# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001454938
**File Stem:** 0001454938-26-000037
**Filing Date:** 2026-5
**Character Count:** 183323
**Document Hash:** 19553cb06af9d304a18549f74c5b6689
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001454938-26-000037.hdr.sgml**: 20260508

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001454938-26-000037

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 92

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20260331

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260508

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260508

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Teads Holding Co.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001454938
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, DATA PROCESSING, ETC. [7370]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 205391629
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-40643
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26958482

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 111 WEST 19TH STREET
- **CITY:** NEW YORK
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 10011
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (646) 867-0149

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 111 WEST 19TH STREET
- **CITY:** NEW YORK
- **STATE:** NY
- **ZIP:** 10011

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Outbrain Inc.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20090129

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? tead-20260331

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

 **FORM 10-Q**

☒ **QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2026**

**OR**

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the transition period from ___ to ___**

![Logo-Teads-Landscape-Colored-Black-wTagline.jpg](tead-20260331_g1.jpg)

**Commission file number 001-40643**

**Teads Holding Co.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **20-5391629** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of<br>incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer<br>Identification No.) |

---

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **111 West 19th Street,** | **New York,** | **NY** | **10011** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) |

---

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: **(646) 867-0149** 

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| Common stock, par value $0.001 per share | TEAD | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes ⌧ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes ⌧ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |
| | | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ⌧

As of April 30, 2026, Teads Holding Co. had 96,991,430 shares of common stock outstanding.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Page** |
| **<u>[Part I - Financial Information](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_13)</u>** | **<u>[Part I - Financial Information](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_13)</u>** | |
| <u>[Item 1.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_16)</u> | <u>[Financial Statements](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_16)</u> | <u>[5](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_16)</u> |
| | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_19)</u> | <u>[5](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_19)</u> |
| | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_22)</u> | <u>[6](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_22)</u> |
| | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_25)</u> | <u>[7](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_25)</u> |
| | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_28)</u> | <u>[8](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_28)</u> |
| | <u>[Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_31)</u> | <u>[9](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_31)</u> |
| | <u>[Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_34)</u> | <u>[11](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_34)</u> |
| <u>[Item 2.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_88)</u> | <u>[Management](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_88)['](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_88)[s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_88)</u> | <u>[28](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_88)</u> |
| <u>[Item 3.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_106)</u> | <u>[Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_106)</u> | <u>[43](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_106)</u> |
| <u>[Item 4.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_109)</u> | <u>[Controls and Procedures](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_109)</u> | <u>[44](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_109)</u> |
| **<u>[Part II - Other Information](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_112)</u>** | **<u>[Part II - Other Information](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_112)</u>** | |
| <u>[Item 1.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_115)</u> | <u>[Legal Proceedings](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_115)</u> | <u>[45](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_115)</u> |
| <u>[Item 1A](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_118).</u> | <u>[Risk Factors](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_118)</u> | <u>[45](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_118)</u> |
| <u>[Item 2.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_121)</u> | <u>[Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_121)</u> | <u>[45](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_121)</u> |
| <u>[Item 5.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_124)</u> | <u>[Other Information](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_124)</u> | <u>[45](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_124)</u> |
| <u>[Item 6.](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_127)</u> | <u>[Exhibits](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_127)</u> | <u>[46](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_127)</u> |
| **<u>[Signatures](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_130)</u>** | **<u>[Signatures](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_130)</u>** | <u>[47](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_130)</u> |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**Note About Forward-Looking Statements** 

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Report") contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements may include, without limitation, statements generally relating to possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, plans and objectives, and statements relating to the acquisition (the "Acquisition") of TEADS, a private limited liability company (*société à responsabilité limitée*) incorporated and existing under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ("Legacy Teads"), following which we changed our corporate name to Teads Holding Co. (hereinafter, together with its subsidiaries, the "Company" or "Teads"). You can generally identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as "may," "will," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "could," "intends," "guidance," "outlook," "target," "projects," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "foresee," "potential" or "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions or are not statements of historical fact. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our expectations and projections regarding future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors including, but not limited to:

• our ability to successfully integrate Legacy Teads or manage the combined business effectively;

• overall advertising demand and traffic generated by our media partners;

• our ability to continue to innovate, and adoption by our advertisers and media partners of our expanding solutions;

• the success of our sales and marketing investments, which may require significant investments and may involve long sales cycles;

• our ability to compete effectively against current and future competitors;

• the potential impact of artificial intelligence ("AI") on our industry, our ability to adapt to advancements in AI and the regulation of generative AI content within the context of the Open Internet and display advertising, and our need to invest in AI-based solutions;

• our ability to attract and retain customers, management and other key personnel;

• the volatility of the market price of our Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Common Stock") and our ability to satisfy the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, including the potential adverse effects on market liquidity and share price if our Common Stock is delisted;

• our ability to grow our business and manage growth effectively;

• our ability to raise additional financing in the future to fund our operations or service our existing indebtedness;

• loss of media partners could have a significant impact on our revenue and results of operations;

• our ability to maintain the integrity of our platform and prevent invalid, low quality or other non-human traffic that does not meet ad quality standards, and the impact of such activity on our relationships with media partners and advertisers;

• the risk that our research and development efforts may not meet the demands of a rapidly evolving technology market;

• any failure of our recommendation engine to accurately predict attention or engagement, any deterioration in the quality of our recommendations or failure to present interesting content to users or other factors which may cause us to experience a decline in user engagement or loss of media partners;

• limits on our ability to collect, use and disclose data to deliver advertisements;

• our ability to extend our reach into evolving digital media platforms;

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

• our ability to maintain and scale our technology platform;

• our ability to meet demands on our infrastructure and resources due to future growth or otherwise;

• our ability to realize anticipated benefits and synergies of the Acquisition, including, among other things, operating efficiencies, revenue synergies and other cost savings;

• unexpected costs, charges or expenses resulting from the Acquisition;

• our internal controls over financial reporting may not meet the standard required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

• factors that affect advertising demand and spending, such as the continuation or worsening of unfavorable economic or business conditions or downturns, instability or volatility in financial markets, tariffs and trade wars and other events or factors outside of our control, such as U.S. and global recession concerns, geopolitical concerns, including the conflict involving Israel, the U.S., Iran and surrounding nations, supply chain issues, inflationary pressures, labor market volatility, bank closures or disruptions, the impact of challenging economic conditions, new or proposed legislation or other political and policy changes or uncertainties in the U.S., the impact of U.S. government shutdowns, and other factors that have and may further impact advertisers' ability to pay;

• conditions in Israel, including the conflict between Israel and Hamas and the sustainability of the related cease-fire;

• our ability to maintain our revenues or profitability despite quarterly fluctuations in our results, whether due to seasonality, large cyclical events, or other causes;

• the challenges of compliance with differing and changing regulatory requirements, particularly with respect to privacy and data protection;

• our failure or the failure of third parties to protect our sites, networks and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect the confidential information of us or our partners;

• outages or disruptions that impact us or our service providers, resulting from cyber incidents, or failures or loss of our infrastructure;

• significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

• political and regulatory risks in the various markets in which we operate;

• the outcome of legal proceedings, which we are subject to from time to time, including intellectual property, commercial and privacy disputes;

• the timing and execution of any cost-saving measures and the impact on our business or strategy; and

• the risks described in the section entitled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2026.

Accordingly, you should not rely upon forward-looking statements as an indication of future performance. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or will occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in this Report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation and do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or circumstances after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or otherwise, except as required by law.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**Part I Financial Information**

**Item 1. Financial Statements**

**TEADS HOLDING CO.**

**Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets**

***(In thousands, except for number of shares and par value)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
|  | ***(Unaudited)*** | |
| **ASSETS:** | | |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $85488 | $128223 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term investments in marketable securities | 13155 | 10476 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net of allowances | 278781 | 342352 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 48580 | 49347 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 426004 | 530398 |
| Non-current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Property, equipment and capitalized software, net | 53090 | 50998 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 27986 | 28810 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Intangible assets, net | 357781 | 376578 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill | 275912 | 280991 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred tax assets | 12164 | 10485 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Indemnification asset | 28134 | 27789 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | 20691 | 21925 |
| TOTAL ASSETS | $1201762 | $1327974 |
| **LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $210877 | $258634 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued compensation and benefits | 36850 | 40192 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | 13258 | 14930 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term debt | 17194 | 17595 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued and other current liabilities | 130942 | 152710 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 409121 | 484061 |
| Non-current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term debt | 606234 | 605113 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 20985 | 21674 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred tax liabilities | 66891 | 73101 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Contingent tax liabilities | 35543 | 35078 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other liabilities | 12729 | 13510 |
| TOTAL LIABILITIES | $1151503 | $1232537 |
| Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10) |  |  |
| STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, par value of $0.001 per share - one billion shares authorized; 97,227,485 shares issued and 96,991,430 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026; 96,171,331 shares issued and 95,980,437 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025 | 97 | 96 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred stock, par value of $0.001 per share - 100,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 688056 | 685778 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Treasury stock, at cost - 236,055 shares as of March 31, 2026 and 190,894 shares as of December 31, 2025 | (571) | (533) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive income | 88026 | 96659 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (725349) | (686563) |
| TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | 50259 | 95437 |
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | $1201762 | $1327974 |

---

*See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.* 

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**TEADS HOLDING CO.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations** 

***(In thousands, except for share and per share data)***

***(Unaudited)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| Revenue | $265983 | $286357 |
| Cost of revenue: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Traffic acquisition costs | 158109 | 183235 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other cost of revenue | 24258 | 20472 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cost of revenue | 182367 | 203707 |
| Gross profit | 83616 | 82650 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 10682 | 13979 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sales and marketing | 66457 | 53737 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 26580 | 36477 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of intangible assets |  | 15614 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 1703 | 7279 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 105422 | 127086 |
| Loss from operations | (21806) | (44436) |
| Other (expense) income: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (17409) | (23124) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income and interest income, net | (559) | (484) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other (expense) income, net | (17968) | (23608) |
| Loss before income taxes | (39774) | (68044) |
| Benefit for income taxes | (988) | (13201) |
| Net loss | $(38786) | $(54843) |
| Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | 96279745 | 77954579 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | 96279745 | 77954579 |
| Net loss per common share: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | $(0.40) | $(0.70) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | $(0.40) | $(0.70) |

---

*See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.*

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**TEADS HOLDING CO.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)**

 ***(In thousands)***

***(Unaudited)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| Net loss | $(38786) | $(54843) |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation adjustments | (8626) | 34263 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments in debt securities (net of taxes of $2 and $22 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively) | (7) | (76) |
| Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (8633) | 34187 |
| Comprehensive loss | $(47419) | $(20656) |

---

*See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.* 

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**TEADS HOLDING CO.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity**

***(In thousands, except for number of shares)***

***(Unaudited)***

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Additional** <br>**Paid-In** <br>**Capital**  | **Treasury Stock** | **Treasury Stock** | **Accumulated** <br>**Other** <br>**Comprehensive** <br>**(Loss) Income** | **Accumulated** <br>**Deficit**  | **Total** <br>**Stockholders'** <br>**Equity**  |
| | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional** <br>**Paid-In** <br>**Capital**  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Accumulated** <br>**Other** <br>**Comprehensive** <br>**(Loss) Income** | **Accumulated** <br>**Deficit**  | **Total** <br>**Stockholders'** <br>**Equity**  |
| **Balance – January 1, 2026** | 96171331 | $96 | $685778 | (190894) | $(533) | $96659 | $(686563) | $95437 |
| Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes | 1056154 | 1 | (1) | (45161) | (38) |  |  | (38) |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2279 |  |  |  |  | 2279 |
| Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | (8633) |  | (8633) |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38786) | (38786) |
| **Balance – March 31, 2026** | 97227485 | $97 | $688056 | (236055) | $(571) | $88026 | $(725349) | $50259 |

---

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Additional** <br>**Paid-In** <br>**Capital**  | **Treasury Stock** | **Treasury Stock** | **Accumulated** <br>**Other** <br>**Comprehensive** <br>**Loss** | **Accumulated** <br>**Deficit** | **Total** <br>**Stockholders'** <br>**Equity**  |
| | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional** <br>**Paid-In** <br>**Capital**  | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Accumulated** <br>**Other** <br>**Comprehensive** <br>**Loss** | **Accumulated** <br>**Deficit** | **Total** <br>**Stockholders'** <br>**Equity**  |
| **Balance – January 1, 2025** | 63503274 | $64 | $484541 | (13413160) | $(74289) | $(9480) | $(169493) | $231343 |
| Acquisition of Teads, net | 30320161 | 30 | 186864 | 13429839 | 74402 |  |  | 261296 |
| Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes | 526076 |  |  | (73000) | (355) |  |  | (355) |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  | 3037 |  |  |  |  | 3037 |
| Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | 34187 |  | 34187 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (54843) | (54843) |
| **Balance – March 31, 2025** | 94349511 | $94 | $674442 | (56321) | $(242) | $24707 | $(224336) | $474665 |

---

*See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.*

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**TEADS HOLDING CO**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**

***(In thousands)***

***(Unaudited)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:**  |  |  |
| Net loss | $(38786) | $(54843) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | 2067 | 1935 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of capitalized software development costs | 2310 | 2472 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of intangible assets | 13057 | 8466 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of discount on marketable securities | (198) | (425) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 2146 | 2941 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash operating lease expense | 3245 | 2307 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for credit losses | 2141 | 298 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 1121 | 12843 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income taxes | (6176) | (17786) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of intangible assets |  | 15614 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unrealized foreign currency transaction losses  | 821 | 1688 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 21 | 30 |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | 58614 | 37605 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 2412 | 5901 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities | (69683) | (22374) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities | (3191) | (2614) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | (1610) | (830) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other non-current assets and liabilities | (3182) | 5806 |
| Net cash used in operating activities | (34871) | (966) |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:**  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisition of a business, net of cash acquired |  | (598319) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property and equipment | (726) | (2921) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Capitalized software development costs | (5537) | (2699) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of marketable securities | (13081) | (16602) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities | 10490 | 74221 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 241 |  |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (8613) | (546320) |
| **CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:**  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from the Bridge Facility |  | 625000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Repayments of borrowings under the Bridge Facility |  | (625000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from senior secured notes |  | 625305 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of deferred financing costs | (50) | (28155) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of stock issuance costs |  | (775) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Treasury stock repurchases and share withholdings on vested awards | (38) | (355) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from bank overdrafts, net | (48) | 74 |
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (136) | 596094 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Effect of exchange rate changes | 378 | (57) |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (43242) | 48751 |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — Beginning  | 129700 | 89725 |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — Ending | $86458 | $138476 |
|  **RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH**  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $85488 | $136312 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash, included in other assets | $970 | $2164 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $86458 | $138476 |

---

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**TEADS HOLDING CO** 

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)** 

***(In thousands)***

***(Unaudited)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| **<u>SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:</u>**  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Income tax (refunds) payments, net | $(1064) | $7636 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for interest | $31795 | $1512 |
| **<u>SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:</u>** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock consideration issued for acquisition of a business | $— | $262938 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable | $279 | $991 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | $1741 | $13409 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation capitalized for software development costs | $134 | $96 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unpaid deferred financing costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $— | $3318 |

---

*See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.*

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**TEADS HOLDING CO.**

**Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

**(Dollars in millions, except share and per share amounts or otherwise stated)**

(Unaudited)

**1. Organization, Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

**Organization and Description of Business** 

On June 6, 2025, Outbrain Inc. ("Outbrain"), operating under the new Teads brand following Outbrain's acquisition of TEADS, a private limited liability company (*société à responsabilité limitée*) incorporated and existing under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ("Legacy Teads"), completed its corporate name change from Outbrain Inc. to Teads Holding Co. (together with its subsidiaries, "Teads," the "Company," "we," "our," or "us"). The Company is headquartered in New York, New York, with additional operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The Company's Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Common Stock"), began trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the "TEAD" ticker symbol effective June 10, 2025.

The Company operates a two-sided marketplace that creates a scaled, end-to-end advertising solution by maintaining direct relationships with global advertisers, including Fortune 500 brands and agency holding companies, as well as media owners spanning premium publishers to connected TV ("CTV"), application developers and other existing and emerging content platforms. The Company generates revenue primarily from advertisers purchasing media owner inventory through its platform. The Company's platform is designed to enable advertisers to reach their audiences across the digital advertising ecosystem and drive desired outcomes from those audiences at each step of the marketing funnel. The Company continues to focus on providing efficient, high-impact supply chains for advertisers and sustainable advertising revenue for media owners as the digital advertising ecosystem evolves.

**Basis of Presentation** 

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and are unaudited. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2026 ("2025 Form 10-K").

On February 3, 2025, Outbrain acquired Legacy Teads for a purchase price of $0.9 billion, comprised of a cash payment of $625 million and 43.75 million shares of Outbrain's Common Stock (the "Acquisition"). The Acquisition combined the offerings of Outbrain and Legacy Teads into one of the largest Open Internet platforms, allowing the Company to better serve enterprise brands and agencies, as well as mid-market and direct response advertisers across different media environments. In connection with the Acquisition, the Company incurred $11 million of transaction costs (direct acquisition costs) during the three months ended March 31, 2025, which were recognized within general and administrative expenses. See Note 2, *Acquisition*, to the 2025 Form 10-K for additional information.

As a result of the Acquisition, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of Legacy Teads' operations from the Acquisition date of February 3, 2025. Consequently, the financial information presented as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2026 is not directly comparable to financial information presented for the corresponding prior year period.

**Use of Estimates** 

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosures as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and judgments are based on historical information and on various other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the allowance for credit losses, sales allowance, software development costs eligible for capitalization, valuation of deferred tax assets, the useful lives of property and equipment, the useful lives and fair value of intangible assets, valuation of goodwill, the fair value of stock-based awards, benefit obligations, fair value of plan assets, and

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the recognition and measurement of income tax uncertainties and other contingencies. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

**Revenue Recognition**

The Company sells the placement of advertisements to media agencies and advertisers, which it collectively refers to as its customers. The Company's customers include brands, performance marketers and other advertisers, which are collectively referred to as its advertisers, each of which contract for use of its services primarily through insertion orders or through self-service tools, allowing advertisers to establish budgets for their advertising campaigns. The Company generates revenue either directly from its customers or indirectly via demand-side platforms (DSPs). Revenue generated directly from its customers can be either on a self-serve basis, where the customer logs into the buying interface and sets up and manages a campaign, or on a managed basis where Company's teams will log into the buying interface, set up and manage the campaign on behalf of the customers. The Company recognizes revenue pursuant to the five-step framework contained in ASC 606*,* Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") as further described in Note 1, *Organization, Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Revenue*, to the 2025 Form 10-K.

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when the advertising is delivered or the outcome occurs, given the real-time nature of delivery and measurement. The Company recognizes revenue over time when the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of a specific campaign. Revenue is earned across multiple monetization models using cost-per-click ("CPC"), cost-per-thousand impressions ("CPM"), cost-per-view ("CPV"), and cost-per-incremental action ("CPA"). Prices are typically denominated in unit rates (e.g., CPC, CPM, CPV, CPA) applied to measured delivery or outcomes. The Company estimates variable consideration based on actual delivery volume or measured outcomes, as well as allowances, discounts, rebates (including agency rebates), credits, incentives, or other price concessions. Variable consideration is estimated and included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur.

*Consideration payable to a customer.* The Company's media partners are generally suppliers of inventory, not customers, in arrangements where the Company's customer is the advertiser. Accordingly, payments to media partners—including revenue shares, guaranteed minimum payments, and programmatic supply costs—are recorded in cost of revenue. The Company evaluates any arrangement in which a counterparty plays multiple roles to determine whether any portion of the payment represents consideration payable to a customer under ASC 606. When amounts qualify as consideration payable to a customer, such amounts are recorded as a reduction of revenue, unless the Company receives a distinct good or service at fair value, in which case the amounts are recorded in operating expenses instead of reducing revenue.

*Practical expedients.* The Company's chief operating decision-maker is not reviewing these different streams separately and therefore the Company has not disaggregated the revenue presentation by revenue stream but has shown the disaggregation by geography. See Note 14 for disaggregation of the Company's revenue based on geography of where the Company's marketers are physically located.

When performance obligations are satisfied over time and for which there is no variable consideration, the Company recognizes revenue in the amount to which it has a right to invoice the customer. This reflects the fact that the Company's right to payment corresponds directly with the value of the Company's performance completed to date, consistent with the practical expedient in ASC 606.

*Principal vs. agent (gross vs. net) presentation.* The Company generally acts as the principal because it controls the specified advertising inventory or the right to the advertising service before it is transferred to the advertiser. Accordingly, the Company presents revenue on a gross basis, with amounts payable to media partners recorded as traffic acquisition costs within cost of revenue.

*Contract Balances.* Contract liabilities primarily comprise advance payments from customers for future services and are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company does not have contract assets because revenue is typically recognized as services are performed and billing generally aligns with delivery.

**Cost of Revenue** 

*Traffic Acquisition Costs.* Traffic acquisition costs consist of amounts the Company owes to media partners for the purchase of or use of inventory. The Company incurs costs with its media partners, which may be publishers, third-party intermediaries or other parties such as original equipment manufacturers in the period in which certain actions, such as click-throughs,

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impressions or views, occur. Such costs due to media partners are based on the media partners' contractual revenue share, programmatic bidding or guaranteed minimums based on certain media partner conditions. In some circumstances, the Company incurs costs based on a guaranteed minimum payment, which may be based on either impressions, page views or a fixed amount if the partner reaches certain performance targets, in exchange for guaranteed placement on specified portions of the media partners' online properties. Traffic acquisition costs also include amounts payable to media partners whose supply is purchased programmatically.

In some instances, the Company may make upfront payments to media partners in connection with long-term contracts. The Company capitalizes these advance payments under these agreements if specific capitalization criteria have been met. The capitalization criteria includes the existence of future economic benefits to the Company, the existence of legally enforceable recoverability language (e.g., early termination clauses), management's ability and intent to enforce the recoverability language and the ability to generate future earnings from the agreement in excess of amounts deferred. Capitalized amounts are amortized as traffic acquisition costs over the shorter of the period of contractual recoverability or the corresponding period of economic benefit. Amounts not yet paid are accrued systematically based on the Company's estimate of user engagement.

*Other Cost of Revenue.* Other cost of revenue includes costs related to the management of data centers, hosting fees, data connectivity costs, and depreciation and amortization. It also includes the amortization of capitalized software developed or acquired for internal use in support of the Company's revenue-generating technologies, as well as costs associated with studies and research that directly support these technologies. Additionally, other cost of revenue includes amortization of intangible assets related to developed technology acquired by the Company and used in its revenue-generating efforts.

**Certain Risks and Concentrations** 

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, investments in marketable securities, and accounts receivable. The Company's cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments in marketable securities are generally invested in high-credit quality financial instruments with both banks and financial institutions to reduce the amount of exposure to any single financial institution.

The Company generally does not require collateral to secure accounts receivable, with the exception of certain customers with higher potential credit risk who are required to prepay for their campaigns. No single marketer accounted for 10% or more of the Company's total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025, or 10% or more of its gross accounts receivable balance as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, none of the Company's media partners accounted for 10% of its total traffic acquisition costs.

**Segment Information** 

The Company has one operating and reporting segment. The Company's chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer who makes resource allocation decisions and assesses performance based on financial information presented on a consolidated basis.

**Defined Benefit Plans**

The Company maintains defined benefit pension plans in certain international locations which were acquired as part of the Acquisition. Pension benefits are based on employee age, years of service, and compensation. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the net pension liability was $7.1 million and $7.0 million, respectively. Total net periodic benefit cost was $0.2 million during each of the three months ended March 31, 2026 and the three months ended March 31, 2025. Service cost is recorded within operating expenses, while all other cost components are recorded in other income, net. No cash contributions were required during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. See Note 14, *Defined Benefit Plans*, to the 2025 Form 10-K for additional information.

**New Accounting Pronouncements**

The Company has evaluated all Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs") issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"). Standards not summarized below were assessed and determined to be either inapplicable or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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***Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements***

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, "Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software" ("ASU 2025-06"). ASU 2025-06 removes all references to software project development stages, and requires capitalization to begin when management has authorized and committed to funding the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. ASU 2025-06 is effective for our annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and for interim periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of ASU 2025-06 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures" ("ASU 2024-03"). ASU 2024-03 requires disclosures about certain costs and expenses, including but not limited to, purchases of inventory; employee compensation; depreciation; intangible asset amortization; and selling expenses. The ASU is required to be applied prospectively and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

See Note 1 to the Company's audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025 in the 2025 Form 10-K for a complete disclosure of the Company's significant accounting policies.

**2. Restructuring**

***2025 Restructuring Plans***

On February 3, 2025, in connection with the completion of the Acquisition, the Company announced a restructuring plan (the "Plan"), as part of its efforts to streamline operations and reduce duplication of roles. The Plan involved a reduction in workforce of approximately 15%. The actions associated with the employee restructuring under the Plan were initiated in February 2025, were implemented in large part in the second quarter of 2025 and are substantially completed.

On December 3, 2025, the Company commenced a broader strategic restructuring plan (the "Strategic Plan") intended to reduce operating costs, improve operating margins and advance the Company's ongoing commitment to profitable growth. The Strategic Plan is expected to impact approximately 10% of the Company's employees globally. The Company expects to incur approximately $8.0 million to $12.0 million in charges related to severance and legal costs in connection with the Strategic Plan. The Company has recognized approximately $7.0 million of these charges to date and expects to incur the remainder primarily in the second quarter of 2026.

The estimates of the charges and expenditures that the Company expects to incur in connection with the Plan and the Strategic Plan, and the timing thereof, are subject to a number of assumptions, and actual amounts may differ materially from estimates. In addition, the Company may incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to unanticipated events that may occur, including in connection with the implementation of the Plan and the Strategic Plan. The Company recorded the following pre-tax charges within restructuring charges in its condensed consolidated statement of operations for the periods presented:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31, 2026** | **Three Months Ended March 31, 2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Severance and related costs | $1506 | $6847 |
| Legal costs | 197 | 432 |
| Total restructuring charges <sup>(1)</sup> | $1703 | $7279 |

---

_________________________

<sup>(1)</sup> Includes $1.3 million related to sales and marketing and $0.4 million related to general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026. Includes $0.8 million related to research and development, $5.0 million related to sales and marketing, and $1.5 million related to general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

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The following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for accrued severance and related liabilities recorded within accrued compensation and benefits and accrued and other current liabilities in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets for the three months ended March 31, 2026:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Severance and related costs** | **Legal costs** | **Total** |
| | **Severance and related costs** | **Legal costs** | **Total** |
| Balance as of December 31, 2025  | $3361 | $125 | $3486 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 1506 | 197 | 1703 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash payments | (3223) | (309) | (3532) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation | (75) | (1) | (76) |
| Balance as of March 31, 2026 | $1569 | $12 | $1581 |

---

**3. Investments in Marketable Securities**

All of the Company's debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. The Company's cash equivalents and investments as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 consisted of the following:

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** |
| **(In thousands)** |<br>**Fair Value Level** | **Amortized cost** | **Gross Unrealized Gains** | **Gross Unrealized Losses** | **Estimated Fair Value** | **Cash Equivalents** | **Short-term investments** |
| Money market funds | 1 | $1648 | $— | $— | $1648 | $1648 | $— |
| Commercial paper | 2 | 18157 |  | (9) | 18148 | 4993 | 13155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cash equivalents and investments |  | $19805 | $— | $(9) | $19796 | $6641 | $13155 |

---

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| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| **(In thousands)** |<br>**Fair Value Level** | **Amortized cost** | **Gross Unrealized Gains** | **Gross Unrealized Losses** | **Estimated Fair Value** | **Cash Equivalents** | **Short-term investments** |
| Money market funds | 1 | $18602 | $— | $— | $18602 | $18602 | $— |
| Commercial paper | 2 | 23397 | 1 | (1) | 23397 | 16425 | 6972 |
| U.S. Corporate bonds | 2 | 3503 | 1 |  | 3504 |  | 3504 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cash equivalents and investments |  | $45502 | $2 | $(1) | $45503 | $35027 | $10476 |

---

Proceeds from the sales of securities were zero and $22.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Additionally, the Company received proceeds from the maturity of securities of $10.5 million and $51.7 million during the same periods. Proceeds during the three months ended March 31, 2025 included gross realized gains of $0.1 million, which were reclassified from other comprehensive loss into other (expense) income and interest income, net, in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. The gross realized gains and losses were determined using the specific identification method.

As of March 31, 2026, all of the Company's available-for-sale securities with a fair value of $19.8 million mature within one year.

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company's investments have been in an immaterial gross unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. As such, no allowance for credit losses was recorded for these securities as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

**4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets**

The change in the carrying value of the Company's goodwill balance during the three months ended March 31, 2026 was as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **(In thousands)** | |
| Goodwill at January 1, 2026 <sup>(1)</sup> | $280991 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation | (5079) |
| Goodwill at March 31, 2026 <sup>(1)</sup> | $275912 |

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________________

<sup>(1)</sup> Goodwill is net of accumulated impairment charges of $352.1 million related to a recognized non-cash goodwill impairment charge during the fourth quarter of 2025 as a result of a sustained decrease in the Company's stock price and related decline in market capitalization. The Company did not identify any triggering events or record any goodwill impairment charges during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company's intangible assets are as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** |
| | **Weighted Average Amortization<br>Period** | **Gross Value** | **Accumulated Amortization** | **Net Carrying** <br>**Value**  |
| | | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Developed technology | 5.0 years | $90028 | $(27306) | $62722 |
| Customer relationships | 10.4 years | 260668 | (36075) | 224593 |
| Publisher relationships | 8.0 years | 63658 | (16508) | 47150 |
| Trade names | 11.0 years | 26928 | (4134) | 22794 |
| Other | 15.8 years | 905 | (383) | 522 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total intangible assets, net |  | $442187 | $(84406) | $357781 |

---

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **Weighted Average Amortization<br>Period** | **Gross Value** | **Accumulated** <br>**Amortization**  | **Net Carrying** <br>**Value**  |
| | | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Developed technology | 5.0 years | $91699 | $(23585) | $68114 |
| Customer relationships | 10.3 years | 264455 | (29975) | 234480 |
| Publisher relationships | 8.0 years | 64632 | (15075) | 49557 |
| Trade names | 11.0 years | 27480 | (3588) | 23892 |
| Other | 15.8 years | 905 | (370) | 535 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total intangible assets, net |  | $449171 | $(72593) | $376578 |

---

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, in connection with the post-Acquisition integration of the Legacy Teads business, the Company made a decision to discontinue its video product offering associated with its prior acquisition of video intelligence AG. Accordingly, the Company fully wrote off the associated intangible assets, as detailed below:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended**<br>**March 31, 2025** |
| | **Three Months Ended**<br>**March 31, 2025** |
| Developed technology | $5950 |
| Customer relationships | 259 |
| Publisher relationships | 6426 |
| Trade names | 2373 |
| Content provider relationships | 100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment charge | $15108 |

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As of March 31, 2026, estimated amortization related to the Company's identifiable Acquisition-related intangible assets in future periods was as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Amount** |
| | **(In thousands)** |
| Remainder of 2026 | $39384 |
| 2027 | 52116 |
| 2028 | 52064 |
| 2029 | 52064 |
| 2030 | 37208 |
| Thereafter | 124945 |
| Total | $357781 |

---

**5. Balance Sheet Components** 

**Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses**

Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses consists of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Accounts receivable | $295691 | $358728 |
| Allowance for credit losses | (16910) | (16376) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses | $278781 | $342352 |

---

The allowance for credit losses consists of the following activity:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended<br>March 31, 2026** | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** |
| | **Three Months Ended<br>March 31, 2026** | **Year Ended December 31, 2025** |
| Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance | $16376 | $5922 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Provision for credit losses, net of recoveries | 4959 | 14287 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Write-offs | (4425) | (3833) |
| Allowance for credit losses, ending balance | $16910 | $16376 |

---

**Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets**

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consists of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Prepaid taxes | $29156 | $30290 |
| Prepaid traffic acquisition costs | 6805 | 6794 |
| Prepaid software licenses | 4679 | 5211 |
| Other prepaid expenses and other current assets | 7940 | 7052 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total prepaid expenses and other current assets | $48580 | $49347 |

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**Property, Equipment and Capitalized Software, Net** 

Property, equipment and capitalized software, net consists of the following:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Capitalized software development costs | $110399 | $104877 |
| Computer and equipment | 69795 | 69670 |
| Leasehold improvements | 4853 | 4374 |
| Software | 3634 | 3560 |
| Furniture and fixtures | 1677 | 1643 |
| Property, equipment, and capitalized software, gross | 190358 | 184124 |
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (137268) | (133126) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total property, equipment and capitalized software, net | $53090 | $50998 |

---

**Accounts Payable**

The Company's accounts payable includes $176.5 million and $217.3 million of traffic acquisition costs as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

**Accrued and Other Current Liabilities** 

Accrued and other current liabilities consists of the following:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Accrued agency commissions | $64761 | $69446 |
| Accrued tax liabilities | 28389 | 26328 |
| Operating lease obligations, current | 9030 | 9108 |
| Interest payable | 7952 | 23663 |
| Accrued professional fees | 7921 | 8187 |
| Other | 12889 | 15978 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total accrued and other current liabilities | $130942 | $152710 |

---

**6. Fair Value Measurements** 

The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the Company uses the fair value hierarchy described below to distinguish between observable and unobservable inputs:

*Level I* — Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities at the measurement date;

*Level II* — Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be principally corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

*Level III* — Valuations based on unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

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The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** |
| | **Level I** | **Level II** | **Level III** | **Total** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| **Financial Assets:**  | | | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash equivalents and investments <sup>(1)</sup> | $1648 | $18148 | $— | $19796 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted time deposit <sup>(2)</sup> |  | 970 |  | 970 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Severance pay fund deposits <sup>(2)</sup> |  | 4244 |  | 4244 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency forward contract <sup>(3)</sup> |  | 162 |  | 162 |
| Total financial assets | $1648 | $23524 | $— | $25172 |
| **Financial Liabilities:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency forward contract <sup>(4)</sup> |  | 234 |  | 234 |
| Total financial liabilities | $— | $234 | $— | $234 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **Level I** | **Level II** | **Level III** | **Total** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| **Financial Assets:**  | | | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash equivalents and investments <sup>(1)</sup> | $18602 | $26901 | $— | $45503 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted time deposit <sup>(2)</sup> |  | 1477 |  | 1477 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Severance pay fund deposits <sup>(2)</sup> |  | 5158 |  | 5158 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency forward contract <sup>(3)</sup> |  | 383 |  | 383 |
| Total financial assets | $18602 | $33919 | $— | $52521 |
| **Financial Liabilities:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency forward contract <sup>(4)</sup> |  | 15 |  | 15 |
| Total financial liabilities | $— | $15 | $— | $15 |

---

_____________________

<sup>(1)</sup> Money market securities are valued using Level I of the fair value hierarchy, while the fair values of U.S. Treasuries, government bonds, commercial paper, and corporate bonds are considered Level II and are obtained from independent pricing services, which may use various methods, including quoted prices for identical or similar securities in active and inactive markets. See Note 3 for additional detail relating to the Company's fixed income securities by balance sheet location.

<sup>(2)</sup> Recorded within other assets.

<sup>(3)</sup> Recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets.

<sup>(4)</sup> Recorded within accrued and other current liabilities.

The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to manage exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Pursuant to the master netting agreement, the Company may offset the amounts payable in the same currency. However, the Company records the fair values of the assets and liabilities relating to its undesignated foreign currency forward contracts on a gross basis in its consolidated balance sheets and no amounts have been offset. The Company was not required to post cash collateral as of March 31, 2026.

By entering into foreign currency forward contracts, the Company is exposed to a potential credit risk that the counterparty to its contracts will fail to meet its contractual obligations. If a counterparty fails to perform, the Company's maximum credit risk exposure would be the positive fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts, or any asset balance, which represents the amount the counterparty owes to the Company. In order to mitigate the counterparty risk, the Company performs an evaluation of its counterparty credit worthiness, and its forward contracts have a term of no more than 18 months. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recorded net unrealized losses of $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively,

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within other (expense) income and interest income, net in its condensed consolidated statements of operations, related to mark-to-market adjustments on its undesignated foreign currency forward contracts.

The carrying value of borrowings under the Overdraft Facility (as defined below) approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The fair value of the Company's senior secured notes is estimated using Level II inputs, including external pricing data. The following table summarizes the carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Senior Secured Notes (as defined below), based on Level II measurements of the fair value hierarchy:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **March 31, 2026** |
| | **Carrying Value** | **Estimated Fair Value** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| 10% Senior Secured Notes  | $606234 | $262718 |

---

See Note 8 for additional information relating to the Senior Secured Notes (as defined below).

**Non-Financial Assets**

Non-financial assets, such as goodwill, definite-lived intangibles assets, operating lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment, are adjusted to fair value (Level III) only when an impairment is recognized. No impairment charges were recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2026. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded $15.5 million in impairment charges related to the discontinuation of a legacy video product offering which consisted of $15.1 million of intangible assets and $0.4 million of unamortized capitalized software development costs. In addition, the Company recorded a $0.1 million impairment charge related to a right-of-use asset during the first quarter of 2025.

**7. Leases**

The Company's lease portfolio consists of office facilities, managed data center facilities and vehicles for its U.S. and international locations, with terms expiring through 2034. The Company accounts for these as operating leases and applies the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption to leases with terms of 12 months or less. For real estate leases, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and nonlease components.

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities related to the Company's operating leases:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Location** | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Operating lease assets | Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | $27986 | $28810 |
| Current liabilities | Accrued and other current liabilities | $9030 | $9108 |
| Non-current liabilities | Operating lease liabilities, non-current | $20985 | $21674 |

---

The following table presents the components of the Company's total lease expense:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **Condensed Consolidated Statements**<br> **of Operations Location** | **2026** | **2025** |
| | | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Operating lease cost: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fixed lease costs | Cost of revenue and operating expenses | $3245 | $2307 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Variable lease costs | Operating expenses | 411 | 174 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term lease costs | Operating expenses | 366 | 402 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease impairment cost | Impairment charges |  | 99 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sublease income | Operating expenses | (483) | (57) |
| Total lease cost |  | $3539 | $2925 |

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As of March 31, 2026, the maturities of the Company's lease liabilities under operating leases were as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Year** | **Operating Leases** |
| | **(In thousands)** |
| Remainder of 2026 | $8753 |
| 2027 | 10385 |
| 2028 | 8121 |
| 2029 | 5589 |
| 2030 | 1789 |
| Thereafter | 928 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total minimum payments required | $35565 |
| Less: imputed interest | 5550 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total present value of lease liabilities | $30015 |

---

The following table summarizes weighted-average lease terms and discount rates for the Company's operating leases:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) | 3.51 years | 3.53 years |
| Weighted-average discount rate | 9.89% | 9.85% |

---

**8. Debt Obligations**

The following table presents the Company's debt obligations as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| 10.000% Senior Secured Notes | $628226 | $628226 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt discount | (9862) | (10364) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unamortized debt issuance costs | (12130) | (12749) |
| Total long-term debt | 606234 | 605113 |
| Short-term debt (€15 million) | 17194 | 17595 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total debt | $623428 | $622708 |

---

**10.000% Senior Secured Notes due 2030**

In February 2025, the Company issued $637.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 10.000% senior secured notes due February 15, 2030 (the "Senior Secured Notes"). The Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 10.000% per annum, payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15. In June 2025, the Company repurchased $9.3 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes for $8.0 million in cash.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company recognized approximately $16.8 million of interest expense related to the Senior Secured Notes, including amortization of debt discount and deferred financing costs of $1.1 million. As of March 31, 2026, the Senior Secured Notes had an outstanding balance of $606.2 million, net of unamortized discount and deferred financing costs. There have been no material changes to the terms of the Senior Secured Notes or related covenants since December 31, 2025. See Note 9, *Debt Obligations—10% Senior Secured Notes due 2030*, to the 2025 Form 10-K for additional information.

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**Credit Facilities**

***2025 Revolving Facility***

The Company maintains a $100.0 million revolving credit facility (the "2025 Revolving Facility") pursuant to the credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") dated February 3, 2025, among the Company, OT Midco Inc., the additional borrowers party thereto from time to time, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as sole administrative agent and swingline lender, U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the collateral agent, and the lenders, issuing banks and arrangers party thereto from time to time. The 2025 Revolving Facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2026, no borrowings were outstanding under the 2025 Revolving Facility and the Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants. The 2025 Revolving Facility includes a springing financial covenant based on a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio. As of March 31, 2026, the available borrowing capacity was limited to $40.0 million (representing 40% of the facility limit) to maintain compliance with this covenant. There have been no material changes to the terms of the Credit Agreement since December 31, 2025. See Note 9, *Debt Obligations—Credit Facilities—Credit Agreement*, to the 2025 Form 10-K for additional information.

**Short-Term Debt**

The Company's French subsidiary maintains a €15 million overdraft credit facility with HSBC (the "Overdraft Facility") which may be used to fund the general working capital needs of Teads France SAS. As of March 31, 2026, approximately $17.2 million (€15 million) in borrowings were outstanding under the Overdraft Facility, which were recorded within short-term debt in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company is currently in discussions with HSBC and expects to pay down the Overdraft Facility in full via a payment plan of up to six months. See Note 9, *Debt Obligations—Short-Term Debt*, to the 2025 Form 10-K for additional information.

**Interest Expense and Prior Period Activity**

The Company recognized total interest expense of $17.4 million and $23.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 includes $13.3 million related to the $625 million senior secured bridge term loan credit facility (the "Bridge Facility"), which was used to finance the Acquisition and subsequently repaid in full in February 2025. Additionally, in connection with the entry into the Credit Agreement in February 2025, the Company terminated its 2021 credit facility and recognized the remaining $0.2 million of unamortized deferred financing costs within interest expense.

**9. Income Taxes**

Due to the ongoing post-Acquisition integration efforts and inability to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company's interim benefit from income taxes is computed using the actual year-to-date results rather than an estimated annual effective tax rate.

The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was 2.5%. The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%, primarily due to pre-tax loss, including U.S. losses being subject to valuation allowance during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was 19.4%. The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%, primarily due to the impact of certain non-deductible transaction costs and the higher profitability of non-U.S. jurisdictions, coupled with the pre-tax loss during the three months ended March 31, 2025, offset in part by the impact of state income taxes.

**10. Commitments and Contingencies**

**Legal Proceedings and Other Matters**

From time to time, the Company is involved in, or may become subject to, legal proceedings, claims and government investigations arising in the ordinary course of business, including disputes related to intellectual property, commercial agreements, privacy matters and employment issues. We describe below certain legal proceedings to which we are a party.

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*Verve Group Arbitration*

As previously disclosed in our 2025 Form 10-K, we are currently involved in a dispute with Verve Group Europe GmbH ("Verve"). In December 2025, Verve filed a petition to compel arbitration against our subsidiary, Zemanta, Inc., in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Verve alleges breach of contract related to certain unpaid invoices and seeks payment of approximately $8.1 million. The dispute relates to withholdings we applied to Verve's accounts following the identification of significant volumes of invalid traffic and non-compliant activity originating from Verve's inventory. We believe Verve's claims are without merit, as it is our position that our withholdings were based on documented traffic quality issues, and we intend to defend the matter vigorously. As of March 31, 2026, no material developments have occurred since the filing of the 2025 Form 10-K. Based on the information currently available to us regarding this dispute, we have not recorded an accrual as a loss is not considered probable or reasonably estimable. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the status of this case each quarter to determine the need for additional disclosure pursuant to ASC 450.

*Other Matters*

In addition to the matter described above, we are subject to various other legal proceedings and claims, either asserted or unasserted, which arise in the ordinary course of business. We do not believe that the final outcome of any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In connection with the Acquisition, the Company identified and recorded a $19.6 million provision related to certain income tax items under ASC 740, "Income Taxes," and an $8.5 million provision related to certain non-income tax items accounted for under ASC 450, "Contingencies," within contingent tax liabilities in its condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2026. The Company has also recorded an indemnification asset in the full amount of the provision of $28.1 million, as the Company is indemnified against certain tax liabilities under the Share Purchase Agreement, dated August 1, 2024, with Altice Teads S.A. ("Altice Teads"), as amended on February 3, 2025. Altice Teads' indemnification obligation may be increased if other indemnified risks materialize and will remain in place until all covered matters are resolved.

Any determination or estimate relating to the future resolution of the Company's legal proceedings is inherently uncertain and involves significant judgment. This is especially true in the early stages of a legal matter when legal issues and facts have not been thoroughly analyzed, in situations where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages, where cases present novel legal theories or involve a large number of parties, or where claims or other actions may be possible but have not been brought. As a result of this uncertainty, the Company may not be able to determine whether a favorable or unfavorable outcome is remote, reasonably likely, or probable, or to estimate the amount or range of loss until relatively late in the course of a legal matter. Further, any judgment or estimate relating to claims may change over time in light of developments, and actual outcomes may differ materially from our estimates.

**11. Stockholders' Equity**

**Equity Acquisition Consideration**

On February 3, 2025, as part of the equity portion of the Acquisition consideration, the Company issued 30,320,161 shares of new Common Stock and reissued all 13,429,839 shares of its Treasury Stock at $6.01 per share. A $6.3 million gain on issuance of Treasury Stock, representing the excess of the fair value at the time of issuance of $80.7 million over the original cost of $74.4 million, was recorded to additional paid-in capital. In addition, the Company incurred direct stock issuance costs of approximately $1.6 million, which have been recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

**Share Repurchases**

In December 2022, the Company's Board of Directors ("Board") authorized a $30 million share repurchase program. The Company did not repurchase any shares of Common Stock during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. As of March 31, 2026, $6.6 million remained available for repurchase under the program. Commission costs associated with share repurchases and any excise taxes accrued as a result of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 do not reduce the remaining authorized amount under the repurchase programs.

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In addition, the Company may periodically withhold shares to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations arising in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and exercise of options and warrants in accordance with the terms of the Company's equity incentive plans and the underlying award agreements.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company withheld 45,161 shares with a fair value of less than $0.1 million to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company withheld 73,000 shares with a fair value of $0.4 million.

**Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)**

The following table details the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Foreign Currency Translation Loss** | **Unrealized Loss on Investments in Marketable Securities**<sup>(1)</sup> | **Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Balance–December 31, 2025 | $96659 | $— | $96659 |
| Other comprehensive loss, net of tax: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (8626) | (7) | (8633) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Realized gains from sales of investments in marketable securities reclassified to earnings |  |  |  |
| Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (8626) | (7) | (8633) |
| Balance–March 31, 2026 | $88033 | $(7) | $88026 |

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_____________________

<sup>(1)</sup> The tax effects related to realized and unrealized gains on investments in marketable securities was immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

**12. Stock-Based Compensation**

**Equity Incentive Plans**

In July 2021, the Board and the Company's stockholders approved the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan"), under which stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") may be granted. Awards previously issued under the 2007 Omnibus Securities and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the "2007 Plan"), remain subject to that plan.

As of March 31, 2026, 6,513,750 and 978,329 shares were available for grant under the 2021 Plan and the 2007 Plan, respectively. The Company generally issues new shares upon settlement of equity awards.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation based on grant date fair value and accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Research and development | $417 | $601 |
| Sales and marketing | 697 | 1045 |
| General and administrative | 1032 | 1295 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stock-based compensation | $2146 | $2941 |

---

As of March 31, 2026, unrecognized compensation expense was approximately $16.6 million for RSUs and $0.8 million for PSUs.

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The following table summarizes stock option, RSU and PSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2026:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Stock Options**  | **Service-Based RSUs**  | **PSUs** |
| Outstanding—December 31, 2025 | 1326262 | 7420833 | 2911575 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Granted |  | 1502600 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exercised/Vested |  | (888039) | (168115) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forfeited/Expired | (149490) | (974306) | (1197597) |
| Outstanding—March 31, 2026 | 1176772 | 7061088 | 1545863 |

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***Restricted Stock Units***

RSUs are granted to eligible employees and non-employee directors with fair value based on the Company's stock price on the grant date. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company granted 1,502,600 RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value of $0.78 per share.

***Performance Stock Units***

PSUs are granted to senior executives and other key employees and include both performance-based and market-based awards.

*Performance-Based PSUs* 

The fair value of performance-based PSUs is based on the Company's stock price on the grant date. These awards vest based on continued service and achievement of specified financial metric-based performance targets over the performance period (typically three years). Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the performance period based on the probability of achieving the performance conditions. The number of shares that may be earned is subject to a maximum of 150% of the target award.

*Market-Based PSUs*

The Company also grants market-based PSUs to senior executives and other key employees with vesting based on total shareholder return ("TSR") performance and continued service. These awards include: Absolute TSR awards, which vest based on achievement of specified stock price targets, with payout levels ranging from 0% to 100% of target, and Relative TSR awards, which vest based on the Company's TSR performance relative to a designated peer group, with payout levels ranging from 0% to 150% of target.

The fair value of market-based PSUs is determined on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation. Compensation expense is recognized using an accelerated attribution method over the applicable service period and is not reversed if the market condition is not achieved.

***Stock-Based Awards Granted Outside of Equity Incentive Plans***

*Warrants* 

As of March 31, 2026, 48,529 warrants were outstanding and exercisable with a weighted average exercise price of $7.34. These warrants expire in September 2026.

*Employee Stock Purchase Plan*

As of March 31, 2026, approximately 4,310,250 shares were reserved under the Company's 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), which is subject to annual automatic evergreen increases. The plan is not yet active and no shares have been issued thereunder.

See Note 13 to the 2025 Form 10-K for additional information relating to the Company's share-based compensation awards.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

**13. Net Income (Loss) per Common Share**

The following table presents the computation of the Company's basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(Dollars in thousands)** | **(Dollars in thousands)** |
| **Numerator:** |  |  |
| Net (loss) income attributed to common stockholders - basic and diluted | $(38786) | $(54843) |
| **Denominator:** |  |  |
| Weighted-average shares - basic and diluted | 96279745 | 77954579 |
| **Net (loss) income per share:**  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic | $(0.40) | $(0.70) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Diluted | $(0.40) | $(0.70) |

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The Company has PSUs, which are only included in diluted net income (loss) per share to the extent the underlying performance conditions have been satisfied at the end of the reporting period, or would be considered satisfied if the end of the reporting period was the end of the related performance period and the result would be dilutive.

The following weighted-average shares have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to holders of Common Stock for each period presented because they are anti-dilutive:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| Options to purchase Common Stock | 1201981 | 1678290 |
| Warrants | 48529 | 48529 |
| Restricted stock units | 6797185 | 3638610 |
| Performance stock units | 1028917 | 867207 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total shares excluded from diluted net (loss) income per share | 9076612 | 6232636 |

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**14. Segment and Geographic Information**

The Company has one operating and reporting segment as the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") reviews its performance and allocates resources based on its overall business operations with no distinct geographic or product lines that meet the criteria for separate segment reporting. The Company's CODM is its Chief Executive Officer, David Kostman. The accounting policies applied to the segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

The Company generates its revenue by operating a two-sided technology platform that drives business results by connecting media owners and advertisers with engaged audiences to drive business outcomes. The Company's platform enables thousands of digital media owners to provide tailored experiences to their audiences, delivering audience engagement and monetization. For advertisers, the Company's platform optimizes audience attention and engagement to deliver greater return on investment at each step of the marketing funnel. This segment constitutes 100% of the Company's consolidated revenue and profit and is the primary focus of the Company's management's decision making regarding product development, marketing strategies and capital allocation.

The table below summarizes the results of operations that are provided to the CODM. As the Company has one reporting segment, net income (loss) is used as the measure of profit or loss to assess segment performance and allocate resources. The Company's asset information is not regularly provided to the Company's CODM.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#i7a70f36085a040bab4c855432445d3c7_7)</u>

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Revenue from external customers | $265983 | $286357 |
| Less: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Traffic acquisition costs | 158109 | 183235 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Personnel-related costs | 62618 | 53627 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Merger and acquisition costs | 1284 | 16418 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 17434 | 12873 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marketing and advertising expenses | 5357 | 4427 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 1703 | 7279 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment charges |  | 15614 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other cost of sales | 17229 | 14758 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other segment expenses <sup>(1)</sup>  | 24055 | 22562 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | 17409 | 23124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other expense (income) and interest income, net | 559 | 484 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Benefit for income taxes | (988) | (13201) |
| Segment and consolidated net loss | $(38786) | $(54843) |

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_____________________

<sup>(1)</sup> Other segment expenses primarily consist of hosting and data services, office and related expenses, other professional fees, non-income taxes, provision for credit losses, and other expenses.

The following table presents total revenue based on where the Company's advertisers are physically located:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| The Americas <sup>(1)</sup> | $73248 | $90285 |
| EMEA (Europe, the Middle East and Africa) | 161914 | 164945 |
| Asia | 30821 | 31127 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total revenue | $265983 | $286357 |

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_____________________

<sup>(1)</sup> Includes U.S. revenues of $67.0 million and $79.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, respectively.

The Company's long-lived assets by geographic location, which are comprised of property, equipment and capitalized software, net and operating lease right-of-use assets, net are summarized below:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **March 31, 2026** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| The Americas | $47719 | $47637 |
| EMEA (Europe, the Middle East and Africa) | 30986 | 29503 |
| Asia | 2371 | 2668 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total long-lived assets, net | $81076 | $79808 |

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**Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations**

*You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Report") and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on March 16, 2026 ("2025 Form 10-K"). In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, beliefs, and expectations, and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, events, or circumstances to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our 2025 Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference in this Report, as such factors may be revised or supplemented in subsequent filings with the SEC, as well as those discussed below and elsewhere in this Report, including under the caption "Note About Forward-Looking Statements."* 

The purpose of this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is to provide the readers of our financial statements with narrative information from our management, which is necessary to understand our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. In addition to the condensed consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"), we use certain non-GAAP financial measures throughout this discussion to provide investors with supplemental metrics used by our management for financial and operational decision making. These measures are supplemental and are not an alternative to our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. See "Non-GAAP Reconciliations" in this Report for the definitions and limitations of these measures, and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures.

**Business Overview** 

Teads Holding Co. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, "Teads," the "Company," "we," "our," or "us") is a leading omnichannel advertising platform focused on driving outcomes for brand and performance advertisers across the digital ecosystem. We connect global advertisers with an expansive network of media owners across the open web, connected TV ("CTV"), and in-app environments. The Company is headquartered in New York, New York, with additional operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

We operate a two-sided marketplace that provides a scaled, end-to-end advertising solution by maintaining direct relationships with global advertisers, including Fortune 500 brands and agency holding companies, as well as media owners spanning premium publishers to CTV, application developers, and other existing and emerging content platforms. We generate revenue primarily from advertisers purchasing media owner inventory through our platform.

The three months ended March 31, 2026, represent the first full-quarter comparative period following the acquisition of TEADS, a private limited liability company (*société à responsabilité limitée*) incorporated and existing under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (the "Acquisition"). Consequently, our current results reflect the fully consolidated operations of the combined company. This overview highlights material developments in our business and should be read in conjunction with the more comprehensive business and industry discussion included in the 2025 Form 10-K.

Our platform is designed to enable advertisers to reach their audiences across the digital advertising ecosystem and drive desired outcomes from those audiences at each step of the marketing funnel. We continue to focus on providing efficient, high-impact supply chains for advertisers and sustainable advertising revenue for media owners as the digital advertising ecosystem evolves.

**Recent Trends, Risks and Uncertainties**

Together with the risk factors identified in our 2025 Form 10-K, we have identified the following developments that may impact our future financial performance or condition:

***Post-Acquisition Strategy and Implementation***

Following the Acquisition, we focused on the integration of our operations amid operational challenges inherent in returning a combined global company to growth. Building on the restructuring of our go-to-market organization in the second half of 2025, we continue to execute our broader strategic restructuring plan (the "Strategic Plan") announced in December 2025, which is intended to reduce operating costs, improve operating margins and advance the Company's commitment to profitable growth. The Strategic Plan, which resulted from a comprehensive review of our business portfolio and operational structure, involves a reduction of the Company's global workforce by approximately 10% as we realign our commercial and product teams around

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distinct growth pillars. A key component of this strategy is the deliberate rationalization of our business portfolio and a focus on supply quality, including the "clean-up" of underperforming inventory. While these optimizations, alongside broader macroeconomic volatility and increased competition on the demand side, contributed to a year-over-year reduction in spend from a limited number of customers, we believe these shifts are essential for the long-term health and transparency of our premium marketplace.

***Generative AI and Publisher Traffic Trends***

The digital advertising ecosystem is experiencing structural shifts and evolving user behaviors, characterized in part by declining traffic trends on the traditional publisher side of the Open Internet. These developments are further catalyzed by the integration of generative artificial intelligence ("AI") into major search engines and web browsers, which can provide direct answers and summaries that may bypass the traditional user journey. We have observed these combined factors lead to a decline in page view volume for certain segments of our premium publisher partners, thereby reducing the advertising inventory available for monetization on our platform. While this broader evolution presents challenges to traditional traffic patterns, it also creates new opportunities for platform innovation and engagement, and we are already adjusting our strategy to capitalize on these shifts.

**Macroeconomic Environment**

General worldwide economic conditions continue to experience instability, as well as volatility and disruption in the financial markets. These conditions result from factors including geopolitical tensions, including the effects of the Israel-Hamas conflict and the uncertainty regarding the sustainability of the related cease-fire and the conflict involving Israel, the U.S., Iran and surrounding nations, as well as other geopolitical tensions and uncertainties, global supply chain disruptions, labor market volatility, tariffs and trade wars, general economic uncertainty, inflation, fluctuations in U.S. and global interest rates, and currency exchange rate fluctuations. The global economy is also experiencing heightened uncertainty due to market reactions to changes in international trade and tariff policies, recessionary concerns, corporate bankruptcies, and the impact of actual or potential U.S. government shutdowns, which have the potential to further exacerbate inflationary pressures.

These conditions have negatively impacted our advertisers and, as a result, our business could, if these conditions continue or worsen, adversely impact us in the future, including if our advertisers were to reduce or further reduce their advertising spending. We continue to monitor our operations, and the operations of those in our ecosystem (including media partners, advertisers, and agencies), but these conditions make it difficult to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. Such volatility could cause a further reduction or delay in overall advertising demand and spending or impact our advertisers' ability to pay, any of which would negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

For additional information regarding the potential impact of macroeconomic factors on our business, see Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our 2025 Form 10-K.

**Conditions in Israel**

Many of our employees, including certain members of our management team and board of directors ("Board"), operate from our offices in Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region directly affect our business and operations. Following the October 7, 2023 attacks by Hamas terrorists on Israel's southern border, Israel declared war against Hamas and since then, Israel has been involved in military conflicts with Hamas, Hezbollah (a terrorist organization based in Lebanon) and Iran, both directly and through proxies. Although a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas took effect on October 10, 2025, there is no assurance that this agreement will continue to be upheld. More recently, in February 2026, hostilities between Israel and Iran escalated again. In late February 2026, Israel, together with the U.S., conducted a major joint military campaign involving air and missile strikes against targets in Iran. These actions triggered a broad Iranian response and contributed to significant regional instability. The situation remains highly fluid, and we are unable to predict when, or on what terms, this escalation will be resolved. As of the date of the filing of this Report, significant volatility and uncertainty persists throughout the Middle East region, with the potential for continued escalation into a broader and more sustained regional conflict.

The draft of Israeli military reservists, as well as the evacuation of Israeli citizens from areas near conflict zones have adversely affected, and continue to adversely affect, our employees impacted by such actions. In addition, government-imposed restrictions and precautions in response to such conflicts may negatively impact our employees, management and directors by interrupting their ability to effectively perform their roles and responsibilities. In addition, further hostilities involving Israel could lead to damage to facilities and infrastructure, increased cyber attacks, the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners, and/or the willingness to do business with companies with operations in Israel. Furthermore, macroeconomic indications of the deterioration of Israel's economic standing as reflected in the downgrading of Israel's credit

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rating by rating agencies (such as Moody's and S&P Global) could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital.

The intensity and duration of these conflicts are difficult to predict and we are continuing to monitor these events and assessing their current and potential impacts on our business. We cannot attribute the impact of the current trends in advertising demand to any particular factor, including conditions in Israel, and cannot predict the impact if these conflicts continue or escalate further. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors" included in our 2025 Form 10-K for more information regarding certain risks associated with the conditions in Israel.

**Factors Affecting Our Business**

***Advertiser Retention and Growth***

Our growth is partially driven by retaining and expanding the amount of spend by advertisers on our platform and by acquiring new advertisers. Our total addressable market includes top, middle, and bottom of the marketing funnel, which allows us to attract diverse, premium demand. We view our full-funnel offering of both branding and performance capabilities as an opportunity to increase advertiser and agency spend on our platform. We invest in our relationships with agencies, both on a local and global basis, aligning on mutually beneficial service level agreements, and building products that help to solve their goals and streamline their operations. In addition, our joint business partnerships ("JBPs") with large enterprise brands represent a significant overall portion of our revenue and are strategic for driving advertiser retention and growth.

We continually invest in enhancements to our platform that allow advertisers to drive concrete business outcomes and return on advertiser spend ("ROAS"). In particular, we are expanding our use of AI to automate manual tasks in campaign setup and optimization, while enhancing advertiser creative and overall performance. We also support advertisers with developing creative ads across formats, as a value added service to our advertisers.

Advertiser budgets and pricing on our platform fluctuate from period to period for a variety of reasons, including advertiser-specific cycles and preferences, quality of performance and ROAS, supply and demand balance, macroeconomic conditions, and seasonality. In order to grow our revenue and Ex-TAC Gross Profit and maximize value for our advertisers and media partners, our focus as a business is on driving business outcomes and ROAS for advertisers.

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, thousands of unique advertisers were active on our owned and operated platforms, in addition to the thousands of advertisers who access the platform through programmatic partnerships.

***Retention and Growth of Relationships with Media Partners***

We rely on our relationships with our media partners for our advertising inventory and our corresponding ability to drive advertising revenue. To further strengthen these relationships, we continuously invest in our technology and product functionality to drive user engagement and monetization by taking steps designed to (i) improve our algorithms, referred to as our AI prediction engine; (ii) attract and procure relevant demand; (iii) expand the adoption of our enhanced products by media partners; and (iv) expand our demand capabilities to new formats.

Our relationships with our media partners are typically long-term and strategic in nature, providing us with valuable ad inventory, often on an exclusive basis. Our top 20 media partners leveraged our platform for an average of 7 years (based on 2025 revenue).

Our growth depends on media partners' ability to drive traffic to their sites, apps or other properties. The proliferation of social media properties, streaming services and other platforms, as well as the adoption of AI have negatively impacted and may continue to negatively impact the growth of key segments of our media partners, namely digital publishers. At the same time, the trends in user engagement create new opportunities and further needs from the media partners for our solutions to engage users and enhance monetization.

***Expansion Into New Environments, New Experiences and New Ad Formats***

The available mediums and formats for consumers to engage with media has greatly expanded over the last several years. As this evolution in media consumption and consumer behavior continues, we are focused on utilizing our AI prediction technology to bring curated, relevant consumer experiences to these new devices, experiences and formats.

Fundamentally, we plan to continue to make our platform available for media partners on all types of devices and platforms and evolve our business to apply our technology to the most popular methods of media consumption, such as CTV environments including HomeScreen advertising placements.

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Examples of environments in which content consumption is expected to grow include CTV, online video, mobile in-app environments, and within Large Language Models ("LLMs") interfaces. Our omnichannel outcomes platform enables advertisers to not only reach their audiences across the broad digital advertising ecosystem — from web, to CTV, to app environments — but to drive outcomes from those audiences at each step of the marketing funnel.

The development and deployment of new ad formats and further penetrating new and growing environments, allow us to better serve advertisers who seek to target and engage consumers at scale. We believe this continues to open and grow new types of advertiser demand, while ensuring the relevance of the environments in which we operate.

***User Engagement and Driving Desired Outcomes***

Driving outcomes is a key pillar of our platform that drives value for media partners and advertisers. Our AI prediction engine manages this dynamic, matching consumers with editorial and advertiser experiences that will deliver desired outcomes across the digital advertising ecosystem.

The ability to deliver on outcomes for our media partners and advertisers is driven by several factors, including enhancements to our AI prediction engine, growth in the breadth and depth of our data assets, the size and quality of our content and advertising index, user engagement, new media partners, expansion on existing media partners and expansion to new media environments and formats. As we expand and invest, we are able to further maximize our efficacy across different screens and devices, support brands effectively across the lifecycle of their needs, and collect and connect more data and, as a result, continually improve our prediction engines, which drives better results for our advertiser and media owner partners.

***Investment in Our Technology and Infrastructure***

Innovation is a core tenet of our Company and our industry. The dynamic and continuously evolving nature of the digital advertising ecosystem will be significantly impacted by the use of AI in further driving innovative new technologies and solutions. We plan to continue our investments in our people, our technology, and moreover our people's use of AI in order to retain and enhance our competitive position. For example, improvements to our AI prediction engine, or use of additional data signals, help us deliver more relevant ads, driving higher user engagement, thereby improving ROAS or other desired outcomes for advertisers and increasing monetization for our media partners.

Our placement optimization and ad serving technology dynamically adjusts both the arrangement and the formats of content delivered to a user, depending on the user's preferences and a media partner's key performance indicators, designed to provide a tailored and engaging experience. We continue to invest in media partner and advertiser focused tools, technology, and products as well as privacy-centric solutions.

***Industry Dynamics***

*Demand for Outcomes Across the Funnel*

Our business depends on the overall demand for digital advertising, on the continuous success of our current and prospective media partners, and on general market conditions. Digital advertising is a rapidly growing industry, with growth that has outpaced the growth of the broader advertising industry. Content consumption continues to evolve, requiring media owners to adapt in order to successfully attract, engage and monetize their consumers. As audiences are increasingly engaged across digital media platforms, and as more purchase data is created, collected, integrated and analyzed digitally, advertisers are increasingly able to leverage sophisticated measurement and attribution solutions in order to optimize their advertising spend across the marketing funnel. As a result, advertisers are increasingly shifting spend away from legacy media offerings towards data-based solutions, driven by performance-centric metrics. We believe that our strength in delivering engagement and clear outcomes for advertisers, from high-impact branding to lower-funnel performance, built on our proprietary AI prediction engine, aligns well with the ongoing market shift towards increased accountability and expectations of ROAS from digital

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advertising spend.

*The Role of AI in Content and Personalization*

AI is revolutionizing content creation, distribution, and personalization; automating tasks like video editing, image recognition, and language translation. AI-powered systems are also improving content delivery, helping media platforms suggest relevant movies, shows, articles, and advertisements to consumers. This is especially important at a time when advertisers increasingly anticipate measurable results from their digital advertising investments. We believe that our experience in this space enables us to more nimbly capitalize on the opportunities for media owners and advertisers to leverage AI and automation to engage consumers and optimize their business goals. For additional information regarding our strategic approach to these technologies, see "Business—Industry" and "Risk Factors" in our 2025 Form 10-K.

*Generative AI and Search Trends*

At the same time, the proliferation of generative AI tools, particularly their integration into major search engines and web browsers, is causing a shift in how users discover and consume content online. These tools can provide users with direct answers and AI-generated summaries, which has reduced their need to click through to original publisher websites. This trend of bypassing the traditional user journey to a publisher's site could lead to a significant decline in direct user traffic. A reduction in traffic to our media partners directly decreases the inventory of advertising impressions available for us to monetize, which has affected, and could in the future have a significant effect on, our revenue and results of operations. For additional information regarding the impact of these trends and the related risks to our business, see "Business—Industry" and "Risk Factors" in our 2025 Form 10-K.

*Regulatory and Platform Changes*

Regulators across most developed markets are increasingly focused on enacting and enforcing user privacy rules as well as exerting tighter oversight on the major "walled garden" platforms. Industry participants have recently been, and likely will continue to be, impacted by changes implemented by platform leaders, such as Apple's change to its Identifier for Advertisers policy and Google's evolving roadmap pertaining to the use of third-party cookies within its Chrome web browser. For additional information regarding changing industry dynamics with respect to industry participants and the regulatory environment, see "Business—Industry," "Business—Regulatory" and "Risk Factors" in our 2025 Form 10-K.

***Seasonality***

The global advertising industry experiences seasonal trends that affect most participants in the digital advertising ecosystem. Our revenue generally fluctuates from quarter to quarter as a result of a variety of factors, including seasonality, as many advertisers allocate the largest portion of their budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year to coincide with increased holiday purchasing, as well as the timing of advertising budget cycles. Historically, the fourth quarter of the year has reflected the highest levels of advertiser spending, and the first quarter generally has reflected the lowest level of advertiser spending.

In addition, expenditures by advertisers tend to be cyclical and discretionary in nature, reflecting changes in brand advertising strategy, budgeting constraints, and buying patterns, and a variety of other factors, many of which are outside of our control. The quarterly rate of increase in our traffic acquisition costs is generally commensurate with the quarterly rate of increase in our revenue. However, traffic acquisition costs have, at times, grown at a faster or slower rate than revenue, primarily due to the mix of the revenue generated or contracted terms with media partners. We generally expect these seasonal trends to continue, though historical seasonality may not be predictive of future results given the potential for changes in advertising buying patterns and macroeconomic conditions. These trends will affect our operating results and we expect our revenue to continue to fluctuate based on seasonal factors that affect the advertising industry as a whole.

**Definitions of Financial and Performance Measures** 

***Revenue***

We generate revenue primarily from advertisers who purchase media inventory from us to deliver digital advertising across a broad range of environments, including web, mobile app, online video, and CTV. Advertisers buy media through our platform using multiple buying models, including cost-per-click ("CPC"), cost-per-thousand impressions ("CPM"), video completion-based pricing, and other outcome-based formats.

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Revenue is recognized when an advertisement is delivered or when the specified outcome—such as an impression, click, completed video view, or other measurable event as defined in the contract—occurs. The nature of the outcome depends on the campaign objective and the applicable pricing model.

In most arrangements, we act as the principal in the transaction because we control the advertising inventory before it is transferred to the advertiser. In these cases, we recognize revenue on a gross basis for the amount billed to the advertiser. In certain arrangements, where we do not control the advertising inventory prior to transfer, we act as an agent and recognize revenue on a net basis.

Our revenue is impacted by the level of advertiser demand for our products and by the volume, quality, and performance of available advertising inventory. Demand fluctuates based on macroeconomic conditions, seasonal advertising patterns, campaign performance, brand and performance marketing budgets, and advertiser ROAS expectations. As advertisers achieve their desired ROAS on our platform, they may increase budgets or expand usage of our full-funnel solutions over time.

We continue to expand and introduce new platform features that are adopted by our advertisers, expand our omnichannel capabilities, extend our reach to more CTV, video offerings, and other inventory and add additional customers whose businesses may have different underlying business models.

Our agreements with advertisers provide them with considerable flexibility to modify their overall budget, price (CPC and CPM), and the ads they wish to deliver on our platform, which can impact the timing and amount of revenue recognized.

***Traffic Acquisition Costs***

We define traffic acquisition costs ("TAC") as amounts owed to media partners for the purchase of inventory. We incur costs with our media partners, which may be publishers, third-party intermediaries, or other parties such as original equipment manufacturers, in the period in which certain actions, such as click-throughs, impressions or views occur. Such costs due to media partners are based on the media partners' contractual revenue share, programmatic bidding or guaranteed minimums based on certain media partner conditions. In some circumstances, we incur costs based on a guaranteed minimum payment, which may be based on either impressions, page views or a fixed amount if the partner reaches certain performance targets, in exchange for guaranteed placement on specified portions of the media partners' online properties. As such, traffic acquisition costs may not correlate with fluctuations in revenue, as our costs may remain fixed even with a decrease in revenue. Traffic acquisition costs also include amounts payable to media partners whose supply is purchased programmatically.

***Other Cost of Revenue***

Other cost of revenue consists of costs related to the management of our data centers, hosting fees, data connectivity costs, research and insight costs, and depreciation and amortization. Other cost of revenue also includes the amortization of capitalized software that is developed or obtained for internal use associated with our revenue-generating technologies and amortization of intangible assets.

***Operating Expenses***

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses. The largest component of our operating expenses is personnel costs. Personnel costs consist of wages, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation and, with respect to sales and marketing expenses, sales commissions.

*Research and Development.* Research and development expenses are related to the development and enhancement of our platform and consist primarily of personnel and the related overhead costs, amortization of capitalized software for non-revenue generating infrastructure and facilities costs.

*Sales and Marketing.* Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and the related overhead costs for personnel engaged in marketing, advertising, client services, and promotional activities. These expenses also include advertising and promotional spend on media, conferences, and other events to market our services, and facilities costs.

*General and Administrative.* General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel and the related overhead costs, professional fees, facilities costs, insurance, and certain taxes other than income taxes. General and administrative personnel costs include, among others, our executive, finance, human resources, information technology and legal functions. Our professional service fees consist primarily of accounting, audit, tax, legal, information technology and other consulting costs, including costs relating to the Acquisition, as well as our compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements.

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*Impairment of Intangible Assets.* Impairment of intangible assets primarily consist of impairments of long-lived assets and capitalized software associated with the discontinuance of the video product offering associated with vi during the first quarter of 2025.

*Restructuring Charges.* Restructuring charges include non-recurring severance and related costs incurred in connection with (i) the workforce reduction announced following the Acquisition in February 2025, and (ii) the Strategic Plan initiated in December 2025 to streamline operations and reduce costs. These charges are not reflective of ongoing operating performance and are excluded from certain financial and performance measures.

***Other (Expense) Income, Net***

Other (expense) income, net is comprised of interest expense, and other (expense) income and interest income, net.

*Interest Expense.* Interest expense consists of interest on our 10.000% senior secured notes due 2030 ("Senior Secured Notes"), the Overdraft Facility (as defined below) assumed in the Acquisition, our revolving credit facilities, interest and fees on our senior secured bridge term loan credit facility drawn and repaid during the first quarter of 2025, and amortization of the related discount and deferred financing fees. Interest expense may increase if we incur any borrowings under our 2025 Revolving Facility (as defined below) or if we enter into new debt facilities or finance lease arrangements.

*Other (Expense) Income and Interest Income, net.* Other (expense) income and interest income, net primarily consists of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities, discount amortization on our investments in marketable securities, and foreign currency exchange gains and losses. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses, both realized and unrealized, relate to transactions and monetary asset and liability balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies, including mark-to-market adjustments on undesignated foreign exchange forward contracts. Foreign currency gains and losses may continue to fluctuate in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

***Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes***

Provision (Benefit) for income taxes consists of federal and state income taxes in the United States and income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions, as well as deferred income taxes and changes in valuation allowance, reflecting the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

Realization of our deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income. In considering the need for a valuation allowance, we consider our historical and future projected taxable income, as well as other objectively verifiable evidence, including our realization of tax attributes, assessment of tax credits and utilization of net operating loss carryforwards.

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**Results of Operations** 

We have one operating segment, which is also our reportable segment. The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated results for the periods presented. Our 2026 results incorporate a full quarter of combined operations, whereas our 2025 results include the Legacy Teads business only from the Acquisition date of February 3, 2025, through March 31, 2025. Because the prior year period includes the results of the acquired business for only a portion of the quarter, the financial information presented for the three months ended March 31, 2026 is not directly comparable to the corresponding prior year period.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Revenue | $265983 | $286357 |
| Traffic acquisition costs | 158109 | 183235 |
| Other cost of revenue | 24258 | 20472 |
| Gross profit | 83616 | 82650 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gross profit margin | 31.4% | 28.9% |
| Total operating expenses | 105422 | 127086 |
| Loss from operations | (21806) | (44436) |
| Total other (expense) income, net | (17968) | (23608) |
| Loss before income taxes | (39774) | (68044) |
| Benefit for income taxes | (988) | (13201) |
| Net loss | $(38786) | $(54843) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss as a percentage of gross profit | (46.4)% | (66.4)% |
| **Non-GAAP Financial Measures:**  |  |  |
| Ex-TAC Gross Profit <sup>(1)</sup> | $107874 | $103122 |
| Adjusted EBITDA<sup>(1)</sup> | $761 | $10689 |
| Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of Ex-TAC Gross Profit <sup>(1)</sup> | 0.7% | 10.4% |

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______________________

<sup>(1)</sup> Ex-TAC Gross Profit, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of Ex-TAC Gross Profit are non-GAAP financial measures. See "Non-GAAP Reconciliations" in this Report for definitions and limitations of these measures, and reconciliations to the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures.

***Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2025***

**Revenue** 

Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 decreased $20.4 million, or 7.1%, to $266.0 million, from $286.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The decrease was primarily driven by lower volumes within direct response offerings, reflecting our 2025 initiative to improve overall quality by exiting certain supply and demand sources. This decrease was partially offset by growth in our CTV offerings and the impact of a full quarter of consolidated operations compared to the partial period in the prior year.

Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $11.6 million. On a constant currency basis, revenue decreased $32.0 million, or 11.2%, compared to the prior year period.

See "Non-GAAP Reconciliations" for information regarding the constant currency measures provided in this discussion and below to supplement our reported results.

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**Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit** 

***Traffic Acquisition Costs*** — decreased $25.1 million, or 13.7%, to $158.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, from $183.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The decrease was primarily driven by lower revenue volumes and a favorable change in revenue mix toward higher-margin offerings. As a percentage of revenue, traffic acquisition costs decreased to 59.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2026, from 64.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Traffic acquisition costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026, included net unfavorable foreign currency effects of approximately $6.4 million. Excluding these effects, traffic acquisition costs decreased $31.5 million, or 17.2%, on a constant currency basis compared to the prior year period.

***Other cost of revenue*** — increased $3.8 million, or 18.5%, to $24.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $20.5 million in the prior year period. This increase was primarily the result of a full quarter of consolidated operations across our expanded platform compared to the partial period results in the prior year following the Acquisition and higher amortization expense of approximately $1.3 million. As a percentage of revenue, other cost of revenue increased to 9.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2026, from 7.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

***Gross profit*** — increased $0.9 million, or 1.1%, to $83.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $82.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily due to the favorable shift in revenue mix and lower traffic acquisition costs as a percentage of revenue described above, partially offset by lower overall revenue volumes.

**Ex-TAC Gross Profit** 

Our Ex-TAC Gross Profit increased $4.8 million, or 4.6%, to $107.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, from $103.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase was primarily due to a full quarter of consolidated operations compared to the partial period in 2025, partially offset by the lower overall revenue volumes discussed above.

**Operating Expenses** 

Operating expenses decreased $21.7 million, or 17.1%, to $105.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, from $127.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease included net unfavorable foreign currency effects of approximately $6.9 million. The decrease was primarily driven by the following factors:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the absence in 2026 of $15.6 million in impairment charges recorded in 2025 related to the discontinuation of a legacy video product offering;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a $15.1 million decrease in strategic, transaction and integration-related costs included in general and administrative expenses, from $16.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $1.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2026;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a $3.3 million decrease in Research and Development expense, primarily related to a reduction in personnel-related costs as a result of achieved cost efficiencies through the integration of our global operations, which more than offset the additional month of base operating costs resulting from a full quarter of combined operations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• $1.7 million in restructuring charges during the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $7.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025. We estimate that total charges to be incurred under the Strategic Plan will range from approximately $8.0 million to $12.0 million and we expect it to result in annualized cost savings of approximately $35.0 million to $40.0 million. We expect the actions associated with the Strategic Plan to be substantially complete in the first half year of 2026, subject to local law and consultation requirements.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• These decreases were partially offset by higher Sales and marketing expenses of $12.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily driven by higher compensation expense due to the timing of a full quarter of consolidated sales compared to a partial period in the prior year and additional amortization of acquired intangible assets.

As a percentage of revenue, total operating expenses declined to 39.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2026 from 44.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease was primarily driven by the non-recurrence of significant acquisition and integration-related costs, impairment charges, and higher restructuring expenses incurred in the prior year. Additionally, the

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margin improvement reflects the realization of operational efficiencies and the successful reduction of duplicative costs across the unified platform.

**Other (Expense) Income, Net**

Other (expense) income, net decreased $5.6 million, or 23.9%, to $18.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, from $23.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily related to a $5.7 million decrease in interest expense to $17.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 from $23.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease was primarily attributable to the absence of $13.3 million in fees and interest related to the $625 million senior secured bridge term loan credit facility (the "Bridge Facility") incurred during the first quarter of 2025 to finance the Acquisition, which was subsequently repaid in February 2025. These savings were partially offset by a $7.6 million increase in interest expense related to the Senior Secured Notes, which totaled $16.8 million during three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $9.2 million in the prior year period. The increase in interest on the Senior Secured Notes reflects a full quarter of interest and amortization of related discounts and deferred financing fees in 2026, compared to a partial period in 2025.

**Benefit for Income Taxes** 

Benefit for income taxes was $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to a benefit of $13.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in the benefit from income taxes was primarily due to lower pre-tax losses during the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the respective prior year period, and U.S. pre-tax book losses for the year-to-date period being subject to a U.S. valuation allowance.

Our effective tax rate decreased to 2.5% in the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to 19.4% in the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease was primarily due to U.S. pre-tax book losses for the year-to-date period being subject to a U.S. valuation allowance, coupled with the pre-tax loss during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

As of March 31, 2026, we are in a three-year cumulative loss position in the U.S.. Under applicable accounting guidance, a cumulative loss in recent years represents significant, objective evidence that is difficult to overcome. After weighing all the evidence, we determined that the weight of the objective negative evidence continues to outweigh the positive evidence and we retain the valuation allowance against U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to consider existing evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact its view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "OBBBA") was enacted into law in the U.S.. In 2026, Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income and Foreign-Derived Intangible Income have been modified to net controlled-foreign-corporation tested income ("NCTI") and foreign-derived deduction eligible income ("FDDEI"), respectively. The OBBBA provisions did not have a material impact on the Company's total tax benefits for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Our future effective tax rate may be affected by the geographic mix of earnings in countries with different statutory rates. Additionally, our future effective tax rate may be affected by our ongoing assessment of the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets or liabilities, or changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting principles, tax planning initiatives, as well as certain discrete items.

**Net Loss**

As a result of the foregoing, we recorded a net loss of $38.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to net loss of $54.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Our Adjusted EBITDA decreased $9.9 million to $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 from $10.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, including net unfavorable foreign currency effects of approximately $1.6 million. See "Non-GAAP Reconciliations" for the related definitions of Adjusted EBITDA and reconciliations to our net loss.

**Non-GAAP Reconciliations** 

Because we are a global company, the comparability of our operating results is affected by foreign exchange fluctuations. We calculate certain constant currency measures and foreign currency impacts by translating the current year's reported amounts, excluding new acquisitions, into comparable amounts using the prior year's exchange rates. All constant currency financial information being presented is non-GAAP and should be used as a supplement to our reported operating results. We believe that this information is helpful to our management and investors to assess our operating performance on a comparable basis. However, these measures are not intended to replace amounts presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be different from similar measures calculated by other companies.

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We present Ex-TAC Gross Profit, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of Ex-TAC Gross Profit, Free Cash Flow, and Adjusted Free Cash Flow because they are key profitability measures used by our management and our Board to understand and evaluate our operating performance and trends, develop short-term and long-term operational plans, and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. Accordingly, we believe that these measures provide information to investors and the market in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and the Board.

These non-GAAP financial measures are defined and reconciled to the corresponding U.S. GAAP measures below. These non-GAAP financial measures are subject to significant limitations, including those identified below. In addition, other companies in our industry may define these measures differently, which may reduce their usefulness as comparative measures. As a result, this information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant as a substitute for revenue, gross profit, net loss or net cash provided by (used in) operating activities presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

***Ex-TAC Gross Profit***

Ex-TAC Gross Profit is a non-GAAP financial measure. Gross profit is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure. In calculating Ex-TAC Gross Profit, we add back other cost of revenue to gross profit. Ex-TAC Gross Profit may fluctuate in the future due to various factors, including, but not limited to, seasonality and changes in the number of media partners and advertisers, advertiser demand or user engagements.

There are limitations on the use of Ex-TAC Gross Profit in that traffic acquisition cost is a significant component of our total cost of revenue but not the only component and, by definition, Ex-TAC Gross Profit presented for any period will be higher than gross profit for that period. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry which have a similar business, may define Ex-TAC Gross Profit differently, which may make comparisons difficult. As a result, this information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant as a substitute for revenue or gross profit presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents the reconciliation of Ex-TAC Gross Profit to gross profit, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for the periods presented:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Revenue | $265983 | $286357 |
| Traffic acquisition costs | (158109) | (183235) |
| Other cost of revenue | (24258) | (20472) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gross profit | 83616 | 82650 |
| Other cost of revenue | 24258 | 20472 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ex-TAC Gross Profit | $107874 | $103122 |

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***Adjusted EBITDA***

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before gain on repurchase of long-term debt; interest expense; other expense (income) and interest income, net; provision (benefit) for income taxes; depreciation and amortization; stock-based compensation, and other income or expenses that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance, including, but not limited to acquisition and integration costs, restructuring, and impairment charges. We present Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we believe it facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and the Board. However, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA is not necessarily comparable to non-GAAP information of other companies. Adjusted EBITDA should be considered as a supplemental measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any measures of our financial performance that are calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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The following table presents the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for the periods presented:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Net loss | (38786) | (54843) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | 17409 | 23124 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other expense (income) and interest income, net | 559 | 484 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Benefit for income taxes | (988) | (13201) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 17434 | 12873 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 2146 | 2941 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisition and integration costs | 1284 | 16418 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 1703 | 7279 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of intangible assets |  | 15614 |
| Adjusted EBITDA | 761 | 10689 |
| Net loss as % of gross profit | (46.4)% | (66.4)% |
| Adjusted EBITDA as % of Ex-TAC Gross Profit | 0.7% | 10.4% |

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***Free Cash Flow***

Free cash flow is defined as cash flow provided by operating activities, less capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs. Adjusted free cash flow is defined as free cash flow plus direct acquisition costs. Free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow are supplementary measures used by our management and the Board to evaluate our ability to generate cash and we believe it allows for a more complete analysis of our available cash flows. Free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow should be considered as supplemental measures and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any measures of our financial performance that are calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents the reconciliation of free cash flow to net cash provided by operating activities.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(34871) | $(966) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property and equipment | (726) | (2921) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capitalized software development costs | (5537) | (2699) |
| Free cash flow | $(41134) | $(6586) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Direct acquisition costs |  | 11804 |
| Adjusted free cash flow | $(41134) | $5218 |

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**LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES**

We regularly evaluate our cash requirements for operations, commitments, development activities and capital expenditures and manage our liquidity in a manner consistent with our corporate priorities. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our 2025 Form 10-K.

As of March 31, 2026, we believe that our operating cash flows, together with our cash and cash equivalents, investments, and available borrowing capacity, will be sufficient to fund our anticipated operating expenses and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. Our assessment of liquidity is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including our operating performance, the timing and collectability of receivables from advertisers and obligations to media partners.

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**Sources of Liquidity**

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash receipts from advertisers, cash and cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities, and available borrowing capacity under our 2025 Revolving Facility (as defined below).

As of March 31, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of $85.5 million and short-term investments of $13.2 million. In addition, we had up to $40.0 million of available borrowing capacity under our 2025 Revolving Facility (as defined below), subject to customary conditions and covenant limitations.

As of March 31, 2026, approximately $66.7 million of our cash was held by non-U.S. subsidiaries, The Company's previously undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries are not indefinitely reinvested due to current U.S. funding needs. At March 31, 2026 we have a deferred tax liability of $8.4 million associated with the expected tax consequences of future distributions of foreign earnings, including amounts related to cash and cash equivalents held outside the United States.

We have historically experienced higher cash collections during the first quarter due to seasonally strong fourth quarter sales, which typically results in a reduction in working capital requirements during the first quarter. We expect this seasonal collection pattern to continue; however, our net cash provided by operating activities is also subject to the timing of semi-annual interest payments occurring in February and August of each year. In the first quarter of 2026, this resulted in a $31.4 million cash outflow. There was no comparable interest payment in the first quarter of 2025 as the underlying debt facility was entered into in the first quarter of 2025, with the first semi-annual payment occurring in August 2025.

**Revolving Credit Facility**

We maintain a $100.0 million revolving credit facility ("2025 Revolving Facility") pursuant to the credit agreement dated February 3, 2025, among the Company, OT Midco Inc., the additional borrowers party thereto from time to time, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as sole administrative agent and swingline lender, U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the collateral agent, and the lenders, issuing banks and arrangers party thereto from time to time. The 2025 Revolving Facility may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of March 31, 2026, we had no borrowings outstanding under the 2025 Revolving Facility and were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants.

The 2025 Revolving Facility includes a customary springing financial covenant that requires the Company and our restricted subsidiaries to comply with a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio, in the event that utilization under the 2025 Revolving Facility exceeds 40%. As of March 31, 2026, our available borrowing capacity was limited to $40.0 million to maintain compliance with the springing financial covenant.

See Note 8 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the terms of the 2025 Revolving Facility.

**Material Cash Requirements**

We plan to meet our liquidity needs through available cash, cash generated from operations and available borrowing capacity.

Our primary uses of liquidity include payments to media partners, operating expenses, capital expenditures, and interest payments on our long-term debt. Our arrangements with media partners are generally based on variable bids tied to impressions or may include guaranteed minimum payments if specified performance targets are achieved, and in certain cases include revenue-sharing arrangements.

As of March 31, 2026, we had approximately $628.2 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Notes outstanding, which mature on February 15, 2030. The Senior Secured Notes require annual interest payments of approximately $62.8 million, payable semi-annually in February and August. We do not have any significant contractual principal debt maturities in the near term. We were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants as of March 31, 2026.

In addition, the Company's French subsidiary maintains a short-term €15 million overdraft credit facility with HSBC (the "Overdraft Facility") which may be used to fund the general working capital needs of Teads France SAS. The Overdraft Facility had outstanding borrowings of $17.2 million as of March 31, 2026 and carries a variable rate of interest based on the three-month EURIBOR plus a margin of 1.8%. The Company is currently in discussions with HSBC and expects to pay down the Overdraft Facility in full via a payment plan of up to six months.

We may from time to time pursue acquisitions or investments in complementary businesses or technologies.

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We may from time to time seek to purchase or exchange our outstanding debt through privately negotiated transactions, open market purchases, redemptions, tender offers or otherwise. Any such purchases or retirement of debt will be made in our sole discretion in light of prevailing market conditions, applicable contractual limitations, liquidity requirements and other relevant factors. The amounts involved in any such purchase transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may be material.

See Note 8 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our debt obligations and other commitments as of March 31, 2026.

***Share Repurchases***

On December 14, 2022, our Board approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $30 million of our Common Stock. There were no shares repurchased under the stock repurchase program during three months ended March 31, 2026. As of March 31, 2026, the remaining availability under our $30 million share repurchase program was $6.6 million.

In addition, we periodically withhold shares to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of equity awards. During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we withheld 45,161 shares and 73,000 shares, respectively, with a fair value of less than $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, to satisfy the minimum employee tax withholding obligations.

***Capital Expenditures and Capitalized Software Development Costs***

Our cash flows used in investing activities include capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs. We expect capital expenditures to be between $3 million and $5 million for the year ending December 31, 2026, primarily related to servers, computing equipment, and other infrastructure. We also expect capitalized software development costs to be between $20 million and $27 million in 2026, primarily related to continued investment in our platform, including infrastructure to support AI and machine learning capabilities and the development of internal software to enhance scalability and operational efficiency. Actual amounts may vary from these estimates.

**Other Contractual Cash Obligations**

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into non-cancelable purchase commitments, primarily related to data services, hosting and network infrastructure, and other technology and platform-related costs. These commitments support the ongoing operation and scalability of our platform. See "Other Contractual Cash Obligations" disclosure within "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of our 2025 Form 10-K for detailed disclosures of our other material cash obligations as of December 31, 2025.

We also enter into arrangements with certain media partners that may include guaranteed minimum payments tied to performance metrics. These arrangements may result in losses on individual contracts if guaranteed amounts exceed the revenue ultimately generated.

In addition, we have obligations under our long-term debt arrangements and operating leases, as well as liabilities related to uncertain tax positions, the timing of which cannot be reasonably estimated.

See Notes 7, 8 and 10 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding these obligations and commitments.

See Cash Flows below for a discussion of changes in our cash position during the period.

**Cash Flows**

The following table summarizes the major components of our net cash flows for the periods presented:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended March 31,** | **Three Months Ended March 31,** |
| | **2026** | **2025** |
| | **(In thousands)** | **(In thousands)** |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(34871) | $(966) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (8613) | (546320) |
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (136) | 596094 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Effect of exchange rate changes | 378 | (57) |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $(43242) | $48751 |

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***Operating Activities***

Net cash used in operating activities increased $33.9 million, to $34.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily driven by the $31.4 million semi-annual interest payment made in February 2026 for our Senior Secured Notes.

***Investing Activities***

Cash used in investing activities decreased $537.7 million to cash used of $8.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026, from cash used of $546.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025. This change was primarily related to the prior year $598.3 million of cash consideration paid, net of cash acquired, in connection with the Acquisition.

***Financing Activities***

Net cash provided by financing activities decreased $596.2 million, resulting in a negligible use of $0.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026. The prior year period included significant activity related to our Acquisition financing including $625.0 million in proceeds from the Bridge Facility and $625.3 million from the Senior Secured Notes, offset by the subsequent repayment of the Bridge Facility and partially offset by debt financing related cost payments of $28.2 million.

**Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates** 

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to those described in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" set forth in our 2025 Form 10-K.

**Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements**

See Note 1 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for recently issued accounting standards, which may have an impact on our financial statements upon adoption.

**Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements** 

We do not currently engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not have any interest in entities referred to as variable interest entities, which includes special purpose entities and other structured finance entities.

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**Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk**

We have operations both in the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks include foreign exchange, interest rate, inflation and credit risks.

***Foreign Currency Risk*** 

Our consolidated results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates related to our operations and intercompany transactions. Our primary foreign currency exposures are to Euros, the New Israeli Shekel, and the British Pound Sterling, among other currencies. Our operating expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located. Foreign currency fluctuations may impact the remeasurement of balances that are denominated in different currencies than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. In addition, changes in the U.S. Dollar against the currencies of the countries in which we operate impact our operating results, as further described in Item 2, "Results of Operations." The effect of a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in our weighted-average exchange rates on our revenue, cost of revenue and operating expenses denominated in foreign currencies would result in a $0.6 million unfavorable or favorable change to our operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

We evaluate periodically the various currencies to which we are exposed and we are a party to, and may from time to time enter into additional foreign currency forward exchange contracts to manage our foreign currency risk and reduce the potential adverse impact from the appreciation or the depreciation of our non-U.S. dollar-denominated operations, as appropriate.

***Interest Rate Risk***

Our exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of the interest rates in the United States and abroad. Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our cash and cash equivalents of $85.5 million, our investments in marketable securities of $13.2 million under our investment program, and any current or future borrowings under our credit facilities. Our investments in marketable securities typically consist of U.S. Treasuries, U.S. government bonds, commercial paper, U.S. corporate bonds and municipal bonds, maturing within one year. The primary objectives of our investment program are focused on achieving maximum returns within our investment policy parameters, while preserving capital and maintaining sufficient liquidity. We plan to actively monitor our exposure to the fair value of our investment portfolio in accordance with our policies and procedures, which include monitoring market conditions, to minimize investment risk.

A 100-basis point change in interest rates as of March 31, 2026 would change the fair value of our investment portfolio by less than $0.1 million. Since our debt investments are classified as available-for-sale, the unrealized gains and losses related to fluctuations in market volatility and interest rates are reflected within accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders' equity in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

There have been no amounts outstanding under our new $100 million 2025 Revolving Facility pursuant to our Credit Agreement entered into in February 2025, or under our prior revolving credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank. However, as part of the Acquisition, we assumed the Overdraft Facility which had outstanding borrowings of $17.2 million as of March 31, 2026. The Overdraft Facility carries a variable rate of interest based on the three-month EURIBOR plus a margin of 1.8%. The Company is currently in discussions with HSBC and expects to pay down the Overdraft Facility in full via a payment plan of up to six months.

Long-term debt recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2026 relates to our Senior Secured Notes with a carrying value of $606.2 million, which bears a fixed rate of interest.

***Inflation Risk***

Our business is subject to risk associated with inflation. We continue to monitor the impact of inflation to minimize its effects. If our costs, including wages, were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Inflation throughout the broader economy has led and could continue to lead to reduced ad spend and indirectly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our 2025 Form 10-K.

***Credit Risk***

Financial instruments that subject us to concentration of credit risk are cash and cash equivalents, investments and receivables. As part of our ongoing procedures, we monitor the credit levels and the financial condition of our customers in order to

------

minimize our credit risk and require certain customers with higher potential credit risk to prepay for their campaigns. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our 2025 Form 10-K under "We are subject to payment-related risks that may adversely affect our business, working capital, financial condition and results of operations." We generally do not factor our accounts receivables, nor do we maintain credit insurance to manage the risk of credit loss. We are also exposed to a risk that the counterparty to our foreign currency forward exchange contracts will fail to meet its contractual obligations. In order to mitigate this risk, we perform an evaluation of our counterparty credit risk and our forward contracts have a term of no more than 18 months.

**Item 4. Controls and Procedures**

***Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures***

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") ("certifying officers"), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our certifying officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2026.

***Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting***

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2026 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

***Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls***

Our management, including our CEO and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and implemented, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within a company are detected.

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**Part II Other Information**

**Item 1. Legal Proceedings**

Information with respect to this item may be found in Note 10 in the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements" of this Report, under "Legal Proceedings and Other Matters," which is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors** 

There have been no material changes to our risk factors as previously disclosed in Item 1A of Part I of the Company's 2025 Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds** 

**Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities**

The shares of the Common Stock issued to Altice Teads S.A. on February 3, 2025 as consideration in connection with the Acquisition were issued in transactions exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

**Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer**

On December 14, 2022, our Board approved a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $30 million of our Common Stock, with no requirement to purchase any minimum number of shares. The manner, timing, and actual number of shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and other investment opportunities. Shares may be repurchased through privately negotiated transactions or open market purchases, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. The repurchase program may be commenced, suspended, or terminated at any time at our discretion without prior notice.

In addition, we may from time to time withhold shares in connection with tax obligations related to vesting of restricted stock units in accordance with the terms of our equity incentive plans and the underlying award agreements. The below table sets forth the repurchases of our Common Stock for the three months ended March 31, 2026:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Period** | **(a) Total number of shares (or units) purchased** <sup>(1)</sup> | **(b) Average price paid per share (or unit)** | **(c) Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs** | **(d) Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (in thousands)** |
| January 2026 |  | $— |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$6615 |
| February 2026 |  | $— |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$6615 |
| March 2026 | 45161 | $0.84 |  | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$6615 |
| **TOTAL** | 45161 |  |  |  |

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_____________________

<sup>(1)</sup> Total number of shares purchased is comprised of shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations arising in connection with the vesting and settlement of restricted stock units under our 2007 Omnibus Securities and Incentive Plan and our 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

On February 3, 2025, as part of the equity portion of the consideration for the Acquisition, we reissued 13,429,839 shares of our Treasury Stock at $6.01 per share, or a value of $80.7 million.

**Item 5. Other Information.** 

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, none of the Company's directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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**EXHIBIT INDEX** 

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit No.** | **Description** |
| 31.1\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant To Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](exhibit311-q12026.htm)</u> |
| 31.2\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant To Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](exhibit312-q12026.htm)</u> |
| 32.1\*❖ | <u>[Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant To 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](exhibit321-q12026.htm)</u> |
| 101.INS\* | XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH\* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL\* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF\* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB\* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE\* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104\* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

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_______________________________

\* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Filed herewith.

❖ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This certification is not deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or the Exchange Act.

------

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized on May 8, 2026.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **TEADS HOLDING CO.** | **TEADS HOLDING CO.** |
| By: | /s/ David Kostman |
|  | Name: David Kostman |
|  | Title: *Chief Executive Officer*  |
| By: | /s/ Jason Kiviat |
|  | Name: Jason Kiviat |
|  | Title: *Chief Financial Officer*  |

---

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER** 

**PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a)** 

**AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, David Kostman, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Teads Holding Co.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 8, 2026

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ David Kostman |
|  | Name: David Kostman |
|  | Title: Chief Executive Officer |
|  | *(Principal Executive Officer)* |

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## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER** 

**PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a)** 

**AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Jason Kiviat, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Teads Holding Co.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 8, 2026

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Jason Kiviat |
|  | Name: Jason Kiviat |
|  | Title: Chief Financial Officer |
|  | *(Principal Financial Officer)* |

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## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, David Kostman, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) of Teads Holding Co. (the "Company"), and Jason Kiviat, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.The Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2026 (the "Report") of the Company fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 8, 2026

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ David Kostman |
|  | Name: David Kostman |
|  | Title: Chief Executive Officer |
|  | *(Principal Executive Officer)* |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Jason Kiviat |
|  | Name: Jason Kiviat |
|  | Title: Chief Financial Officer |
|  | *(Principal Financial Officer)* |

---

<br>