# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001835830
**File Stem:** 0001835830-25-000110
**Filing Date:** 2025-11
**Character Count:** 450535
**Document Hash:** 1c3ac055e7546717953d7418e81d06a4
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001835830-25-000110.hdr.sgml**: 20251105

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001835830-25-000110

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 79

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251105

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251105

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Klaviyo, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001835830
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-PREPACKAGED SOFTWARE [7372]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 000000000
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-41806
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251454130

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 125 SUMMER STREET, FLOOR 6
- **CITY:** BOSTON
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 02110
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 800-338-1744

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 125 SUMMER STREET, FLOOR 6
- **CITY:** BOSTON
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 02110

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? kvyo-20250930

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-Q** 

**(Mark One)**

☒ **QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025**

**OR**

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the transition period from _____ to _____**

**Commission File Number 001-41806** 

**Klaviyo, Inc.** 

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **46-0989964** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of <br>incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer<br> Identification No.) |
| **125 Summer Street, 6th Floor** <br>**Boston, MA** | **02110** |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |

---

**(617) 213-1788**

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

(Former name, former address and formal fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **<u>Title of each class</u>** | **<u>Trading Symbol(s)</u>** | **<u>Name of each exchange on which registered</u>** |
| Series A common stock, par value $0.001 per share | KVYO | New York Stock Exchange |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ⌧ Yes □ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ⌧ Yes □ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
| | | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). □ Yes ⌧ No

As of October 31, 2025, there were 137,856,147 shares of the registrant's Series A common stock and 164,089,133 shares of the registrant's Series B common stock, each with a par value of $0.001 per share, outstanding.

------

**Table of Contents**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Page** |
| **PART I.** | **[FINANCIAL INFORMATION](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_10)** | |
| [Item 1.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_13) | [Financial Statements](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_13) | [6](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_13) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_16) (Unaudited) | [6](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_16) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_19) (Unaudited) | [7](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_19) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited)](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_22) | [8](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_22) |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_25)s (Unaudited) | [10](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_25) |
|  | [Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_28) (Unaudited) | [12](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_28) |
| [Item 2.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_97) | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_97) | [26](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_97) |
| [Item 3.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_226) | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_208) | [41](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_208) |
| [Item 4.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_211) | [Controls and Procedures](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_211) | [41](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_211) |
| **PART II.** | **[OTHER INFORMATION](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_214)** | [43](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_214) |
| [Item 1.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_217) | [Legal Proceedings](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_217) | [43](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_217) |
| Item 1A. | [Risk Factors](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_220) | [43](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_220) |
| [Item 2.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_223) | [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_223) | [84](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_223) |
| [Item 3.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_226) | [Defaults Upon Senior Securities](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_226) | [84](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_226) |
| [Item 4.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_229) | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_229) | [84](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_229) |
| [Item 5.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_232) | [Other Information](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_232) | [84](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_232) |
| [Item 6.](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_238) | [Exhibits](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_238) | [85](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_238) |
| [Signatures](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_241) | [Signatures](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_241) | [88](#i1601cdcc723f40a3a2a271e447bfbc04_241) |

---

------

**Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements**

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which are statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as "anticipate," "believe," "contemplate," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "future," "intend," "may," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "shall," "should," "strategy," "target," "will," "would," or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding our revenue, expenses, and other operating results;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to acquire new customers and grow our customer base;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to successfully retain existing customers and expand sales within our existing customer base;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to increase usage of our platform and upsell and cross-sell additional products and communications channels;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to move up-market and address enterprise and other larger customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• launching new products and adding new product capabilities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to leverage artificial intelligence ("AI") and machine learning and effectively develop and deliver products that incorporate AI and machine learning;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• future investments in developing and enhancing our platform and our business;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our expectations regarding our ability to expand internationally;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to add more use cases to our platform and increase our presence in other verticals;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our anticipated capital expenditures and our estimates regarding our capital requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the estimated size of our addressable market opportunity for our platform;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• investments in our selling and marketing efforts and our ability to promote our brand;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• expectations regarding our integrations with third-party platforms, including Shopify;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to compete effectively with existing competitors and new market entrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our reliance on our senior management team and our ability to identify, recruit, and retain skilled personnel;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our growth strategies for our platform and our ability to effectively manage our growth;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• economic and industry trends and other macroeconomic factors, such as fluctuating interest rates, inflation, tariffs, international trade disputes, and changes in U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, and the impact on our customer spending and consumer spending generally; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the impact of public health crises and financial, economic, and political events on our industry, business, and results of operations.

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

------

We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q primarily on our current beliefs, expectations, and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described, anticipated, or implied in the forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of the forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.

The forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the terms "Klaviyo," "the Company," "we," "our," and "us" refer to Klaviyo, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

**Risk Factors Summary**

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that you should be aware of in evaluating our business. The following is a summary of some of these risks and uncertainties. As a result, this risk factor summary does not contain all of the information that may be important to you, and this summary should be read together with the more detailed description of each risk factor below as well as elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additional risks, beyond those summarized below or discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, may apply to our business, activities or operations as currently conducted or as we may conduct them in the future or in the markets in which we operate or may in the future operate.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our rapid historical revenue growth is not indicative of our future revenue growth, and we may not be able to sustain our historical revenue growth rate, in the near term and in the future;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our business has experienced rapid growth, and we may fail to effectively manage our growth or anticipated growth;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have a limited operating history in a rapidly changing industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects and increases the risk of your investment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we may not compete effectively with established companies or new market entrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our business and success depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate with third-party platforms, especially with eCommerce platforms such as Shopify, and there may be disruptions to these third-party platform integrations or our relationships with third-party platform providers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our business and success depend, in part, on the success of our relationships with third parties, such as our marketing agency and technology partners;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We may experience unfavorable conditions in our industry or the global economy, or reductions in spending on marketing;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We may not be able to add new customers, retain existing customers, or increase sales to existing customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have a history of net losses, we anticipate increasing operating expenses in the future, and we may not be able to achieve and maintain profitability in the future;

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• As we seek to move up-market, we expect our sales cycle with enterprise customers to be longer than with small-and-mid size businesses and we will be required to scale our operations, including by expanding our sales efforts, which may require considerable time and expense;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have historically invested significantly in research and development and expect this investment to continue;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we fail to adapt and respond effectively to technological changes, evolving industry standards, changing regulations or changing customer or consumer needs, requirements or preferences, our platform may become less competitive;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We depend on our senior management team, and may lose one or more members of our senior management team or our key employees, or be unable to attract and retain highly skilled employees;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We collect, process, store, share, disclose, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to legal obligations related to privacy and security, and we may fail to comply with these obligations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we or our third-party service providers experience a cybersecurity incident or data breach or unauthorized parties otherwise obtain access to our customers' data, our data, or our platform, our platform or our products may be perceived as not being secure, our reputation may be harmed, demand for our platform and products may be reduced, and we may incur significant liabilities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We may fail to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have incorporated and expect to continue to incorporate AI technology into our products and services, which may expose us to additional risks due to the evolving nature of the technology;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• There has been a limited public market for our Series A common stock. The trading price of our Series A common stock may continue to be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price at which you purchased those shares; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The dual series structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who hold shares of our Series B common stock, including our directors, executive officers, and their respective affiliates, and limiting or precluding your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.

------

**Part I - Financial Information**

**Item 1. Financial Statements**

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)**

***(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| **Assets** | | |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $980267 | $881473 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash |  | 375 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts | 61244 | 43095 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred contract acquisition costs, current | 27004 | 20544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 41494 | 34262 |
| Total current assets | 1110009 | 979749 |
| Property and equipment, net | 67267 | 48200 |
| Right-of-use assets, net | 94909 | 42917 |
| Deferred contract acquisition costs, non-current | 39706 | 32527 |
| Restricted cash, non-current | 738 | 739 |
| Prepaid marketing expense | 137973 | 153346 |
| Other non-current assets | 14458 | 15830 |
| Total assets | $1465060 | $1273308 |
| **Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $20515 | $14579 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses | 94546 | 99828 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities, current | 24510 | 20989 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | 87926 | 64497 |
| Total current liabilities | 227497 | 199893 |
| Lease liabilities, non-current | 88895 | 32449 |
| Other non-current liabilities | 6594 | 6979 |
| Total liabilities | 322986 | 239321 |
| Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred stock: $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 0 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Series A common stock: $0.001 par value; 3,000,000,000 shares authorized; 137,345,197 and 88,956,301 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. | 137 | 89 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Series B common stock: $0.001 par value; 350,000,000 shares authorized; 164,564,196 and 183,801,332 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. | 165 | 184 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 2025753 | 1878899 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (883981) | (845185) |
| Total stockholders' equity | 1142074 | 1033987 |
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $1465060 | $1273308 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements*

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)**

***(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)***

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Revenue | $310880 | $235094 | $883824 | $667300 |
| Cost of revenue | 76143 | 54357 | 215079 | 149567 |
| Gross profit | 234737 | 180737 | 668745 | 517733 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Selling and marketing | 127651 | 100018 | 377810 | 286377 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 72668 | 55769 | 214476 | 167601 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 45254 | 38228 | 142371 | 113179 |
| Total operating expenses | 245573 | 194015 | 734657 | 567157 |
| Operating loss | (10836) | (13278) | (65912) | (49424) |
| Other income: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income | (89) | 229 | (1651) | 290 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 10311 | 10504 | 29313 | 30029 |
| Total other income, net | 10222 | 10733 | 27662 | 30319 |
| Loss before income taxes | (614) | (2545) | (38250) | (19105) |
| (Benefit) provision for income taxes | (188) | (1200) | 546 | 64 |
| Net loss | (426) | (1345) | (38796) | (19169) |
| Comprehensive loss | $(426) | $(1345) | $(38796) | $(19169) |
| Net loss per share attributable to Series A and Series B common stockholders, basic and diluted | $— | $(0.01) | $(0.14) | $(0.07) |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted | 300828017 | 267854769 | 286806721 | 264846463 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements*

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited)**

**(*In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)***

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Series A Common Stock** | **Series A Common Stock** | **Series B Common Stock** | **Series B Common Stock** | **Additional Paid-In Capital** | | **Total Stockholders' Equity** |
| | **Number of Shares** | **$0.001 Par Value** | **Number of Shares** | **$0.001 Par Value** | **Additional Paid-In Capital** |<br>**Accumulated Deficit** | **Total Stockholders' Equity** |
| Balance as of June 30, 2024 | 72510738 | $73 | 194081029 | $194 | $1796100 | $(816867) | $979500 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options |  |  | 706906 | 1 | 1539 |  | 1540 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units | 483175 |  | 1225134 | 1 | (1) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of collaboration agreement warrants |  |  | 344384 |  | 3 |  | 3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vested warrants related to collaboration agreement |  |  |  |  | 8100 |  | 8100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | 32438 |  | 32438 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tax withholdings on settlement of stock-based awards | (28017) |  | (148896) |  | (5495) |  | (5495) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of Series B common stock to Series A common stock upon shareholder election and vesting of certain equity awards | 5512369 | 5 | (5512369) | (5) |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (1345) | (1345) |
| Balance as of September 30, 2024 | 78478265 | $78 | 190696188 | $191 | $1832684 | $(818212) | $1014741 |
| Balance as of June 30, 2025 | 116877930 | $117 | 182757254 | $183 | $1980007 | $(883555) | $1096752 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options |  |  | 160120 |  | 267 |  | 267 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units | 1258799 | 1 | 648665 | 1 | (2) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of collaboration agreement warrants |  |  | 344383 |  | 3 |  | 3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vested warrants related to the collaboration agreement |  |  |  |  | 8100 |  | 8100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | 41485 |  | 41485 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tax withholdings on settlement of stock-based awards | (66873) |  | (70885) |  | (4107) |  | (4107) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of Series B common stock to Series A common stock upon shareholder election and vesting of certain equity awards | 19275341 | 19 | (19275341) | (19) |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (426) | (426) |
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 | 137345197 | $137 | 164564196 | $165 | $2025753 | $(883981) | $1142074 |

---

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) (cont.)**

**(*In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)***

---

| | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Series A Common Stock** | **Series A Common Stock** | **Series B Common Stock** | **Series B Common Stock** | **Additional Paid-In Capital** | | **Total Stockholders' Equity** |
| | **Number of Shares** | **$0.001 Par Value** | **Number of Shares** | **$0.001 Par Value** | **Additional Paid-In Capital** |<br>**Accumulated Deficit** | **Total Stockholders' Equity** |
| Balance as of January 1, 2024 | 40841834 | $41 | 218524009 | $219 | $1713560 | $(799043) | $914777 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options |  |  | 5091283 | 5 | 6212 |  | 6217 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units | 805702 | 1 | 3325308 | 3 | (4) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of collaboration agreement warrants |  |  | 1033147 |  | 10 |  | 10 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan | 206156 |  |  |  | 4362 |  | 4362 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vested warrants related to collaboration agreement |  |  |  |  | 24300 |  | 24300 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | 103508 |  | 103508 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tax withholdings on settlement of stock-based awards | (71202) |  | (581784) |  | (19264) |  | (19264) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of Series B common stock to Series A common stock upon shareholder election and vesting of certain equity awards | 36695775 | 36 | (36695775) | (36) |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (19169) | (19169) |
| Balance as of September 30, 2024 | 78478265 | $78 | 190696188 | $191 | $1832684 | $(818212) | $1014741 |
| Balance as of January 1, 2025 | 88956301 | $89 | 183801332 | $184 | $1878899 | $(845185) | $1033987 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options |  |  | 22744929 | 23 | 1709 |  | 1732 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units | 3357508 | 3 | 2104777 | 3 | (6) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock upon exercise of collaboration agreement warrants |  |  | 1033147 |  | 10 |  | 10 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan | 275800 |  |  |  | 6093 |  | 6093 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vested warrants related to the collaboration agreement |  |  |  |  | 24300 |  | 24300 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | 127803 |  | 127803 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tax withholdings on settlement of stock-based awards | (183532) |  | (180869) |  | (13055) |  | (13055) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conversion of Series B common stock to Series A common stock upon shareholder election and vesting of certain equity awards | 44939120 | 45 | (44939120) | (45) |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (38796) | (38796) |
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 | 137345197 | $137 | 164564196 | $165 | $2025753 | $(883981) | $1142074 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)**

***(In Thousands)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Klaviyo, Inc. | Klaviyo, Inc. | Klaviyo, Inc. |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) |
| (In Thousands) | (In Thousands) | (In Thousands) |
|  | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Operating activities** |  |  |
| Net loss | $(38796) | $(19169) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization expense | 13092 | 12771 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash operating lease costs | 18245 | 9562 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs | 21526 | 13841 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortization of prepaid marketing expense | 39673 | 39673 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Gain on derecognition of asset retirement obligation | (588) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on disposal of property and equipment | 629 | 32 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Bad debt expense | 1884 | 131 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation expense | 124168 | 100690 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income tax | (1501) | (558) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | (20032) | (11519) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred contract acquisition costs | (35165) | (24499) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses, prepaid taxes, and other assets | (1739) | (14021) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | 6751 | (2069) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses | (8673) | (682) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | 23422 | 12832 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities | (17476) | (11805) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other non-current liabilities | (573) | 656 |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 124847 | 105866 |
| **Investing activities** |  |  |
| Acquisition of property and equipment | (7019) | (3575) |
| Capitalization of software development costs | (15734) | (8023) |
| Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | (2031) |  |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (24784) | (11598) |
| **Financing activities** |  |  |
| Proceeds from exercise of common stock options | 1732 | 6244 |
| Cash paid for finance leases |  | (16) |
| Proceeds from exercise of warrants | 10 | 10 |
| Employee taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards | (13055) | (19264) |
| Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan | 9668 | 6999 |
| Net cash used in financing activities | (1645) | (6027) |
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 98418 | 88241 |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 882587 | 739657 |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $981005 | $827898 |
| **Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:** |  |  |
| Cash paid for income taxes | $4778 | $4712 |
| **Non-cash investing and financing activities** |  |  |
| Recognition of prepaid marketing asset | $24300 | $24300 |
| Capitalization of stock-based compensation expense | $3635 | $2818 |

---

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)**

***(In Thousands)***

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Non-cash acquisition of property and equipment through tenant incentives | $7205 | $— |
| Unpaid purchases of property and equipment | $673 | $422 |
| Acquisition holdback | $500 | $— |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.*

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

**1. Organization and Business Description**

Klaviyo, Inc. (the "Company" or "Klaviyo") is a technology company that provides a modern, vertically integrated software-as-a-service ("SaaS") platform to enable consumer-focused businesses to capture, store, analyze, and predictively use their own data to drive measurable, high-value outcomes. Klaviyo's platform combines proprietary data and application layers into one solution with machine learning, artificial intelligence capabilities, and integrations. The Klaviyo Data Platform ("KDP") is the foundation of the platform unifying customer data for a single view of the customer and enabling real-time activation of data across a range of applications. The Company focused on marketing automation within eCommerce with Klaviyo Marketing as its first application use case and has since expanded its suite of applications to include Klaviyo Service, Klaviyo Analytics, and advanced data management through its Advanced KDP.

Klaviyo Marketing allows customers to orchestrate campaigns across multiple marketing channels, including email, text messaging, mobile push, and WhatsApp, and collect product reviews within its platform through the Company's Reviews add-on. Klaviyo Service is an AI-powered customer service platform that integrates with marketing and data to help businesses provide customer support via Customer Hub, Customer Agent and Helpdesk. In Klaviyo Analytics, Marketing Analytics gives brands real-time AI-powered insight into customer and purchase behavior so they can take action faster. Our Advanced KDP offering unlocks features for ways to track, transform, and cleanse data and run advanced reporting and predictive analysis.

The Company generates revenue through the sale of subscriptions to its customers for the use of its platform. Subscription plans are tiered based on the number of consumer profiles stored on the Company's platform and the number of emails, text messages and WhatsApp messages sent.

The Company is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts and was incorporated in the state of Delaware on September 14, 2012. The Company has several wholly-owned subsidiaries in the United States and international jurisdictions.

**2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

***Basis of Presentation***

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") and Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs") of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB").

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

***Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements***

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the related notes to such condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited.

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and do not include all disclosures normally required in annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been omitted. The condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company's financial position for the periods presented. The results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of future results or results for the full fiscal year or for any other period.

***Use of Estimates***

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the allowance for doubtful accounts, determination of revenue recognition under ASC 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers* ("ASC 606"), estimated benefit period of deferred contract acquisition costs, estimated life of prepaid marketing expense, and historical valuation of common stock and stock-based compensation.

The Company evaluates estimates based on historical and anticipated results, trends, and various other assumptions. The Company assesses these estimates on a regular basis; however, actual results could differ from these estimates.

***Significant Accounting Policies***

Our significant accounting policies are detailed in *Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies* of the audited annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025. There have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies since the year ended December 31, 2024.

***Shopify Collaboration Agreement***

On July 28, 2022, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with Shopify Inc. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, "Shopify") to form a strategic relationship for the purposes of creating greater interoperability between the Klaviyo and Shopify platforms and forming a strategic product, distribution, and marketing relationship. Shopify became a related party upon execution of this agreement.

The Company determined that Shopify is a vendor and not a customer, as the collaboration agreement is a services contract under which the Company is receiving marketing services from Shopify in exchange for payments under the revenue sharing agreement. The revenue sharing agreement is a mechanism for Shopify to be compensated for the customer acquisition and marketing services Shopify is providing to the Company. Shopify is not a reseller or distributor of our platform, nor does Shopify provide any services on the Company's behalf. Fees paid under the revenue share agreement are recognized as a component of selling and marketing expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

Operations and Comprehensive Loss. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred $8.3 million and $24.3 million, respectively, related to fees paid under the revenue sharing agreement. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company incurred $6.9 million, and $19.9 million, respectively, related to fees paid under the revenue sharing agreement. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $2.8 million and $2.6 million in accrued expenses owed to Shopify for fees payable under the revenue sharing agreement, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $2.8 million in accounts payable owed to Shopify for fees payable under the revenue sharing agreement.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company capitalized prepaid marketing expense of $8.1 million and $24.3 million, and $8.1 million and $24.3 million, respectively, related to the vested warrants issued as consideration for the collaboration agreement. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded marketing expense of $13.2 million and $39.6 million, respectively, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as a component of selling and marketing expense related to the amortization of the prepaid marketing expense. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded marketing expense of $13.2 million and $39.7 million, respectively, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as a component of selling and marketing expense related to the amortization of the prepaid marketing expense. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's prepaid marketing expense was $138.0 million and $153.3 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, there was $202.8 million of unrecognized marketing expense related to the warrants that will be recognized over 3.83 years. See *Note 10. Common Stock and Stockholders' Equity* for further discussion of the warrants.

***Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash***

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had cash equivalents of $322.7 million and $278.2 million, respectively, in money market funds.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a current restricted cash balance of $0.4 million. The Company did not have any current restricted cash as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had a non-current restricted cash balance of $0.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Restricted cash as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 related to the Company's required collateral to fund payroll and credit card obligations in its Australian entity as well as collateral required to be held as a result of the Company's office lease in Australia. Restricted cash is included in current assets for obligations that expire within one year and is included in non-current assets for assets that expire more than one year from the balance sheet date.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the amounts reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $980267 | $881473 |
| Restricted cash - current |  | 375 |
| Restricted cash - non-current | 738 | 739 |
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $981005 | $882587 |

---

As of September 30, 2025, $150.0 million of the $980.3 million cash and cash equivalents detailed above was held in a high yield notice deposit account requiring 31 days' notice for withdrawal.

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

***Recent Accounting Pronouncements***

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, *Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures*, which requires public entities, on an annual basis, to provide disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, *Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses*. The new guidance requires additional disclosure related to the disaggregation of income statement expense categories. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03 on the disclosures to the consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, *Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software*. The new guidance amends certain aspects of the accounting for and disclosure of software costs under ASC 350-40. ASU 2025-06 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-06 on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

There are no other new accounting pronouncements that have been issued that could have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

**3. Revenue Recognition**

***Deferred Revenue***

The change in deferred revenue reflects billings during the period for which the performance obligation was not satisfied prior to the end of the period, partially offset by revenues recognized during the period. The following table summarizes the changes in the balance of deferred revenue during the periods presented (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Balance at beginning of the period | $82711 | $46782 | $64497 | $40100 |
| Plus: Billings during the period | 316095 | 241244 | 907253 | 680132 |
| Less: Revenue recognized during the period | (310880) | (235094) | (883824) | (667300) |
| Balance at end of the period | $87926 | $52932 | $87926 | $52932 |

---

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, revenue recognized from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was $71.0 million and $63.2 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, revenue recognized from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was $42.4 million and $39.1 million, respectively.

***Remaining Performance Obligations***

Remaining performance obligations represents the amount of contracted future revenue that has not yet been recognized, including deferred revenue. As of September 30, 2025, the Company's remaining performance obligations are $215.7 million, of which $200.0 million is expected to be recognized within the next twelve months and $15.7 million is expected to be recognized during a period greater than twelve months.

***Accounts Receivable***

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

Accounts receivable are shown net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $2.5 million and $1.0 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

**4. Fair Value Measurements**

The following table sets forth the Company's financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis at the periods indicated below, by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** | **As of September 30, 2025** |
| | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** |
| Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| Money market funds | $322667 | $— | $— | $322667 |
| Total | $322667 | $— | $— | $322667 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31, 2024** | **As of December 31, 2024** | **As of December 31, 2024** | **As of December 31, 2024** |
| | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** |
| Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| Money market funds | $278235 | $— | $— | $278235 |
| Total | $278235 | $— | $— | $278235 |

---

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, certain of the Company's cash equivalents were held in money market funds. The Company's investments in money market funds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy as they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's carrying amounts of financial instruments, including cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities.

**5. Property and Equipment, Net**

Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Capitalized internal-use software | $45537 | $26698 |
| Office equipment | 5833 | 4841 |
| Computer equipment | 10368 | 7027 |
| Furniture and fixtures | 8855 | 8052 |
| Leasehold improvements | 46954 | 46062 |
| Construction-in-progress | 6298 | 124 |
| Asset retirement cost |  | 643 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total property and equipment | 123845 | 93447 |
| Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (56578) | (45247) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total property and equipment, net | $67267 | $48200 |

---

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was approximately $4.4 million and $13.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $4.6 million and $12.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. On January 31, 2025, the Company amended the lease agreement for its

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

corporate headquarters located in Boston, Massachusetts which, among other things, extended the term of the lease to March 2033. Under the Company's accounting policy, the useful life of leasehold improvements is the lesser of the lease term and the useful life of the asset. As such, the extension of the lease represents a change in estimate of the useful life of the leasehold improvements within the corporate headquarters. The Company accounted for this change in the useful lives as a change in accounting estimate under *ASC 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections*, which were recorded prospectively upon execution of the lease amendment. This change in estimate resulted in a reduction of $1.8 million and $4.2 million in depreciation and amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and an immaterial impact on basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Series A and Series B common stockholders.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company capitalized $6.4 million and $3.9 million of internal-use software development costs, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company capitalized $19.2 million and $10.8 million of internal-use software development costs, respectively. The Company recorded amortization expense associated with its capitalized internal-use software development costs of $2.3 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $5.9 million and $3.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Amortization expense is included in cost of revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

During fiscal year 2020, on the commencement date of the lease for the Company's corporate headquarters, the Company established an asset retirement obligation based on the present value of contractually required estimated future costs to remove long-lived assets at the termination or expiration of a lease and to return the space to its original condition. As of December 31, 2024, the asset retirement obligation is included in other non-current liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. On January 31, 2025, the Company amended the lease agreement for its Boston corporate headquarters and, under the terms of the amendment, the Company is relieved of the obligation to return the space to its original condition. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company derecognized the asset retirement obligation and recorded an immaterial gain for the difference between the Company's estimate of the asset retirement obligation and the carrying value of the asset retirement cost which is included in general and administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Asset retirement obligation activity for the periods presented is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Beginning balance | $— | $781 | $802 | $761 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Additions |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accretion |  | 10 |  | 30 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Derecognition |  |  | (802) |  |
| Ending balance | $— | $791 | $— | $791 |

---

**6. Accrued Expenses**

The following table presents components of accrued expenses (in thousands):

------

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Accrued compensation and employee related costs | $47717 | $53652 |
| Accrued sabbatical | 3781 | 3233 |
| Accrued value added tax | 913 | 1000 |
| Other accrued taxes | 4246 | 7055 |
| Accrued cost of revenue | 20098 | 18216 |
| Accrued professional services | 3101 | 3475 |
| Accrued marketing | 8005 | 8739 |
| Other accrued expenses | 6685 | 4458 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Total accrued expenses | $94546 | $99828 |

---

**7. Commitments and Contingencies**

***Contractual Obligations and Commitments***

The Company has material long-term non-cancelable contractual obligations outstanding with various service providers. Future minimum payments under the Company's non-cancelable purchase commitments as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were $247.5 million and $225.5 million, respectively.

***Legal Matters***

From time to time, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the course of its business, including but not limited to claims brought by its customers in connection with commercial disputes and litigation arising from employee and ex-employee related matters. The Company is not presently subject to any pending or threatened litigation, individually or taken together, for which it is reasonably possible to have a material effect on its consolidated financial position or results of operations.

***Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations***

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements with its customers that include commercial provisions with respect to licensing, infringement, indemnification, and other common provisions. The Company does not, in the ordinary course of business, agree to indemnification obligations for the Company under its contracts with customers except for intellectual property infringement claims related to the Company's services. Based on historical experience and information known at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has not incurred any costs for guarantees or indemnities.

**8. Leases**

The components of lease expense are as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Operating lease cost | $5850 | $3274 | $18245 | $9562 |
| Short-term lease cost | 530 |  | 1042 | 178 |
| Financing lease cost |  | 5 |  | 15 |
| Total lease cost | $6380 | $3279 | $19287 | $9755 |

---

Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company's operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

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**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Operating lease ROU assets | $94909 | $42917 |
| Operating lease liabilities, current | 24510 | 20989 |
| Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 88895 | 32449 |
| Total lease liabilities | $113405 | $53438 |

---

Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activity related to the Company's leases are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Cash paid for operating lease liabilities, net of tenant incentives received | $10271 | $11805 |
| ROU assets recognized for new leases and amendments (non-cash) | $64101 | $— |

---

Other information related to leases is as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Weighted average remaining lease term | 6.7 years | 2.8 years |
| Weighted average discount rate | 6.70% | 5.13% |

---

Future undiscounted annual cash flows for the Company's operating leases as of September 30, 2025 are as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Fiscal Year Ending December 31,** | **Operating Leases** |
| Remaining portion of 2025 | $5307 |
| 2026 | 24630 |
| 2027 | 17210 |
| 2028 | 18469 |
| 2029 | 18866 |
| Thereafter | 57849 |
| Total future undiscounted lease payments | 142331 |
| Less imputed interest | (28926) |
| Total lease liabilities | $113405 |

---

The table above does not include options to extend lease terms that are not reasonably certain of being exercised or leases signed but not yet commenced as of September 30, 2025.

On January 31, 2025, the Company amended the lease agreement for its corporate headquarters. The amendment (i) modified the lease term and payment terms for the existing leased premises and (ii) expanded the leased premises under the lease. The newly leased premises have phased lease commencement dates ranging from February 2025 to June 2026. The lease term for the existing and newly leased premises ends in March 2033. As of September 30, 2025, the gross aggregate payments for leases that have not yet commenced are $12.0 million.

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**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

**9. Income Taxes**

The Company computes its provision for interim periods by applying its estimated annual effective tax rate to its anticipated net (loss) income and adjustments for discrete items in the period. The Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, are less than the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the valuation allowance in the U.S. The Company's effective tax rate was 30.6% and 47.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and the Company's effective tax rate was (1.4)% and (0.3)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The current period tax expense reflects increase in profits before taxes in our international entities, partially offset by excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation.

Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of carryforwards and temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts as measured by tax laws. The carryforwards and temporary differences give rise to a significant portion of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets in the U.S. Due to certain executive option exercises during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there is a significant increase in net operating losses fully offset by a related valuation allowance.

The Company has not recognized any liabilities for uncertain tax positions or unrecognized benefits as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2025, if recognized, would not affect the effective income tax rate due to the valuation allowance that currently offsets the deferred tax assets. The Company does not expect any material change in uncertain tax benefits within the next 12 months.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has had an immaterial amount of earnings from its wholly-owned non-U.S. subsidiaries indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. The Company does not intend to repatriate these earnings or realize the outside basis differences in its foreign subsidiaries and, accordingly, the Company has not provided any taxes for those amounts, given the indefinite reinvestment, and it is not practicable to estimate the amount of deferred tax liability that would be incurred.

On July 4, 2025, tax reform legislation included in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "OBBBA") was enacted in the United States. The OBBBA includes significant tax reforms, including the reinstatement of immediate expensing for domestic research and development expenditures, the option to claim 100% accelerated depreciation deductions on qualified property, and modifications in international tax provisions. The change to U.S. tax law enacted by the OBBBA resulted in an immaterial effect on the income tax provision due to the Company's valuation allowance and has been accounted for in the current quarter.

**10. Common Stock and Stockholders' Equity** 

***Common Stock Warrants***

On July 28, 2022, the Company granted warrants to purchase up to 15,743,174 shares of Series B common stock in connection with the collaboration agreement and strategic partnership with Shopify as compensation for marketing services.

The following table summarizes the warrants activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

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**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of Shares** | **Weighted Average Exercise Price** | **Weighted Average Remaining Life (years)** |
| Warrants outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 3788204 | $0.01 | 7.58 |
| Granted |  |  |  |
| Exercised | (1033147) | 0.01 | 7.23 |
| Cancelled |  |  |  |
| Warrants outstanding at September 30, 2025 | 2755057 | $0.01 | 6.83 |

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During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, 344,383 and 1,033,147 warrants vested. The Company has no vested but not exercised warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2025. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 344,384 and 1,033,147 warrants vested, respectively.

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**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

**11. Stock-Based Compensation** 

***Equity Incentive Plans***

The Company has outstanding awards issued under its 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, the "2015 Plan") and its 2023 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan"). Both plans provide for the grant of various types of stock-based compensation awards including, but not limited to, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), ISOs, NSOs, and RSAs. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company solely granted RSUs under the 2023 Plan. As of September 30, 2025, the Company's authorized common stock includes 74,258,805 shares of Series A common stock reserved for issuance of equity awards under the 2023 Plan, of which 55,209,018 shares are available for future grants.

***Restricted Stock Units***

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted RSUs to employees under the 2023 Plan. RSUs granted under the 2023 Plan vest upon the satisfaction of service-based vesting conditions only. Generally, the service-based vesting condition requires the grantee to remain an eligible participant, as that term is defined in the 2023 Plan, for a period of 3 years or 4 years. Generally, RSUs vest quarterly over a 3 year period or vest 25% after 1 year, with the remainder vesting quarterly over the following 3 years.

***Employee Stock Purchase Plan***

On August 24, 2023, the Company's board of directors adopted the Company's 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"). As of September 30, 2025, the Company reserved 10,857,661 shares of Series A common stock for issuance pursuant to purchase rights granted to the Company's eligible employees under the ESPP. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP of $1.8 million and $4.5 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP of $1.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, $4.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the subsequent 0.75 years.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company issued 275,800 shares of Series A common stock under the ESPP. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued 206,156 shares of Series A common stock under the ESPP.

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**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

***Modifications***

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company modified one employee's stock-based awards to accommodate their employment transition by changing the timing of the service-based vesting condition of 121,969 RSUs. This resulted in incremental stock-based compensation expense of $1.4 million which will be recognized over the remainder of the modified service period ending on December 31, 2025. Of that incremental stock-based compensation expense, $0.5 million was recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company provided seventeen terminated employees with accelerated vesting on the service-based vesting condition of 40,003 RSUs. These modifications resulted in incremental stock-based compensation expense of $1.1 million resulting from the modifications.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no material modifications related to share based awards.

***Stock-Based Compensation Expense***

Stock-based compensation included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss is as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Cost of revenue | $2161 | $2033 | $5873 | $7032 |
| Selling and marketing | 14096 | 8519 | 40522 | 29978 |
| Research and development | 15337 | 11505 | 50168 | 37679 |
| General and administrative | 8843 | 9500 | 27605 | 26001 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation, net of amounts capitalized | 40437 | 31557 | 124168 | 100690 |
| Capitalized stock-based compensation expense | 1048 | 881 | 3635 | 2818 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stock-based compensation expense | $41485 | $32438 | $127803 | $103508 |

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**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

**12. Loss Per Share**

Basic net loss per share attributable to Series A and Series B common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss by the number of weighted-average outstanding common shares. Diluted net loss income per share attributable to Series A and Series B common stockholders is determined by giving effect to all potential common equivalents during the reporting period, unless including them yields an antidilutive result, and is calculated using the treasury stock method. The Company considers its warrants, Investment Option, RSUs, stock options, and shares to be issued under the ESPP as potential common equivalents, but excluded them from the computation of diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders in the period presented, as their effect was antidilutive for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the holders of Series A and Series B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis to each series of common stock and the resulting basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders are, therefore, the same for both Series A and Series B common stock on both an individual and combined basis.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Series A and Series B common stockholders for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except share and per share data):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Net loss per share attributable to Series A and Series B common stockholders, basic and diluted:** |  |  |  |  |
| **Numerator:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(426) | $(1345) | $(38796) | $(19169) |
| **Denominator:** |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Weighted-average shares, basic and diluted | 300828017 | 267854769 | 286806721 | 264846463 |
| **Net loss per share attributable to Series A and Series B common stockholders, basic and diluted** | $— | $(0.01) | $(0.14) | $(0.07) |

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The following table summarizes the potential common shares excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of September 30,** | **As of September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Warrants outstanding | 2755057 | 4132585 |
| Investment Option | 15743174 | 15743174 |
| RSUs outstanding | 16671616 | 17148612 |
| Options outstanding | 2419486 | 26640466 |
| ESPP | 625978 | 410884 |
| Total | 38215311 | 64075721 |

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**13. Segment Information and Geographic Data**

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company's CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company has determined that it operates in one operating segment and one reportable segment as the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance.

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**Klaviyo, Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)**

The key measure of segment profit or loss that the CODM uses to make operating decisions, allocate resources and evaluate financial performance is the Company's consolidated net income, as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Net income is used to plan and forecast for future periods, design and implement key marketing strategies, expand into new markets, and launch new products. Significant expense categories regularly provided to the CODM are those disclosed in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

***Disaggregation of Revenue***

Revenue by geographic area, based on the location of the Company's customers, was as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Americas: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;United States | $185969 | $146352 | $535088 | $418385 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other Americas <sup>(1)</sup> | 14987 | 11769 | 42589 | 34166 |
| APAC <sup>(1)(2)</sup> | 31888 | 24350 | 90361 | 68407 |
| EMEA <sup>(1)(3)</sup> | 78036 | 52623 | 215786 | 146342 |
| Total Revenue | $310880 | $235094 | $883824 | $667300 |

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(1) Other than the United States, no other individual country accounted for 10% or more of total revenue for any of the periods presented.

(2) Asia-Pacific

(3) Europe, the Middle East and Africa

***Disaggregation of Long-lived Assets***

Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and ROU assets. Long-lived assets by geographical region are as follows (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Americas: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;United States | $149722 | $71894 |
| APAC <sup>(1)</sup> | 1565 | 2207 |
| EMEA: <sup>(2)</sup> |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;United Kingdom | 10662 | 17016 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other <sup>(3)</sup> | 227 |  |
| Total Long-lived assets | $162176 | $91117 |

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(1) Asia-Pacific

(2) Europe, the Middle East and Africa

(3) No other country in this geographic region represented more than 10% of the Company's long-lived assets for the periods presented

**14. Restructuring Costs**

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company implemented a restructuring plan that resulted in a reduction of approximately 3% of the Company's full time workforce. The Company's restructuring actions were intended to improve operational efficiencies. Restructuring costs consist primarily of employee severance and related benefits. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, $4.2 million of restructuring costs were recorded in research and development expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. As of September 30, 2025, there were $0.8 million of unpaid restructuring costs included within accrued expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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**Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations**

*The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on February 19, 2025. As discussed in the section titled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they do not materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" included under Part II, Item 1A within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.* 

**Overview**

We founded Klaviyo in 2012 to provide businesses of all sizes with powerful technology that captures, stores, analyzes, and predictively uses their own data to drive measurable, high-value outcomes. Today, Klaviyo enables over 183,000 businesses around the globe to efficiently drive revenue growth by making it easy to bring their first-party data together and use it to create and deliver highly personalized, omnichannel consumer experiences at scale. Our platform combines our proprietary data and application layers into one vertically-integrated solution with advanced machine learning and artificial intelligence ("AI") capabilities and over 350 integrations.

Klaviyo began as a database designed for speed, flexibility, and unlimited data storage. Building upon our robust data infrastructure, we developed smart applications, initially focusing on marketing automation where we revolutionized email practices. Our innovation shifted the industry paradigm away from batch and blast practices with a fast, data-rich marketing tool. Over time, we have enhanced our Klaviyo Marketing suite to incorporate text messaging and WhatsApp channels, Reviews, Klaviyo AI, and additional functionalities. Our Klaviyo Data Platform ("KDP") offering gives customers user-friendly ways to track new types of data to drive revenue growth and sync data in to and out of Klaviyo at scale.

Klaviyo Service is an AI-powered customer service platform that integrates with marketing and data to help businesses provide seamless customer support via Customer Hub, Customer Agent and Helpdesk. These offerings leverage Klaviyo's unified platform to deliver an integrated, AI-first customer experience that enhances automation, personalization, and efficiency across channels. Our Klaviyo Analytics solution gives brands real-time AI-powered insight into customer and purchase behavior so they can take action faster. Our Advanced KDP offering unlocks advanced features for even more powerful ways to track, transform, and cleanse data and run more advanced reporting and predictive analysis to drive revenue growth for our customers.

Today, our customers primarily operate within the retail and eCommerce vertical. Due to the flexibility and adaptability of our technology, we also see organic growth from customers in other verticals, such as education, events and entertainment, restaurants, and travel, as well as from business-to-business ("B2B"*)* companies. As of September 30, 2025, our platform had efficiently scaled to over 183,000 customers. See the section titled "Key Performance Metrics – Customers" for additional information on how we define customers.

We generate revenue through the sale of subscriptions to our customers for the use of our platform. Our subscription plans are tiered based on the number of active consumer profiles stored on our platform and the number of emails, text

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messages and WhatsApp messages sent. We currently permit our customers to send unlimited push notifications, which are included as part of our email subscription plan. Active consumer profiles are identified profiles that can be reached via at least one enabled marketing channel in Klaviyo; this means the profile is not suppressed, either by revoking consent or being rendered undeliverable. The vast majority of our subscription plans today are monthly.

Our land-and-expand strategy aligns our success with that of our customers. As our customers' businesses grow, they utilize more active consumer profiles and send more emails, text messages and WhatsApp messages, which naturally increases their usage of our platform. Our revenue also expands when our customers add additional marketing channels, such as text messaging, mobile push and WhatsApp, additional use cases, such as Reviews, and additional applications such as Klaviyo Service, Klaviyo Analytics, and Klaviyo AI, or when their other brands, business units, and geographies start using our platform.

**Factors Affecting Our Future Performance**

We believe that our performance and future success depend on a number of factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including the following factors:

***Growth in New Customers***

Attracting new customers to our platform is a key driver of our revenue growth strategy. We have successfully grown our retail and eCommerce customer base and believe we have significant room to expand within this vertical as well as expand into other industries, including education, events and entertainment, restaurants, wellness, and travel as well as from B2B companies. Our ability to attract new customers will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to innovate, the effectiveness and pricing of our new and existing products and capabilities, and the success of our selling and marketing efforts.

***Expansion of Revenue From Our Existing Customer Base***

We believe our product-led growth strategy enables us to efficiently expand penetration within our existing customer base. We focus on expansion in three primary ways. First, as our customers increase their usage of our platform through the number of active consumer profiles they store and email, text messages and WhatsApp messages they send, they move to higher subscription tiers. Second, we cross-sell additional offerings (e.g., Klaviyo Service, Marketing Analytics, etc.) and marketing channels (e.g., text messaging and WhatsApp) to customers who started on our platform with our email offering, as well as add-ons, such as Reviews and our Advanced KDP offering. Finally, we offer our platform to our customers' other brands, business units, and geographies. Going forward, our ability to increase sales to existing customers will depend on a number of factors, including our customers' satisfaction with our solutions and the ability of our customers to attract new consumers. We expect these three forms of revenue expansion to continue in the future.

***Growth with Larger Customers***

When we first launched our platform, we intentionally focused on serving entrepreneurs and small and medium-sized businesses ("SMBs") based on the need we saw for a simple and easy-to-use, yet powerful solution for customers in this category, and the large market opportunity within this group of customers. As our customers have scaled and become mid-market companies and larger enterprises themselves, their success with Klaviyo has attracted more interest from similarly sized businesses that are looking to drive better engagement with their consumers. Our ability to continue to move up-market is dependent on a number of factors, including our ability to further adapt our platform to the needs of larger accounts, the effectiveness of our sales team, and pricing.

***International Expansion***

We believe we have significant expansion opportunities in international markets. We started by serving customers in North America and, in 2019, we expanded our operations to London, England to penetrate the European region. In 2022, we opened our office in Sydney, Australia to capitalize on the opportunities in Asia Pacific. In 2024, we expanded our presence in the European region by adding operations in Dublin, Ireland. In 2025, we continued our expansion into the

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Asia Pacific and European regions by adding operations in Singapore and France, respectively. We have already experienced significant growth with international sales outside of the Americas accounting for 34.6% of our revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We also continue to expand our product offerings to better serve the international market. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we offer text messaging capabilities in more than 20 countries, and we offer our platform in English, French, German, Portuguese, Korean, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, Spanish (Mexico), and Polish. We believe that the introduction of additional languages to our platform increases our efficacy and ease of use in other regions. We also currently only bill in U.S. Dollars, and we believe that adding additional currencies to our platform will help us further our international expansion efforts.

***Investment in Innovation and Product Development***

Since our inception, we have been focused on product innovation, seeking to create what we believe is the best software solution for our customers. We originally launched our platform with email messaging as our first marketing channel. Since then, we have successfully added other marketing channels, such as text messaging, mobile push, and WhatsApp, additional use cases, such as Reviews, and additional applications, such as Klaviyo Service and Klaviyo Analytics. We have also introduced Klaviyo AI, a suite of features that provide customers with AI-powered tools to streamline data segmentation, create and orchestrate campaigns, and drive better engagement including our Marketing Agent and Customer Agent offerings as well as our MCP Server capability.

Our continued success depends on our ability to sustain product and technology innovation to continue delivering value to our customers. As technology and consumer preferences change, we believe that our ability to drive continuous product innovation will be critical to attract and retain customers and drive revenue growth.

***Increased Adoption of Our SMS Offering***

We have seen notable success in the expansion of our platform with our SMS offering, which launched in 2021. Once customers adopt our SMS offering, they typically grow their usage over time as they gain comfort and confidence in the new channel. Our SMS offering has higher associated communication sending costs, and as the number of SMS messages sent by our customers increases, we expect our gross margin to decline modestly. SMS messaging is particularly concentrated in the fourth quarter of each year due to the holiday shopping season, and as a result, we expect our gross margin to be most heavily impacted in that quarter. This gross margin impact could be partially offset by gaining further leverage on costs with our increased scale, increased usage of higher margin products by our customers, and ongoing efforts to drive infrastructure efficiency. We believe we will see our overall gross profit dollars increase as customers send more SMS messages if our SMS offering continues to gain traction.

***Expansion into New Industry Verticals and Use Cases***

As more customers use our platform, we are seeing organic growth from customers in other verticals, such as education, events and entertainment, restaurants, and travel, as well as from B2B companies. While we started with consumer engagement as our initial use case in the retail and eCommerce vertical, we see a large opportunity into other products and verticals. Without an active sales motion, we have attracted customers from verticals other than retail and eCommerce, which indicates the strong interest and applicability of our platform to new verticals. We continue to explore ways to serve these new verticals more intentionally. In the future, we intend to more actively invest in addressing new industry verticals and product use cases.

**Key Performance Metrics**

***Customers.*** We define a customer as a distinct paid subscription to our platform. A single organization could have multiple discrete contracting divisions or subsidiaries or brands each with paid subscriptions to our platform, which would, in general, constitute multiple distinct customers. In some cases at the customer's request, we allow subscriptions under the same parent organization to be consolidated into a single paid subscription in which case such consolidated paid subscriptions would constitute a single customer. We measure our total number of customers as a point-in-time calculation

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measured as of the end of a particular period. Customers do not include persons or entities that use our platform on a free trial basis.

***Customers Generating Over $50,000 of ARR***. We calculate our number of customers generating over $50,000 of ARR (as defined below) as those customers that have an average ARR of greater than $50,000 over the prior twelve months (or the entire duration of the customer's paying relationship, if it is less than twelve months) as of the date of determination. We believe the number of customers generating over $50,000 of ARR is a key performance metric to help investors and others understand and evaluate our results of operations in the same manner as our management team, as it is an indicator of our ability to grow the number of customers that are exceeding this ARR threshold, both from our existing customers expanding their usage of our platform and from our sales to larger customers. We believe this is an important indicator of our ability to continue to successfully move up-market.

As of September 30, 2025, we had 3,563 customers generating over $50,000 of ARR, compared to 2,619 customers generating over $50,000 of ARR as of September 30, 2024, representing growth of 36% year-over-year.

***Dollar-Based Net Revenue Retention Rate.*** We calculate our Dollar-Based Net Revenue Retention rate ("NRR") by first identifying the cohort of customers as of twelve months prior to the date of determination. We then calculate the Annualized Recurring Revenue ("ARR") from this customer cohort as of twelve months prior to the date of determination (the "Prior Period ARR") and the ARR from this customer cohort as of the date of determination (the "Current Period ARR"). ARR, for any date of determination, is the annualized value of existing paid subscriptions, which we calculate by taking the amount of revenue that we expect to receive in the next monthly period for our existing paid subscriptions, assuming no changes to such subscriptions in the next month, as of that date of determination, and multiplying that amount by twelve. Current Period ARR includes any expansion, price increases, and customer subscriptions that are deactivated and subsequently reactivated during the applicable twelve-month period and reflects contraction or attrition over the last twelve months from this customer cohort, but excludes any ARR from new customers in the current period. We then divide the total Current Period ARR by the total Prior Period ARR to arrive at the point-in-time NRR. We then calculate the weighted average point-in-time NRR as of the last day of each month in the current trailing twelve-month period to arrive at the NRR, with the weightings determined by the total ARR at the end of each period. We believe NRR is a key performance metric to help investors and others understand and evaluate our results of operations in the same manner as our management team, as it represents the expansion in usage of our platform by our existing customers, which is an important measure of the health of our business and future growth prospects. We measure Dollar-Based Net Revenue Retention Rate to measure this growth.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, our NRR was 109% and 110%, respectively. The decrease in this metric from September 30, 2024 to September 30, 2025 was largely driven by relatively lower comparable expansion of existing customer plans.

***Klaviyo Attributed Value.*** We define Klaviyo Attributed Value ("KAV") as the amount of revenue our customers generated through orders placed by consumers within a specified period of time after a message is sent using our platform, which in the case of email is five days from when the message is sent, and in the case of text messages and WhatsApp messages is twenty-four hours from when the message is sent. For email, the message also needs to be opened or clicked in order for the transaction to fall within our definition. KAV excludes orders placed with customers that do not opt-in to sharing data on placed orders, orders for which we cannot determine the currency or value, or unusual orders that appear to us to be anomalies. Since our definition of a customer does not include persons or entities that use our platform on a free trial basis, any revenue generated through orders placed with these persons or entities is also excluded from our definition of KAV. We do not net chargebacks or sales refunds from our calculation of KAV. If a customer leaves Klaviyo, we stop counting that customer's KAV after their last contracted month. We believe KAV serves as a measure of the return-on-investment that we help generate for our customers and illustrates the value our platform can drive to our customers, which we believe enhances our ability to maintain existing customers and attract new customers. We use KAV as an internal estimate to track the value we drive to customers through our platform. KAV is an operational measure, does not represent revenue earned by us, and does not directly correlate to our pricing, revenue, or results of operations. Further, KAV is not a

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forecast of future revenue and investors should not place undue reliance on KAV as an indicator of our future or expected results.

**Seasonality**

Generally, demand for our services increases during the fourth quarter as our customers run more marketing campaigns and deploy marketing spend as a result of increased consumer spending patterns during the holiday shopping season. This is specifically prominent within the retail and eCommerce sector in which the majority of our customers operate today. Given our revenue model allows our customers to scale usage as needed, our sequential revenue growth has been historically stronger in the fourth quarter of each year compared to the revenue growth we see in other quarters. Our customers utilize the text messaging offering in particular during the holidays; as such, to the extent that the text messaging offering grows in proportion to our other channels, we expect that we would see further seasonality. While our profile-based pricing structure helps reduce the impact of seasonality on our revenue, we believe seasonality may continue to impact our quarterly results.

**Components of Results of Operations**

***Revenue***

A significant majority of our revenues are derived from sales of subscriptions, which are comprised of fees paid by customers to access our cloud-based software platform for storing first-party consumer data and using it to create and deliver personalized and targeted consumer experiences across digital channels. A small portion of our revenue is currently derived from professional services.

***Cost of Revenue***

Our cost of revenue primarily consists of cloud-based infrastructure costs, outbound communication sending costs, employee-related costs including payroll, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation expense related to our customer support team, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs, and allocated overhead costs, including rent, facilities, depreciation, and costs related to information technology.

We expect our cost of revenue to increase in dollar amount as we continue to invest in our platform infrastructure and support, acquire new customers, and drive existing customers to expand their usage of our platform.

***Gross Profit***

Our gross profit represents revenue, less all cost of revenue.

We expect our gross profit to increase over time due to an increase in revenue. We expect our gross margin to decline modestly in the near term as the volume of text messages and WhatsApp messages sent through our platform increases and as our cloud-based infrastructure costs and outbound communication sending costs increase as our customers increase usage of our platform and capabilities. This gross margin impact could be partially offset by gaining further leverage on costs with our increased scale, increased usage of higher margin products by our customers, and ongoing efforts to drive infrastructure efficiency.

***Selling and Marketing***

Our selling and marketing costs primarily consist of employee-related costs including payroll, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation; sales commissions and partnership expenses for revenue sharing agreements, including to Shopify Inc. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, "Shopify"), other commerce platform partners, and agency partners; costs associated with advertising and marketing activities; and allocated overhead costs, including rent, facilities, depreciation, and costs related to information technology. Sales commissions are considered an incremental cost to obtain contracts with customers and these costs are deferred and amortized over the expected benefit period. On July 28, 2022, we entered into a collaboration agreement and strategic partnership with Shopify pursuant to which we issued warrants to Shopify (the "Shopify Warrants"), in exchange for promotion of our marketing services with customers within the Shopify

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ecosystem. In accordance with relevant accounting policies, we recognize a prepaid marketing expense in connection with vesting of the Shopify Warrants. This prepaid marketing expense represents the probable future economic benefit being amortized over a seven-year expected benefit period and is recorded based on the fair value of the warrants on the grant date.

We expect to continue to make investments in our selling and marketing organization, and expect selling and marketing expense to remain our largest operating expense in dollar amount. Selling and marketing expense may fluctuate from period to period depending on the extent and timing of our marketing initiatives. We expect selling and marketing expense to increase in dollar amount but decrease as a percentage of revenue over the longer term. In the short term, we expect selling and marketing costs to increase as we increase headcount in our go-to-market team, grow into new markets, and pay more in partnership fees to Shopify and other partners as we continue to grow.

***Research and Development***

Our research and development costs primarily consist of employee-related costs associated with research and development staff, including payroll, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and allocated overhead costs, including rent, facilities, depreciation, and costs related to information technology. We capitalize a portion of our research and development costs that meet the criteria for capitalization of internal-use software. All other research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

We believe continued investment and innovation in our platform, capabilities, and offerings are important for our growth and, as such, expect our research and development costs to continue to increase in dollar amount but remain consistent as a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future. This percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and amount of these expenses.

***General and Administrative***

Our general and administrative expenses consist of employee-related costs including payroll, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation in general corporate functions, such as procurement, accounting and finance, tax, legal, project management, and human resources, as well as allocated overhead costs, including rent, facilities, depreciation, and costs related to information technology. Credit card processing fees are also part of general and administrative expenses.

We incur expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses to comply with the rules and regulations governing public companies, such as Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and expenses for legal, audit, insurance, investor relations, and related professional services. Further, we expect an increase in dollar amount of credit card processing fees in line with the expected increase in revenue for the foreseeable future. As a result, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in dollar amount for the foreseeable future but to generally decrease as a percentage of our revenue over the longer term as we scale our business. This percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and amount of our general and administrative expenses.

***Interest Income***

Interest income consists of income earned from our cash deposits held in interest-bearing accounts and money market funds.

***Provision for Income Taxes***

Provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes related to U.S. and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business. We maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state net deferred tax assets as we have concluded that it is not more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") is coordinating negotiations among more than 140 countries with the goal of achieving consensus around substantial changes to international tax policies, including the implementation of a minimum global effective tax rate of 15%. Various countries have implemented or are in the

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process of implementing the legislation, which does not currently apply to us. As additional jurisdictions enact such legislation, we expect our effective tax rate and cash tax payments could increase in future years.

**Segments**

We operate our business through one reportable segment, as well as one business activity, providing software that brings first-party consumer data together and uses it to create and deliver highly personalized consumer experiences across digital channels.

**Results of Operations**

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the fiscal periods presented and express the relationship of certain line items as a percentage of revenue for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| **($ in thousands)** |  |  |  |  |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations  |  |  |  |  |
| Revenue | $310880 | $235094 | $883824 | $667300 |
| Cost of revenue<sup>(1)</sup> | 76143 | 54357 | 215079 | 149567 |
| Gross profit | 234737 | 180737 | 668745 | 517733 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selling and marketing<sup>(1)</sup> | 127651 | 100018 | 377810 | 286377 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development<sup>(1)</sup> | 72668 | 55769 | 214476 | 167601 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative<sup>(1)</sup> | 45254 | 38228 | 142371 | 113179 |
| Total operating expenses | 245573 | 194015 | 734657 | 567157 |
| Operating loss | (10836) | (13278) | (65912) | (49424) |
| Other income: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other (expense) income, net | (89) | 229 | (1651) | 290 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 10311 | 10504 | 29313 | 30029 |
| Total other income, net | 10222 | 10733 | 27662 | 30319 |
| Loss before income taxes | (614) | (2545) | (38250) | (19105) |
| (Benefit) provision for income taxes | (188) | (1200) | 546 | 64 |
| Net loss | $(426) | $(1345) | $(38796) | $(19169) |

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(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Cost of revenue | $2161 | $2033 | $5873 | $7032 |
| Selling and marketing | 14096 | 8519 | 40522 | 29978 |
| Research and development | 15337 | 11505 | 50168 | 37679 |
| General and administrative | 8843 | 9500 | 27605 | 26001 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation, net of amounts capitalized | 40437 | 31557 | 124168 | 100690 |
| Capitalized stock-based compensation expense | 1048 | 881 | 3635 | 2818 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stock-based compensation expense | $41485 | $32438 | $127803 | $103508 |

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The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Revenue | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| Cost of revenue | 24.5 | 23.1 | 24.3 | 22.4 |
| Gross profit | 75.5 | 76.9 | 75.7 | 77.6 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
| Selling and marketing | 41.1 | 42.5 | 42.7 | 42.9 |
| Research and development | 23.4 | 23.7 | 24.3 | 25.1 |
| General and administrative | 14.6 | 16.3 | 16.1 | 17.0 |
| Total operating expenses | 79.1 | 82.5 | 83.1 | 85.0 |
| Operating loss | (3.6) | (5.6) | (7.4) | (7.4) |
| Other income: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net |  | 0.1 | (0.2) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 3.3 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 4.5 |
| Total other income, net | 3.3 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 4.5 |
| Loss before income taxes | (0.3) | (1.0) | (4.3) | (2.9) |
| (Benefit) provision for income taxes | (0.1) | (0.5) | 0.1 |  |
| Net loss | (0.2)% | (0.5)% | (4.4)% | (2.9)% |

---

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**Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024**

***Revenue - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Revenue | $310880 | $235094 | $75786 | 32.2% |

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Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $75.8 million or 32.2%, to $310.9 million compared to $235.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was due to new business, geographic expansion, expanded usage of our platform, and growth of our text messaging and WhatsApp channels. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, sales to existing customers accounted for approximately 44% of the increase in revenue while approximately 56% of the increase in revenue was related to new customers. Sales to new customers represent the revenue recognized from new customers acquired in the 12 months prior to the period end.

***Revenue - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Revenue | $883824 | $667300 | $216524 | 32.4% |

---

Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $216.5 million or 32.4%, to $883.8 million compared to $667.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was due to new business, geographic expansion, expanded usage of our platform, and growth of our text messaging and WhatsApp channels. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, sales to existing customers accounted for approximately 42% of the increase in revenue while approximately 58% of the increase in revenue was related to new customers. Sales to new customers represent the revenue recognized from new customers acquired in the 12 months prior to the period end.

***Cost of Revenue - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Cost of revenue | $76143 | $54357 | $21786 | 40.1% |

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Cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $21.8 million or 40.1%, to $76.1 million compared to $54.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This was primarily due to an increase of approximately $10.0 million in outbound communication sending costs on behalf of our customers due to increased text message and WhatsApp usage, $6.4 million in cloud-based infrastructure costs, $2.3 million in technology expenses, and $1.9 million in salaries and personnel expenses as a result of increases in headcount.

***Cost of Revenue - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Cost of revenue | $215079 | $149567 | $65512 | 43.8% |

---

Cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $65.5 million or 43.8%, to $215.1 million compared to $149.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This was primarily due to an increase of approximately $27.0 million in cloud-based infrastructure costs, $25.7 million in outbound communication sending costs

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on behalf of our customers due to increased text message and WhatsApp usage, $6.8 million in technology expenses, and $4.4 million in salaries and personnel expenses as a result of increases in headcount.

***Gross Profit - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Gross profit | $234737 | $180737 | $54000 | 29.9% |

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Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $54.0 million or 29.9%, to $234.7 million compared to $180.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to revenue growth offset by an increase in cost of revenue due to increased usage.

***Gross Profit - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Gross profit | $668745 | $517733 | $151012 | 29.2% |

---

Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $151.0 million or 29.2%, to $668.7 million compared to $517.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to revenue growth offset by an increase in cost of revenue due to increased usage.

***Selling and Marketing - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Selling and marketing | $127651 | $100018 | $27633 | 27.6% |

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Selling and marketing expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $27.6 million or 27.6%, to $127.7 million compared to $100.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $15.1 million in salaries and related personnel expenses as a result of increases in headcount and the introduction of a company-wide bonus program, $5.6 million in stock-based compensation due to the vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs"), $3.1 million in partnership-related expenses across our ecosystem, $1.4 million in professional services, $1.1 million in technology expenses, and $1.0 million in marketing expenses associated with our advertising campaigns across multiple channels of media.

***Selling and Marketing - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Selling and marketing | $377810 | $286377 | $91433 | 31.9% |

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Selling and marketing expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $91.4 million or 31.9%, to $377.8 million compared to $286.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $43.9 million in salaries and related personnel expenses as a result of increases in headcount and the introduction of a company-wide bonus program, $14.9 million in marketing expenses associated with our advertising campaigns across multiple channels of media, $10.5 million in stock-based compensation due to the vesting of RSUs, $9.5 million in partnership-related expenses across our ecosystem, $8.7 million in professional services, and $3.4 million in technology expenses.

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***Research and Development - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Research and development | $72668 | $55769 | $16899 | 30.3% |

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Research and development costs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $16.9 million or 30.3%, to $72.7 million compared to $55.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $6.3 million in salaries and related personnel expenses as a result of increases in headcount and the introduction of a company-wide bonus program, $4.2 million in restructuring expense, $3.8 million of stock-based compensation due to the vesting of RSUs, and $2.9 million in technology expenses.

***Research and Development - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Research and development | $214476 | $167601 | $46875 | 28.0% |

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Research and development costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $46.9 million or 28.0%, to $214.5 million compared to $167.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $25.5 million in salaries and related personnel expenses as a result of increases in headcount and the introduction of a company-wide bonus program, $12.5 million of stock-based compensation due to the vesting of RSUs, $5.7 million in technology expenses, and $4.2 million in restructuring expense.

***General and Administrative - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| General and administrative | $45254 | $38228 | $7026 | 18.4% |

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General and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $7.0 million or 18.4%, to $45.3 million compared to $38.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $2.6 million related to tax filings in multiple jurisdictions and $2.3 million in payment processing fees related to an increase in customer transactions.

***General and Administrative - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| General and administrative | $142371 | $113179 | $29192 | 25.8% |

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General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $29.2 million or 25.8%, to $142.4 million compared to $113.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $13.6 million in salaries and related personnel expenses primarily as a result of payroll taxes from increased option exercises, $6.9 million in payment processing fees related to an increase in customer transactions, $3.4 million related to tax filings in multiple jurisdictions, and $2.6 million in technology expenses.

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***Other (Expense) Income, Net - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net | $(89) | $229 | $(318) | (138.9)% |

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Other (expense) income, net, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $0.3 million or 138.9% to $(0.1) million compared to $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to unfavorable foreign exchange fluctuations.

***Other (Expense) Income, Net - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net | $(1651) | $290 | $(1941) | (669.3)% |

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Other (expense) income, net, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $1.9 million or 669.3% to $(1.7) million compared to $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to unfavorable foreign exchange fluctuations.

***Interest Income - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Interest income | $10311 | $10504 | $(193) | (1.8)% |

---

Interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by an immaterial amount compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024.

***Interest Income - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Interest income | $29313 | $30029 | $(716) | (2.4)% |

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Interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by an immaterial amount compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;***(Benefit) for Income Taxes - Three Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | **Three Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Benefit for income taxes | $(188) | $(1200) | $1012 | (84.3)% |

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The Company recorded income tax benefit of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to income tax benefit of $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 representing an increase of $1.0 million. This increase was primarily due to filings in foreign jurisdictions.

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***Provision for Income Taxes - Nine Month Change***

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**$ Change** |<br>**% Change** |
| | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) | ($ in thousands) |
| Provision for income taxes | $546 | $64 | $482 | 753.1% |

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The Company recorded income tax expense of $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to income tax expense of $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 representing an increase of $0.5 million. This increase was primarily due to an increase in profits before taxes in our international entities.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate cash to fund our operating, investing, and financing activities. In doing so, we review and analyze our primary sources and uses of liquidity to include cash balances on hand and cash flows from operations.

Since our inception through September 30, 2025, we have financed our operations primarily through payments received from our customers and sales of equity securities, including the completion of our initial public offering in September 2023. As of September 30, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity included cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash totaling $981.0 million, with such amounts held for working capital purposes. Our cash equivalents were comprised of $322.7 million in money market funds.

Our primary cash needs are for personnel-related expenses, selling and marketing expenses, and third-party cloud infrastructure expenses.

Based upon our current levels of operations, we believe our operating cash flows provide sufficient liquidity to support liquidity and financing needs for at least the next twelve months. Our ability to continue to meet these requirements and obligations will depend on, among other things, our ability to achieve anticipated levels of revenue and cash flow from operations, and our ability to manage costs and working capital successfully. Additionally, our cash flow generation ability is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors, and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that our business will generate cash flow from operations in an amount sufficient to enable us to fund our liquidity needs.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our working capital:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of,** | **As of,** |
| | **September 30,** | **December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **($ in thousands)** |  |  |
| Cash | $980267 | $881473 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash, current<sup>(1)</sup> |  | 375 |
| Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts | 61244 | 43095 |
| Deferred contract acquisition costs | 27004 | 20544 |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 41494 | 34262 |
| Accounts payable | 20515 | 14579 |
| Accrued expenses | 94546 | 99828 |
| Operating lease liabilities | 24510 | 20989 |
| Deferred revenue | 87926 | 64497 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total Working Capital**  | $**882512** | $**779856** |

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______________

(1)Restricted cash related to our required collateral to fund payroll and credit card obligations in the Australia entity.

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Working capital consists of current assets (including cash, current portion of restricted cash, accounts receivable, current deferred contract acquisition costs, current prepaid expenses and other current assets), less current liabilities (including accounts payable, accrued expenses, current lease liabilities, and deferred revenue, all of which is current).

***Statement of Cash Flows***

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our beginning balance of cash, net cash flows provided by operating, investing and financing activities, and our ending balance of cash. For additional detail, see our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** | **Nine Months Ended September 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **($ in thousands)** |  |  |
| Net cash provided by (used in) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating activities | $124847 | $105866 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Investing activities | (24784) | (11598) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Financing activities | (1645) | (6027) |
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $98418 | $88241 |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 882587 | 739657 |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $981005 | $827898 |

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***Operating Activities***

Net cash provided by operating activities of $124.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily attributable to a net loss of $38.8 million adjusted for non-cash charges of $217.1 million and net cash outflows of $53.5 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of $124.2 million of stock-based compensation expense, $39.7 million of prepaid marketing expense amortization, $21.5 million of amortization related to deferred contract acquisition costs, $18.2 million of operating lease costs, $13.1 million of depreciation and amortization expense and $1.9 million of bad debt expense. Net cash outflows from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a $35.2 million increase in deferred contract acquisition costs related to increase in sales commissions resulting from the increase in revenues, a $20.0 million increase in accounts receivable due to an increase in customer billings, a $17.5 million decrease in operating lease liabilities due to payments related to our operating lease obligations, a $1.7 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, and a $1.9 million decrease in accrued expenses and accounts payable due to timing of payments. The cash outflow was offset by cash inflows primarily from a $23.4 million increase in deferred revenue resulting from increased billings for subscriptions.

Net cash provided by operating activities of $105.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to a net loss of $19.2 million adjusted for non-cash charges of $176.1 million and net cash outflows of $51.1 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of $100.7 million of stock-based compensation expense, $39.7 million of prepaid marketing expense amortization, $13.8 million of amortization related to deferred contract acquisition costs, $12.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, and $9.6 million of operating lease costs. Net cash outflows from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a $24.5 million increase in deferred contract acquisition costs related to increase in sales commissions resulting from the increase in revenues, a $14.0 million increase in prepaid expenses due to prepayments for cloud infrastructure and hosting costs, a $11.8 million decrease in operating lease liabilities due to payments related to our operating lease obligations, a $11.5 million increase in accounts receivable due to an increase in customer billings, and a $2.8 million decrease in accrued expenses and accounts payable due to timing of payments. The cash outflow was offset by cash inflows primarily from a $12.8 million increase in deferred revenue resulting from increased billings for subscriptions.

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***Investing Activities***

Net cash used in investing activities of $24.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 consisted of $15.7 million of capitalized software development costs, $7.0 million purchases of property and equipment, and $2.0 million of business acquisition costs.

Net cash used in investing activities of $11.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 consisted of $8.0 million of capitalized software development costs and $3.6 million purchases of property and equipment.

***Financing Activities***

Net cash used in financing activities was $1.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and primarily consisted of approximately $9.7 million of proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan and $1.7 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options offset by $13.1 million used for the payment of employee tax obligations related to the net share settlement of stock-based compensation awards upon vesting.

Net cash used in financing activities of $6.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily consisted of approximately $7.0 million of proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan and $6.2 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options offset by $19.3 million used for the payment of employee tax obligations related to the net share settlement of stock-based compensation awards upon vesting.

***Cash Management***

We manage our operating cash management activities through banking relationships with our domestic and international subsidiaries and all of our cash requirements were serviced by the operating cash flows of our business. We diversify our cash deposits across a variety of well-established financial institutions based on ratings from nationally recognized rating organizations to reduce our exposure to counterparty and concentration risk.

We expect a continued increase in our cash balances as our business continues to grow. We expect to continue to diversify our cash management strategy to primarily include money market funds, highly-liquid debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies, senior corporate bonds, and commercial paper to reduce our global exposure on banking deposits.

***Lease Obligations***

We enter into various noncancellable lease agreements for certain office space and equipment used in the normal course of business. Our noncancellable lease obligations as of September 30, 2025 were $142.3 million, with $25.3 million payable within 12 months.

***Other Contractual Obligations***

We enter into various noncancellable agreements with marketing vendors and various service providers. Our noncancellable obligations as of September 30, 2025 were $247.5 million.

**Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates**

There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025.

**Recent Accounting Pronouncements**

See *Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies* in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this filing for a discussion about new accounting pronouncements adopted as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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**Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk**

We have operations within the United States and several international jurisdictions, and are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk is the risk of loss that may impact our financial position, future earnings, or future cash flows that may result from changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk is primarily a result of fluctuations in interest rates and inflation. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative, hedging, or trading purposes, although in the future we might enter into exchange rate hedging arrangements to manage the risks described below.

***Interest Rate Risk***

We had cash of $981.0 million as of September 30, 2025, which consisted of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash held in deposit accounts at financial institutions, and money market funds held with financial institutions. Our cash is held for working capital and general corporate purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our cash holdings in interest bearing accounts are exposed to market risk due to fluctuations in interest rates, which may affect our interest income. As of September 30, 2025, we had no debt, and therefore no potential market risk for interest expense.

***Inflation Risk***

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We continue to monitor the impact of inflation in order to reduce its effects through pricing strategies, productivity improvements, and cost reductions. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Foreign Currency Risk***

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The reporting and functional currency of our wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. All of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore our revenue is not subject to significant foreign currency risk.

Our operating expenses are denominated in the currencies of the countries in which our operations are located, which are primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Ireland. Our consolidated results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk or other derivative financial instruments, although we may choose to do so in the future. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar would not have a material impact on our operating results.

**Item 4. Controls and Procedures**

***Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures***

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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***Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting***

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

***Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures***

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, the effectiveness of any internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute assurance that its objectives will be met. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business, but cannot assure you that such improvements will be sufficient to provide us with effective internal control over financial reporting.

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**Part II - Other Information**

**Item 1. Legal Proceedings**

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to, nor is our property currently subject to, any material legal proceedings, nor are we involved in any legal proceedings the outcome of which we currently believe would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations based on the status of the proceedings at this time. We are not aware of any governmental inquiries or investigations into our business.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors**

*Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we do not currently believe to be material. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our Series A common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. Certain statements contained in the risk factors described below are forward-looking statements. See the section titled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for more information.*

**Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry**

***Our rapid historical revenue growth is not indicative of our future revenue growth, and we may not be able to sustain our historical revenue growth rate, in the near term and in the future.***

We have experienced rapid revenue growth in recent periods. Our revenue was $883.8 million and $667.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing a growth rate of 32.4%. Our rapid revenue growth has been driven by increases in our customer count, growth of existing customers, our expansion into international markets, our sales to mid-market businesses, and the cross-selling of our text messaging offering alongside our data platform and email offering. We anticipate that our revenue growth rate will decelerate over time as a result of a variety of factors, including the maturation of our business, and you should not rely on our historical revenue growth as an indication of our future performance. Overall growth of our revenue depends on several factors, including our ability to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• expand subscriptions to our platform for our existing customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increase the number of products we sell;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• improve the functionality of our products and our platform and achieve and/or maintain market acceptance for them;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• retain existing customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• attract new customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• succeed in selling our products in new verticals and in markets outside the United States;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• keep pace with technological developments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• price our platform subscriptions competitively;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increase pricing on sales of our products, which may differ from product to product;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide our customers with support that meets their needs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• successfully identify and acquire or invest in businesses, products, or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our platform; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increase awareness of our brand on a global basis and successfully compete with other companies.

We may not successfully accomplish any of these objectives. If we do not, or if the assumptions that we use to plan our business are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our market, or if we are unable to maintain our revenue growth for any reason, including the reasons listed above, it may be difficult to maintain profitability, the trading price of our Series A common stock may continue to be volatile, demand for our products and our platform could decline, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

***Our business has experienced rapid growth, and if we fail to effectively manage our growth or anticipated growth, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.***

We have experienced rapid growth in our business since inception, and we may continue to experience rapid growth. Our headcount has grown from 2,081 employees as of September 30, 2024 to 2,437 employees as of September 30, 2025. In addition, we have been expanding our international operations since 2019. We opened offices in the United Kingdom and Australia in 2019 and 2022, respectively, and we expanded our presence in the European region by adding operations in Ireland in 2024. In 2025, we expanded our presence in the Asia Pacific region by adding operations in Singapore. We have also experienced significant growth in the number of customers using our platform, including the number of international customers, which increased from approximately 85,000 as of September 30, 2024 to approximately 103,000 as of September 30, 2025. We plan to continue to expand our international operations in the future. We have also experienced significant growth in the number of products, features, and messaging channels we offer (such as Reviews, Marketing Analytics, Advanced KDP, Marketing Agent, Customer Agent, Customer Hub, Helpdesk, and AI features, as well as additional messaging channels like text messaging, mobile push, and WhatsApp) and the usage and amount of data that our platform and associated infrastructure support. This growth has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our operational infrastructure, financial resources, corporate culture, and management team.

In addition, our organizational structure has become more complex over time. In order to manage these increasing complexities, we will need to continue to scale and adapt our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures. The expansion of our systems and infrastructure will require us to commit substantial operational, financial, and management resources before our revenue increases and without any assurances that our revenue will increase.

In order to successfully manage our future growth and manage our business effectively, we will need to continue to improve our operating and administrative systems, and our ability to manage headcount, capital, and internal processes. Continued growth could challenge our ability to develop and improve our operational, financial, and management controls, enhance our reporting systems and procedures, recruit, train, and retain highly skilled personnel in a timely manner or at all, and maintain user satisfaction. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as we grow, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Further, as our customer base continues to grow, we will need to expand our account management and customer service teams and continue to scale our platform. If we are not able to continue to provide high levels of customer service, our reputation could suffer, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***We have a limited operating history in a rapidly changing industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects and increases the risk of your investment.***

We were founded and launched our platform in 2012. As a result of our limited operating history, our ability to forecast our future results of operations is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for future growth. Our historical growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance. We have encountered

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and will continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, such as risks and uncertainties related to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• retention of customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• adding new customers, particularly in the mid-market and enterprise categories;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• competition;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to control costs, particularly our operating expenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• network outages or security breaches and any associated expenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• executing acquisitions and integrating the acquired businesses, technologies, products, and other assets; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• general economic, political, and market conditions, both domestically and in our foreign markets, including changes in the U.S. and foreign laws and regulations on international trade, tariffs or other disruptions to commerce.

If we do not address these risks successfully, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

***We operate in a highly competitive industry, and if we do not compete effectively with established companies or new market entrants, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.***

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we expect competition to continue to increase. We face competition from a number of companies, including Adobe, Salesforce, Mailchimp, and Braze. We believe that our ability to compete depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• fast time-to-value and ROI for customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• ease of deployment, implementation, and use;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• unified data architecture, with the ability to synchronize unaggregated, historical customer profile data with real-time event data in a single system-of-record;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• integrations with third-party applications, data sources, and open-source technologies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• breadth and depth of features and functionality;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• quality and accuracy of data and predictive intelligence;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• ability to support multiple use cases and verticals;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• strength of sales & marketing and partnership efforts;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• market vision and product strategy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pace of innovation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• brand awareness and reputation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• performance, scalability, security, and reliability; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• quality of service and customer satisfaction.

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The integration and adoption of AI technology is rapidly changing the competitive dynamics of our industry. Competitors with superior AI capabilities, whether through greater investment in AI development, access to larger or higher quality training datasets, or more advanced AI models, may be able to offer more effective, efficient, or innovative solutions that attract customers. If we are unable to continue developing and integrating advanced AI functionality at a pace that meets customer expectations or competitive benchmarks, our market position and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Many of our current and potential competitors have or may have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, and other resources than we do. They may secure better terms from partners, adopt more aggressive or alternative pricing policies, or devote more resources to technology, infrastructure, sales, marketing, and customer service. These competitors may also engage in more extensive research and development efforts or undertake more far-reaching marketing campaigns, which may allow them to attract customers or partners. For example, for our text messaging offering, we do not currently separate carrier fees from the fees that our customers pay for our product. In contrast, some of our competitors separate carrier fees from their product fees, which may create the appearance of a lower product fee and which may appear more attractive. Our competitors may also develop a platform or products that are similar to ours or that achieve greater market acceptance than ours. This could attract customers or partners away from our platform or our products and reduce our market share.

In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, our ability to compete effectively could be adversely affected. Our competitors may also establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future strategic distribution and technology partners or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to promote and increase the usage and adoption of our platform. We expect to encounter new competitors, which may include any of our current or future third-party platform providers or technology partners, both geographically and in our market verticals in and outside of retail and eCommerce. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***Our business and success depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate with third-party platforms, especially with eCommerce platforms such as Shopify, and our business would be harmed as a result of any disruptions to these third-party platform integrations or our relationships with third-party platform providers.***

We depend on product integrations with various third-party platforms, especially eCommerce platforms, to sustain and grow our business. The integration of our platform and our products with these third-party platforms, including eCommerce platforms, provides us with substantial amounts of additional first-party data that would otherwise be costly or difficult to obtain. These integrations also allow us to attract customers that use these platforms to conduct their business activity. Further, our customers' experience with our platform is dependent on our ability to connect easily to these third-party platforms as well as the effectiveness and utility of these integrations. The companies that operate these third-party platforms generally dictate, to varying degrees, the terms of use of their respective platforms, including the manner and procedure by which we integrate with their respective platforms. We may fail to maintain and improve upon these integrations or relationships for many reasons, including due to our or the third parties' failure to maintain, support, or secure their third-party platforms in general and our integrations in particular, errors, bugs, or defects in our or their technology, or changes in our or their technology platforms or our relationship with such third parties due to actual or perceived competing platforms or offerings. Any such failure to integrate data from a third-party platform, or any disruption on an eCommerce platform that prevents us from integrating with that platform or reduces the interoperability between our platform and the respective third-party platform, could harm our relationship with our customers, adversely impact our reputation and brand, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Additionally, these third-party platforms may develop and deploy their own AI-powered capabilities. As they do so, they may alter access to data, APIs, or integration frameworks in ways that limit interoperability with our platform or diminish the utility of our products. Third-party platform operators may also embed AI-driven marketing, analytics, or automation features into their platforms that compete with, or reduce customer demand for, our products and services. Any of these developments could reduce the effectiveness of our integrations, limit our access to first-party data, reduce the

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utility of and demand for our platform, or otherwise adversely affect our relationships with customers and partners, our competitive position, and our business and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2024, approximately 77.7% of our ARR was derived from customers who also use Shopify's platform, while only approximately 9.4% of our new ARR in 2024 was derived from customers that came to us through the Shopify app store. Shopify also helps to promote our brand by referring new customers to us, and under our partnership with Shopify, we are the recommended email solution for Shopify Plus customers globally. Any disruption to the functionality of our integration with Shopify, including our removal from their app store, could create delays in data synchronization for our customers and adversely affect the customer experience. Further, if Shopify is unable or unwilling to continue to integrate with our platform for any reason, or if our products or our platform no longer integrate with Shopify's platform, our customers that use Shopify's eCommerce platform could be required to switch to another eCommerce platform in order to continue using our platform and our products. However, the termination or degradation of our integration with Shopify could cause us to lose customers if these customers do not transition to a new eCommerce platform, or if they transition to a platform that does not integrate with our platform. We also have integrations with other third-party eCommerce platforms, such as BigCommerce, Centra, Magento, Nuvemshop, PrestaShop, Salesforce Commerce Cloud, Square, Wix, and WooCommerce, and some of our customers transition from one third-party eCommerce platform to another while remaining on our platform. Further, diversifying our contractual relationships and operations with other platforms could increase the complexity of our operations and lead to increased costs. The current term of our agreement with Shopify expires in 2029, and Shopify could refuse to renew such agreement or renegotiate such agreement on terms that are neither favorable to us nor commercially reasonable. If our agreement with Shopify is not renewed, if there are any disruptions to our Shopify integration or if we are unsuccessful in maintaining our relationship with Shopify, for any reason, including actual or perceived competing offerings, the utility of and demand for our platform and our products could decline, and our business, financial condition, and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

***Our business and success depend, in part, on the success of our relationships with third parties, such as our marketing agency and technology partners.***

We rely on third-party relationships, such as marketing agency and technology partners, to attract customers and enhance the utility of our platform. If any of the third parties on which we rely fails to perform as expected, breaches or terminates their agreement with us, or becomes engaged in a dispute with us, our reputation could be adversely affected and our business could be harmed.

For example, we rely on third-party agency partners and other marketing partners to help us acquire and retain customers. If these partners fail to promote our platform or refer new customers to us, fail to support our existing customers, begin promoting competing brands in addition to or instead of ours, are forced to change their marketing practices in response to new or existing regulations or cease to be viewed as credible sources of information by our potential customers, we may face decreased demand for our solutions, higher than expected customer acquisition costs and loss of revenue.

We also collaborate with third-party technology partners, including systems integrators and third-party developers, to enhance the utility of our platform. For example, these partners build integrations that extend our platform's core product functionality or bring additional data into our platform. These technology partners may fail to maintain, support, or improve their integrations, which could reduce the utility of our platform and in turn could decrease demand for our platform and products, harm our reputation and brand, and have a negative effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

In order to grow our business, we anticipate that we will continue to depend on relationships with third parties. Identifying, negotiating, and documenting relationships with partners requires significant time and resources. Our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to third parties to favor their products or services or to prevent or reduce use of our services. In addition, acquisitions of our partners by our competitors could result in a decrease in the

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number of our current and potential customers, as our partners may no longer facilitate the adoption of our service by potential customers.

If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or grow our revenues could be impaired and our business, financial condition, and operating results may suffer.

***Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the global economy, or reductions in spending on marketing, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.***

Our results of operations may vary based on changes in our industry, particularly changes in the retail and eCommerce industry, as well as the impact of the global economy on our customers. Our results of operations currently depend, in part, on the demand for marketing and related services, of which the vast majority are for retail and eCommerce businesses. In addition, our revenue is dependent on the usage of our platform and the demand for our products, which in turn are influenced by the amount of business that our customers conduct. To the extent that weak or volatile economic conditions, including due to public health crises, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, inflation, government shutdowns, geopolitical developments (such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the conflict in the Gaza Strip, as well as the implementation of, or changes to or further expansions of, trade sanctions, export restrictions, tariffs, and embargoes), deterioration of the financial services industry and other events outside of our control, result in a reduced volume of business for our customers and prospective customers, demand for, and use of, our platform and our products may decline. Specifically, because we currently operate primarily in the retail and eCommerce space, any disruption caused to the customers in this space, such as a weak global economy or the introduction of tariffs causing a shift in the economic viability of the retail and eCommerce businesses, may require us to adapt our business model and our operations accordingly. Increased tariff rates could adversely affect our customers' and suppliers' businesses and in turn adversely impact our business and usage of our platform, including customers requesting discounts on our products and services and/or delaying their purchasing decisions. In addition, the imposition of taxes that target U.S. service providers, such as us, could directly increase the prices that our customers pay and adversely affect our business, and changes or uncertainties in U.S. trade policies toward foreign countries could create unfavorable economic conditions that may adversely affect our operations and growth. Furthermore, weak economic conditions may make it more difficult to collect on outstanding accounts receivable and increase our expenses. Specifically, customers may fail to make payments when due, default under their agreements with us, or become insolvent or declare bankruptcy, or a supplier may determine that it will no longer do business with us as a customer. Additionally, we generate a significant portion of our revenue from small businesses, which may be affected by economic downturns and other adverse macroeconomic conditions, as small businesses may be more likely to reduce their marketing expenses during such periods and do so to a greater extent than larger enterprises and typically have more limited financial resources, including capital borrowing capacity. In addition, a customer or supplier could be adversely affected by any of the liquidity or other risks that are described elsewhere in this section as factors that could result in material adverse impacts on us, including but not limited to delayed access or loss of access to uninsured deposits or loss of the ability to draw on existing credit facilities involving a troubled or failed financial institution. If our customers reduce their use of our platform, or prospective customers delay adoption or elect not to adopt our platform or purchase our products, as a result of a weak economy or rising inflation and increased costs or otherwise, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

***We may not be able to add new customers, retain existing customers, or increase sales to existing customers, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.***

We derive, and expect to continue to derive, the significant majority of our revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our platform. Our business and our growth are dependent on our ability to continue to attract and acquire new customers while retaining existing customers and expanding both their usage of our platform and the products we sell to them. The

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demand for our products may be inhibited, and we may be unable to grow our business and customer base, for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our failure to develop or offer new or enhanced products or features in a timely manner that keeps pace with new technologies, including rapidly evolving AI capabilities, competitor offerings, and the evolving needs of our customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• difficulties providing or maintaining a high level of customer satisfaction, which could cause our existing customers to cancel or decrease their subscriptions or stop referring prospective customers to us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increases in our customer churn, decreases in our customer renewals or our failure to convert customers from lower tiers to higher tier priced subscriptions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• perceived or actual security, availability, integrity, privacy, reliability, quality, or compatibility problems with our platform, including unscheduled downtime, outages, or security breaches;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in search engine ranking algorithms or in search terms used by potential customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our inability to market our platform in a cost-effective manner to new customers or to our existing customers due to changes in regulation, or changes in the enforcement of existing regulation, that would affect our marketing or pricing practices;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• unexpected increases in the costs of acquiring new customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to expand into new industry verticals and use cases; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to expand into new geographic regions.

In order for us to sustain demand for our products and maintain or increase our revenue growth, it is important that our customers renew and/or expand their subscriptions. Most of our customers' subscriptions with us are month-to-month, and they therefore have no obligation to renew their subscriptions or maintain their usage levels. Some of our customers have elected not to renew their subscriptions with us in the past, and it is difficult to accurately predict long-term customer retention. Further, to achieve continued growth, we must not only maintain our relationships with our existing customers, but expand our commercial relationships with our existing customers and encourage them to increase usage of our platform.

In order to increase our sales to new and existing customers, we may need to significantly expand our selling and marketing operations, including our sales force and third-party referral and marketing agency partners, and continue to dedicate significant resources to selling and marketing programs, both domestically and internationally. We rely on our marketing agency partners to provide certain services to our customers, as well as refer new customers to our platform. Our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our platform will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively organize, focus, and train our selling and marketing personnel, attract new marketing agency partners and retain existing marketing agency partners.

Any failure to continue to attract new customers, retain existing customers or increase usage of our platform by existing customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***We have a history of net losses, we anticipate increasing operating expenses in the future, and we may not be able to achieve and maintain profitability in the future.***

We incurred net losses of $46.1 million and $308.2 million in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and net losses of $0.4 million and $38.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. We are not certain whether we will be able to achieve and maintain profitability in the future. Based on our current planned operations, we expect our cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operating expenses for at least the next twelve months. We have based this estimate on assumptions that in the future may prove to be wrong, and we

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could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. We also expect our costs and expenses to increase in future periods as we continue to invest in our business and increase our product offerings, which could negatively affect our future results of operations if our revenue does not continue to increase. In particular, we intend to continue to expend substantial financial resources on:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our technology infrastructure and operations, including systems architecture, scalability, availability, performance, and security;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• platform development, including investments in our platform development team and the development of new products and functionality for our platform as well as investments in further improving our existing platform and infrastructure;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• international expansion;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our selling and marketing organization, to engage our existing and prospective customers, increase brand awareness and drive adoption of our products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• acquisitions or strategic investments; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• general administration, including increased insurance, legal, and accounting expenses associated with being a public company.

We may not achieve the benefits anticipated from these investments, which could be more costly than we currently anticipate, or the realization of these benefits could be delayed. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we are unable to maintain or increase our revenue at a rate sufficient to offset the expected increase in our costs, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected, and the trading price of our Series A common stock could decline as a result.

***As we seek to move up-market, we expect our sales cycle with enterprise customers to be longer than with small-and-mid size businesses and we will be required to scale our operations, including by expanding our sales efforts, which may require considerable time and expense.***

The majority of our customers are small to mid-size businesses and subscribe to our platform on a month-to-month basis. However, as we scale our business and enter into agreements with larger customers, such as enterprise customers, we expect that we will enter into longer-term agreements for usage of our platform and products. We anticipate that these prospective enterprise customers may have lengthy sales cycles for the evaluation and procurement of our platform and the timing of our sales cycles with these enterprise customers and the related revenue may be difficult to predict. Any delays in our sales cycles may increase the amount of time between when we incur the operating expenses related to these sales efforts and, upon successful sales, the generation of corresponding revenue. Further, we may incur additional selling and marketing expenses as we move up-market and shift our sales strategy to adapt not only to longer sales cycles but to the nature of a new sales motion associated with enterprise sales. As we seek to acquire these enterprise customers, we also anticipate that we will need to increase our sales and customer support capabilities. We may also be required to spend a significant amount of time and resources to train our sales and customer support teams for interfacing with enterprise customers, as well as educating our potential enterprise customers and familiarizing them with our platform. Additionally, these large organizations may have large data sets that require us to evaluate our existing data storage, collection and processing capabilities, and enhance the features and scalability of our platform. Enterprise customers may also view a subscription to our platform and products as a strategic decision with significant investment. As a result, these customers may require considerable time to evaluate, test, and qualify our platform prior to entering into or expanding a subscription. As we engage with enterprise customers, we may expend a greater amount of time and money on selling and marketing and contract negotiation activities, which may not result in a sale. Additional factors that may influence the length and variability of our sales cycle include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the effectiveness of our sales team as we hire and train our new salespeople to sell to large enterprise customers;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the discretionary nature of purchasing, budget cycles, and decisions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the obstacles placed by customers' procurement processes;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• economic conditions and other factors impacting customer budgets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• customers' familiarity with our products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• customers' evaluation of competing products during the purchasing process; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• evolving customer demands.

In light of these factors, it is difficult to predict whether and when a sale will be completed, and if completed, the additional customer engagement and services we will need to provide for the duration of the agreement. Consequently, our efforts to expand up-market and enter into agreements with larger organizations may be difficult and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition if we do not adapt our business to the needs of the enterprise customer base.

***We have historically invested significantly in research and development and expect this investment to continue. If these investments do not translate into new products or enhancements to our current products or product features, or if we do not use those investments efficiently, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.***

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our research and development expenses were 25.4%, 37.6%, 23.4%, and 24.3% of our revenue, respectively. Research and development projects can be technically challenging and expensive, particularly as we work to expand both the channels through which we offer our products and the use cases for our products beyond marketing. In addition, our products have varying associated communication sending costs, and our research and development team may not be able to mitigate the impact of growth in any of those higher-cost channels, such as text messaging, by maintaining efficiency. The nature of research and development cycles may cause us to experience delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development and the time we are able to offer compelling products and generate revenue, if any, from this investment. Additionally, anticipated customer demand for a product we are developing could decrease after the development cycle has commenced, and we would nonetheless be unable to avoid substantial costs associated with the development of any such product. If we expend a significant amount of resources on research and development and our efforts do not lead to the successful introduction or improvement of products that are competitive in our current or future markets or if we do not spend our research and development budget efficiently or effectively on compelling innovation and technologies, our competitive advantage may be adversely affected, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***If we fail to adapt and respond effectively to technological changes, evolving industry standards, changing regulations or changing customer or consumer needs, requirements or preferences, our platform may become less competitive.***

The market in which we compete is relatively new and subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, and changing regulations, as well as changing customer and consumer needs, requirements, and preferences, including changes in the use of channels through which consumers desire to communicate with brands. For example, while email marketing has been the primary product on our platform, our text messaging and WhatsApp offering is relatively new, and customers may prefer text message, WhatsApp, or push marketing campaigns or campaigns using other new types of communication channels to email campaigns in the future. Further, as consumer engagement and purchasing behaviors evolve across emerging channels and technologies, we may need to adapt our offering to align with these shifts, manage the differing margin profiles associated with such channels and technologies and mitigate potential margin compression. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to adapt and respond effectively to changes in customer and consumer preference on a timely basis in the markets that we currently serve, such as retail and eCommerce, and in markets we may enter in the future. Our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our platform and products, offer new features as part

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of our existing products, offer new products, and increase adoption and usage of our platform and products. For example, we expect that the number of integrations with our customers' infrastructure that we will need to support will continue to expand as customers and developers adopt new software solutions, and we may have to develop new integrations to work with those new solutions. The success of any enhancements to our existing or new products depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, actual performance quality, market-accepted pricing levels, and overall market acceptance. Enhancements to our existing and new products that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors or defects, may have interoperability difficulties with our platform or products, or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue.

Further, the use of machine learning and AI has become increasingly prevalent in our industry, and, although we intend to continue developing our platform's machine learning and AI capabilities to meet the needs of our customers and partners, we may be unable to accurately or efficiently integrate machine learning and AI features or functionalities of the quality or type sought by our customers and partners or offered by our competitors. These development efforts may also require significant engineering, sales, and marketing resources, all of which could require significant capital and management investment. If we are unable to enhance our platform and product offerings to keep pace with rapid technological and regulatory change, or if new technologies, including machine learning and AI solutions, emerge that are able to deliver competitive products at aggressive or alternative prices, more efficiently, more conveniently or more securely than our platform, demand for our platform and product offerings may decline, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

***We depend on our senior management team, and the loss of one or more members of our senior management team or our key employees, or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees, could adversely affect our business.***

Our success depends upon the continued service and contributions of our executive officers. We rely on our leadership team for research and development, marketing, sales, services, and general and administrative functions, and on mission-critical individual contributors. In particular, we depend on the vision, skills, experience, and effort of our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, Andrew Bialecki. From time to time, our executive management team has changed and may continue to change due to the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. We do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our employees, so the loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees (including any limitation on the performance of their duties or short-term or long-term absences as a result of illness or disability) could adversely affect our business.

Our future success also depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. Competition for this type of personnel is intense, especially for experienced software engineers and senior sales executives. In addition, a portion of our workforce is remote, which adds to the complexity of our business operations. We expect to continue to experience difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources.

Many of our key personnel are vested in a substantial amount of shares of our Series A common stock, Series B common stock, restricted stock units, and/or stock options. Employees may be more likely to terminate their employment with us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their vested restricted stock units or options have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares or the exercise price of the options or grant date values of the restricted stock units, or, conversely, if the exercise price of the options that they hold are significantly above the trading price of our Series A common stock. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the stock awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our stock awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, it could adversely affect our business and future growth prospects.

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***If we fail to maintain and enhance our brand, our ability to maintain or expand our customer base may be impaired and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.***

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand is important to support the marketing and sale of our existing and future products to new customers and expand sales of our platform and products to existing customers. We also believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase as competition in our market increases. Successfully maintaining and enhancing our brand will depend largely on our ability to carry out effective marketing efforts, provide reliable products that continue to meet the needs of our customers at competitive prices, maintain our customers' trust, ensure the protection of our customers' data, develop new functionality and use cases, and successfully differentiate our products and platform capabilities from the products of our competitors. Our brand promotion activities may not generate customer awareness or yield increased revenue and, even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, the demand for our products may decline, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

***Doing business internationally exposes us to significant risks, and our future success depends in part on our ability to navigate the international business environment and drive the adoption of our products by international customers.***

The future success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our customer base worldwide, and we are continuing to expand our international operations to increase our revenue from customers located outside of the United States as part of our growth strategy. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we derived 40.2% and 39.5% of our revenue from customer accounts outside of the United States. We currently have international offices in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Ireland, and we expect that we may in the future open additional offices internationally and hire employees to work at these offices in order to grow our business, reach new customers, and gain access to additional technical talent. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic, and political risks in addition to those we already face in the United States. Because of our limited experience with international operations as well as developing and managing sales in international markets, we may not succeed in marketing our products to potential customers internationally, as a result of which our international expansion efforts may not be successful, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In addition, we will face risks in doing business internationally that could adversely affect our business, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes, which may be unexpected, in a specific country's or region's political, economic, or legal and regulatory environment, including public health crises, geopolitical conflicts, terrorist activities, tariffs, trade wars or trade conflicts, or long-term environmental risks;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the need to adapt and localize our platform for specific countries, and the costs associated with adapting and localizing our platform;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• longer payment cycles and greater difficulty enforcing contracts, collecting accounts receivable, or satisfying revenue recognition criteria, especially in emerging markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• differing and potentially more onerous labor regulations, especially in Europe, where labor laws are generally more advantageous to employees as compared to the United States, including deemed hourly wage and overtime regulations in these locations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• challenges inherent in efficiently managing, and the increased costs associated with, an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need to implement appropriate systems, policies, benefits, and compliance programs that are specific to each jurisdiction;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• difficulties in managing a business in new markets with diverse cultures, languages, customs, legal systems, alternative dispute systems, and regulatory systems;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increased travel, real estate, infrastructure, and legal compliance costs associated with international operations;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• currency exchange rate fluctuations and the resulting effect on our revenue and expenses, and the cost and risk of entering into hedging transactions if we chose to do so in the future;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• laws and business practices favoring local competitors or general market preferences for local vendors or domestic products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• limited or insufficient intellectual property protection or difficulties obtaining, maintaining, protecting, or enforcing our intellectual property rights, including our trademarks and patents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• public health crises that could decrease economic activity in certain markets, decrease use of our products, or decrease our ability to import, export, or sell our products to existing or new customers in international markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• exposure to liabilities under export control, economic and trade sanctions, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering laws, including the Export Administration Regulations, the OFAC regulations, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the "FCPA"), U.S. bribery laws, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the "U.K. Bribery Act"), and similar laws and regulations in other jurisdictions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• differing technical standards, existing or future regulatory and certification requirements, and required features and functionality;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• burdens of complying with the foreign equivalents of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the "TCPA"), the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing Act of 2003 ("CAN-SPAM"), and similar laws and regulations in other jurisdictions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• burdens of complying with laws and regulations related to privacy and data security, including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (the "EU GDPR") and similar laws and regulations in other jurisdictions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• burdens of complying with laws and regulations related to taxation, including tariffs or the introduction of taxes by foreign countries that target U.S. service providers; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• adverse tax burdens, foreign exchange controls, and other regulations that could make it difficult to repatriate earnings and cash.

Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our international operations, and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***Our business and reputation could be adversely affected if our customers are not satisfied with the integration or implementation of our platform and products provided by us or our partners.***

The success of our business depends on our customers' satisfaction with our platform and our products and the support that we provide for our platform and products to help customers integrate and utilize our platform and products. If a customer is not satisfied with the quality of work performed by us or a third-party or with the solutions delivered, we could incur additional costs to address the deficiency, which would diminish the profitability of the customer relationship. If we do not help our customers quickly resolve issues and provide effective ongoing support, our ability to sell new products to existing and new customers will suffer and our reputation with existing or potential customers will be harmed, even if the dissatisfaction resulted from services provided by a third-party partner. Further, customer dissatisfaction with our products or support services, or negative publicity related to our customer relationships, could impair our ability to expand the subscriptions within our customer base or adversely affect our customers' renewal of existing subscriptions.

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***We may continue to experience quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations due to a number of factors that make our future results difficult to predict, could cause the trading price of our Series A common stock to fluctuate, and could cause our results of operations to fall below analyst or investor expectations.***

Our quarterly results of operations may continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, our past results may not be indicative of our future performance, and comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. For example, in the past we have seen an increase in demand for our platform and our products during the fourth quarter of each year and around Black Friday and Cyber Monday. Additionally, factors that may impact these fluctuations include, but are not limited to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• demand for our platform and products by our customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our success in retaining existing customers and attracting new customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing and success of new capabilities by us or by our competitors or any other change in the competitive landscape of our market;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the amount and timing of operating expenses and capital expenditures, as well as entry into operating leases, that we may incur to maintain and expand our business and operations and remain competitive;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing of expenses and recognition of revenue;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reduction in certain customers' usage of our platform that is subject to seasonal fluctuations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• security breaches, and technical difficulties involving our platform or interruptions or disruptions of our platform;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• adverse litigation judgments, other dispute-related settlement payments, or other litigation-related costs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in, and continuing uncertainty in relation to, the legislative or regulatory environment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing of hiring new employees;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the rate of expansion and productivity of our sales force;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing of the grant or vesting of equity awards to employees, directors, consultants, or advisors and the recognition of associated expenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• costs and timing of expenses related to the acquisition of businesses, talent, technologies, or intellectual property, including potentially significant amortization costs and possible write-downs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the impact of tax charges as a result of non-compliance with federal, state, or local tax regulations in the United States;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes to generally accepted accounting standards in the United States;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• public health crises, such as pandemics, epidemics, and outbreaks of infectious diseases;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• responses by domestic and international markets to tariffs and trade conflicts; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• general economic conditions in either domestic or international markets, including conditions resulting from geopolitical uncertainty and instability.

Any one or more of the factors above may result in significant fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations.

The variability and unpredictability of our quarterly results of operations or other operating metrics could result in our failure to meet our expectations, or those of our investors or analysts that cover us. If we fail to meet or exceed such

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expectations for these or any other reasons, the trading price of our Series A common stock could fluctuate, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

***We rely upon a third-party provider of cloud-based infrastructure to host and sell our products. Any disruption in the operations of this provider or limitations on capacity or interference with our use could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.***

We outsource substantially all the infrastructure relating to our cloud-based platform to a third-party hosting provider. Our customers need to be able to access our platform at any time, without interruption or degradation of performance. Our products depend on protecting the virtual cloud infrastructure hosted by a third-party hosting provider by maintaining its configuration, architecture, features, and interconnection specifications, as well as the information stored in these virtual data centers, which is transmitted by a third-party internet service provider. Any limitation on the capacity or availability of our third-party hosting provider could impede our ability to onboard new customers or expand the usage of our existing customers, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In the event that our service agreements with our third-party hosting provider are terminated or there is a lapse of service, elimination of services or features that we utilize, interruption of internet service provider connectivity or damage to such provider's facilities, we could experience interruptions in access to our platform as well as significant delays and additional expense in arranging or creating new facilities and services and/or re-architecting our cloud solution for deployment on a different cloud infrastructure service provider, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Our business depends on our ability to send consumer engagement messages, including emails, text messages and WhatsApp messages, and any significant disruption in service with our third-party providers or on mobile operating systems could result in a loss of customers or less effective consumer-brand engagement, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.***

Our brand, reputation, and ability to attract new customers depend on the reliable performance of our technology infrastructure and content delivery. Our platform engages with consumers through emails, text messages and WhatsApp messages, and we largely depend on third-party services to deliver these consumer engagement messages. Any incident broadly affecting the interaction of third-party devices with our platform, including any delays or interruptions in these services that could cause delays to emails, text messages and WhatsApp messages, could adversely affect our business. Similarly, cybersecurity events could result in a disruption to such third-party's services, including regulatory investigations, reputational damage, and a loss of sales and customers, which could in turn impact our business. A prolonged disruption, cybersecurity event or any other negative event affecting a third-party service could lead to customer dissatisfaction and could in turn damage our reputation with current and potential customers, result in a breach under our agreements with our customers, and cause us to lose customers or otherwise harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We depend in part on mobile operating systems and their respective infrastructures to send consumer engagement messages through various applications that utilize our platform. As new email, mobile devices, and mobile and web platforms are released, existing email, mobile devices, and platforms may cease to support our platform or effectively roll out updates to our customers' applications. Any changes in these systems or platforms that negatively impact the functionality of our platform could adversely affect our ability to interact with consumers in a timely and effective fashion, which could adversely affect our ability to retain and attract new customers. The parties that control the operating systems for mobile devices and mobile, web, and email platforms have no obligation to test the interoperability of new mobile devices or platforms with our platform, and third parties may produce new products that are incompatible with or not optimal for the operation of our platform. Additionally, in order to deliver high-quality consumer engagement, we need to ensure that our platform is designed to work effectively with a range of mobile technologies, systems, networks, and standards. If consumers choose to use products or platforms that do not support our platform, or if we do not ensure our platform can work effectively with such products or platforms, our business and growth could be harmed. We also may not be successful in developing or maintaining relationships with key participants in the email or mobile industries that permit

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such interoperability. If we are unable to adapt to changes in popular operating systems and platforms, we expect that our customer retention and customer growth would be adversely affected.

***We rely heavily on the reliability, security, and performance of our software. If our software contains serious errors or defects, or we have difficulty maintaining our software, we may lose revenue and market acceptance and may incur costs to defend or settle claims with our customers.***

The reliability and continuous availability of our platform is critical to our business. However, software and products in our industry often contain errors, defects, security vulnerabilities or software bugs that are difficult to detect and correct, particularly when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released. Our platform may contain serious errors or real or perceived defects, security vulnerabilities, failures or software bugs that we may be unable to successfully correct in a timely manner or at all, which could result in lost revenue, significant expenditures of capital, a delay or loss in market acceptance of our platform, negative publicity, loss of competitive position, lower customer retention or claims by customers for losses sustained by them and damage to our reputation and brand, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In such an event, we may be required, or may choose, to expend additional resources in order to help correct the problem(s). In addition, we may not carry insurance sufficient to compensate us for any losses that may result from claims arising from defects or disruptions in our products.

As a result of any of these events, our reputation and our brand could be harmed, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

***Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may harm our relationships with our customers, our brand, and our results of operations.***

Once our products are deployed, our customers depend on our support organization to resolve technical issues relating to our products. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services. We may also be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by our competitors. Increased customer demand for these services could increase costs and harm our results of operations. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on the quality of our products, the reputation of our business, the positive recommendations from our existing customers and through word-of-mouth generally. Any failure to maintain high-quality technical support, or a perception by our customers and others that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation and our ability to sell our products to existing and prospective customers, and as a result, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***If we are unable to maintain our culture and core values as we grow, we could lose the innovation, teamwork, passion, and focus on execution that we believe contribute to our success, and our business may be harmed.***

We believe our culture and core values are critical to our success and have delivered tangible financial and operational benefits to our customers, employees, and stockholders. Our values impact everything we do in our organization, and we have designed our core values as a guiding set of principles for our employees and business. Accordingly, we have invested substantial time and resources in building a team that reflects our culture and core values. As we continue to grow, our operations are likely to become increasingly complex, and we may find it difficult to maintain these important aspects of our culture and core values. Any failure to manage our anticipated growth and organizational changes in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our culture and core values could hurt our ability to recruit and retain personnel and effectively focus on and pursue our corporate objectives. Any failure to preserve our culture or core values could negatively affect our future success.

***Our inability to streamline operations and improve cost efficiencies could result in the contraction of our business and the implementation of significant cost cutting measures, including restructuring and reorganization activities which may be disruptive to our operations.***

We have previously undertaken, and may in the future undertake, efforts to streamline our operations and improve cost efficiencies to align with our priorities. For example, in March 2023, we implemented a reduction-in-force affecting

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approximately 8% of our global workforce. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, such as operational improvements and savings, from these efforts due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If there are unforeseen expenses associated with these efforts and we incur unanticipated charges or liabilities, or if we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Furthermore, our workforce reductions may be disruptive to our operations. For example, our workforce reductions could yield unanticipated consequences, such as attrition beyond planned staff reductions, increased difficulties in our day-to-day operations and reduced employee morale or productivity. We may also discover that the reductions in workforce and cost cutting measures will make it difficult for us to pursue new opportunities and initiatives and require us to hire qualified replacement personnel, which may require us to incur additional and unanticipated costs and expenses.

We may take similar steps in the future as we seek to realize operating synergies, optimize our operations to achieve our target operating model and profitability objectives, respond to market forces or better reflect changes in the strategic direction of our business. Our failure to successfully accomplish any of the above activities and goals could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our results of operations.***

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") and related accounting pronouncements, implementation guidelines, and interpretations we apply to a wide range of matters that are or could be relevant to our business, such as accounting for long-lived asset impairment, goodwill, variable interest entities, and stock-based compensation, are complex and involve subjective assumptions, estimates, and judgments by our management. Changes in these rules or their interpretation or changes in underlying assumptions, estimates or judgments by our management could significantly change or add significant volatility to our reported or expected financial performance. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred in the past, and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business. In addition, if we were to change our critical accounting estimates, including those related to the recognition of subscription revenue and other revenue sources or the period of benefit for deferred contract acquisition costs, our results of operations could be significantly affected. For more information, see *Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Polices* in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

***If our judgments or estimates relating to our critical accounting estimates are based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could fall below expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline of the trading price of our Series A common stock.***

The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our Series A common stock. Significant judgments, estimates, and assumptions used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include, or may in the future include, those related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation expense, business combinations, and tax sharing liability.

***We track and disclose certain operational metrics, which are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our stock price, business, results of operations, and financial condition.***

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We track and disclose certain operational metrics, including metrics such as KAV and NRR, which may differ from estimates or similar metrics published by third parties due to differences in sources, methodologies, or the assumptions on which we rely. Our internal systems and tools are subject to a number of limitations, and our methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we publicly disclose. If the internal systems and tools we use to track these metrics undercount or overcount performance or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the data we report may not be accurate.

Limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data or with respect to the data that we measure may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our long-term strategies. If our operational metrics are not accurate representations of our business, or if investors do not perceive these metrics to be accurate, or if we discover material inaccuracies with respect to these figures, our reputation may be significantly harmed, our stock price could decline, we may be subject to stockholder litigation, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

***If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.***

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the applicable listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and effective internal control over financial reporting. We continue to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. We also continue to improve our internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight.

Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting have been discovered in the past and may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Series A common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange. We are required to comply with the SEC rules implementing Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and must provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm is required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed, or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition, and could cause a decline in the trading price of our Series A common stock.

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***We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, and such fluctuations could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.***

Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As our international operations expand, our exposure to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates will increase. We expect to expand the number of transactions with customers that are denominated in foreign currencies in the future as we continue to expand our business internationally. Accordingly, changes in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar can affect our results of operations due to transactional and translational remeasurements. As a result of these foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations.

***Changes in tax law could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.***

The rules governing U.S. federal, state, and local and non-U.S. taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Treasury Department, and other taxing authorities. For example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "OBBBA") was signed into law. Key tax provisions include the restoration of 100% bonus depreciation for certain qualified property, immediate expensing for domestic research and experimental expenditures and modifications to international tax provisions. Changes to tax laws or tax rulings, or changes in interpretations of existing laws (which changes may have retroactive application), could adversely affect us or holders of our Series A common stock. These changes could subject us to additional income-based taxes and non-income taxes (such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, digital, net worth, property, and goods and services taxes), which in turn could materially affect our financial position and results of operations.

Additionally, new, changed, modified, or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our customers' and our compliance, operating, and other costs, as well as the costs of our products. In recent years, many such changes have been made, and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future.

Furthermore, as we expand the scale of our business activities, any changes in the U.S. and non-U.S. taxation of such activities may increase our effective tax rate and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, many countries are actively considering or have proposed or enacted changes to their tax laws based on the model rules adopted by The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") defining a 15% global minimum tax (commonly referred to as Pillar Two) that could increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business or cause us to change the way we operate our business.

***Our international operations and structure subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences.***

We currently conduct our operations in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and other jurisdictions through subsidiaries. Our intercompany arrangements with those subsidiaries are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in those jurisdictions, and these taxing authorities may challenge our methodologies for our determinations as to the value of assets sold or acquired or income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. In addition, our tax expense could be affected depending on the applicability of withholding and other taxes (including withholding and indirect taxes on software licenses and related intercompany transactions) under applicable laws. The relevant revenue and taxing authorities may also disagree with positions we have taken generally. If any such disagreements were to occur (whether with the taxing authorities in jurisdictions where we currently do business or in those of jurisdictions where we may in the future operate) and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations.

***Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income for U.S. federal tax purposes is subject to limitation and risk that could further limit our ability to utilize our net operating losses.***

As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $304.1 million of federal net operating losses ("NOLs"), which have an indefinite life. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $232.6 million of state NOLs. State NOLs have a

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definite life, with various expiration dates beginning in 2027. Under current law, federal NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal NOLs is limited to 80% of our taxable income annually for tax years beginning after December 31, 2020. NOLs generated prior to December 31, 2017, however, have a 20-year carryforward period, but are not subject to the 80% limitation. Due to certain executive option exercises as well as tax legislation impacts from the OBBBA, we anticipate NOLs to increase in the future.

Under U.S. federal income tax law, a corporation's ability to utilize its NOLs to offset future taxable income may be significantly limited if it experiences an "ownership change" as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended. In general, an ownership change will occur if there is a cumulative change in a corporation's ownership by "5 percent shareholders" that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period, including changes in ownership arising from new issuances of stock. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. Our ability to use net operating loss to reduce future taxable income and liabilities may be subject to annual limitations as a result of ownership changes that may occur in the future. A corporation that experiences an ownership change will generally be subject to an annual limitation on the use of its pre-ownership change NOLs equal to the value of the corporation immediately before the ownership change, multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate (subject to certain adjustments). Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we have acquired or may acquire in the future may be subject to similar limitations. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs by federal or state taxing authorities or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to reduce future income tax liabilities. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs reflected on our balance sheet, even if we attain profitability, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***We may require additional capital to support the growth of our business, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.***

We have funded our operations since inception primarily through equity financings and cash generated from our operations through sales of subscriptions to our platform. We cannot be certain when, or if, our operations will generate sufficient cash to fully fund our ongoing operations or the growth of our business. We intend to continue to make investments to support our business and our growth, and may require additional funds to respond to future business challenges, including the need to develop new features or enhance our platform, improve our operating infrastructure, or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we incur debt, the debt holders would have rights senior to holders of our Series A common stock to make claims on our assets, and the terms of any debt could include restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, any of which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. Furthermore, if we issue equity or equity-linked securities, our existing stockholders could experience dilution, and new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of our Series A common stock. As a result, our stockholders bear the risk of future issuances of debt or equity securities reducing the value of our Series A common stock and diluting their interests. Additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, if at all. There has recently been volatility in and disruptions to the global economy, including the equity and debt financial markets. Such volatility and economic downturns in general could limit our access to capital markets and increase our borrowing costs. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Partnerships, strategic investments, alliances or acquisitions could be difficult to identify, pose integration challenges, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.***

We have in the past and may in the future seek to enter into joint ventures, or acquire or invest in new businesses, products, platform capabilities or technologies that we believe could complement our products or expand our platform capabilities, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. For example, in October 2022, we

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acquired Napkin.io, a platform that provides developers an easy and secure way to write and deploy code, and in August 2025, we acquired Gatsby, a social automation product that helps brands convert engagement over social channels into owned customer relationships. In the future, we may not be able to find and identify desirable joint ventures, acquisition targets or business opportunities or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular potential strategic partner. Additionally, any such venture, acquisition or investment may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products and platform capabilities, personnel or operations of any acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of an acquired company choose not to work for us, their software is not easily adapted to work with our platform or our products, or if we have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in ownership, management or otherwise. These transactions may also disrupt our business, divert our resources, and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for the development of our existing business. Any such transactions that we are able to complete may not result in any synergies or other benefits we had expected to achieve, which could result in impairment charges that could be substantial. These transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if the resulting business from such a transaction fails to meet our expectations, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected, or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

***Any future litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend.***

We have been and may from time to time in the future be subject to litigation and legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by our customers in connection with commercial disputes or employment claims made by our current or former employees. Litigation might result in substantial costs and may divert management's attention and resources, which might seriously harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We evaluate these litigation claims and legal proceedings to assess the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes and to estimate, if possible, the amount of potential losses. Based on these assessments and estimates, we may establish reserves and/or disclose the relevant litigation claims or legal proceedings, as and when required or appropriate. These assessments and estimates are based on information available to management at the time of such assessment or estimation and involve a significant amount of judgment. As a result, actual outcomes or losses could differ materially from those envisioned by our current assessments and estimates. In addition, insurance might not cover those claims, provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims or continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Additionally, members of our board of directors or management team who have experience as board members, officers, executives or employees of other companies have been, are currently, or may become, involved in litigation, investigations or other proceedings, including related to those companies or otherwise. The defense or prosecution of these matters could be time-consuming, and the potential outcomes of such actions may negatively affect our reputation.

***We agree to indemnify customers and other third parties pursuant to various contractual arrangements we enter into in the course of business, which exposes us to substantial potential liability.***

The contracts that we enter into with our customers and various other third parties may include indemnification or other provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to those parties for losses arising from alleged infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of intellectual property rights, data protection violations, breaches of representations and warranties, damage to property or persons, or other liabilities arising from our platform, technology, or obligations under such contracts. An event triggering our indemnity obligations could give rise to multiple claims involving multiple customers or other third parties. These claims may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of our customers and other third parties, regardless of the merits of these claims. We may not have adequate or any insurance coverage and may be liable for up to the full amount of the indemnified claims. Even where the terms of our contractual arrangements with our customers do not require us to indemnify our customers, we may agree to indemnify or

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support our customers and various other third parties in connection with litigation involving our products. The foregoing could result in substantial liability or material disruption to our business or could negatively impact our relationships with customers or other third parties, reduce demand for our products, and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and similar laws, and non-compliance with these laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and adversely affect our business and reputation.***

We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery and similar laws, such as the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering laws in countries where we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been interpreted broadly and enforced aggressively in recent years, and prohibit companies and their employees and agents from promising, authorizing, making, or offering improper payments or other benefits to government officials and others in the private sector to influence official action, direct business to any person, gain any improper advantage, or obtain or retain business. As we increase our international sales and business, our risks under these laws may increase.

In addition, in the future we may use third parties to conduct business on our behalf abroad. We or such future third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities, and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of such future third-party intermediaries and our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We have implemented an anti-corruption compliance program but cannot assure you that all our employees and agents, as well as those companies we outsource certain of our business operations to, will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Any violation of the FCPA, other applicable anti-corruption laws, or anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, prosecutions, loss of export privileges, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, substantial diversion of management's attention, significant legal fees and fines, settlements, damages, severe criminal or civil sanctions, penalties or injunctions against us, our officers or our employees, disgorgement of profits, and other sanctions, enforcement actions and remedial measures, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, business, trading price, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

***The effects of a pandemic, epidemic, outbreak of an infectious disease or other public health crises may materially affect how we and our partners and customers are operating our businesses, and the duration and extent of these kinds of events may impact our future results of operations and overall financial performance.***

Our business could be adversely affected by health crises in regions where we operate or otherwise do business. For example, the policies and regulations implemented in response to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease had a significant impact, both directly and indirectly, on businesses and commerce. Future global health concerns could also result in social, political, economic, and labor instability in the countries in which we or the third parties with whom we engage operate.

The impact to our business from any future pandemic, epidemic, outbreak of an infectious disease or other public health crises depends on multiple factors that cannot be accurately predicted, such as its duration and scope, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, the disruption caused by such actions, and the efficacy and rates of vaccines. Any future pandemic, epidemic, outbreak of an infectious disease or other public health crises could have severe impacts on our business and our customers' and prospective customers' businesses, for example, by adversely impacting their timing, ability, or willingness to spend on our marketing platform and product offerings. Negative effects of any pandemic, epidemic, outbreak of an infectious disease or other public health crises on our customers or prospective customers could lead to pricing discounts or extended payment terms, reductions in the amount or duration of customers' subscriptions, or increase customer attrition rates. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our productivity, employee morale, future sales, operating results, and overall financial performance. To the extent any future pandemic, epidemic, outbreak of an

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infectious disease or other public health crisis adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.

**Risks Relating to Privacy, Data Security, and Data Protection Laws**

***We collect, process, store, share, disclose, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to legal obligations related to privacy and security, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with these obligations could harm our business.***

We collect, process, store, share, disclose, and use information from and about individuals, including our customers, their customers and users, including personal information, and other data. As a result, we are subject to a number of different legal requirements applicable to privacy. There are numerous laws around the world regarding privacy and security, including laws regarding the collection, processing, storage, sharing, disclosure, use and security of personal information, and other data from and about our customers, respondents, and users. The scope of these laws is changing, subject to differing interpretations and governmental agency enforcement priorities, may be costly to comply with, and may be inconsistent among countries and jurisdictions or conflict with other rules.

We are also subject to contractual obligations regarding the processing of personal information and must comply with our own privacy and security policies. Additionally, if third parties we work with, such as customers, partners, vendors or developers, violate applicable laws, our policies or other privacy or security-related obligations, these violations may also put our users' information at risk and could in turn have an adverse effect on our business. In the provision of our services to our customers, we generally act as a "processor" or "service provider" (as such terms are understood under applicable privacy and data protection laws) for our customers, and we rely on our sub-processors to be compliant with applicable law. However, we cannot be certain that all customers will materially comply with their obligations as "controllers" or "businesses" under applicable privacy and data protection law. As "processors" or "service providers" we may be contractually liable to our customers if we fail to meet the terms of our data processing agreements. In addition, we may be subject to investigation or administrative fines from supervisory authorities or subject to individual claims that we failed to comply with the requirements of applicable privacy and data protection law or that we acted without or against the data controller's lawful instructions. While we generally act as a "processor" or "service provider" in connection with our provision of services to our customers, we also act as "controller" or "business" in certain instances (such as, for instance, in connection with our processing of data concerning our own employees and contractors, the employees and representatives of our customers and in connection with our direct marketing activities). In connection with our activities undertaken in connection with our role as a "controller" or "business," we are subject to more onerous obligations, the violation of which could cause us to be subject to fines, penalties, judgments, and other losses.

We strive to comply with applicable laws, policies, and legal obligations relating to privacy and data protection and are subject to the terms of our privacy policies and privacy-related obligations to third parties. However, these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways and/or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. If we are unable to comply with law, policy or contractual obligations related to privacy and/or the processing of any personal information, we may be subject to lawsuits or governmental investigations, each of which could result in fines, penalties, settlements, judgments or other losses. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy-related policies and/or obligations to customers, respondents, users or other third parties, our data disclosure and consent obligations or our privacy or security-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized disclosure, transfer or use of personal or other information, which may include personally identifiable information or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements critical of us by consumer advocacy groups, competitors, the media or others and could cause our users to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

***If we or our third-party service providers experience a cybersecurity incident or data breach or unauthorized parties otherwise obtain access to our customers' data, our data, or our platform, our platform or our products may be***

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***perceived as not being secure, our reputation may be harmed, demand for our platform and products may be reduced, and we may incur significant liabilities.***

Use of our platform involves the storage, transmission, and processing of our customers' proprietary data, including personal or identifying information of their customers or employees. Unauthorized disclosure of or access to or cybersecurity incidents, data breaches or other compromises of our platform could result in the loss of data, loss of business, severe reputational damage adversely affecting customer or investor confidence, damage to our brand, diversion of management's attention, regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, including regulatory fines, and significant costs for remediation that may include liability for stolen assets or information and repair of system damage that may have been caused, incentives offered to customers or other business partners in an effort to maintain business relationships after a breach, and other liabilities. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenses to prevent cybersecurity incidents, data breaches and other compromises, including deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and consultants. Even though we do not control the security measures of third parties who may have access to our customer data, our data, or our platform, we may be responsible for any cybersecurity incident or data breach impacting such measures or suffer reputational harm even where we do not have recourse to the third-party that caused the breach. In addition, any failure by our vendors to comply with applicable law or regulations could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others.

Cyberattacks, denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks, business email compromises, account compromises, computer malware, viruses, and social engineering (including phishing attacks) are prevalent in our industry and our customers' industries. In addition, we may experience cyberattacks, unavailable systems, unauthorized access to systems or data or disclosure due to wrongful conduct by insider employees or vendors, denial-of-service attacks, attacks from sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors, and advanced persistent threat intrusions. Electronic security attacks designed to gain access to personal, sensitive, or confidential data are constantly evolving, and such attacks continue to grow in sophistication. While we believe we have taken reasonable steps to protect our data, the techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to our platform, systems, networks, or physical facilities in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently, and we may be unable to implement adequate preventative measures or stop cybersecurity incidents, data breaches or other compromises while they are occurring. Like many other companies in our industry, we and our third-party vendors have previously been, and may in the future become, the target and victim of cyberattacks by third parties seeking unauthorized access to our or our customers' data or accounts or to disrupt our operations or ability to sell our products. Specifically, in July 2022, we were the victim of an attack whereby an unauthorized third-party compromised an employee's credentials and gained access to our internal systems, including email as well as some of our internal support tools, and, as a result, accessed certain information, including name, email address, and phone number, for a subset of our customers. Additionally, in October 2024, an unauthorized third-party gained access to company source code, as well as other system and application credentials.

We rely on third-party service providers and technologies to operate critical business systems to process confidential and personal information in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers, back-office support, and other functions. Our ability to monitor these third parties' cybersecurity practices is limited. These third-party providers and technologies may not have adequate measures in place, and could experience or cause a cybersecurity incident or data breach that compromises the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the systems or technologies they provide to us or the information they process on our behalf.

While we have taken steps designed to protect the proprietary, regulated, sensitive, confidential, and personal information in our control, our cybersecurity measures or those of the third parties on which we rely may not be effective against current or future security risks and threats. Cybercrime and hacking techniques are constantly evolving and a challenge of the modern global economy, and we or our third-party service providers may be unable to anticipate threats, detect or react in a timely manner, or implement adequate preventative measures, particularly given increasing use of hacking techniques designed to circumvent controls, avoid detection, and remove or obfuscate forensic artifacts. Moreover, we or our third-party service providers may be more vulnerable to such attacks in remote work environments.

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We have contractual and legal obligations to notify relevant stakeholders of security breaches. Most jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities, and others of security incidents or data breaches involving certain types of data. In addition, our agreements with certain customers may require us to notify them in the event of a cybersecurity incident or compromise or data breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause our customers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures, and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security incident or data breach and otherwise comply with the multitude of foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, personal information. Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our privacy and data security obligations.

If we or our third-party service providers suffer, or are perceived to have suffered, a data breach or other cybersecurity incident, we may experience a loss of customer confidence in the security of our platform and damage to our brand, reduced demand for our products and disruption of normal business operations. Such a circumstance may also require us to spend material resources to investigate, remediate or correct the issue and prevent recurrence, notify regulators, and affected stakeholders, expose us to legal liabilities, including litigation, regulatory enforcement, indemnity obligations, fines, and penalties, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These risks are likely to increase as we continue to grow and process, store, and transmit increasingly large amounts of data. Additionally, as a result of a data breach, compromise or other cybersecurity incident, we could be subject to demands, claims, and litigation by private parties and investigations, related actions, and penalties by regulatory authorities.

We cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for data security liabilities actually incurred, will cover any indemnification claims against us relating to any incident or will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***A cybersecurity incident, data breach or other compromise may cause us to breach customer contracts. Our agreements with certain customers may require us to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard personal information or confidential information. A cybersecurity incident, data breach or other compromise could lead to claims by our customers, their end-users, or other relevant stakeholders that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our customers could end their relationships with us.***

Because data security is a critical competitive factor in our industry, we make numerous statements in our customer contracts, privacy policies, terms of service, and marketing materials, providing assurances about the security of our platform including detailed descriptions of security measures we employ. Should any of these statements be untrue or become untrue, even in circumstances beyond our reasonable control, we may face claims of misrepresentation or deceptiveness by the Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC"), state, federal, and foreign regulators, and private litigants.

We enter into agreements with our customers regarding our collection, processing, use, and disclosure of personal information in relation to the products we sell to them. Although we endeavor to comply with these agreements, we may at times fail to do so or may be perceived to have failed to do so, including due to the errors or omissions of our personnel and third-party service providers. If we fail to detect or remediate a cybersecurity incident, data breach or other compromise in a timely manner, or a cybersecurity incident, data breach or other compromise otherwise affects a large amount of data of one or more customers, or if we suffer a cyberattack that impacts our ability to operate our platform, we may suffer damage to our reputation and our brand, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Our risks are likely to increase as we continue to expand our platform, grow our customer base, and process, store, and transmit increasingly large amounts of proprietary and sensitive data. Even if we eventually prevail in any such dispute, resolving them could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity and reputational harm that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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***We are subject to stringent and changing laws and regulations related to privacy, data security, and data protection. The restrictions and costs imposed by these requirements, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with them, could harm our business.***

Our business and platform involves the collection, use, processing, storage, transfer, and sharing of personal information, including such information that we handle on behalf of our customers, as well as confidential information and other sensitive data. Our data processing activities are regulated by a variety of laws, regulations, and industry standards, which have become increasingly stringent in recent years, are rapidly evolving, and are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Increasingly, laws that regulate data processing activities are extra-territorial in their scope of application. The global nature of our customer base renders us particularly exposed to being subject to a wide range of such laws and the varying, potentially conflicting compliance obligations they impose on our business.

State legislatures also have been adopting new privacy laws or amending existing laws with increasing frequency, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements, and we expect that this trend will continue. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the "CCPA") imposed a number of requirements on covered businesses and gave California residents certain rights related to their personal information, including the right to access and delete their personal information, to receive detailed information about how their personal information is used and shared, and to opt out of certain sharing of their personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations of up to $7,500 for each intentional violation and created a private right of action for certain data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act (the "CPRA"), which has been in effect since January 1, 2023, imposed additional obligations on companies covered by the CCPA. The CPRA significantly modified the CCPA, including by expanding consumers' rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. Similar comprehensive privacy laws have been proposed and passed in numerous other states. These comprehensive privacy laws have entered into force in many states, and several more will be entering into force in the coming years. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions, and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies, and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.

The existence of comprehensive privacy laws in different states in the country makes our compliance obligations more complex and costly and may increase the likelihood that we may be subject to enforcement actions or otherwise incur liability for noncompliance. In addition, other states have proposed and/or passed legislation that regulates the privacy and/or security of certain specific types of information. These various privacy and security laws may impact our business activities, including our relationships with business partners and ultimately the marketing and distribution of our products. State laws are changing rapidly and there is discussion in the U.S. Congress of a new comprehensive federal data privacy law to which we may likely become subject, if enacted.

Other federal laws impose general, broad requirements designed to protect the privacy and security of personally identifiable information. For example, according to the FTC, failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers' personal information secure constitutes unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45(a). In recent years, the FTC has paid increased attention to privacy and data security matters, and we expect them to continue to do so in the future. Further, through executive and legislative action, the federal government has also taken steps to restrict data transactions involving certain sensitive data categories, with persons affiliated with China, Russia, and other countries of concern.

Foreign privacy laws have become more stringent in recent years and may increase the costs and complexity of offering our platform and products in new and existing geographies. Outside of the United States, we are also subject to stringent privacy and data protection laws in many jurisdictions. For example, we are subject to the EU GDPR and the UK General Data Protection Regulation (the "UK GDPR," and collectively, the "GDPR"). The GDPR applies where we are collecting or otherwise processing personal data in connection with (a) the activities of a business establishment within the United Kingdom/European Economic Area; or (b) offering goods or services to or monitoring the behavior of individuals within the United Kingdom/European Economic Area, and imposes strict obligations regarding personal data processing

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activities. The GDPR is wide-ranging in scope and imposes numerous requirements on companies that process personal data, including requirements relating to having a legal basis or condition for processing personal data, stricter requirements relating to the processing of sensitive data, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, providing notification of data breaches, requiring data protection impact assessments for high risk processing and taking certain measures when engaging third-party processors.

In order to transfer data outside of the European Economic Area or the United Kingdom to a non-adequate country, including the United States in certain circumstances, the GDPR requires us to enter into an appropriate transfer mechanism and may require us to take additional steps to ensure an essentially equivalent level of data protection, including carrying out a transfer impact assessment to assess whether the recipient is subject to local laws which allow a public authority access to personal data and assisting controllers with such assessments if we act as processors of personal data. These transfer mechanisms are subject to change, and implementing new or revised transfer mechanisms or ensuring an essentially equivalent protection may involve additional expense and potentially increased compliance risk. Such restrictions may increase our obligations in relation to carrying out international transfers of personal data and cause us to incur additional expense and increased regulatory liabilities. Any inability to transfer personal data from Europe to the United States in compliance with data protection laws may impede our operations and may adversely affect our business and financial position.

Despite Brexit, the UK GDPR remains largely aligned with EU GDPR. Currently, the most impactful point of divergence between the EU GDPR and the UK GDPR relates to these transfer mechanisms as explained above. There may be further divergence in the future, including with regard to application, interpretation, enforcement and administrative burdens. For example, a new Data Use and Access Bill was recently passed by parliament and received royal assent, becoming the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (the "UK Act"). The UK Act may have the effect of further altering the similarities between the United Kingdom and European Economic Area data protection regimes and threaten the United Kingdom's adequacy decision from the European Commission. This may lead to additional compliance costs and could increase our overall risk exposure. This lack of clarity on future United Kingdom laws and regulations and their interaction with those of the European Economic Area could add legal risk, uncertainty, complexity, and cost to our handling of European personal data and our privacy and security compliance programs. We may no longer be able to take a unified approach across the European Union (the "EU") and the United Kingdom, and we will need to amend our processes and procedures to align with the new framework. In addition, European Economic Area Member States have adopted national laws to implement the EU GDPR that may partially deviate from the EU GDPR and competent authorities in the Member States may interpret the EU GDPR obligations slightly differently from country to country. Therefore, we do not expect to operate in a uniform legal landscape in the European Economic Area.

Companies that violate the GDPR can face robust regulatory enforcement and greater penalties for noncompliance, including fines of up to €20 million (or £17.5 million under the UK GDPR) or 4% of their worldwide annual turnover, whichever is greater. A wide variety of other potential enforcement powers are available to competent supervisory authorities in respect of potential and suspected violations of the GDPR, including audit and inspection rights, and powers to order temporary or permanent bans on all or some processing activities. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR.

In addition to the GDPR, other European data protection laws require that affirmative opt-in consent is procured to the placement of cookies and similar tracking technologies on users' devices (other than those that are "strictly necessary" to provide services requested by the user). These requirements may increase our exposure to regulatory enforcement actions, increase our compliance costs and reduce demand for our platform.

In Canada, our collection, use, disclosure, and management of personal information must comply with both federal and provincial privacy laws, which impose separate requirements, but may overlap in some instances. The federal Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ("PIPEDA") and various provincial laws impose strict requirements

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on companies that handle personal information. Notably, Québec's Act respecting the protection of personal information in the private sector (the "Private Sector Act") was recently amended by Bill 64, which introduced major amendments to the Private Sector Act, notably, to impose significant and stringent new obligations on Québec businesses while increasing the powers of Québec's supervisory authority. We may incur additional costs and expenses related to compliance with these laws and may incur significant liability if we are not able to comply with existing and emerging legal requirements in Canada.

Apart from the requirements of privacy and data security laws, we have obligations relating to privacy and data security under our published policies and documentation and certain of our contracts. Although we endeavor to comply with these obligations, we may have failed to do so in the past and may be subject to allegations that we have failed to do so or have otherwise processed data improperly. Such failures or alleged failures could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities, private parties or others as well as negative publicity and reputational damage.

Compliance with applicable privacy, data security or data protection requirements, many of which vary across jurisdictions, is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to implement costly mechanisms to ensure compliance. The proliferation of privacy, data security, and data protection laws, regulations, policies, and standards increases the likelihood of differences in approaches across jurisdictions. These differences make it difficult to maintain a standardized global privacy program. Creating jurisdiction-specific approaches requires significant time and resources and the associated complexity increases the risk of potential non-compliance. In addition, such requirements may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, utilize management's time and/or divert resources from other initiatives and projects.

Our customers may implement compliance measures that do not align with our platform and products, which could limit the scope and type of platform and products we are able to provide. Our customers may also require us to comply with additional privacy and security obligations, causing us to incur potential disruption and expense related to our business processes. We may also be exposed to certain compliance and/or reputational risks if our customers do not comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws and/or their own privacy notices and terms of use in particular in connection with their processing of personal data, their sharing of personal data with us, the legal bases on which they rely (where applicable) under applicable privacy and data protection legislation for the processing we carry out on their behalf and/or their management of data subject requests which pertain to the processing we carry out on their behalf. In addition, we may decide not to enter into new geographic markets where we determine that compliance with such laws, regulations, policies, and standards would be prohibitively costly or difficult. Geographic markets in which we currently operate could require us to process or store regulated information within such markets only, and establishing hosting facilities in such markets could be disruptive to our business and costly. If our policies and practices, or those of our customers, service providers, contractors and/or partners, are, or are perceived to be non-compliant, we could face (1) litigation, investigations, audits, inspections, and proceedings brought by governmental entities, customers, individuals or others, (2) additional reporting requirements and/or oversight, temporary or permanent bans on all or some processing of personal data, orders to destroy or not use personal data and imprisonment of company officials, (3) fines and civil or criminal penalties for us or company officials, obligations to cease offering or to substantially modify our solutions in ways that make them less effective in certain jurisdictions, and (4) negative publicity, harm to our brand and reputation and reduced overall demand for our platform. These occurrences could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

All of these evolving compliance and operational requirements impose significant costs, such as costs related to organizational changes, implementing additional protection technologies, training employees and engaging consultants and legal advisors, which are likely to increase over time. In addition, such requirements may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, utilize management's time and/or divert resources from other initiatives and projects. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws, regulations, rules, and other standards are still uncertain and likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, it is possible that these laws, rules, regulations, and other obligations, such as contractual or self-regulatory obligations, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data management practices or the features of our software. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines,

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lawsuits, and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our software, which we may be unable to do in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, rules, regulations, and other obligations, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***We are subject to new and evolving data processing and interoperability regulations, which may increase our compliance obligations and operational complexity.***

In addition to privacy and data protection laws such as the GDPR, we are subject to emerging regulatory frameworks in the EU that govern broader aspects of personal and non-personal data use, access, and portability. Notably, Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 (the "EU Data Act"), which entered into force across the EU on September 12, 2025, introduces obligations for providers of cloud, edge, infrastructure and software-based data processing services. These include prescriptive requirements relating to a mandatory right for customers to switch between providers offering the same type of service, data portability, functional equivalence, interoperability, and enhanced contractual transparency. The EU Data Act applies extraterritorially and may require us to make changes to our customer agreements or technical processes when offering services to customers in the EU. Contractual requirements under the EU Data Act may also affect our ability to enforce minimum commitment periods, early termination penalties, or other commercial arrangements designed to reduce churn or secure predictable recurring revenue. As a result, we may be required to revise our customer contracts and pricing models, and implement new switching procedures. Non-compliance may result in enforcement action, reputational damage, or increased legal risk.

***Federal, state, and foreign laws that regulate the senders of commercial emails and text messages could adversely affect our ability to provide our products and impact our results from operations or result in costs and fines.***

Our business offerings rely heavily on a variety of direct marketing techniques, including email marketing and marketing conducted via text message. These activities are regulated by legislation such as CAN-SPAM and the TCPA as well as state laws regulating marketing via telecommunication services.

The CAN-SPAM Act, among other things, obligates the sender of commercial emails to provide recipients with the ability to opt out of receiving future commercial emails from the sender. The ability of our customers' message recipients to opt out of receiving commercial emails may minimize the effectiveness of the email components of our platform. In addition, certain states, and foreign jurisdictions, such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the EU, have enacted laws that regulate sending email, and some of these laws are more restrictive than U.S. laws. For example, some foreign laws prohibit sending unsolicited email unless the recipient has provided the sender advance consent to receipt of such email, or in other words has "opted-in" to receiving it. A requirement that recipients opt into, or the ability of recipients to opt out of, receiving commercial emails may minimize the effectiveness of our platform. Any failure by us or our customers to comply fully with the CAN-SPAM Act may leave us subject to substantial fines and penalties.

Foreign privacy laws also regulate our and our customers' ability to send commercial messages via email. For example, Canada's Anti-Spam Legislation ("CASL") prohibits email marketing without the recipient's consent, with limited exceptions. Failure to comply with CASL could result in significant fines and penalties or possible damage awards.

We also face stringent regulation in connection with our use of telecommunication services for the transmission of marketing messages. The TCPA is a federal statute that protects consumers from unwanted telephone calls, faxes, and text messages. TCPA violations can result in significant financial penalties as a business can incur civil forfeiture penalties or criminal fines imposed by the Federal Communications Commission (the "FCC") or be fined for each violation through private litigation or state attorneys general or other state actor enforcement. Class action suits are the most common method for private enforcement. Our text messaging product is a potential source of risk for class-action lawsuits and liability for our company. Numerous class-action suits under federal and state laws have been filed in recent years against companies

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who conduct call and text messaging programs, with many resulting in multi-million-dollar settlements to the plaintiffs. While we strive to adhere to strict policies and procedures, the FCC, as the agency that implements and enforces the TCPA, may determine that our efforts to address the TCPA are insufficient and may subject us to penalties and other consequences for noncompliance. Determination by a court or regulatory agency that our platform or our products violate the TCPA could subject us to civil penalties, could invalidate all or portions of some of our client contracts, could require us to change or terminate some portions of our business, could require us to refund portions of our service fees, and could have an adverse effect on our business. Further, we could be subject to class action lawsuits for any claimed TCPA violations. Even an unsuccessful challenge by consumers or regulatory authorities of our activities could result in adverse publicity and could require a costly response from us. Additionally, the scope of the TCPA is frequently under review and future regulations interpreting the TCPA may impose new limitations on our or our customers' ability to send commercial messages via telephone calls, faxes, and text messages. Further, some states have enacted laws similar to, or broader than, the TCPA, which may be an additional source of potential claims or liability. These laws may impose broader obligations than the TCPA upon companies that use telephone calls or text messages for commercial communications. Additional U.S. states, such as Michigan, have proposed legislation that will further regulate commercial telephone marketing, and other states may adopt similar laws, which could further limit our customers' ability to use our services or expose us to currently unforeseen liability.

In addition, any future restrictions in laws such as CAN-SPAM, the TCPA, and various United States state laws, or new federal laws regarding marketing and solicitation or international data protection laws that govern these activities could adversely affect the continuing effectiveness of our marketing efforts and could force changes in our marketing strategies. If this occurs, we may not be able to develop adequate alternative marketing strategies, which could impact the amount and timing of our revenues.

***If our platform fails to function in a manner that allows our customers to operate in compliance with regulations and/or industry standards, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.***

Since our customers are able to upload data into our platform, we may host or otherwise process substantial amounts of personally identifiable information. Some of our customers may require our platform to comply with certain privacy, security, and other certifications and standards. Our cloud-based platform holds various security certifications from industry organizations, designed to meet, in all material respects, the International Organization for Standardization 27001 ("ISO 27001") standards. Governments and industry organizations may also adopt new laws, regulations or requirements, or make changes to existing laws or regulations, that could impact the demand for, or value of, our applications. If we fail to maintain our current security certifications and/or to continue to meet security standards, or if we are unable to adapt our platform to changing legal and regulatory standards or other requirements in a timely manner, our customers may lose confidence in our platform, and our revenue, business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

***We could face liability, or our reputation might be harmed, as a result of the activities of our customers, the content sent through our platform or the data they store on our servers.***

We may be subject to potential liability for the activities of our customers on, or in connection with the content or data they store on or send through, our platform. Although our customer terms of use and our acceptable use policy ("AUP") prohibit, among other things, (1) illegal use of our platform and our products by our customers, (2) the use of our products for certain activities that do not comply with industry standards and guidelines outlined in our AUP, and (3) the use of our products in any manner that would infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties, customers may nonetheless engage in prohibited activities or upload or store content with us in violation of our terms of use, our AUP, applicable law or the customer's own policies, which could subject us to liability and/or harm our reputation.

We do not have a process in place to systematically and comprehensively monitor the content, activities, or messages of our customers in connection with their use of our services, so inappropriate content may be sent to third parties, which could subject us to legal liability. Even if we comply with legal obligations to remove or disable certain content, our

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customers may continue to send messages through our platform that third parties may find hostile, offensive, or inappropriate. The activities of our customers or the content of our customers' messages may lead us to experience adverse political, business, and reputational consequences, especially if such use is high profile. Conversely, actions we take in response to the activities of our customers or users, up to and including suspending their use of our platform or products, may harm our brand and reputation.

There are certain statutory and common law frameworks and doctrines that offer defenses against liability for customer activities, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Communications Decency Act, the fair use doctrine in the United States and the Electronic Commerce Directive in the EU. Although these and other statutes and case law in the United States offer certain defenses against liability from customer activities under U.S. copyright law or regarding secondary liability from the TCPA or CAN-SPAM, they are subject to uncertain or evolving judicial interpretation and regulatory and legislative amendments, and in any event we cannot assure you that we will be successful in asserting them. In addition, pending or recently adopted legislation in the EU may impose additional obligations or liability on us associated with content uploaded by users to our platform. Laws governing these activities are unsettled in many international jurisdictions, or may prove difficult or impossible for us to comply with in some international jurisdictions. Even if ultimately resolved in our favor, we may become involved in related complaints, lawsuits or investigations which add cost to our doing business and may divert management's time and attention or otherwise harm our reputation.

***The standards that private entities and inbox service providers use to regulate and filter the use and delivery of email may interfere with the effectiveness of our platform and our ability to conduct business.***

Many of our customers rely on email to communicate with their existing or prospective customers. Various private entities attempt to regulate the use of email for commercial solicitation. These entities often advocate standards of conduct or practice that significantly exceed current legal requirements and classify certain email solicitations that comply with current legal requirements as spam. Some of these entities maintain "blacklists" of companies and individuals, and the websites, inbox service providers, and IP addresses associated with those entities or individuals that do not adhere to those standards of conduct or practices for commercial email solicitations that the blacklisting entity believes are appropriate. If a company's IP addresses are listed by a blacklisting entity, emails sent from those addresses may be blocked if they are sent to any internet domain or internet address that subscribes to the blacklisting entity's service or uses its blacklist.

From time to time, some of our IP addresses have become, and we expect will continue to be, listed with one or more blacklisting entities due to the messaging practices of our customers and other users. We may be at an increased risk of having our IP addresses blacklisted due to our scale and volume of email processed compared to our smaller competitors. While the overall percentage of such email solicitations that our individual customers send may be at or below reasonable standards, the total aggregate number of all emails that we process on behalf of our customers may trigger increased scrutiny from these blacklisting entities. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to successfully remove ourselves from those lists. Because we fulfill email delivery on behalf of our customers, blacklisting of this type could undermine the effectiveness of our customers' transactional emails, email marketing programs, and other email communications, and could result in a decline in click through rates, all of which could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Some inbox service providers categorize emails that originate from email marketing platforms as "promotional" and, as a result, direct them to an alternate or "tabbed" section of the recipient's inbox. Additionally, inbox service providers can block emails from reaching their users. While we continually improve our own technology and work closely with inbox service providers and our customers to maintain our deliverability rates, the implementation of new or more restrictive policies by inbox service providers may make it more difficult to deliver our customers' emails, particularly if we or our customers are not given adequate notice of a change in policy or struggle to update our platform or products to comply with the changed policy in a reasonable amount of time. For example, in October 2023, Google and Yahoo announced new email sender requirements that impact customers of email marketing platforms, including our platform. Since February 2024, Google and Yahoo have required bulk senders to authenticate their emails following certain industry standard authentication systems, enable recipients to easily unsubscribe, and ensure they only send wanted emails and stay under a certain spam rate threshold. Our customers that fail to comply with these new requirements may have their emails blocked

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from reaching their customers by Google or Yahoo and may not be able to effectively use our platform. If we or our customers fail to comply with new inbox service provider requirements, if inbox service providers materially limit or halt the delivery of our customers' emails, if we fail to deliver our customers' emails in a manner compatible with inbox service providers' email handling or authentication technologies or other policies, if the open, unsubscribe, spam rates, or other engagement metrics of our customers' emails or the functionality of our platform are negatively impacted by the actions of inbox service providers to categorize or block emails or new policies or requirements imposed by inbox service providers, or if our customers send fewer emails or send emails to or maintain fewer profiles on our platform as a result of new inbox service provider requirements, then customers may question the effectiveness of our platform and downgrade or cancel their subscriptions. This could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

**Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property**

***Any failure to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights could substantially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.***

To be successful, we must protect our technology and brand in the United States and other jurisdictions through trademarks, trade secrets, patents, copyrights, service marks, invention assignments, contractual restrictions, and other intellectual property rights and confidentiality procedures. Despite our efforts to implement these protections, these measures may not protect our business or provide us with a competitive advantage for a variety of reasons, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our failure to obtain patents and other intellectual property rights for important innovations or maintain appropriate confidentiality and other protective measures to establish and maintain our trade secrets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• uncertainty in, and evolution of, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• potential invalidation of our intellectual property rights through administrative processes or litigation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any inability by us to detect infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property rights by third parties; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other practical, resource, or business limitations on our ability to enforce our rights.

Further, the laws of certain foreign countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not provide the same level of protection of corporate proprietary information and assets, such as intellectual property (including, for example, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and copyrights), know-how, and records, as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property or proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions. Additionally, we may also be exposed to material risks of theft or unauthorized reverse engineering of our proprietary information and intellectual property, including technical data, data sets, or other sensitive information. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights in such foreign countries may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances. No assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to and protecting our proprietary and intellectual property rights in our products, technology, and proprietary information. Further, these agreements may not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our platform and offerings.

Further, litigation may be necessary to enforce and protect our intellectual property or proprietary rights, or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others. Any litigation, whether or not resolved in our favor, could result in significant expense to us, divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel and result in counterclaims, including with respect to infringement of intellectual property rights by us. If we are unable to prevent third parties from

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infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property or are required to incur substantial expenses defending our intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

***In the future we may be party to intellectual property rights claims, disputes, and other litigation brought by others which are expensive to support, and if resolved adversely, could have a significant impact on us.***

We compete in markets where there are a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property and proprietary rights, as well as disputes regarding infringement of these rights. Many of the holders of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property and proprietary rights have extensive intellectual property portfolios and greater resources than we do to enforce their rights. As compared to our larger competitors, our patent portfolio is relatively undeveloped and may not provide a material deterrent to such assertions or provide us with a strong basis to counterclaim or negotiate settlements. Further, to the extent assertions are made against us by entities that hold patents but are not operating companies, our patent portfolio may not provide deterrence because such entities are not concerned with counterclaims.

Any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, that we may become involved with may require us to do one or more of the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• cease selling, licensing, or using products or features that incorporate the intellectual property rights that we allegedly infringe upon, misappropriate, or violate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments, subscription fee refunds, or other costs or damages, including indemnification of third parties;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• obtain a license or enter into a royalty agreement, either of which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, in order to obtain the right to sell, offer to sell, import, make or use the relevant intellectual property; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• redesign certain portions of the allegedly infringing products to avoid infringement, misappropriation, or violation, which could be costly, time-consuming, or impossible.

Intellectual property infringement claims, with or without merit, are typically complex, time consuming, and expensive to resolve and would divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel. These claims could also subject us to significant liability for damages, including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed third-party patents. It may enjoin us from continuing to use certain features or portions of allegedly infringing products or even the allegedly infringing products themselves. It may also result in adverse publicity, which could harm our reputation and ability to attract or retain customers or otherwise prevent us from competing effectively in the market. As we grow, we may experience a heightened risk of allegations of intellectual property infringement. An adverse result in any litigation claims against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Our use of open source software could negatively affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation.***

We use open source software in our products, and we expect to continue to incorporate open source software in our products in the future. Few of the licenses applicable to open source software have been interpreted by courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products or to maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary source code. Moreover, we may encounter instances in which we have incorporated additional open source software in our proprietary software in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the applicable license or our current policies and procedures. While we have adopted guidelines for the appropriate use of, and regularly audit our use of, open source software, these measures may not always be effective. If we were to combine or link our proprietary software products with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software products and allow others to use it at no cost. If an author or other third party that distributes such open source software

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were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our products that contained the open source software, and required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on these products, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of these products or put our proprietary source code at risk.

From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership rights in open source software against companies that incorporate it into their products and the licensors of such open source software provide no warranties or indemnities with respect to such claims. As a result, we and our customers could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products. Some open source projects have known vulnerabilities and architectural instabilities and are provided on an "as-is" basis which, if not properly addressed, could negatively affect the performance of our platform. If we inappropriately use or incorporate open source software subject to certain types of open source licenses that challenge the proprietary nature of our platform, we may be required to re-engineer our platform, discontinue the sale of affected products, or take other remedial actions, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Our use of AI technology and the integration of AI technology with our products and services may subject us to increased risk, including security and other risks to our confidential and/or proprietary information, given the evolving nature of AI technology.***

We have incorporated, and expect to continue to incorporate, AI technology into our products and services, including our Marketing, Service, and Analytics offerings and our Reviews add-on, and this incorporation of AI technology in our business and operations may become more significant over time. Generative AI and autonomous AI agents can produce content, analyses, or recommendations without human intervention, and may take or suggest actions based on incomplete or inaccurate data, "hallucinatory" inferences, or flawed training inputs, which may expose us to additional risk, such as damage to our reputation, competitive position, additional costs, and other business, legal and regulatory risks. For example, certain generative AI technology use machine learning and other predictive analysis techniques, which can produce inaccurate, incomplete, or misleading content, unintended biases, and other discriminatory or unexpected results, errors or inadequacies, any of which may not be easily detectable by us or any of our related service providers. Accordingly, while these AI-powered applications may help provide more tailored or personalized user experiences, if the content, analyses, or recommendations produced by AI-powered applications are, or are perceived to be, deficient, inaccurate, biased, unethical or otherwise flawed, our reputation, competitive position, and business may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we may adopt and deploy autonomous AI agents as part of product offerings to customers and for our own internal business operations. These autonomous AI agents may operate with limited human oversight and can produce inaccurate, biased, or otherwise unintended results that are not easily detectable or correctable. As such agents perform or automate customer engagement or other decision-making functions, their actions could generate or disseminate false, misleading, or inappropriate content, or otherwise result in conduct inconsistent with customer expectations or applicable laws. If the outputs or actions of our AI agents are, or are perceived to be, flawed, unethical, or unreliable, our reputation, customer relationships, and competitive position could be adversely affected.

In addition, new laws and regulations, or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate may affect our use of AI technology and expose us to government enforcement or civil lawsuits. For example, states such as California, Colorado, and Utah, have recently passed laws regulating the use of AI technology, which impose additional operational burdens and may require us to modify our products and services that utilize AI technology in order to comply with these laws. Federal regulators have also issued guidance affecting the use of AI technology in regulated sectors. In addition, the EU's Artificial Intelligence Act ("AI Act"), the world's first comprehensive AI law, entered into force on August 1, 2024 and most provisions of the legislation will become effective on August 2, 2026. This legislation imposes significant obligations on providers and deployers of high risk AI systems, and encourages providers and deployers of AI systems to account for EU ethical principles in their development and use of

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these systems. We expect these legislative trends will continue and we may be required to devote significant attention and resources to address the frequently changing regulatory requirements, including by ensuring higher standards of data quality, transparency, and human oversight, as well as adhering to specific and potentially burdensome and costly ethical, accountability, and administrative requirements. As the legal and regulatory framework relating to use of AI technology continues to change, there may be an increase in our operational and development expenses that impact our ability to earn revenue from or utilize certain AI technology.

Furthermore, the use of AI technology has resulted in, and may result in, an increase in our risk with respect to intellectual property rights, privacy rights, cybersecurity incidents, and publicity rights, including as it relates to personal data that we have in our possession or process on behalf of our customers. Certain output produced by us using AI technology may not be subject to patent or copyright protection, which may adversely affect our intellectual property rights in, or ability to commercialize or use, any such output. In addition, output produced by AI technology may include information subject to certain privacy or rights of publicity laws or constitute an unauthorized derivative work of copyrighted material used in training the underlying AI technology, any of which could create a risk of liability for us, or adversely affect our business or operations. To the extent that we do not have sufficient rights to use the data or other material or content used in or produced by the AI technology used in our business, or if we experience cybersecurity incidents in connection with our use of AI technology, it could adversely affect our reputation and expose us to legal liability or regulatory risk, including with respect to third-party intellectual property rights, privacy, publicity, contractual or other rights.

As the use of AI technology becomes more prevalent, we anticipate that it will continue to present new or unanticipated legal, reputational, technical, operational, ethical, competitive, and regulatory issues. We expect that our incorporation of AI technology in our business will require additional resources, including the incurrence of additional costs, to develop and maintain our products, services, and features to minimize potentially harmful, unintended or other adverse consequences, to comply with existing and new laws and regulations, to maintain or extend our competitive position, and to address any legal, reputational, technical, operational, ethical, competitive, and regulatory issues that may arise as a result of any of the foregoing. Our vendors may also incorporate AI technology tools into their offerings, and the providers of these AI technology tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards, including with respect to privacy and data security. Bad actors around the world are also using increasingly sophisticated methods, including the use of AI technology, to engage in illegal activities involving the theft and misuse of personal information, confidential information and intellectual property. Finally, our competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI technology into their products more quickly or more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively. As a result, the challenges presented with our use of AI technology may result in the loss of valuable property and information, cause us to breach applicable laws and regulations, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

**Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Series A Common Stock**

***Our IPO occurred in September 2023. As such, there has only been a public market for our Series A common stock for a short period of time. The trading price of our Series A common stock may continue to be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price at which you purchased those shares.***

The market prices of the securities of other newly public companies have historically been highly volatile and markets in general have been highly volatile in light of macro-economic trends. Additionally, we have a relatively small public float due to the relatively small size of our IPO, and the concentrated ownership of our common stock among our executive officers, directors, and greater than 5% stockholders. As a result of our small public float, our Series A common stock may be less liquid and have greater stock price volatility than the common stock of companies with broader public ownership. The trading price of our Series A common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• overall performance of the equity markets and/or publicly-listed technology companies;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue or other operating metrics;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our actual or anticipated operating performance and the operating performance of our competitors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections, or our failure to meet those projections;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our company, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet the estimates or the expectations of securities analysts or investors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the economy as a whole and market conditions in our industry;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• announcements by us or our competitors of significant innovations; new products, services, or capabilities; acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or investments; joint ventures; or capital commitments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, including those related to privacy and cybersecurity in the United States or globally;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• lawsuits threatened or filed against us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• actual or perceived privacy or data security incidents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• announced or completed acquisitions of businesses, products, services, or technologies by us or our competitors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any major change in our board of directors, management, or key personnel;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other events or factors, including those resulting from war (including the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the conflict in the Gaza Strip), incidents of terrorism, public health crises, government shutdowns, tariffs, trade wars or trade conflicts, or elections and administration changes, or responses to these events; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• sales of additional shares of our Series A common stock by us or our directors, officers and principal stockholders.

In addition, stock markets, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Often, trading prices of many companies have fluctuated in ways unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders of these companies have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Moreover, because of these fluctuations, comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or results of operations fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the trading price of our Series A common stock could decline substantially. Such a trading price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings forecasts that we may provide.

***The dual series structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who hold shares of our Series B common stock, including our directors, executive officers, and their respective***

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***affiliates, and limiting or precluding your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval, and that may depress the trading price of our Series A common stock.***

Our Series B common stock has ten votes per share, and our Series A common stock has one vote per share. Our directors, executive officers, and their affiliates, beneficially own in the aggregate 66.4% of the voting power of our capital stock as of September 30, 2025. Our co-founders, Andrew Bialecki and Ed Hallen, beneficially own 50.5% and 19.4%, respectively, of our Series B common stock and together 69.9% of our Series B common stock as of September 30, 2025. As such, our co-founders individually or together hold significant influence and control over matters requiring the vote of our stockholders including the sale, merger or acquisition of our company. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Series B and Series A common stock, the holders of our Series B common stock collectively continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore are able to continue to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until the seventh anniversary of our IPO, when all outstanding shares of our Series A common stock and Series B common stock will convert automatically into shares of a single series of common stock, or until they no longer hold a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock. This concentrated control may limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this concentrated control may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Future transfers by holders of Series B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Series A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Series B common stock to Series A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Series B common stock who retain their shares in the long term. As a result, it is possible that one or more of the persons or entities holding our Series B common stock could gain significant voting control as other holders of Series B common stock sell or otherwise convert their shares into Series A common stock.

***We cannot predict the effect our dual series structure may have on the trading price of our Series A common stock.***

We cannot predict whether our dual series structure will result in a lower or more volatile trading price of our Series A common stock, adverse publicity, or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions affecting companies with multiple-class or series share structures in certain of their indices. In July 2017, FTSE Russell announced that it would require new constituents of its indices to have greater than 5% of a company's voting rights in the hands of public stockholders. Under this policy, the dual series structure of our common stock could make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices and, as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices may not invest in our Series A common stock. These policies are relatively new and it is unclear what effect, if any, they will have or continue to have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. Because of the dual series structure of our common stock, we may be excluded from certain indices, and other stock indices may take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices could preclude investment by many of these funds and could make our Series A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the trading price of our Series A common stock could be adversely affected.

***If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the trading price of our Series A common stock and trading volume could be adversely affected.***

The trading market for our Series A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If few securities analysts cover us, or if industry analysts cease coverage of us, the trading price for our Series A common stock would be negatively affected. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Series A common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our

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Series A common stock trading price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us on a regular basis, demand for our Series A common stock could decrease, potentially causing our Series A common stock trading price and trading volume to decline.

***Sales of substantial amounts of our Series A common stock in the public markets, or the perception that sales might occur, could cause the trading price of our Series A common stock to decline.***

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Series A common stock into the public market, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the trading price of our Series A common stock to decline and may make it more difficult for you to sell your shares of our Series A common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. For example, on May 16, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer, co-founder, director and largest stockholder, Andrew Bialecki, sold 10,969,078 shares of our Series A common stock in a registered secondary offering to cover tax obligations related to the exercise of his expiring stock options. If Mr. Bialecki or any of our other directors, executive officers or principal stockholders were to sell a substantial portion of shares of our Series A common stock in the public market, whether in a single transaction or a series of transactions, the trading price of our Series A common stock could decline. While shares held by directors, executive officers, and other affiliates are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and various vesting agreements, we are unable to predict the timing of or the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our Series A common stock.

In addition, as of September 30, 2025, we had 2,419,486 options outstanding that, if fully exercised, would result in the issuance of an equal number of shares of Series B common stock, as well as 2,310,701 shares of Series B common stock and 14,360,915 shares of Series A common stock subject to outstanding RSU awards. Shares of Series B common stock will automatically convert into shares of Series A common stock upon certain transfers and other events. All of the shares of Series B common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting of RSU awards and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans have been registered on a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act. Accordingly, following conversion to shares of Series A common stock, these shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 for our executive officers and directors and applicable vesting requirements.

***Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans, or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders and could negatively affect our results of operations.***

We expect to issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors, consultants, and advisors under our stock incentive plans. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products, or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause stockholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our Series A common stock to decline. Any additional grants of equity awards under our stock incentive plans will also increase stock-based compensation expense and negatively affect our results of operations. Commencing in the fourth quarter of 2020, we began granting RSUs to employees. RSUs granted under our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, "2015 Plan") prior to our IPO vest upon the satisfaction of both a service condition and a liquidity event condition. In September 2023, we completed our IPO, as a result of which the liquidity event condition was satisfied. Subsequent to the IPO, any unvested RSUs subject to both the service vesting condition and liquidity event vesting condition will vest as the service vesting condition is met over the remaining service period. During the year ended December 31, 2024, stock-based compensation expense recognized for RSUs was $134.4 million. As a public company, our RSUs are currently only subject to service-based vesting, and accordingly we expect to continue to incur stock-based compensation expense as these RSUs vest.

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***We do not intend to pay dividends on our Series A common stock in the foreseeable future and, consequently, the ability of Series A common stockholders to achieve a return on investment will depend on appreciation in the trading price of our Series A common stock.***

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the operation of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their Series A common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

***Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.***

Market estimates and growth forecasts are uncertain and based on assumptions and estimates that may be inaccurate. The size of our addressable market depends on a number of factors, including the desire of businesses to differentiate themselves through digital customer engagement, partnership opportunities, changes in the competitive landscape, technological changes, data security and privacy concerns, customer budgetary constraints, changes in business practices, changes in the regulatory environment, and changes in economic conditions. Our estimates and forecasts relating to the size and expected growth of our market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets the size estimates and growth rates we forecast, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all, which could cause the trading price of our Series A common stock to decline or be volatile.

***Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current board of directors, and limit the trading price of our Series A common stock.***

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• permit our board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly-created directorships;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• require super-majority voting to amend our amended and restated bylaws; provided, however, that majority voting is required to amend our amended and restated bylaws if our board of directors recommends that the stockholders approve such amendment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• authorize the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• after the date that the outstanding shares of Series B common stock no longer represent a majority of the combined voting power of our Series A and Series B common stock (the "Voting Threshold Date"), prohibit stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• until the Voting Threshold Date, our stockholders are able to act by written consent only if the action is first recommended or approved by our board of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that only our board of directors is authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide for a dual series common stock structure where holders of our Series B common stock are able to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the

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outstanding shares of our Series A and Series B common stock, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• provide that our board of directors is expressly authorized to alter or repeal our amended and restated bylaws; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• contain advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

Moreover, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control of our company. Section 203 imposes certain restrictions on mergers, business combinations, and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock.

***Our amended and restated bylaws designate specific courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could potentially limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.***

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claims for:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers, other employees, or stockholders to us or our stockholders;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws (including the interpretation, validity or enforceability thereof); or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine (the "Delaware Forum Provision").

Our amended and restated bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (the "Federal Forum Provision"). In addition, our amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our amended and restated bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims. Additionally, these forum selection clauses may limit our stockholders' ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees, or stockholders which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, employees, or stockholders even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court and other state courts have upheld the validity of federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

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**General Risk Factors**

***We have incurred, and we will continue to incur, increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to support compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.***

As a public company, we have incurred, and we will continue to incur, significant finance, legal, accounting, and other expenses, including director and officer liability insurance, that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, stock exchange listing requirements, the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies in the United States. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to support compliance with these requirements. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee. For example, the Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules and regulations. Moreover, these rules and regulations have increased, and will continue to increase, our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we will continue to incur as a public company or the specific timing of such costs.

In addition, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies, potentially resulting in continued uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest substantial resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management's time and attention from business operations to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be adversely affected.

***Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations, financial condition, and results of operations.***

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance, or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Although we assess our banking and customer relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect us, the financial institutions with which we have credit agreements or arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

------

The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations, financial condition, and results of operations. These could include, but may not be limited to, the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Delayed access to deposits or other financial assets or the uninsured loss of deposits or other financial assets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Delayed or lost access to, or reductions in borrowings available under revolving existing credit facilities or other working capital sources and/or delays, inability, or reductions in our ability to refund, roll over or extend the maturity of, or enter into new credit facilities or other working capital resources;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Potential or actual breach of contractual obligations that require us to maintain letters of credit or other credit support arrangements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Potential or actual breach of financial covenants in our credit agreements or credit arrangements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Potential or actual cross-defaults in other credit agreements, credit arrangements or operating or financing agreements; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Termination of cash management arrangements and/or delays in accessing or actual loss of funds subject to cash management arrangements.

In addition, investor concerns regarding the United States or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Further, if any of our customers, suppliers, or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to acquire financing, access funds, or are otherwise adversely impacted by the factors described above, such parties' ability to pay their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods, and other natural catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as power disruptions, computer viruses, data security breaches, or terrorism.***

Our corporate headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts, and we have employees elsewhere in the United States. We also have offices in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Ireland. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, or flood, occurring at our corporate headquarters, at one of our other facilities, or where a partner is located, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Further, if a natural disaster or man-made problem were to affect our third-party vendors, it could adversely affect the ability of our customers to use our platform. In addition, natural disasters and acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our or our customers' businesses, national economies, or the world economy as a whole. Health concerns or political or governmental developments in countries where we or our customers and vendors operate could result in economic, social, or labor instability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Although we maintain incident management and disaster response plans, in the event of a major disruption caused by a natural disaster or man-made problem, we may be unable to continue our operations in part or in full and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our development activities, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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***Climate change may have a long-term impact on our business.***

We recognize that there are inherent climate-related risks wherever business is conducted. Any of our primary office locations may be vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. For example, our offices globally may experience climate-related events at an increasing frequency, including drought, water scarcity, heat waves, cold waves, wildfires, and resultant air quality impacts and power shutoffs associated with wildfire prevention. While this danger currently has a low-assessed risk of disrupting our normal business operations, it has the potential to disrupt employees' abilities to commute to work or to work from home and stay connected effectively. Furthermore, it is more difficult to mitigate the impact of these events on our employees to the extent they work from home. Climate-related events, including the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and their impact on the critical infrastructure of the United States, Europe, and other major regions, have the potential to disrupt our business, our third-party suppliers and/or the business of our customers, and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses, and additional costs to maintain or resume operations. Regulatory developments, changing market dynamics and stakeholder expectations regarding climate change may impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

**Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds**

***Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities***

On July 28, 2025, Shopify partially exercised the Shopify Warrants in cash for 344,383 shares of our Series B common stock at a price per share of $0.01 for an aggregate purchase price of $3,443.83. The issuance of shares of Series B common stock was exempt from registration pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

***Use of Proceeds from Initial Public Offering of our Series A Common Stock***

On September 19, 2023, our Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-274211) relating to our IPO was declared effective by the SEC. There has been no material change in the use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024.

**Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities**

None.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures**

Not applicable.

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**Item 5. Other Information** 

***Disclosure in lieu of reporting on a Current Report on Form 8-K***

On October 31, 2025, the Company entered into an Employee Assignment Agreement with Velocity Global Switzerland GmbH ("Velocity") pursuant to which, effective November 5, 2025, Velocity will serve as the legal employer of record of Chano Fernández, the Company's Interim Executive Officer, and on October 31, 2025, Mr. Fernández entered into a corresponding employment agreement with Velocity. Mr. Fernández's employment agreement has an indefinite term. Under the Employee Assignment Agreement and the Company's Master Services Agreement with Velocity Global LLC dated September 10, 2020, Velocity will make Mr. Fernández's services available to the Company, and the Company will reimburse Velocity for the compensation and benefits it provides to Mr. Fernández. In conjunction with Mr. Fernández's transition to Velocity, his employment with Klaviyo Ltd will terminate. As an employee of Velocity, Mr. Fernández will be entitled to receive an annual base salary of 800,000 CHF.

***Securities Trading Plans of Directors or Executive Officers***

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) During the three months ended September 30, 2025, certain of the Company's directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted written plans intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act for the sale of the Company's securities, as set forth in the table below.

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Position** | **Adoption Date** | **Earliest Trade Date** | **Total Shares Subject to Trading Arrangement** | **Expiration Date** |
| Landon Edmond | Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel | August 21, 2025 | November 20, 2025 | 197343 | August 28, 2026 |
| Amanda Whalen | Chief Financial Officer | August 21, 2025 | December 18, 2025 | 182000 | November 18, 2026 |
| Roxanne Oulman | Director | September 10, 2025 | December 10, 2025 | 8000 | October 19, 2026 |

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No other directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted, modified and/or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408, during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

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**Item 6. Exhibits**

The following exhibits are filed herewith or incorporated by reference herein:

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | **Incorporated by Reference** | |
|<br>**Exhibit Number** |<br>**Description** | **Form** | **File No.** | **Exhibit Number** | **Filing Date** |<br>**Filed Herewith** |
| 3.1 | <u>[Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Klaviyo, Inc.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000183583024000022/a10-kexhibit31.htm)</u> | 10-K | 001-41806 | 3.1 | February 29, 2024 |  |
| 3.2 | <u>[Amended and Restated Bylaws of Klaviyo, Inc.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000183583024000022/a10-kexhibit32.htm)</u> | 10-K | 001-41806 | 3.2 | February 29, 2024 |  |
| 4.1 | <u>[Specimen Series A Common Stock Certificate of Klaviyo, Inc.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000162828023030618/exhibit41-sx1.htm)</u> | S-1 | 333-274211 | 4.1 | August 25, 2023 |  |
| 4.2 | <u>[Amended and Restated Investors' Rights Agreement by and among Klaviyo, Inc. and certain of its stockholders, dated May 10, 2021.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000162828023030618/exhibit42-sx1.htm)</u> | S-1 | 333-274211 | 4.2 | August 25, 2023 |  |
| 4.3 | <u>[Warrant Agreement by and between Klaviyo, Inc. and Shopify Inc., dated July 28, 2022.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000162828023030618/exhibit43-sx1.htm)</u> | S-1 | 333-274211 | 4.3 | August 25, 2023 |  |
| 4.4 | <u>[Warrant Agreement by and between Klaviyo, Inc. and Shopify International Limited, dated July 28, 2022.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000162828023030618/exhibit44-sx1.htm)</u> | S-1 | 333-274211 | 4.4 | August 25, 2023 |  |
| 4.5 | <u>[Warrant Agreement by and between Klaviyo, Inc, and Shopify Commerce Singapore PTE. LTD., dated July 28, 2022.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000162828023030618/exhibit45-sx1.htm)</u> | S-1 | 333-274211 | 4.5 | August 25, 2023 |  |
| 4.6 | <u>[Stock Purchase Agreement by and between Klaviyo, Inc. and Shopify Strategic Holdings 3 LLC, dated June 24, 2022.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000162828023030618/exhibit46-sx1.htm)</u> | S-1 | 333-274211 | 4.6 | August 25, 2023 |  |
| 10.1\* | <u>[RSU Intention Letter, dated August 29, 2025, between Klaviyo, Inc. and Luciano Fernández Gomez](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1835830/000183583025000100/klaviyoinc-rsuintentionlet.htm)</u>. | 8-K | 001-41806 | 10.2 | August 29, 2025 |  |
| 10.2\* | <u>[Employment Agreement, da](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[t](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[ed October 3](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[1](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[, 2025, between Velo](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[city Global Switzerland GmbH an](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[d](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[Luciano Fernández Gomez](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)[.](exhibit102-luciano_fernand.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  | X |
| 10.3# | <u>[Employee Assignment Agreement, dated](exhibit103-lucianofernande.htm)[October 31,](exhibit103-lucianofernande.htm)[2025, between](exhibit103-lucianofernande.htm)[Velocity Global Switzerland GmbH](exhibit103-lucianofernande.htm)[and](exhibit103-lucianofernande.htm)[Klaviyo, Inc.](exhibit103-lucianofernande.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  | X |
| 10.4# + | <u>[Master Services Agreement, dated Septe](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[mber 10, 2020, between Velocity Global, LLC and](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[Klaviyo, Inc.](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[,](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[as amended](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[by that](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[certain Amendment to Master Serv](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[i](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)[ces Agreement, dated June 21, 2023.](exhibit104-velocityglobalx.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  | X |
| 31.1 | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to SEC Rule 13a 14(a)/15d 14(a).](a10-qq325exhibit311.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  | X |
| 31.2 | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to SEC Rule 13a 14(a)/15d 14(a).](a10-qq325exhibit312.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  | X |
| 32.1† | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](a10-qq325exhibit321.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  | X |
| 32.2† | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](a10-qq325exhibit322.htm)</u> |  |  |  |  | X |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document). |  |  |  |  | X |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  | X |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  | X |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |  |  |  |  | X |

---

\* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

#&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Certain confidential information contained in this exhibit has been omitted because it is both (i) not material and (ii) the type that Klaviyo, Inc. treats as private or confidential.

+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. Klaviyo, Inc. undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the SEC.

------

† This certification will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent specifically incorporated by reference into such filing.

------

**Signatures**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused the report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **KLAVIYO, INC.** | **KLAVIYO, INC.** |
| Dated: November 5, 2025 | By: | /s/ Andrew Bialecki |
|  | Name: | Andrew Bialecki |
|  | Title: | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |
| Dated: November 5, 2025 | By: | /s/ Amanda Whalen |
|  | Name: | Amanda Whalen |
|  | Title: | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 10.2

**Exhibit 10.2**

**Employment Agreement**

by and between

**Velocity Global Switzerland GmbH**<br> Kanzleistrasse 18<br>8004 Zürich

hereinafter the **„Employer"** or the **"Company"**

and

Mr. Luciano Fernández Gomez

[\*\*\*]

Citizenship: Spanish

hereinafter the **„Employee"**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**I.Permit for staff leasing**

On 19 March 2021, the Company Velocity Global Switzerland GmbH was granted of a permit to lease staff in accordance with the Swiss Federal Employment Service Act (AVG), issued by the Office for Economy and Labor of the Canton of Zurich.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**II.General provisions**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*A. Scope of application*

(1)This Employment Agreement regulates the employment relationship between the Employer and the Employee. It governs the assignment of the Employee to the company of the respective customer of the Employer ("**Assignment Company**").

(2)The Employee will perform the work assignment at the following Assignment Company:

**Klaviyo, Inc.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• The Employee's place of work will be [\*\*\*]. The Assignment Company reserves the right to relocate the Employee to another appropriate place of work but without changing the Employee's salary entitlement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Employee's function: Interim Executive Officer

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Type of work to be performed:

------

providing the Assignment Company's senior leadership team with guidance, feedback and coaching;

assisting with recruiting and evaluating prospective employees and/or prospective members of the Assignment Company's board of directors (the "Board");

participating in regular telephone conferences and meetings with senior management and/or members of the Board regarding the Assignment Company's business and responding to emails in the interim;

in person meetings (Boston or otherwise);

and collaborating with the Assignment Company on projects of mutual interest.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Weekly working hours: 42, performed on five days per week (Monday through Friday) at times desired by the Employee in compliance with the blocking times set by the Assignment Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Responsible contact person: Andrew Bialecki, [\*\*\*], Chief Executive Officer.

The Employee's responsibilities are specified by the Assignment Company. The Employee's responsibilities may, at any time, be modified by the Assignment Company to assume other responsibilities. The other terms applicable to the Employee shall not be affected by such modification.

The Employee shall report to Chief Executive Officer or to another person designated by the Employer or the Assignment Company.

(3)Applicable CBAs:

X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Assignment Company is not subject to a universally binding CBA.

(4)Immigration Provisions

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If, and for as long, Employee depends on a specific immigration/residence or work permit status in order to be allowed to work for Employer, this contract of employment will be dependent on the Employee obtaining and keeping such status or permit.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• This Agreement will terminate automatically, on expiration or termination of Employee's work permit-status or turn void if such legal status cannot be obtained from the designated authorities upon commencement of this contract. In this case, the Employee agrees to not hold the Employer in any form responsible for any costs or liabilities that may come forth out of Employee's prolonged presence in Switzerland, after the date of termination of this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*B. Universally binding Collective Bargaining Agreements*

If the Assignment Company is subject to a universally binding Collective Bargaining Agreement, the Employer must also comply with its wage and working time regulations vis-à-vis the Employee. If a universally binding Collective Bargaining Agreement provides for a mandatory contribution to further training and enforcement costs or if the Collective Bargaining Agreement on Staff Leasing is applicable, both the Employer and the Employee must pay the contributions provided for in the respective Collective Bargaining Agreement.

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**III.Rights of the Employee**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*A. Wages*

(1)The Employee is paid a gross salary CHF 800,000 per annum made up of 13 equal parts of CHF 61,538.46. As per art. 327c CO, the salary includes CHF 500 per month as home office allowance.

(2)Wages, expenses and overtime compensation are paid at the end of each month. The 13th monthly salary is paid prorated on a monthly basis. Payments are made to a Swiss postal giro or bank account to ensure the smooth processing of salary payments.

(3)Further payments Unless otherwise expressly agreed upon in writing, the payment of any other gratuities, profit shares, premiums or other extra payments shall be on a voluntary basis, it being understood that even repeated payments without the reservation of their voluntary nature shall not create any legal claim for the Employee, either in respect to their cause or their amount either for the past or for the future.

(4)The Employee will receive a detailed payroll accounting with the statutory and/or contractual social deductions, i.e. in particular

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• AHV/IV/EO;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• ALV;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Insurance against non-occupational accidents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Insurance against loss of earnings in case of illness;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Any withholding tax;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Any pledge of salary claims (limited in accordance with Art. 325 CO)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Employee contribution to training and enforcement costs of 0.4% of salary, provided that salary is below the maximum insured income according to SUVA (currently CHF 148,200)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Deductions for occupational benefits (BVG) as soon as the Employee is subject to it. The conditions of participation as well as the rates of the deductions are set out in a special BVG information sheet.

(5)The Employer pays:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 50% of the AHV/IV/EO/ALV contributions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 50% of the contribution to the 2<sup>nd</sup> pillar (BVG);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 50% of the premium for loss of earnings insurance in the event of illness (daily illness benefit insurance); the monthly insurance premiums currently amounts to 0.5045% of monthly gross salary, of which the Employer and Employee each pay 50%

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 100% of the contribution to the insurance against occupational accidents.

(6)Repayment obligation

Should the Employee have received any payment in excess of the Employee's actual entitlement, the Employee shall, upon the Employer's first request, pay back such excessive amount to the Employer. Payments that the Employer, without being in any error, declares as voluntary, shall not be covered by this repayment obligation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*B. Child allowances*

For each child, the Employee is entitled to family allowances in accordance with the Federal Act on Family Allowances (FamZG) and the applicable cantonal laws. The family allowance in

------

accordance with FamZG is at least CHF 200.00 per month for children up to 16 years of age (child allowance) and at least CHF 250.00 per month for 16 to 25-year-old children and young people (education allowance). Only one allowance of the same type is paid for the same child. The cantons may provide for higher minimum rates. The family allowance is paid at the end of each month with the salary. In order to be eligible for the family allowance, the Employee must present the family card and any other necessary documents when taking up employment or when the child is born.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*C. Extra hours and overtime*

(1)Working hours which are performed in accordance with the instructions of the Employer and/or the Assignment Company beyond the working hours agreed in this Employment Agreement shall be considered extra hours. They will not be compensated by time off or any payment. If, however, the Collective Bargaining Agreement on Staff Leasing applies, the Employee shall compensate such extra hours by time off of equal duration at times indicated by the Employer and/or the Assignment Company or, at the Employer's choice, will be paid out at the ordinary hourly rate (i.e. without any surcharges).

(2)Hours worked in accordance with the instructions in the Assignment Company in excess of the maximum working hours under Labor Act are considered overtime - if the Employee is subject to the Labor Act. The Employee undertakes to comply with the provisions of the Labor Act. According to these regulations, overtime may not exceed 2 hours per day, except on work-free working days or in emergencies, and may not exceed 170 hours per calendar year if the maximum weekly working time is 45 hours or 140 hours if the maximum weekly working time is 50 hours. The daily working time must be within a period of 14 hours, including breaks and overtime. Work on Sundays, public holidays and during the night may only be carried out in exceptional cases and on the basis of an official permit. The Employee is obliged to inform the Employer immediately if the Assignment Company orders working hours that violate the legal regulations. Such hours may only be worked with the Employer's written consent. In the absence of such approval, the Employee may be refused recognition of the hours worked for the unlawful overtime.

Overtime is compensated within a period of 12 months by free time of at least the same duration at times indicated by the Employer and/or the Assignment Company. If such compensation is not possible, they will be compensated with a 25 % salary surcharge provided, however, that no compensation will be paid for the first 60 overtime hours performed per calendar year of the Employee is an office employee, a technician or other staff member.

(3)With the exception of the Employee's obligation to comply with the provisions of the Labor Act, the above clause III.C.(2) shall not apply if the Collective Bargaining Agreement on Staff Leasing is applicable. In such cases, any working time in excess of 9.5 hours per day or 45 hours per week respectively shall be considered overtime and shall be paid on weekdays with a 25% wage supplement and on Sundays with a 50% wage supplement. The surcharges are not cumulative.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*D. Probationary Period*

(1)The first 3 months of the employment relationship are considered a probationary period.

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(2)If the probationary period is effectively shortened due to illness, accident or fulfilment of a legal obligation, the probationary period will be extended accordingly.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*E. Holiday leave*

The Employee is entitled to 4 weeks (20 days) of paid holiday leave per year. For Employees up to the age of 20 and from the age of 50 the holiday leave entitlement is 5 weeks. If the applicable Collective Bargaining Agreements provides for longer holiday leave entitlements, these shall apply. For an incomplete year, the holiday leaves are granted pro rata temporis.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*F. Public Holidays*

(1)For the duration of the Employment Agreement, only official holidays at the place of work which fall on a working day and which are treated as Sundays shall be compensated in proportion to the average daily wage for the week containing the holiday (irregular overtime and bonuses not included). With the exception of August 1, these public holidays are governed by the cantonal regulations applicable to the Assignment Company. In accordance with Art. 20a of the Labor Act (ArG), August 1 is treated as a Sunday.

(2)Compensation for loss of salary is paid if the employment relationship has lasted for more than 13 weeks without interruption.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*G. Accident*

(1)On the way to work and during the assignment in the Assignment Company, the Employee is insured by the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA) against occupational accidents in accordance with the valid legal regulations (see SUVA information sheet). The insurance begins when the Employee starts work and ends on the last working day (supplementary cover in accordance with Art. 3 Para. 2 of the Accident Insurance Act, UVG). Non-occupational accidents are covered if the weekly working time is at least 8 hours.

SUVA benefits replace the obligation to pay wages in accordance with Art. 324a Swiss Code of Obligations (CO). From the moment the accident is recognized by SUVA, the Employer pays 80% of the Employee's salary during the waiting period, in application of Art. 324b para. 3 CO.

The SUVA regulations and the UVG are decisive for the scope, services and reservations. The relevant regulations can be viewed in the office of the Employer.

In the event of an accident, the Employer may require the Employee to undergo a medical examination. The physician is appointed either by the Employer or by SUVA. The Employee herewith releases doctor from the medical secrecy to the extent required for the Employer to understand its rights and obligations towards the Employee.

Within 31 days after termination of employment, the Employee may request SUVA to take out individual insurance against accidents with SUVA.

In the case of non-occupational accidents that are excluded from SUVA as exceptional hazards and risks within the meaning of Art. 39 UVG and Art. 49 and Art. 50 of the Ordinance on Accident Insurance (UVV), the Employer is not obliged to pay wages (Art. 324a CO).

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*H. Illness*

(1)In the case of an inability to work due to illness or accident, the Employee may be required to substantiate the Employee's inability to work after three (3) working days with a medical certificate.

(2)The Employee is insured for loss of earnings due to illness from the start of work until the end of the employment Agreement in accordance with the VVG (Federal Insurance Agreements Act). The Employer pays 50% of the insurance premiums.

(3)The insurance benefits as well as the Employer's continued salary payment as set forth under (5) replace the salary payment obligation pursuant to Art. 324a CO.

(4)A valid medical certificate, which must be presented within three days, as well as recognition by the insurance company, is a prerequisite for the provision of benefits.

(5)The loss of earnings shall be paid from the 31st day of illness and, during the period of 900 days per case, shall amount to a maximum of 730 days less the waiting period, which must be passed in any case and shall be deducted from the duration of benefits, 80% of the salary subject to Old age and invalidity insurance (AHV), but limited to a maximum of CHF 300,000 and, in the case of salaries exceeding CHF 250,000, subject to a successful health examination. After termination of the Agreement, insurance coverage is only available for illnesses that occur during the period of employment and the compensation might be limited due to reduced loss of income; new incapacities to work are only covered if the Employee exercises the right to transfer to the individual insurance. In addition, reference is made to the general terms of insurance in force at the time, which may exclude or limit insurance coverage (e.g. for pre-existing illnesses, illnesses caused by gross negligence, stays outside Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein, or age beyond the ordinary retirement age). From the 1st to the 30th day of illness, the Employer will pay 80% of the daily earnings to an Employee who is prevented from working due to illness through no fault of their own, provided the employment relationship has lasted for more than three months or was entered into for a fixed period of more than three months.

(6)In case of partial incapacity to work, the daily illness benefit is paid proportionally, provided that the incapacity to work is at least 25%. There is no entitlement to benefits if the incapacity for work is less than 25%.

(7)The Employer may at any time require the Employee to be examined by a physician designated by the Employer, who is bound by medical secrecy. However, the Employee shall release the physician from medical secrecy to the extent necessary for the assessment of the Employer's rights and obligations.

(8)Within 90 days after termination of the employment the Employee may request to be individually insured at the Employee's own expense with the Employer's insurance against loss of earnings.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*I. Military, civil defense and community service*

During compulsory service in the army, civil defense or alternative civilian service in accordance with federal legislation, the Employee receives compensation of 80% of the

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actual loss of earnings, calculated on the basis of the contractually agreed normal working hours, for a maximum of 4 weeks per year. For this period, the Employer is entitled to the claims from the income compensation scheme. If the benefits of the income replacement scheme exceed the benefits of the Employer, the difference is due to the Employee. After 2 years of uninterrupted employment, the Employee receives 80% of the salary according to the Bernese scale. In all other cases, the Employee receives only the compensation from the compensation fund. The registration card must always be completed and handed over to the Employer. If, for administrative reasons, SUVA, enforcement and further training contributions are deducted from the employee's income compensation benefits, these contributions will not be reimbursed. The compensation for loss of earnings pursuant to this paragraph shall be deemed to have been reduced by these contributions.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*J. Pregnancy and child birth*

(1)Pursuant to Article 16b et seq. of the Federal Compensation for Loss of Earnings Act, EOG, female Employees shall be entitled to maternity compensation if they were insured within the meaning of the Federal Law on Old Age and Survivors' Insurance (AHVG) for the nine months immediately preceding the birth, have been gainfully employed for at least five months during this period and are still employees at the time of the birth.

(2)The right to compensation arises on the day of the birth. During the maximum 14-week maternity leave, the mothers shall receive 80% of the average earned income earned before the beginning of the entitlement to compensation. The maternity compensation is paid in the form of a daily allowance (max. 98 daily allowances) which is caped at CHF 220 per day. The entitlement ends prematurely if the mother resumes work.

(3)Loss of earnings in the event of illness-related absences during pregnancy shall be paid in accordance with Section III. I. above as a normal illness.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*K. Other Parent's Leave*

(1)Pursuant to Article 16j et seq. of the Federal Compensation for Loss of Earnings Act, EOG, the other parent of the new born child shall be entitled to compensation for the other parent if they were insured within the meaning of the Federal Law on Old Age and Survivors' Insurance (AHVG) for the nine months immediately preceding the birth of the child, have been gainfully employed for at least five months during this period and are still employees at the time of the birth. An Employee is entitled to compensation paid by the government insurance and if the Employee is the other legal parent at the time of the birth of the child or becomes the other legal parent within six months of the child's birth.

(2)The other parent has a right to take two weeks of other parent's leave within a six month period from the birth. The leave can be taken consecutively or by taking single days off. During the two weeks other parent's leave, the other parent shall receive 80% of the average earned income earned before the beginning of the entitlement to compensation. The other parent compensation is paid in the form of a daily allowance (max. 14 daily allowances) which is capped at CHF 220 per day.

(3)Pursuant to Article 16k of the Federal Compensation for Loss of Earnings Act, EOG, if the mother dies on the date of birth or the 97 days following the birth of the child, the other parent has a right to take an additional 14 consecutive weeks of other parent's leave

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starting on the day of the mother's death. The running of the six month period during which the other parent's leave has to be taken as per paragraph (2) above is interrupted during the leave. During the 14 weeks other parent's leave, the other parent shall receive 80% of the average earned income earned before the beginning of the entitlement to compensation. The other parent compensation is paid in the form of a daily allowance (max. 98 daily allowances) which is capped at CHF 220 per day. The entitlement ends prematurely if the other partner resumes work.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*L. Child Care Leave*

(1)Pursuant to Article 16n et seq. of the Federal Compensation for Loss of Earnings Act, EOG, parents of a minor child whose health is seriously impaired due to accident or illness and who interrupt gainful employment to care for the child if they are employees at the time they interrupt gainful employment are entitled to child care leave compensation paid by the government insurance.

(2)The parents have a right to take an aggregate of 14 weeks of child care leave within a 18 month period starting from the first day for which child care leave benefits are obtained. Unless agreed differently, each parent is entitled to 7 weeks of child care leave. The leave can be taken consecutively or by taking single days off. During the child care leave, the parent shall receive 80% of the average earned income earned before the beginning of the entitlement to compensation. The child care leave compensation is paid in the form of a daily allowance (max. 98 daily allowances) which is capped at CHF 220 per day.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*M. Adoption Leave*

(1)Pursuant to Article 16t et seq. of the Federal Compensation for Loss of Earnings Act, EOG, persons who take in a child under the age of 4 for adoption and who are employees at the time they take in the child for adoption are entitled to adoption leave compensation paid by the government insurance.

(2)In case of joint adoption, the two parents together have a right to take an aggregate of 14 days of adoption leave within a 12 month period starting from the day on which the child has been taken in for adoption. Unless agreed differently, each parent is entitled to 7 days of adoption leave. The leave can be taken consecutively or by taking single days off. During the adoption leave, the parent shall receive 80% of the average earned income earned before the beginning of the entitlement to compensation. The adoption leave compensation is paid in the form of a daily allowance (max. 14 daily allowances) which is capped at CHF 220 per day.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*N. Occupational pension plan*

In the case of an Employment Agreement for an indefinite period of time or for a period of more than three months, the Employee is subject to the payments according to the Federal Law on Occupational Retirement, Surviving Dependants' and Disability Pension (BVG) from day one. If an Employment Agreement of less than three months' duration is extended beyond this period, the BVG-payments apply from the date of extension of the Agreement.

Employees with support obligations towards children and/or who have an indefinite term employment and who are subject to the Collective Bargaining Agreement on Staff Leasing,

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are insured in the pension fund from the first day. All other Employees who are subject to the Collective Bargaining Agreement on Staff Leasing can voluntarily insure themselves in the pension fund from the first day of employment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*O. Justified absences*

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In the case of justified absences, the temporary Employee is usually entitled to compensation for loss of earnings. This is calculated in proportion to the average daily earnings for the week in which the event takes place and is paid up to the amount of normal daily working hours (overtime and allowances not included; where weekly or monthly wages have been agreed, these are paid without deductions). The following absences are compensated:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Marriage of the Employee: 3 days

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Marriage of one of the Employee's children: 1 day

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Necessary care of a family member or life partner with a health impairment: up to 10 days (up to 3 days per occurrence)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Military Inspection: ½ Day

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Fulfilment of legal obligations: necessary hours

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Death of a member of the Employee's or the spouse's own family: 3 days

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Care of the own sick child or a child living in the same household: up to 3 days

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Death of a close relative: 1 day

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Moving of the Employee: 1 day

A payment will only be made on the basis of adequate proof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*P. Transfer of the Employee*

The Employee may transfer to the Assignment Company after termination of the employment Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**IV.Duties of the Employee**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*A. Duty of care*

(1)The Employee undertakes to carry out the work entrusted to him by the Assignment Company carefully and conscientiously.

(2)The Employee shall treat the materials, equipment, machines and tools entrusted to them for the performance of their duties with all due care.

(3)The Employee shall observe all safety and precautionary measures required for their work. The Employee shall make conscientious use of the means placed at the Employee's disposal to protect the health and life of the personnel of the Assignment Company, and to this end shall comply with the issued regulations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*B. Duties of loyalty and confidentiality*

The Employee shall devote their efforts exclusively to the Employer in furtherance of the Employer's interests and those of the Assignment Company. Any engagement in additional occupations for remuneration or any participation in any kind of enterprise requires the written consent of the Employer. This shall not apply to the usual acquisition of shares or other stocks up to 5% of equity capital or 5% of voting rights exclusively for investment purposes. The acquisition of shares or other stocks in non-listed companies that maintain

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business relationships with the Employer or that compete with the Employer must in any case be approved in advance and in writing by the Employer. The Membership in the board of directors or supervisory board of other companies shall also require the prior written approval of the Employer.

The Employee shall during the period of employment with the Employer and after termination of the employment relationship, insofar as this is necessary to protect the legitimate interests of the Employer, keep secret any confidential information, in particular information concerning contractual arrangements, deals, transactions or any other affairs of the Employer, the Assignment Company or their affiliates as well as their respective employees, business partners and officers and will not use any such information for the Employee's own benefit or the benefit of others. This obligation shall also exist with respect to any protected data and confidential information of third parties that the Employee gets to know as an employee of the Employer.

Upon termination of this Agreement, the Employee shall return to the Employer all files and any company documents concerning the business of the Employer, the Assignment Company and their affiliates in the Employee's possession or open to the Employee's access, including all designs, customer and price lists, printed material, documents, sketches, notes, drafts as well as copies thereof, as well as any objects belonging to the Employer or to an affiliate of the Employer. Any retention right is excluded.

During the term of this Agreement as well as for a period of 12 months after the termination of the employment relationship, the Employee shall neither entice away nor solicit nor try to entice away or to solicit any customers of the Assignment Company or its affiliated companies for whom the Employee was active or with whom the Employee was in contact during the last 12 months prior to the effective termination of the Employee's activity for the Employer, nor directly nor indirectly act on behalf of such a customer, for example as an employee, consultant, agent, corporate body or employee of a third party, nor submit an offer for such an activity. Upon each violation of the Employee's obligations under this Section IV.B, the Employee shall pay to the Assignment Company a contractual penalty in an amount equal to the Employee's last annual gross salary.

Payment of the contractual penalty does not relieve the Employee from observing the obligations under this Section IV.B. The Assignment Company is furthermore entitled to seek judicial enforcement of the Employee's obligations and/or to claim damages. The Assignment Company shall have a direct claim under this paragraph against the Employee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*C. Instructions*

Instructions of the Employer and the Assignment Company must be followed, whereby those of the Employer take precedence. During the assignment, the Employee must comply with the instructions of the Assignment Company, the company regulations and the practices of the Assignment Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*D. Obligation to report*

The Employee who has to interrupt the assignment or is unable to carry it out must report this immediately to the Employer and the Assignment Company. For each change in the duration of work, working hours, place of work, type of work or home address, an

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addendum to this Employment Agreement must be prepared and signed by the Employer and the Employee.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*E. Controls*

The Employee accepts to undergo objectively justified and legally permissible controls, be it by video camera, control of personal belongings, a check of the computer hard disk, etc., to which the Employees of the Assignment Company are also subject.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*F. Non-competition*

In accordance with Art. 340 para. 2 Swiss Code of Obligations (CO), if the Employee in the course of their employment acquires knowledge of the Assignment Company's trade secrets and manufacturing secrets and/or has insight into the Assignment Company's customer base, the Employee shall not to perform any activity competing with the Assignment Company during the term of this Agreement as well as after the term of this Agreement for a period of six (6) months. After the termination of this Agreement the non-compete covenant shall be limited to Switzerland and the field of Business

In particular, the Employee agrees:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• not to have, directly or indirectly, any financial or other interest in a business or company which develops, produces, markets or distributes products substantially similar to the products of the Assignment Company or its affiliated companies or renders services similar to those rendered by the Assignment Company or its affiliated companies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• not to accept any part or full time employment in such a company or to act as a consultant or representative or in any other form for such a company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• not to directly or indirectly establish or operate such a company.

The Employee understands that a violation of the obligations under this Section F might cause serious damage to the Assignment Company. Upon any breach of the Employee's obligations under this Section IV.F, the Employee shall pay to the Assignment Company an amount equal to the Employee's last annual gross salary as a contractual penalty. The payment of the contractual penalty does not relieve the Employee from the non-compete obligations. The Assignment Company's right to claim damages is expressly reserved. Furthermore, the Assignment Company shall in any event be entitled to seek judicial enforcement of the Employee's obligations. The Assignment Company shall have a direct claim under this Section IV.F.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**V.Entering into force and termination**

This Agreement shall be effective as of 5th November 2025 and last for an indefinite period.

The employment relationship can be terminated as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• during the **probationary period,** this employment agreement may be terminated by either party at any time by respecting a notice period of **7 days**

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **after the end of the probationary period**, this employment agreement may be terminated by either party by respecting a notice period of **1 month** in the **first year of service**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• from the **second year of service** and up to and including the **sixth year of service**, this employment agreement may be terminated by either party by respecting a notice period of **2 months**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• after the **seventh year** of continuous service, this employment agreement may be terminated by either party by respecting a notice period of **3 months.**

The notices can be effective as of any calendar day.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**VI.Intellectual Property Rights**

All intellectual property rights including but not limited to patent rights, design rights, copyrights and related rights, database rights, trademark rights and chip rights as well as any rights in know how ensuing from any work performed by the Employee during the term of the employment (hereinafter the "**Intellectual Property Rights**"), shall exclusively and directly vest in the Company. The Employee may not, without the Company's written consent, disclose, multiply, use, manufacture, bring on the market or sell, lease, deliver or otherwise trade, offer on behalf of a third party, or register the results of the Employee's work.

Insofar as certain Intellectual Property Rights mentioned above should not vest in the Company by operation of law or based above, the Employee covenants that the Employee will transfer and, insofar as possible, hereby transfers to the Company such rights. The Company may however renounce such transfer or transfer back to the Employee any such Intellectual Property Rights at any time. If a transfer should not be possible under the applicable law, then the Employee shall grant to the Company a perpetual, transferable, royalty-free license to use and exploit such Intellectual Property Rights in any way the Company sees fit.

The Employee acknowledges that the salary includes reasonable compensation for the loss of Intellectual Property Rights.

The Company is entitled to transfer the Intellectual Property Rights in full or in part to any third party. The Company and such third parties are not obliged to mention the Employee as the author if they publish any computer programs or other works. They are free to make any modifications, translations and/or other adaptations and/or can refrain from making any publications.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**VII.Data protection**

(1)For the purpose of implementing the employment relationship, the Employer, as the responsible body, collects, processes and uses personal data of the Employee automatically at the beginning and during the employment relationship. In particular, the following categories of data (hereinafter referred to as "Data") are involved: name, address, date of birth, pension insurance number, nationality, marital status, education, application, past conduct in the Company, function title, job, area of experience, details on wages,

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performance appraisals, salary overviews, vacation days, information on the status of the employment relationship (terminated/ongoing).

(2)The Employee's data will be passed on to external service providers, Excent as the Employer's payroll provider, and/or its subsidiaries as well as the Assignment Company (hereinafter referred to collectively as "Contractors"), on the basis of written agreements that specify details of data collection, processing or use, technical and organizational measures and any subcontractual relationships which will assist the Employer in achieving the purposes described. The Contractors will be carefully selected by the Employer with special regard to the suitability of the technical and organizational measures taken by them and will be checked for compliance with these measures. If a Contractor is located in a country with an inappropriate level of data protection within the meaning of the Swiss Data Protection Act, the Employer shall ensure through appropriate contractual agreements that an appropriate level of data protection is established between the Employer and the Contractor.

(3)The Employee authorizes the Employer to keep the Employee's application file and to process data concerning the Employee in the Employer's computer systems, as well as to forward the Employee's file to other branches and the Assignment Company or its affiliates and legal successors. The Employer is also authorized to obtain information from the previous employers. This authorization can be revoked in writing at any time.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**VIII.Place of jurisdiction and applicable law; Miscellaneous**

The ordinary Swiss courts shall have jurisdiction for any disputes arising from the present Employment Agreement.

The court at the domicile or registered office of the defendant or at the place where the Employee habitually carries out the work shall have jurisdiction (Art. 34 para. 1 CPC). In addition, the court at the place of business of the Assignment Company has jurisdiction (Art. 34(2) CPC).

Swiss law is applicable to the present Employment Agreement.

Should any provision of this Agreement be invalid, the validity of the remaining provisions shall not be affected. The parties undertake to replace the ineffective provision by an effective agreement which comes as close as possible to the ineffective provision in terms of interest and meaning.

The Employee confirms having read and understood this Employment Agreement and received a copy of it as well as the aforementioned information sheets.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| | Place, date: 30 October 2025<br>Zurich |
| <u>/s/ Helen Van Der Corput&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u><br>Velocity Global Switzerland GmbH | <u>/s/ Luciano Fernández Gomez&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u><br>Mr. Luciano Fernández Gomez |

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## Exhibit 10.3

**Exhibit 10.3**

CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION, MARKED BY [\*\*\*], HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THIS EXHIBIT BECAUSE (I) IT IS NOT MATERIAL AND (II) THE REGISTRANT CUSTOMARILY AND ACTUALLY TREATS THE INFORMATION AS PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL.

**Employee Assignment Agreement**

by and between

**Velocity Global Switzerland GmbH**<br> Kanzleistrasse 18<br>8004 Zürich

hereinafter **„Velocity"**

and

**Klaviyo, Inc.**<br> 125 Summer Street, Boston, 02110 USA

hereinafter the **"Assignment Company"**

WHEREAS an employee will be provided by Velocity to the Assignment Company for the contractually agreed period of time (hereinafter the "**Assignment**").

WHEREAS the employee provided to the Assignment Company is bound to Velocity by an Employment Agreement defining his rights and obligations towards Velocity.

WHEREAS the employee provided to the Assignment Company is not contractually bound to the Assignment Company. Nevertheless, he is integrated into the Assignment Company in personal, organizational and temporal respects.

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WHEREAS since 19 March 2021, Velocity holds a license for staff leasing in accordance with the Federal Employment Service Law (Arbeitsvermittlungsgesetz, AVG), issued by the Office for Economy and Labor of the Canton of Zurich, 8090 Zurich.

WHEREAS Velocity also holds a federal authorization to lease staff, issued by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), Directorate for Labor, Effingerstrasse 31, 3003 Bern.

**1. Assignment**

Velocity will provide the following employee to the Assignment Company:

Mr. Luciano Fernández Gomez<br>(hereinafter the "**Employee**")

The Employee has the following professional and vocational qualifications:

- MBA, Business Administration, Management and Operations

- New Business Development

The Employee will exercise the following function:

Interim Executive Officer

The Employee is in the following wage classification:

skilled (gelernt) / with professional experience (angelernt)

The Employee will mainly work from home and at the Assignment Company's premises as requested by the Assignment Company.

Applicable CBAs:

X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Assignment Company is not subject to a universally binding CBA.

The Assignment will start on:

5th November 2025

The Assignment is unlimited in time.

**2. Working hours**

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The following shall be regarded as the weekly working hours of the Employee:

42 hours per week Monday to Friday

Work at night, on Sundays and public holidays shall be excluded.

Holidays: 20 days (4 weeks) + bank holidays at the place of residence.

The Assignment Company will keep time, sickness and holiday records, and shall deliver them to Velocity on a monthly basis.

**3. Extra hours and overtime work**

1.)Extra hours

Extra hours are deemed to be those hours worked in excess of the number of the hours agreed with the Assignment Company. In the absence of any other mutual agreement and if an hourly rate has been agreed, these hours are to be paid without the statutory surcharge to the hourly rate specified in this Assignment Agreement. If a monthly wage has been agreed, extra hours shall be compensated with payment of the monthly wage.

2.)Overtime

The Assignment Company is responsible for ensuring that the provisions of the Swiss Labor Act are complied with, especially with regard to overtime. Overtime is the number of hours worked in excess of the legally defined maximum working hours.

The Employee is only required to overtime work to which he, Velocity and the Assignment Company have agreed and which is legally permissible. The Assignment Company will have to pay an overtime surcharge calculated according to the legal regulations.

3.)Work on Sunday, Public Holidays an Nights

Any hours worked on Sundays, public holidays and at night will need Velocity's and the Employee's consent. The Assignment Company shall pay the legal surcharge for this work. This work has to be listed separately on the hourly work report. In case of regular night work, the Employee's work time will be increased by the statutory time credit.

**4. Remuneration for the Assignment**

The Assignment Company shall pay Velocity Global CHF 66,666.67 per month as a gross base salary of the Employee (inclusive a pro-rated 13th months salary) for the services of the Employee provided by Velocity Global as well as additional allowance, surcharges for any extra hours, overtime and work on Sundays, public holidays and at night, if applicable. Additionally, the Assignment Company shall pay Velocity Global an equivalent of USD [\*\*\*] as compensation for hiring fees.

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This payment is also due if the Employee is prevented from performing his work for a reason related to his person, such as illness, accident, fulfillment of legal obligations or the exercise of public office, through no fault of the Employee.

The above stated remuneration includes all social security benefits, allowances, expenses and fringe benefits as well as any further training and enforcement costs and costs for Flexible Retirement Age (FAR), if applicable, according to a Collective Bargaining Agreement declared universally binding for the present Assignment.

If the Assignment Company is subject to a universally binding Collective Bargaining Agreement, it must also pay the costs of travel and meals listed in the Collective Bargaining Agreement.

Velocity shall send its invoices to Velocity Global LLC ("Velocity Global") which shall facilitate the payment of the fee on behalf of the Assignment Company according to a separate agreement between the Assignment Company and Velocity Global. All amounts are exclusive of VAT.

**5. Changes in place of work, working hours or function**

Should the Assignment Company be forced by exceptional, unforeseeable circumstances to change the agreed place of work, working hours or function of the Employee during the course of the Assignment, it must inform Velocity immediately in writing and a supplement to this Assignment Agreement must be prepared.

Velocity may refuse its consent to amendments of this Agreement without justification. If essential elements according to Art. 19 para. 2 AVG are affected, these changes require the consent of the Employee.

**6. Managerial authority and occupational safety**

The Assignment Company has the sole right of instruction and control over the Employee(s) provided with regard to the execution of the work. According to the Employment Agreement with Velocity, the Employee is obliged to follow the instructions of the Assignment Company when carrying out the work entrusted to him.

The Assignment Company shall observe the instructions and statutory provisions on occupational safety and health protection. In particular, to prevent accidents and occupational illnesses, the Assignment Company undertakes to comply with all legal regulations (UVG, UVV, ArG, etc.) and to ensure their enforcement, in particular:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to provide the Employee with the equipment, materials and devices necessary for the performance of his work and to verify whether the Employee uses them correctly and/or receives appropriate training;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• to take all adequate precautions and necessary measures to protect the life and health of the Employee, to prevent accidents and to ensure that the Employee is familiarized with the general, job-specific safety measures and those that are specific to his workplace in the Assignment Company.

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**7. Control of work performance**

From the beginning of the Assignment, the Assignment Company reviews whether the Employee provided by Velocity meets the requirements and is able to carry out the tasks entrusted to him.

If this is not the case, the Assignment Company has to inform Velocity immediately in writing.

**8. Notice Period**

If the present Employee Assignment Agreement is concluded for an unlimited period of time, it can be terminated by either the Assignment Company or Velocity in writing with a notice period of one month.

The Assignment Company commits itself to inform Velocity in time in writing if it intends to terminate the employment relationship. Where this Agreement requires the written form, an email or any other document shall be sufficient.

This Assignment Agreement may not be terminated during a period of any condition laid out in Art. 336c of the Swiss Code of Obligations unless the Employee terminated his Employment Agreement with Velocity.

**9. Conditions of Immediate Termination**

The present Assignment Agreement may be terminated with immediate effect by either the Assignment Company or Velocity giving the other party in writing notice of immediate termination under the following conditions:

1.)the Employee has committed any serious or persistent breach of any of his obligations under this Agreement which the Assignment Company has informed Velocity in writing previously; or

2.)the other party is dissolved, ceases to conduct all (or substantially all) of its business, is or becomes unable to pay its debts as they fall due, is or becomes insolvent or is declared insolvent, or convenes a meeting or makes or proposes to make any arrangement or composition with its creditors; or

3.)an administrator, administrative receiver, liquidator, receiver, trustee, manager or similar is appointed over any of the assets of the other party; or

4.)an order is made for the winding up of the other party, or the other party passes a resolution for its winding up (other than for the purpose of a solvent company reorganisation or amalgamation where the resulting entity will assume all the obligations of the other party under this Agreement); or

5.)the Employee is suspected of any fraud, dishonesty or serious misconduct based on serious grounds and adequate investigation.

**10. Liability for Damage**

1.)In general

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The Employee is not employed by the Assignment Company on the basis of a contract for work or agency contract. Therefore, Velocity is not liable to the Assignment Company in any way for the result of the services rendered by the Employee.

Information provided by Velocity about the Employee is based on the Employee's own information, documents provided by the Employee and references obtained. The documents and references are not verified. Likewise, no medical examinations are ordered nor is a character reference obtained.

Any liability of Velocity for indirect damages, business interruption consequential damages, in particular for loss of profit or loss of data is excluded. The amount of liability is limited to three times the amount of an average monthly fee paid by the Assignment Company.

2.)Liability of the Assignment Company for Employee's acts.

The Employee shall carry out the assigned work under the supervision and responsibility of the Assignment Company. Velocity declines any liability for damages caused by an Employee (in particular damage to installations, material or equipment of the Assignment Company, when handling money, securities, delicate or valuable goods). In relation to third parties, only the Assignment Company is liable for the employee (Art. 55 and Art. 101 Swiss Code of Obligations) and the Assignment Company shall hold Velocity harmless from any and all claims raised against Velocity by third parties due to acts of the Employee.

It is the responsibility of the Assignment Company to take out the necessary insurance to cover these various risks (Art. 101 Swiss Code of Obligations).

**11. Intellectual Property Rights**

Velocity acknowledges that all copyright, trademarks, patents and other intellectual property rights deriving from the Employee's services shall belong to the Assignment Company.

**12. Confidentiality**

In order to protect the confidentiality and trade secrets of the Assignment Company and Velocity and without prejudice to every other duty to keep secret all information given to it or gained in confidence, the parties agree as follows:

1.)not at any time whether during or after an Assignment (unless expressly so authorized by the other party as a necessary part of the performance of its duties) to disclose to any person or to make use of any of the trade secrets or the confidential information of the other party with the exception of information already in the public domain;

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3.)not at any time to make any copy, abstract, summary or précis of the whole or any part of any document or other material belonging to the other party except when required to do so in the course of its duties under an Assignment.

**13. Transfer**

The Assignment Company may freely hire the Employee after the end of the Assignment. The Assignment Company shall only owe possible compensation to Velocity and Velocity Global (reimbursed through Velocity Global) if the assignment has lasted less than three months and the employee transfers to the Assignment Company less than three months after the end of this assignment. The compensation which the Assignment Company shall in such a case pay to Velocity shall correspond to the amount that the Assignment Company would have to pay to Velocity for administrative expenses and profit for a three-month assignment minus the fees already paid for administrative expenses and profit.

**14. Place of jurisdiction; general terms and conditions**

Exclusive place of jurisdiction is Zurich.

Velocity reserves its right to sue the Assignment Company at the competent court at the place of residence or registered office of the Assignment Company.

The present Agreement is subject to Swiss law.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Place, date: October 31, 2025<br><u>/s/ Helen Van Der Corput</u> <br>Velocity Global Switzerland GmbH<br>Helen Van Der Corput, Legal Counsel | Place, date: October 30, 2025<br><u>/s/ Landon Edmond</u> <br>Klaviyo, Inc.<br>Landon Edmond |

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## Exhibit 10.4

**Exhibit 10.4**

CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION, MARKED BY [\*\*\*], HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THIS EXHIBIT BECAUSE (I) IT IS NOT MATERIAL AND (II) THE REGISTRANT CUSTOMARILY AND ACTUALLY TREATS THE INFORMATION AS PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL.

**MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT**

This Master Services Agreement ("Agreement") is entered into and effective as of September 10, 2020 between Velocity Global, LLC, a Colorado limited liability company, located at 3858 Walnut Street, Suite 107, Denver, CO 80205 ("Velocity Global"), and Klaviyo, Inc. ("Client"), a Delaware corporation located at 125 Summer Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States. Velocity Global and Client may be hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Parties" and individually as a "Party."

**1. Definitions.**

As used in this Agreement:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.1"Applicable Laws" means the applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations (including without limitation the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, US export control laws and regulations, US sanctions and embargoes and laws relating to working time and compensation of workers, workplace health and safety issues, mandates relating protected leaves, compensation for workplace injuries and/or illnesses and employment discrimination laws, as they apply in a specific jurisdiction).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.2"PEO Employee(s)" shall mean employees and/or contractors subject to a Supported Employment Statement of Work hereto, as identified in Schedule 1 to the relevant SOW.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.3"Services" means those services provided to Client hereunder as described in any applicable Statement of Work.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.4"Term" means the term of this Agreement as set forth in Section 5.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.5"Statement of Work" means the Velocity Global ordering document that refers to this Agreement and is executed from time-to-time by authorized representatives of both Parties, and that describes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i.the Velocity Global Services to be provided;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ii.the payments and fees payable to Velocity Global for the Services;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iii.and any additional terms as agreed upon by Velocity Global and Client.

**2. Services Provided**. In consideration for the fees set forth in each applicable Statement of Work, Velocity Global will provide such Services to Client pursuant to this Agreement and each Statement of Work entered into in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, which upon execution by authorized representatives of each Party, will be attached to and become an integral part of this Agreement.

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**3. Velocity Global Obligations**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.1Velocity Global expressly agrees to comply with all Applicable Laws in satisfying its obligations under this Agreement and any applicable Statement of Work.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.2Velocity Global shall provide the Services outlined in any applicable Statement of Work in a professional, workmanlike manner using no less than commercially reasonable industry practices.

**4. Client Obligations**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.1Client expressly agrees to comply with all Applicable Laws in satisfying its obligations under this Agreement and any applicable Statement of Work.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.2Unless otherwise agreed by the Parties, Client is responsible in all cases for identifying PEO Employee candidates and for vetting, approving, and verifying the professional qualifications of its PEO Employee candidates, including but not limited to confirming that the candidate maintains the licenses required for the work to be performed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.3In addition to the terms and conditions of any applicable Statement of Work, the Client retains all responsibility for the control of day-to-day work assignments, training, performance assessment, negotiation of compensation and benefits for the PEO Employee(s).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.4Client agrees to pay fees as set forth in any applicable Statement of Work and per the terms of this Agreement.

**5. Term and Termination.** It is acknowledged that this Agreement is entered into on a twelve (12) month term with automatic unlimited twelve (12) month renewals. This Agreement and effective SOW(s) may be terminated by either Party by giving the other Party not less than thirty (30) days written notice of termination, or immediately upon material breach, default, or non-performance by either Party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the obligations set forth in this Agreement and any applicable Statement of Work shall continue until Velocity Global is able to legally terminate, as applicable, all PEO Employee(s) subject to any effective SOW(s) under this Agreement or all PEO Employee(s) subject to such applicable SOW. Client remains responsible for payment of all outstanding Velocity Global invoices as well as for any uninvoiced billing amounts through the effective date of termination of the Agreement; provided that Velocity Global shall invoice Client for such uninvoiced billing amounts within the later of forty-five (45) days after the effective termination date of this Agreement or thirty (30) days after Velocity Global's discovery of such outstanding uninvoiced billing amounts. Additionally, upon termination or dismissal of any PEO Employee engaged through Velocity Global, Client agrees to pay all costs associated with such termination or dismissal, including without limitation severance costs, reasonable legal costs, or other expenses, in the amount incurred as part of the termination.

**6. Confidential and Proprietary Information.**

**If Parties have executed a Non-Disclosure Agreement ("NDA") and there is any conflict, discrepancy, or inconsistency between the terms of this Agreement and the NDA, the terms of this Agreement will control.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.1<u>Definition of Confidential Information</u>. "Confidential Information" means any proprietary information, technical data, trade secrets or know-how, including, but not limited to, research, product plans, products, services, customers, customer lists, vendor and supplier

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identities, markets, software, source code, developments, inventions, processes, formulas, technology, designs, drawings, engineering, hardware configuration information, marketing, finances, employee lists, workforce procedures, internal forms or other business information disclosed by the Parties during the Term or otherwise received, developed or derived during the performance of the Services during the Term, either directly or indirectly in writing, orally or by drawings or inspection of parts or equipment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2<u>Use of Confidential Information</u>. Velocity Global and Client shall hold all Confidential Information of the disclosing Party in the strictest confidence and shall not, during or subsequent to the Term of this Agreement, (1) use the disclosing Party's Confidential Information for any purpose whatsoever other than the performance of the Services, (2) disclose the disclosing Party's Confidential Information to its own employees, except on a need to know basis and who are under no less than the same confidentiality obligations to which the Parties are committed hereunder, or (3) disclose the disclosing Party's Confidential Information to third parties, except third parties who are under no less than the same confidentiality obligations to which the Parties are committed hereunder, and it is understood that such Confidential Information shall remain the sole property of the disclosing Party. Confidential Information does not include information which (i) is independently known to the receiving Party at the time of disclosure to the receiving Party as evidenced by written records of the receiving Party, (ii) is or becomes publicly known and made generally available through no wrongful act of the receiving Party or a third party having the obligation to maintain the confidentiality of the same, (iii) has been rightfully received by the receiving Party from a third party who is authorized to make such disclosure, or (iv) is independently developed by the receiving Party.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.3<u>Return of Confidential Information</u>. Upon the termination of this Agreement, or upon a Party's earlier request, each Party shall deliver to the other Party all of the property and Confidential Information in a tangible form that the Parties may have in their possession or control. Each Party agrees that it would be impossible to measure and calculate damages from any breach of this Section 6 and that remedies at law for any such breach, therefore, are not fully adequate and that the injury caused by any such breach constitutes irreparable harm. Accordingly, each Party agrees that if there is a breach or threatened breach of this Section 6, the non-breaching Party shall have, in addition to any other available right or remedy, the right to obtain an injunction from any court of competent jurisdiction restraining any such breach or threatened breach and specific performance of any and all such covenants and obligations.

**7. Security and Privacy of Personal Data**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1Each Party recognizes that any data received from the other Party in connection with the Services may include Personal Data, which both Parties desire to keep secure and free from unauthorized access or use. For purposes of this Agreement, "Personal Data" is defined as data subject's home and mailing addresses, date of birth, tax information, salary and compensation information, passport information, government identifiers, employment history, visa, and work permit information and union membership information. The Parties may disclose Personal Data to (i) perform or conclude the terms of this Agreement and any applicable Statement of Work, and/or (ii) provide Services as agreed to under the terms and conditions of this Agreement and any applicable Statement of Work.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2Each Party shall (i) provide commercially reasonable physical and logical security controls to prevent security breaches or unauthorized access to such Personal Data; (ii) promptly notify the disclosing Party of any breaches or other unauthorized activities relative to the use of such Personal Data of which it becomes aware; and (iii) maintain complete and accurate books and records of account with respect to all of its activities under this Agreement and all disclosures and transactions relating to such personal data. If applicable, Parties will

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share and process Personal Data subject to the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 as part of the Services, the Parties agree to share and process such Personal Data in accordance with Exhibit 1 - Data Processing Addendum.

**8. Mutual Representations and Warranties.** Each Party represents and warrants to the other Party that: (i) it is duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing, as a corporation or other entity as represented herein under the laws and regulations of its jurisdiction of incorporation, organization, or chartering; (ii) it has the full right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to grant any rights and licenses granted hereunder, and to perform its obligations hereunder; (iii) the execution of this Agreement by its representative whose signature is set forth at the end hereof has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Party; and (iv) when executed and delivered by such Party, this Agreement will constitute the legal, valid, and binding obligation of such Party, enforceable against such Party in accordance with its terms.

**9. Indemnification and Disclaimer**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.1<u>Indemnification</u>. In addition to any indemnification provisions contained in any applicable Statement of Work, if any, each Party agrees to indemnify, defend and hold the other Party, and its officers, directors, employees, and agents harmless from any claim, loss, expense or other liability (including but not limited to reasonable attorney's fees) which arises out of the indemnifying Party's breach of Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 11 of this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.2<u>Disclaimer</u>. EXCEPT FOR THE WARRANTIES EXPRESSLY PROVIDED BY VELOCITY GLOBAL IN THIS AGREEMENT AND ANY APPLICABLE STATEMENT OF WORK, THE SERVICES ARE PROVIDED "AS-IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" AND VELOCITY GLOBAL (AND ITS SUPPLIERS) EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE OR QUIET ENJOYMENT.

**10. Limitation of Liability.** IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY TYPE OR NATURE ARISING OUT OF OR ASSOCIATED WITH THIS AGREEMENT EVEN IF SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH ARISES FROM A PARTY'S BREACH OF SECTION 6. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT, BUT WITHOUT ABROGATING THE FULL EXTENT OF THE PARTIES' OBLIGATIONS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLIENT'S OBLIGATION TO PAY VELOCITY GLOBAL FEES AS SET FORTH HEREIN OR IN ANY APPLICABLE STATEMENT OF WORK, IN NO EVENT, SHALL EITHER PARTY'S AGGREGATE LIABILITY TO THE OTHER PARTY IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT, EXCEED AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF FEES PAID BY CLIENT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND ALL APPLICABLE STATEMENTS OF WORK IN THE TWELVE MONTH PERIOD PRECEDING THE CLAIM. NOTWITHSTANDING THE FOREGOING, VELOCITY GLOBAL'S LIABILITY WITH RESPECT TO A BREACH OF ITS OBLIGATIONS REGARDING AN INDIVIDUAL PEO EMPLOYEE AS SET FORTH IN ANY APPLICABLE SUPPORTED EMPLOYMENT STATEMENT OF WORK SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF FEES PAID BY CLIENT RELATING TO THAT SPECIFIC PEO EMPLOYEE IN THE TWELVE MONTH PERIOD PRECEDING THE CLAIM.

**11. The Parties Are Separate Legal Entities**. Velocity Global and Client are separate and independent legal entities. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to constitute a relationship of agent, representative, partner, joint venture, or employee for the other Party for any purpose. It is the intention of the Parties that Velocity Global performs the Services as an independent contractor for Client. Except as otherwise set forth in any applicable Statement of Work, each Party shall be responsible for the hiring, supervision, discipline, and control of its

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employees and independent contractors, and in no event shall either Party or their employees be considered or act as employees, agents, joint ventures, or partners of the other Party. Except as otherwise set forth in any applicable Statement of Work, each Party shall be responsible for the filing and paying of any taxes (including income taxes) charged to the Parties as a result of the Services.

**12. Assignment**. Neither Party may assign or transfer their rights or obligations under this Agreement without the written consent of the other Party, provided that either Party may assign or transfer such rights or obligations to any affiliated entity controlled or under common control with such Party or to a successor to all or substantially all of its assets, whether by sale, merger, operation of law or otherwise without the consent of the other Party. This Agreement, its rights, and liabilities shall inure to the benefit of the permitted successors and assigns. No waiver, amendment or modification of any provision of this Agreement shall be effective unless consented to by both Parties in writing. Any permitted assignee or transferee shall agree in writing to comply with all the terms and restrictions contained in this Agreement.

**13. No Third-Party Beneficiaries**. The terms of this Agreement and a Party's performance of its obligations hereunder are not intended to benefit any person or entity not a party to this Agreement. The consideration provided by a Party under this Agreement only runs to the other Party. No person or entity not a party to this Agreement shall have any rights hereunder or the right to require performance by either Party.

**14. Nonsolicitation**. Parties acknowledge and agree that information about each Party, including technology and the way Parties conduct their business, is Confidential Information, and constitutes protected trade secret information. Therefore, the Parties agree that for the entire Term of this Agreement and a period of one (1) year following the termination of this Agreement, they will not do any of the following, directly or indirectly, separately or in association with others, without the express prior written consent of the other Party, (a) interfere with, impair, disrupt or damage the other Party's relationship with any of its clients or business partners that are discovered as a result of this Agreement by soliciting or encouraging, or causing others to solicit or encourage, any of them for the purpose of diverting or taking away the business such clients or business partners have with the other Party; or (b) interfere with, impair, disrupt or damage the other Party's business by soliciting, encouraging or causing others to solicit or encourage any employees, contractors, subcontractors, consultants or contingent workers to discontinue their employment with, or engagement by, the other Party. To the extent that these provisions exceed those permitted by relevant local law, the agreements reflected in this section shall be interpreted to provide the greatest level of protection to any adversely affected Parties that are consistent with the limitations specified above. This Section 14 shall not apply to any PEO Employees hired on behalf of Client as set forth in any Statement of Work, if applicable.

**15. Dispute Resolution**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15.1If a dispute arises out of or relates to this contract or the alleged breach thereof, and if the dispute is not settled through negotiation, the Parties agree first to try in good faith to settle the dispute by mediation within 30 days administered by the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") under its Commercial Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures ("AAA Rules and Procedures") before resorting to arbitration, litigation, or some other dispute resolution procedure. In the event that Parties are unable to agree on a mediator, a mediator shall be appointed following the AAA Rules and Procedures. The process shall be confidential based on terms acceptable to the mediator and/or mediation service provider. The forum for any mediation and/or litigation arising out of this Agreement shall be a location in New York, New York, U.S.A., that is mutually agreed upon by the Parties. The laws of the state of New York shall be the substantive law and govern the enforcement of any awards.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15.2<u>Attorneys' Fees</u>. The prevailing Party shall be entitled to attorneys' fees and costs from the other Party in the event of any legal dispute arising under this Agreement.

**16. Notices**. Any notices required or permitted by this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be addressed to the other Party at the address shown at the beginning of this Agreement or such other address of which such Party may notify the other and shall be deemed given upon hand delivery or mail transaction.

**17. Modification/Waiver**. This Agreement may not be amended, modified, waived, or changed in any respect except as agreed in writing and signed by both Parties. A waiver by either Party of any term or condition of this Agreement shall not be deemed or construed to be a waiver of any other term or condition of this Agreement or a waiver of such term or condition in the future.

**18. Severability and Interpretation**. In the event that any provision of this Agreement is held invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such provision or portion thereof shall be considered separate and apart from the remainder of this Agreement, and the other provisions shall remain fully valid and enforceable.

**19. Survival**. Parties agree that the provisions of Articles 5-11, 14-15, 17, and 18, as well as Client's obligation to pay any fees pursuant to any applicable Statement of Work, shall survive termination or expiration of this Agreement.

**20. Entire Agreement**. This Agreement and any applicable Statements of Work and Addendums hereto sets forth the entire agreement and understanding between the Parties, with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes any and all other agreements, written or oral, that the Parties heretofore may have had with respect to the subject matter herein.

**21. Force Majeure**. Neither Party shall be liable for any loss or damage or be deemed to be in breach of this Agreement to the extent that performance of its obligations or attempts to cure any breach under this Agreement are delayed or prevented as a result of any event or circumstance beyond its reasonable control, including without limitation, strikes, shortages, riots, insurrection, fires, flood, storm, explosions, acts of God, war, governmental action, labor conditions, earthquakes, material shortages or any other cause which is beyond the reasonable control of such Party.

**22. Governing Law**. The validity, interpretation, effect, and enforcement of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York, the US, without regard to conflict of laws principles.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>/s/ Greg Thiessen 9/15/2020</u> <br>*signature&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;date*<br>Greg Thiessen<br>Chief Financial Officer<br>Velocity Global, LLC | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>/s/ Brian Fisher 9/15/2020</u> <br>*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; signature date*<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Brian Fisher <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vice President of Finance<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Klaviyo |

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**Exhibit 1 - Data Processing Addendum**

[omitted]

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**Exhibit to Master Services Agreement - Statement of Work** 

[omitted]

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**AMENDMENT TO MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT**

This Amendment to Master Services Agreement (this "**Amendment**") is effective as of June 21<sup>st</sup>, 2023 ("**Effective Date**") and is by and between Velocity Global, LLC ("**Velocity Global**") and Klaviyo, Inc. ("**Client**"). Velocity Global and Client may be hereinafter collectively referred to as the "**Parties**" and individually as a "**Party**." Capitalized terms not defined in this Amendment have the meanings given to those terms in the Master Services Agreement between Velocity Global and Client effective as of September 10, 2020, as amended (if applicable) (the "**Agreement**"). The Parties hereby agree as follows:

WHEREAS, Velocity Global and Client have entered into certain Statements of Work under the Agreement for the provision of Velocity Global's services to Client ("**SOWs**"); and

WHEREAS, the Parties desire to amend certain terms in the SOWs relating to equity-based compensation, as more fully set forth below.

NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, and intending to be legally bound hereby, the Parties hereby agree to the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.The "Payment and Processing" clause set forth in each of the SOWs is hereby replaced with the following:

<u>Payment and Processing</u>. Velocity Global will provide timely payment and processing of the PEO Employee(s)'/Supported Worker(s)' compensation as necessary under Applicable Laws. Except to the extent set forth in the "Equity-Based Compensation" clause below or as otherwise agreed to by the Parties in writing, the Services do not include the granting, reporting or payment of any non-standard compensation such as equity or in-kind compensation.

<u>Equity-Based Compensation</u>. "**Equity-Based Compensation**" or "**EBC**" means any form of compensation based on the value of Client's equity or stock, including without limitation, stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance stock units, phantom equity units, etc. Employee stock purchase plans ("**ESPPs**") are not supported as part of Velocity Global's employer of record services and Client shall not grant the right to participate in any ESPPs to any Supported Workers. If the applicable PEO Employee/Supported Worker is or will be employed by a third-party partner of Velocity Global in the relevant jurisdiction ("**In-Country Partner**" or "**ICP**"), Client shall not grant or pay any EBC to any such PEO Employees/Supported Workers without Velocity Global's prior written consent, which may be withheld at Velocity Global's sole discretion. If the applicable PEO Employee/Supported Worker is or will be employed in a jurisdiction that is on the list of viable EBC jurisdictions provided by Velocity Global to Client (and which may be updated by Velocity Global from time to time), Client must give Velocity Global prior written notice of its intent to grant or pay EBC to any such PEO Employees/Supported Workers. Upon Velocity Global's receipt of notice from Client, Velocity Global will advise Client, based on the relevant jurisdiction, whether Client may grant or pay the applicable PEO Employee/Supported Worker EBC, and, if so, the terms on which such EBC can be granted or paid. Client shall

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provide Velocity Global all documents and other information needed for Velocity Global to comply with any withholding or reporting obligations in connection with Client's grant or payment of EBC to any PEO Employee/Supported Worker promptly upon Velocity Global's request. The Parties acknowledge that all grants and payments of EBC to any PEO Employee/Supported Worker must be made in accordance with the terms of Client's corresponding EBC plan documents ("**EBC Plan**"). Client acknowledges that granting or paying EBC to any PEO Employee/Supported Worker may increase its risk of creating a co-employment relationship with the PEO Employee/Supported Worker and Client agrees that Velocity Global's consent for Client to grant or pay EBC to any PEO Employee/Supported Worker does not constitute advice or representation with respect to co-employment or permanent establishment. Client shall indemnify, defend and hold Velocity Global and its officers, directors, employees, and agents harmless from any claim, loss, expense or other liability (including but not limited to reasonable attorney's fees) arising out of or relating to (a) Client's breach of this Equity-Based Compensation clause, or (b) any deficiencies in Client's EBC Plan, including but not limited to noncompliance with any applicable tax laws and regulations such as Section 409A of the United States Internal Revenue Code. Any such indemnification obligations are excluded from the limitations of liability set forth in the Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.The following pricing terms are hereby added to the "Velocity Global Fees" table set forth in the SOWs:

"**Equity-Based Compensation Services:**

Award payroll processing: [\*\*\*] per employee for each payroll transaction. Fee will be triggered after there has been a Distribution Event and the equity amount has been processed via payroll. "Distribution Event" occurs when there is no substantial risk of forfeiture and shares (or cash equivalent) have been delivered to the participant (i.e., typically at exercise for stock options and at vest for RSUs).

Supplemental compliance reporting/filing of award: [\*\*\*] per award for each event. Fee will be triggered upon completion of the required reporting/filing. Requirements per country vary but typically, where supplemental compliance reporting is required, the reporting obligation occurs in the year after there has been a Distribution Event (i.e., typically at exercise for stock options and at vest for RSUs).

Registration of Client's EBC Plan (as defined in the "Equity-Based Compensation" clause) in-country: [\*\*\*] per EBC Plan.

Equity-Based Compensation Services are optional add-ons if Client grants Equity-Based Compensation (as defined in the "Equity-Based Compensation" clause) to any PEO Employee/Supported Worker in accordance with the "Equity-Based Compensation" clause. Equity-Based Compensation Services are offered in select countries only and Velocity Global will advise Client in which countries it can offer Equity-Based Compensation Services upon request. The fees for

------

Equity-Based Compensation Services set forth above are subject to change upon notice to Client."

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.This Amendment is governed by the terms and conditions of the Agreement. If there is any conflict between the Agreement, the SOWs and this Amendment, this Amendment prevails. Except as expressly modified herein, all terms and conditions of the Agreement and the SOWs remain in full force and effect.

**Signature page follows.**

------

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused their duly authorized representatives to execute this Amendment effective as of the Effective Date.

**VELOCITY GLOBAL, LLC**

<u>/s/ Mike Wilcox&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

By: Mike Wilcox, Chief of Staff

**KLAVIYO, INC.**

<u>/s/ Michael Donovan&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u>

Name: Michael Donovan

Title: Procurement Manager

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**Certification of Principal Executive Officer**

**Pursuant to SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)**

I, Andrew Bialecki, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Klaviyo, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

November 5, 2025

<u>/s/ Andrew Bialecki</u>

Name: Andrew Bialecki

Title: Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**Certification of Principal Financial Officer**

**Pursuant to SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)**

I, Amanda Whalen, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Klaviyo, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

November 5, 2025

<u>/s/ Amanda Whalen</u> 

Name: Amanda Whalen

Title: Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**Certification of Principal Executive Officer** 

**Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code,** 

**as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

In connection with the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Klaviyo, Inc. (the "Company") for the period ended September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Report"), I, Andrew Bialecki, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

<u>/s/ Andrew Bialecki</u>

Name: Andrew Bialecki

Title: Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

November 5, 2025

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

This certification is being furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. This certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**Certification of Principal Financial Officer** 

**Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code,** 

**as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

In connection with the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Klaviyo, Inc. (the "Company") for the period ended September 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Report"), I, Amanda Whalen, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

<u>/s/ Amanda Whalen</u> 

Name: Amanda Whalen

Title: Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

November 5, 2025

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

This certification is being furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. This certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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