extent inconsistent, information in this prospectus is superseded by the information in the prospectus supplement. You should read both this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under the heading "Where You Can Find More Information" beginning on page 3 of this prospectus and "Information Incorporated by Reference" beginning on page 3 of this prospectus.

You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus filed by us with the SEC. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities described in this prospectus and such accompanying prospectus supplement, or an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy such securities in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement, the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus or any prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus is accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed materially since those dates.

Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this prospectus to the "Company," "we," "our" and "us" refer, collectively, to Trevi Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiary.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**RISK FACTORS** 

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus and under the heading "Risk Factors" or any similar heading contained in any accompanying prospectus supplement, and under similar headings in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and in any other documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus or in any prospectus supplement, before deciding whether to purchase any of the securities being registered pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Each of the risk factors could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities, and the occurrence of any of these risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may adversely affect us in the future.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION** 

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Copies of certain information filed by us with the SEC are also available on our website at www.trevitherapeutics.com. Our website is not a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference in this prospectus. Our website address is included in this document as an inactive textual reference only.

This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. This prospectus omits some information contained in the registration statement in accordance with SEC rules and regulations. You should review the information and exhibits in the registration statement for further information about us and our subsidiary and the securities we are offering. Statements in this prospectus concerning any document we filed as an exhibit to the registration statement or that we otherwise filed with the SEC are not intended to be comprehensive and are qualified by reference to these filings and the exhibits attached thereto. You should review the complete document to evaluate these statements.

**INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE** 

The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference much of the information we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those publicly available documents. The information that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus is considered to be part of this prospectus. Because we are incorporating by reference future filings with the SEC, this prospectus is continually updated and those future filings may modify or supersede some of the information included or incorporated in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any of the statements in this prospectus or in any document previously incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents listed below (File No. 001-38886) and any future filings we make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act (in each case, other than those documents or the portions of those documents not deemed to be filed) until the offering of the securities under the registration statement is terminated or completed, provided, however, that we are not incorporating any information furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of any Current Report on Form 8-K:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Annual Report on [Form 10-K](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000095017025041194/trvi-20241231.htm) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed on March 18, 2025, including the information specifically incorporated by reference into the Annual Report on Form 10-K from our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarters ended
March 31, 2025, filed on [May 8, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000095017025067011/trvi-20250331.htm) , June 
30, 2025, filed on [August 7, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000095017025105066/trvi-20250630.htm) , and September 
30, 2025, filed on [November 13, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000119312525280166/trvi-20250930.htm) ;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Current Reports on Form 8-K, filed on [January 8, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001563880/000095017025003286/trvi-20250108.htm) , [March 10, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001563880/000095017025036503/trvi-20250310.htm) , [June 2, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001563880/000119312525132890/d949267d8k.htm) , [June 2, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001563880/000119312525133273/d911843d8k.htm) , [June 4, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001563880/000119312525134913/d34558d8k.htm) , [June 17, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001563880/000095017025087486/trvi-20250611.htm) and [August 20, 2025](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001563880/000156388025000005/trvi-20250814.htm) ; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on [Form 8-A](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1563880/000119312519124152/d643194d8a12b.htm) , filed on April 29, 2019, including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description.

You may request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address or telephone number:

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

195 Church Street, 16th Floor

New Haven, Connecticut 06510

(203) 304-2499

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS** 

This prospectus and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus include "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, which involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, in this prospectus or the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues and profitability, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. The words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "might," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "target," "would," and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

The forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, among other things, statements about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our clinical trials, including our planned Phase 3 program of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in
patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF, our planned clinical trial of Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with non-IPF interstitial lung disease or non-IPF ILD, our next clinical trial of Haduvio for the treatment of patients with refractory chronic cough, or RCC, and our ongoing Phase 1 TIDAL study to evaluate the effect of Haduvio on respiratory function and
safety in patients with IPF;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our plans to develop and, if approved, subsequently commercialize Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough in
patients with IPF, non-IPF ILD, and RCC;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding the timing for the initiation of clinical trials and the reporting of data from such
trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing of and our ability to submit applications for and to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for
Haduvio;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding our ability to fund our operating expenses, including our ongoing and planned clinical
trials, with our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, timing of any future revenue, capital requirements and needs
for additional financing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the impact of government laws and regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our competitive position; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to establish and maintain collaborations.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included and incorporated by reference in this prospectus, particularly in the section titled "Risk Factors," that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures or investments we may make.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we incorporate by reference herein and have filed or incorporated by reference herein completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may differ materially from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are made as of the date of this prospectus, and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required by applicable law.

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This prospectus incorporates by reference statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys, and studies conducted by third parties as well as our own estimates. All of the market data incorporated by reference in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys, and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. Our estimates of the potential market opportunities for Haduvio include several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge, industry publications, third-party research, and other surveys, which may be based on a small sample size and may fail to accurately reflect market opportunities. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, no independent source has verified such assumptions.

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**TREVI THERAPEUTICS, INC.** 

**Overview** 

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of the investigational therapy Haduvio (oral nalbuphine ER) for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF, non-IPF ILD, and RCC. Haduvio is an oral extended-release formulation of nalbuphine. Haduvio acts on the cough reflex arc both centrally and peripherally as a kappa agonist and a mu antagonist (KAMA), targeting opioid receptors that play a key role in controlling chronic cough. The kappa- and mu-opioid receptors are known to be critical mediators of cough.

We own or have rights to trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate name, logos and website names. We own the trademarks Trevi<sup>®</sup> and Haduvio<sup>™</sup>. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus are listed without the <sup>®</sup> and <sup>™</sup> symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, service marks and trade names. We intend to propose Haduvio as the trade name for our oral nalbuphine ER investigational product.

**Corporate Information** 

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 17, 2011 under the name Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 195 Church Street, 16th Floor, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, and our telephone number is (203) 304-2499. Our website address is www.trevitherapeutics.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

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**USE OF PROCEEDS** 

We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of any securities offered under this prospectus for general corporate purposes unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement. General corporate purposes may include working capital and capital expenditures, research and development expenses, including clinical trial costs and the acquisition of, or investment in, companies, technologies, products or assets that complement our business. However, as of the date of this prospectus, we have no current plans, commitments or agreements with respect to any material acquisitions or investments. We may temporarily invest the net proceeds from sales of securities hereunder in investment-grade, interest-bearing securities until they are used for their stated purpose. We have not determined the amount of net proceeds to be used specifically for such purposes. As a result, management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds of any offering.

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**DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES** 

The following description summarizes the general terms and provisions of the debt securities that we may offer and sell from time to time. We will describe in a prospectus supplement the specific terms of the debt securities offered through that prospectus supplement, as well as any general terms and provisions described in this section that will not apply to those debt securities. As used in this "Description of Debt Securities", the term "debt securities" means the senior and subordinated debt securities that we may offer and sell hereunder and the trustee authenticates and delivers under the applicable indenture. When we refer to the "Company," "we," "our," and "us" in this section, we mean Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. excluding, unless the context otherwise requires or as otherwise expressly stated, our subsidiary.

We may issue senior debt securities from time to time, in one or more series under a senior indenture to be entered into between us and a senior trustee to be named in a prospectus supplement, which we refer to as the senior trustee. We may issue subordinated debt securities from time to time, in one or more series under a subordinated indenture to be entered into between us and a subordinated trustee to be named in a prospectus supplement, which we refer to as the subordinated trustee. The forms of senior indenture and subordinated indenture are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The senior indenture and the subordinated indenture are referred to individually as an indenture and together as the indentures and the senior trustee and the subordinated trustee are referred to individually as a trustee and together as the trustees. This section summarizes some of the provisions of the indentures and is qualified in its entirety by the specific text of the indentures, including definitions of terms used in the indentures. Wherever we refer to particular sections of, or defined terms in, the indentures, those sections or defined terms are incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement. You should review the indentures that are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part for additional information.

Neither indenture will limit the amount of debt securities that we may issue. The applicable indenture will provide that debt securities may be issued up to an aggregate principal amount authorized from time to time by us and may be payable in any currency or currency unit designated by us or in amounts determined by reference to an index.

**General** 

The senior debt securities will constitute our unsecured and unsubordinated general obligations and will rank equally in right of payment with our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. The subordinated debt securities will constitute our unsecured and subordinated general obligations and will be junior in right of payment to our senior indebtedness (including senior debt securities), as described under the heading "—Certain Terms of the Subordinated Debt Securities—Subordination." The debt securities will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries unless such subsidiaries expressly guarantee such debt securities.

The debt securities will be our unsecured obligations. Any secured debt or other secured obligations will be effectively senior to the debt securities to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt or other obligations. Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, the debt securities will not be guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries.

The applicable prospectus supplement and/or free writing prospectus will include any additional or different terms of the debt securities of any series being offered, including the following terms:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the title and type of the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the debt securities will be senior or subordinated debt securities, and, with respect to any subordinated
debt securities the terms on which they are subordinated;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the initial aggregate principal amount of the debt securities;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the price or prices at which we will sell the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the maturity date or dates of the debt securities and the right, if any, to extend such date or dates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the rate or rates, if any, at which the debt securities will bear interest, or the method of determining such
rate or rates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the date or dates from which such interest will accrue, the interest payment dates on which such interest will be
payable or the method of determination of such dates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods and the duration of that extension;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the manner of paying principal and interest and the place or places where principal and interest will be payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the denominations of the debt securities if other than $2,000 or multiples of $1,000;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provisions for a sinking fund, purchase fund or other analogous fund, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any redemption dates, prices, obligations and restrictions on the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the currency, currencies or currency units in which the debt securities will be denominated and the currency,
currencies or currency units in which principal and interest, if any, on the debt securities may be payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any conversion or exchange features of the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the debt securities will be subject to the defeasance provisions in the indenture;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the debt securities will be issued in definitive or global form or in definitive form only upon
satisfaction of certain conditions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the debt securities will be guaranteed as to payment or performance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any special tax implications of the debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any events of default or covenants in addition to or in lieu of those set forth in the indenture; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any other material terms of the debt securities.

When we refer to "principal" in this section with reference to the debt securities, we are also referring to "premium, if any."

We may from time to time, without notice to or the consent of the holders of any series of debt securities, create and issue further debt securities of any such series ranking equally with the debt securities of such series in all respects (or in all respects other than (1) the payment of interest accruing prior to the issue date of such further debt securities or (2) the first payment of interest following the issue date of such further debt securities). Such further debt securities may be consolidated and form a single series with the debt securities of such series and have the same terms as to status, redemption or otherwise as the debt securities of such series.

You may present debt securities for exchange and you may present debt securities for transfer in the manner, at the places and subject to the restrictions set forth in the debt securities and the applicable prospectus supplement. We will provide you those services without charge, although you may have to pay any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection with any exchange or transfer, as set forth in the indenture.

Debt securities may bear interest at a fixed rate or a floating rate. Debt securities bearing no interest or interest at a rate that at the time of issuance is below the prevailing market rate (original issue discount securities) may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to any such discounted debt securities or to certain debt securities issued at par which are treated as having been issued at a discount for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

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We may issue debt securities with the principal amount payable on any principal payment date, or the amount of interest payable on any interest payment date, to be determined by reference to one or more currency exchange rates, securities or baskets of securities, commodity prices or indices. You may receive a payment of principal on any principal payment date, or a payment of interest on any interest payment date, that is greater than or less than the amount of principal or interest otherwise payable on such dates, depending on the value on such dates of the applicable currency, security or basket of securities, commodity or index. Information as to the methods for determining the amount of principal or interest payable on any date, the currencies, securities or baskets of securities, commodities or indices to which the amount payable on such date is linked and certain related tax considerations will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

**Certain Terms of the Senior Debt Securities** 

*Covenants.* Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, the senior debt securities will not contain any financial or restrictive covenants, including covenants restricting either us or any of our subsidiaries from incurring, issuing, assuming or guaranteeing any indebtedness secured by a lien on any of our or our subsidiaries' property or capital stock, or restricting either us or any of our subsidiaries from entering into sale and leaseback transactions.

*Consolidation, Merger and Sale of Assets.* Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, we may not consolidate with or merge into any other person, in a transaction in which we are not the surviving corporation, or convey, transfer or lease our properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any person, in either case, unless:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the successor entity, if any, is a U.S. corporation, limited liability company, partnership or trust;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the successor entity assumes our obligations on the senior debt securities and under the senior indenture;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• immediately after giving effect to the transaction, no default or event of default shall have occurred and be
continuing; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we have delivered to the senior trustee an officer's certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating
that the consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer or lease and, if a supplemental indenture is required in connection with such transaction, such supplemental indenture, comply with the senior indenture and all conditions precedent provided for
in the senior indenture relating to such transaction have been complied with.

The restrictions described in the bullets above do not apply (1) to our consolidation with or merging into one of our affiliates, if our board of directors determines in good faith that the purpose of the consolidation or merger is principally to change our state of incorporation or our form of organization to another form or (2) if we merge with or into a single direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiary of ours.

The surviving business entity will succeed to, and be substituted for, us under the senior indenture and the senior debt securities and, except in the case of a lease, we shall be released from all obligations under the senior indenture and the senior debt securities.

*No Protection in the Event of a Change in Control.* Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, the senior debt securities will not contain any provisions that may afford holders of the senior debt securities protection in the event we have a change in control or in the event of a highly leveraged transaction (whether or not such transaction results in a change in control).

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*Events of Default.* Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, the following are events of default under the senior indenture with respect to senior debt securities of each series:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• failure to pay interest on any senior debt securities of such series when due and payable, if that default
continues for a period of 30 days (or such other period as may be specified for such series);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• failure to pay principal on the senior debt securities of such series when due and payable whether at maturity,
upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise (and, if specified for such series, the continuance of such failure for a specified period);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• default in the performance of or breach of any of our covenants or agreements in the senior indenture applicable
to senior debt securities of such series, other than a covenant breach which is specifically dealt with elsewhere in the senior indenture, and that default or breach continues for a period of 90 days after we receive written notice from the trustee
or from the holders of 25% or more in aggregate principal amount of the senior debt securities of such series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency, whether or not voluntary; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any other event of default provided for in such series of senior debt securities as may be specified in the
applicable prospectus supplement.

The default by us under any other debt, including any other series of debt securities, is not a default under the senior indenture.

If an event of default other than an event of default specified in the fourth bullet point above occurs with respect to a series of senior debt securities and is continuing under the senior indenture, then, and in each such case, either the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of such series then outstanding under the senior indenture (each such series voting as a separate class) by written notice to us and to the trustee, if such notice is given by the holders, may, and the trustee at the request of such holders shall, declare the principal amount of and accrued interest on such series of senior debt securities to be immediately due and payable, and upon this declaration, the same shall become immediately due and payable.

If an event of default specified in the fourth bullet point above occurs and is continuing, the entire principal amount of and accrued interest on each series of senior debt securities then outstanding shall automatically become immediately due and payable.

Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement relating to a series of senior debt securities originally issued at a discount, the amount due upon acceleration shall include only the original issue price of the senior debt securities, the amount of original issue discount accrued to the date of acceleration and accrued interest, if any.

Upon certain conditions, declarations of acceleration may be rescinded and annulled and past defaults may be waived by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of all the senior debt securities of such series affected by the default, each series voting as a separate class. Furthermore, subject to various provisions in the senior indenture, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of a series of senior debt securities, by notice to the trustee, may waive a continuing default or event of default with respect to such senior debt securities and its consequences, except a default in the payment of principal of or interest on such senior debt securities (other than any such default in payment resulting solely from an acceleration of the senior debt securities) or in respect of a covenant or provision of the senior indenture which cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the holders of each such senior debt security. Upon any such waiver, such default shall cease to exist, and any event of default with respect to such senior debt securities shall be deemed to have been cured, for every purpose of the senior indenture; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or event of default or impair any right consequent thereto.

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The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of a series of senior debt securities may direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee with respect to such senior debt securities. However, the trustee may refuse to follow any direction that conflicts with law or the senior indenture, that may involve the trustee in personal liability or that the trustee determines in good faith may be unduly prejudicial to the rights of holders of such series of senior debt securities not joining in the giving of such direction and may take any other action it deems proper that is not inconsistent with any such direction received from holders of such series of senior debt securities. A holder may not pursue any remedy with respect to the senior indenture or any series of senior debt securities unless:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the holder gives the trustee written notice of a continuing event of default;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of such series of senior debt securities make a written
request to the trustee to pursue the remedy in respect of such event of default;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the requesting holder or holders offer the trustee indemnity satisfactory to the trustee against any costs,
liability or expense;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the trustee does not comply with the request within 60 days after receipt of the request and the offer of
indemnity; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• during such 60-day period, the holders of a majority in aggregate
principal amount of such series of senior debt securities do not give the trustee a direction that is inconsistent with the request.

These limitations, however, do not apply to the right of any holder of a senior debt security of any affected series to receive payment of the principal of and interest on such senior debt security in accordance with the terms of such debt security, or to bring suit for the enforcement of any such payment in accordance with the terms of such debt security, on or after the due date for the senior debt securities, which right shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of the holder.

The senior indenture requires certain of our officers to certify, on or before a fixed date in each year in which any senior debt security is outstanding, as to their knowledge of our compliance with all covenants, agreements and conditions under the senior indenture.

*Satisfaction and Discharge*. We can satisfy and discharge our obligations to holders of any series of debt securities if:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we have paid or caused to be paid the principal of and interest on all senior debt securities of such series
(with certain limited exceptions) when due and payable; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• we deliver to the senior trustee for cancellation all senior debt securities of such series theretofore
authenticated under the senior indenture (with certain limited exceptions); or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• all senior debt securities of such series have become due and payable or will become due and payable within one
year (or are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the senior trustee) and we deposit in trust an amount of cash or a combination of cash and U.S. government or U.S. government agency obligations (or in the
case of senior debt securities denominated in a foreign currency, foreign government securities or foreign government agency securities) sufficient to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities of that series on their
various due dates;

and if, in any such case, we also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable under the senior indenture, as and when the same shall be due and payable and we deliver to the senior trustee an officer's certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that these conditions have been satisfied.

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Under current U.S. federal income tax law, the deposit and our legal release from the debt securities would be treated as though we took back your debt securities and gave you your share of the cash and debt securities or bonds deposited in trust. In that event, you could recognize gain or loss on the debt securities you give back to us. Purchasers of the debt securities should consult their own advisers with respect to the tax consequences to them of such deposit and discharge, including the applicability and effect of tax laws other than the U.S. federal income tax law.

*Defeasance.* Unless the applicable prospectus supplement provides otherwise, the following discussion of legal defeasance and covenant defeasance will apply to any series of debt securities issued under the indentures.

*Legal Defeasance*. We can legally release ourselves from any payment or other obligations on the debt securities of any series (called "legal defeasance") if certain conditions are met, including the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We deposit in trust for your benefit and the benefit of all other direct holders of the debt securities of the
same series cash or a combination of cash and U.S. government or U.S. government agency obligations (or, in the case of senior debt securities denominated in a foreign currency, foreign government or foreign government agency obligations) that will
generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities of that series on their various due dates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• There is a change in current U.S. federal income tax law or an IRS ruling that lets us make the above deposit
without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and instead repaid the debt securities ourselves when due. Under current U.S. federal income tax law, the deposit and our legal release from
the debt securities would be treated as though we took back your debt securities and gave you your share of the cash and debt securities or bonds deposited in trust. In that event, you could recognize gain or loss on the debt securities you give
back to us.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel confirming the tax law change or ruling described above.

If we accomplish legal defeasance, as described above, you would have to rely solely on the trust deposit for repayment of the debt securities. You could not look to us for repayment in the event of any shortfall.

*Covenant Defeasance*. Without any change in current U.S. federal tax law, we can make the same type of deposit described above and be released from some of the covenants in the debt securities (called "covenant defeasance"). In that event, you would lose the protection of those covenants but would gain the protection of having money and securities set aside in trust to repay the debt securities. In order to achieve covenant defeasance, we must do the following (among other things):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• deposit in trust for your benefit and the benefit of all other direct holders of the debt securities of the same
series cash or a combination of cash and U.S. government or U.S. government agency obligations (or, in the case of senior debt securities denominated in a foreign currency, foreign government or foreign government agency obligations) that will
generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities of that series on their various due dates.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel confirming that under current U.S. federal income tax law
we may make the above deposit without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and instead repaid the debt securities ourselves when due.

If we accomplish covenant defeasance, you could still look to us for repayment of the debt securities if there were a shortfall in the trust deposit. In fact, if one of the events of default occurred (such as our bankruptcy) and the debt securities become immediately due and payable, there may be such a shortfall. Depending on the events causing the default, you may not be able to obtain payment of the shortfall.

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*Modification and Waiver.* We and the trustee may amend or supplement the senior indenture or the senior debt securities of any series without the consent of any holder:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to convey, transfer, assign, mortgage or pledge any assets as security for the senior debt securities of one or
more series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to evidence the succession of a corporation, limited liability company, partnership or trust to us, and the
assumption by such successor of our covenants, agreements and obligations under the senior indenture or to otherwise comply with the covenant relating to mergers, consolidations and sales of assets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to comply with the requirements of the SEC in order to effect or maintain the qualification of the senior
indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the "Trust Indenture Act");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to add to our covenants such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the protection of the
holders, and to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the senior indenture or in any supplemental indenture or to
conform the senior indenture or the senior debt securities to the description of senior debt securities of such series set forth in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to provide for or add guarantors with respect to the senior debt securities of any series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to establish the form or forms or terms of the senior debt securities as permitted by the senior indenture;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under the senior indenture by a successor trustee, or
to make such changes as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts in the senior indenture by more than one trustee;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to add to, change or eliminate any of the provisions of the senior indenture in respect of one or more series of
senior debt securities, provided that any such addition, change or elimination shall (a) neither (1) apply to any senior debt security of any series created prior to the execution of such supplemental indenture and entitled to the benefit of
such provision nor (2) modify the rights of the holder of any such senior debt security with respect to such provision or (b) become effective only when there is no senior debt security described in clause (a)(1) outstanding;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to make any change to the senior debt securities of any series so long as no senior debt securities of such
series are outstanding; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any holder in any material respect.

Other amendments and modifications of the senior indenture or the senior debt securities issued may be made, and our compliance with any provision of the senior indenture with respect to any series of senior debt securities may be waived, with the consent of the holders of a majority of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding senior debt securities of each series affected by the amendment or modification (voting as separate series); provided, however, that each affected holder must consent to any modification, amendment or waiver that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• extends the final maturity of any senior debt securities of such series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduces the principal amount of any senior debt securities of such series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduces the rate, or extends the time for payment of, interest on any senior debt securities of such series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduces the amount payable upon the redemption of any senior debt securities of such series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes the currency of payment of principal of or interest on any senior debt securities of such series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduces the principal amount of original issue discount securities payable upon acceleration of maturity or the
amount provable in bankruptcy;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• waives a continuing default in the payment of principal of or interest on the senior debt securities (other than
any such default in payment resulting solely from an acceleration of the senior debt securities);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes the provisions relating to the waiver of past defaults or impairs the right of holders to receive payment
or to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment or conversion of any senior debt securities of such series on or after the due date therefor;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• modifies any of the provisions of these restrictions on amendments and modifications, except to increase any
required percentage or to provide that certain other provisions cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the holder of each senior debt security of such series affected by the modification;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• adversely affects the right to convert or exchange senior debt securities into common stock, other securities or
property in accordance with the terms of the senior debt securities; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduces the above-stated percentage of outstanding senior debt securities of such series whose holders must
consent to a supplemental indenture or modifies or amends or waives certain provisions of or defaults under the senior indenture.

It shall not be necessary for the holders to approve the particular form of any proposed amendment, supplement or waiver, but it shall be sufficient if the holders' consent approves the substance thereof. After an amendment, supplement or waiver of the senior indenture in accordance with the provisions described in this section becomes effective, the trustee must give to the holders affected thereby certain notice briefly describing the amendment, supplement or waiver. Any failure by the trustee to give such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such amendment, supplemental indenture or waiver.

*Conversion Rights*. We will describe the terms upon which senior debt securities may be convertible into our common stock or other securities in a prospectus supplement. These terms will include the type of securities into which the senior debt securities are convertible, the conversion price or manner of calculation thereof, the conversion period, provisions as to whether conversion will be at our option or the option of the holders, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price and provisions affecting conversion in the event of the redemption of the senior debt securities and any restrictions on conversion. These terms may also include provisions adjusting the number of shares of our common stock or other securities issuable upon conversion.

*No Personal Liability of Incorporators, Stockholders, Officers, or Directors.* The senior indenture provides that no recourse shall be had under any obligation, covenant or agreement of ours in the senior indenture or any supplemental indenture, or in any of the senior debt securities or because of the creation of any indebtedness represented thereby, against any of our incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors, past, present or future, or of any predecessor or successor entity thereof under any law, statute or constitutional provision or by the enforcement of any assessment or by any legal or equitable proceeding or otherwise. Each holder, by accepting the senior debt securities, waives and releases all such liability.

*Concerning the Trustee.* The senior indenture provides that, except during the continuance of an event of default, the trustee will not be liable except for the performance of such duties as are specifically set forth in the senior indenture. If an event of default has occurred and is continuing, the trustee will exercise such rights and powers vested in it under the senior indenture and will use the same degree of care and skill in its exercise as a prudent person would exercise under the circumstances in the conduct of such person's own affairs.

The senior indenture and the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act incorporated by reference therein contain limitations on the rights of the trustee thereunder, should it become a creditor of ours or any of our subsidiaries, to obtain payment of claims in certain cases or to realize on certain property received by it in respect of any such claims, as security or otherwise. The trustee is permitted to engage in other transactions, provided that if it acquires any conflicting interest (as defined in the Trust Indenture Act), it must eliminate such conflict or resign.

We may have normal banking relationships with the senior trustee in the ordinary course of business.

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*Unclaimed Funds.* All funds deposited with the trustee or any paying agent for the payment of principal, premium, interest or additional amounts in respect of the senior debt securities that remain unclaimed for two years after the date upon which such amounts became due and payable will be repaid to us. Thereafter, any right of any holder of senior debt securities to such funds shall be enforceable only against us, and the trustee and paying agents will have no liability therefor.

*Governing Law.* The senior indenture and the senior debt securities will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal laws of the State of New York.

**Certain Terms of the Subordinated Debt Securities** 

Other than the terms of the subordinated indenture and subordinated debt securities relating to subordination or otherwise as described in the prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of subordinated debt securities, the terms of the subordinated indenture and subordinated debt securities are identical in all material respects to the terms of the senior indenture and senior debt securities.

Additional or different subordination terms may be specified in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series.

*Subordination.* The indebtedness evidenced by the subordinated debt securities is subordinate to the prior payment in full of all of our senior indebtedness, as defined in the subordinated indenture. During the continuance beyond any applicable grace period of any default in the payment of principal, premium, interest or any other payment due on any of our senior indebtedness, we may not make any payment of principal of or interest on the subordinated debt securities (except for certain sinking fund payments). In addition, upon any payment or distribution of our assets upon any dissolution, winding-up, liquidation or reorganization, the payment of the principal of and interest on the subordinated debt securities will be subordinated to the extent provided in the subordinated indenture in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all our senior indebtedness. Because of this subordination, if we dissolve or otherwise liquidate, holders of our subordinated debt securities may receive less, ratably, than holders of our senior indebtedness. The subordination provisions do not prevent the occurrence of an event of default under the subordinated indenture.

The term "senior indebtedness" of a person means with respect to such person the principal of, premium, if any, interest on, and any other payment due pursuant to any of the following, whether outstanding on the date of the subordinated indenture or incurred by that person in the future:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• all of the indebtedness of that person for money borrowed;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• all of the indebtedness of that person evidenced by notes, debentures, bonds or other securities sold by that
person for money;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• all of the lease obligations that are capitalized on the books of that person in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• all indebtedness of others of the kinds described in the first two bullet points above and all lease obligations
of others of the kind described in the third bullet point above that the person, in any manner, assumes or guarantees or that the person in effect guarantees through an agreement to purchase, whether that agreement is contingent or otherwise; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• all renewals, extensions or refundings of indebtedness of the kinds described in the first, second or fourth
bullet point above and all renewals or extensions of leases of the kinds described in the third or fourth bullet point above;

unless, in the case of any particular indebtedness, renewal, extension or refunding, the instrument creating or evidencing it or the assumption or guarantee relating to it expressly provides that such indebtedness, renewal, extension or refunding is not superior in right of payment to the subordinated debt securities. Our senior debt securities constitute senior indebtedness for purposes of the subordinated indenture.

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**DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK** 

The following description of our capital stock is intended as a summary only and therefore is not a complete description of our capital stock. This description is based upon, and is qualified by reference to, our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, or the certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws, or the bylaws, and applicable provisions of Delaware corporate law. You should read our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, for the provisions that are important to you.

**Authorized Capital Stock** 

Our authorized capital stock consists of 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share.

**Common Stock** 

*Annual Meeting.* Annual meetings of our stockholders are held on the date designated in accordance with our bylaws. Written notice must be given to each stockholder entitled to vote not less than ten nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting. The presence in person or by proxy of the holders of a majority in voting power of our issued and outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote at such meeting, present in person, present by means of remote communication in a manner, if any, authorized by the board of directors in its sole discretion, or represented by proxy, constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business at meetings of the stockholders. Special meetings of the stockholders may be called for any purpose by the board of directors. Except as may be otherwise provided by applicable law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, all director elections shall be decided by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election, and all other questions shall be decided by the holders of shares of stock having a majority in voting power of the votes cast by the holders of all of the shares of stock present or represented at the meeting and voting affirmatively or negatively on such matter at a duly held meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present.

*Voting Rights*. Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted upon by stockholders, including the election of directors. The common stock does not have cumulative voting rights.

*Dividends*. Subject to the rights, powers and preferences of any outstanding preferred stock, and except as provided by law or in our certificate of incorporation, dividends may be declared and paid or set aside for payment on the common stock out of funds lawfully available when and as declared by the board of directors.

*Liquidation, Dissolution and Winding Up*. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of our common stock are entitled to receive all assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of any then outstanding preferred stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of our common stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights of the holders of shares of any series of our preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.

*Other Rights*. Holders of the common stock have no right to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• convert the stock into any other security;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• have the stock redeemed;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• purchase additional stock; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• maintain their proportionate ownership interest.

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There are no sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. Holders of shares of the common stock are not required to make additional capital contributions.

*Transfer Agent and Registrar*. Computershare Trust Company, N.A. is transfer agent and registrar for the common stock.

*Exchange Listing.* Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol "TRVI."

**Preferred Stock** 

We are authorized to issue "blank check" preferred stock, which may be issued in one or more series upon authorization of our board of directors. Our board of directors is authorized to fix the number of shares of such series of preferred stock and such voting powers, full or limited, or no voting powers, and such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and qualifications, limitations or restrictions of the shares of each series of preferred stock, including liquidation preferences, dividend rights, conversion rights and redemption privileges. The authorized shares of our preferred stock are available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless such action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange on which our securities may be listed. If the approval of our stockholders is not required for the issuance of shares of our preferred stock, our board may determine not to seek stockholder approval. The specific terms of any series of preferred stock offered pursuant to this prospectus will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to that series of preferred stock.

A series of our preferred stock could, depending on the terms of such series, impede the completion of a merger, tender offer or other takeover attempt. Our board of directors will make any determination to issue preferred shares based upon its judgment as to the best interests of our stockholders. Our directors, in so acting, could issue preferred stock having terms that could discourage an acquisition attempt through which an acquirer may be able to change the composition of our board of directors, including a tender offer or other transaction that some, or a majority, of our stockholders might believe to be in their best interests or in which stockholders might receive a premium for their stock over the then-current market price of the stock.

The preferred stock has the terms described below unless otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of preferred stock. You should read the prospectus supplement relating to the particular series of preferred stock being offered for specific terms, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the designation and stated value per share of the preferred stock and the number of shares offered;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the amount of liquidation preference per share;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the price at which the preferred stock will be issued;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the dividend rate, or method of calculation of dividends, the dates on which dividends will be payable, whether
dividends will be cumulative or noncumulative and, if cumulative, the dates from which dividends will commence to accumulate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any redemption or sinking fund provisions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if other than the currency of the United States, the currency or currencies including composite currencies in
which the preferred stock is denominated and/or in which payments will or may be payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any conversion provisions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any other rights, preferences, privileges, limitations and restrictions on the preferred stock.

The preferred stock will, when issued, be fully paid and non-assessable. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, each series of preferred stock will rank equally as to dividends and liquidation rights in all respects with each other series of preferred stock. The rights of holders of shares of each series of preferred stock will be subordinate to those of our general creditors.

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*Rank*. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, the preferred stock will, with respect to dividend rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, rank:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• senior to our common stock and to all equity securities ranking junior to such preferred stock with respect to
dividend rights or rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• on a parity with all equity securities issued by us, the terms of which specifically provide that such equity
securities rank on a parity with the preferred stock with respect to dividend rights or rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• junior to all equity securities issued by us, the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities
rank senior to the preferred stock with respect to dividend rights or rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs.

The term "equity securities" does not include convertible debt securities.

*Dividends*. Holders of the preferred stock of each series will be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our board of directors, cash dividends at such rates and on such dates described in the prospectus supplement. Different series of preferred stock may be entitled to dividends at different rates or based on different methods of calculation. The dividend rate may be fixed or variable or both. Dividends will be payable to the holders of record as they appear on our stock books on record dates fixed by our board of directors, as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Dividends on any series of preferred stock may be cumulative or noncumulative, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. If our board of directors does not declare a dividend payable on a dividend payment date on any series of noncumulative preferred stock, then the holders of that noncumulative preferred stock will have no right to receive a dividend for that dividend payment date, and we will have no obligation to pay the dividend accrued for that period, whether or not dividends on that series are declared payable on any future dividend payment dates. Dividends on any series of cumulative preferred stock will accrue from the date we initially issue shares of such series or such other date specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.

No dividends may be declared or paid or funds set apart for the payment of any dividends on any parity securities unless full dividends have been paid or set apart for payment on the preferred stock. If full dividends are not paid, the preferred stock will share dividends pro rata with the parity securities.

No dividends may be declared or paid or funds set apart for the payment of dividends on any junior securities unless full dividends for all dividend periods terminating on or prior to the date of the declaration or payment will have been paid or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment set apart for payment on the preferred stock.

*Liquidation Preference*. Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, then, before we make any distribution or payment to the holders of any common stock or any other class or series of our capital stock ranking junior to the preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of each series of preferred stock shall be entitled to receive out of assets legally available for distribution to stockholders, liquidating distributions in the amount of the liquidation preference per share set forth in the prospectus supplement, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon. Such dividends will not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid noncumulative dividends for prior dividend periods. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, after payment of the full amount of their liquidating distributions, the holders of preferred stock will have no right or claim to any of our remaining assets. Upon any such voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, if our available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating distributions on all outstanding preferred stock and the corresponding amounts payable on all other classes or series of our capital stock ranking on parity with the preferred stock and all other such classes or series of shares of capital stock ranking on parity with the preferred stock in the distribution of assets, then the holders of the preferred stock and all other such classes or

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series of capital stock ranking on parity with the preferred stock will share ratably in any such distribution of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be entitled.

Upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up and if we have made liquidating distributions in full to all holders of preferred stock, we will distribute our remaining assets among the holders of any other classes or series of capital stock ranking junior to the preferred stock according to their respective rights and preferences and, in each case, according to their respective number of shares. For such purposes, our consolidation or merger with or into any other corporation, trust or entity, or the sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all of our property or assets will not be deemed to constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs.

*Redemption*. If so provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, the preferred stock will be subject to mandatory redemption or redemption at our option, as a whole or in part, in each case upon the terms, at the times and at the redemption prices set forth in such prospectus supplement.

The prospectus supplement relating to a series of preferred stock that is subject to mandatory redemption will specify the number of shares of preferred stock that shall be redeemed by us in each year commencing after a date to be specified, at a redemption price per share to be specified, together with an amount equal to all accrued and unpaid dividends thereon to the date of redemption. Unless the shares have a cumulative dividend, such accrued dividends will not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods. We may pay the redemption price in cash or other property, as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. If the redemption price for preferred stock of any series is payable only from the net proceeds of the issuance of shares of our capital stock, the terms of such preferred stock may provide that, if no such shares of our capital stock shall have been issued or to the extent the net proceeds from any issuance are insufficient to pay in full the aggregate redemption price then due, such preferred stock shall automatically and mandatorily be converted into the applicable shares of our capital stock pursuant to conversion provisions specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we will not redeem any preferred stock of a series unless:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if that series of preferred stock has a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or contemporaneously
declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full cumulative dividends on the preferred stock for all past dividend periods and the then current dividend period; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if such series of preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or
contemporaneously declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full dividends for the then current dividend period.

In addition, we will not acquire any preferred stock of a series unless:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if that series of preferred stock has a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or contemporaneously
declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full cumulative dividends on all outstanding shares of such series of preferred stock for all past dividend periods and the then current dividend period; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if that series of preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or
contemporaneously declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full dividends on the preferred stock of such series for the then current dividend period.

However, at any time we may purchase or acquire preferred stock of that series (1) pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to holders of all outstanding preferred stock of such series or (2) by conversion into or exchange for shares of our capital stock ranking junior to the preferred stock of such series as to dividends and upon liquidation.

If fewer than all of the outstanding shares of preferred stock of any series are to be redeemed, we will determine the number of shares that may be redeemed pro rata from the holders of record of such shares in

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proportion to the number of such shares held or for which redemption is requested by such holder or by any other equitable manner that we determine. Such determination will reflect adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional shares.

Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, we will mail notice of redemption at least 10 days but not more than 60 days before the redemption date to each holder of record of preferred stock to be redeemed at the address shown on our stock transfer books. Each notice shall state:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the redemption date;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the number of shares and series of preferred stock to be redeemed;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the redemption price;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the place or places where certificates for such preferred stock are to be surrendered for payment of the
redemption price;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• that dividends on the shares to be redeemed will cease to accrue on such redemption date;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the date on which the holder's conversion rights, if any, as to such shares shall terminate; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the specific number of shares to be redeemed from each such holder if fewer than all the shares of any series are
to be redeemed.

If notice of redemption has been given and we have set aside the funds necessary for such redemption in trust for the benefit of the holders of any shares called for redemption, then from and after the redemption date, dividends will cease to accrue on such shares, and all rights of the holders of such shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price.

*Voting Rights*. Holders of preferred stock will not have any voting rights, except as required by law or as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Unless otherwise provided for under the terms of any series of preferred stock, no consent or vote of the holders of shares of preferred stock or any series thereof shall be required for any amendment to our certificate of incorporation that would increase the number of authorized shares of preferred stock or the number of authorized shares of any series thereof or decrease the number of authorized shares of preferred stock or the number of authorized shares of any series thereof (but not below the number of authorized shares of preferred stock or such series, as the case may be, then outstanding).

*Conversion Rights*. The terms and conditions, if any, upon which any series of preferred stock is convertible into shares of our common stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement relating thereto. Such terms will include the number of shares of common stock into which the shares of preferred stock are convertible, the conversion price, rate or manner of calculation thereof, the conversion period, provisions as to whether conversion will be at our option or at the option of the holders of the preferred stock, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price and provisions affecting conversion in the event of the redemption.

*Transfer Agent and Registrar*. The transfer agent and registrar for the preferred stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

**Provisions of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and Delaware Law That May Have Anti-Takeover Effects** 

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of us.

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Such provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and may limit the ability of stockholders to remove current management or directors or approve transactions that stockholders may deem to be in their best interest and, therefore, could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

*Board of Directors*. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide for a board of directors divided as nearly equally as possible into three classes. Each class is elected to a term expiring at the annual meeting of stockholders held in the third year following the year of such election. The number of directors comprising our board of directors is fixed from time to time by the board of directors.

*Removal of Directors by Stockholders*. Pursuant to Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation, members of our board of directors may only be removed for cause by a vote of the holders of 75% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the election of the directors.

*Stockholder Nomination of Directors*. Our bylaws provide that, in the case of an election of directors at an annual meeting, a stockholder must notify us in writing of any stockholder nomination of a director not more than 120 days and not less than 90 days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year's annual meeting; provided, that if the date of the annual meeting is advanced by more than 30 days or delayed by more than 60 days from such anniversary date, or if no annual meeting was held in the preceding year, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not earlier than the 120th day prior to the date of such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of (x) the 90th day prior to the date of such meeting and (y) the 10th day following the day on which notice of the date of such annual meeting was given or public disclosure of the date of such annual meeting was made, whichever occurs first. Our bylaws provide that, in the case of an election of directors at a special meeting, a stockholder must notify us in writing of any stockholder nomination of a director not earlier than the 120th day prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of (x) the 90th day prior to such special meeting and (y) the tenth day following the day on which notice of the date of such special meeting was given or public disclosure of the date of such special meeting was made, whichever first occurs.

*No Action By Written Consent*. Our certificate of incorporation provides that our stockholders may not act by written consent and may only act at duly called meetings of stockholders.

*Undesignated Preferred Stock*. As discussed above, our board of directors has the ability to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change control of our company. These and other provisions may have the effect of deferring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in control or management of us.

*Delaware Business Combination Statute*. We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in business combinations with an interested stockholder. An interested stockholder is generally defined as an entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation or any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by such entity or person ("interested stockholder"). Section 203 provides that an interested stockholder may not engage in business combinations with the corporation for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the
transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the
interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the
interested stockholder) those shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not

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have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual
or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.

In general, Section 203 defines business combinations to include the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any sale, lease, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation to or with
the interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any
stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock
or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loss, advances, guarantees, pledges or other
financial benefits by or through the corporation.

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**DESCRIPTION OF UNITS** 

We may issue units consisting of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus in any combination, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. We may issue units in one or more series, which will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The applicable prospectus supplement will also describe the following terms of any units:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the designation and the terms of the units and of the securities constituting the units, including whether and
under what circumstances the securities comprising the units may be traded separately;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the identity of any unit agent for the units, if applicable, and of any other depositaries, execution or paying
agents, transfer agents, registrars or other agents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any additional terms of the governing unit agreement, if applicable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any additional provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the debt
securities, common stock, preferred stock or warrants constituting the units; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any applicable material U.S. federal income tax consequences.

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**DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS** 

We may issue warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock or debt securities. We may offer warrants separately or together with one or more additional warrants, common stock, preferred stock or debt securities, or any combination of those securities in the form of units, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. If we issue warrants as part of a unit, the accompanying prospectus supplement will specify whether those warrants may be separated from the other securities in the unit prior to the expiration date of the warrants. The applicable prospectus supplement will also describe the following terms of any warrants:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the specific designation and aggregate number of, and the offering price at which we will issue, the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the currency or currency units in which the offering price, if any, and the exercise price are payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will begin and the date on which that right will expire or,
if you may not continuously exercise the warrants throughout that period, the specific date or dates on which you may exercise the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the warrants are to be sold separately or with other securities as parts of units;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• whether the warrants will be issued in definitive or global form or in any combination of these forms, although,
in any case, the form of a warrant included in a unit will correspond to the form of the unit and of any security included in that unit;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any applicable material U.S. federal income tax consequences;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the identity of the warrant agent for the warrants and of any other depositaries, execution or paying agents,
transfer agents, registrars or other agents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the proposed listing, if any, of the warrants or any securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants on any
securities exchange;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the designation and terms of any equity securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the designation, aggregate principal amount, currency and terms of any debt securities that may be purchased upon
exercise of the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if applicable, the designation and terms of the preferred stock with which the warrants are issued and the number
of warrants issued with each security;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if applicable, the date from and after which any warrants issued as part of a unit and the related debt
securities, preferred stock or common stock will be separately transferable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant and the price at
which those shares may be purchased;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if applicable, the minimum or maximum amount of the warrants that may be exercised at any one time;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the anti-dilution provisions of, and other provisions for changes to or adjustment in the exercise price of, the
warrants, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any redemption or call provisions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any additional terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange or
exercise of the warrants.

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**FORMS OF SECURITIES** 

Each debt security, unit and warrant will be represented either by a certificate issued in definitive form to a particular investor or by one or more global securities representing the entire issuance of securities. Unless the applicable prospectus supplement provides otherwise, certificated securities will be issued in definitive form and global securities will be issued in registered form. Definitive securities name you or your nominee as the owner of the security, and in order to transfer or exchange these securities or to receive payments other than interest or other interim payments, you or your nominee must physically deliver the securities to the trustee, registrar, paying agent or other agent, as applicable. Global securities name a depositary or its nominee as the owner of the debt securities, units or warrants represented by these global securities. The depositary maintains a computerized system that will reflect each investor's beneficial ownership of the securities through an account maintained by the investor with its broker/dealer, bank, trust company or other representative, as we explain more fully below.

**Global Securities** 

We may issue the debt securities of a particular series, units and warrants in the form of one or more fully registered global securities that will be deposited with a depositary or its nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement and registered in the name of that depositary or nominee. In those cases, one or more global securities will be issued in a denomination or aggregate denominations equal to the portion of the aggregate principal or face amount of the securities to be represented by global securities. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole for securities in definitive registered form, a global security may not be transferred except as a whole by and among the depositary for the global security, the nominees of the depositary or any successors of the depositary or those nominees.

If not described below, any specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to any securities to be represented by a global security will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those securities. We anticipate that the following provisions will apply to all depositary arrangements.

Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security will be limited to persons, called participants, that have accounts with the depositary or persons that may hold interests through participants. Upon the issuance of a global security, the depositary will credit, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the participants' accounts with the respective principal or face amounts of the securities beneficially owned by the participants. Any dealers, underwriters or agents participating in the distribution of the securities will designate the accounts to be credited. Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security will be shown on, and the transfer of ownership interests will be effected only through, records maintained by the depositary, with respect to interests of participants, and on the records of participants, with respect to interests of persons holding through participants. The laws of some states may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of these securities in definitive form. These laws may impair your ability to own, transfer or pledge beneficial interests in global securities.

So long as the depositary, or its nominee, is the registered owner of a global security, that depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner or holder of the securities represented by the global security for all purposes under the applicable indenture, warrant agreement or unit agreement. Except as described below, owners of beneficial interests in a global security will not be entitled to have the securities represented by the global security registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of the securities in definitive form and will not be considered the owners or holders of the securities under the applicable indenture, unit agreement or warrant agreement. Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a global security must rely on the procedures of the depositary for that global security and, if that person is not a participant, on the procedures of the participant through which the person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the applicable indenture, unit agreement or warrant agreement. We understand that under existing industry practices, if we request any action of holders or if an owner of a beneficial interest in a global security desires to give or take any action that a holder is entitled to give or take

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under the applicable indenture, unit agreement or warrant agreement, the depositary for the global security would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial interests to give or take that action, and the participants would authorize beneficial owners owning through them to give or take that action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.

Principal, premium, if any, and interest payments on debt securities, and any payments to holders with respect to warrants or units, represented by a global security registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee will be made to the depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of the global security. None of us, or any trustee, unit agent, warrant agent or other agent of ours, or any agent of any trustee, warrant agent or unit agent will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in the global security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to those beneficial ownership interests.

We expect that the depositary for any of the securities represented by a global security, upon receipt of any payment to holders of principal, premium, interest or other distribution of underlying securities or other property on that registered global security, will immediately credit participants' accounts in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in that global security as shown on the records of the depositary. We also expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in a global security held through participants will be governed by standing customer instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with the securities held for the accounts of customers or registered in "street name," and will be the responsibility of those participants.

If the depositary for any of the securities represented by a global security is at any time unwilling or unable to continue as depositary or ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act, and a successor depositary registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act is not appointed by us within 90 days, we will issue securities in definitive form in exchange for the global security that had been held by the depositary. Any securities issued in definitive form in exchange for a global security will be registered in the name or names that the depositary gives to the relevant trustee, unit agent, warrant agent or other relevant agent of ours or theirs. It is expected that the depositary's instructions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the global security that had been held by the depositary.

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**PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION** 

We may sell securities:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• through underwriters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• through dealers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• through agents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• directly to purchasers; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• through a combination of any of these methods of sale.

In addition, we may issue the securities as a dividend or distribution or in a subscription rights offering to our existing security holders. This prospectus may be used in connection with any offering of our securities through any of these methods or other methods described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

We may directly solicit offers to purchase securities, or agents may be designated to solicit such offers. We will, in the prospectus supplement relating to such offering, name any agent that could be viewed as an underwriter under the Securities Act, and describe any commissions that we must pay. Any such agent will be acting on a best efforts basis for the period of its appointment or, if indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, on a firm commitment basis.

The distribution of the securities may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• at a fixed price, or prices, which may be changed from time to time;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• at negotiated prices.

We may also sell equity securities covered by this prospectus in "at the market offerings" as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. Such offerings may be made into an existing trading market for such securities in transactions at other than a fixed price on or through the facilities of Nasdaq or any other securities exchange or quotation or trading service on which such securities may be listed, quoted or traded at the time of sale.

Such at the market offerings, if any, may be conducted by underwriters or placement agents acting as principal or agent.

Each prospectus supplement will describe the method of distribution of the securities and any applicable restrictions.

The prospectus supplement with respect to the securities of a particular series will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the name of the agent or any underwriters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the public offering or purchase price and the proceeds we will receive from the sale of the securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any discounts and commissions to be allowed or re-allowed or paid to the
agent or underwriters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• all other items constituting underwriting compensation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any discounts and commissions to be allowed or re-allowed or paid to
dealers; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any exchanges on which the securities will be listed.

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If any underwriters or agents are utilized in the sale of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is delivered, we will enter into an underwriting agreement or other agreement with them at the time of sale to them, and we will set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to such offering the names of the underwriters or agents and the terms of the related agreement with them.

If a dealer is utilized in the sale of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is delivered, we will sell such securities to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell such securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by such dealer at the time of resale.

If we offer securities in a subscription rights offering to our existing security holders, we may enter into a standby underwriting agreement with dealers, acting as standby underwriters. We may pay the standby underwriters a commitment fee for the securities they commit to purchase on a standby basis. If we do not enter into a standby underwriting arrangement, we may retain a dealer-manager to manage a subscription rights offering for us.

Remarketing firms, agents, underwriters, dealers and other persons may be entitled under agreements which they may enter into with us to indemnification by us against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and may be customers of, engage in transactions with or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business.

If so indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will authorize underwriters or other persons acting as our agents to solicit offers by certain institutions to purchase securities from us pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on the date stated in the prospectus supplement. Each contract will be for an amount not less than, and the aggregate amount of securities sold pursuant to such contracts shall not be less nor more than, the respective amounts stated in the prospectus supplement. Institutions with whom the contracts, when authorized, may be made include commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, educational and charitable institutions and other institutions, but shall in all cases be subject to our approval. Delayed delivery contracts will not be subject to any conditions except that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the purchase by an institution of the securities covered under that contract shall not at the time of delivery be
prohibited under the laws of the jurisdiction to which that institution is subject; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if the securities are also being sold to underwriters acting as principals for their own account, the
underwriters shall have purchased such securities not sold for delayed delivery. The underwriters and other persons acting as our agents will not have any responsibility in respect of the validity or performance of delayed delivery contracts.

Certain agents, underwriters and dealers, and their associates and affiliates may be customers of, have borrowing relationships with, engage in other transactions with, and/or perform services, including investment banking services, for us or one or more of our respective affiliates in the ordinary course of business.

In order to facilitate the offering of the securities, any underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the securities or any other securities the prices of which may be used to determine payments on such securities. Specifically, any underwriters may overallot in connection with the offering, creating a short position for their own accounts. In addition, to cover overallotments or to stabilize the price of the securities or of any such other securities, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase, the securities or any such other securities in the open market. Finally, in any offering of the securities through a syndicate of underwriters, the underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling concessions allowed to an underwriter or a dealer for distributing the securities in the offering if the syndicate repurchases previously distributed securities in transactions to cover syndicate short positions, in stabilization transactions or otherwise. Any of these activities may stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities above independent market levels. Any such underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.

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Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in one business day, unless the parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise. The applicable prospectus supplement may provide that the original issue date for your securities may be more than one scheduled business day after the trade date for your securities. Accordingly, in such a case, if you wish to trade securities on any date prior to the first business day before the original issue date for your securities, you will be required, by virtue of the fact that your securities initially are expected to settle in more than one scheduled business day after the trade date for your securities, to make alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement.

The securities may be new issues of securities and may have no established trading market. The securities may or may not be listed on a national securities exchange. We can make no assurance as to the liquidity of or the existence of trading markets for any of the securities.

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**LEGAL MATTERS** 

Unless the applicable prospectus supplement indicates otherwise, the validity of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered will be passed upon by Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP.

**EXPERTS** 

Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as set forth in their report, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus and elsewhere in this registration statement. Our financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Ernst & Young LLP's report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

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***$150,000,000***

![LOGO](g106297g16a16.jpg)

***Shares of Common Stock***

*PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT* 

*Joint Book-Running Managers* 

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| ***Morgan Stanley*** | ***Leerink Partners*** | ***Cantor*** | ***Stifel*** |

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*Lead Manager* 

***Oppenheimer & Co.***

**April , 2026**