# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001815566
**File Stem:** 0001731122-26-000847
**Filing Date:** 2026-6
**Character Count:** 787106
**Document Hash:** 4fa6d12197c3e2d94a2ab8727f1840cd
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001731122-26-000847.hdr.sgml**: 20260612

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001731122-26-000847

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 20-F/A

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 97

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260612

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260612

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Infobird Co., Ltd
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001815566
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SERVICES-PREPACKAGED SOFTWARE [7372]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 06 Technology
- **EIN:** 000000000
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** E9
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 20-F/A
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-40301
- **FILM NUMBER:** 261087313

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** UNIT 532A, 5/F, CR BLD 2, 1 SCIENCE PARK
- **STREET 2:** WEST AVENUE, HONG KONG SCNC PARK, TAI PO
- **CITY:** N.T. HONG KONG
- **STATE:** K3
- **ZIP:** 000000
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 8601052411819

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** UNIT 532A, 5/F, CR BLD 2, 1 SCIENCE PARK
- **STREET 2:** WEST AVENUE, HONG KONG SCNC PARK, TAI PO
- **CITY:** N.T. HONG KONG
- **STATE:** K3
- **ZIP:** 000000

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Infobird Co. Ltd.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20200618

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F/A

(Amendment No. 1)

(Mark One)

000000

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT
 TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report _____________

Commission file number: 001-40301

---

| |
|:---|
| **Infobird Co., Ltd** |
| (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) |
| **N/A** |
| (Translation of Registrant's Name Into English) |
| **Cayman Islands** |
| (Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |
| **Room 706, 7/F, Low Block, Grand Millennium Plaza,**<br>**181 Queen's Road Central, Central, Hong Kong** |
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) |

---

---

| |
|:---|
| **Xiangyang Wen**<br>**Chief Executive Officer**<br>**Room 706, 7/F, Low Block, Grand Millennium Plaza,**<br>**181 Queen's Road Central, Central, Hong Kong**<br>**Telephone: +852 3690 9227** |
| (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) |

---

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Title of each class | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| **Ordinary Shares, par value $0.00001 per share** **IFBD** | **The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC** |

---

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

---

| |
|:---|
| **None** |
| (Title of Class) |

---

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

---

| |
|:---|
| **None** |
| (Title of Class) |

---

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

As of December 31, 2025, there were 8,188,574 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, par value $0.00001 per ordinary share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

☐ Yes ☐ No

**EXPLANATORY NOTE**

This Amendment No. 1 to Form 20-F (the "Form 20-F/A") amends our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Annual Report"), which was originally filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 2, 2026. The purpose of this Form 20-F/A is to amend our audited 2025 financial statements to correct identified accounting errors related to the 2025 financial statements. We amended the following items and/or pages: (1) pages xv, 84, 86, 87, 88, F-2, F-4, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-15, F-24, F-25, and F-37; (2) the text of the Section 302 certifications attached as Exhibits 12.1 and 12.2 to the Annual Report; (3) the text of Section 906 certification attached as Exhibit 13.1 and 13.2 to the Annual Report; and (4) the text of Exhibits 23.1 and 23.2 to the Annual Report.

Unless stated otherwise, this Form 20-F/A does not reflect events occurring after the filing of the Annual Report and does not modify or update the disclosure therein in any way except as described above. No other changes have been made to the Annual Report. The filing of this Form 20-F/A should not be understood to mean that any statements contained in the Annual Report, as amended by this Form 20-F/A, are true or complete as of any date subsequent to the original filing date of the Annual Report. Accordingly, this Form 20-F/A should be read in conjunction with the Annual Report.

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [INTRODUCTION](#a_001) | ii |
| [FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND RISK FACTORS SUMMARY](#a_002) | xx |
| [PART I](#a_003) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS](#a_004) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE](#a_005) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION](#a_006) | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY](#a_007) | 46 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS](#a_008) | 81 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS](#a_009) | 81 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES](#a_010) | 91 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS](#a_011) | 98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION](#a_012) | 99 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING](#a_013) | 100 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION](#a_014) | 101 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK](#a_015) | 112 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES](#a_016) | 113 |
| [PART II](#a_017) | 114 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES](#a_018) | 114 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS](#a_019) | 114 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES](#a_020) | 116 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT](#a_022) | 118 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS](#a_023) | 118 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES](#a_024) | 118 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES](#a_025) | 119 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS](#a_026) | 119 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT](#a_027) | 119 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE](#a_028) | 120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE](#a_029) | 120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.](#a_030) | 121 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 16J INSIDER TRADING POLICIES](#a_031) | 121 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 16K CYBERSECURITY](#a_032) | 121 |
| [PART III](#a_033) | 122 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS](#a_034) | 122 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS](#a_035) | 122 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ITEM 19. EXHIBITS](#a_036) | 123 |
| [INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS](#a_037) | F-1 |

---

i

**INTRODUCTION**

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:

● "Acquisitions" refers to (i) the equity acquisition agreement and an amendment to the Equity Acquisition Agreement entered with Shangri-La Trading Limited, dated June 28, 2024 and July 31, 2024, respectively, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to acquire 65% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech Global Limited for a consideration of $40.0 million, and the transaction closed on November 22, 2024, and (ii) the equity acquisition agreement entered with One One Business Limited, dated December 6, 2024, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to acquire 32% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech Global Limited for a consideration of $25.7 million, and the transaction closed on December 20, 2024.

● "Beijing Suowangda" refers to Beijing Suowangda Technology Development Co., Ltd, a company established under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Guangnian Zhiyuan;

● "Guangnian Zhiyuan" refers to Guangnian Zhiyuan (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd, a company established under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Inforbird Technologies;

● "HK$" refers to Hong Kong dollars, the legal currency of Hong Kong;

● "Infobird Cayman," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Infobird Co., Ltd, a holding company incorporated as an exempted company with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and its subsidiaries, Infor bird Technologies, Lightyear Technology, Guangnian Zhiyuan, Beijing Suowangda, Pure Tech and Pure Meida, and its variable interest entities, Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand;

● "Infobird HK" refers to Infobird International Limited, a holding company established under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infobird Cayman;

● "Infobird WFOE" refers to Infobird Digital Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., a company established under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infobird HK;

● "Infobird Beijing", the "variable interest entity" or the "VIE" refers to Beijing Infobird Software Co., Ltd., a company established under the laws of the PRC and a variable interest entity of Infobird WFOE;

● "Infobird Guiyang" refers to Guiyang Infobird Cloud Computing Co., Ltd, a company established under the laws of the PRC and a 90.18% owned subsidiary of Infobird Beijing;

● "Infobird Anhui" refers to Anhui Xinlijia E-commerce Co., Ltd (formerly known as Anhui Infobird Software Information Technology Co., Ltd), a company established under the laws of the PRC and a 99.95% owned subsidiary of Infobird Beijing;

● "Inforbird Technologies" refers to Inforbird Technologies Limited, a holding company established under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infobird Cayman;

● "Legacy Business" refers to the software-as-a-service, or SaaS, provider of innovative AI-powered, or artificial intelligence enabled, customer engagement solutions in China business which the Company and its subsidiaries were principally engaged in prior to the Sale;

● "Lightyear Technology" refers to Lightyear Technology PTE. Ltd., a holding company established under the laws of Singapore and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infobird Cayman;

● "mainland China" refers to the PRC (excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan);

● "New Business" refers to digital advertising and marketing campaign provider for the provision of end-to-end digital advertising solutions which the Pure Tech and its subsidiaries were principally engaged in prior to the Acquisitions;

ii

● "PRC" or "China" refers to the People's Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this annual report, Taiwan.

● "Pinmu Century" refers to Pinmu Century (Beijing) Marketing Technology Co., Ltd, a company established under the laws of the PRC and is the variable interest entity of Pure Media;

● "Pure Tech" refers to Pure Tech Global Limited., a holding company established under the laws of British Virgin Islands and a 97% owned subsidiary of Infobird Cayman;

● "Pure media" refers to Pure Media Limited, a holding company established under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly owned subsidiary of Pure Tech;

● "RMB" or "Renminbi" refers to the legal currency of China;

● "Sale" refers to the equity transfer agreement entered with CRservices Limited, a Mahé Island limited company and a shareholder of the Company, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to sell all the issued shares of Infobird HK for a consideration of HK$10,000. Infobird HK owns 100% of the equity interests of Infobird WFOE, which, in turn, controls Infobird Beijing and its subsidiaries, through a series of contractual arrangements in the PRC;

● "Shanghai Qishuo" refers to Shanghai Qishuo Technology Inc., a company established under the laws of the PRC and a 51% owned subsidiary of Infobird Beijing;

● "RMB" or "Renminbi" refers to the legal currency of China;

● "Zhenxi Brand" refers to Zhenxi Brand marketing Consulting (Shanghai) Centre, a company established under the laws of the PRC and is a variable interest entity of Pure Media; and

● "$," "US$" or "U.S. Dollars" refers to the legal currency of the United States.

 We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this annual report. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

 Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. We use U.S. dollars as the reporting currency in our consolidated financial statements and in this annual report. Entities located in China conducts its businesses in the local currency, Renminbi (RMB), as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate in the City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as of the balance sheet dates, the statements of income are translated using the average rate of exchange in effect during the reporting periods, and the equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) amounted to $5,019,336, $(63,634) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The balance sheet amounts of discontinued operations, with the exception of equity at August 11, 2023 were translated at 7.2367 RMB. The equity accounts were stated at their historical rate. The average translation rates applied to statement of discontinued operations and comprehensive loss from January 1, 2023 to August 11, 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2022 were 6.9775RMB and 6.7290 RMB to $1, respectively. The balance sheet amounts with the exception of equity at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were translated at RMB 6.9931 and RMB 7.2993, respectively. The equity accounts were stated at their historical rate. The average translation rates applied to statement of continuing operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and from July 6, 2023 to December 31, 2023 were RMB 7.1875, RMB 7.1957 and RMB 7.2346 to $1, respectively Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods, therefore, amounts reported on the statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets.

 \*Guangnian Zhiyuan is the only company using RMB as the functional currency in the continuing operation entities, and starting operating on July 6, 2023.

iii

**Our Corporate Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the VIE**

It is important to note that Infobird Cayman is *not* a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no operations of its own that uses a structure that involves a variable interest entity, or VIE, based in China. Investors in Infobird Cayman's ordinary shares are *not* purchasing equity interest in operating entities in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. Infobird Cayman's subsidiaries and the VIE and the VIE's subsidiaries conduct operations in China. The VIE is consolidated for accounting purposes but it is not an entity in which Infobird Cayman or its subsidiaries own equity.

Infobird Cayman is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations conducted by its subsidiaries and through contractual arrangements with the VIE based in China, and this structure involves unique risks to investors. Infobird Cayman and its subsidiaries have no equity ownership in the VIE or the VIE's subsidiaries. We, Infobird Cayman, conduct our operations in China through (i) our subsidiaries, and (ii) the VIE with which we have maintained contractual arrangements and its subsidiaries in China. The VIE structure is used to provide investors with exposure to foreign investment in China-based companies where Chinese law prohibits direct foreign investment in the operating companies. We, Infobird Cayman, are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in China mainly through the VIE and its subsidiaries, based on a series of contractual arrangements by and among the VIE, and the VIE's shareholders, or the Contractual Arrangements. Investors in Infobird Cayman's ordinary shares may never hold equity interests in the Chinese operating companies but instead hold equity interests in Infobird Cayman, which is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

The Contractual Arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the Contractual Arrangements. In addition, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We conduct our business through Pinmu Century by means of Contractual Arrangements. If the PRC courts or administrative authorities determine that these Contractual Arrangements do not comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in or different interpretations of such PRC laws and regulations may also materially and adversely affect our business." This structure involves unique risks to investors. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We depend upon the Contractual Arrangements in conducting our business in China, which may not be as effective as direct ownership" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Because we rely on the Contractual Arrangements for our revenue, the termination of these agreements would severely and detrimentally affect our continuing business viability under our current corporate structure."

There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to the Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or the variable interest entity are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures, including that the PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the variable interest entity structure. These risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or a material change in the value of the securities, including that it could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or the VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment." and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We conduct our business through Pinmu Century by means of Contractual Arrangements. If the PRC courts or administrative authorities determine that these Contractual Arrangements do not comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in or different interpretations of such PRC laws and regulations may also materially and adversely affect our business."

iv

We face various legal and operational risks associated with being based in or having the majority of our operations in China, and we are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. For example, we face risks associated with recent statements and regulatory actions by China's government, such as those related to the use of variable interest entities, regulatory approvals on offshore offerings, anti-monopoly concerns and regulatory actions, and oversight of data security, which may impact our ability to conduct our business, accept foreign investments, or list on the United States or other foreign exchange. New laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time, which may require us to obtain additional licenses and permits for our operations and services. If we offer new functions and services in the future, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for such functions or services. These risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, please refer to risks disclosed under "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China." For a detailed description of risks related to the use of variable interest entity and data security or anti-monopoly concerns, which have or may impact the Company's ability to conduct its business, accept foreign investments, or list on a U.S. or other foreign exchange, please refer to risks disclosed under "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the relatively newly enacted Foreign Investment Law," "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Failure of beneficial owners of our shares who are PRC residents to comply with certain PRC foreign exchange regulations could restrict our ability to distribute profits, restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and subject us to liability under PRC law" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with PRC and other applicable laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects," as well as "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions."

There are risks arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws. In particular, there are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations, and changes in policies, laws, rules and regulations in the PRC could adversely affect us. Most of our operations are conducted in the PRC, and are governed by PRC laws, rules and regulations. China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and enacted laws, rules and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China or may be subject to a significant degree of interpretation by PRC regulatory agencies and courts. Further, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. In particular, because these laws, rules and regulations are relatively new and quickly evolving, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the non-precedential nature of these decisions, and because the laws, rules and regulations often give the relevant regulator certain discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. Therefore, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares. For more details, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to China's legal system could materially and adversely affect us."

Furthermore, substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and therefore by the significant discretion of Chinese governmental authorities. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over offerings that are conducted overseas and the conduct of our business, may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, and may exert more control over foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. For more details, see "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations" and "Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our operations are located in, China through our subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by changes in Chinese laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulation, restrictions on foreign investment, and other matters."

v

Infobird Cayman is not an operating company in China but is a Cayman Islands holding company that does not conduct operations and uses a structure that involves a VIE based in China. Our investors purchase equity interests in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, not in the Chinese operating companies. The following diagram illustrates the corporate structure of Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries, and the VIE and its subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report:

![](image_001.jpg)

Investors in Infobird Cayman's ordinary shares are not purchasing equity interest in operating entities in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. Infobird Cayman is not a Chinese operating company, but is instead a Cayman Islands holding company. Our operations are conducted in China through our subsidiaries and Pinmu Century, which is considered a variable interest entity for accounting purposes, and its subsidiaries. The Contractual Arrangements, including powers of attorney, exclusive business cooperation agreement, equity interest pledge agreements, exclusive option agreements and spousal consent letters, have been entered into by and among the VIE and the VIE's shareholders. As a result of the Contractual Arrangements, we, through Pure Media, have economic rights and exercise control over the VIE and are considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, and, accordingly we have consolidated the VIE's operations and financial results into our consolidated financial statements. For more details of the Contractual Arrangements, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Contractual Arrangements."

vi

Our affiliation with Pinmu Century is managed through the Contractual Arrangements, which agreements may not be as effective in providing us with control over Pinmu Century and its subsidiaries as direct ownership in controlling entities organized in the PRC, which often hold the licenses necessary to conduct business in the PRC. The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Further, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts. The Contractual Arrangements are governed by and would be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the PRC. If Pinmu Century fails to perform the obligations under the Contractual Arrangements, we may have to rely on legal remedies under the laws of the PRC, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief and claiming damages. There is a risk that we may be unable to obtain any of these remedies, which could affect our investors and the value of their investment. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce the Contractual Arrangements, or could affect the validity of the Contractual Arrangements. Thus, the Contractual Arrangements may be less effective than direct ownership and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the Contractual Arrangements. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We depend upon the Contractual Arrangements in conducting our business in China, which may not be as effective as direct ownership." In addition, such Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including China courts, and we may face challenges enforcing these Contractual Arrangements due to legal uncertainties and jurisdictional limits, and thus there are uncertainties regarding the status of the rights of the Cayman Islands holding company with respect to the Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. See also "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We conduct our business through Pinmu Century by means of Contractual Arrangements. If the PRC courts or administrative authorities determine that these Contractual Arrangements do not comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in or different interpretations of such PRC laws and regulations may also materially and adversely affect our business."

The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Our business is conducted through Pinmu Century, which is considered a VIE for accounting purposes, and we, through Pure Media, are considered the primary beneficiary of Pinmu Century for accounting purposes, thus enabling us to consolidate Pinmu Century's operations and financial results in our consolidated financial statements. Infobird Cayman and Pure Tech were established as the holding companies of Pure Media. Pure Media is the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Pinmu Century and its subsidiaries. All of these entities are under common control which results in the consolidation of Pinmu Century and subsidiaries which have been accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control at carrying value. Pure Media is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Pinmu Century because it has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct activities at Pinmu Century that most significantly impact such entity's economic performance, and (2) the right to receive benefits from Pinmu Century that could potentially be significant to such entity.

In the event that in the future Pinmu Century, currently a VIE, no longer meets the definition of a VIE under applicable accounting rules or Infobird Co., Ltd is no longer deemed the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes, we would not be able to consolidate line-by-line Pinmu Century's operations and financial results in our consolidated financial statements for reporting purposes. For more details, see "Item 3. Key Information—D Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may not be able to consolidate the operations or financial results of some of our affiliated companies or such consolidation could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition."

vii

Further, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We conduct our business through Pinmu Century by means of Contractual Arrangements. If the PRC courts or administrative authorities determine that these Contractual Arrangements do not comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in or different interpretations of such PRC laws and regulations may also materially and adversely affect our business."

**The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act**

On December 2, 2021, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, adopted final amendments to its rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, which took effect on January 10, 2022. On December 29, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the AHFCAA, was signed into law, which reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA from three years to two. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a "non-inspection" year, as defined in the rules, under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. Under the HFCAA and AHFCAA, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our shares being delisted.

Our financial statements contained in the annual reports on Form 20-F for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 have been audited by Audit Alliance LLP ("AA"). AA is an independent registered public accounting firms headquartered in the United States and is among the public accounting firms that are registered with the PCAOB. Our financial statements contained in the annual reports on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 have been audited by Assentsure PAC ("Assentsure"). Assentsure is an independent registered public accounting firms headquartered in Singapore and is among the public accounting firms that are registered with the PCAOB. Such PCAOB-registered accounting firms are subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess their compliance with the applicable professional standards. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its determination that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, and the PCAOB included in the report of its determination a list of the accounting firms that are headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. This list does not include our former auditor, AA, or our current auditor, Assentsure. As of the date of the annual report, our listing is not affected by the HFCAA, and related regulations. However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our listing and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor's audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as related to the audit of our financial statements. While our auditor is based in the U.S. and is registered with PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspection, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause our securities to be delisted from the stock exchange. If, in the future, trading in our ordinary shares is prohibited under the HFCAA because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, Nasdaq may determine to delist our ordinary shares and trading in our ordinary shares could be prohibited. obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB's access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination.

viii

In August 2022, the PCAOB, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the "CSRC") and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC signed a Statement of Protocol (the "Statement of Protocol"), which establishes a specific and accountable framework for the PCAOB to conduct inspections and investigations of PCAOB-governed accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and has resumed regular inspections since March 2023. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties. Should Hong Kong or PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB's access in the future, the PCAOB will consider the need to issue a new determination. If the PCAOB is not able to fully conduct inspections of our auditor's work papers in China, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction of our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China Prior to the Completion of the Sale —The recent joint statement by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB." Our financial statements contained in this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 have been audited by Audit Alliance LLP ("AA"). AA is an independent registered public accounting firm headquartered in the United States and are among the public accounting firms that are registered with the PCAOB. Our financial statements contained in this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 have been audited by Assentsure PAC ("Assentsure"). Assentsure is an independent registered public accounting firm headquartered in Singapore and are among the public accounting firms that are registered with the PCAOB. Such PCAOB-registered accounting firms are subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess their compliance with the applicable professional standards. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its determination that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, and the PCAOB included in the report of its determination a list of the accounting firms that are headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. This list does not include any of our former auditor, AA, or our current auditor, Assentsure. As of the date of the annual report, we are affected by the HFCAA, and related regulations. However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our continued listing and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor's audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as related to the audit of our financial statements. While our auditor is based in the U.S. and is registered with PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspection, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause our securities to be delisted from the stock exchange. If, in the future, trading in our Class A Ordinary Shares is prohibited under the HFCAA because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, Nasdaq may determine to delist our Class A Ordinary Shares and trading in our Class A Ordinary Shares could be prohibited.

In August 2022, the PCAOB, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the "CSRC") and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC signed a Statement of Protocol (the "Statement of Protocol"), which establishes a specific and accountable framework for the PCAOB to conduct inspections and investigations of PCAOB-governed accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor's, control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and resumed regular inspections since March 2023. The PCAOB is continuing pursuing ongoing investigations and may initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The recent joint statement by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB."

ix

**Permissions Required for Our Operations in China**

We conduct our business in China through our subsidiaries and the Current VIEs. We are required to obtain certain permissions from the PRC authorities to operate, issue securities to foreign investors, and transfer certain data. The PRC government has exercised, and may continue to exercise, substantial influence or control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be undermined if our subsidiaries or the Current VIEs are not able to obtain or maintain approvals to operate in China. The central or local governments could impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that could require additional expenditures, and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. To operate our general business activities currently conducted in mainland China, each of the Current VIEs is required to obtain a business license from the local counterpart of the State Administration for Market Regulation, or SAMR. Each of the Current VIEs has obtained a valid business license from the local SAMR, and no application for any such license has been denied. In addition, the Current VIEs are also required to obtain insurance agency operating licenses pursuant to the PRC laws. As of the date of this annual report, we and the Current VIEs have received all requisite permits, approvals and certificates from the PRC government authorities to conduct our business operations in China. To our knowledge, no permission or approval has been denied or revoked. However, given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by government authorities, we cannot be certain that relevant policies in this regard will not change in the future, which may require us or our subsidiaries or Current VIEs to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for conducting our business in the PRC. If we or our subsidiaries or Current VIEs do not receive or maintain required permissions or approvals, or inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, we may be subject to governmental investigations or enforcement actions, fines, penalties, suspension of operations, or be prohibited from engaging in relevant business or conducting securities offering, and these risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the "Overseas Listing Trial Measures") and relevant five guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer securities or list in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that if the issuer meets both of the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as an indirect overseas offering and listing by PRC domestic companies: (i) more than 50% of any of the issuer's operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer's business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. At a press conference held for these new regulations, officials from the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures (i.e. March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as existing issuers, or the Existing Issuers. Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC when subsequent matters such as refinancing are involved. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, where a PRC domestic company fails to fulfill the filing procedure in respect of its overseas offering and listing, the CSRC may order rectification, issue warnings to such PRC domestic company, and impose a fine ranging from RMB1,000,000 to RMB10,000,000. Also the directly responsible person-in-charge and other directly responsible persons of such PRC domestic company may be warned and imposed a fine up to RMB 5,000,000, and the controlling shareholders and the actual controllers of such PRC domestic company that organize or instruct the aforementioned violations shall be imposed a fine up to RMB10,000,000. Since the Overseas Listing Trial Measures came into effect in 2023, the CSRC has implemented them in practice and has processed numerous filings, providing greater clarity on their interpretation and application. Any failure of us to fully comply with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our ordinary shares, hinder our ability to remain listed on Nasdaq or any other U.S. securities exchange, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our ordinary shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

x

As of the date of this annual report, we, our subsidiaries and the variable interest entity, are not covered by permissions requirements from the CSRC, Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, or any other governmental agency that is required to approve the VIE's operations, as we, our subsidiaries and the variable interest entity (i) are not required to obtain permissions from the CSRC, (ii) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the CAC, and (iii) have not received or were denied any such requisite permissions or approvals by any PRC authority.

However, given that our business generates and processes a large amount of data, in connection with any future overseas capital markets activities, we may need to obtain permission from the CSRC, undergo a cybersecurity review conducted by the CAC, or meet other regulatory requirements that may be adopted in the future by PRC authorities. To the extent such requirements are or become applicable, we cannot assure you that we would be able to fully comply with them on a timely basis, if at all. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such permission, clearing such review process or meeting such requirements would subject us to restrictions and penalties imposed by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, delays of or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China, or other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. For more detailed information, see "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval of, or report and fillings with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing and report process" and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with PRC and other applicable laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects."

If we, our subsidiaries or the VIE and its subsidiaries (i) do not receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (iii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, and we or the VIE or its subsidiaries are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we and our investors may face consequences as we may be unable to obtain such necessary approvals, permits, registrations or filings in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals, permits, registrations or filings may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance may subject us to fines and other regulatory, civil or criminal liabilities, and we may be ordered by the competent PRC authorities to suspend relevant operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and prospects. These risks could also result in a material adverse change in the value of our ordinary shares, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. For more detailed information, see "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Failure to adhere to regulations that govern our customers' businesses could result in breaches of contracts with our customers. Failure to adhere to the regulations that govern our business could result in our being unable to effectively perform our services."

**Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization**

Pure Media, the VIEs and its consolidated subsidiaries, or investors transfer funds through our organization under the applicable PRC laws and regulations. To the extent our cash in the business is in the PRC or a PRC entity, the funds may not be available to distribute dividends to our investors, or for other use outside of the PRC, due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations by the PRC government on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIE to transfer cash. As of the date of this annual report, none of Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries, the VIEs or their subsidiaries has written cash management policies or procedures in place that dictate how funds are transferred. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations.

xi

*Transfer between Infobird Cayman and Pure Media*

Our holding company, Infobird Cayman, and Hong Kong subsidiary, Pure Media, or the Non-PRC Entities, there is no restriction on foreign exchange for such entities and they are able to transfer cash among these entities, across borders and to U.S. investors. Also, there are no restrictions or limitations on the abilities of the Non-PRC Entities to distribute earnings from the businesses, including the subsidiaries and/or the consolidated VIE, to Infobird Cayman or from Infobird Cayman to U.S. investors, as well as the ability to settle amounts owed under the Contractual Arrangements. For more details, see "Item 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment."

*Transfer between Infobird Cayman, Inforbird Technologies and Guangnian Zhiyuan*

Infobird Cayman and Inforbird Technologies are holding companies and may rely on dividends from Guangnian Zhiyuan to fund cash and financing requirements. Cash transfers may also be in the form of intercompany loans between the holding companies and Guangnian Zhiyuan. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiary, Guangnian Zhiyuan, is able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain routine procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulations, such as the overseas investment registrations by shareholders who are PRC residents. Approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is, however, required where the RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions.

For our Hong Kong subsidiary, Inforbird Technologies, and the holding company, Infobird Cayman, or the Non-PRC Entities, there is no restriction on foreign exchange for such entities and they are able to transfer cash among these entities, across borders and to U.S. investors. Also, there are no restrictions or limitations on the abilities of the Non-PRC Entities to distribute earnings from the businesses, including the subsidiaries and/or the consolidated VIEs, to Infobird Cayman or from Infobird Cayman to U.S. investors, as well as the ability to settle amounts owed under the Contractual Arrangements. For more details, see "Item 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment."

As of the date of this annual report, no dividends or distributions have been made to date between the holding company, Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIEs, or to investors, including the U.S. investors (i.e., there have not been any dividends or distributions that a subsidiary or consolidated VIEs have made to the holding company, Infobird Cayman, or to investors, including U.S. investors). The holding company, Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIEs do not have any plans to distribute earnings or dividends or settle amounts owed under the Contractual Arrangements in the foreseeable future.

To the extent cash and/or assets in the business are in the PRC and/or Hong Kong or our PRC and/or Hong Kong entities, such funds and/or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC and/or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash and/or assets. The cash transfer among the holding company, Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIEs is typically transferred through payment for intercompany services or intercompany borrowings between the holding company, Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIEs. There are no tax consequences for intercompany borrowings or the payment for intercompany services, except for the standard value added taxes and/or income taxes for the revenues and/or profits generated from such services.

xii

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, cash and other asset transfers between the holding company, Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIEs were as follows:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025** | **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Transfer <br> From** | **Transfer To** | **Approximate<br> Value ($)** | **Type** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pure Media | Infobird Cayman | 510000 | Cash Transfer |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Infobird Cayman | Inforbird Technologies | 330000 | Cash Transfer |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inforbird Technologies | Guangnian Zhiyuan | 330000 | Cash Transfer |

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024** | **During the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024** |
| **Transfer <br> From** | **Transfer To** | **Approximate<br> Value ($)** | **Type** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Infobird Cayman | Pure Media | 510000 | Assets Transfer |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Infobird Cayman | Inforbird Technologies | 742381 | Cash Transfer |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Infobird Cayman | Guangnian Zhiyuan | 431579 | Cash Transfer |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inforbird Technologies | Guangnian Zhiyuan | 738985 | Cash Transfer |

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**Financial Information Related to the VIE**

The following tables present the disaggregated condensed consolidating schedules of financial position as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the disaggregated condensed consolidating schedules of cash flows and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 of all the entities that are consolidated in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, which are the following entities: Infobird Cayman, the VIEs and their consolidated subsidiaries, Pure Media which is the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, and other subsidiaries.

xiii

 **UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS**

**AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025**

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Parent | Singapore | HK and its subsidiaries | Pure Tech | Primary Beneficiary of VIE-Pure Media | VIEs | Eliminating adjustments | Consolidated total |
| Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash | $112953 | $— | $90566 | $— | $3641 | $4906157 | $— | $5113317 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net |  |  |  |  |  | 3453879 |  | 3453879 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes receivables, net |  |  |  |  |  | 533068 |  | 533068 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other receivables, net | 1841571 |  | 11440 |  |  | 234607 | (1838208) | 249410 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due from related parties |  |  |  |  |  | 4003947 | (4003947) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepayments | 1440 |  |  |  |  | 227105 |  | 228545 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 1955964 |  | 102006 |  | 3641 | 13358763 | (5842155) | 9578219 |
| Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net |  |  | 637041 |  |  |  |  | 637041 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right-of-use assets |  |  | 108346 |  |  | 269115 |  | 377461 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term investment | 65737818 |  |  |  |  |  | (65737818) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Investment in subsidiaries | 7752421 |  |  | 8881614 |  |  | (16634035) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Controlling financial interests in VIEs |  |  |  |  | 8877973 |  | (8877973) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12559378 | 12559378 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other assets | 73490239 |  | 745387 | 8881614 | 8877973 | 269115 | (78690448) | 13573880 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Assets | $75446203 | $— | $847393 | $8881614 | $8881614 | $13627878 | $(84532603) | $23152099 |
| Liabilities and shareholder's equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $3318162 | $— | $3318162 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term loans |  |  |  |  |  | 662955 |  | 662955 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other payables and accrued liabilities | 64259 |  | 1869349 |  |  | 84837 | (1838208) | 180237 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contract liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | 9544 |  | 9544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taxes payable |  |  | 163 |  |  | 417653 |  | 417816 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities - current |  |  | 70739 |  |  | 189189 |  | 259928 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 64259 |  | 1940251 |  |  | 4682340 | (1838208) | 4848642 |
| Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Lease liabilities - noncurrent |  |  | 36335 |  |  | 67565 |  | 103900 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other liabilities |  |  | 36335 |  |  | 67565 |  | 103900 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Liabilities | $64259 | $— | $1976586 | $— | $— | $4749905 | $(1838208) | $4952542 |
| Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total equity | $75381944 | $— | $(1129193) | $8881614 | $8881614 | $8877973 | $(82694395) | $18199557 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities and equity | $75446203 | $— | $847393 | $8881614 | $8881614 | $13627878 | $(84532603) | $23152099 |

---

xiv

**UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME**

**For the Year Ended December 31, 2025**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Parent** | **Singapore** | **HK and its subsidiaries** | **Pure Tech** | **Primary Beneficiary of VIE-Pure Media** | **VIEs** | **Eliminating adjustments** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $8706740 | $— | $8706740 |
| Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 6138198 |  | 6138198 |
| Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  | 2568542 |  | 2568542 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selling |  |  |  |  |  | 1504483 |  | 1504483 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 769210 |  | 478659 |  | 1127 | 1363679 |  | 2612675 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development |  |  |  |  |  | 97518 |  | 97518 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of goodwill |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51186782 | 51186782 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 769210 |  | 478659 |  | 1127 | 2965680 | 51186782 | 55401458 |
| Loss from operations | (769210) |  | (478659) |  | (1127) | (397138) | (51186782) | (52832916) |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 1202 |  | 53 |  | 5874 | 12836 |  | 19965 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (504021) |  |  |  |  | (95) |  | (504116) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss from subsidiaries | (980868) |  |  | (564364) |  |  | 1545232 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss from VIEs |  |  |  |  | (568969) |  | 568969 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other income (expense), net |  |  | 62102 |  |  | (202169) | (167962) | (308029) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income <br> (expense), net | (1483687) |  | 62155 | (564364) | (563095) | (189428) | 1946239 | (792180) |
| Income (loss) before income taxes | (2252897) |  | (416504) | (564364) | (564222) | (586566) | (49240543) | (53625096) |
| Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net income (loss) | (2252897) |  | (416504) | (564364) | (564222) | (586566) | (49240543) | (53625096) |

---

xv

**UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**

**For the Year Ended December 31, 2025**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Parent** | **Singapore** | **HK and its subsidiaries** | **Pure Tech** | **Primary Beneficiary of VIE-Pure Media** | **VIEs** | **Eliminating adjustments** | **Total** |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $(730979) | $— | $(244858) | $— | $5525 | $616540 | $(167962) | $(521734) |
| Net cash provided by investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net proceeds from short-term loans |  |  |  |  |  | 645024 |  | 645024 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net proceeds (payments) from intercompany | 180000 |  | 268523 |  | (510000) |  | 61477 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities | 180000 |  | 268523 |  | (510000) | 645024 | 61477 | 645024 |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (550979) |  | 23665 |  | (504475) | 1261564 | (106485) | 123290 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash & cash equivalents |  |  | 3330 |  |  | 186487 | 106485 | 296302 |
| Cash and cash equivalents-beginning of Period | 663932 |  | 63571 |  | 508116 | 3458106 |  | 4693725 |
| Cash and cash equivalents-ending of Period | $112953 | $— | $90566 | $— | $3641 | $4906157 | $— | $5113317 |
| NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Convertible promissory notes converted to ordinary shares | $3360141 | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $5935095 |

---

xvi

**UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS**

**AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Parent | Singapore | HK and its subsidiaries | Pure Tech | Primary Beneficiary of VIE-Pure Media | VIEs | Eliminating adjustments | Consolidated total |
| Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash | $663932 | $— | $63571 | $— | $508116 | $3458106 | $— | $4693725 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net |  |  |  |  |  | 3859493 |  | 3859493 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes receivables, net |  |  |  |  |  | 928856 |  | 928856 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other receivables, net | 2020452 |  | 10960 |  | 778 | 133970 | (2018208) | 147952 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due from related parties |  |  |  |  |  | 4083312 | (3835984) | 247328 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepayments |  |  |  |  |  | 167173 |  | 167173 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 2684384 |  | 74531 |  | 508894 | 12630910 | (5854192) | 10044527 |
| Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net |  |  | 781624 |  |  |  |  | 781624 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right-of-use assets |  |  | 166255 |  |  | 350188 |  | 516443 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term investment | 65737818 |  |  |  |  |  | (65737818) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Investment in subsidiaries | 8398809 |  |  | 9082025 |  |  | (17480834) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Controlling financial interests in VIEs |  |  |  |  | 9083131 |  | (9083131) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill |  |  |  |  |  |  | 62435299 | 62435299 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other assets | 74136627 |  | 947879 | 9082025 | 9083131 | 350188 | (29866484) | 63733366 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Assets | $76821011 | $— | $1022410 | $9082025 | $9592025 | $12981098 | $(35720676) | $73777893 |
| Liabilities and shareholder's equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $2787656 | $— | $2787656 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other payables and accrued liabilities | 24671 |  | 1536888 |  | 510000 | 207558 | (2018208) | 260909 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contract liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | 37316 |  | 37316 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taxes payable |  |  | 777 |  |  | 528173 |  | 528950 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities - current |  |  | 65379 |  |  | 133818 |  | 199197 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 24671 |  | 1603044 |  | 510000 | 3694521 | (2018208) | 3814028 |
| Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities - noncurrent |  |  | 102582 |  |  | 203446 |  | 306028 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other liabilities | 2856120 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2856120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other liabilities | 2856120 |  | 102582 |  |  | 203446 |  | 3162148 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Liabilities | $2880791 | $— | $1705626 | $— | $510000 | $3897967 | $(2018208) | $6976176 |
| Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total equity | $73940220 | $— | $(683216) | $9082025 | $9082025 | $9083131 | $(33702468) | $66801717 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities and equity | $76821011 | $— | $1022410 | $9082025 | $9592025 | $12981098 | $(35720676) | $73777893 |

---

xvii

**UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME**

**For the Year Ended December 31, 2024**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Parent** | **Singapore** | **HK and its subsidiaries** | **Pure Tech** | **Primary Beneficiary of VIE-Pure Media** | **VIEs** | **Eliminating adjustments** | **Total** |
| Revenues | $— | $— | $20000 | $— | $— | $1417848 | $— | $1437848 |
| Cost of revenues |  |  | 18400 |  |  | 826836 |  | 845236 |
| Gross profit |  |  | 1600 |  |  | 591012 |  | 592612 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selling |  |  |  |  |  | 438596 |  | 438596 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 1058757 |  | 653950 |  | 3328 | 157611 |  | 1873646 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development |  |  |  |  |  | 15074 |  | 15074 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 1058757 |  | 653950 |  | 3328 | 611281 |  | 2327316 |
| Loss from operations | (1058757) |  | (652350) |  | (3328) | (20269) |  | (1734704) |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 192294 |  | 103 |  | 1361 | 6772 |  | 200530 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (546525) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (546525) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss from subsidiaries | (714841) |  |  | (45753) |  |  | 760594 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss from VIEs |  |  |  |  | (45244) |  | 45244 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other income (expense), net |  |  | (16841) |  |  | (12138) | 30191 | 1212 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other income <br> (expense), net | (1069072) |  | (16738) | (45753) | (43883) | (5366) | 836029 | (344783) |
| Income (loss) before income taxes | (2127829) |  | (669088) | (45753) | (47211) | (25635) | 836029 | (2079487) |
| Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  | 21008 |  | 21008 |
| Net income (loss) | (2127829) |  | (669088) | (45753) | (47211) | (46643) | 836029 | (2100495) |

---

xviii

**UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**

**For the Year Ended December 31, 2024**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Parent** | **Singapore** | **HK and its subsidiaries** | **Pure Tech** | **Primary Beneficiary of VIE-Pure Media** | **VIEs** | **Eliminating adjustments** | **Total** |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $3855020 | $— | $(412373) | $— | $(1884) | $(219065) | $30190 | $3251888 |
| Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash deposit in escrow account | (5114000) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5114000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash received from escrow account | 5000000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5000000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loan to third party | (7500000) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7500000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash proceeds from acquisition Pure Tech |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4212977 | 4212977 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (768803) |  |  |  |  | (768803) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term investment in equity |  |  | (100060) |  |  |  |  | (100060) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by investing activities | (7614000) |  | (868863) |  |  |  | 4212977 | (4269886) |
| Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net proceeds (payments) from intercompany | (1322425) |  | 1341023 |  |  |  | (18598) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares | 5697396 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5697396 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities | 4374971 |  | 1341023 |  |  |  | (18598) | 5697396 |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 615991 |  | 59787 |  | (1884) | (219065) | 4224569 | 4679398 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash & cash equivalents |  |  | (934) |  |  | (25806) | (11592) | (38332) |
| Cash and cash equivalents-beginning of Period | 47941 |  | 4718 |  | 510000 | 3702977 | (4212977) | 52659 |
| Cash and cash equivalents-ending of Period | $663932 | $— | $63571 | $— | $508116 | $3458106 | $— | $4693725 |
| NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Third parties paid for consideration for Pure Media | $59784723 | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $59784723 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Escrow account transit to Pure Tech before acquiring | $510000 | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $510000 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisition of Pure Tech by issuing convertible promissory notes | $5935095 | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $5935095 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Convertible promissory notes converted to ordinary shares | $3643500 | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $— | $5935095 |

---

xix

**FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND RISK FACTORS SUMMARY**

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors", may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as "may," "will," "expect," "anticipate," "aim," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "is/are likely to," "potential," "continue" or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. Factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, include, but are not limited to, the factors summarized below, which also summarize some of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows and prospects. This summary is not complete and the risks summarized below are not the only risks we face. These risks are discussed more fully further below in "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors". These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

***Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure***

● We depend upon the Contractual Arrangements in conducting our business in China, which may not be as effective as direct ownership. The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Further, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts.

● We may not be able to consolidate the operations and financial results of some of our affiliated companies or such consolidation could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

● We conduct our business through Pinmu Century by means of Contractual Arrangements. If the PRC courts or administrative authorities determine that these Contractual Arrangements do not comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in or different interpretations of such PRC laws and regulations may also materially and adversely affect our business.

● Because we rely on the Contractual Arrangements for our revenue, the termination of these agreements would severely and detrimentally affect our continuing business viability under our current corporate structure.

● Contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or the VIE owes additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

● Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the relatively newly enacted Foreign Investment Law.

● The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us and as a result may refuse to perform, or may breach, the Contractual Arrangements, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

● The recent joint statement by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB.

xx

● Our operations are located in, China through our subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by changes in Chinese laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulation, restrictions on foreign investment, and other matters. Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and therefore by the significant discretion of Chinese governmental authorities. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over offerings that are conducted overseas and the conduct of our business, may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, and may exert more control over foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

● Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

● Uncertainties with respect to China's legal system could materially and adversely affect us. There are risks arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws. In particular, there are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations, and changes in policies, laws, rules and regulations in the PRC could adversely affect us. Most of our operations are conducted in the PRC, and are governed by PRC laws, rules and regulations. China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and enacted laws, rules and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China or may be subject to a significant degree of interpretation by PRC regulatory agencies and courts. Further, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. In particular, because these laws, rules and regulations are relatively new and quickly evolving, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the non-precedential nature of these decisions, and because the laws, rules and regulations often give the relevant regulator certain discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. Therefore, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares.

● Changes in international trade policies, trade disputes, barriers to trade, or the emergence of a trade war may dampen growth in China and may have a material adverse effect on our business.

● Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with PRC and other applicable laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.

● We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

● PRC governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

xxi

● We generate a significant portion of our revenues primarily from a few major customers, and loss of business from such customers could reduce our revenues and significantly harm our business.

● We operate in highly competitive markets and the size and resources of many of our competitors may allow them to compete more effectively than we can, preventing us from achieving profitability.

● We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, specifically the coronavirus, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

● If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, and protect against third party claims that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Other sections of this annual report discuss factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

xxii

**PART I**

**ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION**

See "Introduction" and "Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors Summary" above.

**<u>A. [Reserved]</u>**

**<u>B. Capitalization and Indebtedness</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>D. Risk Factors</u>**

***Risks Related to Our Business and Industry***

***We generated a significant portion of our revenues primarily from a few major customers, and loss of business from such customers could have reduced our revenues and significantly harmed our business.***

After the Sale in August 2023, we generated a significant portion of our revenues primarily from a few major customers since August 2023, and the loss of business from such customers could have reduced our revenues and significantly harmed our business. One or a few customers have in the past, represented a substantial portion of our total revenues in any one year or over a period of several years.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, two customers accounted for 80.7% and 11.3% of the Company's total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 71.8% and 26.0% of the Company's total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, two customers accounted for approximately 64.3% and 35.7% of our total revenues, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, two customers accounted for 86.0% and 11.4% of the total balance of accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 52.3% and 46.8% of the total balance of accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 100% of the total balance of our accounts receivable.

Our ability to maintain close relationships with major customers is essential to the growth and profitability of our business. However, the volume of work performed for a specific customer is likely to vary from year to year, in particular since we are generally not our customers' exclusive technology services provider and we do not have long-term commitments from any of our customers to purchase our services. In addition, our reliance on any individual customer for a significant portion of our revenues may give that customer a certain degree of pricing leverage against us when negotiating contracts and terms of service. In addition, a number of factors other than our performance could cause the loss of or reduction in business or revenues from a customer, and these factors are not predictable. These factors may include organization restructuring, pricing pressure, changes to its technology strategy, switching to another services provider or returning work in-house. The loss of any of our major customers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

***Any failure to offer high-quality customer support may materially and adversely affect our relationships with our customers.***

Our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers depends on our ability to maintain a consistently high level of customer service and technical support. Our customers depend on our service support team to assist them in utilizing our services effectively and to help them to resolve issues quickly and to provide ongoing support. If we are unable to hire and train sufficient support resources or are otherwise unsuccessful in assisting our customers effectively, it may materially and adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and could prevent prospective customers from adopting to our services. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for customer support. We also may be unable to modify the nature, scope and delivery of our customer support to compete with changes in the support services provided by our competitors. Increased demand for customer support, without corresponding revenue, could increase our costs and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our sales are highly dependent on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality customer support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer support, may materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

***Incorrect or improper implementation or use of our services result in customer dissatisfaction and negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects.***

We believe our future success will depend on our ability to increase sales of our services. We must often assist our customers in achieving successful implementations of our services, which we do through our professional consulting and technical support services. If our customers are unable to implement our services successfully, or unable to do so in a timely manner, customer perceptions of our services may be harmed, our reputation and brand may suffer, and customers may choose to cease usage of our services or not to expand their use of our services. Our customers may need training in the proper use of and the variety of benefits that can be derived from our services to maximize their benefits. If our services are not effectively implemented or used correctly or as intended, or if we fail to adequately train customers on how to efficiently and effectively use our services, our customers may not be able to achieve satisfactory outcomes. This could result in negative publicity and legal claims against us, which may cause us to generate fewer sales to new customers and reductions in renewals or expansions of the use of our services with existing customers, any of which would harm our business and results of operations.

***Interruptions or performance problems associated with our technology and infrastructure may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.***

Our continued growth depends in part on the ability of our existing customers and new customers to access our SaaS services, at any time and within an acceptable amount of time. We may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors or capacity constraints. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance as our SaaS services become more complex. If our services are unavailable or if our customers are unable to access features of our services within a reasonable amount of time or at all, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected would be negatively affected.

After the Acquisitions, we currently provide our end-to-end digital advertising solutions via maternity vertical channels including Kaiwang (Hangzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. ("Qinbaobao"), Beijing Zhongming Century Technology Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Branch ("BabyTree") and Ji'an Shengcheng Media Co., Ltd. ("Mama Network"). We expect that in the future we may experience interruptions, delays and outages in service and availability from time to time due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, website hosting disruptions and capacity constraints. Capacity constraints could be due to a number of potential causes including technical failures, natural disasters, fraud or security attacks. In addition, if our security is compromised, our services are unavailable or our customers are unable to use our services within a reasonable amount of time or at all, then our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. In some instances, we expect that we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within a period of time acceptable to our customers. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our service performance, in particular during peak usage times, as the features of our services become more complex and the usage of our services increases. Any of the above circumstances or events may harm our reputation, cause customers to stop using our services, or impair our ability to increase revenue from existing customers, impair our ability to grow our customer base, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

***We may be forced to reduce the prices of our services due to increased competition and reduced bargaining power with our customers, which could lead to reduced revenues and profitability.***

The customer engagement and the digital advertising industry in China are developing rapidly and related technology trends are constantly evolving. This results in the frequent introduction of new services and significant price competition from our competitors. We may be unable to offset the effect of declining average sales prices through increased sales volumes and or reductions in our costs. Furthermore, we may be forced to reduce the prices of our services in response to offerings made by our competitors. Finally, we may not have the same level of bargaining power we have enjoyed in the past when it comes to negotiating for the prices of our services, all of which may lead to reduced revenues and profitability.

***We primarily rely on a limited number of vendors, and the loss of any such vendor could harm our business.***

For the year ended December 31, 2025, three vendors accounted for 35.3%, 27.7% and 10.2% of the Company's total purchases, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, three vendors accounted for 42.4%, 29.7% and 15.1% of our total purchases, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, none of vendor accounted for more than 10.0% of our total purchases. As of December 31, 2025, three vendors accounted for 43.1%, 22.2% and 17.3% of the total balance of accounts payable, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, two vendors accounted for 36.9% and 30.0% of the total balance of our accounts payable, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, none of vendor accounted for more than 10.0% of the total balance of accounts payable. For 2025, our vendors were mainly media and platform suppliers for digital advertising and marketing campaign services, and for 2024 and 2023, our vendors were mainly system and information software suppliers for our business integration solution business. We enter into agreements with vendors in the ordinary course of our business. Such agreements generally have initial terms ranging from one to two years. Any difficulty in replacing such vendors could negatively affect our performance. If we are prevented from or delayed in obtaining services, products, or components for products, due to political, civil, labor or other factors beyond our control that affect our vendors, including natural disasters or pandemics, our operations may be substantially disrupted, potentially for a significant period of time. Such delays may significantly reduce our revenues and profitability and harm our business while alternative sources of supply are secured.

***We operate in highly competitive markets and the size and resources of many of our competitors may allow them to compete more effectively than we can, preventing us from achieving profitability.***

The markets we compete in are highly competitive. Competition may result in pricing pressures, reduced profit margins or lost market share, or a failure to grow our market share, any of which could substantially harm our business and results of operations. We compete for customers primarily on the basis of our brand name, price and the range of products and services that we offer. Across our business, we face competitors who are constantly seeking ideas which will appeal to customers and introducing new products that compete with our products. Many of our competitors have significant competitive advantages, including longer operating histories, larger and broader customer bases, less-costly production, more established relationships with a broader set of suppliers and customers, greater brand recognition and greater financial, research and development, marketing, distribution and other resources than we do. We cannot assure that we will be able to successfully compete against new or existing competitors. If we fail to maintain our reputation and competitiveness, customers demand for our products may decline.

In addition to existing competitors, new participants with a popular product or service idea could gain access to customers and become a significant source of competition in a short period of time. These existing and new competitors may be able to respond more rapidly than us to changes in customer preferences. Our competitors' products may achieve greater market acceptance than our products and potentially reduce demand for our products, lower our revenues and lower our profitability.

***If we fail to increase our brand recognition, we may face difficulty in obtaining new customers.***

After the Acquisitions, our brand is new in the PRC digital advertising industry, we believe that enhancing our brand recognition in a cost-effective manner outside of that market is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our current and future products and services and is an important element in our effort to increase our customer base. Successful promotion of our brand will depend largely on our ability to maintain a sizeable and active customer base, our marketing efforts and ability to provide reliable and useful products and services at competitive prices. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we will incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, or if we incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brand, we may fail to attract enough new customers or retain our existing customers to the extent necessary to realize a sufficient return on our brand-building efforts, in which case our business, operating results and financial condition, would be materially and adversely affected.

***Failure to adhere to regulations that govern our customers' businesses could result in breaches of contracts with our customers. Failure to adhere to the regulations that govern our business could result in our being unable to effectively perform our services.***

Our customers' business operations are subject to certain rules and regulations in China or elsewhere. Our customers may contractually require that we perform our services in a manner that would enable them to comply with such rules and regulations. Failure to perform our services in such manner could result in breaches of contract with our customers and, in some limited circumstances, civil fines and criminal penalties for us.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we have not been subject to any material penalties from the relevant government authorities for failure to obtain any license for our business operations in the

Furthermore, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC, which became effective from November 1, 2021, and requires general network operators to obtain a personal information protection certification issued by recognized institutions in accordance with the CAC regulation before such information can be transferred out of China.

Given that the above-mentioned laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, or have not yet been formally promulgated or taken effect (as applicable), their enactment, interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to substantial uncertainties. While a number of key regulations have now been formally promulgated and taken effect—including the Network Data Security Administration Regulations (effective January 1, 2025), the Measures for the Administration of Compliance Audits of Personal Information Protection (effective May 1, 2025), and the Cybersecurity Law (2025 Amendment) (effective January 1, 2026)—certain aspects of their interpretation, application and enforcement remain subject to uncertainties.As the definitions for terms such as network platform operator and national security are broad, the government will likely retain significant discretion as to the interpretation and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures and any implementation rules, and we may be subject to the relevant rules. We cannot preclude the possibility that the Cybersecurity Review Measures will subject us to the cybersecurity review by the CAC in relation to our operations or require us to adjust our business practices, in which case our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and negatively affected. In particular, under the Network Data Security Administration Regulations, network data processing activities that affect or may affect national security are expressly subject to cybersecurity review, and data processors handling personal information of over ten million users are subject to enhanced compliance obligations, including the establishment of a dedicated data security management body. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant expenses in an effort to comply with cybersecurity, privacy, data protection and information security related laws, regulations, standards and protocols, especially as a result of such newly promulgated laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiary, the VIE or its subsidiaries have not been involved in any investigations, nor have they received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanction by the CAC or related PRC governmental authorities as a result of violation of any currently effective PRC laws or regulations with respect to personal information or data requirements issued by the CAC up to date. However, as uncertainties may still arise regarding the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations, despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and policies relating to cybersecurity, privacy, data protection and information security, we cannot assure you that our practices, offerings, services will meet all of the requirements imposed on us by such laws, regulations or policies. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or policies may result in inquiries or other proceedings being instituted against, or other lawsuits, decisions or sanctions being imposed on us by governmental authorities, users, consumers or other parties, including but not limited to warnings, fines, directions for rectifications, suspension of the related business and termination of our applications, as well as in negative publicity on us and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. If we become subject to cybersecurity inspection and/or review by the CAC or other PRC authorities or are required by them to take any specific actions, it could cause suspension or termination of the future offering of our securities, disruptions to our operations, result in negative publicity regarding our company, and divert our managerial and financial resources. We may also be subject to significant fines or other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, in the event that our PRC subsidiary, the VIE or its subsidiaries become operators of critical information infrastructure in the future, they may be subject to the above-described regulation.

***We face intense competition from onshore and offshore customer engagement service providers, and, if we are unable to compete effectively, we may lose customers and our revenues may decline.***

The markets for customer engagement services and end-to-end digital advertising solutions are highly competitive and we expect competition to persist and intensify. We believe that the principal competitive factors in our markets are industry expertise, breadth and depth of service offerings, quality of the services offered, reputation and track record, marketing and selling skills, scalability of technology infrastructure and price. In the customer engagement market, customers tend to engage multiple service providers instead of using an exclusive service provider, which could reduce our revenues to the extent that customers obtain similar or substituted services from other competing providers. Our ability to compete also depends in part on a number of factors beyond our control, including the ability of our competitors to recruit, train, develop and retain highly skilled employees, in particular research and development employees, the price at which our competitors offer comparable services and our competitors' responsiveness to customer needs and market trends. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our customers while competing against such competitors. Increased competition, our inability to compete successfully against competitors, pricing pressures or loss of market share may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***We have engaged in transactions with related parties, and such transactions present possible conflicts of interest that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.***

We have entered into a number of transactions with related parties. See "Item 7.B. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions" for further details on related party transactions. We may in the future enter into additional transactions with entities in which members of our board of directors and other related parties hold ownership interests.

Transactions with related parties present potential for conflicts of interest, as the interests of related parties may not align with the interests of our shareholders. Although we believe that these transactions were in our best interests, we cannot assure you that these transactions were entered into on terms as favorable to us as those that could have been obtained in an arms-length transaction. We may also engage in transactions with related parties in the future. Conflicts of interests may arise when we transact business with related parties. These transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or may result in litigation.

***Changes in demand for our products and business relationships with key customers and vendors may materially and adversely affect operating results.***

To achieve our objectives, we must develop and sell products that are subject to the demands of our customers. This is dependent on several factors, including managing and maintaining relationships with key customers, responding to the rapid pace of technological change and obsolescence, which may require increased investment by us or result in greater pressure to commercialize developments rapidly or at prices that may not fully recover the associated investment, and the effect on demand resulting from customers' research and development, capital expenditure plans and capacity utilization. If we are unable to keep up with our customers' demands, our sales, earnings and operating results may be materially and adversely affected. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We generate a significant portion of our revenues primarily from a few major customers, and loss of business from such customers could reduce our revenues and significantly harm our business" and "—We primarily rely on a limited number of vendors, and the loss of any such vendor could harm our business."

***Our future success depends in part on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.***

We are highly dependent on the principal members of our executive team listed in "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees" located elsewhere in this annual report, the loss of whose services may materially and adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees for our business, including technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. Competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous companies for individuals with similar skill sets. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive or key employee may materially and adversely affect our business.

***Failure of beneficial owners of our shares who are PRC residents to comply with certain PRC foreign exchange regulations could restrict our ability to distribute profits, restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and subject us to liability under PRC law.***

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, has promulgated regulations, including the Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, and its appendices. These regulations require PRC residents, including PRC institutions and individuals, to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a "special purpose vehicle", or SPV. The term "control" under SAFE Circular 37 is broadly defined as the operation rights, beneficiary rights or decision-making rights acquired by the PRC residents in the offshore SPVs by such means as acquisition, trust, proxy, voting rights, repurchase, convertible bonds or other arrangements. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the SPV, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a SPV fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that SPV may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the SPV may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Further, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for foreign exchange evasion.

These regulations apply to our direct and indirect shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions or share transfers that we make in the future if our shares are issued to PRC residents. However, in practice, different local SAFE branches may have different views and procedures on the application and implementation of SAFE regulations, and there remains uncertainty with respect to its implementation. We cannot assure you that these direct or indirect shareholders of our company who are PRC residents will be able to successfully update the registration of their direct and indirect equity interest as required in the future. If they fail to update the registration, our PRC subsidiaries could be subject to fines and legal penalties, and SAFE could restrict our cross-border investment activities and our foreign exchange activities, including restricting our PRC subsidiaries' ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain loans denominated in foreign currencies from, our company, or prevent us from contributing additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, non-U.S. shareholders may experience unfavorable tax consequences if such non-U.S. shareholders are determined to be a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. See "Item 4. Information on the Company - B. Business Overview - Regulations - Regulations on Tax in the PRC" and "Item 10.E. Taxation - PRC Taxation" for further information.

As of the date of this annual report, to our knowledge, all of our shareholders had registered according to SAFE Circular 37.

***Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.***

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we have not made adequate employee benefit payments in strict compliance with the relevant PRC regulations for and on behalf of our employees. Our failure in making contributions to various employee benefits plans in strict compliance with applicable PRC labor-related laws and regulations may subject us to late payment penalties, and we could also be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

***We do not have business insurance coverage. Any future business liability, disruption or litigation we experience might divert management focus from our business and could significantly impact our financial results.***

Availability of business insurance products and coverage in China is limited, and most such products are expensive in relation to the coverage offered. We have determined that the risks of disruption, cost of such insurance and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurances on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to maintain such insurance. As a result, we do not have any business liability, disruption or litigation insurance coverage for our operations in China. Accordingly, a business disruption, litigation or natural disaster may result in substantial costs and divert management's attention from our business, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

***We may require additional financing in the future and our operations could be curtailed if we are unable to obtain required additional financing when needed.***

In addition to the net proceeds raised in our initial public offering and registered direct offering, we may need to obtain additional debt or equity financing to fund future capital expenditures. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had approximately $5.11 million in cash which primarily consists of cash on hand and bank deposits, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use and are deposited with banks in China and Hong Kong. The Company's working capital was approximately $4.73 million at December 31, 2025, approximately $0.01 million of which was deferred revenue which the Company expects to realize and the Company does not expect to make any significant refund based on historical experience, and approximately $0.66 million of which was short-term loan borrowed from bank. Therefore, the Company's working capital excluding deferred revenue and short-term loan was approximately $5.40 million. The Company will require a minimum of approximately $0.52 million over the next twelve months to operate at its current level, either from revenues or funding. If the Company is unable to realize its assets within the normal operating cycle of a twelve (12) month period, the Company may have to consider supplementing its available sources of funds through other available sources of financing from PRC banks and other financial institutions or financial support from the Company's related parties and shareholders.

Any additional equity financing may result in dilution to the holders of our outstanding ordinary shares. Additional debt financing may impose affirmative and negative covenants that restrict our freedom to operate our business. We cannot guaranty that we will be able to obtain additional financing on terms that are acceptable to us, or any financing at all, and the failure to obtain sufficient financing could materially and adversely affect our business operations.

***Future sales or other dilution of our equity could depress the market price of our ordinary shares.***

Sales of our ordinary shares, preferred shares, warrants, units or any combination of the foregoing in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could negatively impact the price of our ordinary shares. If one or more of our shareholders were to sell large portions of their holdings in a relatively short time, for liquidity or other reasons, the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares could be negatively affected.

In addition, the issuance of additional shares of our ordinary shares, securities convertible into or exercisable for our ordinary shares, other equity-linked securities, including preferred shares or warrants or any combination of the securities will dilute the ownership interest of the shareholders of our ordinary shares and could depress the market price of our ordinary shares and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

We may need to seek additional capital. If this additional financing is obtained through the issuance of equity securities or warrants to acquire equity securities, our existing shareholders could experience significant dilution upon the issuance, conversion or exercise of such securities.

***We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, specifically the coronavirus, which could significantly disrupt our operations.***

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly to many parts of the world since early 2020. The resurgence of the Omicron variant has resulted in quarantines requirement, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and business facilities in many parts of China and Hong Kong in 2022. After the completion of the Sale in August 2023, we have not been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Substantially all of our revenues and our workforce are concentrated in China. Consequently, our results of operations will likely be adversely, and may be materially, affected, to the extent that any other epidemic harms China, Hong Kong and the global economy in general. Any potential impact on our results will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of any pandemic and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain any pandemic or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control.

In general, our business could be adversely affected by the effects of epidemics, including, but not limited to, COVID-19, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the influenza A virus, Ebola virus, severe weather conditions such as a snowstorm, flood or hazardous air pollution, or other outbreaks. In response to an epidemic, severe weather conditions, or other outbreaks, government and other organizations may adopt regulations and policies that could lead to severe disruption to our daily operations, including temporary closure of our offices and other facilities. These severe conditions may cause us and/or our partners to make internal adjustments, including but not limited to, temporarily closing down business, limiting business hours, and setting restrictions on travel and/or visits with clients and partners for a prolonged period of time. Various impacts arising from severe conditions may cause business disruption, resulting in material, adverse impact to our financial condition and results of operations.

**Risks Related to Doing Business in Hong Kong**

***We may be subject to uncertainty about any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong, and it is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in the PRC may also apply to operations in Hong Kong in the future.***

Since July 2023, we moved our headquarters from Beijing to Hong Kong as part of our plan to expand globally. We formed Inforbird Technologies, through which we have commenced our operations in Hong Kong. As of the date of this annual report, we have moved our key technical staff in our Beijing office to our Hong Kong office and have recruited local staff in Hong Kong and will continue to hire additional staff to support our operations in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong's constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of "one country, two systems". We cannot assure you that there will not be any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong. We may be subject to uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government and is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in the PRC may also apply to our operations in Hong Kong in the future. The PRC government may intervene or influence our current and future operations in Hong Kong at any time and exert more influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities. Such government actions, if and when they occur, could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong.

Our operations in Hong Kong are governed by the laws and regulations in Hong Kong. If there is significant change to current political arrangements between mainland China and Hong Kong, the PRC government may intervene or influence our Hong Kong operations, which could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong.

In Hong Kong, the collection of personal data, their use and disclosure, retention and granting of access to and correction of personal data is governed by the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Chapter 486 of the Laws of Hong Kong). See "Regulations in Hong Kong — Personal data law in Hong Kong" for further details. The competition law in Hong Kong is primarily governed by the Competition Ordinance (Chapter 619 of the Laws of Hong Kong), which prohibits three principal types of anti-competitive conducts, namely (a) anti-competitive agreements or practices; (b) abuse of market power; and (c) merger control of arrangements that could substantially reduce the level of competition in telecommunication industry. The Merger Rule in the Competition Ordinance prohibits undertakings from directly or indirectly carrying out a merger that has, or is likely to have, the effect of substantially reduce the level of competition in Hong Kong. This rule is only applicable to telecommunication carrier licensees. There is no general merger control regime in Hong Kong. See "*Item 4 Information On the Company – B. Business Overview — Regulations — Hong Kong — Competition*" in this annual report for further details.

***The PRC government has recently initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in mainland China. We do not expect such statements by the PRC government would have any specific impact on our business operations in Hong Kong. If there is any change in political arrangements between mainland China and Hong Kong, it would affect the business environment in Hong Kong generally.***

Due to the long arm application of the current PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business in Hong Kong and may intervene or influence our operations in Hong Kong, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares.

Except for the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong's constitutional document, national laws of the mainland China do not apply in Hong Kong unless they are listed in Annex III of the Basic Law and applied locally by promulgation or local legislation. National laws that may be listed in Annex III are currently limited under the Basic Law to those which fall within the scope of defense and foreign affairs as well as other matters outside the limits of the autonomy of Hong Kong. National laws and regulations relating to data protection, cybersecurity and the anti-monopoly have not been listed in Annex III and so do not apply directly to Hong Kong.

However, due to long arm provisions under the current mainland China laws and regulations, there remain regulatory and legal uncertainty with respect to the implementation of laws and regulations of mainland China to Hong Kong. As a result, there is no guarantee that the mainland China government would not choose to implement the laws of the mainland China to Hong Kong and exercise significant direct influence and discretion over the operation of, our Hong Kong subsidiaries in the future and, it will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, due to changes in laws, political environment or other unforeseeable reasons.

If we or our subsidiaries in Hong Kong were to become subject to laws and regulations of mainland China, the legal and operational risks associated in mainland China may also apply to our operations in Hong Kong, and we would face the risks and uncertainties associated with the legal system in the mainland China, complex and evolving mainland China laws and regulation, and as to whether and how the recent mainland China government statements and regulatory developments, such as those relating to data and cyberspace security and anti-monopoly concerns, would be applicable to us and our subsidiaries in Hong Kong. For example, on August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. According to Article 3 of the Personal Information Protection Law, it is applied not only to personal information processing activities carried out in the territory of mainland China but also to personal information processing activities outside the mainland China for the purpose of offering products or services to domestic natural persons in the territory of mainland China. The offending entities could be ordered to correct, or to suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

The laws and regulations in the mainland China are evolving, and their enactment timetable, interpretation, enforcement, and implementation involve significant uncertainties, and may change quickly with little advance notice, along with the risk that the PRC government may intervene or influence our subsidiaries' operations at any time could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. Moreover, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of mainland China laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations related to our business and the enforcement and performance of our arrangements with customers in certain circumstances. The laws and regulations are sometimes vague and may be subject to future changes, and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. The effectiveness and interpretation of newly enacted laws or regulations, including amendments to existing laws and regulations, may be delayed, and our business may be affected if we rely on laws and regulations which are subsequently adopted or interpreted in a manner different from our understanding of these laws and regulations. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new PRC laws or regulations may have on our business.

The laws, regulations and other government directives in the mainland China may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any government actions may:

● delay or impede our development;

● result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs;

● require significant management time and attention; and

● subject our Company to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we modify or even cease our business practices.

Further, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain any pre-approval from the PRC government to continue to list on United States national exchanges or to conduct our current business operation, and even when such pre-approval is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Further, the promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case that restrict or otherwise unfavorably may impact the ability or the way we may conduct our business and could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for our services, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject it to additional liabilities. As such, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future PRC laws and regulations relating to our business or industry, which could result in a material adverse change in the value of our ordinary shares, potentially rendering it worthless. As a result, both you and we will face uncertainty about future actions by the PRC government that could significantly affect our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

***You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against Infobird or its management based on Hong Kong laws.***

Currently, all of our operations are conducted outside the United States, and all of our assets are located outside the United States. You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against Infobird or its management, as judgments entered in the United States can be enforced in Hong Kong only at common law. If you want to enforce a judgment of the United States in Hong Kong, it must be a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, for a liquidated amount in a civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a "competent" court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts.

***Legislative or administrative actions in respect of China-U.S. relations could lead to uncertainties in the Hong Kong legal system and limit the legal protection available to us.***

On July 14, 2020, the former president of the United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong under the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. This includes special treatment in areas including but not limited to customs tariffs, export controls, immigration, foreign investment, and extradition. The suspension or elimination of Hong Kong's preferential treatment and continued tension between the United States and the PRC could potentially impact Hong Kong's common law legal system and may, in turn, bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could materially and adversely affect our business and operations. We cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our customers. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect of China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected.

***The future development of national security laws and regulations in Hong Kong could materially impact our business by possibly triggering sanctions and other measures, which could cause economic harms to our business.***

On June 30, 2020, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People's Congress adopted the Hong Kong National Security Law. This law defines the duties and government bodies of the Hong Kong National Security Law for safeguarding national security and four categories of offences — secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security — and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, the former president of the United States signed an executive order (the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA) to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong under the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992, pursuant to section 202 of the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy. On August 7, 2020, the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on eleven individuals. On October 14, 2020, the U.S. State Department submitted to relevant committees of Congress the report required under HKAA, identifying persons materially contributing to "the failure of the Government of PRC to meet its obligations under the Joint Declaration or the Basic Law." The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions may directly affect the foreign financial institutions as well as any third parties or customers dealing with any foreign financial institution that is targeted. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the Hong Kong National Security Law and HKAA on Hong Kong and companies located in Hong Kong. If any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries is determined to be in violation of the Hong Kong National Security Law or the HKAA by competent authorities, our subsidiary's business operations, financial position and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

***It may be difficult for overseas shareholders and/or regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within the territory of the PRC, including Hong Kong.***

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in the PRC, including Hong Kong. For example, in mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside mainland China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the territory of Mainland China. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within Mainland China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

In the event that the U.S. regulators carry out an investigation on us and there is a need to conduct such investigation, or collect evidence within, the territory of the PRC, the U.S. regulators may not be able to carry out such investigation or evidence collection directly in the PRC under the PRC laws. The U.S. regulators may, in the future, consider cross-border cooperation with a securities regulatory authority of the PRC by way of judicial assistance, diplomatic channels or regulatory cooperation mechanism established with the securities regulatory authority of the PRC. Additionally, the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong ("SFC") is a signatory to the International Organization of Securities Commissions Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding ("MMOU"), which provides for mutual investigatory and other assistance and exchange of information between securities regulators around the world, including the SEC. This is also reflected in section 186 of the Securities and Futures Ordinance ("SFO") which empowers the SFC to exercise its investigatory powers to obtain information and documents requested by non-Hong Kong regulators, and section 378 of the SFO which allows the SFC to share confidential information and documents in its possession with such regulators. However, there is no assurance that such cooperation will materialize, or if it does, whether it will adequately address any efforts to investigate or collect evidence to the extent that may be sought by U.S. regulators.

***Risks Related to Intellectual Property***

***If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, and protect against third party claims that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights, our results of operations could be adversely affected.***

The value of our business depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and information, including our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and rights under agreements with third parties, in China and around the world, as well as our customer, employee, and customer data. Third parties may try to challenge our ownership of our intellectual property in China and around the world. In addition, intellectual property rights and protections in China may be insufficient to protect material intellectual property rights in China. Further, our business is subject to the risk of third parties counterfeiting our products or infringing on our intellectual property rights. The steps we have taken may not prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property. We may need to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. If we fail to protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, including with respect to any successful challenge to our ownership of intellectual property or material infringements of our intellectual property, this failure could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or if we are accused of infringing on the intellectual property rights of others, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.***

Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights in China and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies or the goodwill we have acquired in the marketplace and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.

We cannot make any assurances that our core trademarks include a scope sufficient to protect our services and products.

We cannot make any assurances that the protection of our copyrights are sufficient. For example, our core technology, our no-code development platform, is not registered as a software copyright, which makes the technology vulnerable to the risk of third party's infringement. Even though we intend to submit an application for copyright registration for our no-code development platform, we cannot assure you when the application will be submitted or the registration will be completed, if at all, and whether the application will be rejected by the National Copyright Administration of the PRC once submitted.

We cannot provide any assurances that any of our patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our products, any additional features we develop for our products or any new products. Other parties may have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our system, may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that overlap or conflict with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or devices or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. Our patent position may involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented. Proceedings challenging our patents could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third party receiving the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to commercialize our products.

Though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors could purchase our products and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our patents, or develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may be unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees.

Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor's or potential competitor's product. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering our products are invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our products, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

● any of our patents, or any of our pending patent applications, if issued, will include claims having a scope sufficient to protect our products;

● any of our pending patent applications will be issued as patents;

● we will be able to successfully commercialize our products on a substantial scale, if approved, before our relevant patents we may have expire;

● we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our patents and pending patent applications;

● we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

● others will not develop similar or alternative technologies that do not infringe our patents; any of our patents will be found to ultimately be valid and enforceable;

● any patents issued to us will provide a basis for an exclusive market for our commercially viable products, will provide us with any competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties;

● we will develop additional proprietary technologies or products that are separately patentable; or

● our commercial activities or products will not infringe upon the patents of others.

We rely, in part, upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.

***Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from selling our products or affect our stock price.***

Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing the patents or copyrights, or otherwise violating the other proprietary rights, of others. Significant litigation regarding patent rights and copyright rights occur in our industry. Our competitors in both the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for and obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our products. We do not always conduct independent reviews of patents issued to third parties. In addition, patent applications in China and elsewhere can be pending for many years before issuance, or unintentionally abandoned patents or applications can be revived, so there may be applications of others now pending or recently revived patents of which we are unaware. These applications may later result in issued patents, or the revival of previously abandoned patents, that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our products. Third parties may, in the future, assert claims that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization, including claims from competitors or from non-practicing entities that have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect. As we continue to commercialize our products in their current or updated forms, launch new products and enter new markets, we expect competitors may claim that one or more of our products infringe their intellectual property rights as part of business strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets. The large number of patents, the rapid rate of new patent applications and issuances, the complexities of the technology involved, and the uncertainty of litigation may increase the risk of business resources and management's attention being diverted to patent litigation. We have, and we may in the future, receive letters or other threats or claims from third parties inviting us to take licenses under, or alleging that we infringe, their patents.

Moreover, we may become party to future adversarial proceedings regarding our patent portfolio or the patents of third parties. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review or comparable proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. The legal threshold for initiating litigation or contested proceedings may be low, so that even lawsuits or proceedings with a low probability of success might be initiated. Litigation and contested proceedings can also be expensive and time-consuming, and our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. We may also occasionally use these proceedings to challenge the patent rights of others. We cannot be certain that any particular challenge will be successful in limiting or eliminating the challenged patent rights of the third party.

Any lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our proprietary rights. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

● stop making, selling or using products or technologies that allegedly infringe the asserted intellectual property;

● lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments based upon successful protection and assertion of our intellectual property rights against others; incur significant legal expenses;

● pay substantial damages or royalties to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

● pay the attorney's fees and costs of litigation to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

● redesign those products that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property, which could be costly, disruptive and infeasible; and

● attempt to obtain a license to the relevant intellectual property from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, or from third parties who may attempt to license rights that they do not have.

Any litigation or claim against us, even those without merit, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business and harm our reputation. If we are found to infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, we could be required to pay substantial damages (which may be increased up to three times of awarded damages) and/or substantial royalties and could be prevented from selling our products unless we obtain a license or are able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to redesign our products in a way that would not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products. If we fail to obtain any required licenses or make any necessary changes to our products or technologies, we may have to withdraw existing products from the market or may be unable to commercialize one or more of our products.

***If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position could be harmed.***

We rely on copyright, patent, trade secret, and trademark protection as well as confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, and we may in the future rely on additional intellectual property protection, to protect our confidential and proprietary information. In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using commonly accepted physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our products that we consider proprietary. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Even though we use commonly accepted security measures, trade secret violations are often a matter of state law, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

***Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.***

Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our intellectual property. Any infringement claims or lawsuits, even if not meritorious, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, divert management's attention and resources, require us to redesign our products and services, if feasible, require us to pay royalties or enter into licensing agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies, and/or may materially disrupt the conduct of our business.

In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or third parties obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual property or may lose our exclusive rights in that intellectual property. Either outcome could harm our business and competitive position.

***Third parties may assert that our employees or contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets, which could result in litigation.***

We may employ individuals who previously worked with other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property or personal data, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims or settling those claims, in addition to paying monetary damages or a settlement payment, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

***Our computer systems and operations may be vulnerable to security breaches, which could materially and adversely affect our business*.**

We believe the safety of our computer network and our secure transmission of information over the internet will be essential to our operations and our services. Our network and our computer infrastructure are potentially vulnerable to physical breaches or to the introduction of computer viruses, abuse of use and similar disruptive problems and security breaches that could cause loss (both economic and otherwise), interruptions, delays or loss of services to our users. It is possible that advances in computer capabilities or new technologies could result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect user transaction data. A party that is able to circumvent our security systems could misappropriate proprietary information, cause interruptions in our operations or utilize our network without authorization. Security breaches also could damage our reputation and expose us to a risk of loss, litigation and possible liability. We cannot guarantee you that our security measures will prevent security breaches.

***Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure***

***We depend upon the Contractual Arrangements in conducting our business in China, which may not be as effective as direct ownership.***

Our affiliation with Pinmu Century is managed through the Contractual Arrangements, which agreements may not be as effective in providing us with control over Pinmu Century as direct ownership in controlling entities organized in the PRC, which often hold the licenses necessary to conduct business in the PRC. The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Further, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts. The Contractual Arrangements are governed by and would be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the PRC. If Pinmu Century fails to perform the obligations under the Contractual Arrangements, we may have to rely on legal remedies under the laws of the PRC, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages. There is a risk that we may be unable to obtain any of these remedies, which could affect our investors and the value of their investment. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce the Contractual Arrangements, or could affect the validity of the Contractual Arrangements. Thus, the Contractual Arrangements may be less effective than direct ownership and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the Contractual Arrangements.

***We may not be able to consolidate the operations and financial results of some of our affiliated companies or such consolidation could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.***

The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Our business is conducted through Pinmu Century, which is considered a VIE for accounting purposes, and we, through Pure Media, are considered the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes, thus enabling us to consolidate Pinmu Century's operations and financial results in our consolidated financial statements. Infobird Cayman and Pure Tech were established as the holding companies of Pure Media. Pure Media is the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Pinmu Century and its subsidiaries. All of these entities are under common control which results in the consolidation of Pinmu Century and subsidiaries which have been accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control at carrying value. Pure Media is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Pinmu Century because it has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct activities at Pinmu Century that most significantly impact such entity's economic performance, and (2) the right to receive benefits from Pinmu Century that could potentially be significant to such entity.

In the event that in the future Pinmu Century no longer meets the definition of a VIE under applicable accounting rules, or we are no longer deemed to be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes, we would not be able to consolidate line-by-line Pinmu Century's operations and financial results in our consolidated financial statements for reporting purposes. Also, if in the future an affiliate company becomes a VIE and we become the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes, we would be required to consolidate that entity's operations sand financial results in our consolidated financial statements for accounting purposes. If such entity's financial results were negative, this would have a corresponding negative impact on our operating results for reporting purposes.

***Because we rely on the Contractual Arrangements for our revenue, the termination of these agreements would severely and detrimentally affect our continuing business viability under our current corporate structure.***

We are a holding company and all of our business operations are conducted through the Contractual Arrangements. The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Further, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts. Although Pinmu Century does not have termination rights pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements, it could terminate, or refuse to perform under, the Contractual Arrangements. Because neither we, nor our subsidiaries, own equity interests of Pinmu Century, the termination or non-performance of the Contractual Arrangements would sever our ability to receive payments from Pinmu Century under our current holding company structure. While we are currently not aware of any event or reason that may cause the Contractual Arrangements to terminate, we cannot assure you that such an event or reason will not occur in the future. In the event that the Contractual Arrangements are terminated, this would have a severe and detrimental effect on our continuing business viability under our current corporate structure, which, in turn, would affect the value of your investment.

***Contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or the VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.***

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year when the transactions are conducted. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the VIE contractual arrangements were not entered into on an arm's-length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust the income of the VIE in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. The PRC tax authorities could effectively disregard the VIE structure, resulting in increased tax liabilities. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by the VIE for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase tax liabilities without reducing our tax expenses. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on the VIE for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if the VIE's tax liabilities increase or if it is required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

***We conduct our business through Pinmu Century by means of Contractual Arrangements. If the PRC courts or administrative authorities determine that these Contractual Arrangements do not comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in or different interpretations of such PRC laws and regulations may also materially and adversely affect our business.***

PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet and other related businesses, including the provision of domestic call center services. The major foreign investor of a domestic call center services provider is required to have a record of good performance and operating experience in managing value-added telecommunications business, however, such requirement of record of good performance and operating experience in managing value-added telecommunications business for the major foreign investor was repealed by the Decision of the State Council on Revising and Repealing Certain Administrative Regulations, effective on May 1, 2022. We are a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and Pure Media is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in China mainly through Pinmu Century and its subsidiaries, based on a series of contractual arrangements by and among Pure Media, Pinmu Century and its shareholders, or the Contractual Arrangements. The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Further, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts.

There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws, rules and regulations, including the laws, rules and regulations governing the validity and enforcement of the Contractual Arrangements between Pure Media and Pinmu Century. We have been advised by our PRC counsel, based on their understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations, that (i) the structure for operating our business in China (including our corporate structure and Contractual Arrangements with Pure Media, Pinmu Century and its shareholders) will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and (ii) the Contractual Arrangements among Pure Media and Pinmu Century and its shareholders governed by PRC law are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations concerning foreign investment in the PRC, and their application to and effect on the legality, binding effect and enforceability of the Contractual Arrangements. In particular, we cannot rule out the possibility that PRC regulatory authorities, courts or arbitral tribunals may in the future adopt a different or contrary interpretation or take a view that is inconsistent with the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. Therefore, the Contractual Arrangements may be determined by PRC authorities to be inconsistent with the laws and regulations of the PRC, including those related to foreign investment in certain industries. Our ordinary shares could decline in value or become worthless if such determinations, changes, or interpretations result in our inability to assert contractual control over the assets of our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE that conduct substantially all of our operations.

In addition, if any of our PRC entities or their ownership structure or the Contractual Arrangements are determined to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws, rules or regulations, or any of our PRC entities fail to obtain or maintain any of the required governmental permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

● revoking the business and operating licenses;

● discontinuing or restricting the operations;

● imposing conditions or requirements with which the PRC entities may not be able to comply;

● requiring us and our PRC entities to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations, including termination of the Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and deregistering the equity pledge of the VIE, which in turn would affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or exert effective control the VIE;

● restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds from our initial public offering to finance our business and operations in China, and taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business; or

● imposing fines or confiscating the income from our PRC subsidiaries or the VIE.

The imposition of any of these penalties would severely disrupt our ability to conduct business and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us and as a result may refuse to perform, or may breach, the Contractual Arrangements, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.***

The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us. These shareholders may refuse to perform or sign or may breach, or cause the VIE to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing Contractual Arrangements, which would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively control the VIE and receive economic benefits from it. As a result, control over, and funds due from, the VIE may be jeopardized if the shareholders of the VIE breach, or refuse to renew, the Contractual Arrangements. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with the VIE to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the Contractual Arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor. Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

***Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under the Contractual Arrangements, or any unauthorized use of indicia of corporate power or authority, would have a material adverse effect on our business.***

If the VIE or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the Contractual Arrangements or if any physical instruments, such as chops and seals, or other indicia of corporate power or authority, are used without our authorization, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to seek legal remedies under PRC laws, including specific performance or injunctive relief, and/or claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective under PRC laws. For example, if the shareholders of the VIE were to refuse to transfer their equity interest in the VIE to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal action to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

The Contractual Arrangements are governed by PRC laws. Accordingly, any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the U.S. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce the Contractual Arrangements or could affect the validity of the Contractual Arrangements, and as a result we may not be able to exert effective control over the VIE, and our ability to conduct our business may therefore be materially adversely affected.

***Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the relatively newly enacted Foreign Investment Law.***

On March 15, 2019, the National People's Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. In addition, the State Council approved the Regulation on Implementing the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, on December 26, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020. Since they are relatively new, uncertainties exist in relation to their interpretation. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify whether variable interest entities that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign-invested enterprises if they are ultimately "controlled" by foreign investors. However, it has a catch-all provision under definition of "foreign investment" that includes investments made by foreign investors in China through other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations or the State Council of the PRC, or the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our control over the VIE through contractual arrangements will not be deemed as foreign investment in the future.

The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries specified as either "restricted" or "prohibited" from foreign investment in a "negative list". The Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign-invested entities operating in "restricted" or "prohibited" industries will require market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC government authorities. If our control over the VIE through contractual arrangements are deemed as foreign investment in the future, and any business of the VIE is "restricted" or "prohibited" from foreign investment under the "negative list" effective at the time, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to have control over the VIE may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business operations.

Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and business operations.

***If any of our affiliated entities becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by such entity, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.***

We currently conduct our operations in China through our Contractual Arrangements. As part of these arrangements, substantially all of our assets that are significant to the operation of our business are held by our affiliated entities. If any of these entities becomes bankrupt and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if any of our affiliated entities undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, its equity owner or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights relating to some or all of these assets, which would hinder our ability to operate our business and could materially and adversely affect our business, our ability to generate revenue and the market price of our ordinary shares.

***Risks Related to Doing Business in China***

***Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.***

Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and therefore by the significant discretion of Chinese governmental authorities. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China's economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. The increased global focus on environmental and social issues and China's potential adoption of more stringent standards in these areas may adversely impact the operations of China-based issuers, including us.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the PRC government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

***Our operations are located in, China through our subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by changes in Chinese laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulation, restrictions on foreign investment, and other matters.***

Because our operations are conducted in Hong Kong and China through our subsidiaries, the Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, and may exert more oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, any of which such actions by the Chinese government could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless, and could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares. The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. The central Chinese government or local governments having jurisdiction within China may impose new, stricter regulations, or interpretations of existing regulations, that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. As such, our subsidiary in the PRC may be subject to governmental and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. We could also be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including local and municipal agencies and other governmental subdivisions. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by any such laws or regulations, or any changes in laws and regulations in the PRC. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and future laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China-based issuers. Given the current regulatory environment in the PRC,

we are subject to the uncertainty of different interpretation and enforcement of rules and regulations in the PRC adverse to us, which may be announced or implemented with little or no advance notice. Our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry, particularly in the event permission to list on U.S. exchanges becomes required, or if such permission may be withheld or rescinded once granted. Accordingly, the Chinese government's actions in the future, including any decision to intervene in or influence our operations at any time or to exert control over foreign investment in China-based issuers, may cause us to make material changes to our operations, may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and/or may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

***If we become subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed China-based companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve the matter which could harm our business operations and our reputation and could result in a loss of your investment in our ordinary shares, in particular if such matter cannot be addressed and resolved favorably.***

Recently, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered around financial and accounting irregularities, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in some cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed China-based companies has decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on us or our business. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our company. This situation may be a major distraction to our management. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, our business operations will be severely hindered and your investment in our ordinary shares could be rendered worthless.

***U.S. regulatory bodies may be limited in their ability to conduct investigations or inspections of our operations in China.***

Any disclosure of documents or information located in China by foreign agencies may be subject to jurisdiction constraints and must comply with China's state secrecy laws, which broadly define the scope of "state secrets" to include matters involving economic interests and technologies. There is no guarantee that requests from U.S. federal or state regulators or agencies to investigate or inspect our operations will be honored by us, by entities who provide services to us or with whom we associate, without violating PRC legal requirements, particularly those entities that are located within China. Furthermore, under the current PRC laws, an on-site inspection of our facilities by any of these regulators may be limited or prohibited.

***There are uncertainties under the PRC laws relating to the procedures for U.S. regulators to investigate and collect evidence from companies located in the PRC.***

Shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including securities law class actions and fraud claims, generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, or Article 177, the securities regulatory authority of the State Council may collaborate with securities regulatory authorities of other countries or regions in order to monitor and oversee cross border securities activities. Article 177 further provides that overseas securities regulatory authorities are not allowed to carry out investigation and evidence collection directly within the territory of the PRC, and that any Chinese entities and individuals are not allowed to provide documents or materials related to securities business activities to overseas agencies without prior consent of the securities regulatory authority of the State Council and the competent departments of the State Council.

Our principal business operations are conducted in the PRC. In the event that the U.S. regulators carry out investigations on us and there is a need to conduct investigation or collect evidence within the territory of the PRC, the U.S. regulators may not be able to carry out such investigation or evidence collection directly in the PRC under the PRC laws. The U.S. regulators may consider cross-border cooperation with securities regulatory authority of the PRC by way of judicial assistance, diplomatic channels or regulatory cooperation mechanism established with the securities regulatory authority of the PRC. However, there is no assurance that the U.S. regulators could succeed in establishing such cross-border cooperation in a specific case or could establish the cooperation in a timely manner. If U.S. regulators are unable to conduct such investigations, such U.S. regulators may determine to suspend and ultimately delist our ordinary shares from the Nasdaq Capital Market or choose to suspend or de-register our SEC registration.

***Uncertainties with respect to China's legal system could materially and adversely affect us.***

There are risks arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws. In particular, there are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations, and changes in policies, laws, rules and regulations in the PRC could adversely affect us. Most of our operations are conducted in Hong Kong through our current subsidiaries, and are governed by PRC laws, rules and regulations. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, PRC law still restricts certain foreign investments in China, and such laws are continually evolving, as more fully described under "Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Regulations – Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment". China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Further, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. In particular, because these laws, rules and regulations are relatively new and quickly evolving, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the non-precedential nature of these decisions, and because the laws, rules and regulations often give the relevant regulator certain discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable.

Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements or tort claims. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Further, such evolving laws and regulations and the inconsistent enforcement thereof could also lead to failure to obtain or maintain licenses and permits to do business in China, which would adversely affect us.

***Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with PRC and other applicable laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.***

Our business generates and processes a large quantity of data. We face risks inherent in handling and protecting a large volume of data. In general, we expect that data security and data protection compliance will receive greater attention and focus from regulators, both domestically and globally, as well as attract continued or greater public scrutiny and attention going forward, which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, we could become subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, and our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection is evolving and may be subject to different interpretations or significant changes. Moreover, different PRC regulatory bodies, including the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, or the SCNPC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, the CAC, the Ministry of Public Security, or the MPS and State Administration of Market Regulation, or the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protections laws and regulations with varying standards and applications. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Information Security and Privacy Protection." Compliance with the PRC Cybersecurity Law, the PRC National Security Law, the Data Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law, the Cybersecurity Review Measures, as well as additional laws and regulations that may come into effect in the future, including the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transmission and other data security and personal information protection laws and regulations, may result in a significant increase in our compliance costs, force us to change our business practices, adversely affect our business performance as well as subject us to negative publicity, which could harm our reputation among users and negatively affect the trading price of our securities. As many of these laws and regulations have not come into effect yet, or only came into effect recently, there are uncertainties with respect to how they will be interpreted, implemented and enforced in practice, and we may be subject to regulatory investigations, fines, suspension of businesses and revocation of licenses.

As of the date of this annual report, we, our subsidiaries and the VIE, are not covered by permissions requirements from the CAC or any other governmental agency that is required to approve the VIE's operations, as we, our subsidiaries and the VIE (i) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the CAC, and (ii) have not received or were denied any such requisite permissions or approvals by any PRC authority. However, considering that the interpretation and application of data protection laws are often uncertain, in flux and complicated, and the regulatory framework in China for the protection of information in cyberspace is evolving quickly, we cannot assure you that we would be able to fully comply with them. Any failure to or delay in clearing such review process would subject us to restrictions and penalties imposed by the CAC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, delays of or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China, or other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities.

The following are examples of certain recent PRC regulatory activities in this area:

<u>Cybersecurity and Data Security</u>

In June 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law, among other things, provides for security review procedure for data-related activities that may affect national security. The Data Security Law prohibits entities and individuals in China from providing any foreign judicial or law enforcement authority with any data stored in China without approval from competent PRC authority, and sets forth the legal liabilities of entities and individuals found to be in violation of their data protection obligations, including rectification order, warning, fines, suspension of relevant business, and revocation of business permits or licenses. In July 2021, the state council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to this regulation, critical information infrastructure means key network facilities or information systems of critical industries or sectors, such as public communication and information service, energy, transportation, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, the damage, malfunction or data leakage of which may endanger national security, people's livelihoods and the public interest. In December 2021, the CAC, together with other authorities, jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replaces its predecessor regulation. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, critical information infrastructure operators that procure internet products and services must be subject to the cybersecurity review if their activities affect or may affect national security. The Cybersecurity Review Measures further stipulates that network platform operators that hold personal information of over one million users must apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any public listing on a foreign stock exchange. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been informed that we are a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities. Furthermore, the exact scope of "critical information infrastructure operators" under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the applicable laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under PRC law. If we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, we may be subject to obligations in addition to what we have fulfilled under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations.

In November 2021, the CAC released the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security. The Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security provide that data processors refer to individuals or organizations that, during their data processing activities such as data collection, storage, utilization, transmission, publication and deletion, have autonomy over the purpose and the manner of data processing. In accordance with the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security, data processors shall apply for a cybersecurity review for certain activities, including, among other things,(i) the listing in a foreign country of data processors that process the personal information of more than one million users and (ii) any data processing activity that affects or may affect national security. In addition, the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security requires that data processors that process "important data" or are listed overseas must conduct an annual data security assessment by itself or commission a data security service provider to do so, and submit the assessment report of the preceding year to the municipal cybersecurity department by the end of January each year. As of the date of this annual report, the Network Data Security Administration Regulations are in effect. In light of the fact that the interpretation and application of data protection laws are often uncertain, in flux and complicated, it is possible that existing or newly introduced laws and regulations, or their interpretation, application or enforcement, could significantly affect the value of our data, force us to change our data collection, data use and other business practices, cause us to incur significant compliance costs, and subject us to regulatory investigations, fines, suspension of businesses and revocation of licenses, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. Furthermore, if such regulations were to be adopted in their current form, given that our business generates and processes a large quantity of data, we may be subject to additional regulatory obligations with respect to data security, and may face challenges in addressing their requirements and amending our internal data processing policies and practices to ensure compliance therewith.

Moreover, on July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transmission, which came into effect on September 1, 2022. According to these measures, personal data processors will be subject to security assessment conducted by the CAC prior to any cross-border transfer of data if the transfer involves (i) important data; (ii) personal information transferred overseas by operators of critical information infrastructure or a data processor that has processed personal data of more than one million persons; (iii) personal information transferred overseas by a data processor who has already provided personal data of 100,000 persons or sensitive personal data of 10,000 persons overseas since January 1 of last year; or (iv) other circumstances as requested by the CAC. According to the official interpretation of the CAC, the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transmission cover (1) overseas transmission and storage by data processors of data generated during PRC domestic operations, and (2) access to or use of the data collected and generated by data processors and stored in the PRC by overseas institutions, organizations or individuals. In addition, on March 22, 2024, the CAC promulgated the Promotion and Regulation of Cross-Border Data Flow Provisions, which relaxed certain conditions for cross-border data transfers and narrowed the scope of mandatory security assessments. As of the date of this annual report, these measures are in effect and have been implemented in practice. Despite the fact that we do not collect or process personal data of more than one million persons, nor collect or process personal data of 100,000 persons or sensitive personal data of 10,000 persons, considering that the interpretation and application of data protection laws are often uncertain, in flux and complicated, if we were found by the regulatory authorities to have failed to comply with the applicable rules and regulations on cyber security, we would be subject to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal revenue, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, or even criminal liability and our business, results of operations and financial condition would also be adversely affected. Furthermore, in light of the evolving regulatory framework in China for the protection of information in cyberspace, we may be subject to uncertainties of and adjustments to our business practices, which may incur additional operating expenses and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Although as of the date of this annual report, we, our subsidiaries and the VIE, are not covered by permissions requirements from the CAC or any other governmental agency that is required to approve the VIE's operations, considering that certain aspects of the interpretation and application of data protection laws remain subject to ongoing developments, we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. To address the concerns brought by the applicable laws and regulations on data privacy and security, we are taking a more prudent approach in business operation and believe we can reduce our risk of exposure related to the implementation of these laws and regulations to a certain extent by the following measures:

● Pay close attention to the latest trends in regulatory development and maintain continuous communication with the relevant regulatory authorities;

● Enhance and improve the data processing activities in accordance with the latest regulatory requirements;

● Adopt additional security measures and internal control system to protect the customer data from the risks of data leakage, theft and destruction and illegal control, and make advanced preparations in light of the regulatory development; and

● Continue to improve cybersecurity awareness in our future network development and deployment.

Although we are making efforts to comply with the applicable laws, regulations and standards, there can be no assurance that our measures will be effective and sufficient under the foregoing rules and regulations. If we were found by the regulatory authorities to have failed to comply with the applicable rules and regulations on cyber security, we would be subject to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal revenue, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, or even criminal liability and our business, results of operations and financial condition would also be adversely affected.

<u>Personal Information and Privacy</u>

In August 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. We update our privacy policies from time to time to meet the latest regulatory requirements of PRC government authorities and adopt technical measures to protect data and ensure cybersecurity in a systematic way. Nonetheless, the Personal Information Protection Law elevates the protection requirements for personal information processing, and many specific requirements of this law remain to be clarified by the regulatory authorities, and courts in practice. We may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with the personal information protection laws and regulations.

Many of the data-related legislations are relatively new and certain concepts thereunder remain subject to interpretation by the regulators. If any data that we possess belongs to data categories that are subject to heightened scrutiny, we may be required to adopt stricter measures for protection and management of such data. The Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security remain unclear on whether the relevant requirements will be applicable to companies that are already listed in the United States, such as us. We cannot predict the impact of the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. If the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the enacted version of the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security mandate clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be taken by issuers like us, we face uncertainties as to whether these additional procedures can be completed by us timely, or at all, which may subject us to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties or suspension of our non-compliant operations, and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis. In general, compliance with the existing PRC laws and regulations, as well as additional laws and regulations that PRC regulatory bodies may enact in the future, related to data security and personal information protection, may be costly and result in additional expenses to us, and subject us to negative publicity, which could harm our reputation and business operations. There are also uncertainties with respect to how such laws and regulations will be implemented and interpreted in practice.

***The approval of, or report and fillings with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing and report process.***

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle's securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, effective March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures establish a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings and listings by domestic companies. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, companies that have already offered shares or been listed overseas prior to the implementation of such new regulations qualify as "Stock Enterprises", and Stock Enterprises are not required to apply for the filing immediately until a subsequent overseas offering or listing occurs. However, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, among others, require the issuer or its main operational entity in the PRC to file with the CSRC for its follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three business days after the completion of such offerings, and file with the CSRC for its offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of its initial public offering or listing within three business days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China. Furthermore, a listed company should report material events to the CSRC within three business days after the occurrence and announcement of certain events, including, among others, the change of control, investigation or penalties imposed by relevant authorities, the change of listing status or the transfer of listing board. Failure to comply with the filing or reporting requirements for any of our subsequent offering, listing or any other capital raising activities may result in administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines and other penalties on us, our direct or indirect shareholders and our management. Given the uncertainties surrounding the latest CSRC filing requirements at this stage, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the filings and fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, or at all. Nor can we assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection from the CSRC with respect to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, Ministry of Finance of the PRC, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China jointly revised the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing, which was issued by the CSRC, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China in 2009, or the Provisions. The revised Provisions were issued under the title of "Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies", or the Confidentiality and Archives Provisions, which came into effect on March 31, 2023 together with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. One of the major revisions as reflected in the Confidentiality and Archives Provisions is expanding application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, as is consistent with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. The Confidentiality and Archives Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to laws, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our PRC subsidiaries to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements under the Confidentiality and Archives Provisions and other relevant PRC laws and regulations may subject the relevant entities to legal liabilities, including criminal liabilities.

In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval and filing from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security (if implemented), are required for our offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take for us to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, may subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities. Our failure to obtain or maintain any requisite approvals may have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern, and could result in a loss of your entire investment.

***We may be classified as a "PRC resident enterprise" for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.***

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a "de facto management body" within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The related implementation rules define the term "de facto management body" as the body that exercises full and substantial control over, and overall management of, the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the "de facto management body" of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the SAT's general position on how the "de facto management body" test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore-incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its "de facto management body" in China. It will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise's financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise's primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term "de facto management body." As substantially all of our management members are based in China, it remains uncertainties how the tax residency rule would apply in our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that we or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then we or such subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we are also subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, dividends paid by us and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such dividends and gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our ordinary shares.

***Changes in international trade policies, trade disputes, barriers to trade, or the emergence of a trade war may dampen growth in China and may have a material adverse effect on our business.***

Political events, international trade disputes, and other business interruptions could harm or disrupt international commerce and the global economy, and could have a material adverse effect on us and our customers, service providers, and other partners. International trade disputes could result in tariffs and other protectionist measures which may materially and adversely affect our business. Tariffs could increase the cost of the goods and products which could affect customers' spending levels. In addition, political uncertainty surrounding international trade disputes and the potential of the escalation to trade war and global recession could have a negative effect on customer confidence, which could materially and adversely affect our business. We may have also access to fewer business opportunities, and our operations may be negatively impacted as a result. In addition, the current and future actions or escalations by either the United States or China that affect trade relations may cause global economic turmoil and potentially have a negative impact on our markets, our business, or our results of operations, and we cannot provide any assurances as to whether such actions will occur or the form that they may take.

***You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments, including those obtained in the U.S., or bringing actions in China against us or our management based on foreign laws.***

We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior employees reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC residents. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside mainland China, including our management. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions, including the U.S., in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

***We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.***

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and we rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from our Hong Kong and PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including for services of any debt we may incur. Our PRC subsidiary's ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to its respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our PRC subsidiary is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of our PRC subsidiaries as a FIE is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at its discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our PRC subsidiary incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law, or EIT Law, and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

Pursuant to a special arrangement between Hong Kong and China, such rate may be reduced to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns more than 25% of the equity interest in the PRC company. Under the Notice of the State Taxation Administration on Issues regarding the Administration of the Dividend Provision in Tax Treaties promulgated in 2009, the taxpayer needs to satisfy certain conditions to enjoy the benefits under a tax treaty. These conditions include, but are not limited to: (i) the taxpayer must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends, and (ii) the corporate shareholder to receive dividends from the PRC subsidiary must have met the direct ownership thresholds during the 12 consecutive months preceding the receipt of the dividends. Further, the STA promulgated the Announcement of the Certain Issues with Respect to the "Beneficial Owner" in Tax Treaties in 2018, which sets forth certain detailed factors in determining "beneficial owner" status, and specifically, if an applicant's business activities do not constitute substantive business activities, the applicant will not qualify as a "beneficial owner." Entitlement to a lower tax rate on dividends according to tax treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions is subject to the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties promulgated by the STA on October 14, 2019 and became effective from January 1, 2020, which provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead, non-resident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, collect and retain relevant materials for reference in accordance with these treaties and accept supervision and management from the tax authorities.

***PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.***

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System and registration with other governmental authorities in China. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE or its local branches, and (b) our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the statutory limits. Any medium-or long- term loan to be provided by us to our PRC subsidiaries must be filed and registered with the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC and the SAFE or its local branches. We may not obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration, our ability to use the proceeds of our initial public offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In 2008, SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142. SAFE Circular 142 regulates the conversion by FIEs of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting the usage of converted Renminbi. SAFE Circular 142 provides that any Renminbi capital converted from registered capitals in foreign currency of FIEs may only be used for purposes within the business scopes approved by PRC governmental authority and such Renminbi capital may not be used for equity investments within China unless otherwise permitted by PRC law. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of Renminbi capital converted from registered capital in foreign currency of FIEs. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without SAFE approval, and such Renminbi capital may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been utilized. On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues Concerning the Pilot Reform in Certain Areas of the Administrative Method of the Conversion of Foreign Exchange Funds by Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 36, which launched the pilot reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of FIEs in 16 pilot areas. According to SAFE Circular 36, some of the restrictions under SAFE Circular 142 will not apply to the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of an ordinary FIE in the pilot areas, and such FIE is permitted to use Renminbi converted from its foreign-currency registered capital to make equity investments in the PRC within and in accordance with the authorized business scope of such FIEs,

subject to certain registration and settlement procedure as set forth in SAFE Circular 36. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 took effect as of June 1, 2015 and superseded SAFE Circular 36 and SAFE Circular 142 on the same date. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. Violations of these Circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 may significantly limit our ability to use transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds of our initial public offering to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish variable interest entities in the PRC, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary registration or obtain the necessary approval on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to complete the necessary registration or obtain the necessary approval, our ability to make loans or equity contributions to our PRC subsidiaries may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our PRC subsidiaries' liquidity and its ability to fund its working capital and expansion projects and meet its obligations and commitments.

 ***Discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatments available to us or imposition of any additional taxes could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.***

The EIT Law and its implementation rules, effective 2008, unified the previously existing separate income tax laws for domestic enterprises and FIEs and adopted a unified 25% enterprise income tax, or the EIT, rate applicable to all resident enterprises in China, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, certain enterprises may enjoy a preferential EIT rate of 15% under the EIT Law if they qualify as High and New Technology Enterprise, or HNTE, subject to various qualification criteria. For example, in 2023, Pinmu Century qualified as a HNTE and was eligible for a 15% preferential tax rate effective for two years starting from 2023 to 2026. If Pinmu Century fails to maintain or renew its HNTE status, its applicable EIT rate may be increased to 25%, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

***Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.***

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China's foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi relative to U.S. dollars would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms regardless of any underlying change in our business or results of operations.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited, and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure, or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material and adverse effect on your investment.

***PRC governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.***

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency into or out of China, which essentially may restrict the ability to transfer funds into or out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

***Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.***

Among other things, the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council in 2008, are triggered. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC which became effective in 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, PRC national security review rules which became effective in September 2011 require acquisitions by foreign investors of PRC companies engaged in military related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security be subject to security review before consummation of any such acquisition. In 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, also known as Circular 6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors,

effective in September 2011, to implement Circular 6. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having "national defense and security" concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the "de facto control" of domestic enterprises with "national security" concerns. Under the foregoing MOFCOM regulations, MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review. If MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to a security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under Circular 6 led by the NDRC, and MOFCOM under the leadership of the State Council, to carry out security review. The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuring transactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that the merging or acquisition of a company engaged in the software services business requires security review, and there is no requirement that acquisitions completed prior to the promulgation of the Security Review Circular are subject to MOFCOM review. On December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM jointly promulgated the Measures on the Security Review of Foreign Investment, effective on January 18, 2021, setting forth provisions concerning the security review mechanism on foreign investment, including the types of investments subject to review, review scopes and procedures, among others. The Office of the Working Mechanism of the Security Review of Foreign Investment, or the Office of the Working Mechanism, will be established under the NDRC, who will lead the task together with the MOFCOM. Foreign investor or relevant parties in China must declare the security review to the Office of the Working Mechanism prior to the investments in, among other industries, important cultural products and services, important information technology and internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields relating to national security, and obtain control in the target enterprise. See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations— Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment."

We may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

***PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.***

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents' Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore SPVs will be required to register such investments with the SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of a SPV is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiary in China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Circular 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of the SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of the SAFE.

We cannot assure you that all of our shareholders that may be subject to SAFE regulations have completed all necessary registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37, and we cannot assure you that these individuals may continue to make required filings or updates on a timely manner, or at all. We can provide no assurance that we are or will in the future continue to be informed of identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company. Any failure or inability by such individuals to comply with the SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiaries' ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign exchange-denominated loans from, our company or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation has been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

As of the date of this annual report, to our knowledge, all of our shareholders had registered according to SAFE Circular 37.

***We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.***

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation of the PRC, or the SAT, issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Relating to Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, which was partially abolished on December 1, 2017 and December 29, 2017. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving transfer of taxable assets through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which was partially revised. SAT Bulletin 37 came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a "substance over form" principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

***Additional factors outside of our control related to doing business in China could negatively affect our business.***

Additional factors that could negatively affect our business include a potential significant revaluation of the Renminbi, which may result in an increase in the cost of producing products in China, labor shortages and increases in labor costs in China as well as difficulties in moving products manufactured in China out of the country, whether due to port congestion, labor disputes, slowdowns, product regulations and/or inspections or other factors. Prolonged disputes or slowdowns can negatively impact both the time and cost of transporting goods. Natural disasters or health pandemics impacting China can also have a significant negative impact on our business. Further, the imposition of trade sanctions or other regulations against products imported by us from, or the loss of "normal trade relations" status with, China, could significantly increase our cost of products exported outside of China and harm our business.

***The joint statement by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB.***

On April 21, 2020, the then SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and the then PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or that have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a "Restrictive Market", (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company's auditors.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCAA requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCAA. On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA was signed into law. Under the HFCAA, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company's auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer's securities are prohibited from trading on a national exchange. On December 29, 2022, the AHFCAA was signed into law, which reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA from three years to two.

Additionally, in July 2020, the U.S. President's Working Group on Financial Markets issued recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch, the SEC, the PCAOB or other federal agencies and department with respect to Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges and their audit firms, in an effort to protect investors in the United States. In response, on November 23, 2020, the SEC issued guidance highlighting certain risks, and their implications to U.S. investors, associated with investments in China-based issuers and summarizing enhanced disclosures the SEC recommends China-based issuers make regarding such risks.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted final amendments to its rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA, which took effect on January 10, 2022. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a "non-inspection" year, as defined in the rules, under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. Under the HFCAA and the AHFCAA, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our shares being delisted. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

Our financial statements contained in the annual reports on Form 20-F for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 have been audited by Audit Alliance LLP ("AA"). AA is an independent registered public accounting firms headquartered in the United States and is among the public accounting firms that are registered with the PCAOB. Our financial statements contained in the annual reports on Form 20-F for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 have been audited by Assentsure PAC ("Assentsure"). Assentsure is an independent registered public accounting firms headquartered in Singapore and is among the public accounting firms that are registered with the PCAOB. Such PCAOB-registered accounting firms are subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess their compliance with the applicable professional standards. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its determination that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, and the PCAOB included in the report of its determination a list of the accounting firms that are headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. This list does not include our former auditor, AA, or our current auditor, Assentsure. As of the date of the annual report, we are affected by the HFCAA, and related regulations. However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our listing and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor's audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as related to the audit of our financial statements. While our auditor is based in the U.S. and is registered with PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspection, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause our securities to be delisted from the stock exchange. If, in the future, trading in our ordinary shares is prohibited under the HFCAA because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, Nasdaq may determine to delist our ordinary shares and trading in our ordinary shares could be prohibited.

In August 2022, the PCAOB, the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC signed a Statement of Protocol, which establishes a specific and accountable framework for the PCAOB to conduct inspections and investigations of PCAOB-governed accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and has resumed regular inspections since March 2023. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties. Should Hong Kong or PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB's access in the future, the PCAOB will consider the need to issue a new determination. If the PCAOB is not able to fully conduct inspections of our auditor's work papers in China, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction of our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA.

***Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares***

***We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may be unable to accurately report our operating results, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.***

Prior to our initial public offering in 2020, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting.

In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified seven material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), a "material weakness" is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to the absence of policies and procedures and related risk mitigations surrounding our IT policies and procedures, including (i) deficiencies in third party vendor management, (ii) deficiencies in backup management and recovery management, (iii) deficiencies in user accounts management, (iv) lack of segregation of duties and monitoring of privileged accounts, (v) deficiencies in monitoring access to systems and data, (vi) deficiencies in password management and (vii) deficiencies in vulnerability assessment and patch management. We are currently in the process of remediating the material weaknesses described above and we intend to continue implementing the following measures, among others, to remediate the material weaknesses. We plan to: (i) prepare a systematic policies and procedures manual for our IT processes in order to develop enhanced risk assessment procedures and controls related to changes in IT systems; (ii) regularly conduct internal evaluation for IT-related departments and all IT staff; (iii) regularly conduct network security training for IT employees to provide employees with security awareness; (iv) establish a qualification assessment procedure for third-party service providers; (v) improve demand analysis and detailed design/specification of new IT projects, and all new IT projects undergo user acceptance testing and implementation approval; (vi) ensure system and information security, strictly control the approval of system permissions and review them regularly, enforce password complexity policies, and regularly audit and analyze logs; and (vii) enforce and monitor IT standard procedures and safety management specifications.

We are now a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with the annual report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021. See "Item 15. Disclosure Controls and Procedures" for further information. In addition, once we cease to be an "emerging growth company" as such term is defined under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Generally, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, and harm our results of operations. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

***An active trading market for our ordinary shares may not be sustained.***

Our ordinary shares have been listed on Nasdaq only since April 20, 2021, and we cannot assure you that an active trading market for our ordinary shares will be sustained or maintained. The lack of an active trading market may impair the value of your shares and your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our ordinary shares and entering into strategic partnerships or acquiring other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using our ordinary shares as consideration. In addition, if we fail to satisfy exchange listing standards, we could be delisted, which would have a negative effect on the price of our ordinary shares.

We expect that the price of our ordinary shares will fluctuate substantially and you may not be able to sell your shares at or above the price you purchased the shares at.

The market price of our ordinary shares is likely to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, including:

● the volume and timing of sales of our products;

● the introduction of new products or product enhancements by us or others in our industry;

● disputes or other developments with respect to our or others' intellectual property rights;

● our ability to develop, obtain regulatory clearance or approval for, and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;

● product liability claims or other litigation;

● quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of others in our industry;

● media exposure of our products or of those of others in our industry;

● changes in governmental regulations or in reimbursement;

● changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; and

● general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.

In recent years, the stock markets generally have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.

In addition, in the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Securities litigation brought against us following volatility in our stock price, regardless of the merit or ultimate results of such litigation, could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and operating results and divert management's attention and resources from our business.

***Our stock currently trades below $5.00 per ordinary share and thus could be known as a penny stock, subject to certain exceptions. Trading in penny stocks has certain restrictions and these restrictions could negatively affect the price and liquidity of our ordinary shares.***

Our stock currently trades below $5.00 per share. As a result, our stock could be known as a "penny stock," subject to certain exceptions, which is subject to various regulations involving disclosures to be given to you prior to the purchase of any penny stock. The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define a "penny stock" to be any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. Depending on market fluctuations, our ordinary shares could be considered to be a "penny stock", subject to certain exceptions. A penny stock is subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker/dealers who sell these securities to persons other than established members and accredited investors. For transactions covered by these rules, the broker/dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchase of these securities. In addition, a broker/dealer must receive the purchaser's written consent to the transaction prior to the purchase and must also provide certain written disclosures to the purchaser. Consequently, the "penny stock" rules may restrict the ability of broker/dealers to sell our ordinary shares, and may negatively affect the ability of holders of shares of our ordinary shares to resell them, if the "penny stock" rules apply. These disclosures require you to acknowledge that you understand the risks associated with buying penny stocks and that you can absorb the loss of your entire investment. Penny stocks generally do not have a very high trading volume. Consequently, the price of the stock is often volatile and you may not be able to buy or sell the stock when you want to.

***If we fail to meet applicable listing requirements, Nasdaq may delist our ordinary shares from trading, in which case the liquidity and market price of our ordinary shares could decline.***

We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the continued listing standards of Nasdaq. On May 20, 2024, Nasdaq notified us that it was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) due to its failure to timely file the 2023 Form 20-F Annual Report with the SEC. On July 11, 2024, we filed 2023 Form 20-F Annual Report with the SEC. If we fail to meet applicable listing requirements, Nasdaq may delist our ordinary shares from trading, in which case the liquidity and market price of our ordinary shares could decline.

In addition, legislative or other regulatory action in the United States could result in listing standards or other requirements that, if we cannot meet, may result in delisting and adversely affect our liquidity or the trading price of our shares that are listed or traded in the United States. If we fail to comply with the applicable listing standards and Nasdaq delists our ordinary shares, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

● a limited availability of market quotations for our ordinary shares;

● reduced liquidity for our ordinary shares;

● a determination that our ordinary shares are "penny stock", which would require brokers trading in our ordinary shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our ordinary shares;

● a limited amount of news about us and analyst coverage of us; and

● a decreased ability for us to issue additional equity securities or obtain additional equity or debt financing in the future.

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as "covered securities." Because we expect that our ordinary shares will be listed on Nasdaq, such securities will be covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulations in each state in which we offer our securities.

***A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.***

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market could occur at any time. We had 8,188,574 issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of March 31, 2026. Of that amount, 3,471,828 shares were restricted as a result of securities laws and/or lock-up agreements, but such shares will be able to be sold in the future subject to securities laws and/or lock-up agreements. If held by one of our affiliates, the resale of those securities will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act.

***We have broad discretion in the use of proceeds from our offerings designated for working capital and general corporate purposes, and may spend the proceeds in ways with which you may disagree or that may not be profitable.***

A significant portion of our proceeds from our initial public offering in April 2021 and follow-on offerings in November 2022, February 2023, July 2023, August 2023, and December 2023 were for working capital and general corporate purposes. Our management has broad discretion over the use and investment of the net proceeds within those categories may spend the proceeds in ways with which you may disagree or that may not be profitable. Investors have only limited information concerning management's specific intentions and will need to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of proceeds.

***We expect to incur significant additional costs as a result of being a public company, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.***

As a public company, we incur significant additional costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including rules and regulations of the SEC, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the Exchange Act, as well as the rules of the Nasdaq. These rules and regulations are expected to significantly increase our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming. We also expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. Accordingly, increases in costs incurred as a result of becoming a publicly traded company may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

***Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.***

We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We maintain our disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our management has concluded that, due to the material weaknesses described below under "Item 15. Disclosure Controls and Procedures—Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting," as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in this annual report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported to them for assessment, and required disclosure is made within the time period specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.

***Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.***

We have never declared or paid cash dividends. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

***Securities analysts may not publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.***

If a trading market for our ordinary shares develops, the trading market will be influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. As a newly public company, we may be slow to attract research coverage and the analysts who publish information about our ordinary shares will have had relatively little experience with us or our industry, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet their estimates. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and result in the loss of all or a part of your investment in us.

***Cayman Islands economic substance requirements may impact us and our operations.***

The Cayman Islands, together with several other non-European Union jurisdictions, has recently introduced legislation aimed at addressing concerns raised by the Council of the European Union as to offshore structures engaged in certain activities which attract profits without real economic activity. Pursuant to the International Tax Cooperation (Economic Substance) Act, 2018 of the Cayman Islands, or the ES Act, that came into force on January 1, 2019, a "relevant entity" conducting a "relevant entity" is required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act. A "relevant entity" includes an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands as is Infobird Cayman, however it does not include an entity that is a tax resident outside of the Cayman Islands. There are nine designated "relevant activities" under the ES Act, and for so long as Infobird Cayman is carrying on activities which falls within any of the designated relevant activities, it shall comply with all applicable requirements under the ES Act. If the only business activity that Infobird Cayman carries on is to hold equity participation in other entities and only earns dividends and capital gains, then based on the current interpretation of the ES Act, Infobird Cayman is a "pure equity holding company" and will therefore only subject to the minimum substance requirements, which require us to (i) comply with the all applicable requirements under the Companies Act and (ii) have adequate human resources and adequate premises in the Cayman Islands for holding and managing equity participations in other entities. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to more requirements under the ES Act. Uncertainties over the interpretation and implementation of the ES Act may have an adverse impact on our business and operations.

***You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.***

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England and Wales, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association and any special resolutions passed by such companies, and the register of mortgages and charges of such companies) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders unless required by the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands or other applicable law or authorized by the directors or by ordinary resolution. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

***Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.***

We are a Cayman Islands company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, most of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

***We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.***

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we remain an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We do not plan to "opt out" of such exemptions afforded to an emerging growth company. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with public company effective dates.

***We qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we will not be subject to U.S. proxy rules and will be subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that permit less detailed and less frequent reporting than that of a U.S. domestic public company.***

We report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and "short-swing" profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Therefore, our shareholders may not know on a timely basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our ordinary shares. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until one hundred twenty (120) days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within seventy-five (75) days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers also are exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers.

If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make some activities highly time consuming and costly. We also expect that if we were required to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, it would make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors.

***As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.***

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of certain provisions in the Nasdaq rules that allow us to follow our home country law for certain governance matters. Certain corporate governance practices in our home country, the Cayman Islands, may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards.

We do not follow Nasdaq's requirements regarding shareholder approval for certain issuances of securities under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635. Under our memorandum and articles of association, our board of directors is authorized to issue securities including in connection with certain events such as the acquisition of shares or assets of another company, the establishment of or amendments to equity-based compensation plans for employees, a change of control of us, rights issues at or below market price, certain private placements and issuance of convertible notes, and the issuance of 20% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares.

In addition, we have elected to follow Cayman Islands practices in lieu of the requirements of (i) having at least three Independent Directors (as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2)) as members of the audit committee under the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, (ii) having at least two Independent Directors (as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2)) as members of the compensation committee under the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, (iii) having a majority independent board under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, (iv) setting up an independent nominations committee or having independent director oversight of director nominations under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, and (v) holding annual meeting of shareholders under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(a). For more information on our board composition and practices, see "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management And Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management" and "—C. Board Practices."

Other than those described above, there are no significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by U.S. domestic companies under Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. We may in the future decide to use the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to some or all the other Nasdaq corporate governance rules. As a result, to the extent that we follow other home country practices, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We may utilize these exemptions for as long as we continue to qualify as a foreign private issuer.

***There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.***

A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of "passive" income; or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash generally is treated as a passive asset. Goodwill is treated as an active asset under the PFIC rules to the extent attributable to activities that produce active income for these purposes. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock. Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat our consolidated variable interest entity as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we control their management decisions and are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with that entity.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually after the close of each taxable year. This determination is based on the facts and circumstances at that time, some of which may be beyond our control, such as the amount and composition of our income and the valuation and composition of our assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, as implied by the market price of our ordinary shares.

In particular, because the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC rules may be determined by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares, the recent decline in the market price of our ordinary shares has resulted in a significant risk that we were a PFIC for the 2022 taxable year (or, alternatively, that we may become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable year). The market price of our ordinary shares may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, or if it were determined that we do not own the stock of the consolidated variable interest entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we are a PFIC, a U.S. Holder (as defined in "Item 10.E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders") may incur significantly increased U.S. income tax on gain recognized on the sale or disposition of our ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on our ordinary shares to the extent such distribution is an "excess distribution, and may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which the U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder generally will be required to continue to treat us as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares even if we cease to be a PFIC in a later taxable year, unless certain elections are made. For more information, see "Item 10.E. Taxation— Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences."

***We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.***

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq rules. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange.

**ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY**

**A. <u>History and Development of the Company</u>**

Our company, Infobird Co., Ltd, or Infobird Cayman, is a holding company incorporated on March 26, 2020 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We have no substantive operations other than holding all of the outstanding share capital of Infobird International Limited, or Infobird HK, which was established in Hong Kong on April 21, 2020. Infobird HK is also a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of Infobird Digital Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, or Infobird WFOE, which was established on May 20, 2020 under the laws of the PRC.

On September 9, 2022, we effected a 1-for-5 share consolidation, or the share consolidation, of our ordinary shares pursuant to our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation.

On December 15, 2022, our shareholders approved the adoption of our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. The new memorandum and articles increase the maximum number of shares the Company is authorized to issue from US$50,000 divided into 10,000,000 ordinary shares of US$0.005 par value each to US$25,000,000 divided into 5,000,000,000 ordinary shares of US$0.005 par value each, by the creation of an additional 4,990,000,000 unissued ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.005 each to rank pari passu in all respects with the existing ordinary shares.

On December 23, 2022, we issued the convertible notes (the "2022 CB") in the aggregate principal amount of US$6.25 million pursuant to the convertible note purchase agreement dated November 25, 2022, under which the holder of the 2022 CB (the "2022 CB Holder") may subscribe at eighty percent of the face value up to US$12.5 million in aggregate principal amount of our two-year convertible notes. On the same date of the 2022 CB issuance, the 2022 CB Holder elected to convert the 2022 CB at the conversion price of US$0.5, representing the floor price of the conversion price, resulting in the issuance of 12.5 million ordinary shares. Immediately following the issuance, the Company had 19,093,315 ordinary shares outstanding.

On February 28, 2023, we sold 3,846,000 Units at a per Unit price of $1.30. Each Unit comprises: (1) one ordinary share, par value US$0.005 per share, and (2) 0.65 of a warrant to purchase one ordinary share (the "Ordinary Share Warrant"). In a concurrent private placement, we sold unregistered warrants to purchase 2,884,500 ordinary shares (the "Private Warrants"). The proceeds of the transaction will be used for working capital and general working purposes. The transactions yielded gross proceeds to us of approximately $5,000,000, before payment of commissions and expenses.

On May 12, 2023, we effected a 1-for-5 share consolidation of our ordinary shares pursuant to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation.

On August 11, 2023, Infobird Co., Ltd, a Cayman Island exempted company (the "Company"), entered into an equity transfer agreement (the "Agreement") with CRservices Limited ("CRservices"), a Mahé Island limited company and a shareholder of the Company, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to sell all the issued shares of Infobird HK, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, for a consideration of HK$10,000. Infobird HK owns 100% of the equity interests of Infobird WFOE, which, in turn, controls Infobird Beijing, the variable interest entity (the "VIE") and its subsidiaries, through a series of contractual arrangements in the PRC. Infobird HK, through the VIE and its subsidiaries, is engaged in the SaaS business, providing AI-powered, or artificial intelligence enabled, customer engagement solutions in China, held substantially all of the assets of the Company and generated substantially all of the revenues of the Company prior to the Sale. Pursuant to the Agreement, upon execution of the Agreement, the Company will no longer be involved in the business operation of Infobird HK and relinquish all rights and interests in the allocation of Infobird HK's property and profits. On August 11, 2023, the Sale was completed. After the Sale, we had no substantive operations other than holding all of the outstanding share capital of Inforbird Technologies Limited, or Inforbird Technologies, which was established in Hong Kong on July 12, 2023. Inforbird Technologies is also a holding company with no operations and do not hold any of the outstanding equity of an entity.

On November 15, 2023, we effected a 1-for-20 share consolidation of our ordinary shares pursuant to our fifth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation.

On March 4, 2024, we effected a 1-for-8 share consolidation of our ordinary shares pursuant to ordinary resolutions passed at the extraordinary general meeting of the Company held on February 20, 2024. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation.

On May 2, 2024, we effected a capital reduction to reduce the par value of each of the then issued Consolidated Shares from US$4.00 to US$0.00001 by cancelling the paid-up capital of the Company to the extent of US$3.99999 on each of the then issued Consolidated Shares (the "Capital Reduction"). Immediately following the Capital Reduction, the Company sub-divided the balance of each unissued Consolidated Share in the authorized share capital of the Company into 400,000 ordinary shares with par value of US$0.00001 each in the share capital of the Company (the "Share Subdivision"). Immediately following the Capital Reduction and Share Subdivision, the authorized share capital of the Company was changed to US$50,000,000 divided into 5,000,000,000,000 ordinary shares of par value US$0.00001 each through the cancellation of excess authorized but unissued shares.

After the completion of the Sale on August 11, 2023, we, Infobird Cayman, are a Cayman Islands holding company, and we may rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for cash and financing requirements we may have, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If any of our subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. As we conduct our operations in Hong Kong primarily through our subsidiary, our ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt we may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our subsidiary. There can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions to prevent the cash maintained in Hong Kong from being transferred out or restrict the deployment of the cash into our business or for the payment of dividends.

After the completion of the Sale on August 11, 2023, there have been no distributions or dividends by any of our direct or indirectly previously held subsidiaries to Infobird. During that same period, Infobird has not declared any dividends or made any distributions to its shareholders, including its U.S. investors, and we do not anticipate declaring a dividend in the foreseeable future. No assets other than cash are transferred within our organization. For more details, please see the section headed "Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization After the Sale" above.

On June 28, 2024 and July 31, 2024, Infobird Co., Ltd entered into an equity acquisition agreement and an amendment to the equity acquisition agreement (the "Equity Acquisition Agreement") with Shangri-La Trading Limited (the "Seller"), in a single transaction, to acquire 65% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech at closing. Pure Tech which in turn indirectly wholly controls Pinmu Century, a variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries ("Pinmu Century"), and Zhenxi Brand, a variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries. The aggregate purchase price for the equity acquisition was approximately $40.0 million, inclusive of transaction costs, and was funded using the cash on hand of $33 million and a promissory note of $7 million. The acquisition closed in November 2024.

On December 6, 2024, we entered into an equity acquisition agreement with One One Business Limited, in a single transaction, to acquire 32% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech. The acquisition closed in December 2024. The Company paid $19.8 million in cash and issued a senior convertible note in the principal amount of US$5,953,095. After closing, the Company has become the legal and beneficial owner of 97% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech.

**Contractual Arrangements**

Due to legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, the development and operation of information technology in China, including cloud computing and big data analytics, we operate our businesses in which foreign investment is restricted or prohibited in the PRC through certain PRC domestic companies through the Contractual Arrangements. Neither we nor our subsidiaries own any equity interest in Pinmu Century. As such, Pinmu Century is controlled through the Contractual Arrangements in lieu of direct equity ownership by Infobird Cayman or any of its subsidiaries. Such Contractual Arrangements consist of a series of three agreements, along with shareholders' powers of attorney, or POAs, and spousal consent letters, which were signed on May 27, 2020.

Our affiliation with Pinmu Century is managed through the Contractual Arrangements, which agreements may not be as effective in providing us with control over Pinmu Century and its subsidiaries as direct ownership in controlling entities organized in the PRC, which often hold the licenses necessary to conduct business in the PRC. The Contractual Arrangements are not equivalent to equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Neither the investors in Infobird Cayman, the Cayman Islands holding company, nor Infobird Cayman itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE. Further, the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including in China courts. The Contractual Arrangements are governed by and would be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the PRC. If Pinmu Century fails to perform the obligations under the Contractual Arrangements, we may have to rely on legal remedies under the laws of the PRC, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief and claiming damages. There is a risk that we may be unable to obtain any of these remedies, which could affect our investors and the value of their investment. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce the Contractual Arrangements, or could affect the validity of the Contractual Arrangements. Thus, the Contractual Arrangements may be less effective than direct ownership and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the Contractual Arrangements. See "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We depend upon the Contractual Arrangements in conducting our business in China, which may not be as effective as direct ownership." In addition, such Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in a court of law, including China courts, and we may face challenges enforcing these Contractual Arrangements due to legal uncertainties and jurisdictional limits, and thus there are uncertainties regarding the status of the rights of the Cayman Islands holding company with respect to the Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. See also "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We conduct our business through Pinmu Century by means of Contractual Arrangements. If the PRC courts or administrative authorities determine that these Contractual Arrangements do not comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in or different interpretations of such PRC laws and regulations may also materially and adversely affect our business."

The significant terms of the Contractual Arrangements are as follows:

*Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement*

Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement between Pure Media and Pinmu Century, Pure Media has the exclusive right to provide Pinmu Century with technical support services, consulting services and other services, including technical support and training, business management consultation, consultation, collection and research of technology and market information, marketing and promotion services, customer order management and customer services, lease equipment or properties, provide legitimate rights to use software license, provide deployment, maintenances and upgrade of software, design installation, daily management, maintenance and updating network system, hardware and database, and other services requested by Pinmu Century from time to time to the extent permitted under PRC law. In exchange, Pure Media is entitled to a service fee equal to all of the consolidated net income of the Pinmu Century. However, the service fee may be adjusted by Pure Media based on the actual scope of services rendered by Pure Media and the operational needs and expanding demands of Pinmu Century.

The exclusive business cooperation agreement remains in effect unless terminated in accordance with the following provision of the agreement or terminated in writing by Pure Media.

During the term of the exclusive business cooperation agreement, Pure Media and Pinmu Century shall renew the operation term prior to the expiration thereof so as to enable the exclusive business cooperation agreement to remain effective. The exclusive business cooperation agreement shall be terminated upon the expiration of the operation term of either Pure Media or Pinmu Century if the application for renewal of the operation term is not approved by relevant government authorities. If an application for renewal of the operation term is not approved, according to the PRC Company Law, the expiration of the operation term may lead to the dissolution and cancellation of such PRC company.

*Exclusive Option Agreements*

Pursuant to the exclusive option agreements among Pure Media, Pinmu Century and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Pinmu Century, such shareholders jointly and severally grant Pure Media an option to purchase their equity interests in Pinmu Century. The purchase price shall be the lowest price then permitted under applicable PRC laws. Pure Media or its designated person may exercise such option at any time to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Pinmu Century until it has acquired all equity interests of Pinmu Century, which is irrevocable during the term of the agreements.

The exclusive option agreements remain in effect until all equity interest held by shareholders in Pinmu Century has been transferred or assigned to Pure Media and/or any other person designated by the Pure Media in accordance with such agreement.

 *Equity Interest Pledge Agreements*

Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements, among Pure Media, Pinmu Century, and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Pinmu Century, such shareholders pledge all of the equity interests in Pinmu Century to Pure Media as collateral to secure the obligations of Pinmu Century under the exclusive business cooperation agreement and exclusive option agreements. These shareholders are prohibited from transferring the pledged equity interests without the prior consent of Pure Media unless transferring the equity interests to Pure Media or its designated person in accordance to the exclusive option agreements.

The equity interest pledge agreements shall come into force the date on which the pledged interests are recorded, which is within three (3) days after signing of the agreements on May 27, 2020, under Pinmu Century's register of shareholders and are registered with the competent Administration for Market Regulation of Pinmu Century until all of the obligations to Pure Media have been fulfilled completely by Pinmu Century. Nineteen shareholders of Pinmu Century have registered the pledges of equity interest with the competent Administration for Market Regulation in accordance with the Civil Code of the PRC.

*Shareholders' POAs*

Pursuant to the shareholders' POAs, the shareholders of Pinmu Century give Pure Media an irrevocable proxy to act on their behalf on all matters pertaining to Pinmu Century and to exercise all of their rights as shareholders of Pinmu Century, including the (i) right to attend shareholders meeting; (ii) to exercise voting rights and all of the other rights including but not limited to the sale or transfer or pledge or disposition of the shares held in part or in whole; and (iii) designate and appoint on behalf of the shareholder the legal representative, the directors, supervisors, the chief executive officer and other senior management members of Pinmu Century, and to sign transfer documents and any other documents in relation to the fulfillment of the obligations under the exclusive option agreements and the equity interest pledge agreements. The shareholders' POAs shall remain in effect while the shareholders of Pinmu Century hold the equity interests in Pinmu Century.

*Spousal Consent Letters*

Pursuant to the spousal consent letters, the spouses of the shareholders of Pinmu Century commit that they have no right to make any assertions in connection with the equity interests of Pinmu Century, which are held by the shareholders. In the event that the spouses obtain any equity interests of Pinmu Century, which are held by the shareholders, for any reasons, the spouses of the shareholders shall be bound by the exclusive option agreement, the equity interest pledge agreement, the shareholder POA and the exclusive business cooperation agreement and comply with the obligations thereunder as a shareholder of Pinmu Century. The letters are irrevocable and shall not be withdrawn without the consent of Pure Media.

Based on the foregoing Contractual Arrangements, which grant Pure Media effective control of Pinmu Century and subsidiaries and enable Pure Media to receive all of their expected residual returns, we account for Pinmu Century as a VIE. Accordingly, we consolidate the accounts of Pinmu Century and subsidiaries for the periods presented herein, in accordance with Regulation S-X-3A-02 promulgated by the SEC, and Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 810-10, Consolidation.

Pure Media, the VIE and its consolidated subsidiaries, or investors transfer funds through our organization under the applicable PRC laws and regulations. To the extent our cash in the business is in the PRC or a PRC entity, the funds may not be available to distribute dividends to our investors, or for other use outside of the PRC, due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIE by the PRC government to transfer cash. As of the date of this annual report, none of Infobird Cayman, its subsidiaries, the VIE or its subsidiaries has written cash management policies or procedures in place that dictate how funds are transferred. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations.

We, Infobird Cayman, are a Cayman Islands holding company, and we may rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for cash and financing requirements we may have, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If any of our subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. As we conduct our operations in China primarily through our subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt we may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries and license and service fees paid by the VIE. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. In addition, our subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. For more details, see "Item 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business."

Cash transfers within our organization are effected by means of bank wires. As between Infobird Cayman, our Cayman Islands holding company, and its subsidiaries, cash is generally transferred by means of capital contributions and/or interest-free intercompany loans. Cash transferred or settled Infobird Cayman and its subsidiaries, on the one hand, and the consolidated VIE, on the other hand, is typically transferred through payments for fees under our Contractual Arrangements, expense reimbursements, or intercompany borrowings between Infobird Cayman or one of its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIE. All such loans are interest-free, unsecured and payable on demand. As a general matter, Pure Media is entitled to a service fee equal to all of the consolidated net income of the VIE. However, the service fee may be adjusted by Pure Media based on the actual scope of services rendered by Pure Media and the operational needs and expanding demands of the consolidated VIE. The enforceability and treatment of the intercompany agreements within our organization, including the intercompany borrowings and the contractual arrangement with the VIE, have not been tested in court. Likewise, to the extent cash and/or assets in the business are in the PRC and/or Hong Kong or our PRC and/or Hong Kong entities, such funds and/or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC and/or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash and/or assets. There are no tax consequences for intercompany borrowings or the payment for intercompany services, except for the standard value added taxes and/or income taxes for the revenues and/or profits generated from such services.

The proceeds of any transactions within our organization, including with the VIE, are recorded on our books as "Inter-Company due," and are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements. For more details, please refer to the principles of consolidation set forth in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 as set forth in this annual report. Cash transferred outside of our organization to satisfy our obligations to third parties are also effected via wire transfer.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025:

● approximately $510,000 was transferred from Pure Media to Infobird Cayman;

● approximately $330,000 was transferred from Infobird Cayman to Inforbird Technologies; and

● approximately $330,000 was transferred from Inforbird Technologies to Guangnianzhiyuan.

During the three years preceding the date of this annual report, there have been no distributions or dividends by any of our direct or indirectly held subsidiaries to Infobird. During that same period, Infobird has not declared any dividends or made any distributions to its shareholders, including its U.S. investors, and we do not anticipate declaring a dividend in the foreseeable future. No assets other than cash are transferred within our organization. For more details, please see the section headed "Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization" above.

On April 22, 2021, we completed our initial public offering, and since April 20, 2021, our ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "IFBD".

Our principal executive office is located at Room 706, 7/F, Low Block, Grand Millennium Plaza, 181 Queen's Road Central, Central, Hong Kong. Our telephone number is 86-010-52411819. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the office of Campbells Corporate Services Limited, Floor 4, Willow House, Cricket Square, Grand Cayman KY1-9010, Cayman Islands.

The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC on http://www.sec.gov. You can also find information on our website located at http://www.infobird.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this annual report.

**<u>B. Business Overview</u>**

On August 11, 2023, the Company entered into the Agreement with CRservices, a Mahé Island limited company and a shareholder of the Company, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to sell all the issued shares of Infobird HK, for a consideration of HK$10,000. Infobird HK owns 100% of the equity interests of the WFOE, which, in turn, controls the VIE and its subsidiaries, through a series of contractual arrangements in the PRC Infobird HK, through the VIE and its subsidiaries, is engaged in the software-as-a-service, or SaaS business, providing AI-powered, or artificial intelligence enabled, customer engagement solutions in China, held substantially all of the assets of the Company and generated substantially all of the revenues of the Company prior to the Sale. Pursuant to the Agreement, upon execution of the Agreement, the Company will no longer be involved in the business operation of Infobird HK and relinquish all rights and interests in the allocation of Infobird HK's property and profits. The sale was completed on the same day. Upon completion, the Company ceased to have any business operation in mainland China. As previously announced, in July 2023, the Company formed Inforbird Technologies Limited, a Hong Kong corporation and wholly owned subsidiary, through which the Company commenced operations in Hong Kong.

**Recent Developments**

On June 28, 2024 and July 31, 2024, Infobird Co., Ltd entered into an equity acquisition agreement and an amendment to the equity acquisition agreement (the "Equity Acquisition Agreement") with Shangri-La Trading Limited (the "Seller"), in a single transaction, to acquire 65% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech at closing. Pure Tech which in turn indirectly wholly controls Pinmu Century, a variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries, and Zhenxi Brand, a variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries. The aggregate purchase price for the equity acquisition was approximately $40.0 million, inclusive of transaction costs, and was funded using the cash on hand of $33 million and a promissory note of $7 million. The acquisition closed in November 2024.

On December 6, 2024, we entered into an equity acquisition agreement with One One Business Limited, in a single transaction, to acquire 32% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech. The acquisition closed in December 2024. The Company paid $19.8 million in cash and issued a senior convertible note in the principal amount of US$5,953,095. After closing, the Company has become the legal and beneficial owner of 97% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech.

Pure Tech and its subsidiaries are a technology company specializing in digital advertising and marketing campaign for customers. With Pure Tech's digital technologies, we strive to develop effective and efficient online marketing strategies for customers. Based on the software and technology advantages built by years of research and development investments, as well as years of accumulated experience in digital marketing and intelligent customer service, our Group plans to vertically expands the market in the maternal and infant vertical field within the same industry, explores more customer opportunities, and enhances the company's value and competitiveness in the industry.

Our current emphasis and goals primarily include implementing precision targeting and personalized audience engagement through data analytic and online multi-platforms via our Acquisitions. Our service portfolio includes social media marketing, search engine optimization, and strategic content distribution, all designed to optimize customer acquisition, campaign performance, and conversion rate enhancement.

*Pure Tech Overview*

Pure Tech demonstrates cross-domain expertise spanning brand strategy, creative development, public relations, and digital marketing operations, providing end-to-end digital advertising solutions.

Pure Tech dedicates itself to crafting distinctive and impactful digital brand identities for corporate customers. Through rigorous market research and data analytic, Pure Tech precisely identifies target audience insights and emerging market trends to establish scientifically validated brand positioning. Pure Tech's integrated digital branding ecosystem encompasses strategic brand conceptualization, visual identity design, and multichannel communication planning. This systematic approach enables enterprises to differentiate themselves in competitive digital markets while enhancing brand visibility and market penetration.

Pure Tech maintains a robust team of creative professionals and digital marketing specialists. The creative division delivers customized marketing solutions through innovative thinking and imaginative approaches, excelling in advertising concepts, content production, and event ideation to capture consumer attention. Complemented by digital execution capabilities, Pure Tech implements precision targeting and personalized audience engagement through data analytic and online multi-platforms. The service portfolio of Pure Tech includes social media marketing, search engine optimization, and strategic content distribution, all designed to optimize customer acquisition, campaign performance, and conversion rate enhancement.

Pure Tech's media collaborations are categorized into maternity vertical channels, and cross-industry channels. Maternity vertical channels include Kaiwang (Hangzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. ("Qinbaobao"), Beijing Zhongming Century Technology Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Branch ("BabyTree") and Ji'an Shengcheng Media Co., Ltd. ("Mama Network"); and cross-Industry channels include Renotes, Douyin (TikTok), and other social media platforms.

Pure Tech's customers are primarily from the maternal and infant care sector, with Customer A and Customer B. being the key accounts. As of December 31, 2025, their revenue contributions accounted for 80.7% and 11.3%, respectively.

**Regulations** 

***Hong Kong***

After the completion of the Sale in August 2023, set forth is a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business in a material jurisdiction, Hong Kong.

**Business registration**

The Business Registration Ordinance (Chapter 310 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("BRO") requires that every person carrying on any business shall make application to the Commissioner of Inland Revenue in the prescribed manner for the registration of that business. The Commissioner of Inland Revenue must register each business for which a business registration application is made or is deemed to be made under the BRO as soon as practicable after the prescribed business registration fee and levy are paid and issue a business registration certificate or branch registration certificate for the relevant business or the relevant branch as the case may be.

**Supply of services**

The Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance (Chapter 457 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("SOSO") which aims to consolidate and amend the law with respect to the terms to be implied in contracts for the supply of services (including a contract for the supply of a service whether or not goods are also transferred or to be transferred, or bailed or to be bailed by way of hire under the contract) provides that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) where the supplier is acting in the course of a business, there is an implied term that the supplier will carry out the service with reasonable care and skill; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) where the supplier is acting in the course of a business, the time for service to be carried out is not fixed by the contract, is not left to be fixed in a manner agreed by the contract or is not determined by the course of dealing between the parties, there is an implied term that the supplier will carry out the service within a reasonable time.

Where a supplier is dealing with a party to a contract for supply of service who deals as a consumer, the supplier cannot, by reference to any contract term, exclude or restrict any liability of his arising under the contract by virtue of the SOSO. Otherwise, where any right, duty or liability would arise under a contract for the supply of a service by virtue of the SOSO, it may (subject to the Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Chapter 71 of the Laws of Hong Kong)) be negatived or varied by express agreement, or by the course of dealing between the parties, or by such usage as binds both parties to the contract.

**Control of exemption clauses**

The Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Chapter 71 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("CECO"), which aims to limit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract, or for negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by means of contract terms and otherwise, among others, provides that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) under section 7, a person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice given to persons generally or to particular persons exclude or restrict his liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence and in the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot exclude or restrict his liability for negligence except in so far as the term or notice satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.

(b) under section 8, as between contracting parties where one of them deals as consumer or on the other's written standard terms of business, as against that party, the other cannot by reference to any contract term (i) when himself in breach of contract, exclude or restrict any liability of his in respect of the breach, or (ii) claim to be entitled to render a contractual performance substantially different from that which was reasonably expected of him, or (iii) claim to be entitled in respect of the whole or any part of his contractual obligation, to render no performance at all, except in so far as the contract term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) under section 9, a person dealing as a consumer cannot by reference to any contract term be made to indemnify another person (whether a party to the contract or not) in respect of liability that may be incurred by the other for negligence or breach of contract, except in so far as the contract term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness; and

(d) under section 11, as against a person dealing as consumer, the liability for breach of the obligations arising under sections 15, 16 and 17 of the Sales of Goods Ordinance (Chapter 26 of the Laws of Hong Kong) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any contract term, and as against person dealing otherwise than as consumer, the liability arising under sections 15, 16 and 17 of the Sales of Goods Ordinance can be excluded or restricted by reference to a contract term, but only in so far as the terms satisfy the requirement of reasonableness.

Sections 7, 8 and 9 of the CECO do not apply to, among others, any contract so far as it relates to the creation or transfer of a right or interest in any patent, trade mark, copyright, registered design, technical or commercial information or other intellectual property, or relates to the termination of any such right or interest.

In relation to a contract term, the requirement of reasonableness for the purpose of the CECO is satisfied only if the court or arbitrator determines that the term was a fair and reasonable one to be included having regarded to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably to have been, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made.

**Employment**

Pursuant to the Employment Ordinance (Chapter 57 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("EO"), which came into full effect in Hong Kong on September 27, 1968, all employees covered by the EO are entitled to basic protection under the EO including but not limited to payment of wages, restrictions on wages deductions and the granting of statutory holidays.

Pursuant to the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Chapter 485 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("MPFSO"), which came into full effect in Hong Kong on December 1, 2000, every employer of an employee covered by the MPFSO must take all practicable steps to ensure that the employee becomes a member of a registered Mandatory Provident Fund ("MPF") scheme. An employer who, without reasonable excuse, fails to comply with such a requirement may face a fine and imprisonment. The MPFSO provides that an employer who is employing a relevant employee must, for each contribution period, from the employer's own funds, contribute to the relevant MPF scheme the amount determined in accordance with the MPFSO.

Pursuant to the Employees' Compensation Ordinance (Chapter 282 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("ECO"), which came into full effect in Hong Kong on December 1, 1953, all applicable employers are required to take out insurance policies to cover their liabilities under the ECO and at common law for injuries at work in respect of all of their employees. An employer failing to do so may be liable to a fine and imprisonment.

Pursuant to the Minimum Wage Ordinance (Chapter 608 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("MWO"), which came into full effect in Hong Kong on May 1, 2011, an employee covered by the MWO is entitled to be paid wages no less than the statutory minimum wage rate during the wage period. With effect from May 1, 2019, the statutory minimum hourly wage rate is HK$37.5 (approximately US$4.8). Failure to comply with MWO constitutes an offence under EO.

**Personal data protection**

The data protection regime in Hong Kong is governed by the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Chapter 486 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("PDPO"), as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.

The Data Protection Principles ("DPPs" or "DPP"), which form part of the PDPO, outline the obligations imposed by the PDPO on data users and how data users should collect, handle and use personal data, which are summarized below:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) DPP1 (purpose and manner of collection): personal data should only be collected by fair means and for lawful purpose related to a function or activity of the data user, data collected should be necessary but not excessive, and the data subjects must be informed of the purpose of the collection.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) DPP2 (accuracy and duration of retention): all personal data should be accurate and not kept any longer than is necessary for the fulfillment of the purpose for which the data is used.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) DPP 3 (use of data): personal data should not be used for a different purpose unless with the consent of the data subject.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) DPP 4 (data security): all practicable steps should be taken to protect the personal data collected against unauthorized or accidental access, processing, erasure, loss or use.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e) DPP 5 (openness and transparency): all practicable steps should be taken to ensure the public knows the kind of personal data held and the main purposes for holding it.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f) DPP 6 (access and correction): a data subject should be provided with the right to request access to and correction of their own personal data.

Non-compliance with a data protection principle may lead to a complaint to the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (the "Commissioner"). A claim for compensation may also be made by a data subject who suffers damage by reason of a contravention of a requirement under the PDPO. When the Commissioner receives a complaint or has reasonable grounds to believe there may be a contravention of PDPO, the Commissioner may conduct an investigation. If the relevant data user is found to be in breach of the provisions under the PDPO after investigation, the Commissioner may issue an enforcement notice to the data user directing remedial and/or preventive steps to be taken. Contravention of an enforcement notice issued by the Commissioner is also an offence which may result in a maximum fine of $50,000 and imprisonment for two years, with a daily penalty of $1,000. Subsequent convictions can result in a maximum fine of $100,000 and imprisonment for 2 years, with a daily penalty of $2,000. The Commissioner may carry out criminal investigation and institute prosecution for offences under section 64 of the PDPO as well as certain relevant offences. Depending on the severity of the cases, the Commissioner will decide whether to exercise the prosecution power in his or her own name, or refer cases involving suspected commission of other offences to the Police or the Department of Justice for following up.

On the other hand, data subjects may also seek compensation by civil action from data users for damages caused by contravention of the PDPO.

**Copyright and intellectual property**

Pursuant to the Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528 of the Laws of Hong Kong), a person may incur civil liability for "secondary infringement" if that person possesses, sells, distributes or deals with a copy of a work which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, an infringing copy of the work for the purposes of or in the course of any trade or business without the consent of the copyright owner.

Pursuant to the Trade Marks Ordinance (Chapter 559 of the Laws of Hong Kong), trademarks must be registered with the Trade Marks Registry of the Intellectual Property Department under the Trade Marks Ordinance and the Trade Marks Rules (Chapter 559A of the Laws of Hong Kong) in order to enjoy protection by the laws of Hong Kong. Any use of the trade mark by third parties without the consent of the registered owner is an infringement of the trade mark.

**Competition**

The competition law in Hong Kong is primarily governed by the Competition Ordinance (Chapter 619 of the Laws of Hong Kong) ("Competition Ordinance") which has been enacted since December 14, 2015 to (i) prohibit conduct that prevents, restricts or distorts competition in Hong Kong; (ii) prohibit mergers that substantially lessen competition in Hong Kong; and (iii) provide for incidental and connected matters. The Competition Ordinance prohibits restrictions on competition through three rules, namely, the First Conduct Rule, the Second Conduct Rule, and the Merger Rule.

The First Conduct Rule provides that an undertaking must not: (a) make or give effect to an agreement; (b) engage in a concerted practice; or (c) act as a member of an association of undertakings, or make or give effect to a decision of the association, if the object or effect of the agreement, concerted practice or decision is to prevent, restrict or distort competition in Hong Kong. The First Conduct Rule applies to an agreement, concerted practice or decision preventing, restricting or distorting competition in Hong Kong even if the agreement, decision or concerted practice is made outside of Hong Kong or if any party to the agreement, concerted practice, any undertaking or association of undertakings is outside Hong Kong.

The Second Conduct Rule provides that an undertaking having a substantial degree of market power in a market must not abuse that power by engaging in conduct that has as its object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition in Hong Kong. Conducts under the Second Conduct Rule may constitute an abuse if it involves predatory behavior towards competitors or limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers. When determining whether an undertaking has a substantial degree of market power in a market, factors which may be taken into account for such determination include the market share of the undertaking, the undertaking's power to make pricing and other decisions and any barriers to entry to competitors into the relevant market. As with the First Conduct Rule, the Second Conduct Rule also applies even if the undertaking engaging in the conduct is outside of Hong Kong or the conduct is engaged in outside of Hong Kong.

The Merger Rule prohibits undertakings from directly or indirectly carrying out a merger that has, or is likely to have, the effect of substantially reduce the level of competition in Hong Kong. This rule is only applicable to telecommunication carrier licensees. There is no general merger control regime in Hong Kong.

In Hong Kong, breach of the Competition Ordinance is not a criminal offence, except for providing false information and obstructing investigation by the Competition Commission. The Competition Commission (or the Communications Authority, for the telecommunications industry) is the principal law enforcement body. The Competition Tribunal is a specialized court within the Hong Kong High Court with the power to impose sanctions and order redress in cases brought before it by the Competition Commission or the Communications Authority. In general, the Competition Tribunal may impose financial and non-financial sanctions which include:

● fines not exceeding 10% of the turnover obtained in Hong Kong for each year of infringement up to a maximum of 3 years

● interim injunctions during investigations or proceedings

● disqualification orders against directors for up to 5 years

● disqualification orders against directors for up to 5 years

● awards of damages to aggrieved parties as a result of the contravention

The Competition Ordinance has extraterritorial reach in that it applies to activities conducted outside Hong Kong if they have the object or effect of preventing, restricting or distorting competition in Hong Kong.

There is no standalone private action. Individuals who have suffered damages may bring a follow-on private action following the ruling by the Competition Tribunal.

***People's Republic of China***

After the completion of the Acquisitions in November 2024 and December 2024, respectively, set forth is a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business in a material jurisdiction, People's Republic of China.

**Regulations on Value-added Telecommunications Services** 

The Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC, or the Telecom Regulations, implemented on September 25, 2000 and amended on July 29, 2014 and February 6, 2016, are the primary PRC law governing telecommunications services and set out the general framework for the provision of both "basic telecommunication services" and "value-added telecommunication services" by domestic PRC companies. "Value-added telecommunication services" is defined as telecommunications and information services provided through public networks, and, according to the Telecom Regulations, operators of value-added telecommunications services shall obtain operating licenses prior to commencing operations from the MIIT, or its provincial level counterparts. Enterprises operating telecommunication business in absence of operating license shall be ordered by the MIIT, or its provincial level counterparts, to rectify the violations, the illegal income shall be confiscated, and a penalty between three times and five times of the illegal income shall be imposed. If there is no illegal income or the illegal income is lower than RMB 50,000 (approximately $7,100), a penalty between RMB 100,000 (approximately $14,200) and RMB 1,000,000 (approximately $142,000) shall be imposed. In a serious case, the business shall be suspended.

The Catalogue of Telecommunications Business, or the Catalogue, which was issued as an attachment to the Telecom Regulations and revised and promulgated on June 6, 2019, further identifies information services and online data processing and transaction processing services as value-added telecommunications services. Pursuant to the Catalogue, the call center business refers to the provision of business consultation, information consultation and data query services to users, with the entrustment of enterprises or institutions, based on the call center system and database technology connected to public communication network or the internet and the information database established by information collection, processing and storage. We engage in business activities that are value-added telecommunications services as defined and described by the Telecom Regulations and the Catalogue.

On March 5, 2009, the MIIT issued the Measures on the Administration of Telecommunications Business Operating Permits, or the Telecom License Measures, which initially became effective on April 10, 2009 and was amended on July 3, 2017, effective on September 1, 2017, to supplement the Telecom Regulations. The Telecom License Measures provide that there are two types of telecommunications operating licenses, or the VAT Licenses for operators in China, one for basic telecommunications services and one for value-added telecommunications services. A distinction is also made to licenses for value-added telecommunications services as to whether a license is granted for "intra-provincial" or "trans-regional" (inter-provincial) activities. An appendix to each license granted will detail the permitted activities of the enterprise to which it was granted. An approved telecommunications services operator must conduct its business (whether basic or value-added) in accordance with the specifications recorded in its VAT License.

On January 8, 2021, the CAC promulgated the Internet Information Services Measures (Revised Draft for Comments), which sets forth detailed rules on the internet information service activities. As of the date of this annual report, the draft remains in draft form and has not been formally adopted.

**Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment in Value-Added Telecommunications Companies**

Foreign direct investment in telecommunications companies in China is governed by the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Regulations, which were issued by the State Council on December 11, 2001, became effective on January 1, 2002 and recently amended on March 29, 2022 and took effect on May 1, 2022, and the Catalog of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2020 Version), or the Encouragement Catalogue, which were promulgated by the NDRC and the MOFCOM on December 27, 2020 and became effective on January 27, 2021, and the Special Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2021 Version), or the Negative List, which were issued by NDRC, and the MOFCOM, on December 27, 2021. Under the aforesaid regulations, foreign invested telecommunications enterprises in the PRC, or FITEs, are generally required to be established as Sino-foreign equity joint ventures with limited exceptions. In general, the foreign party to a FITE engaging in value-added telecommunications services may hold up to 50% of the equity of the FITE with limited exceptions, of which the geographical area it may conduct telecommunications services is provided by the MIIT in accordance with relevant provisions as mentioned above.

On June 30, 2016, the MIIT issued an Announcement of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Issues concerning the Provision of Telecommunication Services in Mainland China by Service Providers from Hong Kong and Macau, or the MIIT Announcement, which provides that investors from Hong Kong and Macau may hold no more than 50% of the equity in FITEs engaging in certain specified categories of value-added telecommunications services.

On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Notice of the Ministry of Information Industry on Intensifying the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services, or the MIIT Notice, which reiterates certain provisions of the FITE Regulations. In addition to the provisions stated in FITE Regulations, the MIIT Notice further provide that a domestic company that holds a value-added telecommunications license, is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling the value-added telecommunications license to foreign investors in any form, and from providing any assistance, including providing resources, sites or facilities, to foreign investors to conduct value-added telecommunications businesses illegally in China. The MIIT Notice also requires each value-added telecommunications license holder to have appropriate facilities for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license, and specifically, with regard to the domain names and trademarks, the MIIT Notice required that trademarks and domain names that are used in the provision of Internet content services must be owned by the VAT License holder or its shareholders.

**Regulations on Internet Information Services**

The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the Internet Information Measures, which was issued by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on January 8, 2011, set out guidelines on the provision of internet information services. Pursuant to the Internet Information Measures, "internet information services" are defined as services that provide information to online users through the internet. The Internet Information Measures classifies internet information services into commercial internet information services and non-commercial Internet information services. The commercial internet information services refer to services that provide information or services to internet users with charge. The Internet Information Measures requires commercial internet information services operators to obtain a value-added telecommunications business operating license, or the ICP License, from the relevant government authorities before engaging in any commercial internet information services operations in China.

In addition, internet information service providers are required to monitor their websites to ensure that they do not contain content prohibited by laws or regulations. Internet information service providers are prohibited from producing, copying, publishing or distributing information that is humiliating or defamatory to others or that infringes the legal rights of others. The PRC government may require corrective actions to address non-compliance by ICP License holders or revoke their ICP License for serious violations. Furthermore, the MIIT Circular on Regulating the Use of Domain Names in Internet Information Services, issued on November 27, 2017 and that took effect on January 1, 2018, requires internet information service providers to register and own the domain names they use in providing internet information services.

**Regulations on Mobile Internet Application Information Services**

The Cyberspace Administration of China, or CAC issued the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Application Information Services on June 28, 2016, which took effect on August 1, 2016, requiring internet information service providers, or ICPs, who provide information services through mobile internet applications, or APPs, i.e. mobile application providers, to authenticate the identity of the registered users, establish procedures for protection of user information, establish procedures for information content censorship and management, ensure that users are given adequate information concerning an APP and are able to choose whether an APP is installed and whether or not to use an installed APP and its functions, protect intellectual property rights concerned and keep records of users' logs for sixty (60) days. Mobile application providers and application store service providers are prohibited from engaging in any activity that may endanger national security, disturb the social order, or infringe the legal rights of third parties, and may not produce, copy, issue or disseminate through mobile applications any content prohibited by laws and regulations. If an ICP violates these regulations, mobile app stores through which the ICP distributes its APPs may issue warnings, suspend the release of its APPs, or terminate the sale of its APPs, and/or report the violations to governmental authorities.

ICPs are also required under the Interim Measures on the Administration of Pre-Installation and Distribution of Applications for Mobile Smart Terminals, which was issued on December 16, 2016 and took effect on July 1, 2017, to ensure that APPs, as well as its ancillary resource files, configuration files and user data, can be conveniently uninstalled by a user, unless it is a basic function software (i.e., software that supports the normal functioning of hardware and operating system of a mobile smart device).

**Regulations Relating to Information Security and Privacy Protection**

***Regulations on Information Security***

In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted laws and regulations with respect to internet information security and protection of personal information from abusing or unauthorized disclosure. Pursuant to the Decision on the Maintenance of Internet Security issued by the NPC Standing Committee on December 28, 2000, which was amended on August 27, 2009, persons may be subject to criminal liabilities in China for any attempt to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; (v) infringe upon intellectual property rights or damage business credit or reputation of others; (vi) intentionally make, spread computer viruses and other destructive programs, attack computer systems and communication networks which lead to damages to such systems and networks; (vii) carry out theft, fraud, racketeering through internet; and (viii) other activities prohibited by relevant laws and regulations.

The Administration Measures on the Security Protection of Computer Information Network with International Connections, issued by the Ministry of Public Security of the PRC, or MPS, on December 16, 1997 and amended by the State Council on January 8, 2011, prohibits using the internet in ways that result in a leak of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. The MPS has supervision and inspection powers and relevant local security bureaus may also have jurisdiction. If a value-added-telecommunications service license holder violates these measures, the government of the PRC may revoke its value-added-telecommunications service license and shut down its websites.

The Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Application Information Services, issued by the CAC on June 28, 2016, which took effect on August 1, 2016, providing that mobile Internet application providers are prohibited from engaging in any activity that may endanger national security, disturb social order or infringe the legal rights of third parties, and may not produce, copy, release or disseminate through mobile Internet applications any content prohibited by laws and regulations.

On November 7, 2016, the NPC Standing Committee promulgated the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, or the PRC Cyber Security Law, which took effect on June 1, 2017, pursuant to which, network operators must comply with laws and regulations and fulfil their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services. Those who provide services through networks must take technical measures and other necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data. It also states that network operator may not collect personal information that is irrelevant to the services it provides or collect or use the personal information in violation of the provisions of laws or agreements between both parties. Under the Cyber Security Law, network operators are subject to various security protection-related obligations, including:

● complying with security protection obligations in accordance with tiered requirements with respect to maintenance of the security of Internet systems, which include formulating internal security management rules and developing manuals, appointing personnel who will be responsible for internet security, adopting technical measures to prevent computer viruses and activities that threaten Internet security, adopting technical measures to monitor and record status of network operations, holding Internet security training events, retaining user logs for at least six (6) months, and adopting measures such as data classification, key data backup, and encryption for the purpose of securing networks from interference, vandalism, or unauthorized visits, and preventing network data from leakage, theft, or tampering;

● verifying users' identities before signing agreements or providing services such as network access, domain name registration, landline telephone or mobile phone access, information publishing, or real-time communication services;

● clearly indicating the purposes, methods and scope of the information collection, the use of information collection, and obtain the consent of those from whom the information is collected when collecting or using personal information;

● strictly preserving the privacy of user information they collect, and establish and maintain systems to protect user privacy; and

● strengthening management of information published by users. When the network operators discover information prohibited by laws and regulations from publication or dissemination, they shall immediately stop dissemination of that information, including taking measures such as deleting the information, preventing the information from spreading, saving relevant records, and reporting to the relevant governmental agencies.

On November 15, 2018, the CAC issued the Provisions on Security Assessment of the Internet Information Services with Public Opinion Attributes or Social Mobilization Capacity, which came into effect on November 30, 2018. The provisions require Internet information providers to conduct security assessments on their Internet information services if their services include forums, blogs, microblogs, chat rooms, communication groups, public accounts, short-form videos, online live-streaming, information sharing, mini programs or other functions that provide channels for the public to express opinions or have the capability of mobilizing the public to engage in specific activities. Internet information providers must conduct self-assessment on, among other things, the legality of new technology involved in the services and the effectiveness of security risk prevention measures, and file the assessment report with the local competent cyberspace administration authority and public security authority.

The Regulations on Cyber Security Supervision and Inspection of Public Security Organs, which was issued by the MPS on September 15, 2018 and came into effect on November 1, 2018, is an important basis for the Public Security Bureau to strengthen the enforcement of the Cyber Security Law.

Internet security in China is also regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. On July 1, 2015, the SCNPC promulgated the new National Security Law, which took effect on the same date and replaced the former National Security Law promulgated in 1993. According to the new National Security Law, the state shall ensure that the information system and data in important areas are secure and controllable. In addition, according to the new National Security Law, the state shall establish national security review and supervision institutions and mechanisms, and conduct national security reviews of key technologies and IT products and services that affect or may affect national security. There are uncertainties on how the new National Security Law will be implemented in practice.

Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law issued by the NPC Standing Committee on August 29, 2015, which took effect on November 1, 2015, any Internet service provider that fails to fulfil the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses rectification orders is subject to criminal liability for (i) any dissemination of illegal information in large scale, (ii) any severe effect due to leakage of the client's information, (iii) any serious loss of criminal evidence, or (iv) other severe situation. These amendments also state that any individual or entity that (i) sells or provides personal information to others that violates applicable law, or (ii) steals or illegally obtains any personal information, is subject to criminal penalty for severe violations.

On October 21, 2019, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate jointly issued the Interpretations on Certain Issues Regarding the Applicable of Law in the Handling of Criminal Case Involving Illegal Use of Information Networks and Assisting Committing Internet Crimes, which came into effect on November 1, 2019, and further clarifies the meaning of Internet service provider and the severe situations of the relevant crimes.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law, which emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-based overseas listed companies.

On June 10, 2021, for purpose of further regulating data processing activities, safeguarding data security, promoting data development and utilization, protecting the lawful rights and interests of individuals and organizations, and maintaining national sovereignty, security, and development interests, the SCNPC published the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law requires data processing, which includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision and publication of data, to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data processing activities. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it may cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or illegally used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. For example, a processor of important data is required to designate the personnel and the management body responsible for data security, carry out risk assessments of its data processing activities and file the risk assessment reports with the competent authorities. State core data, i.e., data having a bearing on national security, the lifelines of national economy, people's key livelihood and major public interests, shall be subject to stricter management system. Moreover, the Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for those data processing activities which affect or may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. In addition, the Data Security Law also provides that any organization or individual within the territory of the PRC shall not provide any foreign judicial body and law enforcement body with any data stored within the territory of the PRC without the approval of the competent PRC governmental authorities.

On August 17, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, critical information infrastructure refers to any important network facilities and information systems of an important industry and field such as public communication and information service, energy, transport, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense related science and technology industry, and other industries and fields that may seriously endanger national security, people's livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, relevant administration departments of each important industry and field are responsible for formulating eligibility criteria and determining the critical information infrastructure in the respective industry or field. The operators will be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators.

On December 31, 2021, the CAC, together with the MIIT, the MPS and the SAMR, jointly issued the Administrative Provisions on Algorithm Recommendation of Internet Information Services, with effect from March 1, 2022, which provides that algorithm recommendation service providers are not allowed to use algorithms to register false user accounts, block information, give excessive recommendations, and that users should be given the option to easily turn off algorithm recommendation services.

On October 29, 2021, the CAC published the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data (Draft for Comments), which intends to regulate the outbound transfer of (including cross-border assess to) important data and/or personal information collected or generated in domestic operations within the People's Republic of China. The security assessment requirement was initially introduced in the PRC Cybersecurity Law against the critical information infrastructure operators only, but the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data (Draft for Comments) has extended the security assessment obligation to all data processors, and provides two types of security assessment to be undertaken before providing data from China to overseas, namely risk self-assessment and security assessment by CAC. The Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data were formally adopted on September 1, 2022.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC published the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security, which further regulate the internet data processing activities and emphasize the supervision and management of network data security, and further stipulate the obligations of internet platform operators, such as to establish a system for disclosure of platform rules, privacy policies and algorithmic strategies related to data, and timely disclosure of formulation procedures and adjudication procedures and more. Specifically, the draft regulations require data processors to, among others, (i) adopt immediate remediation measures when finding that network products and services they use or provide have security defects and vulnerabilities, or threaten national security or endanger public interest, and (ii) follow a series of detailed requirements with respect to processing of personal information, management of important data and proposed overseas transfer of data. In addition, such draft regulations require data processors handling important data or the data processors listed overseas to complete an annual data security assessment and file a data security assessment report to applicable regulators. Such annual assessment, as required by the draft regulations, would encompass areas including but not limited to the status of important data processing, data security risks identified and the measures adopted, the effectiveness of data protection measures, the implementation of national data security laws and regulations, data security incidents that occurred and their handling, and a security assessment with respect to sharing and provision of important data overseas. As of the date of this annual report, the Network Data Security Administration Regulations (the final version) were officially promulgated on September 24, 2024, and took effect on January 1, 2025.

On January 4, 2022, the CAC and other twelve PRC regulatory authorities jointly revised and promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, or the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on February 15, 2022 and the Measures for Cybersecurity Review which took effect on June 1, 2020 was abolished at the same time. The Cybersecurity Review Measures requires that critical information infrastructure operators that purchase network products and services shall anticipate the potential national security risk of products and services after they enter operation. If they affect or may affect national security, a cybersecurity review shall be reported to the Cybersecurity Review Office.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Security Assessment Measures for Cross-border Data Transfers with effect from September 1, 2022, pursuant to which a data processor shall declare security assessment for its outbound data transfer where: (i) it provides critical data abroad; (ii) it is a critical information infrastructure operator or a data processor processing the personal information of more than one million individuals, and it provides personal information abroad; (iii) it has provided personal information of 100,000 individuals or sensitive personal information of 10,000 individuals in total abroad since January 1 of the previous year; or (iv) any other circumstances prescribed by the CAC. On March 22, 2024, the CAC promulgated the Promotion and Regulation of Cross-Border Data Flow Provisions, which relaxed certain conditions for cross-border data transfers and narrowed the scope of mandatory security assessments.

***Regulations on Privacy Protection***

On December 13, 2005, the MPS issued the Regulations on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, or the Internet Protection Measures, which took effect on March 1, 2006, requiring internet service providers to utilize standard technical measures for internet security protection. and to keep records of certain information about their users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least sixty (60) days and submit the above information as required by laws and regulations.

Under the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services issued by the MIIT on December 29, 2011 and that took effect on March 15, 2012, ICPs are also prohibited from collecting any personal user information or providing any information to third parties without the consent of the user. The Cyber Security Law provides an exception to the consent requirement where the information is anonymous, not personally identifiable and unrecoverable. ICPs must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of user personal information and may only collect information necessary for its services. ICPs are also required to properly maintain user personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of user personal information, ICPs must take remedial measures immediately and report any material leak to the telecommunications regulatory authority.

In addition, the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection issued by the NPC Standing Committee on December 28, 2012 emphasizes the need to protect electronic information that contains individual identification information and other private data. The decision requires ICPs to expressly inform their users of the internet service providers' collection and use of user personal information, establish and publish policies regarding the purpose, manner and scope of Internet service providers' collection and use of personal electronic information standards, collect and use user personal information only with the consent of the users and only within the scope of such consent and to take necessary measures to ensure the security of the information and to prevent leakage, damage or loss. The decision also mandates that Internet services providers and their employees must keep strictly confidential user personal information that they collect.

Furthermore, MIIT's Order on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunications and Internet Users, or the Order, which was issued on July 16, 2013 and took effect on September 1, 2013, contains detailed requirements on the use and collection of personal information as well as the security measures to be taken by ICPs. Most of the requirements under the Order that are relevant to Internet services providers are consistent with the requirements already established under the MIIT provisions discussed above, except that under the Order the requirements are more strict and have a wider scope. If an Internet services provider wishes to collect or use personal information, it may do so only if such collection is necessary for the services it provides. Further, it must disclose to its users the purpose, method and scope of any such collection or use, and must obtain consent from the users whose information is being collected or used. Internet services providers are also required to establish and publish their protocols relating to personal information collection or use, keep any collected information strictly confidential, and take technological and other measures to maintain the security of such information. Internet services providers are also required to cease any collection or use of the user personal information, and de-register the relevant user account, when a given user stops using the relevant Internet service. Internet services providers are further prohibited from divulging, distorting or destroying any such personal information, or selling or providing such information unlawfully to other parties. The Order states, in broad terms, that violators may face warnings, fines, and disclosure to the public and, in the most severe cases, criminal liability.

On January 5, 2015, the SAIC promulgated the Measures on Punishment for Infringement of Consumer Rights, which was revised on October 23, 2020, pursuant to which business operators collecting and using personal information of consumers must comply with the principles of legitimacy, propriety and necessity, specify the purpose, method and scope of collection and use of the information, and obtain the consent of the consumers whose personal information is to be collected. Business operators may not (i) collect or use personal information of consumers without their consent, (ii) unlawfully divulge, sell or provide personal information of consumers to others or (iii) send commercial information to consumers without their consent or request, or when a consumer has explicitly declined to receive such information.

On May 8, 2017, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate released the Interpretations of the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Citizens' Personal Information, which took effect on June 1, 2017. It clarifies several concepts regarding the crime of "infringement of citizens' personal information," including "citizen's personal information," "provision," and "unlawful acquisition."

Pursuant to the Announcement of Conducting Special Supervision against the Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by APP, which was issued on January 23, 2019, APP operators should collect and use personal information in compliance with the Cyber Security Law and should be responsible for the security of personal information obtained from users and take effective measures to strengthen the personal information protection. Furthermore, APP operators should not force their users to make authorization by means of bundling, suspending installation or in other default forms and should not collect personal information in violation of laws, regulations or breach of user agreements. Such regulatory requirements were emphasized by the Notice on the Special Rectification of APPs Infringing upon User's Personal Rights and Interests, which was issued by MIIT on October 31, 2019. On November 28, 2019, the CAC, MIIT, the MPS and SAMR jointly issued the Measures to Identify Illegal Collection and Usage of Personal Information by Apps, which lists six types of illegal collection and usage of personal information, including "failure to publish rules on the collection and usage of personal information," "failure to expressly state the purpose, manner and scope of the collection and usage of personal information," "collecting and using personal information without obtaining consents from users," "collecting personal information irrelevant to the services provided," "providing personal information to other parties without obtaining consent" and "failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by law or failure to publish the methods for complaints and reports or other information."

In addition, the Civil Code of the PRC, which was issued by the NPC on May 28, 2020 and took effect on January 1, 2021, requires personal information of individuals to be protected. Any organization or individual requiring personal information of others shall obtain such information legally and ensure the security of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process, or transmit such personal information, or illegally buy, sell, provide, or publish such personal information.

On August 22, 2019, the CAC promulgated the Provisions on the Cyber Protection of Children's Personal Information, which took effect on October 1, 2019, requiring that before collecting, using, transferring or disclosing the personal information of a child, any Internet service operator should inform that child's guardians in a noticeable and clear manner and obtain their consents. Meanwhile, Internet service operators should take measures like encryption when storing children's personal information.

According to the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision), which took effect on June 1, 2021, information processors must follow the principles of legality, legitimacy and necessity when processing personal information of minors via internet, and must obtain consent from minors' parents or other guardians when processing personal information of minors under age of 14. In addition, internet service providers must promptly alert upon the discovery of publishing private information by minors via the internet and take necessary protective measures.

On August 20, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law raises the protection requirements for processing personal information, and specifies the rules for processing sensitive personal information, which refers to personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, may easily cause harm to the dignity of natural persons or cause harm to the safety of people or property, including information on biometric characteristics, financial accounts, individual location tracking and others, as well as personal information of minors under the age of 14. Personal information processors shall bear responsibility for their personal information processing activities, and adopt necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they process. Otherwise, the personal information processors will be subject to correction of its operations, suspension or termination of the provision of services, confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

On March 12, 2021, the CAC and other governmental authorities promulgated Necessary Personal Information Range Provisions of Common Types of Apps, effective on May 1, 2021, which specify the scope of necessary personal information for common types of mobile apps. Several subsequent regulations have been formally adopted to further strengthen privacy protection, including the Measures for the Administration of Compliance Audits of Personal Information Protection (effective May 1, 2025), the Measures for the Administration of Security of Facial Recognition Technology Applications (effective June 1, 2025), and the Cybersecurity Law (2025 Amendment) (effective January 1, 2026), which introduced enhanced penalties and AI governance provisions.

**Regulations Relating to Product Liability**

Manufacturers and vendors of defective products in the PRC may incur liability for losses and injuries caused by such products. Under the Civil Code of the PRC, which was promulgated on May 28, 2020 and became effective on January 1, 2021, manufacturers or retailers of defective products that cause property damage or physical injury to any person will be subject to civil liability.

The Product Quality Law of the PRC (as amended in 2000, 2009 and 2018) and the Law of the PRC on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers (as amended in 2009 and 2013), which were enacted to protect the legitimate rights and interests of end-users and consumers and to strengthen the supervision and control of the quality of products. If our products are defective and cause any personal injuries or damage to assets, our customers have the right to claim compensation from us.

 **Regulations on Intellectual Property in the PRC** 

***Copyright***

Pursuant to the Copyright Law of the PRC, which was first promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on September 7, 1990 and became effective from June 1, 1991, and was last amended on November 11, 2020 and became effective as of June 1, 2021, copyrights include personal rights such as the right of publication and that of attribution as well as property rights such as the right of production and that of distribution. Reproducing, distributing, performing, projecting, broadcasting or compiling a work or communicating the same to the public via an information network without permission from the owner of the copyright therein, unless otherwise provided in the Copyright Law of the PRC, constitute infringements of copyrights. The amended Copyright Law extends copyright protection to Internet activities, products disseminated over the internet and software products. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center.

In order to further implement the Computer Software Protection Regulations, promulgated by the State Council on June 4, 1991 and amended on January 30, 2013, the National Copyright Administration, or the NCA, issued the Computer Software Copyright Registration Procedures on April 6, 1992 and amended on February 20, 2002, which specify detailed procedures and requirements with respect to the registration of software copyrights. The China Copyright Protection Center shall grant registration certificates to the computer software copyrights applicants which meet the requirements of both the software copyright registration procedures and the computer software protection regulations.

***Trademark***

Pursuant to the Trademark Law of the PRC, or the Trademark Law, which was first promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on August 23, 1982 and became effective from March 1, 1983, and was most recently amended on April 23, 2019 and became effective on November 1, 2019, the right to exclusive use of a registered trademark shall be limited to trademarks which have been approved for registration and to goods and/or services for which the use of such trademark has been approved. The period of validity of a registered trademark shall be ten years, counted from the day the registration is approved, and may be renewed for another ten years provided relevant application procedures have been completed within twelve (12) months before the end of the validity period. According to this law, using a trademark that is identical to or similar to a registered trademark in connection with the same or similar goods and/or services without the authorization of the owner of the registered trademark constitutes an infringement of the exclusive right to use a registered trademark.

The Implementation Regulation for the Trademark Law promulgated by the State Council came into effect on September 15, 2002 and was further amended on April 29, 2014. Under the Trademark Law and the implementing regulation, the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the Trademark Office, is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks. The Trademark Office handles trademark registrations. As with patents, China has adopted a "first-to-file" principle for trademark registration. If two or more applicants apply for registration of identical or similar trademarks for the same or similar commodities, the application that was filed first will receive preliminary approval and will be publicly announced. A registrant may apply to renew a registration within twelve (12) months before the expiration date of the registration. If the registrant fails to apply in a timely manner, a grace period of six (6) additional months may be granted. If the registrant fails to apply before the grace period expires, the registered trademark shall be deregistered. Renewed registrations are valid for ten years.

In addition to the above, a Trademark Review and Adjudication Board was established for resolving trademark disputes. According to the Trademark Law, within three (3) months since the date of the announcement of a preliminarily validated trademark, if a titleholder is of the view that such trademark in application is identical or similar to its registered trademark for the same type of commodities or similar commodities which violates relevant provisions of the Trademark Law, such titleholder may raise an objection to the Trademark Office within the aforesaid period. In such event, the Trademark Office shall consider the facts and grounds submitted by both the dissenting party and the party being challenged and shall decide on whether the registration is allowed within twelve (12) months upon the expiration of the announcement after investigation and verification, and notify the dissenting party and the person challenged in writing.

***Patent***

Pursuant to the Patent Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on March 12, 1984 and became effective from April 1, 1985, and was most recently amended on October 17, 2020 and became effective on June 1, 2021, patents in China are classified into three categories, namely, inventions, utility models and designs. The protection period of a patent right is 10 years for utility models, 15 years for designs, and 20 years for inventions from the date of application. A patentable invention, utility model or design must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. Patents cannot be granted for scientific discoveries, rules and methods for intellectual activities, methods used to diagnose or treat diseases, animal and plant breeds or substances obtained by means of nuclear transformation. The Patent Office under the State Intellectual Property Office is responsible for receiving, examining and approving patent applications. A patent is valid for a twenty-year term for an invention, a ten-year term for a utility model and a fifteen-year term for a design, starting from the application date. After the grant of the patent right for an invention or utility model, except where otherwise provided for in the Patent Law, no entity or individual may, without the authorization of the patent owner, exploit the patent, that is, make, use, offer to sell, sell or import the patented product, or use the patented process, or use, offer to sell, sell or import any product which is a direct result of the use of the patented process, for production or business purposes. And after a patent right is granted for a design, no entity or individual shall, without the permission of the patent owner, exploit the patent, that is, for production or business purposes, manufacture, offer to sell, sell, or import any product containing the patented design.

***Domain Name***

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Names of China, which was recently amended by the MIIT on August 24, 2017 and became effective on November 1, 2017, "domain name" shall refer to the character mark of hierarchical structure, which identifies and locates a computer on the internet and corresponds to the internet protocol (IP) address of that computer. The principle of "first come, first serve" is followed for the domain name registration service. Applicants for registration of domain names shall provide the true, accurate and complete information of their identifications to domain name registration service institutions. After completing the domain name registration, the applicant becomes the holder of the domain name registered by him/it. Furthermore, the holder shall pay operation fees for registered domain names on schedule. If the domain name holder fails to pay the corresponding fees as required, the original domain name registrar shall write it off and notify the holder of the domain name in written form.

**Laws and Regulations on Labor Protection in the PRC**

According to the Labor Law of the PRC, or the Labor Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on July 5, 1994, came into effect on January 1, 1995, and was most recently amended on December 29, 2018, an employer shall develop and improve its rules and regulations to safeguard the rights of its workers. An employer shall develop and improve its labor safety and health system, stringently implement national protocols and standards on labor safety and health, conduct labor safety and health education for workers, guard against labor accidents and reduce occupational hazards. Labor safety and health facilities must comply with relevant national standards. An employer must provide workers with the necessary labor protection gear that complies with labor safety and health conditions stipulated under national regulations, as well as provide regular health checks for workers that are engaged in operations with occupational hazards. Laborers engaged in special operations shall have received specialized training and have obtained the pertinent qualifications. An employer shall develop a vocational training system. Vocational training funds shall be set aside and used in accordance with national regulations and vocational training for workers shall be carried out systematically based on the actual conditions of the company.

The Labor Contract Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on June 29, 2007, came into effect on January 1, 2008, and was amended on December 28, 2012 and became effective as of July 1, 2013, and the Implementation Regulations on Labor Contract Law, which was promulgated on September 18, 2008, and became effective since the same day, regulate both parties through a labor contract, namely the employer and the employee, and contain specific provisions involving the terms of the labor contract. It is stipulated under the Labor Contract Law and the Implementation Regulations on Labor Contract Law that a labor contract must be made in writing. if labor relationships are to be or have been established between employers and the employees An employer and an employee may enter into a fixed-term labor contract, an un-fixed term labor contract, or a labor contract that concludes upon the completion of certain work assignments, after reaching agreement upon due negotiations. An employer may legally terminate a labor contract and dismiss its employees after reaching agreement upon due negotiations with the employee or by fulfilling the statutory conditions. Labor contracts concluded prior to the enactment of the Labor Law and subsisting within the validity period thereof shall continue to be honored. With respect to a circumstance where a labor relationship has already been established but no formal written contract has been made, a written labor contract shall be entered into within one (1) month from the commencement date of the employment. Employers are prohibited from forcing employees to work above certain time limit and employers shall pay employees for overtime work in accordance to national regulations. In addition, employee wages shall be no lower than local standards on minimum wages and shall be paid to employees timely.

According to the Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums, the Regulations on Work Injury Insurance, the Regulations on Unemployment Insurance and the Trial Measures on Employee Maternity Insurance of Enterprises, enterprises in the PRC shall provide benefit plans for their employees, which include basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work injury insurance and basic medical insurance. An enterprise must provide social insurance by processing social insurance registration with local social insurance agencies, and shall pay or withhold relevant social insurance premiums for or on behalf of employees. The Law on Social Insurance of the PRC, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on October 28, 2010, and became effective on July 1, 2011, and was most recently updated on December 29, 2018, has consolidated pertinent provisions for basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work injury insurance and basic medical insurance, and has elaborated in detail the legal obligations and liabilities of employers who do not comply with relevant laws and regulations on social insurance. Where an employer fails to fully pay social insurance premiums, relevant social insurance collection agency shall order it to make up for any shortfall within a prescribed time limit, and may impose a late payment fee at the rate of 0.05% per day of the outstanding amount from the due date. If such employer still fails to make up for the shortfalls within the prescribed time limit, the relevant administrative authorities shall impose a fine of one to three times the outstanding amount upon such employer.

According to the Interim Measures for Participation in the Social Insurance System by Foreigners Working within the Territory of China, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the PRC on September 6, 2011, and became effective on October 15, 2011, or the Interim Measures for Foreigners, employers who employ foreigners shall participate in the basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, basic medical insurance, occupational injury insurance, and maternity insurance in accordance with the relevant law, with the social insurance premiums to be contributed respectively by the employers and foreigner employees as required. In accordance with Interim Measures for Foreigners, the social insurance administrative agencies shall exercise their right to supervise and examine the legal compliance of foreign employees and employers and the employers who do not pay social insurance premiums in conformity with the laws shall be subject to the administrative provisions provided in the Social Insurance Law and the relevant regulations and rules mentioned above.

According to the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Provident Fund, which was promulgated by the State Counsel and became effective on April 3, 1999, and was amended on March 24, 2002 and was partially revised on March 24, 2019 by Decision of the State Council on Revising Some Administrative Regulations (Decree No. 710 of the State Council), housing provident fund contributions by an individual employee and housing provident fund contributions by his or her employer shall belong to the individual employee. Registration by PRC companies at the applicable housing provident fund management center is compulsory and a special housing provident fund account for each of the employees shall be opened at an entrusted bank.

The employer shall timely pay up and deposit housing provident fund contributions in full amount and late or insufficient payments shall be prohibited. Under the circumstances where financial difficulties do exist due to which an employer is unable to pay or pay up house provident funds, permission of labor union of the employer and approval of the local house provident funds commission must first be obtained before the employer can suspend or reduce their payment of house provident funds. The employer shall process housing provident fund payment and deposit registrations with the housing provident fund administration center. The minimum standard for housing provident funds is 5% of employees' average monthly salary of the preceding year, and such percentage rate may be uplifted by the local housing provident funds management commissions if examined by the people's government of same level and approved by people's government of provincial, or autonomous region or municipality level. With respect to companies who violate the above regulations and fail to process housing provident fund payment and deposit registrations or open housing provident fund accounts for their employees, such companies shall be ordered by the housing provident fund administration center to complete such procedures within a designated period. Those who fail to process their registrations within the designated period shall be subject to a fine ranging from RMB 10,000 (approximately $1,400) to RMB 50,000 (approximately $7,100). When companies breach these regulations and fail to pay up housing provident fund contributions in full amount as due, the housing provident fund administration center shall order such companies to pay up within a designated period, and may further apply to the People's Court for mandatory enforcement against those who still fail to comply after the expiry of such period.

**Regulations on Tax in the PRC**

***Income Tax***

In January 2008, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law took effect, which was last amended by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on December 29, 2018. On December 6, 2007, the State Council enacted the Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on Enterprise Income Tax, which was recently amended on April 23, 2019, together with the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, the EIT Law. Under the EIT Law, both resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises are subject to tax in the PRC. Resident enterprises are defined as enterprises that are established in China in accordance with PRC laws, or that are established in accordance with the laws of foreign countries but are actually or in effect controlled within the PRC. Non-resident enterprises are defined as enterprises that are organized under the laws of foreign countries and whose "de facto management body" is conducted outside the PRC, but have established institutions or premises in the PRC, or have no such established institutions or premises but have income generated from inside the PRC. The EIT Law applies a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate to both resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises, except where tax incentives are granted to special industries and projects. However, if non-resident enterprises have not formed permanent establishments or premises in the PRC, or if they have formed permanent establishment or premises in the PRC but there is no actual relationship between the relevant income derived in the PRC and the established institutions or premises set up by them, enterprise income tax is set at the rate of 20% with respect to their income sourced from inside the PRC. According to the EIT Law and the Announcement on Issues concerning the Implementation of the Preferential Income Tax Policies regarding High-Tech Enterprises promulgated by the SAT on June 19, 2017, enterprises qualified as "high-tech enterprises" are entitled to a 15% enterprise income tax rate rather than the 25% uniform statutory tax rate. The preferential tax treatment continues as long as an enterprise can retain its "high-tech enterprise" status.

The implementation rules define the term "de facto management body" as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts, and properties of an enterprise. Under the EIT Law, dividends generated from the business of a PRC subsidiary after January 1, 2008, and payable to its foreign investor may be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10 percent if the PRC tax authorities determine that the foreign investor is a non-resident enterprise which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC, unless there is a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential withholding tax rate. Distributions of earnings generated before January 1, 2008, are exempt from PRC withholding tax.

In January 2009, the SAT promulgated the Provisional Measures for the Administration of Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises, or the Non-resident Enterprises Measures, which was repealed by Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises in December 2017. According to the new announcement, which was amended on June 15, 2018, it shall apply to handling of matters relating to withholding at source of income tax of non-resident enterprises pursuant to the provisions of Article 37, Article 39 and Article 40 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law. According to Article 37, Article 39 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, income tax over non-resident enterprise income pursuant to the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 3 shall be subject to withholding at the source, where the payer shall act as the withholding agent. The tax amount for each payment made or due shall be withheld by the withholding agent from the amount paid or payable. Where a withholding agent fails to withhold tax or perform tax withholding obligations pursuant to the provisions of Article 37, the taxpayer shall pay tax at the place where the income is derived. Where the taxpayer fails to pay tax pursuant to law, the tax authorities may demand payment of the tax amount payable, from a payer of the taxpayer with payable tax amounts from other taxable income items in China.

On April 30, 2009, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, or the MOF, and the SAT jointly issued the Circular on Issues Concerning Treatment of Enterprise Income Tax in Enterprise Restructuring Business, or Circular 59, which became effective retroactively as of January 1, 2008 and was partially revised on January 1, 2014. By promulgating and implementing this circular, the PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise by a non-resident Enterprise.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Relating to Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, which was partially abolished on December 1, 2017 and December 29, 2017. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving transfer of immovable property in China and assets held under the establishment, and placement in China, of a foreign company through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. SAT Bulletin 7 also addresses transfer of the equity interest in a foreign intermediate holding company broadly. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 introduces safe harbor scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee of the indirect transfer as they have to assess whether the transaction should be subject to PRC tax and to file or withhold the PRC tax accordingly.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017 and was revised on June 15, 2018. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax and provides that:

● for the income from equity investment assets, the competent tax authority for the income tax of the invested enterprise shall be the competent tax authority, while for the income from the dividends, extra dividends and other equity investment, the competent tax authority for the income tax of the enterprise distributing the income shall be the competent tax authority;

● the withholding obligator shall declare and pay the withheld tax to the competent tax authority in the place where such withholding obligator is located within seven (7) days from the date of occurrence of the withholding obligation;

● where the income obtained by the withholding obligator and required to be withheld at source is in the form of dividends, extra dividends or any other equity investment gains, the date of occurrence of the obligation for withholding relevant payable tax is the date of actual payment of the dividends, extra dividends or other equity investment gains;

● for the income tax required to be withheld under Article 37 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, if the withholding obligator fails to withhold in accordance with the law or is unable to perform withholding obligation, the non-resident enterprise obtaining the income shall declare and pay the tax not withheld to the competent tax authority of the place of the occurrence of the income in accordance with Article 39 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law and complete the Form of Report on Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax of the People's Republic of China; where the non-resident enterprise fails to declare and pay tax in accordance with Article 39 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, the tax authority may order it to pay the tax within a specified time limit and the non-resident enterprise shall declare and pay the tax within the time limit determined by the tax authority; the non-resident enterprise that declares and pays the tax voluntarily before the tax authority orders it to pay tax within a specified time limit shall be deemed as having paid tax as scheduled;

● the competent tax authority may require the taxpayer, withholding obligator and relevant parties with knowledge of relevant information to provide the contracts and other relevant materials relating to the withholding of tax;

where the withholding obligator fails to withhold the tax required to be withheld under Article 37 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, the competent tax authority of the place where the withholding agent is located shall order the withholding obligator to make up for the withholding of tax in accordance with Article 23 of the Administrative Punishment Law of the People's Republic of China and hold the withholding agent liable in accordance with the law; if recovery of tax payment from the taxpayer is necessary, the competent tax authority of the place where the income occurs shall implement the recovery in accordance with the law. If the place where the withholding obligator is located is different from the place where the income occurs, the competent tax authority of the place of occurrence of the income that is responsible for recovering the tax payment shall give notice to the competent tax authority of the place where the withholding obligator is located for verifying relevant information. The competent tax authority of the place where the withholding agent is located shall, within five (5) working days from the date.

If non-resident investors were involved in our private equity financing, if such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose, we and our non-resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and be taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to establish that we should not be held liable for any obligations under SAT Bulletin 7.

Pursuant to an Arrangement Between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation on August 21, 2006, and other applicable PRC laws, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise is determined by the competent PRC tax authority to have satisfied the relevant conditions and requirements under such Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement and other applicable laws, the 10% withholding tax on the dividends the Hong Kong resident enterprise receives from a PRC resident enterprise may be reduced to 5%. However, based on the Circular on Certain Issues with Respect to the Enforcement of Dividend Provisions in Tax Treaties, or the SAT Circular 81, issued on February 20, 2009 by the SAT, if the relevant PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits from such reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, such PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment.

***Value-Added Tax***

According to the Temporary Regulations on Value-added Tax, which was promulgated by the State Council on December 13, 1993 and was most recently amended on November 19, 2017, and the Detailed Implementing Rules of the Temporary Regulations on Value-added Tax, which was promulgated by the MOF on December 25, 1993 and was amended on October 28, 2011, and became effective on November 1, 2011, all taxpayers selling goods, providing processing, repair or replacement services or importing goods within the PRC shall pay Value-Added Tax. The tax rate of 17% shall be levied on general taxpayers selling or importing various goods and providing processing, repairing or replacement service; the applicable rate for the export of goods and cross-border sale of services and intangible assets by domestic organizations and individuals within the scope stipulated by the State Council shall be nil, unless otherwise stipulated. On April 4, 2018, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued the Notice of Adjustment of Value-added Tax Rates which declared that the VAT tax rate in regard to the sale of goods, provision of processing, repairs and replacement services and importation of goods into China shall be reduced from the previous 17% to 16% from May 1, 2018. According to the PRC VAT Regulations, the VAT rate for sale of services and sale of intangible properties is 6% unless otherwise specified.

Furthermore, according to the Trial Scheme for the Conversion of Business Tax to Value-added Tax, which was promulgated by the MOF and the SAT on November 16, 2011, the PRC began to launch taxation reforms in a gradual manner from January 1, 2014, whereby the collection of value-added tax in lieu of business tax items was implemented on a trial basis in regions showing significant radiating effects in economic development and providing outstanding reform examples, beginning with production service industries such as transportation and certain modern service industries.

In accordance with the Circular on Notice of Comprehensive Promotion of Conversion of Business Tax to Value-added Tax promulgated by the SAT and the MOF which took effect on May 1, 2016, upon approval of the State Council, the pilot program of the collection of value-added tax in lieu of business tax shall be promoted nationwide in a comprehensive manner starting May 1, 2016, and all taxpayers of business tax engaged in the building industry, the real estate industry, the financial industry and the life service industry shall be included in the scope of the pilot program with regard to payment of value-added tax instead of business tax. Our main business is included in the scope of the pilot program with regard to payment of value-added tax instead of business tax.

On November 19, 2017, the State Council promulgated the Decision of State Council on Abolition of the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Business Tax and Revision of the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added Tax, which took effective on the same date, to formally abolish the Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Business Tax and amend the Temporary Regulations on Value-added Tax accordingly.

**Regulations on Foreign Exchange**

***Foreign Currency Exchange***

Pursuant to the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, as amended, and various regulations issued by SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities, Renminbi is freely convertible to the extent of current account items, such as trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment, unless expressly exempted by laws and regulations, still require prior approval from SAFE or its provincial branch for conversion of Renminbi into a foreign currency, such as U.S. dollars, and remittance of the foreign currency outside of the PRC. Payments for transactions that take place within the PRC must be made in Renminbi. Foreign currency revenues received by PRC companies may be repatriated into China or retained outside of China in accordance with requirements and terms specified by SAFE. Foreign exchange proceeds under the current accounts may be either retained or sold to a financial institution engaged in settlement and sale of foreign exchange pursuant to relevant SAFE rules and regulations. For foreign exchange proceeds under the capital accounts, approval from the SAFE is generally required for the retention or sale of such proceeds to a financial institution engaged in settlement and sale of foreign exchange.

Pursuant to the Circular of the SAFE on Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies for Direct Investment, or the SAFE Circular 59 promulgated by SAFE on November 19, 2012, which became effective on December 17, 2012 and was further amended on May 4, 2015 and October 10, 2018 and was partially abolished on December 30, 2019, approval is not required for opening a foreign exchange account and depositing foreign exchange into the accounts relating to the direct investments. SAFE Circular 59 also simplified foreign exchange-related registration required for the foreign investors to acquire the equity interests of PRC companies and further improve the administration on foreign exchange settlement for FIEs.

On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Currency Management Policy on Direct Investment, or the SAFE Circular 13, effective from June 1, 2015, which cancels the administrative approvals of foreign exchange registration of direct domestic investment and direct overseas investment. In addition, SAFE Circular 13 simplifies the procedure of foreign exchange-related registration, under which investors shall register with banks for direct domestic investment and direct overseas investment.

On April 10, 2020 the SAFE issued the Notice of the SAFE on Optimizing Foreign Exchange Administration to Support the Development of Foreign-related Business, or the SAFE Circular 8. The SAFE Circular 8 provides that under the condition that the use of the funds is genuine and compliant with current administrative provisions on use of income relating to capital account, enterprises are allowed to use income under capital account such as capital funds, foreign debts and overseas listings for domestic payment, without submission to the bank prior to each transaction of materials evidencing the veracity of such payment. The bank in charge shall conduct post spot checking in accordance with the relevant requirements.

***Dividend Distribution***

The principal laws and regulations regulating the dividend distribution of dividends by FIEs in the PRC include the Company Law of the PRC, as recently amended in 2018 and Foreign Investment Law promulgated by SCNPC on March 15, 2019 and recently came into effect on January 1, 2020.

Wholly foreign-owned enterprises and Sino-foreign equity joint ventures in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, these FIEs may not pay dividends unless they set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits after tax each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, until such time as the accumulative amount of such fund reaches 50% of the enterprise's registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. A PRC company shall not distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year. In addition, these companies also may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to employee welfare and bonus funds at their discretion.

***Regulations Related to Mergers and Acquisitions and Overseas Listings***

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, promulgated the M&A Rules, which took effect on September 6, 2006 and was amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules, among other things, require offshore special purpose vehicles formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC domestic enterprises or individuals to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle's securities on an overseas stock exchange. In September 2006, the CSRC published on its official website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles.

On July 6, 2021, the State Council and General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. The opinions emphasize the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and relevant five guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures comprehensively improve and reform the existing regulatory regime for overseas securities offering and listing of PRC domestic companies by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that if the issuer meets both of the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as an indirect overseas offering and listing by PRC domestic companies: (i) more than 50% of any of the issuer's operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer's business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control, having been investigated or penalized by overseas securities regulatory authorities or other competent authorities, converting the listing status or listing board, or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) which have completed overseas offerings and listings.

In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited under any of the following circumstances: (i) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (ii) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with laws; (iii) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (iv) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (v) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company's controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

At a press conference held for these new regulations, officials from the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures (i.e. March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as the Existing Issuers. Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC when subsequent matters such as follow-on offerings are involved. Furthermore, according to the officials from the CSRC, domestic companies that have obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or securities exchanges (for example, a contemplated offering and/or listing on the U.S. stock exchange has been declared effective) for their indirect overseas offering and listing prior to the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures (i.e. March 31, 2023) but have not yet completed their indirect overseas issuance and listing, are granted a six-month transition period from March 31, 2023. Those who complete their overseas offering and listing within such six months are deemed as Existing Issuers. Within such six-month transition period, however, if such domestic companies need to reapply for offering and listing procedures to the overseas regulatory authority or securities exchanges, or if they fail to complete their indirect overseas issuance and listing, such domestic companies shall complete the filling procedures with the CSRC. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, where a PRC domestic company fails to fulfill filing procedure in respect of its overseas offering and listing, the CSRC may order rectification, issue warnings to such PRC domestic company, and impose a fine ranging from RMB1,000,000 to RMB10,000,000. Also the directly responsible person-in-charge and other directly responsible persons of such PRC domestic company may be warned and imposed a fine up to RMB 5,000,000, and the controlling shareholders and the actual controllers of such PRC domestic company that organize or instruct the aforementioned violations shall be imposed a fine up to RMB10,000,000. Further, if the PRC domestic company that is not an Existing Issuer fails to fulfill the required filing procedure, such an issuer may ultimately be forced to delist its securities that have already been listed. In addition, since the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and relevant guidelines were newly promulgated, their interpretation, application and enforcement remain unclear. Any failure of us to fully comply with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our ordinary shares, hinder our ability to remain listed on Nasdaq or any other U.S. securities exchange, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our ordinary shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration jointly issued the Confidentiality and Archives Provisions, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Confidentiality and Archives Provisions specify that during the overseas issuance of securities and listing activities of domestic enterprises, domestic enterprises and securities companies and securities service institutions that provide relevant securities services shall, by strictly abiding by the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC and the requirements therein, establish sound confidentiality and archives management systems, take necessary measures to implement confidentiality and archives management responsibilities, and shall not leak state secrets, work secrets of governmental agencies and undermine national and public interests. Work manuscripts generated in the PRC by securities companies and securities service institutions that provide relevant securities services for overseas issuance and listing of securities by domestic enterprises shall be kept in the PRC. Without the approval of relevant competent authorities, it shall not be transferred overseas. Where archives or copies need to be transferred outside of the PRC, it shall be subject to the approval procedures in accordance with relevant PRC regulations.

***Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents***

The Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration over the Overseas Investment and Financing and Round-trip Investment by Domestic Residents via Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 37, issued by SAFE and effective on July 4, 2014, regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing and conduct round trip investment in China. Under Circular 37, a SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate domestic or offshore assets or interests, while "round trip investment" refers to the direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 requires that, before establishing, controlling and making contribution into a SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with the SAFE or its local branch.

PRC residents or entities who have contributed legitimate domestic or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but have yet to obtain SAFE registration before the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 shall register their ownership interests or control in such SPVs with SAFE or its local branch. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change in the registered SPV, such as any change of basic information (including change of such PRC "resident's name" and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amounts, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of a FIE that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant FIEs, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. On February 13, 2015, SAFE further promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which took effect on June 1, 2015. SAFE Circular 13 has amended SAFE Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

As of the date of this annual report, to our knowledge, all of our shareholders had registered according to SAFE Circular 37.

On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated Circular 19, which came into effect on June 1, 2015 and was partially repealed on December 30, 2019. According to Circular 19, the foreign exchange capital of FIEs shall be subject to the Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement. The Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement refers to the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of a FIE for which the rights and interests of monetary contribution has been confirmed by the local foreign exchange bureau (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operational needs of the FIE. The proportion of Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement of the foreign exchange capital of a FIE is temporarily determined to be 100%. The Renminbi converted from the foreign exchange capital will be kept in a designated account and if a FIE needs to make further payment from such account, it still needs to provide supporting documents and go through the review process with the banks. Circular 19 allows all foreign-invested enterprises established in China to use their foreign exchange capitals to make equity investment and prohibits foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using Renminbi fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope and providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises.

SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or Circular 16, on June 9, 2016, which became effective simultaneously. Pursuant to Circular 16, enterprises registered in the PRC may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency to Renminbi on a discretionary basis. Circular 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on a discretionary basis which applies to all enterprises registered in the PRC. Circular 16 reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope or prohibited by PRC laws or regulations, while such converted Renminbi shall not be provided as loans to its non-affiliated entities. As SAFE has not provided detailed guidelines with respect to its interpretation or implementations, it is uncertain how these rules will be interpreted and implemented. Circular 19, Circular 16 and other related regulations may delay or limit us from using the proceeds of offshore offerings to make additional capital contributions or loans to our PRC subsidiaries and any violations of these circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties.

***Regulations on loans to and direct investment in the PRC entities by offshore holding companies***

According to the Implementation Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of Foreign Debt promulgated by SAFE on September 24, 1997 and the Interim Measures on the Management of Foreign Debts promulgated by SAFE, the NDRC and the MOF and effective from March 1, 2003, loans by foreign companies to their subsidiaries in China, which accordingly are FIEs, are considered foreign debt, and such loans must be registered with the local branches of the SAFE. Under the provisions, the total amount of accumulated medium-term and long-term foreign debt and the balance of short-term debt borrowed by a FIE is limited to the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the foreign invested enterprise.

On January 12, 2017, the People's Bank of China promulgated the Circular of the People's Bank of China on Matters relating to the Macro-prudential Management of Comprehensive Cross-border Financing, or PBOC Circular 9, which took effect on the same date. The PBOC Circular 9 established a capital or net assets-based constraint mechanism for cross-border financing. Under such mechanism, a company may carry out cross-border financing in Renminbi or foreign currencies at their own discretion. The total cross-border financing of a company shall be calculated using a risk-weighted approach and shall not exceed an upper limit. The upper limit is calculated as capital or assets multiplied by a cross-border financing leverage ratio and multiplied by a macro-prudential regulation parameter.

In addition, according to PBOC Circular 9, as of the date of the promulgation of PBOC Circular 9, a transition period of one year is set for foreign-invested enterprises and during such transition period, FIEs may apply either the current cross-border financing management mode, namely the mode provided by Implementation Rules for the Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of Foreign Debt and the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts, or the mode in this PBOC Circular 9 at its sole discretion. After the end of the transition period, the cross-border financing management mode for FIEs will be determined by the People's Bank of China and SAFE after assessment based on the overall implementation of this PBOC Circular 9. On October 25, 2022, the PBOC and SAFE raised the cross-border macro prudential adjustment ratio for corporate and financial institutions from 1 to 1.25, making it easier for domestic firms to raise funds from overseas markets. Domestic-invested enterprises, have only been subject to the Net Assets Limit in calculating the maximum amount of foreign debt they may hold from the date of promulgation of PBOC Circular 9.

**Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment**

***The Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment***

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are governed by the Catalogue for the Encouragement of Foreign Investment Industries (2020 Edition), or the Encouragement Catalogue and the Negative List, which were both promulgated by the MOFCOM and the NDRC and each became effective on January 27, 2021 and January 1, 2022. The Negative List stipulates the encouraged, prohibited and restricted industries for foreign investment. The Encouragement Catalogue stipulates the encouraged industries for foreign investment. If the investment falls within the "encouraged" category, foreign investment can be conducted through the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise. If the investment falls within the "restricted" category, foreign investment may be conducted through the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise if certain requirements are met or in some cases must be conducted through the establishment of a joint venture enterprise, with varying minimum shareholdings for the Chinese party, depending on the particular industry. If the investment falls within the "prohibited" category, foreign investment of any kind is not allowed. Any investment that occurs within an industry not falling into any of these categories is classified as a permitted industry for foreign investment unless otherwise specifically restricted by other PRC rules and regulations. According to the Negative List, other than E-commerce, domestic multiparty communication, store and forward, and call center services, the permitted foreign investment in value-added telecommunications service providers may not be more than 50%.

***The Foreign Investment Law***

On March 15, 2019, the National People's Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced three existing laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the PRC Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures Law, the PRC Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises Law and the PRC Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises Law. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic invested enterprises in China. The Foreign Investment Law establishes the basic framework for the access to, and the promotion, protection and administration of foreign investments in view of investment protection and fair competition.

According to the Foreign Investment Law, "foreign investment" refers to investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by one or more natural persons, business entities, or otherwise organizations of a foreign country (collectively referred to as "foreign investor") within China, and the investment activities include the following situations: (i) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, establishes a foreign-invested enterprise within China; (ii) a foreign investor acquires stock shares, equity shares, shares in assets, or other like rights and interests of an enterprise within China; (iii) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, invests in a new project within China; and (iv) investments in other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations, or the State Council.

According to the Foreign Investment Law, the State Council will publish or approve to publish the "negative list" for special administrative measures concerning foreign investment. The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to FIEs, except for those FIEs that operate in industries deemed to be either "restricted" or "prohibited" in the "negative list". The Foreign Investment Law provides that FIEs operating in foreign restricted industries will require market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC governmental authorities. If a foreign investor is found to invest in any prohibited industry in the "negative list", such foreign investor may be required to, among other aspects, cease its investment activities, dispose of its equity interests or assets within a prescribed time limit and have its income confiscated. If the investment activity of a foreign investor is in breach of any special administrative measure for restrictive access provided for in the "negative list", the relevant competent department shall order the foreign investor to make corrections and take necessary measures to meet the requirements of the special administrative measure for restrictive access.

On December 26, 2019, the State Council issued Implementation Regulations for the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the Implementation Rules, which came into effect on January 1, 2020, and replaced the Implementing Rules of the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures Enterprises Law of the PRC, the Implementing Rules of the Sino-foreign Co-operative Enterprises Law of the PRC and the Implementing Rules of the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law of the PRC. According to the Implementation Rules, in the event of any discrepancy between the Foreign Investment Law, the Implementation Rules and the relevant provisions on foreign investment promulgated prior to January 1, 2020, the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules shall prevail. The Implementation Rules also set forth that foreign investors that invest in sectors on the Negative List in which foreign investment is restricted shall comply with special management measures with respect to, among others, shareholding and senior management personnel qualification in the Negative List. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules, the existing foreign-invested enterprises established prior to the effective date of the Foreign Investment Law are allowed to keep their corporate organization forms for five years from the effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Law before such existing foreign-invested enterprises change their organization forms and organization structures in accordance with the PRC Company Law, the Partnership Enterprise Law of the PRC and other applicable laws.

On December 27, 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Catalog of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2020 Version), or the Encouragement Catalogue, which became effective on January 27, 2021, replacing the previous encouragement catalogue. On December 27, 2021, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Special Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2021 Version), or the Negative List, which became effective on January 1, 2022, replacing previous negative list. According to the Negative List and the Encouragement Catalogue, the value-added telecommunications business that we are operating, other than call center business, falls into the restricted category.

On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and the State Administration for Market Regulation (formerly known as the State Administration for Industry and Commerce) jointly promulgated the Measures for Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, or the Foreign Investment Reporting Measures, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the Interim Administrative Measures for the Record-filing of the Establishment and Modification of Foreign-invested Enterprises. The Foreign Investment Reporting Measures establish an online reporting system for foreign investment instead of the previous requirement of the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC filing and/or approval procedures. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Reporting Measures, for foreign investment carried out directly or indirectly within the mainland China, foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information for establishments, modifications and dissolution and annual reports of the foreign-invested enterprises on the online. Meanwhile, the PRC establishes foreign investment security review system under which the security review shall be conducted on foreign investments affecting or likely to affect the state security, a decision legally made on security review will be considered as final. Furthermore, the Foreign Investment Law provides that FIEs established according to the previous PRC Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures Law, the PRC Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises Law and the PRC Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises Law before the Foreign Investment Law took effect may maintain their structure and corporate governance within five years after the implementing of the Foreign Investment Law.

In addition, the Foreign Investment Law also provides several protective rules and principles for foreign investors and their investments in the PRC, including, among others, that a foreign investor may freely transfer into or out of China, in Renminbi or a foreign currency, its contributions, profits, capital gains, income from disposition of assets, royalties of intellectual property rights, indemnity or compensation lawfully acquired, and income from liquidation, among others, within China; local governments shall abide by their commitments to the foreign investors; governments at all levels and their departments shall enact local normative documents concerning foreign investment in compliance with laws and regulations and shall not impair legitimate rights and interests, impose additional obligations onto FIEs, set market access restrictions and exit conditions, or intervene with the normal production and operation activities of FIEs; except for special circumstances, in which case statutory procedures shall be followed and fair and reasonable compensation shall be made in a timely manner, expropriation or requisition of the investment of foreign investors is prohibited; and mandatory technology transfer is prohibited.

On December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, with an effective date of January 18, 2021. The Foreign Investment Security Review Mechanism (the "Security Review Mechanism") in charge of organization, coordination and guidance of foreign investment security review is thereunder established. A working mechanism office shall be established under the NDRC and led by the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce to undertake routine work on the security review of foreign investment. According to the Security Review Mechanism, foreign investment activities falling in the scope such as important cultural products and services, important information technologies and Internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields that concern state security while obtaining the actual control over the enterprises invested in, a foreign investor or a party concerned in the PRC shall take the initiative to make a declaration to the working mechanism office prior to making the investment.

**Company Law**

Pursuant to the PRC Company Law, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on December 29, 1993, effective as of July 1, 1994, and as revised on December 25, 1999, August 28, 2004, October 27, 2005, December 28, 2013 and October 26, 2018, the establishment, operation and management of corporate entities in the PRC are governed by the PRC Company Law. The PRC Company Law defines two types of companies: limited liability companies and companies limited by shares. Our PRC operating subsidiary is a limited liability company. Unless otherwise stipulated in the related laws on foreign investment, foreign invested companies are also required to comply with the provisions of the PRC Company Law.

**Laws and Regulations on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests**

Business operators in the business of supplying and selling manufactured goods or services to consumers, shall comply with the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, or the Consumer Rights Protection Law, promulgated by the SCNPC on October 31, 1993, and effective as of January 1, 1994, and revised on August 27, 2009 and October 25, 2013.

According to the Consumer Rights Protection Law, business operators must ensure that the goods or services provided by them meet the requirements for safeguarding personal and property safety. For goods and services that may endanger personal and property safety, consumers should be provided with a true description and an explicit warning, as well as a description and indication of the proper way to use the goods or accept the services and the methods of preventing the occurrence of a hazard. If the goods or services provided by the business operators cause personal injuries to consumers or third parties, the business operators shall compensate the injured parties for their losses.

**Laws on Contracts**

On May 28, 2020, the Civil Code of the PRC was issued by the NPC and became effective on January 1, 2021 and replaced the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, the Security Law of the PRC, the Contract Law of the PRC, the Real Right Law of the PRC, the General Rules of the Civil Law of the PRC and several other basic civil laws in the PRC. All of our contracts are subject to the Civil Code of the PRC. Under the Civil Code of the PRC, a natural person, legal person or other legally established organization shall have full capacity of civil right and civil conduct in order to enter into a valid contract. Except as otherwise required by other laws and regulations, the formation, validity, performance, modification, assignment, termination, and liability for breach of a contract are governed by the Civil Code of the PRC. A contracting party who failed to perform or failed to fulfill its contractual obligation shall bear the responsibility of a continued duty to perform or to provide remedies and compensation as provided by PRC laws.

**Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China**

Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China was passed by the fifth session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on December 29, 1988, and revised on November 4, 2017. This law is formulated for the purposes of enhancing standardization work, promoting scientific and technological advancement, improving the quality of products and services, safeguarding personal health and life and property security, protecting state security and ecological environmental security, raising the level of economic and social development. This law applies to technical requirements that need to be unified for agricultural field, industrial field, service industry, social undertakings industry, and others. Enterprises which manufacture, sell, import products or provide services that fail to meet the mandatory standards, and enterprises which manufacture products or provide services that fail to meet the technical requirements under their publicized standardization, shall undertake civil liabilities.

**Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certification and Accreditation**

Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certification and Accreditation became effective as of September 3, 2003, and was later revised on November 29, 2020. This regulation is formulated for the purposes of standardizing certification and accreditation, improving the quality of products and services and management standard. This regulation applies to all certification agencies, certification services and accreditation services in the PRC, excluding certification on quality management standardization of enterprises engaging in pharmaceutical productions and/or operations, certification on quality of laboratory animals, certification of military products, accreditation on laboratories and personnel engaging in the calibration and testing of military products.

**<u>C. Organizational Structure</u>**

The charts below summarize our corporate legal structure and identify our subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries:

![](image_002.jpg)

![](image_001.gif)

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Background** | **Ownership** |
| Inforbird Technologies Limited | ● A Hong Kong company<br> ● Incorporated on July 12, 2023<br> ● Software developing that provides software as a service (SaaS) | 100% owned by Infobird Co., Ltd |
| Lightyear Technology Pte. Ltd. | ● A Singapore company<br> ● Incorporated on July 25, 2023<br> ● A holding company | 100% owned by Infobird Co., Ltd |
| Guangnian Zhiyuan (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd | ● A PRC company<br> ● Incorporated on July 6, 2023<br> ● Registered capital of $1,379,310 (RMB 10,000,000)<br> ● Software developing that provides software as a service (SaaS) | 100% owned by Inforbird New HK |
| Beijing Suowangda Technology Development Co., Ltd | ● A PRC limited liability company<br> ● Incorporated on June 13, 2010<br>● Registered capital of $68,794 (RMB 470,000)<br>● A cost center | 100% owned by Guangnian Zhiyuan |
| Pure Tech Global Limited | ● A BVI company<br> ● Incorporated on February 5, 2024<br> ●A holding company | 97% owned by<br>Infobird Co., Ltd |
| Pure Media Limited | ● A Hong Kong company<br> ● Incorporated on March 14, 2024<br> ●A holding company | 100% owned by<br>Pure Tech |
| Pinmu Century (Beijing) Marketing Technology Co., Ltd | ● A PRC limited liability company<br> ● Incorporated on April 17, 2012<br> ● Registered capital of $1,581,243 (RMB 10,000,000)<br>● Digital advertising and marketing campaign service | VIE of Pure Media |
| Zhenxi Brand Marketing Consulting (Shanghai) Centre | ●a PRC wholly owned enterprise<br>● Incorporated on July 4, 2019<br>● Digital advertising and marketing campaign service | VIE of Pure Media |

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**<u>D. Property, Plants and Equipment</u>**

Our principal executive office is located at Room 706, 7/F, Low Block, Grand Millennium Plaza, 181 Queen's Road Central, Central, Hong Kong, where we lease one unit under a monthly lease, consisting of approximately 10 square meters (approximately 108 sq. ft) of office space. We also leased 1 office in Beijing with the following description:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Office | **Address** | **Rental Term** | **Space** |
| Beijing office | Room 309, 3/F, Block C, Building 7, Shuguang Building, No. 5, Jingshun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China | April 10, 2024 – July 9, 2027 | Approximately <br> 12,487 sq. ft |

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We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to accommodate any such expansion of our operations.

**ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS**

None.

**ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS**

*You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion and other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F may contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under "Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors" or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F. You should carefully read the "Risk Factors" section of this annual report on Form 20-F in "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors" to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements.*

**A. <u>Operating results</u>**

**Overview**

Pure Tech and its subsidiaries are a technology company specializing in digital advertising and marketing campaign for customers. With Pure Tech's digital technologies, we strive to develop effective and efficient online marketing strategies for customers. Based on the software and technology advantages built by years of research and development investments, as well as years of accumulated experience in digital marketing and intelligent customer service, our Group plans to vertically expands the market in the maternal and infant vertical field within the same industry, explores more customer opportunities, and enhances the company's value and competitiveness in the industry.

Our current emphasis and goals primarily include implementing precision targeting and personalized audience engagement through data analytic and online multi-platforms via our Acquisitions. Our service portfolio includes social media marketing, search engine optimization, and strategic content distribution, all designed to optimize customer acquisition, campaign performance, and conversion rate enhancement.

**Key Factors that Affect Operating Results**

Our management team monitors the following key operating metrics:

*Customer concentration*

Our customers are highly concentrated, and our revenue is highly affected by the number of our customers and the average revenue per customer. For the year ended December 31, 2025, two customers accounted for 80.7% and 11.3% of the Company's total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 71.8% and 26.0% of the Company's total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, two customers accounted for 64.3% and 35.7% of the Company's total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, none of customer accounted for more than 10.0% of the Company's total revenues. As of December 31, 2025, two customers accounted for 86.0% and 11.4% of the total balance of accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 52.3% and 46.8% of the total balance of accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 100.0% of the total balance of accounts receivable.

*Our ability to compete effectively*

Our business and results of operations depend on our ability to compete effectively in the industry in which we operate. Our competitive position may be affected by, among other things, the scope of our products, the quality of our solutions and our ability to customize our products to meet customers' business needs. We believe that our proprietary technologies and research and development capabilities help us to develop products tailored to our customers and we are able to retain and develop business with existing customers and to attract new customers. However, if are unable to keep up with our product development or innovation, we might not be able to develop new customers or expand our business effectively. In addition, we are subject to competition from within our industry. Increased competition could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

**Key Components of Our Results of Operations** 

Revenues consist of revenues from digital advertising and marketing campaign services and business integration solution services.

*Revenue from digital advertising and marketing campaign services*

 

After the Acquisition in November 2024, we became to provide digital advertising and marketing campaign services to our customers and expected to expand the market in the maternal and infant vertical field, explore more customer opportunities and enhances our company's value and competitiveness in the industry. All of revenues from digital advertising and marketing campaign services were generated from Mainland China.

*Revenue from business integration services*

 

Since 2020, we provide business integration services to our customers and expect to expand our customer base from such services and develop the customers to become subscribers to SaaS services with software upgrades and continued services once they become more familiar with our products. The services include sales of our software license or development of customized software to fit the customers' need and sales of hardware integrated with our software.

Revenue categories are summarized as follows:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **2025 Change** |
|  | **2025** | **%** | **2024** | **%** | **%** |
| Business integration services | $— | —% | $20000 | 1.4% | (100.0)% |
| Digital advertising and marketing campaign services | 8706740 | 100.0% | 1417848 | 98.6% | 535.2% |
| Total operating revenues | $8706740 | 100.0% | $1437848 | 100.0% | 526.3% |

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **2024 Change** |
|  | **2024** | **%** | **2023** | **%** | **%** |
| Business integration services | $20000 | 1.4% | $280000 | 100.0% | (92.9)% |
| Digital advertising and marketing campaign services | 1417848 | 98.6% |  | —% | 100.0% |
| Total operating revenues | $1437848 | 100.0% | $280000 | 100.0% | 413.5% |

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*Cost of revenues*

Cost of revenues consists primarily of direct media costs from digital advertising and marketing campaign services and personnel costs (including salaries, social insurance and benefits) for employees involved with the Company's operations and product support from business integration services.

Cost of revenues from revenue categories are summarized as follows:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **2025 Change** |
|  | **2025** | **%** | **2024** | **%** | **%** |
| Business integration services | $— | —% | $18400 | 2.2% | (100.0)% |
| Digital advertising and marketing campaign services | 6138198 | 100.0% | 826836 | 97.8% | 642.4% |
| Total cost of revenues | $6138198 | 100.0% | $845236 | 100.0% | 626.2% |

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **2024 Change** |
|  | **2024** | **%** | **2023** | **%** | **%** |
| Business integration services | $18400 | 2.2% | $125271 | 100.0% | (85.3)% |
| Digital advertising and marketing campaign services | 826836 | 97.8% |  | —% | 100.0% |
| Total cost of revenues | $845236 | 100.0% | $125271 | 100.0% | 574.7% |

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*Operating expenses*

Our operating expenses consist of selling expenses, general and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses.

Selling expenses consist of personnel costs (including salaries, social insurance, and benefits), office and travel expenses for employees associated with our sales and marketing organizations, and costs of marketing activities. Marketing activities include both online and offline marketing initiatives, including digital advertising, such as search engines, paid social, email and product marketing, content marketing, web marketing and optimization. We focus our sales and marketing efforts on generating awareness of our services and products, establishing and promoting our brand, and cultivating a community of customers.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of rent, office expenses and personnel costs (including salaries, social insurance, and benefits) for our executive, finance, legal, human resources, and other administrative employees. In addition, general and administrative expenses include amortization expense from land used rights and bad debt expenses.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and other compensation-related expenses for our research and product development personnel, as well as office rental, depreciation, amortization and related expenses for our research and product development team. We focus our research and development efforts on the continued development of our services and products, including the development and deployment of new features and functionality and enhancements to our software architecture and integration across our services and products.

**Impact of Foreign Currency Fluctuation**

See "Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk-Foreign Exchange Risk."

**Results of Operations**

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2025<br> Change %** | **2024** | **2023** | **2024<br> Change %** |
| Revenues | $8706740 | $1437848 | 505.5% | $1437848 | $280000 | 413.5% |
| Cost of revenues | 6138198 | 845236 | 626.2% | 845236 | 125271 | 574.7% |
| Gross profit | 2568542 | 592612 | 333.4% | 592612 | 154729 | 283.0% |
| Selling expenses | 1504483 | 438596 | 243.0% | 438596 |  | 100.0% |
| General and administrative expenses | 2612675 | 1873646 | 39.4% | 1873646 | 3311155 | (43.4)% |
| Research and development expenses | 97518 | 15074 | 546.9% | 15074 |  | 100.0% |
| Impairment of goodwill | 51186782 |  | 100.0% |  |  | —% |
| Loss from operations | (52832916) | (1734704) | 2945.6% | (1734704) | (3156426) | (45.0)% |
| Other income (expense), net | (792180) | (344783) | 129.8% | (344783) | (18282360) | (98.1)% |
| (Benefit)/Provision for income taxes |  | 21008 | (100.0)% | 21008 |  | 100.0% |
| Net loss from continuing operations | $(53625096) | $(2100495) | 2453.0% | $(2100495) | $(21438786) | (90.2)% |
| Net income (loss) income from discontinued operations |  |  | —% |  | 18570629 | (100.0)% |
| Net loss | $(53625096) | $(2100495) | 2453.0% | $(2100495) | $(2868157) | (26.8)% |

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***Revenues***

Our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $8.7 million, $1.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

Digital advertising and marketing campaign services increased by approximately $7.3 million, or 505.5%, to approximately $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase of approximately $7.3 million was driven by a full year of contribution from the business acquired in November 2024, compared to just one month of operations in the prior year. Business integration services decreased by approximately $0.02 million, or 100.0%, to nil for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $0.02 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease of approximately $0.02 million was mainly due to our less competitiveness in the market.

Digital advertising and marketing campaign services increased by approximately $1.4 million, or 100.0%, to approximately $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from nil for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of approximately $1.4 million was mainly because of the new business we carried out after the acquisition in November 2024. Business integration services decreased by approximately $0.26 million, or 92.9%, to approximately $0.02 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $0.28 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of approximately $0.26 million was mainly due to our less competitiveness in the market.

***Cost of Revenues***

Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $6.1 million, $0.8 million, and $0.1 million, respectively.

The cost of digital advertising and marketing campaign services consists primarily of direct media costs, which increased by approximately $5.3 million, or 626.2%, to approximately $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase of approximately $5.3 million was mainly in line with the increase trend of revenue. The cost of business integration services consists primarily of direct media costs decreased by $18,400, or 100.0%, to nil for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $18,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease of $18,400 was also mainly in line with the decrease trend of revenue.

The cost of digital advertising and marketing campaign services consists primarily of direct media costs, which increased by approximately $0.8 million, or 100.0%, to approximately $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from nil for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of approximately $0.8 million was mainly because of the new business we carried out after the acquisition in November 2024. The cost of business integration services consists primarily of direct media costs decreased by approximately $0.1 million, or 85.3%, to approximately $0.02 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from approximately $0.12 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of approximately $0.1 million was mainly in line with the decrease trend of revenue.

***Gross Profit***

Our gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $2.9 million, $0.6 million, and $0.2 million, respectively. Our gross profit from our major revenue categories are summarized as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31, 2025** | **For the Years Ended December 31, 2024** | **Change** | **Percentage Change** |
| Digital advertising and marketing campaign services |  |  |  |  |
| Gross profit | $2568542 | $591012 | $1975930 | 334.6% |
| Gross margin | 29.5% | 41.7% | (12.2)% |  |
| Business integration services |  |  |  |  |
| Gross profit | $— | $1600 | $(1600) | (100.0)% |
| Gross margin | —% | 8.0% | (8.0)% |  |
| Total |  |  |  |  |
| Gross profit | $2568542 | $592612 | $2274994 | 333.4% |
| Gross margin | 29.5% | 41.2% | (11.7)% |  |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31, 2024** | **For the Years Ended December 31, 2023** | **Change** | **Percentage Change** |
| Digital advertising and marketing campaign services |  |  |  |  |
| Gross profit | $591012 | $— | $591012 | 100.0% |
| Gross margin | 41.7% | —% | 41.7% |  |
| Business integration services |  |  |  |  |
| Gross profit | $1600 | $154729 | $(153129) | (99.0)% |
| Gross margin | 8.0% | 55.3% | (47.3)% |  |
| Total |  |  |  |  |
| Gross profit | $592612 | $154729 | $437883 | 283.0% |
| Gross margin | 41.2% | 55.3% | (14.1)% |  |

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The gross profit margin for the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were approximately 29.5%, 41.2% and 55.3%.

 ***Selling expenses***

Selling expenses were approximately $1.5 million, $0.4 million and nil for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, selling expenses increased by approximately $1.1 million, or 243.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was mainly attributable to our intensified marketing activities aimed at expanding market presence and visibility.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, selling expenses increased by approximately $0.4 million, or 100.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly attributable to the needs to develop our new business after the acquisition in November 2024.

***General and Administrative Expenses***

General and administrative expenses were approximately $2.6 million, $1.9 million and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, including allowance of credit losses and other general and administrative expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, general and administrative expenses increased by $0.7 million, or 39.4% to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, which was mainly due to due to higher personnel and rental costs associated with new business operations initiated the following acquisition in November 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.4 million, or 43.4% to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Specifically, the allowance of credit losses decreased by $1.9 million, or 100.0% to nil for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was mainly due to our expectation of uncollectible receivables, and other general and administrative expenses increased by approximately $0.5 million, or 31.7%, to approximately $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from approximately $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was mainly due to more personnel costs and SEC filings and other relevant fees of our acquisition in November 2024.

***Impairment of goodwill***

 ****

The Company recognized an impairment loss on goodwill of $51,186,782 during the year ended December 31, 2025 due to the assessment of the operating results and the decrease of birth rate in China. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, impairment of goodwill were both nil.

***Other income (expense), net***

Total other income (expenses), net were approximately $(0.8) million, $(0.3) million and $(18.3) million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, other expenses, net increased by approximately $0.5 million, or 129.8% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was mainly due to interest expense of approximately $0.5 million incurred on the conversion of convertible bonds in January 2025.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, other expenses, net decreased by approximately $18.0 million, or 98.1% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was mainly due to the impairment of due from discontinued operations decreased about $17.6 million.

***(Benefit of) provision for income taxes***

We recorded income tax of nil, $21,008 and nil for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. We started digital advertising and marketing campaign services in Mainland China in 2024 and generated taxable income after the consideration of the differences between accounting policy and tax policy.

***Net loss from continuing operations***

Our net loss from continuing operations was approximately $53.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, increased by $51.5 million, or 2,453.0%, from net loss from continuing operations of approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

Our net loss from continuing operations was approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, decreased by $19.3 million, or 90.2%, from net loss from continuing operations of approximately $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

***Net income (loss) from discontinued operations***

 ****

Our net income from discontinued operations was approximately $18.6 million for the year ended December 31. On August 11, 2023, we entered into an equity transfer agreement (the "Agreement") with CRservices, a shareholder of the Company, pursuant to which, we agreed to sell all the issued shares of Infobird HK, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly owned subsidiary of us, for a consideration of HK$10,000. On the same day, we discontinued our SaaS services in the mainland of China. As a result, the result of operations for the our mainland China SaaS services business are reported as discontinued operations under the guidance of ASC 205, and our net income from discontinued operations was both nil for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

***Net loss***

Our net loss was approximately $53.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, increased by $51.5 million, or 2,453.0%, from net loss of approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

Our net loss was approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, decreased by $0.8 million, or 26.8%, from net loss of approximately $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

***Cash equivalents and short-term investments***

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents amounted of approximately $5.1 million, compared to approximately $4.7 million as of December 31, 2024.

**<u>B. Liquidity and capital resources</u>**

In assessing our liquidity, we monitor and analyze our cash on-hand and our operating expenditure commitments. Our liquidity needs are to meet our working capital requirements and operating expense obligations. To date, we financed our operations through internally generated cash, short-term loans and payable from related parties and equity financing. Our working capital was approximately $4.73 million at December 31, 2025. We will not require any fund over the next twelve months upon issuance of this consolidated financial statements to operate at its current level, either from operating activities or funding.

If we are unable to realize its assets within the normal operating cycle of a twelve (12) month period, we may have to consider supplementing its available sources of funds through the following sources:

● other available sources of financing from PRC banks and other financial institutions;

● financial support from the Company's related parties and shareholders; and

● issuance of convertible debt.

Based on the above considerations, our management is of the opinion that it has sufficient funds to meet our working capital requirements and debt obligations as they become due over the next twelve (12) months.

The following summarizes the key components of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** | **For the Years Ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations | $(521734) | $3251888 | $(5335062) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from discontinued operations |  |  | 2615101 |
| Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations |  | (4269886) | (47387762) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from discontinued operations |  |  | 14054 |
| Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations | 645024 | 5697396 | 52567008 |
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities from discontinued operations |  |  | (2997269) |
| Effect of exchange rate change | 296302 | (38332) | (28715) |
| Net change in cash | $419592 | $4641066 | $(552645) |

---

***Operating activities***

Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was primarily attributable to net loss from continuing operations of approximately $53.6 million and various non-cash items of approximately $52.1 million, such as impairment of goodwill and imputed interest expense. The cash inflows were also attributable to the decrease of notes receivable by amount of $0.4 million, increase of accounts payable by amount of $0.4 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was primarily attributable to net loss from continuing operations of approximately $2.1 million and decrease of other receivable of approximately $4.9 million.

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was primarily attributable to net loss from continuing operations of approximately $21.4 million and various non-cash items of approximately $16.1 million, such as provision for expected credit loss account and imputed interest expense. The cash outflow was also attributable to the increase of due from discontinued operations by amount of $2.6 million during 2023.

***Investing activities***

Net cash used in investing activities was nil for the year ended December 31, 2025 as there were no investing activities during the period.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the cash deposit in escrow account of approximately $5.1 million, loan to third party of $7.5 million, acquisitions of property, plant and equipment of approximately $0.8 million and cash received from escrow account of $5 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $47.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was attributable to the cash deposit in escrow account.

***Financing activities***

Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was approximately $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and was attributable to additional short-term bank loans of approximately $0.6 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was approximately $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and was attributable to proceeds from issuance of common stock under F3 of approximately $5.7 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was approximately $52.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was primarily attributable to the proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares and convertible bonds in 2023, which were approximately $49.5 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

**Commitments and Contingencies**

***Capital expenditures***

Our capital expenditures were nil and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which incurred primarily in connection with payment of property and equipment and software. We intend to fund our future capital expenditures with our existing cash balance, bank loans and net proceeds from our F-3 offering.

 ***Lease commitments***

We leases office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which end at various dates in 2027. As of December 31, 2025, our operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 1.50 years and a weighted average discount rate of 3.66%. Future lease payments under operating leases as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** |
| 2026 | 268275 |
| 2027 | 104725 |
| Thereafter |  |
| Total undiscounted lease payments | $373000 |
| Less imputed interest | 9172 |
| Total lease liabilities | $363828 |

---

 ****

 ****

***Contingencies***

From time to time, we are party to certain legal proceedings, as well as certain asserted and un-asserted claims. Amounts accrued, as well as the total amount of reasonably possible losses with respect to such matters, individually and in the aggregate, are not deemed to be material to the consolidated financial statements.

**Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates**

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are affected by management's application of accounting policies. We believe that understanding the basis and nature of the estimates and assumptions involved with the following aspects of our financial statements is critical to an understanding of our financial statements. Please refer to NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES of our consolidated financial statements for details.

***Use of Estimates and Assumptions***

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements mainly include, but are not limited to, impairment assessment of goodwill, determination of incremental borrowing rate for leases, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, allowance for credit losses, standalone selling price of each distinct performance obligation in revenue recognition.

Management bases the estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions as discussed elsewhere to the consolidated financial statements that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates based on information that is currently available. Changes in circumstances, facts and experience may cause the Company to revise its estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates.

***Recent Accounting Pronouncements***

See note 2 of our notes to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting standards.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **C. <u>Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.</u>**

**Research and Development**

After the Sale in August 2023 and the Acquisition in December 2024, we became to invest resources in research and development of our digital advertising and marketing campaign services to develop our new business. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, research and development expenses were approximately $0.1 million, $0.0 million, and nil, respectively.

**Intellectual Property**

Our success and future revenue growth depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely primarily on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures, to protect our proprietary technologies and processes.

We believe that the core of our business is comprised of our proprietary technologies, including our patented VoIP and other internet technologies and software copyrights. As a result, we strive to maintain a robust intellectual property portfolio. Our success and future revenue growth may depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property as products and services that are material to our operating results incorporate patented technology.

We have pursued rights in intellectual property since our founding and we focus our intellectual property efforts in China. Our patent strategy is designed to provide a balance between the need for coverage in our strategic market and the need to maintain reasonable costs.

We believe our rights to patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights serve to distinguish and protect our products from infringement and contribute to our competitive advantages. As of December 31, 2025, we had rights to 1 patent, 43 software copyrights, and 1 registered trademark.

We cannot assure you that any patents or copyrights will be issued from any of our pending applications. In addition, any rights granted under any of our existing or future patents, copyrights or trademarks may not provide meaningful protection or any commercial advantage to us. With respect to our other proprietary rights, it may be possible for third parties to copy or otherwise obtain and use proprietary technology without authorization or to develop similar technology independently. We may in the future initiate claims or litigation against third parties to determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights of others. In addition, we may in the future initiate litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or to protect our trade secrets. Additional information about the risks relating to our intellectual property is provided under "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Intellectual Property."

**D. <u>Trend information</u>**

Other than as described elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause our reported financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.

**E. <u>Critical Accounting Estimates</u>**

See "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" above.

**ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES**

**A. <u>Directors and Senior Management</u>**

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. Unless otherwise stated, the business address for our directors and executive officers is that of our principal executive offices at Room 706, 7/F, Low Block, Grand Millennium Plaza, 181 Queen's Road Central, Central, Hong Kong.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Age** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Position** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Xiangyang Wen | &nbsp;&nbsp;39 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Director |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Yiting Song (2)(3) | &nbsp;&nbsp;40 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Director and Chief Financial Officer |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Qian Qu (1) | &nbsp;&nbsp;40 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Independent Director |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Zhihua Chen (1)(2)(3) | &nbsp;&nbsp;30 | &nbsp;&nbsp; Independent Director |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cheuk Yee Li | &nbsp;&nbsp;40 | &nbsp;&nbsp;Independent Director |

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(1) Member of audit committee.

(2) Member of compensation committee.

(3) Member of nomination and governance committee.

***Xiangyang Wen*** is our Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board, President and Director of the Company. Since March 2022, Mr. Wen has been serving as the chief executive officer of Dixinguangnian (Kunming) Technology Co., Ltd., a digital communications manufacturing company. From November 2022 and March 2023, Mr. Wen has served as an independent director of Infobird Co., Ltd.. From July 2019 to August 2021, Mr. Wen has served as product manager of China Minsheng Banking Corp., Ltd, a prominent Chinese bank. Mr. Wen received a Bachelor's Degree in Japanese from Yunnan University, China.

***Yiting Song*** has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2022, and our chief financial officer since November 2022. Ms. Song has served as vice president of the investment management department of Gujia (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., a technology company that focuses on investment banking and asset management, since July 2019. From November 2018 to March 2019, Ms. Song served as financial manager of Beijing Zhenyanlishe Trading Ltd, an internet e-commerce company. From April 2016 to October 2018, Ms. Song served as financial director of Beijing Weige Investment Ltd, a company that provides investment management and consulting services. Ms. Song received a Bachelor's Degree in Accounting from Tianjin University of Finance & Economics.

***Qian Qu*** has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2022. Ms. Qu has served as financial director of Beijing Yunyingbao Technology Ltd, an internet e-commerce company, since March 2020. From April 2016 to March 2020, Ms. Qu served as financial director of Jiangsu Seif Green Food Development Ltd, a trading company. From May 2015 to April 2016, Ms. Qu served as senior audit manager of KCCW Accountancy Corp, a public accounting and consulting firm. Ms. Qu received a Bachelor's Degree in Accounting from Tsinghua University.

***Zhihua Chen*** is an independent director of the Company. Since January 2025, Mr. Chen has been serving as the marketing operations director of Yunnan Trace Technology Co, Ltd. From May 2022 to January 2025, Mr. Chen served as a market department specialist of Shenzhen Xingyin Information Technology Co, Ltd. From July 2018 to March 2022, Mr. Chen served as a marketing assistant of Shanghai Qiaobu Technology Co., Ltd. Mr. Chen received an associate degree in management science from Kunming Vocational and Technical College of Industry, People's Republic of China.

***Cheuk Yee Li*** has been our Independent Director since May 2025. Ms. Li previously served as the chief executive officer from November 2022 to May 2025 and the chairperson of the board of directors from March 2023 to May 2025 of Infobird Co.. Ms. Li has served as senior unit manager of Prudential Hong Kong Limited, an insurance company from September 2012 to December 2022. From November 2011 to September 2012, Ms. Li served as sales executive of Hellmann Worldwide Logistics, a logistics services company. From April 2008 to November 2011, Ms. Li served as customer services executive of Panalpina China Limited, a transportation services company. Ms. Li received a Bachelor's Degree in Social Sciences from Open Universities of Hong Kong in December 2011. Ms. Li is currently pursuing an MBA at the University of Birmingham, which began in July 2024.

**Family Relationships**

There are no family relationships between our directors or executive officers.

**<u>B. Compensation</u>**

**Employment Agreements, Director Agreements and Indemnification Agreements**

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers, pursuant to which such individuals initially agreed to serve as our executive officers until December 31, 2025 Such terms have been automatically extended for twelve-month periods, and will continue to be so automatically extended, unless the agreements are terminated in accordance with their terms. We may terminate the employment for cause at any time for certain acts, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. We may also terminate the employment without cause at any time upon 60 days' advance written notice. Each executive officer may resign at any time upon 60 days' advance written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential or proprietary information or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. Each executive officer has also agreed to disclose in confidence to us all inventions, designs and trade secrets which he conceives, develops or reduces to practice during his employment with us and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us, and assist us in obtaining and enforcing patents, copyrights and other legal rights for these inventions, designs and trade secrets.

In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of the employment and for one year following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to: (i) engage or assist others in engaging in any business or enterprise that is competitive with our business, (ii) solicit, divert or take away the business of our clients, customers or business partners, or (iii) solicit, induce or attempt to induce any employee or independent contractor to terminate his or her employment or engagement with us. The employment agreements also contain other customary terms and provisions.

We have also entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors. Under these agreements, we have agreed to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

We have also entered into director agreements with each of our directors which agreements set forth the terms and provisions of their engagement.

**Compensation of Director and Executive Officers**

For the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we paid an aggregate of approximately $0.15 million, $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, in cash to our directors and executive officers. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and executive officers.

***Equity Awards***

We have not granted any equity awards to our directors or executive officers during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

***Incentive Compensation***

We do not maintain any cash incentive or bonus programs and did not maintain any such programs during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

**<u>C. Board Practices</u>**

**Board of Directors**

***Duties of Directors***

Under Cayman Islands law, our board of directors has the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

● convening shareholders' annual and extraordinary general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

● declaring dividends and distributions;

● appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers;

● exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

● approving the transfer of shares in our company, including the registration of such shares in our share register.

Under Cayman Islands law, all of our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by any of our directors is breached.

**Composition of Our Board of Directors**

Our board of directors currently consists of five directors. Our board of directors has determined that each of Qian Qu and Zhihua Chen is an "independent director" as defined under the Nasdaq rules. A director is not required to hold any of our shares to qualify to serve as a director.

**Terms of Directors and Executive Officers**

Each of our directors holds office until the earliest to occur of (i) the expiration of his or her term as provided in his or her written agreement with the Company, if any, and the election or appointment of his or her successor, (ii) his or her resignation, or (iii) his or her removal in accordance with our amended and restated articles of association notwithstanding any agreement between him or her and the Company. All of our executive officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors.

**Committees of Our Board of Directors**

Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nomination and governance committee, which have the responsibilities and authority necessary to comply with applicable Nasdaq and SEC rules. The audit committee is comprised of Qian Qu and Zhihua Chen. The compensation committee is comprised of Yiting Song and Zhihua Chen. The nomination and governance committee is comprised of Zhihua Chen and Yiting Song.

*Audit Committee*

Qian Qu and Zhihua Chen serve as members of the audit committee. Qian Qu serves as the chair of the audit committee. The audit committee members satisfy the independence requirements of the Nasdaq rules and the independence standards of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Qian Qu possesses accounting or related financial management experience that qualifies her as an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq. The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

● appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

● reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management's response;

● discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

● reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

● reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

● meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

● monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

 

*Compensation Committee*

Yiting Song and Zhihua Chen serve as members of the compensation committee. Yiting Song serves as the chair of the compensation committee. Zhihua Chen satisfies the independence requirements of the Nasdaq rules and the independence standards of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The compensation committee will assist our board of directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer shall not be present during voting or deliberations regarding his or her compensation. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

● reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors regarding the salaries and other compensation of our executive officers;

● reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors regarding compensation of our directors;

● reviewing and approving, or making recommendations to our board of directors, regarding, equity incentive plans, compensation plans and similar programs or arrangements; and

● selecting, at its discretion, compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors.

*Nomination and Governance Committee*

Zhihua Chen and Yiting Song serve as members of the nomination and governance committee. Zhihua Chen serves as the chair of the nomination and governance committee. Zhihua Chen satisfies the independence requirements of the Nasdaq rules and the independence standards of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The nomination and governance committee will assist our board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of our board of directors and its committees. The nomination and governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:

● recommending nominees to our board of directors for election or re-election to our board of directors and for appointment to fill any vacancy on our board of directors;

● reviewing periodically the composition of our board of directors and its committees;

● recommending directors to serve as members of the committees of our board of directors;

● reviewing and recommending corporate governance principles applicable to us; and

● overseeing evaluations of our board of directors, individual directors and the committees of our board of directors.

 **D. <u>Employees</u>**

As of December 31, 2025, we had 48 full-time employees.

None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any employment related work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

**E. <u>Share Ownership</u>**

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2026 for:

● each person known to us to beneficially own 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares;

● each of our directors and executive officers; and

● all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of options that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report. Percentage ownership calculations are based on 8,188,574 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2026.

On December 23, 2022, we issued the 2022 CB in the aggregate principal amount of US$6.25 million. On the same date of the 2022 CB issuance, the 2022 CB Holder elected to convert the 2022 CB at the conversion price of US$0.5, representing the floor price of the conversion price, resulting in the issuance of 12.5 million ordinary shares. On October 4, we issued the 2022 CB Holder in the aggregate principal amount of $2.78 million, and on the same day the 2022 CB Holder elected to convert the CB at the conversion price of US$0.5, representing the floor price of the conversion price, resulting in the issuance of 5.55 million ordinary shares. On December 21, we issued the 2022 CB Holder in the aggregate principal amount of $0.24 million, and on the same day the 2022 CB Holder elected to convert the CB at the conversion price of US$0.805, resulting in the issuance of 0.3 million ordinary shares. On December 27 and December 28, we issued the 2022 CB Holder in the aggregate principal amount of $0.67 million, and on the same day the 2022 CB Holder elected to convert the CB at the conversion price of US$0.637, resulting in the issuance of an aggregate of 1,048,985 ordinary shares.

On February 28, 2023, we sold 3,846,000 Units at a per Unit price of $1.30. Each Unit comprises: (1) one ordinary share, par value US$0.005 per share, and (2) 0.65 of an Ordinary Share Warrant. In a concurrent private placement, we sold Private Warrants to purchase 2,884,500 ordinary shares.

On July 24, 2023, we sold an aggregate of 88,105,727 ordinary shares, par value $0.025 per share, at $0.3405 per share, to certain accredited investors.

On August 3, 2023, we sold an aggregate of 44,117,648 ordinary shares, par value $0.025 per share, at a purchase price per share of $0.34, to certain accredited investors.

On December 22, 2023, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with Fundex SPC-Fundora SP ("Fundex"), pursuant to which we may require Fundex to purchase up to $20,000,000 (the "Commitment Amount") in ordinary shares plus 471,698 additional ordinary shares, par value $0.5 per share, of the Company, over a term that will commence on December 22, 2023, and will end on the earlier of (i) December 31, 2024 (the "Commitment Date"); (ii) the date on which Fundex shall have made payment for ordinary shares equal to the Commitment Amount (the "Commitment Period"); or (iii) written notice of termination by the Company to the Investor pursuant to the SPA. On December 26, 2023 based on the securities purchase agreement, we sold an aggregate of 1,720,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.5 per share, at a purchase price per share of $0.6887, to certain accredited investors.

On June 28, 2024 and July 31, 2024, Infobird Co., Ltd entered into an equity acquisition agreement and an amendment to the equity acquisition agreement (the "Equity Acquisition Agreement") with Shangri-La Trading Limited (the "Seller"), in a single transaction, to acquire 65% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech at closing. Pure Tech which in turn indirectly wholly controls Pinmu Century, a variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries, and Zhenxi Brand, a variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries. The aggregate purchase price for the equity acquisition was approximately $40.0 million, inclusive of transaction costs, and was funded using the cash on hand of $33 million and a promissory note of $7 million. The acquisition closed in November 2024.

On December 6, 2024, we entered into an equity acquisition agreement with One One Business Limited, in a single transaction, to acquire 32% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech. The acquisition closed in December 2024. The Company paid $19.8 million in cash and issued a senior convertible note in the principal amount of US$5,953,095 (the "December 2024 Convertible Note"). The December 2024 Convertible Note includes an original issue discount of fifteen percent (15%) of the aggregate principal amount. After closing, the Company has become the legal and beneficial owner of 97% of the issued and outstanding equity of Pure Tech Global Limited. The December 2024 Convertible Note bears an interest at a rate of 5% per annum. The December 2024 Convertible Note will mature and be due and payable in full on the date that is twenty-four (24) months following the date of the December 2024 Convertible Note. At the option of the holder, the December 2024 Convertible Note shall be convertible into ordinary shares ("Conversion Shares") of the Company. If the Company exercised its right to prepay the December 2024 Convertible Note, the Company shall make payment to the holder of an amount in cash equal to 115% (the "Prepayment Premium") multiplied by the then outstanding balance of the December 2024 Convertible Note being prepaid. Subject to the approval set forth in the December 2024 Convertible Note, the holder has the right to convert all or any portion of the outstanding balance into the ordinary shares of the Company, and the conversion price (the "Conversion Price") should be calculated with a discount of forty percent (40%) of the lowest closing price of the last thirty (30) trading days immediately prior to the date of the conversion notice, provided that the Conversion Price shall not be lower than US$0.4.

Except as otherwise indicated, all of the shares reflected in the table are ordinary shares and all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose.

Except as otherwise indicated in the table below, addresses of our directors, executive officers and named beneficial owners are in care of Infobird Co., Ltd, Room 706, 7/F, Low Block, Grand Millennium Plaza, 181 Queen's Road Central, Central, Hong Kong.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name of Beneficial Owners** | **Number of Shares Beneficially Owned** | **Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned** |
| Directors and Executive Officers: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiangyang Wen |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yiting Song |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Qian Qu<sup>(1)</sup> |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhihua Chen |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cheuk Yee Li |  |  |
| All directors and executive officers as a group (5 persons) |  |  |

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**F. <u>Disclosure of Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation</u>**

**ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS**

**<u>A. Major Shareholders</u>**

Please refer to Item 6.E. "Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Share Ownership."

**<u>B. Related Party Transactions</u>**

During the last three years, we have engaged in the following transactions with our directors, executive officers or persons known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding share capital and their affiliates, which we refer to as our related parties. The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Name of related Party** | **Relationship** |
| Beijing Runmei advertising Co., LTD ("Runmei") | Under control of the shareholder of Zhenxi Brand |
| CRservices | Under control of the Chairman of the Board of Directors |

---

**<u>Subscription receivable</u>**

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of subscription receivable were both nil. Net proceeds of $1,184,676 were received on January 10, 2024 for the issuance of common shares to investors on December 28, 2023.

**<u>Due from related party</u>**

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance due from related parties are set out below:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Beijing Runmei advertising Co., LTD\* | $— | $247328 |
| CRservices\*\* |  |  |
| Total | $— | $247328 |

---

\* The balance due from Runmei was $247,328 as of December 31, 2024, which was borrowed for working capital use, non-interest bearing and payable upon demand. Following its full settlement on March 28, 2025, the balance due from Runmei was nil as of December 31, 2025.

\*\* The balance due from CRservices was both nil as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, as the consideration of $1,279 for the Disposal of Infobird HK on August 11, 2023, was fully settled on April 10, 2024.

**<u>Due from discontinued operations, net</u>**

Due from discontinued operations, net consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Due from discontinued operations | $— | $17632181 |
| Allowance for expected credit losses |  | (17632181) |
| Due from discontinued operations, net | $— | $— |

---

Movement of allowance for expected credit losses consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Beginning balance | $17632181 | $17632181 |
| Write off | (17632181) |  |
| Ending balance | $— | $17632181 |

---

After the Company disposed the discontinued operation entities, those entities continued in the decline of the scale of operation and in the increase of operating losses, which made the collectability of the receivables in doubt. During the year 2023, the Company totally impaired the balance due from discontinued operations by amount of $17,632,181. Based on an analysis of the discontinued operation entities' current situation, the Company determined that the due from discontinued operations were uncollectible. Consequently, the amount of $17,632,181 was written off in 2025.

**Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders**

See "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company."

**Policies and Procedures for Related Party Transactions**

Our board of directors has created an audit committee which is tasked with review and approval of all related party transactions.

**Employment Agreements, Director Agreements and Indemnification Agreements**

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers pursuant to which such individuals agreed to serve as our executive officers.

We have also entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors. Under these agreements, we have agreed to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

We have also entered into director agreements with each of our directors which agreements set forth the terms and provisions of their engagement.

**<u>C. Interests of Experts and Counsel</u>**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION**

**<u>A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information</u>**

See "Item 18. Financial Statements" for our audited consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

**A.7 Legal Proceedings** 

We are not currently a party to any legal or arbitration proceedings, including those relating to bankruptcy, receivership or similar proceedings and those involving any third party, nor any governmental proceedings pending or known to be contemplated, that in the opinion of our management would have a material adverse effect on our business or that may have, or have had in the recent past, significant effects on our financial position or profitability. However, from time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising out of our operations. Amounts accrued, as well as the total amount of reasonably possible losses with respect to such matters, individually and in the aggregate, are not deemed to be material to the consolidated financial statements.

**A.8 Dividend Policy** 

We have never declared or paid a dividend, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC and Hong Kong regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries to pay dividends to us.

**<u>B. Significant Changes</u>**

Other than as described elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

**ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING**

**<u>A. Offering and Listing Details</u>**

Our ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "IFBD" since April 20, 2021. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our ordinary shares.

**<u>B. Plan of Distribution</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>C. Markets</u>**

Our ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market since April 20, 2021 under the symbol "IFBD".

**<u>D. Selling Shareholders</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>E. Dilution</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>F. Expenses of the Issue</u>**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION**

**<u>A. Share Capital</u>**

Not applicable.

**B. <u>Memorandum and Articles of Association</u>**

We are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands and our affairs are governed by:

● Memorandum and Articles of Association as amended from time to time ;

● The Companies Act (as amended) of the Caymans Islands, which is referred to as the Companies Act below; and

● Common law of the Cayman Islands.

Our authorized share capital is US$50,000,000 divided into 5,000,000,000,000 ordinary shares of US$0.00001 par value each.

We have included summaries of material provisions of our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association Adopted by a Special Resolution passed on 20 February 2024 with effect from 2 May 2024 insofar as they relate to the material terms of our share capital. The summaries do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this annual report.

***Ordinary Shares***

All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable.

**Issuance of Shares and Changes to Capital**

Our board of directors has general and unconditional authority to allot, grant options over, offer or otherwise deal with or dispose of any unissued shares in our capital without the approval of our shareholders (whether forming part of the original or any increased share capital), either at a premium or at par, with or without preferred, deferred or other special rights or restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise and to such persons, on such terms and conditions, and at such times as the directors may decide, but so that no share shall be issued at a discount, except in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act. We will not issue bearer shares.

We may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the SEC and Nasdaq, from time to time by shareholders resolution passed by a simple majority of the voting rights entitled to vote at a general meeting: increase our capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such amounts, as the relevant resolution shall prescribe; consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of larger amount than our existing shares; convert all or any of our paid up shares into stock and reconvert that stock into paid up shares of any denomination; sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them, into shares of smaller amounts than is fixed pursuant to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association; and cancel any shares which at the date of the passing of the resolution have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person, and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled.

We may also, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the SEC and Nasdaq: issue shares on terms that they are to be redeemed or are liable to be redeemed; purchase our own shares (including any redeemable shares); and make a payment in respect of the redemption or purchase of our own shares in any manner authorized by the Companies Act, including out of our capital.

**Dividends**

Subject to the Companies Act, our shareholders may, by resolution passed by a simple majority of the voting rights entitled to vote at the general meeting, declare dividends (including interim dividends) to be paid to our shareholders but no dividend shall be declared in excess of the amount recommended by our board of directors. Dividends may be declared and paid out of funds lawfully available to us. Except as otherwise provided by the rights attached to shares, all dividends shall be declared and paid according to the amounts paid up on the shares on which the dividend is paid. All dividends shall be paid in proportion to the number of ordinary shares a shareholder holds during any portion or portions of the period in respect of which the dividend is paid; but, if any share is issued on terms providing that it shall rank for dividend as from a particular date, that share shall rank for dividend accordingly. Our board of directors may also declare and pay dividends out of the share premium account or any other fund or account which can be authorized for this purpose in accordance with the Companies Act.

In addition, our board of directors may resolve to capitalize any undivided profits not required for paying any preferential dividend (whether or not they are available for distribution) or any sum standing to the credit of our share premium account or capital redemption reserve; appropriate the sum resolved to be capitalized to the shareholders who would have been entitled to it if it were distributed by way of dividend and in the same proportions and apply such sum on their behalf either in or towards paying up the amounts, if any, for the time being unpaid on any shares held by them respectively, or in paying up in full unissued shares or debentures of a nominal amount equal to such sum, and allot the shares or debentures credited as fully paid to those shareholders, or as they may direct, in those proportions, or partly in one way and partly in the other; resolve that any shares so allotted to any shareholder in respect of a holding by him/her of any partly-paid shares rank for dividend, so long as such shares remain partly paid, only to the extent that such partly paid shares rank for dividend; make such provision by the issue of fractional certificates or by payment in cash or otherwise as they determine in the case of shares or debentures becoming distributable in fractions; and authorize any person to enter on behalf of all our shareholders concerned in an agreement with us providing for the allotment of them respectively, credited as fully paid, of any shares or debentures to which they may be entitled upon such capitalization, any agreement made under such authority being binding on all such shareholders.

**Voting and Meetings**

As a condition of admission to a shareholders' meeting, a shareholder must be duly registered as our shareholder at the applicable record date for that meeting and all calls or installments then payable by such shareholder to us in respect of our ordinary shares must have been paid. Subject to any special rights or restrictions as to voting then attached to any shares, at any general meeting every shareholder who is present in person or by proxy (or, in the case of a shareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative not being himself or herself a shareholder entitled to vote) shall have one vote per share.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call annual general meetings; however, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that in each year, other than the year in which our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association was adopted, we will hold an annual general meeting of shareholders at a time determined by our board of directors, provided that if we are not required to hold an annual general meeting by Cayman Islands law or Nasdaq rules, we may choose not to do so. Also, we may, but are not required to (unless required by Cayman Islands law), in each year hold any other extraordinary general meeting.

The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company's articles of association. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that upon the requisition of shareholders representing not less than two-thirds of the voting rights entitled to vote at general meetings, our board will convene an extraordinary general meeting and put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. However, shareholders may propose only ordinary resolutions to be put to a vote at such meeting and shall have no right to propose resolutions with respect to the election, appointment or removal of directors or with respect to the size of the board. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide no other right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings. Subject to regulatory requirements, our annual general meeting and any extraordinary general meetings must be called by not less than ten (10) clear days' notice prior to the relevant shareholders meeting and convened by a notice discussed below. Alternatively, upon the prior consent of all holders entitled to attend and vote (with regards to an annual general meeting), and the holders of 95% in par value of the shares entitled to attend and vote (with regard to an extraordinary general meeting), that meeting may be convened by a shorter notice and in a manner deemed appropriate by those holders.

We will give notice of each general meeting of shareholders by publication on our website and in any other manner that we may be required to follow in order to comply with Cayman Islands law, Nasdaq and SEC requirements. The holders of registered shares may be convened for a shareholders' meeting by means of letters sent to the addresses of those shareholders as registered in our shareholders' register, or, subject to certain statutory requirements, by electronic means. We will observe the statutory minimum convening notice period for a general meeting of shareholders.

A quorum for a general meeting consists of any one or more persons holding or representing by proxy not less than one-third of our total issued voting shares entitled to vote upon the business to be transacted.

A resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a poll. An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes cast by, or on behalf of, the shareholders entitled to vote present in person or by proxy and voting at the meeting. A special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes cast by the shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting (except for certain matters described below which require an affirmative vote of two-thirds). Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Act and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of votes cast by the shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting shall be required to approve any amendments to any provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that relate to or have an impact upon the procedures regarding the election, appointment, or removal of directors and the size of the board.

**Transfers of Shares**

Subject to any applicable restrictions set forth in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, any of our shareholders may transfer all or a portion of their ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or in the form prescribed by Nasdaq or in any other form which our board of directors may approve. Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, refuse to register a transfer of any share that is not a fully paid up share to a person of whom it does not approve, or any share issued under any share incentive scheme for employees upon which a restriction on transfer imposed thereby still subsists, and it may also, without prejudice to the foregoing generality, refuse to register a transfer of any share to more than four joint holders or a transfer of any share that is not a fully paid up share on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any registered share unless: a fee of such maximum sum as Nasdaq may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as the board of directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof; the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of shares; the ordinary shares transferred are fully paid and free of any lien; the instrument of transfer is lodged at the registered office or such other place (i.e., our transfer agent) at which the register of shareholders is kept, accompanied by any relevant share certificate(s) and/or such other evidence as the board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer; and if applicable, the instrument of transfer is duly and properly stamped.

If our board of directors refuse to register a transfer, they are required, within one month after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, to send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

**Liquidation**

Subject to any special rights, privileges or restrictions as to the distribution of available surplus assets on liquidation applicable to any class or classes of shares (1) if we are wound up and the assets available for distribution among our shareholders are more than sufficient to repay the whole of the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, the excess shall be distributed pari passu among our shareholders in proportion to the amount paid up at the commencement of the winding up on the shares held by them, respectively, and (2) if we are wound up and the assets available for distribution among our shareholders as such are insufficient to repay the whole of the paid-up capital, those assets shall be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses shall be borne by our shareholders in proportion to the capital paid up, or which ought to have been paid up, at the commencement of the winding up on the shares held by them, respectively.

If we are wound up, the liquidator may with the sanction of a special resolution and any other sanction required by the Companies Act, divide among our shareholders in specie the whole or any part of our assets and may, for such purpose, value any assets and determine how such division shall be carried out as between the shareholders or different classes of shareholders. The liquidator may also, with the sanction of a special resolution, vest any part of these assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of our shareholders as the liquidator shall think fit, but so that no shareholder will be compelled to accept any assets, shares or other securities upon which there is a liability.

**Anti-Takeover Provisions**

Some provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders.

**Inspection of Books and Records**

Holders of ordinary shares have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association). Our directors have discretion under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders unless required by the Companies Act or other applicable law or authorized by the directors or by ordinary resolution.

**Register of Shareholders**

Under Cayman Islands law, we must keep a register of shareholders that includes: the names and addresses of the shareholders, a statement of the shares held by each member, and of the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid, on the shares of each member; the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and the date on which any person ceased to be a member.

**Exempted Company**

We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is incorporated in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. An exempted company:

● does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

● is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

● does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

● may issue shares with no par value;

● may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation;

● may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

● may register as a limited duration company; and

● may register as a segregated portfolio company.

"Limited liability" means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

***Preferred Shares***

Our board of directors is empowered to designate and issue from time to time one or more classes or series of preferred shares and to fix and determine the relative rights, preferences, designations, qualifications, privileges, options, conversion rights, limitations and other special or relative rights of each such class or series so authorized. Such action could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares or could have the effect of discouraging any attempt by a person or group to obtain control of us.

**<u>C. Material Contracts</u>**

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in "Item 4. Information on the Company" or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

**<u>D. Exchange Controls</u>**

See "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Foreign Exchange-Foreign Currency Exchange" and "Dividend Distribution."

**<u>E. Taxation</u>**

The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under U.S. state and local tax laws or under the tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, the People's Republic of China and the United States.

**Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders**

The following discussion describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares by U.S. Holders (as defined below). This discussion applies to U.S. Holders that purchase our ordinary shares and hold such ordinary shares as capital assets. This discussion is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion does not address all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to specific U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law (such as certain financial institutions, insurance companies, dealers or traders in securities or other persons that generally mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes, tax-exempt entities or governmental organizations, retirement plans, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, grantor trusts, brokers, dealers or traders in securities, commodities, currencies or notional principal contracts, certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, persons who hold our ordinary shares as part of a "straddle," "hedge," "conversion transaction," "synthetic security" or integrated investment, persons that have a "functional currency" other than the U.S. dollar, persons that own directly, indirectly or through attribution 10% or more of the voting power of our ordinary shares, corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, partnerships and other pass-through entities, and investors in such pass-through entities). This discussion does not address the Medicare tax on net investment income, U.S. state or local or non-U.S. tax consequences or any U.S. federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax consequences.

As used in this discussion, the term "U.S. Holder" means a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares who is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source or (iv) a trust (x) with respect to which a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions or (y) that has elected under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a domestic trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

If an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to an investment in such ordinary shares will depend in part upon the status and activities of such entity and the particular partner. Any such entity should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to it and its partners of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.

Persons considering an investment in our ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors as to the particular tax consequences applicable to them relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares including the applicability of U.S. federal, state and local tax laws and non-U.S. tax laws.

***Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences***

In general, a corporation organized outside the United States will be treated as a passive foreign investment company ("PFIC") for any taxable year in which either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is "passive income" or (ii) on average at least 50% of its assets, determined on a quarterly basis, are assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, royalties, rents, and gains from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income generally include cash, even if held as working capital or raised in a public offering, marketable securities, and other assets that may produce passive income. Goodwill is treated as an active asset under the PFIC rules to the extent attributable to activities that produce active income. Generally, in determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat our consolidated variable interest entity as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we control their management decisions and are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with that entity.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually after the close of each taxable year. This determination is based on the facts and circumstances at that time, some of which may be beyond our control, such as the amount and composition of our income and the valuation and composition of our assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, as implied by the market price of our ordinary shares. In particular, because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares, the recent decline in the market price of our ordinary shares has resulted in a significant risk that we were a PFIC for our prior taxable year (or, alternatively, that we may become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years). The market price of our ordinary shares may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, or if it were determined that we do not own the stock of the consolidated variable interest entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns our ordinary shares, and such U.S. Holder does not make a mark-to-market election as described below, such U.S. Holder will be subject to a special tax at ordinary income tax rates on "excess distributions" (generally, (i) any distribution paid during a taxable year that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder's holding period for our ordinary shares, and (ii) any gain recognized on a sale, exchange or other disposition, including a pledge, of our ordinary shares, whether or not we continue to be a PFIC). Under the PFIC excess distribution regime, the tax on such distribution or gain would be determined by allocating the distribution or gain ratably over the U.S. Holder's holding period for our ordinary shares. The amount allocated to the current taxable year (i.e., the year in which the distribution occurs or the gain is recognized) and any year prior to the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income earned in the current taxable year. The amount allocated to other taxable years will be taxed at the highest marginal rates in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, to ordinary income for each such taxable year, and an interest charge, generally applicable to underpayments of tax, will be added to the tax. Additionally, if we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns our ordinary shares, dividends paid by us will not be eligible for the special reduced rate of taxes described below under "—Distributions." Classification as a PFIC may also have other adverse tax consequences, including, in the case of individuals, the denial of a step-up in the basis of his or her ordinary shares at death.

If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, we must generally continue to be treated as a PFIC by that holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds such ordinary shares, unless we cease to meet the requirements for PFIC status and the U.S. Holder makes a "deemed sale" election with respect to our ordinary shares. If the election is made, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to sell our ordinary shares it holds at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year in which we qualified as a PFIC, and any gain recognized from such deemed sale would be taxed under the PFIC excess distribution regime. After the deemed sale election, the U.S. Holder's ordinary shares would not be treated as shares of a PFIC unless we subsequently become a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares and one of our subsidiaries is also a PFIC (i.e., a lower-tier PFIC), such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC and would be taxed under the PFIC excess distribution regime on distributions by the lower-tier PFIC and on gain from the disposition of shares of the lower-tier PFIC even though such U.S. Holder would not receive the proceeds of those distributions or dispositions. Any of our subsidiaries that have elected to be disregarded as entities separate from us or as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes would not be corporations under U.S. federal income tax law and accordingly, cannot be classified as lower-tier PFICs. However, subsidiaries that have not made the election may be classified as a lower-tier PFIC if we are a PFIC during a U.S. Holder's holding period and the subsidiary meets the income test or asset test described above. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

If we are a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will not be subject to tax under the PFIC excess distribution regime on distributions or gain recognized on our ordinary shares if a valid "mark-to-market" election is made by the U.S. Holder for our ordinary shares. An electing U.S. Holder generally would take into account as ordinary income each year, the excess of the fair market value of our ordinary shares held at the end of such taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ordinary shares. The U.S. Holder would also take into account, as an ordinary loss each year, the excess of the adjusted tax basis of such ordinary shares over their fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the excess of amounts previously included in income over ordinary losses deducted as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder's tax basis in our ordinary shares would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss recognized as a result of the mark-to-market election. Any gain from a sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares in any taxable year in which we are a PFIC would be treated as ordinary income and any loss from such sale, exchange or other disposition would be treated first as ordinary loss to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains previously included in income and thereafter as capital loss. If, after having been a PFIC for a taxable year, we cease to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder would not be required to take into account any latent gain or loss in the manner described above and any gain or loss recognized on the sale or exchange of the ordinary shares would be classified as a capital gain or loss.

A mark-to-market election is available to a U.S. Holder only for "marketable stock." Generally, stock will be considered marketable stock if it is "regularly traded" on a "qualified exchange" within the meaning of applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. A class of stock is regularly traded during any calendar year during which such class of stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least fifteen (15) days during each calendar quarter.

Our ordinary shares will be marketable stock as long as they remain listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and are regularly traded. If the ordinary shares are delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, our ordinary shares will only be treated as "marketable stock" for purposes of the mark-to-market election insofar as they are traded on certain other U.S. stock exchanges or on a non-U.S. stock exchange so long as (i) the non-U.S. stock exchange is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority in the country in which the exchange is located; (ii) the non-U.S. stock exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure, surveillance and other requirements designed to prevent fraudulent and manipulative acts and practices, remove impediments to, and perfect the mechanism of, a free and open, fair and orderly, market and to protect investors; (iii) the laws of the country in which the non-U.S. stock exchange is located and the rules of the exchange ensure that these requirements are actually enforced; and (iv) the rules of the exchange ensure active trading during any calendar year during which they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. A mark-to-market election will not apply to the ordinary shares for any taxable year during which we are not a PFIC, but will remain in effect with respect to any subsequent taxable year in which we become a PFIC.

Such mark-to-market election will not apply to any of our subsidiaries. Therefore, a U.S. Holder would continue to be subject to the excess distribution rules with respect to any of our subsidiaries that are PFICs, any distributions received by us from a subsidiary that is a PFIC and any gain recognized by us upon a sale of equity interests in a subsidiary that is a PFIC, even if the U.S. Holder has made a mark-to-market election with respect to our ordinary shares. Accordingly, a U.S. Holder may not be able to mitigate the adverse tax consequences attributable to any lower-tier PFICs notwithstanding the U.S. Holder's mark-to-market election for the ordinary shares. The interaction of the mark-to-market rules and the rules governing lower-tier PFICs is complex and uncertain. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the mark-to-market election rules.

The tax consequences that would apply if we are a PFIC would also be different from those described above if a U.S. Holder were able to make a valid qualified electing fund, or QEF, election. As we do not expect to provide U.S. Holders with the information necessary for a U.S. Holder to make a QEF election, U.S. Holders should assume that a QEF election will not be available.

U.S. Holders that own equity interests in a PFIC generally must annually file IRS Form 8621, and may be required to file other IRS forms. A failure to file one or more of these forms as required may toll the running of the statute of limitations in respect of each of a U.S. Holder's taxable years for which such form is required to be filed. As a result, the taxable years with respect to which a U.S. Holder fails to file the form may remain open to assessment by the IRS indefinitely, until the form is filed.

**The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are very complex. U.S. Holders and prospective U.S. investors are strongly urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the impact of PFIC status on the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, the consequences to them of an investment in a PFIC, any elections available with respect to the ordinary shares and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of ordinary shares of a PFIC.**

***Distributions***

Subject to the discussion above under "— Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences," a U.S. Holder that receives a distribution with respect to our ordinary shares generally will be required to include the gross amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend when actually or constructively received to the extent of the U.S. Holder's pro rata share of our current and/or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). To the extent a distribution received by a U.S. Holder is not a dividend because it exceeds the U.S. Holder's pro rata share of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital and reduce (but not below zero) the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. Holder's ordinary shares. To the extent the distribution exceeds the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. Holder's ordinary shares, the remainder will be taxed as capital gain. Because we may not account for our earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, U.S. Holders should expect all distributions to be reported to them as dividends.

Distributions on our ordinary shares that are treated as dividends generally will constitute income from sources outside the United States for foreign tax credit purposes and generally will constitute passive category income. Such dividends will not be eligible for the "dividends received'' deduction generally allowed to corporate shareholders with respect to dividends received from U.S. corporations. Dividends received by an individual with respect to the ordinary shares will be subject to taxation at a preferential rate if the dividends are "qualified dividends." Subject to certain exceptions for short-term positions, dividends paid on the ordinary shares will be treated as qualified dividends if: (i) the ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States that the U.S. Treasury determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and that includes an exchange of information program; and (ii) we were not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and are not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a PFIC (see discussion above under "— Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences'').

Dividends will be included in a U.S. Holder's income on the date of the depositary's receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in non-U.S. currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect to the dividend income. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.

In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (see "Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation— People's Republic of China Taxation"), a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our ordinary shares. In that case, we may, however, be eligible for the benefits of the Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of China for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (the "Treaty"). If we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares would be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation described above. Subject to generally applicable limitations and conditions, PRC dividend withholding tax paid at the appropriate rate applicable to the U.S. Holder may be eligible for a credit against such U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax liability. These generally applicable limitations and conditions include new requirements recently adopted by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), and any PRC tax will need to satisfy these requirements in order to be eligible to be a creditable tax for a U.S. Holder. In the case of a U.S. Holder that is eligible for, and properly elects, the benefits of the Treaty, the PRC tax on dividends will be treated as meeting the new requirements and therefore as a creditable tax. In the case of all other U.S. Holders, the application of these requirements to the PRC tax on dividends is uncertain, and we have not determined whether these requirements have been met. If the PRC dividend tax is not a creditable tax for a U.S. Holder or the U.S. Holder does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid or accrued in the same taxable year, the U.S. Holder may be able to deduct the PRC tax in computing such U.S. Holder's taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividend distributions will constitute income from sources without the United States and, for U.S. Holders that elect to claim foreign tax credits, generally will constitute "passive category income" for foreign tax credit purposes.

The availability and calculation of foreign tax credits and deductions for foreign taxes depend on a U.S. Holder's particular circumstances and involve the application of complex rules to those circumstances. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules to their particular circumstances.

***Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Our Ordinary Shares***

Subject to the discussion above under "— Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences,'' a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized (i.e., the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received) on the sale, exchange or other disposition and such U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares. Such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain taxable at a reduced rate for non-corporate U.S. Holders or long-term capital loss if, on the date of sale, exchange or other disposition, the ordinary shares were held by the U.S. Holder for more than one year. Any capital gain of a non-corporate U.S. Holder that is not long-term capital gain is taxed at ordinary income rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Capital gain or loss realized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares generally will be U.S. source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. However, in the event that gain from the disposition of the ordinary shares is subject to tax in the PRC, such gain may be treated as PRC source gain under the Treaty. Under the new foreign tax credit requirements recently adopted by the IRS, any PRC tax imposed on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares generally will not be treated as a creditable tax for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes except in the case of a U.S. Holder that is eligible for, and properly elects to claim, the benefits of the Treaty. If the PRC tax is not a creditable tax or claimed as a credit by the U.S. Holder pursuant to the Treaty, the tax would reduce the amount realized on the sale or other disposition of the shares even if the U.S. Holder has elected to claim a foreign tax credit for other taxes in the same year. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to a sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares and any PRC tax imposed on such sale or disposition.

***Foreign Financial Asset Reporting.***

Individual U.S. Holders that own "specified foreign financial assets" with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year, or $75,000 at any time during the taxable year, are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on Form 8938, with respect to such assets. "Specified foreign financial assets" include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in "specified foreign financial assets" based on objective criteria. U.S. Holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. In addition, the statute of limitations for assessment of tax would be suspended, in whole or part. Prospective investors are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of these rules, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.

***Information Reporting and Backup Withholding***

Dividends on and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares may be reported to the IRS unless the U.S. Holder establishes a basis for exemption. Backup withholding may apply to amounts subject to reporting if the holder (i) fails to provide an accurate U.S. taxpayer identification number or otherwise establish a basis for exemption, or (ii) is described in certain other categories of persons. However, U.S. Holders that are corporations generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding tax rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules generally will be allowed as a refund or a credit against a U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax liability if the required information is furnished by the U.S. Holder on a timely basis to the IRS.

U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the backup withholding tax and information reporting rules.

**EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO IT OF AN INVESTMENT IN OUR ORDINARY SHARES IN LIGHT OF THE INVESTOR'S OWN CIRCUMSTANCES.**

Prospective investors should consult their professional advisers on the possible tax consequences of buying, holding or selling any ordinary shares under the laws of their country of citizenship, residence or domicile.

The following is a discussion on certain Cayman Islands income tax consequences of an investment in the ordinary shares. The discussion is a general summary of present law, which is subject to prospective and retroactive change. It is not intended as tax advice, does not consider any investor's particular circumstances, and does not consider tax consequences other than those arising under Cayman Islands law.

**Cayman Islands Taxation** 

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

**PRC Taxation**

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside China with "de facto management body" within China is considered a resident enterprise. The implementation rules define the term "de facto management body" as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Issues Concerning the Identification of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance With the Actual Standards of Organizational Management, known as Circular 82, which has been revised by the Decision of the State Administration of Taxation on Issuing the Lists of Invalid and Abolished Tax Departmental Rules and Taxation Normative Documents on December 29, 2017 and by the Decision of the State Council on Cancellation and Delegation of a Batch of Administrative Examination and Approval Items on November 8, 2013. Circular 82 has provided certain specific criteria for determining whether the "de facto management body" of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. The STA issued Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises Income Tax Regulation, or the Bulletin 45, which took effect on September 1, 2011 and was most recently amended on June 15, 2018, to provide more guidance on the implementation of Circular 82 and to clarify the reporting and filing obligations of Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated resident enterprises. Bulletin 45 also provides procedures and administrative details for the determination of resident status and administration of post-determination matters. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation's general position on how the "de facto management body" text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its "de facto management body" in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the places where the senior management and senior management departments responsible for the daily production, operation and management of the enterprise perform their duties are mainly located within the territory of the PRC ; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise's financial matters (such as money borrowing, lending, financing and financial risk management) and human resource matters (such as appointment, dismissal and salary and wages) are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise's primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

According to the Enterprise Income Tax Law and the Announcement on Issues concerning the Implementation of the Preferential Income Tax Policies regarding High-Tech Enterprises promulgated by the SAT on June 19, 2017, enterprises qualified as "high-tech enterprises" are entitled to a 15% enterprise income tax rate rather than the 25% uniform statutory tax rate. The preferential tax treatment continues as long as an enterprise can retain its "high-tech enterprise" status. Under the Implementation Rules, a "de facto management body" is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. The Administrative Measures for the Recognition of High-tech Enterprises were revised in 2025 to further standardize the recognition process.

See note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for a discussion of taxation.

**<u>F. Dividends and Paying Agents</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>G. Statement by Experts</u>**

Not applicable.

**H. <u>Documents on Display</u>**

We previously filed with the SEC our registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-251234), as amended, including the prospectus contained therein, to register our ordinary shares in relation to our initial public offering. We are subject to certain of the informational filing requirements of the Exchange Act. Since we are a "foreign private issuer," we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and "short-swing" profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act, with respect to their purchase and sale of our shares. In addition, we are not required to file reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we are required to file with the SEC an Annual Report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent accounting firm. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information that we file with or furnish electronically with the SEC.

We maintain a website at http://www.infobird.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this annual report.

**<u>I. Subsidiary Information</u>**

For information on our subsidiaries, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company and C. Organizational Structure", note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in "Item 18. Financial Statements" and Exhibit 8.1 to this annual report.

**ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK**

***Inflation risk***

Inflationary factors, such as increases in personnel and overhead costs, could impair our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross margin and operating expenses as a percentage of sales revenue if the revenues do not increase with such increased costs.

***Interest Rate Risk***

We are exposed to interest rate risk while we have short-term bank loans outstanding. Although interest rates for our short-term loans are typically fixed for the terms of the loans, the terms are typically twelve (12) months and interest rates are subject to change upon renewal.

***Credit Risk***

Credit risk is controlled by the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. We manage credit risk through in-house research and analysis of the Chinese economy and the underlying obligors and transaction structures. We identify credit risk collectively based on industry, geography and customer type. In measuring the credit risk of our sales to our customers, we mainly reflect the "probability of default" by the customer on its contractual obligations and consider the current financial position of the customer and the current and likely future exposures to the customer.

***Liquidity Risk***

We are also exposed to liquidity risk, which is risk that we will be unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, we will turn to other financial institutions and related parties to obtain short-term funding to cover any liquidity shortage.

***Foreign Exchange Risk***

While our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, almost all of our consolidated revenues and consolidated costs and expenses are denominated in RMB. Also, almost all of our assets are denominated in RMB. As a result, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk as our revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and RMB. If the RMB depreciates against the U.S. dollar, the value of our RMB revenues, earnings and assets as expressed in our U.S. dollar financial statements will decline. We have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign exchange risk.

**ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES**

**<u>A. Debt Securities</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>B. Warrants and Rights</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>C. Other Securities</u>**

Not applicable.

**<u>D. American Depositary Shares</u>**

Not applicable.

**PART II**

**ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES**

None.

**ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS**

**Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders**

In additional to the below modifications, see "Item 10. Additional Information" for a description of the rights of securities holders.

On September 9, 2022, we effected a 1-for-5 share consolidation of our ordinary shares pursuant to our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation.

On May 12, 2023, we effected a 1-for-5 share consolidation of our ordinary shares pursuant to our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation.

On November 15, 2023, we effected a 1-for-20 share consolidation of our ordinary shares pursuant to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation. On the same day, after the share consolidation takes effect, we increased the Company's authorized share capital from US$25,000 divided into 50,000,000 shares of a par value of US$0.50 each, to US$25,000,000,000 divided into 50,000,000,000 shares of a par value of US$0.50 each by the creation of an additional 49,950,000,000 ordinary shares.

On March 4, 2024, we effected a 1-for-8 share consolidation of our ordinary shares pursuant to our fifth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. We have retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the share consolidation.

On May 2, 2024, we effected a capital reduction to reduce the par value of each of the then issued Consolidated Shares from US$4.00 to US$0.00001 by cancelling the paid-up capital of the Company to the extent of US$3.99999 on each of the then issued Consolidated Shares (the "Capital Reduction"). Immediately following the Capital Reduction, the Company sub-divided the balance of each unissued Consolidated Share in the authorized share capital of the Company into 400,000 ordinary shares with par value of US$0.00001 each in the share capital of the Company (the "Share Subdivision"). Immediately following the Capital Reduction and Share Subdivision, the authorized share capital of the Company was changed to US$50,000,000 divided into 5,000,000,000,000 ordinary shares of par value US$0.00001 each through the cancellation of excess authorized but unissued shares.

**Use of Proceeds**

The following "Use of Proceeds" information relates to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333- 251234), in relation to our initial public offering, which was declared effective by the SEC on March 31, 2021. In April 2021, we completed our initial public offering in which we issued and sold an aggregate of 1,250,000 ordinary shares, and in June 2021, we issued and sold 25,000 ordinary shares pursuant to the partial exercise of the underwriter's over-allotment option in connection with our initial public offering, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $22.9 million, including the $600,000 that was placed in an escrow account, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses associated with our initial public offering paid or payable by us. WestPark Capital, Inc. acted as the representative of the underwriters for our initial public offering. We have used net proceeds from our initial public offering for strengthening sales and marketing, research and development, and general corporate purposes, including the expenses we spent to become, and maintain our status as, a publicly listed company in the United States.

Our expenses incurred and paid to others in connection with the issuance and distribution of our ordinary shares in our initial public offering totaled approximately $4.7 million, which included approximately $1,785,000 for underwriting discounts and commissions. Net proceeds in the amount of $600,000 were also placed in an escrow account for 24-months following the closing of our initial public offering.

The following "Use of Proceeds" information relates to the registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-268993), together with the prospectus supplement dated February 24, 2023 in relation to our offering of 3,846,000 Units with each Unit consisting of: (1) one ordinary share, par value US$0.005 per share, and (2) 0.65 of an Ordinary Share Warrant, to certain institutional investors pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated February 23, 2023 (the "2023 Offering"). The net proceeds raised from the 2023 Offering were approximately US$4.52 million, after deducting commissions and expenses. Maxim Group LLC acted as the Placement Agent for the 2023 Offering.

The total expenses incurred for our account in connection with the 2023 Offering was approximately US$0.48 million, which included approximately US$0.35 million in commissions to Maxim Group LLC and approximately US$0.13 million of other costs and expenses. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. For the period from February 28, 2023 to March 31, 2023, we used net proceeds from the 2023 Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The following "Use of Proceeds" information relates to the Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301), in relation to our offering of 88,105,727 ordinary shares, par value $0.025 per share, at $0.3405 per share, to certain accredited investors pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated July 24, 2023 (the "July 2023 Offering"). The gross proceeds raised from the July 2023 Offering were approximately $30,000,000.

The following "Use of Proceeds" information relates to the registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-268993), together with the prospectus supplement dated August 4, 2023 in relation to our offering of 44,117,648 ordinary shares, par value US$0.025 per share, to certain accredited investors pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated August 3, 2023 (the "August 2023 Offering"). The net proceeds raised from the August 2023 Offering were approximately $14.9 million, after estimated fees and expenses. We used the net proceeds from the August 2023 Offering for funding global business expansion, working capital and general corporate purposes.

The following "Use of Proceeds" information relates to the registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-268993), together with the prospectus supplement dated December 22, 2023 in relation to our offering of up to $20,000,000 ordinary shares plus 471,698 additional ordinary shares, par value $0.50 per share, to Fundex SPC-Fundora SP ("Fundex") pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated December 22, 2023 (the "December 2023 Offering"). The net proceeds raised from the December 2023 Offering will be up to $20.0 million in aggregate gross proceeds, after estimated fees and expenses, under the securities purchase agreement from sales of purchase notice shares to Fundex after the date of the prospectus supplement. We used the net proceeds from the August 2023 Offering for funding the expansion of our business, working capital and other general corporate purposes.

**ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(a)** **Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures** 

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, which is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based upon that evaluation, our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has concluded that, due to the material weaknesses described below under "Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting", as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in this annual report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported to them for assessment, and required disclosure is made within the time period specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.

As a company with less than $1.235 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an "emerging growth company" pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in the assessment of the emerging growth company's internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(b)** **Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting** 

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

● pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

● provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and our board of directors; and

● provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting can also be circumvented by collusion or improper override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process, and it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making its assessment, management used the criteria described in *Internal Control-Integrated Framework* (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on its assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2025 based on the material weaknesses described below. A "material weakness" is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements for year ended December 31, 2025, seven material weaknesses were identified in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States.

The material weaknesses identified relate to (i) deficiencies in third party vendor management, (ii) deficiencies in backup management and recovery management, (iii) deficiencies in user accounts management, (iv) lack of segregation of duties and monitoring of privileged accounts, (v) deficiencies in monitoring access to systems and data, (vi) deficiencies in password management and (vii) deficiencies in vulnerability assessment and patch management.

We are currently in the process of remediating the material weaknesses described above and we intend to continue implementing the following measures, among others, to remediate the material weaknesses. We plan to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. prepare a systematic policies and procedures manual for our IT processes in order to develop enhanced risk assessment procedures and controls related to changes in IT systems;

2. regularly conduct internal evaluation for IT-related departments and all IT staff;

3. regularly conduct network security training for IT employees to provide employees with security awareness;

4. establish a qualification assessment procedure for third-party service providers;

5. improve demand analysis and detailed design/specification of new IT projects. All new IT projects undergo user acceptance testing and implementation approval;

6. ensure system and information security, strictly control the approval of system permissions and review them regularly, enforce password complexity policies, and regularly audit and analyze logs; and

7. enforce and monitor IT standard procedures and safety management specifications.

As we were in the process of implementing such remedial measures as of December 31, 2025, our management concluded that the material weaknesses had not been fully remediated and that such material weaknesses still existed.

We are fully committed to continuing to implement measures to remediate our material weaknesses and significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. However, we cannot assure you that we will remediate our material weaknesses and significant deficiencies in a timely manner. See above and "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may be unable to accurately report our operating results, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud."

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(c)** **Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm** 

This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm due to an exemption established by the rules of the SEC for emerging growth companies.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(d)** **Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting** 

Other than as described above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**ITEM 16. [RESERVED]**

**ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT**

Our board of directors has determined that Ms. Qian Qu, an independent director, under the standards set forth under the Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance requirements and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and the chair of our audit committee, is an audit committee financial expert.

**ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS**

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all of our directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, which is a "code of ethics" as defined in Item 16B of Form 20-F promulgated by the SEC and as required by the Nasdaq rules. A copy of the policy is filed as Exhibit 14.1 hereto**.** The full text of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at http://www.infobird.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein. We will provide a copy of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics without charge upon request by mail or by telephone. If we make any amendment to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or grant any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website to the extent required by the rules and regulations of the SEC.

**ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES**

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our principal external auditor, for the periods indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended<br> December 31,** | **For the year ended<br> December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** |
| Audit fees <sup>(1)</sup> | $207100 | $200000 |
| Audit-related fees |  |  |
| Total | $207100 | $200000 |

---

(1) "Audit fees" represents the aggregate fees billed for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal accounting firm for the audit of our annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the auditors in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services including audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services as described above.

**ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT**

**Dismissal of Audit Alliance LLP on January 16, 2026**

On January 16, 2026, the Company dismissed Audit Alliance LLP ("AA"), as our independent registered public accounting firm, effective immediately, and appointed Assentsure PAC ("Assentsure") as our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2025, effective as of January 16, 2026. The appointment of Assentsure was made after careful consideration and evaluation process by the Company and has been approved by the audit committee and the board of directors of the Company.

From December 31, 2024 through January 16, 2026, (i) there was no audit report issued by AA and AA did not audit any financial statements and there were no disagreements between our Company and AA on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedures, which disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of AA would have caused AA to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in connection with its reports, and (ii) there was no reportable event requiring disclosure pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of the instructions to Form 20-F.

We provided AA with a copy of the disclosures under this Item 16F and requested from AA a letter addressed to the SEC indicating whether it agrees with such disclosures, and if not, stating the respects in which it does not agree. A copy of AA's letter is incorporated as Exhibit 16.1 by reference to the Form 6-K for January 2026 filed on January 20, 2026, stating AA agrees with the statements made by us.

During the most recent fiscal year and any subsequent interim periods prior to the engagement of Assentsure, neither we nor anyone on behalf of us has consulted with Assentsure regarding (i) the application of accounting principles to a specific transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our consolidated financial statements, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to us that Assentsure concluded was an important factor considered by us in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing, or financial reporting issue, (ii) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of the instructions to Form 20-F, or (iii) any reportable event pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of the instructions to Form 20-F.

**Dismissal of WWC, P.C. on May 31, 2024**

On May 31, 2024, the Company dismissed WWC, P.C. ("WWC"), as our independent registered public accounting firm, effective immediately, and appointed Audit Alliance LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023, effective as of May 31, 2024. The appointment of AA was made after careful consideration and evaluation process by the Company and has been approved by the audit committee and the board of directors of the Company.

From October 31, 2023 through May 31, 2024, (i) there was no audit report issued by WWC and WWC did not audit any financial statements and there were no disagreements between our Company and WWC on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedures, which disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of WWC would have caused WWC to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in connection with its reports, and (ii) there was no reportable event requiring disclosure pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of the instructions to Form 20-F.

We provided WWC with a copy of the disclosures under this Item 16F and requested from WWC a letter addressed to the SEC indicating whether it agrees with such disclosures, and if not, stating the respects in which it does not agree. A copy of WWC's letter is incorporated as Exhibit 16.1 by reference to the Form 6-K for June 2024 filed on June 3, 2024, stating WWC agrees with the statements made by us.

During the most recent fiscal year and any subsequent interim periods prior to the engagement of AA, neither we nor anyone on behalf of us has consulted with AA regarding (i) the application of accounting principles to a specific transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our consolidated financial statements, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to us that AA concluded was an important factor considered by us in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing, or financial reporting issue, (ii) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of the instructions to Form 20-F, or (iii) any reportable event pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of the instructions to Form 20-F.

**ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE**

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. The Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. We follow the following home country practices in lieu of the Nasdaq Listing Rules as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● We do not follow Nasdaq's requirements regarding shareholder approval for certain issuances of securities under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635. Under our memorandum and articles of association, our board of directors is authorized to issue securities including in connection with certain events such as the acquisition of shares or assets of another company, the establishment of or amendments to equity-based compensation plans for employees, a change of control of us, rights issues at or below market price, certain private placements and issuance of convertible notes, and the issuance of 20% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares.

● We have elected to follow Cayman Islands practices in lieu of the requirements of (i) having at least three Independent Directors (as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2)) as members of the audit committee under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, (ii) having at least two Independent Directors (as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2)) as members of the compensation committee under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, (iii) having a majority independent board under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, (iv) setting up an independent nominations committee or having independent director oversight of director nominations under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605, and (v) holding annual meeting of shareholders under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(a). For more information on our board composition and practices, see "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management And Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management" and "—C. Board Practices."

Other than those described above, there are no significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by U.S. domestic companies under Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. We may in the future decide to use the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to some or all the other Nasdaq corporate governance rules. As a result, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We may utilize these exemptions for as long as we continue to qualify as a foreign private issuer.

**ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.**

Not applicable.

**ITEM 16J INSIDER TRADING POLICIES**

The Company has adopted an Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company's securities by directors, senior management and employees that is reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and all applicable listing standards. A copy of the policy is filed as Exhibit 11.1 hereto. The full text of the Insider Trading Policy is posted on our website at http://www.infobird.com.

**ITEM 16K CYBERSECURITY** 

We identify and assess material risks from cybersecurity threats to our information systems and the information residing in our information systems by monitoring and evaluating our threat environment on an ongoing basis using various methods including, for example, using manual and automated tools, subscribing to reports and services that identify cybersecurity threats, analyzing reports of threats and threat actors, conducting scans of the threat environment, and conducting risk assessments.

We manage material risks from cybersecurity threats to our information systems and the information residing in our information systems through various processes and procedures, including, depending on the environment, risk assessment, incident detection and response, vulnerability management, disaster recovery and business continuity plans, internal controls within our accounting and financial reporting functions, encryption of data, network security controls, access controls, physical security, asset management, systems monitoring, and employee training. We engage third-party service providers to provide some of the resources used in our information systems and some third-party service providers have access to information residing in our information systems. With respect to such third parties, we seek to engage reliable, reputable service providers that maintain cybersecurity programs. Depending on the nature and extent of the services provided, the sensitivity and quantity of information processed, and the identity of the service provider, our processes may include conducting due diligence on the cybersecurity practices of such provider and contractually imposing cybersecurity related obligations on the provider. In light of the National Cybersecurity Incident Reporting Measures effective November 1, 2025, we have enhanced our incident detection and reporting procedures to ensure compliance with the strict one-hour (for CII operators) and four-hour (for general network operators) reporting timelines for major incidents .

We are not aware of any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any cybersecurity incidents, which have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our Group, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Refer to "Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — Unauthorized disclosure, destruction or modification of data, through cybersecurity breaches, computer viruses or otherwise or disruption of our services could expose us to liability, protracted and costly litigation and damage our reputation."

*Cybersecurity Governance*

Our Board of Directors holds oversight responsibility over our Group's risk management and strategy, including material risks related to cybersecurity threats. This oversight is executed directly by our board of directors and through its committees. Our audit committee oversees the management of our Group's major financial risk exposures, the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures, and the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken and handled, which would include cybersecurity risks, in accordance with its charter. The audit committee holds regular meetings and receives periodic reports from management regarding risk management, including major financial risk exposures from cybersecurity threats or incidents.

Within management, the Group's Chief Executive Officer are primarily responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats on a day-to-day basis and keep the senior executive officers informed on a regular basis of the identification, assessment, and management of cybersecurity risks and of any cybersecurity incidents. Such management personnel have prior experience and training in managing information systems and cybersecurity matters and participate in ongoing training programs.

As of the date hereof, the Company has not encountered cybersecurity incidents that the company believes to have been material to the Company taken as a whole.

**PART III**

**ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

**ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

The consolidated financial statements of Infobird Co., Ltd and its subsidiaries are included at the end of this annual report.

**ITEM 19. EXHIBITS**

**EXHIBIT INDEX**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit<br> Number** | **Description of Exhibit** |
| 1.1 | [Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant currently in effect, adopted by way of a special resolution passed on February 20, 2024 with effect from May 2, 2024](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112224001097/e5611_ex1-2.htm) |
| 4.1 | [Specimen certificate evidencing ordinary shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234)) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 15, 2021)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112221000056/e2337_ex4-1.htm) |
| 4.3 | [Description of Securities (incorporated herein by reference to the section titled "Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents" in the Registrant's registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234)), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 9, 2020, as amended, including any form of prospectus contained therein pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Registrant's registration statement on Form 8-A, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 30, 2021)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112220001267/e2270_f-1.htm#a_017) |
| 4.6 | [Convertible Promissory Note dated December 20, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 20, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112224002019/e6228_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.1 | [Form of Indemnification Escrow Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 15, 2021)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112221000384/e2515_10-6.htm) |
| 10.2 | [Form of Indemnification Agreement between the registrant and its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 9, 2020)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112220001267/e2270_ex10-7.htm) |
| 10.3 | [Form of Director Agreement between the registrant and its directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 9, 2020)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112220001267/e2270_ex10-8.htm) |
| 10.4 | [Form of Independent Director Agreement between the registrant and certain of its independent directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 9, 2020)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112220001267/e2270_ex10-9.htm) |
| 10.5 | [Form of Employment Agreement between the registrant and its directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 9, 2020)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112220001267/e2270_ex10-11.htm) |
| 10.6 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Purchaser and the registrant, dated as of November 25, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 from our report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 1, 2023)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223000801/e4641_ex4-11.htm) |
| 10.7 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the registrant and certain purchasers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2023)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223000277/e4450_ex99-1.htm) |
| 10.8 | [Placement Agency Agreement by and between Maxim Group LLC and the registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.5 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2023)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223000277/e4450_ex99-5.htm) |
| 10.9 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 24, 2023, by and between Infobird Co., Ltd and the purchasers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 28, 2023)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223001314/e4871_ex99-1.htm) |
| 10.10 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 3, 2023, by and between Infobird Co., Ltd and the purchasers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 4, 2023)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223001370/e4906_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.11 | [English Translation of the Equity Transfer Agreement dated August 11, 2023, by and between Infobird Co., Ltd and CRservices Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 17, 2023)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223001547/e4953_ex10-1.htm) |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.12 | [Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2023, by and between Infobird Co., Ltd and the Investor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 22, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223002283/e5288_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.13 | [Form of Equity Acquisition Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2024, by and between Infobird Co., Ltd and Shangri-La Trading Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 1, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112224001052/e5783_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.14 | [Form of Amendment No. 1 to Equity Acquisition Agreement, dated July 31, 2024, by and between Infobird Co., Ltd and Shangri-La Trading Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 2, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112224001191/e5851_ex10-1.htm) |
| 10.15 | [Form of Equity Acquisition Agreement, dated December 6, 2024, by and between Infobird Co., Ltd and One One Business Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 6, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112224001939/e6197_ex10-1.htm) |
| 12.1\* | [CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](e7706_ex12-1.htm) |
| 12.2\* | [CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](e7706_ex12-2.htm) |
| 13.1\* | [CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](e7706_ex13-1.htm) |
| 13.2\* | [CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](e7706_ex13-2.htm) |
| 14.1 | [Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of Amendment No. 1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-251234) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 12, 2021)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112221000056/e2337_ex99-1.htm) |
| 16.1 | [Letter from WWC, P.C. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 3, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112224000913/e5723_ex16-1.htm) |
| 19.1 | [Insider trading policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 19.1 from our report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 11, 2024)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112224001097/e5611_ex19-1.htm) |
| 21.1 | [List of Subsidiaries (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 from our report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 2, 2026)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112226000522/e7504_ex21-1.htm) |
| 23.1\* | [Consent of Assentsure PAC, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](e7706_ex23-1.htm) |
| 23.2\* | [Consent of Audit Alliance LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](e7706_ex23-2.htm) |
| 97.1 | [Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-40301) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 24, 2023)](http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815566/000173112223001935/e5142_ex99-1.htm) |
| 101.INS\* | Inline XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104\* | Cover Page Interactive Data File |

---

\* Filed herewith.

**SIGNATURES**

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **INFOBIRD CO., LTD** | **INFOBIRD CO., LTD** |
| By: | */s/ Xiangyang Wen* |
|  | Xiangyang Wen |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |

---

Date: June 12, 2026

 **INFOBIRD CO., LTD**

**INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
| [Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 6783)](#c_001) | F-2 |
| [Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 3487)](#b_001) | F-3 |
| [Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024](#b_002) | F-4 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023](#b_003) | F-5 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023](#b_004) | F-6 |
| [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023](#b_005) | F-7 |
| [Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#b_006) | F-8 |

---

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Infobird Co., Ltd

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Infobird Co., Ltd and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP").

**Restatement of 2025 Financial Statements**

As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the 2025 consolidated financial statements have been restated to correct a misstatement.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the "PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the United States federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ AssentSure PAC

Singapore

PCAOB ID Number 6783

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2026.

April 2, 2026, except for Note 2, 4, 5, and 18 which are dated June 12, 2026

**Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm** 

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Infobird Co., Ltd

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Infobird Co., Ltd and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP").

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the "PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the United States federal securities laws. and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Audit Alliance LLP

Singapore

April 10, 2025

PCAOB ID Number 3487

We served as the Company's auditor from 2024 to 2026.

**INFOBIRD CO., LTD AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
|  | (Restated) | |
| ASSETS |  |  |
| CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash | $5113317 | $4693725 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable, net | 3453879 | 3859493 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes receivables, net | 533068 | 928856 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other receivables, net | 249410 | 147952 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due from related parties |  | 247328 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepayments | 228545 | 167173 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 9578219 | 10044527 |
| OTHER ASSETS |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net | 637041 | 781624 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right-of-use assets | 377461 | 516443 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill | 12559378 | 62435299 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other assets | 13573880 | 63733366 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total assets | $23152099 | $73777893 |
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
| CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $3318162 | $2787656 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Short-term loans | 662955 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other payables and accrued liabilities | 180237 | 260909 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contract liabilities | 9544 | 37316 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taxes payable | 417816 | 528950 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities - current | 259928 | 199197 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 4848642 | 3814028 |
| OTHER LIABILITIES |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities - noncurrent | 103900 | 306028 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other liabilities |  | 2856120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other liabilities | 103900 | 3162148 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | $4952542 | $6976176 |
| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES |  |  |
| SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ordinary shares, $0.00001 par value, 5,000,000,000,000 shares authorized, 8,188,574 and 5,456,974 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | $82 | $55 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 94899354 | 91539240 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficits | (78775516) | (26703478) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 1548392 | (63634) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total shareholders' equity attributable to Infobird Co., Ltd | 17672312 | 64772183 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-controlling interests | 527245 | 2029534 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total equity | 18199557 | 66801717 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities and equity | $23152099 | $73777893 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**INFOBIRD CO., LTD AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Years Ended** | **For the Years Ended** | **For the Years Ended** |
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** | **December 31,**<br>**2023** |
|  | (Restated) | | |
| REVENUES | $8706740 | $1437848 | $280000 |
| COST OF REVENUES | 6138198 | 845236 | 125271 |
| GROSS PROFIT | 2568542 | 592612 | 154729 |
| OPERATING EXPENSES: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selling | 1504483 | 438596 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 2612675 | 1873646 | 3311155 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 97518 | 15074 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of goodwill | 51186782 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 55401458 | 2327316 | 3311155 |
| LOSS FROM OPERATIONS | (52832916) | (1734704) | (3156426) |
| OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 19965 | 200530 | 1366 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense | (504116) | (546525) | (736941) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of due from discontinued operations |  |  | (17632181) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net | (308029) | 1212 | 85396 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other expense, net | (792180) | (344783) | (18282360) |
| LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSES | (53625096) | (2079487) | (21438786) |
| INCOME TAX EXPENSE |  | 21008 |  |
| NET LOSS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | (53625096) | (2100495) | (21438786) |
| DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss from discontinued operations, net of applicable income taxes |  |  | (4287657) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of applicable income taxes |  |  | 22858286 |
| NET PROFIT FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS | $— | $— | $18570629 |
| NET LOSS | (53625096) | (2100495) | (2868157) |
| Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest from continuing operations | (1553058) | (1458) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest from discontinued operations |  |  | (291626) |
| NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO INFOBIRD CO., LTD | (52072038) | (2099037) | (2576531) |
| NET LOSS | (53625096) | (2100495) | (2868157) |
| FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENT | 1662795 | (64314) | 393604 |
| TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS | (51962301) | (2164809) | (2474553) |
| Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests from continuing operations | (1502289) | (3594) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests from discontinued operations |  |  | (282920) |
| COMPREHENSIVE LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO INFOBIRD CO., LTD | $(50460012) | $(2161215) | $(2191633) |
| WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF ORDINARY SHARES |  |  |  |
| Basic and diluted | 8016446 | 1995629 | 393572 |
| (LOSS) EARNING PER SHARE - BASIC AND DILUTED |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Continuing operations | $(6.50) | $(1.05) | $(54.47) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Discontinued operations | $— | $— | $47.93 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**INFOBIRD CO., LTD AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY**

---

| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | | | | | Retained earnings | Retained earnings | | | |
|  | | | | | (accumulated deficit) | (accumulated deficit) | | | |
|  | Ordinary shares | Ordinary shares | | | Statutory | | | | |
|  | Shares | Amounts |<br>Subscription<br>receivable |<br>Additional<br>paid-in<br>Capital | reserves | Unrestricted | Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss) |<br>Non-<br>controlling<br>interests |<br><br>Total |
| BALANCE, January 1, 2023 | 23867 | $— | $— | $33832743 | $449136 | $(28066415) | $361655 | $(75437) | $6501682 |
| Net loss attributable to Infobird Co., Ltd |  |  |  |  |  | (2576531) |  |  | (2576531) |
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (291626) | (291626) |
| Issued ordinary shares under F3, net of issuance costs | 4808 |  |  | 4522313 |  |  |  |  | 4522313 |
| Warrants convert to ordinary shares | 3125 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Additional ordinary shares of round up adjustment due to retroactive effect of Share Consolidation in 2023 | 77 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issued ordinary shares under F3, net of issuance costs | 826396 | 8 |  | 44999992 |  |  |  |  | 45000000 |
| CB convert to ordinary shares, net of issuance costs | 34688 |  |  | 2775000 |  |  |  |  | 2775000 |
| Additional ordinary shares of round up adjustment due to retroactive effect of Share Consolidation in 2023 | 4179 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| CB convert to ordinary shares, net of issuance costs | 168623 | 2 |  | 909701 |  |  |  |  | 909703 |
| Issued ordinary shares under F3, net of issuance costs | 215000 | 2 | (1184676) | 1184674 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Additional ordinary shares of round up adjustment due to retroactive effect of Share Consolidation in 2024 | 62236 | 1 |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  | 384898 | 8706 | 393604 |
| Deconsolidation of discontinued operations |  |  |  | (4841360) | (449136) | 6038505 | (748009) | 358357 | 358357 |
| BALANCE, December 31, 2023 | 1342999 | $13 | $(1184676) | $83383062 | $— | $(24604441) | $(1456) | $— | $57592502 |
| Net loss attributable to Infobird Co., Ltd |  |  |  |  |  | (2099037) |  |  | (2099037) |
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1458) | (1458) |
| Received subscription receivable |  |  | 1184676 |  |  |  |  |  | 1184676 |
| Issued ordinary shares due to the commitment | 58975 | 1 |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issued ordinary shares under F3, net of issuance costs | 585000 | 6 |  | 4512714 |  |  |  |  | 4512720 |
| CB convert to ordinary shares, net of issuance costs | 3470000 | 35 |  | 3643465 |  |  |  |  | 3643500 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  | (62178) | (2136) | (64314) |
| Non-controlling interest from acquisition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2033128 | 2033128 |
| BALANCE, December 31, 2024 | 5456974 | $55 | $— | $91539240 | $— | $(26703478) | $(63634) | $2029534 | $66801717 |
| Net loss attributable to Infobird Co., Ltd (Restated) |  |  |  |  |  | (52072038) |  |  | (52072038) |
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests (Restated) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1553058) | (1553058) |
| CB convert to ordinary shares, net of issuance costs | 2731600 | 27 |  | 3360114 |  |  |  |  | 3360141 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment (Restated) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1612026 | 50769 | 1662795 |
| BALANCE, December 31, 2025 (Restated) | 8188574 | 82 |  | 94899354 |  | (78775516) | 1548392 | 527245 | 18199557 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 **INFOBIRD CO., LTD AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | For the Years Ended | For the Years Ended | For the Years Ended |
|  | December 31,<br>2025 | December 31,<br>2024 | December 31,<br>2023 |
|  | (Restated) | | |
| CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(53625096) | $(2100495) | $(2868157) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net profit from discontinued operations |  |  | 18570629 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss from continuing operations | (53625096) | (2100495) | (21438786) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of goodwill | 51186782 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Depreciation and amortization | 173971 | 75985 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Right-of-use assets depreciation | 238559 | 37025 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain of investment |  |  | (84634) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income |  | (169726) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Allowance for (recovery from) expected credit losses | (42966) |  | 19520843 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Imputed interest expense | 504021 | 546525 | 736941 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable | 602031 | (83703) | (180000) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes receivables | 424654 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other receivables | (92549) | 4892315 | (323235) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due from a related party | 251175 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepayments | (52629) | (26539) | (10367) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | 397399 | 95838 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other payables and accrued liabilities | (87381) | 55226 | 61846 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contract liabilities | (28611) | (72766) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taxes payable | (130663) | 38386 | 583 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities | (240431) | (36183) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due from discontinued operations |  |  | (3618253) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities from continuing operations | (521734) | 3251888 | (5335062) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by operating activities from discontinued operations |  |  | 2615101 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (521734) | 3251888 | (2719961) |
| CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash deposit in escrow account |  | (5114000) | (47387762) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash received from escrow account |  | 5000000 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loan to third party |  | (7500000) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash proceeds from acquisition Pure Tech |  | 4212977 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment |  | (768803) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-term investment in equity |  | (100060) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations |  | (4269886) | (47387762) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by investing activities from discontinued operations |  |  | 14054 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities |  | (4269886) | (47373708) |
| CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net proceeds from issuance of common stock under F3 |  | 5697396 | 49522314 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net proceeds from issuance of convertible bonds |  |  | 2947762 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net proceeds from short-term loans | 645024 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Refunds from escrow |  |  | 96932 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations | 645024 | 5697396 | 52567008 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in financing activities from discontinued operations |  |  | (2997269) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities | 645024 | 5697396 | 49569739 |
| EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES | 296302 | (38332) | (28715) |
| NET CHANGE IN CASH | 419592 | 4641066 | (552645) |
| CASH, beginning of year | 4693725 | 52659 | 1038819 |
| CASH, end of year | $5113317 | $4693725 | $486174 |
| LESS: CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS |  |  | 433515 |
| CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | $5113317 | $4693725 | $52659 |
| NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Third parties paid for consideration for Pure Tech | $— | $59784723 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Escrow account transit to Pure Media before acquiring | $— | $510000 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisition of Pure Tech by issuing convertible promissory notes | $— | $5953095 | $— |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Convertible promissory notes converted to ordinary shares | $3360141 | $3643500 | $— |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

**INFOBIRD CO., LTD AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (In U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)**

**Note 1 – Nature of business and organization**

Infobird Co., Ltd ("Infobird Cayman" or the "Company") is a holding company incorporated on March 26, 2020 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. The Company has no substantive operations other than holding all of the outstanding share capital of Infobird International Limited ("Infobird HK") established under the laws of Hong Kong on April 21, 2020, Lightyear Technology Pte. Ltd. ("Lightyear Technology"), no substantive operations, established under the laws of Singapore on July 25, 2023, and Inforbird Technologies Limited ("Inforbird Technologies") established under the laws of Hong Kong on July 12, 2023, and 97% of the outstanding share capital of Pure Tech Global Limited ("Pure Tech") established under the laws of the British Virgin Islands ("BVI") on February 5, 2024.

Infobird HK is also a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of Infobird Digital Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd ("Infobird WFOE") which was established on May 20, 2020 under the laws of the People's Republic of China ("PRC" or "China"). The Company disposed Infobird HK and Infobird WFOE on August 11, 2023.

The Company, through its variable interest entity ("VIE"), Beijing Infobird Software Co., Ltd ("Infobird Beijing"), a PRC limited liability company established on October 26, 2001, and through its subsidiaries, is a software-as-a-service ("SaaS") provider of innovative AI-powered (artificial intelligence enabled) customer engagement solutions in China. The Company primarily provides standard and customized customer relationship management cloud-based services, such as SaaS, and business process outsourcing ("BPO"), services to its clients. The Company disposed Infobird Beijing on August 11, 2023.

On October 17, 2013, Infobird Beijing established its 90.18% owned subsidiary, Guiyang Infobird Cloud Computing Co., Ltd ("Infobird Guiyang"), a PRC limited liability company. Infobird Guiyang also engages in software development and mainly provides BPO services to its customers. On June 20, 2012, Infobird Beijing established a 99.95% owned subsidiary, Anhui Xinlijia E-commerce Co., Ltd (formerly known as Anhui Infobird Software Information Technology Co., Ltd) ("Infobird Anhui"), a PRC limited liability company. Infobird Anhui also engages in software development and mainly provides cloud services and technology solutions to customers. The Company disposed Infobird Guiyang and Infobird Anhui on August 11, 2023.

On May 27, 2020, Infobird Cayman completed a reorganization of entities under common control of its then existing shareholders, who collectively owned all of the equity interests of Infobird Cayman prior to the reorganization. Infobird Cayman and Infobird HK were established as the holding companies of Infobird WFOE. Infobird WFOE is the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Infobird Beijing and its subsidiaries. All of these entities are under common control which results in the consolidation of Infobird Beijing and subsidiaries which have been accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control at carrying value. Infobird WFOE is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Infobird Beijing because it has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct activities at Infobird Beijing that most significantly impact such entity's economic performance, and (2) the right to receive benefits from Infobird Beijing that could potentially be significant to such entity. The consolidated financial statements are prepared on the basis as if the reorganization became effective as of the beginning of the first period presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Infobird Cayman.

On December 2, 2021, Infobird Beijing completed its 51% acquisition of Shanghai Qishuo Technology Inc. ("Shanghai Qishuo"), a PRC limited liability company and a SaaS provider of big data analysis to retail stores aimed at operation improvement, for approximately $1.3 million (RMB 8.6 million). Shanghai Qishuo is a fast-growing provider of consumer product and retail store digitalization solutions. The Company disposed Shanghai Qishuo on August 11, 2023.

On May 31, 2022, Infobird Anhui completed its 100% acquisition of Hefei Weiao Information Technology Co., Ltd ("Anhui Weiao"), a PRC limited liability company owned VATS License with the business scope of "Nationwide Domestic Call Center Services" to improve our cloud-based services. The Company disposed Anhui Weiao on August 11, 2023.

On July 14, 2023, Infobird Cayman completed its 100% acquisition of Inforbird Technologies from an individual. Inforbird Technologies primarily provides standard and customized customer relationship management cloud-based services, such as SaaS, business process outsourcing ("BPO"), and AI software development services to its clients outside of the Mainland of China.

On July 6, 2023, Infobird HK established a 100% owned subsidiary, Guangnian Zhiyuan (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd ("Guangnian Zhiyuan"), a PRC limited liability company primarily provides standard and customized customer relationship management cloud-based services, such as SaaS, business process outsourcing ("BPO"), and AI software development services to its clients. Infobird HK transferred its 100% interest of Guangnian Zhiyuan to Inforbird Technologies on August 1, 2023.

On July 15, 2024, Guangnian Zhiyuan completed its 100% acquisition of Beijing Suowangda Technology Development Co., Ltd ("Beijing Suowangda"), a PRC limited liability company established on June 13, 2010 from individuals. Beijing Suowangda is primarily a cost center.

On November 30, 2024, Infobird Cayman completed its 97% acquisition of Pure Tech, which is a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of Pure Media Limited ("Pure Media"). Pure Media was established on March 14, 2024 under the laws of Hong Kong.

Pure Media, through its VIEs, Pinmu Century (Beijing) Marketing Technology Co., Ltd ("Pinmu Century"), a PRC limited liability company established on April 17, 2012, and its subsidiaries, and Zhenxi Brand Marketing Consulting (Shanghai) Centre ("Zhenxi Brand"), a PRC wholly owned enterprise established on July 4, 2019, and its subsidiaries, provides digital advertising and marketing campaign services to its clients in China.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the activities of Infobird Cayman and each of the following entities

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Background** | **Ownership** |
| Inforbird Technologies Limited ("Inforbird Technologies") | ● A Hong Kong company<br> ● Incorporated on July 12, 2023<br> ● Software developing that provides software as a service (SaaS) | 100% owned by Infobird Co., Ltd |
| Lightyear Technology Pte. Ltd. ("Lightyear Technology") | ● A Singapore company<br> ● Incorporated on July 25, 2023<br> ● A holding company | 100% owned by Infobird Co., Ltd |
| Guangnian Zhiyuan (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd ("Guangnian Zhiyuan") | ● A PRC company<br> ● Incorporated on July 6, 2023<br> ● Registered capital of $1,379,310 (RMB 10,000,000)<br> ● Software developing that provides software as a service (SaaS) | 100% owned by Inforbird Technologies |
| Beijing Suowangda Technology Development Co., Ltd<br>("Beijing Suowangda") | ● A PRC limited liability company<br> ● Incorporated on June 13, 2010<br>● Registered capital of $68,794 (RMB 470,000)<br>● A cost center | 100% owned by Guangnian Zhiyuan |
| Pure Tech Global Limited<br>("Pure Tech") | ● A BVI company<br> ● Incorporated on February 5, 2024<br> ●A holding company | 97% owned by<br>Infobird Co., Ltd |
| Pure Media Limited<br>("Pure Media") | ● A Hong Kong company<br> ● Incorporated on March 14, 2024<br> ●A holding company | 100% owned by<br>Pure Tech |
| Pinmu Century (Beijing) Marketing Technology Co., Ltd ("Pinmu Century") | ● A PRC limited liability company<br> ● Incorporated on April 17, 2012<br> ● Registered capital of $1,581,243 (RMB 10,000,000)<br>● Digital advertising and marketing campaign service | VIE of Pure Media |
| Zhenxi Brand Marketing Consulting (Shanghai) Centre ("Zhenxi Brand") | ● A PRC wholly owned enterprise<br>● Incorporated on July 4, 2019<br>● Digital advertising and marketing campaign service | VIE of Pure Media |

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<u>Contractual Arrangements Between Pure Media, and Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand</u>

Due to legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, the operation of internet public information in China, including digital advertising and marketing campaign on internet, the Company operates its businesses in which foreign investment is restricted or prohibited in the PRC through certain PRC domestic companies. Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries own any equity interest in Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand. As such, Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand are controlled through contractual arrangements in lieu of direct equity ownership by the Company or any of its subsidiaries. Such contractual arrangements consist of a series of three agreements, along with shareholders' powers of attorney ("POAs") and spousal consent letters (collectively the "Contractual Arrangements", which were signed on June 10, 2024 with Pinmu Century and signed on July 31, 2024 with Zhenxi Brand).

The significant terms of the Contractual Arrangements are as follows:

*Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement* 

Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement between Pure Media and Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand, Pure Media has the exclusive right to provide Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand with technical support services, consulting services and other services, including technical support and training, business management consultation, consultation, collection and research of technology and market information, marketing and promotion services, customer order management and customer services, lease equipment or properties, provide legitimate rights to use software license, provide deployment, maintenances and upgrade of software, design installation, daily management, maintenance and updating network system, hardware and database, and other services requested by Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand from time to time to the extent permitted under PRC law. In exchange, Pure Media is entitled to a service fee that equals to all of the consolidated net income. The service fee may be adjusted by Pure Media based on the actual scope of services rendered by Pure Media and the operational needs and expanding demands of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand. Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement, the service fees may be adjusted based on the actual scope of services rendered by Pure Media and the operational needs of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand.

The exclusive business cooperation agreement remains in effect unless terminated in accordance with the following provision of the agreement or terminated in writing by Pure Media.

During the term of the exclusive business cooperation agreement, Pure Media and Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand shall renew the operation term prior to the expiration thereof so as to enable the exclusive business cooperation agreement to remain effective. The exclusive business cooperation agreement shall be terminated upon the expiration of the operation term of either Pure Media or Pinmu Century, or Zhenxi Brand if the application for renewal of the operation term is not approved by relevant government authorities. If an application for renewal of the operation term is not approved, according to the PRC Company Law, the expiration of the operation term may lead to the dissolution and cancellation of such PRC company.

*Exclusive Option Agreements*

Pursuant to the exclusive option agreements among Pure Media, Pinmu Century and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Pinmu Century, Zhenxi Brand and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Zhenxi Brand, such shareholders jointly and severally grant Pure Media an option to purchase their equity interests in Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand. The purchase price shall be the lowest price then permitted under applicable PRC laws. Pure Media or its designated person may exercise such option at any time to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand until it has acquired all equity interests of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand, which is irrevocable during the term of the agreements.

The exclusive option agreements remain in effect until all equity interest held by shareholders in Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand has been transferred or assigned to Pure Media and/or any other person designated by the Pure Media in accordance with such agreement.

*Equity Interest Pledge Agreements*

Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements, among Pure Media, Pinmu Century and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Pinmu Century, Zhenxi Brand and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Zhenxi Brand, such shareholders pledge all of the equity interests in Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand to Pure Media as collateral to secure the obligations of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand under the exclusive business cooperation agreement and exclusive option agreements. These shareholders are prohibited from transferring the pledged equity interests without the prior consent of Pure Media unless transferring the equity interests to Pure Media or its designated person in accordance to the exclusive option agreements.

*Shareholders' Powers of Attorney ("POAs")*

Pursuant to the shareholders' POAs, the shareholders of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand give Pure Media an irrevocable proxy to act on their behalf on all matters pertaining to Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand and to exercise all of their rights as shareholders of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand, including the (i) right to attend shareholders meeting; (ii) to exercise voting rights and all of the other rights including but not limited to the sale or transfer or pledge or disposition of the shares held in part or in whole; and (iii) designate and appoint on behalf of the shareholder the legal representative, the directors, supervisors, the chief executive officer and other senior management members of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand, and to sign transfer documents and any other documents in relation to the fulfillment of the obligations under the exclusive option agreements and the equity interest pledge agreements. The shareholders' POAs shall remain in effect while the shareholders of Pinmu Century hold the equity interests in Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand.

*Spousal Consent Letters*

Pursuant to the spousal consent letters, the spouses of the shareholders of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand commit that they have no right to make any assertions in connection with the equity interests of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand, which are held by the shareholders. In the event that the spouses obtain any equity interests of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand, which are held by the shareholders, for any reasons, the spouses of the shareholders shall be bound by the exclusive option agreement, the equity interest pledge agreement, the shareholder POA and the exclusive business cooperation agreement and comply with the obligations thereunder as a shareholder of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand. The letters are irrevocable and shall not be withdrawn without the consent of Pure Media.

Based on the foregoing contractual arrangements, which grant Pure Media effective control of Pinmu Century, Zhenxi Brand, and subsidiaries and enable Pure Media to receive all of their expected residual returns, the Company accounts for Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand as VIEs. Accordingly, the Company consolidates the accounts of Pinmu Century, Zhenxi Brand and subsidiaries for the periods presented herein, in accordance with Regulation S-X-3A-02 promulgated by the Securities Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810-10, Consolidation.

**Note 2 – Summary of significant accounting policies**

<u>Liquidity</u>

In assessing liquidity, the Company monitors and analyzes cash on-hand and operating expenditure commitments. The Company's liquidity needs are to meet working capital requirements and operating expense obligations.

Historically, the Company finances its operations through internally generated cash, short-term loans and payable from related parties and equity financing. As of December 31, 2025, the Company's working capital was approximately $4.73 million. The Company will not require any fund over the next twelve months upon issuance of these audited consolidated financial statements to operate at its current level, either from operating activities or funding.

If the Company is unable to realize its assets within the normal operating cycle of a twelve (12) month period, the Company may have to consider supplementing its available sources of funds through the following sources:

● other available sources of financing from PRC banks and other financial institutions;

● financial support from the Company's related parties and shareholders; and

● Issuance of convertible debt.

Based on the above considerations, the Company's management is of the opinion that it has sufficient funds to meet the Company's working capital requirements and debt obligations as they become due over the next twelve (12) months.

<u>Basis of presentation</u>

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") for information pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

<u>Principles of consolidation</u>

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

<u>Use of estimates and assumptions</u>

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements mainly include, but are not limited to, impairment assessment of goodwill, determination of incremental borrowing rate for leases, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, allowance for credit losses, standalone selling price of each distinct performance obligation in revenue recognition.

Management bases the estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions as discussed elsewhere to the consolidated financial statements that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates based on information that is currently available. Changes in circumstances, facts and experience may cause the Company to revise its estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates.

<u>Foreign currency translation and transaction</u>

The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The Company in China conducts its businesses in the local currency, Renminbi (RMB), as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at the noon buying rate in the City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York at the end of the period. The statement of income accounts are translated at the average translation rates and the equity accounts are translated at historical rates. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred.

Translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) amounted to $5,019,336 and $(63,634) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The balance sheet amounts with the exception of equity at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were translated at 6.9931 RMB and 7.2993 RMB to $1, respectively. The equity accounts were stated at their historical rate. The average translation rates applied to statement of continuing operations and comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were 7.1875 RMB, 7.1957 RMB and 7.2346 RMB to $1, respectively. Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods, therefore, amounts reported on the statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets.

<u>Discontinued operation</u>

In accordance with ASU No. 2014-08, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, a disposal of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity is required to be reported as discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results when the components of an entity meet the criteria in paragraph 205-20-45-1E to be classified as discontinued operations. When all of the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations are met, including management having the authority to approve the action and committing to a plan to sell the entity or the components, the major current assets, other assets, current liabilities, and noncurrent liabilities shall be reported as components of total assets and liabilities separate from the balances of the continuing operations. At the same time, the results of discontinued operations, less applicable income taxes (benefit), shall be reported as components of net income (loss) separate from the net income (loss) of continuing operations in accordance with ASC 205-20-45. See Note 6 – Discontinued operations.

<u>Cash</u>

Cash consists of cash on hand, demand deposits and time deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions and have original maturities of less than three (3) months.

<u>Accounts receivable, and allowance for expected credit losses</u>

Accounts receivable are stated at the historical carrying amount net of allowance for expected credit losses.

Accounts receivable include trade accounts due from customers. Accounts are considered overdue after thirty (30) days from payment due date. The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" on January 1, 2023 using a modified retrospective approach. The Company also adopted this guidance to notes receivables, other receivables, due from related parties, due from discontinued operations and escrows. To estimate expected credit losses, the Company has identified the relevant risk characteristics of its customers and the related receivables. The Company considers the past collection experience, current economic conditions, future economic conditions (external data and macroeconomic factors) and changes in the Company's customer collection trends. The allowance for expected credit losses and corresponding receivables were written off when they are determined to be uncollectible.

<u>Notes receivables and allowance for expected credit losses</u>

Notes receivables primarily include bank acceptance notes and commercial acceptance notes received from customers. The notes are primarily six months from the date of issuance. Notes receivables are reviewed periodically to determine whether its carrying value has become impaired. The Company uses credit loss method to estimate the allowance for the questionable balances. The carrying value of notes receivable is reduced by an allowance of credit losses.

<u>Other receivables and allowance for expected credit losses</u>

Other receivables primarily include the receivables from sales of our short-term investment to the third party, and others, other receivables is short-term in nature. Other receivables is reviewed periodically to determine whether its carrying value has become impaired. The Company uses credit loss method to estimate the allowance for the questionable balances.

<u>Short term investments</u>

Short-term investments are investments in wealth management product with underlying in bonds offered by private entities and other equity products. The investments can be redeemed upon three months' notice and their carrying values approximate their fair values. The gain (loss) from sale of any investments and fair value change are recognized in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Gain (loss) from short term investments for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to nil, nil, and $84,634, respectively.

<u>Property and equipment, net</u>

Property and equipment,net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets: 5 years for transportation equipment. Cost represents the purchase price of the asset and other costs incurred to bring the asset into its existing use. The cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred; major replacements and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gains or losses are included in income/loss in the year of disposition.

<u>Lease</u>

The Company applies ASC Topic 842, Leases, and determines if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Operating leases are primarily presented as right-of-use ("ROU") assets, lease liabilities - current and lease liabilities - noncurrent on its consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option, if any. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which it calculates based on the credit quality of the Company and by comparing interest rates available in the market for similar borrowings, and adjusting this amount based on the impact of collateral over the term of each lease. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

For operating leases with a term of one year or less, the Company has elected to not recognize a lease liability or ROU asset on its consolidated balance sheet. Instead, it recognizes the lease payments as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short-term lease costs are immaterial to its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and cash flow.

<u>Goodwill</u>

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, recorded goodwill amounts are not amortized but rather assessed for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist, applying a fair-value-based test.

When performing the annual impairment test, the Company has the option of performing a qualitative or quantitative assessment to determine if an impairment has occurred. If a qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, the Company would be required to perform a quantitative impairment analysis for goodwill. The quantitative analysis requires a comparison of fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The fair value is generally determined using the income approach.

The Company identified indicators that the carrying value of the reporting unit may not be recoverable and therefore performed a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment. These indicators included:

● A significant decline in expected future revenue and profitability of the reporting unit compared with the assumptions utilized in the acquisition valuation;

● Lower-than-expected advertising and marketing spending by the reporting unit's largest customers, which are primarily participants in the infant formula industry in mainland China;

● Continued declines in birth rates in mainland China, which negatively affected advertising demand from customers serving the infant and maternal products market;

● Increased customer concentration risk and reduced revenue generated per customer, despite growth in the overall number of customers served; and

● The need for a longer-than-anticipated transition period to diversify the reporting unit's customer base into industries less affected by demographic trends.

As a result of these developments, management revised its financial projections and concluded that the fair value of the reporting unit had declined below its carrying amount. Accordingly, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $51,186,782 during the year ended December 31, 2025.

The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test for the Pure Tech reporting unit as of December 31, 2025. The fair value of the reporting unit was estimated using an income approach based on a discounted cash flow ("DCF") analysis, which incorporates significant management estimates and assumptions. The significant assumptions utilized in the DCF analysis were as follows:

● Weighted-average cost of capital ("WACC"): 14.5%

● Terminal growth rate: 2.0%

● Projected revenue compound annual growth rate: 16.6% over the 5-year forecast period

● Projected EBITDA margin in the terminal year: 14.2%

Based on the results of the impairment test, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $51,186,782 during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Management believes the assumptions used in the impairment analysis are reasonable and consistent with the assumptions that market participants would use in estimating the fair value of the reporting unit. However, changes in future operating results, market conditions, discount rates, or other valuation assumptions could result in additional impairment charges in future periods.

The Company also considered its market capitalization as part of its overall assessment of fair value. However, management determined that market capitalization was not the most representative measure of fair value because the Company's ordinary shares experienced limited trading volume and significant volatility during the period. In addition, the Company's market capitalization reflected factors unrelated to the operating performance of the reporting unit, including the Company's holding company structure, limited public float, and investor sentiment toward U.S.-listed China-related issuers generally. Accordingly, management placed greater reliance on the DCF analysis in determining the fair value of the reporting unit.

<u>Fair value measurement</u>

The accounting standard regarding fair value of financial instruments and related fair value measurements defines financial instruments and requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments held by the Company.

The accounting standards define fair value, establish a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurement and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measures. The three levels are defined as follow:

● Level 1 inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

● Level 2 inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the assets or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.

● Level 3 inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value.

Financial assets and liabilities of the Company primarily consist of cash, other receivables, accounts receivable, due from related parties, short-term loans, short-term accounts payable and other payables and accrued liabilities. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the carrying values of these financial assets and liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature.

<u>Non-controlling Interests</u>

The Company's non-controlling interests represent the minority shareholders' ownership interests related to the Company's subsidiaries, including 3% for Pure Tech for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The non-controlling interests are presented in the consolidated balance sheets, separately from equity attributable to the shareholders of the Company. Non-controlling interests in the results of the Company are presented on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss as allocations of the total income or loss for the year between non-controlling interests holders and the shareholders of the Company.

All of non-controlling interests were from continuing operation entities, which consist of the following:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>**Non-controlling** | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
|  | (Restated) |  |
| Pure Tech | $527245 | $2033128 |
| Total | $527245 | $2033128 |

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<u>Revenue recognition</u>

The Company recognized its revenue under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). The Company recognizes revenue which represents the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in such exchange. The Company identifies contractual performance obligations and determines whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services are provided to customers.

The Company's contracts with customers generally do not include a general right of return relative to the delivered products or services.

The Company applied practical expedient when sales taxes were collected from customers, meaning sales tax is recorded net of revenue, instead of cost of revenue, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities and are excluded from the transaction price.

Revenues - continuing operations are generated from business integration solution services revenue and digital advertising and marketing campaign services revenue.

*(1) Business Integration Solution Services Revenue*

The Company generates revenue from development and sale of software license for customized software developed per customers' specifications. Contract terms from each software development contract generally do not contain significant financing components or variable consideration.

Customized software is software developed catering to the needs of specific customers who require initial customization or development of new solutions before subscription to our cloud-based services. For example, the Company has entered into a two-stage agreement to provide services to a municipal government agency to first develop an information technology system and customize and configure its cloud call center into the IT system, and then provide cloud-based services and charge subscription fees. Because the customized software the Company developed are to solve certain business pain points in a certain scenario within or across industries, once developed, it plans to further apply them in serving other customers that share similar needs and business models. The Company aims to replicate its initial customization and development and achieve economies of scale after it delivers its products to more customers within the same industry. Contract terms are generally less than one year. The design, development, and installation of the customized software is considered as one performance obligation as these promises are not separately identifiable as the customers do not obtain benefits from these services on its own. The Company's software development service contracts are generally recognized at a point in time when customer accepted the customized software with satisfactory testing result.

The Company generally provides limited warranties for work performed under its business integration solution contracts. At the time a sale is recognized, the Company records estimated future warranty costs under ASC 460. Such estimated costs for warranties are estimated at completion and these warranties are not service warranties separately sold by the Company. Generally, the estimated claim rates of warranty are based on actual warranty experience or Company's best estimate. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, no accrued warranty liabilities were deemed necessary for both continuing and discontinued operations.

*(2) Digital Advertising And Marketing Campaign Services Revenue*

The Company generates its digital advertising and marketing campaign services revenue from developing and executing advertising plan depending on the customers' needs. The provision of the digital advertising and marketing campaign services revenue is considered as one performance obligation as the service provided is distinct within the context of the contract and the customer can obtain benefit from it. Therefore, the service revenue is recognized based on the service performed over the contractual period.

Contract performance periods generally range from one month to one year. Contracts generally do not contain significant financing components or variable consideration.

Revenues - discontinued operations are generated from the followings:

*(1) Revenue from customized cloud-based services*

The Company derives its customized cloud-based revenues from subscription services which are comprised of subscription fee from granting customers' access to the customized SaaS, voice/data plan, which includes telecommunication usage such as telephone calls and messaging that our customers can subscribe for, and technical support. The provision of customized SaaS, voice/data plan and technical support is considered as one performance obligation as the services provided are not distinct within the context of the contract whereas the customer can only obtain benefit when the services are provided together. The Company uses monthly utilization records based on the number of user accounts subscribed for by customers, an output measure, to recognize revenue over time as there is simultaneous consumption and delivery of services.

*(2) Revenue from standard cloud-based services*

The Company also derives its standard cloud-based revenues from subscription services which are comprised of subscription fee from granting customers access to its software through the internet. The Company's standard cloud-based solutions represent a series of services such as calling, voice recording and technical support. These services are made available to the customer continuously throughout the contractual period, however, the extent to which the customer uses the services may vary at the customers' discretion. The standard cloud-based services are considered to have one single performance obligation. The Company uses monthly utilization records based on the number of user accounts subscribed for by customers, an output measure, to recognize revenue over time as there is simultaneous consumption and delivery of services.

The Company also enters into contracts with customers where the customers pay a fixed fee to access a fixed number of user accounts over the subscription period as specified in the contracts; therefore, the customers receive and consume the benefits of the cloud services throughout the subscription period so revenue is recognized ratably over the contractual subscription period that the services are delivered, beginning on the date the service is made available to the customers.

Contract performance periods generally are one year, and pursuant to the contracts, full payments are generally collected in advance, with payment to be made within three months after execution of the contract. Contracts generally do not contain significant financing components or variable consideration.

*(3) Revenue from BPO services*

The Company provides BPO services to operate the call centers for its customers. Customers using these services are not permitted to take possession of the Company's software and the contract term is for a defined period, where customers pay a monthly service fee. These services are considered as one performance obligation as the customers do not obtain benefit for each separate service. Revenues are recognized over time over contractual period using the time elapsed output method as BPO services are provided.

Contract performance periods generally are one year, and pursuant to the contracts, full payments for several months of services are generally collected in advance. Contracts generally do not contain significant financing components or variable consideration.

*(4) Business Integration Solution Services Revenue*

Since 2020, the Company provides business integration solution services to its customers and expects to expand its customer base from such services and develop the customers to become subscribers to SaaS services with software upgrades and continued services once they become more familiar with the Company's products. The services include sale of the Company's software license or development of customized software to fit the customers' need and sales of hardware integrated with the Company's software.

*(5) Revenue from software development*

The Company generates revenue from development and sale of software license including (1) standard software and (2) customized software developed per customers' specifications. Contract terms from each software development contract generally do not contain significant financing components or variable consideration.

Standard software are developed and offered as standard cloud-based services. The Company sold the license for standard software because some customers show obvious preference of software licensing over software-as-a-service, for reasons such as concerns about the safety of cloud-based services and potential higher price of subscription in total compared with one-time on-premise fee. Therefore, as part of the Company's sales and market strategy, it offers licenses for its standard software to allow the customers to first start utilizing its products in their daily operation and then aim to evolve them to become subscribers with its standard cloud-based services to enjoy benefits of software upgrades and continued services. Licenses for standard software provide the customer with a right to use the software. Standard software licenses are typically made available to customers with immediate access to the software. The Company recognizes revenue for these standard software licenses at the point in time when the customer has access and thus control over the software.

Customized software is software developed catering to the needs of specific customers who require initial customization or development of new solutions before subscription to our cloud-based services. For example, the Company has entered into a two-stage agreement to provide services to a municipal government agency to first develop an information technology system and customize and configure its cloud call center into the IT system, and then provide cloud-based services and charge subscription fees. Because the customized software the Company developed are to solve certain business pain points in a certain scenario within or across industries, once developed, it plans to further apply them in serving other customers that share similar needs and business models. The Company aims to replicate its initial customization and development and achieve economies of scale after it delivers its products to more customers within the same industry. Contract terms are generally less than one year. The design, development, and installation of the customized software is considered as one performance obligation as these promises are not separately identifiable as the customers do not obtain benefits from these services on its own. The Company's software development service contracts are generally recognized at a point in time when customer accepted the customized software with satisfactory testing result.

*(6) Revenue from sales of hardware with software integration*

The Company is responsible for providing hardware procurement, software design and implementation, installation and maintenance service in order to fulfill the contract. Design, integration and installation of hardware and software are considered as one performance obligation, as the customer does not benefit from each individual service on its own stand, but instead is benefited by the provision of these services as a whole. For contracts that the Company have no alternative use of the customized system without incurring significant additional costs and when the Company has right to payment for performance completed, the Company recognized revenue over time based on measurement of progress towards completion using output methods when it could appropriately measure the customization progress towards completion by reaching certain milestones specified in contracts. For other contracts that the Company is only entitled to payment after completion and inspection of project, revenue is recognized at a point in time after completion of software implementation and hardware installation, and the transfer of control to the customer.

Certain business integration solution services contracts also require the Company to provide post-contract services ("PCS") which include maintenance and technical support. The provision of maintenance and technical support is considered one single performance obligation because maintenance and technical support are not distinct within the context of the contract. The Company is obligated to provide a single, continuous, integrated service throughout the contract term. As such, the Company allocates the contract price between revenue from business integration solution services and provision of PCS, using the expected cost plus margin approach. The expected cost plus margin approach requires the Company to forecast the expected costs of satisfying the performance obligation and then add a reasonable margin for that good or service. Revenue allocated to PCS is deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period PCS are expected to be provided.

For contracts that involved third party service providers, the Company assesses if the Company controls the goods and services before they were transferred to the customer or if the Company's responsibility is merely to facilitate the provision of goods and service to the customer. For products and goods that were directly shipped from the vendor to the customer and the vendor is responsible for providing services including installing, set up and warranty services after completion of the project, the Company records revenue from these contracts on a net basis when the services are provided and controlled by the third party service provider.

*(7) Professional services and other revenues*

The Company also generates revenue from data analysis services and other professional services where a separate contract is entered into with the customer when the customer needs the product or services.

The service revenue from data analysis service is recognized based on the service performed, an output measure, over the contractual period.

Other professional services primarily consist of technical consulting services. The Company recognizes revenue ratably over the contractual period as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the Company performs.

Contract performance periods generally range from month to month, completion of service to one year, and payment terms are generally prepaid to 30 days. Contracts generally do not contain significant financing components or variable consideration.

*Contract balances*

The Company records receivables related to revenue when it has an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment.

Contract liabilities are recorded when consideration is received from a customer prior to transferring the goods or services to the customer or other conditions under the terms of a sales contract. After the acquisition of Pure Tech in 2024, the Company recorded contract liabilities of $109,908 as of November 30, 2024, and contract liabilities of $72,297 as of November 30, 2024 were recognized as revenue in the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, contract liabilities were $37,316, including a foreign currency translation adjustment loss of $295 and all of which were recognized as revenue in the year ended December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Company recorded contract liabilities of $9,544.

The Company's disaggregated revenue streams are summarized and disclosed in Note 17.

<u>Cost of revenues</u>

Cost of business integration solution services revenues from continuing operation entities consists primarily of personnel costs (including salaries, social insurance and benefits) for employees involved with the Company's operations and product support.

Cost of digital advertising and marketing campaign services revenues from continuing operation entities consists primarily of direct costs from the media.

Cost of revenues from discontinued operation entities consists primarily of personnel costs (including salaries, social insurance and benefits) for employees involved with the Company's operations and product support; third party service fees including cloud and data usage, hosting fees and amortization and depreciation expenses associated with capitalized software, platform system and hardware. In addition, cost of revenues also include cost of hardware, outsourcing contracted customer service representatives, customer surveys, contracted software development costs and allocated shared costs, primarily including facilities, information technology and security costs.

<u>Share-based Compensation</u>

The Company accounts for share-based compensation awards in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, "Compensation – Stock Compensation", which requires that share-based payment transactions with employees be measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instrument issued and recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period. The Company accounts for share-based compensation awards to non-employees in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 amended by ASU 2018-07. Under FASB ASC Topic 718, share-based compensation granted to non-employees has been determined as the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measured and is recognized as an expense as the goods or services are received.

<u>Value added taxes</u>

Revenue represents the invoiced value of service, net of value added tax ("VAT"). The VAT is based on gross sales price and VAT rates range up to 6%, depending on the type of service provided. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded as VAT payable if output VAT is larger than input VAT and is recorded as VAT recoverable if input VAT is larger than output VAT. All of the VAT returns filed by the Company's subsidiaries in China have been and remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.

<u>Income taxes</u>

The Company accounts for current income taxes in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. The charge for taxation is based on the results for the fiscal year as adjusted for items which are non-assessable or disallowed. It is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax basis used in the computation of assessable tax profit. In principle, deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. The Company presents deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent in the balance sheet based on an analysis of each taxpaying component within a jurisdiction.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is "more likely than not" that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the "more likely than not" test, no tax benefit is recorded. No penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. PRC tax returns filed in 2025 and 2024 are subject to examination by any applicable tax authorities.

<u>Comprehensive income (loss)</u>

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of two components, net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to revenue, expenses, gains and losses that under GAAP are recorded as an element of equity but are excluded from net income. Other comprehensive income (loss) consists of a foreign currency translation adjustment resulting from the Company not using the U.S. dollar as its functional currencies.

Earnings per share

The Company computes earnings per share ("EPS") in accordance with ASC 260, "Earnings per Share". ASC 260 requires companies to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income (loss) attributable to Infobird Co., Ltd divided by the weighted average ordinary shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of the potential ordinary shares (e.g., convertible securities, options and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential ordinary shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, there were no dilutive shares.

<u>Warrants</u>

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant's specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity ("ASC 480") and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company's own ordinary shares and whether the warrant holders could potentially require "net cash settlement" in a circumstance outside of the Company's control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. The Company evaluated its warrants and determined the warrants are indexed to the Company's own stock as the warrants do not contain any exercise contingencies, the warrants' settlement amount equals the difference between the fair value of the Company's common stock price and the warrant contract strike price and the only variables which could affect the settlement amount would be inputs to the fair value for a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares. The Company also analyzed ASC 815-40-25 to determine whether the warrant contracts should be classified in stockholders' equity in the Company's statements of financial condition and concluded that the warrant contracts meet all of the criteria for classification as equity as the Company is not required to net settle. Based on this analysis, the Company determined the warrant contracts should be classified as equity.

<u>Employee benefits</u>

The full-time employees of the Company are entitled to staff welfare benefits including medical care, housing fund, pension benefits, unemployment insurance and other welfare, which are PRC government mandated defined contribution plans. The Company is required to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees' respective salaries, subject to certain ceilings, in accordance with the relevant PRC regulations, and make cash contributions to the state-sponsored plans out of the amounts accrued. Total expenses for the plans occurred in continuing operation entities, which were $160,977, $39,331 and $13,016 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

<u>Statutory reserves</u>

Pursuant to the laws applicable to the PRC, PRC entities must make appropriations from after-tax profit to the non-distributable "statutory surplus reserve fund". Subject to certain cumulative limits, the "statutory surplus reserve fund" requires annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax profit until the aggregated appropriations reach 50% of the registered capital (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC ("PRC GAAP") at each year-end). If the Company has accumulated loss from prior periods, the Company is able to use the current period net income after tax to offset against the accumulate loss.

<u>Segment reporting</u>

ASC 280, "Segment Reporting", establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company's internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major customers in financial statements for detailing the Company's business segments.

**<u>Recently issued accounting pronouncements</u>**

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires that entities disclose specific categories in their rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The new standard is effective for the Company beginning December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard.

Except as mentioned above, the Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company's consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and consolidated statements of cash flow.

**Note 3 – Variable interest entity**

VIEs are mainly from continuing operations and discontinued operations during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023:

<u>VIEs from continuing operations</u>

On June 10, 2024, Pure Media entered into the Contractual Arrangements with Pinmu Century, and on July 31, 2024, Pure Media entered into the Contractual Arrangements with Zhenxi Brand. The significant terms of these Contractual Arrangements are summarized in "Note 1 – Nature of business and organization" above. As a result, the Company classifies Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand as VIEs which should be consolidated based on the structure as described in Note 1.

A VIE is an entity that has either a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest, such as through voting rights, right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity or obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity. The variable interest holder, if any, that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is deemed to be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes and must consolidate the VIE. Pure Media is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand because it has both of the following characteristics:

(1) The power to direct activities at Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand that most significantly impact such entity's economic performance, and

(2) The right to receive benefits from Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand that could potentially be significant to such entity.

Pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements, Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand pay service fees equal to all of its net income to Pure Media. The Contractual Arrangements are designed so that Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand operate for the benefit of Pure Media and ultimately, the Company.

Under the Contractual Arrangements, the Company has the power to direct activities of the VIEs and can have assets transferred out of the VIEs. Therefore, the Company considers that there is no asset in the VIEs that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs, except for registered capital and PRC statutory reserves, if any. As Pinmu Century is incorporated as a limited liability company and Zhenxi Brand is incorporated as a wholly owned enterprise under the Company Law of the PRC, creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for any of the liabilities of the VIEs.

Accordingly, the accounts of Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand are consolidated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. In addition, their financial positions and results of operations are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements.

<u>VIE from discontinued operations</u>

On May 27, 2020, Infobird WFOE entered into the Contractual Arrangements with Infobird Beijing. The significant terms of these Contractual Arrangements are summarized in "Note 1 – Nature of business and organization" above. As a result, the Company classifies Infobird Beijing as a VIE which should be consolidated till the dispose occurred in August, 2023, based on the structure as described in Note 1.

A VIE is an entity that has either a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest, such as through voting rights, right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity or obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity. The variable interest holder, if any, that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is deemed to be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes and must consolidate the VIE. Infobird WFOE is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Infobird Beijing because it has both of the following characteristics:

(1) The power to direct activities at Infobird Beijing that most significantly impact such entity's economic performance, and

(2) The right to receive benefits from Infobird Beijing that could potentially be significant to such entity.

Pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements, Infobird Beijing pays service fees equal to all of its net income to Infobird WFOE. The Contractual Arrangements are designed so that Infobird Beijing operates for the benefit of Infobird WFOE and ultimately, the Company.

Under the Contractual Arrangements, the Company has the power to direct activities of the VIEs and can have assets transferred out of the VIEs and settle obligations of the VIEs, except for registered capital and PRC statutory reserves, if any. As the VIEs are incorporated as limited liability companies under the Company Law of the PRC, creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for any of the liabilities of the VIEs.

Accordingly, the accounts of Infobird Beijing are consolidated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. In addition, its financial positions and results of operations are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The carrying amount of the VIEs' consolidated assets and liabilities are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Current assets | $13358763 | $12630910 |
| Other assets | 269115 | 350188 |
| Total assets | 13627878 | 12981098 |
| Total liabilities | (4749905) | (3897967) |
| Net assets | $8877973 | $9083131 |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| Accounts payable | $3318162 | $2787656 |
| Other payables and accrued liabilities | 84837 | 207558 |
| Short-term loan | 662955 |  |
| Contract liabilities | 9544 | 37316 |
| Lease liabilities | 189189 | 133818 |
| Taxes payable | 417653 | 528173 |
| Total current liabilities | 4682340 | 3694521 |
| Lease liabilities – non-current | 67565 | 203446 |
| Total liabilities | $4749905 | $3897967 |

---

The summarized operating results of the VIEs are as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended December 31, 2025** | **For the year ended December 31, 2024** | **For the year ended December 31, 2023\*\*** |
| Operating revenues\* | $8706740 | $1417848 | $3173124 |
| Gross profit | 2568542 | 591012 | 1575941 |
| Loss from operations | (397138) | (20269) | (4121315) |
| Net loss | $(586566) | $(46643) | $(4310491) |
| Net loss attributable to INFOBIRD CO., LTD | (568969) | (45244) | (4018865) |
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | (17597) | (1399) | (291626) |

---

\* During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, Operating revenues include nil, nil and $583,302 intercompany revenue to Infobird WFOE, respectively.

\*\* Operating revenues in 2023 were totally generated from discontinued operations.

**Note 4 – Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statement**

Subsequent to the issuance of the Company's consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company identified an error in the measurement of goodwill impairment related to a foreign operation. The error resulted from an incorrect application of foreign currency translation adjustments within other comprehensive income (OCI) when calculating the carrying amount of the reporting unit, which was also impact non-controlling interest.

As a result, goodwill impairment loss was overstated by $3,578,292, OCI was correspondingly overstated by $3,578,292, and NCI was correspondingly overstated by $1,642,951 for the year ended December 31, 2025. Of the total $3,578,292 OCI adjustment, $3,470,944 is reflected in the Company's accumulated other comprehensive income and $107,348 is reflected in non-controlling interests. This error had no impact on Company's liquidity position.

The Company's management and its Audit Committee concluded that this error was material to the previously issued 2025 consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, the Company is restating its previously issued consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025.

***The following table summarizes changes made to the audited consolidated balance sheets for year ended December 31, 2025:***

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
|  | **As reported** | **Adjustment** | **As restated** |
| Accumulated deficits | $(83889411) | $5113895 | $(78775516) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 5019336 | (3470944) | 1548392 |
| Total shareholders' equity attributable to Infobird Co., Ltd | 16029361 | 1642951 | 17672312 |
| Non-controlling interests | 2170196 | (1642951) | 527245 |

---

***The following table summarizes changes made to the audited consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for year ended December 31, 2025:***

 ****

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
|  | **As reported** | **Adjustment** | **As restated** |
| Impairment of goodwill | $54765074 | $(3578292) | $51186782 |
| Total operating expenses | 58979750 | (3578292) | 55401458 |
| LOSS FROM OPERATIONS | (56411208) | 3578292 | (52832916) |
| NET LOSS BEFORE INCOME TEX EXPENSES | (57203388) | 3578292 | (53625096) |
| NET LOSS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | (57203388) | 3578292 | (53625096) |
| NET LOSS | (57203388) | 3578292 | (53625096) |
| Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest from continuing operations | (17455) | (1535603) | (1553058) |
| NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO INFOBIRD CO., LTD | (57185933) | 5113895 | (52072038) |
| FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENT | 5241087 | (3578292) | 1662795 |
| Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests from continuing operations | 140662 | (1642951) | (1502289) |
| COMPREHENSIVE LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO INFOBIRD CO., LTD | (52102963) | 1642951 | (50460012) |
| (LOSS) EARNING PER SHARE - BASIC AND DILUTED |  |  |  |
| Continuing operations | (7.13) | 0.63 | (6.50) |

---

***The following table summarizes changes made to the audited consolidated statement of cash flows for year ended December 31, 2025:***

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
|  | **As reported** | **Adjustment** | **As restated** |
| Net loss | $(57203388) | $3578292 | $(53625096) |
| Net loss from continuing operations | (57203388) | 3578292 | (53625096) |
| Impairment of goodwill | 54765074 | 3578292 | 51186782 |

---

**Note 5 – Business combination**

Acquisition of Pure Tech

On July 31, 2024, the Company entered into an Equity Acquisition Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement 1") with Shangri-La Trading Limited to acquire 65% ownership stake in Pure Tech, for aggregate purchase price of $40,000,000. On December 6, 2024, the Company entered into an Equity Acquisition Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement 2") with the other shareholder of Pure Tech, One One Business Limited to acquire 32% ownership stake in Pure Tech, for aggregate purchase price of $25,737,818, consisting of $5,953,095 in the form of promissory note and $19,784,723 in cash.

On November 30, 2024, the Company has paid the majority of considerations and already control Pure Tech and its subsidiary and VIEs.

The Company's acquisition of Pure Tech was accounted for as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805. The Company allocated the purchase price of Pure Tech based upon the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date. The Company estimated the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date in accordance with the business combination standard issued by the FASB with the valuation methodologies using level 3 inputs. Management of the Company is responsible for determining the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets identified as of the acquisition date and considered a number of factors including valuations from independent appraisers. Acquisition-related costs incurred for the acquisitions were not material and have been expensed as incurred in general and administrative expense. The consideration was $65,737,818, consisting of $5,953,095 in the form of a convertible promissory note and $59,784,723 in cash.

The following table presents the purchase price of Pure Tech for the Company and non-controlling shareholders on November 30, 2024.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Amount** |
| Cash | $4212977 |
| Accounts receivable, net | 3264577 |
| Notes receivables | 1299453 |
| Other receivables, net | 140172 |
| Due from related parties | 249273 |
| Prepayments | 131765 |
| Right-of-use assets | 364175 |
| Accounts payable | (2714374) |
| Other payables and accrued liabilities | (656039) |
| Contract liabilities | (109908) |
| Taxes payable | (494392) |
| Lease liabilities - current | (134463) |
| Lease liabilities - noncurrent | (217569) |
| Net assets acquired | $5335647 |
| Goodwill | $62435299 |
| Purchase price for the Company | 65737818 |
| Fair value of non-controlling interest | 2033128 |
| Total purchase price | $67770946 |

---

The following unaudited pro forma financial information represents the consolidated results of operations as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2022:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended December 31, 2024** | **For the year ended December 31, 2023** | **For the year ended December 31, 2022** |
| Revenue | $17622367 | $13426051 | $17634143 |
| Net income/(loss) | 1703675 | 2699315 | (226904) |

---

These pro forma results are presented for information purposes only and do not necessarily reflect the actual results that would have been achieved had the acquisition occurred on the date assumed, nor are they indicative of future consolidated results of operations.

Both revenue and net income/(loss) of pro forma are combined continuing operations of the Company and Pure Tech.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2025 was as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Acquisition of Pure Tech** |
|  | (Restated) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $62435299 |
| Impairment of goodwill | (51186782) |
| Effect of foreign exchange rate | 1310861 |
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 | $12559378 |

---

**Note 6 — Discontinued operations**

On August 11, 2023, the Company discontinued its SaaS services in the Mainland of China. On August 11, 2023, Infobird Co., Ltd, a Cayman Island exempted company (the "Company"), entered into an equity transfer agreement (the "Agreement") with CRservices Limited ("CRservices"), a Mahé Island limited company and a shareholder of the Company, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to sell all the issued shares of Infobird HK, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, for a consideration of HK$10,000. On the same day, the Company discontinued its SaaS services in the Mainland of China.

As a result, the result of operations for the Company's Mainland SaaS services business are reported as discontinued operations under the guidance of ASC 205.

Reconciliation of the amounts of major classes of income and losses from discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the Year Ended** | **For the Year Ended** | **For the Year Ended** |
|  | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** | **December 31,**<br>**2023** |
| REVENUES | $— | $— | $2589823 |
| COST OF REVENUES |  |  | 1603887 |
| GROSS PROFIT |  |  | 985936 |
| OPERATING EXPENSES: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selling |  |  | 607424 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative |  |  | 954576 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development |  |  | 922343 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-live assets impairment |  |  | 2602589 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses |  |  | 5086932 |
| LOSS FROM OPERATIONS |  |  | (4100996) |
| OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income |  |  | 1296 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense |  |  | (33682) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other expense, net |  |  | (154275) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total other expense, net |  |  | (186661) |
| LOSS FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  |  | (4287657) |
| GAIN ON THE SALE OF DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  |  | 22858286 |
| TOTAL INCOME FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  |  | 18570629 |
| INCOME TAX EXPENSE |  |  |  |
| INCOME FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS, NET OF TAX |  |  | 18570629 |

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**Note 7 – Accounts receivable, net**

Accounts receivable, net consist of the following:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Trade accounts receivable | $3786213 | $4220194 |
| Less: Allowance for expected credit losses | (332334) | (360701) |
| Total accounts receivable, net | $3453879 | $3859493 |

---

Movement of allowance for expected credit losses of the following:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2023** |
| Beginning balance | $360701 | $— | $— |
| Addition | 74175 |  |  |
| Reversal | (117141) |  |  |
| Foreign exchange adjustment | 14599 |  |  |
| Acquisition |  | 360701 |  |
| Ending balance | $332334 | $360701 | $— |

---

The Company does not require collateral for, or interest on accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for estimated credit losses, and when it is determined that they are uncollectible, the allowance for expected credit losses and corresponding receivables are written off.

**Note 8 – Other receivables, net**

Other receivables, net consist of the following:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Receivables from sales of short-term investment | $1888662 | $1888662 |
| Others | 249410 | 147952 |
| Total other receivables | $2138072 | $2036614 |
| Less: Allowance for expected credit losses | (1888662) | (1888662) |
| Total other receivables, net | $249410 | $147952 |

---

The Company does not require collateral for other receivables. The Company maintains an allowance for its doubtful accounts receivable due to estimated credit losses, and all the allowance for credit losses are accrued directly to the receivables from sales of short-term investment in the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company records the allowance for expected credit loss through the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), included in allowance for credit losses, up to the amount of receivables recognized to date. Receivables are written off and charged against the recorded allowance when the Company has exhausted collection efforts without success.

**Note 9 – Accounts payable**

Accounts payable mainly consist of trade accounts payable. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of accounts payable were $3,318,162 and $2,787,656, respectively.

The ageing of all accounts payable is under 2 years, and the Company is not required to pay any interest on accounts payable.

**Note 10 – Short-term loans**

Outstanding balances on short-term loans consist of the following:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Bank Name** | **Maturities** | **Interest rate** | **Collateral/Guarantee/Co-borrower** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Bank of Communications | December 2026 | 2.65% | Hong Wan | $662955 | $— |
| Total |  |  |  | 662955 |  |
|  |  |  | Current | $662955 | $— |

---

In December 2025, Pinmu Century and its shareholder Hong Wan entered into a loan agreement with Bank of Communications as co-borrowers, obtaining a revolving credit facility of approximately $1,429,981 (RMB 10,000,000). Pursuant to the agreement, the credit facility is available for a period of two years, commencing on December 19, 2025, and expiring on December 19, 2027. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has borrowed $662,955 from the bank. The outstanding loan is bearing interest at a rate of 2.65% per annum and matures in December 2026.

**Note 11 – Other liabilities**

Other liabilities were mainly convertible promissory note. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of other liabilities were nil and $2,856,120, respectively. The outstanding balances of December 31, 2024 were converted to common stock on January 24, 2025.

**Note 12 – Related party balances and transactions**

Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operational decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or common significant influence. Related parties may be individuals or corporate entities. The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Name of related Party** | **Relationship** |
| Beijing Runmei Advertising Co., Ltd ("Runmei") | Under control of the shareholder of Zhenxi Brand |
| CRservices Limited ("CRservices") | Under control of the Chairman of the Board of Directors |

---

<u>Subscription receivable</u>

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of subscription receivable were both nil. Net proceeds of $1,184,676 were received on January 10, 2024 for the issuance of common shares to investors on December 28, 2023.

<u>Due from related parties</u>

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance due from related parties are set out below:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Beijing Runmei Advertising Co., Ltd\* | $— | $247328 |
| CRservices\*\* |  |  |
| Total | $— | $247328 |

---

\* The balance due from Runmei was $247,328 as of December 31, 2024, which was borrowed for working capital use, non-interest bearing and payable upon demand. Following its full settlement on March 28, 2025, the balance due from Runmei was nil as of December 31, 2025.

\*\* The balance due from CRservices was both nil as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, as the consideration of $1,279 for the disposal of Infobird HK on August 11, 2023, was fully settled on April 10, 2024.

<u>Due from discontinued operations, net</u>

Due from discontinued operations, net consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Due from discontinued operations | $— | $17632181 |
| Less: Allowance for expected credit losses |  | (17632181) |
| Due from discontinued operations, net | $— | $— |

---

Movement of allowance for expected credit losses consist of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| Beginning balance | $17632181 | $17632181 |
| Write off | (17632181) |  |
| Ending balance | $— | $17632181 |

---

After the Company disposed the discontinued operation entities, those entities continued in the decline of the scale of operation and in the increase of operating losses, which made the collectability of the receivables in doubt. During the year 2023, the Company totally impaired the balance due from discontinued operations by amount of $17,632,181. Based on an analysis of the discontinued operation entities' current situation, the Company determined that the due from discontinued operations were uncollectible. Consequently, the amount of $17,632,181 was written off in 2025.

**Note 13 – Taxes**

Income tax

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends to the shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

Infobird HK, Inforbird Technologies, and Pure Media are incorporated in Hong Kong and are subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax on the taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Hong Kong tax laws. The applicable tax rate is 16.5% in Hong Kong. The Company did not make any provisions for Hong Kong profit tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earned in Hong Kong since inception. Under Hong Kong tax law, Infobird HK is exempted from income tax on its foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.

BVI

Under the current laws of BVI, Pure Tech is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends to the shareholders, no BVI withholding tax will be imposed.

PRC

Infobird WFOE, Infobird Beijing, Infobird Anhui, Infobird Guiyang, Shanghai Qishuo, Anhui Weiao, Guangnian Zhiyuan, Beijing Suowangda, Pinmu Century and Zhenxi Brand are governed by the income tax laws of the PRC and the income tax provision in respect to operations in the PRC is calculated at the applicable tax rates on the taxable income for the periods based on existing legislation, interpretations and practices in respect thereof. Under the Enterprise Income Tax Laws of the PRC (the "EIT Laws"), domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the "FIE") are usually subject to a unified 25% enterprise income tax rate while preferential tax rates, tax holidays and even tax exemption may be granted on case-by-case basis. EIT grants preferential tax treatment to certain High and New Technology Enterprises ("HNTEs"). Under this preferential tax treatment, HNTEs are entitled to an income tax rate of 15%, subject to a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. Infobird Beijing maintained the "high-tech enterprise" tax status which is validated until October 2023, which reduced its statutory income tax rate to 15%. Pinmu Century maintained the "high-tech enterprise" tax status which is validated until October 2026, which reduced its statutory income tax rate to 15%. Infobird Guiyang qualifies for 15% preferential income tax rate for enterprises whose core business is one of the industrial projects listed in the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries in western regions of China. EIT also grants preferential tax treatment to certain Small and Micro Enterprises ("SMEs)". Under this preferential tax treatment, SMEs with revenues under RMB1,000,000 (approximately USD138,972) are entitled to an income tax rate of 20% base on a 25% taxable income. Guangnian Zhiyuan, Beijing Suowangda are eligible for the 20% tax rate. Besides, Zhenxi Brand is a wholly owned enterprise which is not applicable to income tax under the law of PRC.

In addition, 200% of research and development expenses of Infobird Beijing, Infobird Anhui, Infobird Guiyang, Shanghai Qishuo, Anhui Weiao and Pinmu Century are subject to additional deduction from pre-tax income while such deduction cannot exceed the total amount of pre-tax income.

Tax savings for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to $172,098, $72,058, and nil respectively, with the 10% preferential tax rate reduction and additional deduction of 200% of research and development expenses.

The Company's basic and diluted earnings per shares would have been lower by approximately $0.0, $0.0 and nil per share for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 respectively, without the preferential tax rate reduction and research and development expenses reduction.

Income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to nil, $21,008 and nil, respectively.

Significant components of the provision for income taxes for the continuing operations and discontinued operations are as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended December 31, 2025** | **For the year ended December 31, 2024** | **For the year ended December 31, 2023** |
| Continuing operations: |  |  |  |
| Current income tax expenses | $— | $21008 | $— |
| Deferred income tax expenses |  |  |  |
| Total income tax expenses | $— | $21008 | $— |
| Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |
| Current income tax expenses | $— | $— | $— |
| Deferred income tax expenses |  |  |  |
| Total income tax expenses | $— | $— | $— |

---

The following table reconciles China statutory rates to the Company's effective tax rate of continuing operations and discontinued operations:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended**<br>**December 31, 2025** | **For the year ended**<br>**December 31, 2024** | **For the year ended**<br>**December 31, 2023** |
| Continuing operations: |  |  |  |
| China statutory income tax rate | 25% | 25% |  |
| Preferential tax rate reduction | (14.2)% | (19.3)% |  |
| 200% deduction on research and development expenses | (2.4)% | (1.0)% |  |
| Change in valuation allowance | (13.7)% | (4.0)% |  |
| Permanent difference | (0.5)% | (12.6)% |  |
| Others | 5.8% | 6.1% |  |
| Effective tax rate |  | (5.8)% |  |
| Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |
| China statutory income tax rate |  |  | 25% |
| Preferential tax rate reduction |  |  | (9.6)% |
| Change in valuation allowance |  |  | (15.3)% |
| Permanent difference |  |  | (0.1)% |
| Effective tax rate |  |  |  |

---

<u>Deferred tax assets and liabilities – China</u>

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities of continuing operations were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| <br>Deferred tax assets: | **December 31,**<br>**2025** | **December 31,**<br>**2024** |
| Net operating loss carryforward | $151311 | $20018 |
| Lease liabilities | 43867 | 59837 |
| Allowance for doubtful account | (6624) |  |
| Deferred tax assets | 188554 | 79855 |
| ROU assets | (45785) | (61717) |
| Deferred tax liabilities | (45785) | (61717) |
| Valuation allowance | (142769) | (18138) |
| Deferred tax assets (liabilities), net | $— | $— |

---

The Company had net operating loss (NOL) carryforward of approximately $0.15 million and $0.02 million from the Company's PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As the Company believes it is more likely than not that its PRC and Hong Kong operations will not be able to fully utilize its deferred tax assets related to the net operating loss carryforwards in the PRC and Hong Kong, the Company provided 100% allowance on deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities of approximately $0.14 million and $0.02 million related to PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

<u>Uncertain tax positions</u>

The Company evaluates each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measures the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. The Company did not incur interest and penalties tax for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. The Company does not anticipate any significant increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve (12) months from December 31, 2025.

<u>Value added tax ("VAT")</u>

All of the Company's service revenues that are earned and received in the PRC are subject to Chinese VAT at a rate of 6% of the gross proceeds or at a rate approved by the Chinese local government.

Taxes payable consisted of the following:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2024** |
| VAT taxes payable | $305818 | $316105 |
| Income taxes payable | 102986 | 203494 |
| Other taxes payable | 9012 | 9351 |
| Total taxes payable | $417816 | $528950 |

---

**Note 14 – Concentration of risk**

<u>Credit risk</u>

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash in bank. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, $4,994,497 and $3,521,677 were deposited with financial institutions located in the PRC, respectively. Deposit insurance system in China only insured each depositor at one bank for a maximum of approximately $71,000 (RMB 500,000). As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, $4,605,818 and $3,232,446 are over the China deposit insurance limit which is not covered by insurance, respectively. The Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board pays compensation up to a limit of HKD 800,000 (approximately USD 103,000) if the bank with which an individual/a company hold its eligible deposit fails. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, cash balance of $118,820 and $1,172,048 was maintained at financial institutions in Hong Kong, of which $10,168 and $1,043,310 was subject to credit risk, respectively.

The Company is also exposed to risk from its accounts receivable and other receivables. These assets are subjected to credit evaluations. An allowance has been made for estimated unrecoverable amounts which have been determined by reference to past default experience and the current economic environment.

<u>Customer concentration risk</u>

For the year ended December 31, 2025, two customers accounted for 80.7% and 11.3% of the Company's total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 71.8% and 26.0% of the Company's total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, two customers accounted for 64.3% and 35.7% of the Company's total revenues, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, two customers accounted for 86.0% and 11.4% of the total balance of accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 52.3% and 46.8% of the total balance of accounts receivable.

<u>Vendor concentration risk</u>

For the year ended December 31, 2025, three vendors accounted for 35.3%, 27.7% and 10.2% of the Company's total purchases. For the year ended December 31, 2024, three vendors accounted for 42.4%, 29.7% and 15.1% of the Company's total purchases. For the year ended December 31, 2023, none of vendor accounted for more than 10.0% of the Company's total purchases.

As of December 31, 2025, three vendors accounted for 43.1%, 22.2% and 17.3% of the total balance of accounts payable, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, two vendors accounted for 36.9% and 30.0% of the total balance of accounts payable, respectively.

**Note 15 – Equity**

<u>Ordinary shares</u>

Infobird Cayman was established under the laws of the Cayman Islands on March 26, 2020 and 19,000,000 ordinary shares were issued on the same day.

On April 22, 2021, the Company completed its initial public offering ("IPO") of 6,250,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share, and on June 8, 2021, issued 125,000 ordinary shares pursuant to the underwriter's partial exercise of its over-allotment option in connection with the IPO, at a public offering price of $4 per share, which resulted in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $20.8 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company granted 70,000 ordinary shares to two consulting firms based on grant date fair value of $150,600 to be amortized over stated services period.

On September 9, 2022, the Company effected the 1-for-5 Share Consolidation of its ordinary shares pursuant to the Company's second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. The Company has retroactively restated all share and per share data for all of the periods presented pursuant to ASC 260 to reflect the Share Consolidation.

Upon execution of 1-for-5 Share Consolidation, the Company recognized additional 4,135 shares of ordinary share due to round up.

On September 29, 2022, the Company has entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Agreement 1") with a purchaser. Pursuant to the Agreement 1, the Company agreed to sell to this purchaser 500,000 ordinary shares for a consideration of $277,500. On September 29, 2022, the Company issued 500,000 shares to this purchaser.

On October 8, 2022, the Company has entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Agreement 2") with a purchaser. Pursuant to the Agreement 2, the Company agreed to sell to this purchaser 500,000 ordinary shares for a consideration of $287,500. On October 8, 2022, the Company issued 500,000 shares to this purchaser.

On November 9, 2022, the Company has entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Agreement 3") with a purchaser. Pursuant to the Agreement 3, the Company agreed to sell to this purchaser 500,000 ordinary shares for a consideration of $202,500. On November 9, 2022, the Company issued 500,000 shares to this purchaser.

On December 23, 2022, we issued the convertible notes (the "2022 CB") in the aggregate principal amount of US$6.25 million pursuant to the convertible note purchase agreement dated November 25, 2022, under which the holder of the 2022 CB (the "2022 CB Holder") may subscribe at eighty percent of the face value up to US$12.5 million in aggregate principal amount of our two-year convertible notes. On the same date of the 2022 CB issuance, the 2022 CB Holder elected to convert the 2022 CB at the conversion price of US$0.5, representing the floor price of the conversion price, resulting in the issuance of 12.5 million ordinary shares.

On February 28, 2023, the Company issued 3,846,000 units (each, a "Unit") at a per Unit price of $1.30. Each Unit comprises: (1) one ordinary share, and (2) 0.65 of a warrant to purchase one ordinary share. In a concurrent private placement we also sold unregistered warrant to purchase 2,884,500 ordinary shares. The net proceeds of this offering was $4,522,314. On February 28, 2023, the Company issued 3,846,000 ordinary shares.

Upon execution of 1-for-5 Share Consolidation in May 2023, the Company recognized additional 12,321 shares of ordinary share due to round up.

On May 31, 2023, the Company issued 499,980 shares of ordinary shares for the exercise of the warrants issued on February 28, 2023.

On July 24, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "Agreement 4") with certain accredited investors (the "Purchasers 4"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to the Purchasers 4 an aggregate of 88,105,727 ordinary shares. The net proceeds from the transactions were $30,000,000, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company's transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

On August 3, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "Agreement 5") with certain purchasers listed on the signature pages thereto (the "Purchasers 5"), in connection with the offer and sale (the "Offering") of an aggregate of 44,117,648 ordinary shares of the Company. The net proceeds from the transactions were $15,000,000, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company's transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

On October 4, 2023, the Company issued $2,220,000 convertible note at eighty percent of the face value to a certain purchaser (the "Purchaser 6"). On the same day, all of the issued convertible note was converted into common shares at conversion price of US$0.5 for 5,550,000 shares.

Upon execution of 1-for-20 Share Consolidation in November 2023, the Company recognized additional 33,434 shares of ordinary share due to round up.

From December 21, 2023 to December 28, 2023, the Company issued $727,762 convertible note at eighty percent of the face value to some purchasers (the "Purchasers 7"). On the same day, all of the issued convertible note was converted into common shares at conversion price of US$0.67 for 1,348,985 shares.

On December 22, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "Agreement 6") with certain accredited investors (the "Purchasers 6"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to the Purchasers 6 an aggregate of 1,720,000 ordinary shares on December 28, 2023. The net proceeds from the transactions were $1,184,676, and received on January 10, 2024. The commitment share of 471,698 shares were issued on January 5, 2024 to the purchase with nil consideration.

On January 8, 2024, pursuant to the Agreement 6, the Company agreed to sell to this purchaser 2,040,000 ordinary shares for a consideration of $1,020,000. From January 26, 2024 to January 28, 2024, the Company issued 2,040,000 shares to this purchaser.

On February 12, 2024, pursuant to the Agreement 6, the Company agreed to sell to this purchaser 2,640,000 ordinary shares for a consideration of $3,492,720. On February 14, 2024, the Company issued 2,640,000 shares to this purchaser.

Upon execution of 1-for-8 share consolidation in March, 2024, the Company recognized additional 62,236 shares of ordinary share due to round up, and retroactively restated the financial statement.

On May 2, 2024, the Company effected a capital reduction to reduce the par value of each of the then issued Consolidated Shares from US$4.00 to US$0.00001 by cancelling the paid-up capital of the Company to the extent of US$3.99999 on each of the then issued Consolidated Shares. Immediately following the Capital Reduction, the Company sub-divided the balance of each unissued Consolidated Share in the authorized share capital of the Company into 400,000 ordinary shares with par value of US$0.00001 each in the share capital of the Company. Immediately following the Capital Reduction and Share Subdivision, the authorized share capital of the Company was changed to US$50,000,000 divided into 5,000,000,000,000 ordinary shares of par value US$0.00001 each through the cancellation of excess authorized but unissued shares, which impacted between ordinary shares capital and additional paid-in capital.

On December 24, 2024, $3,643,500 convertible bonds were converted into common shares at conversion price of US$1.05 for 3,470,000 shares.

On January 24, 2025, $3,360,141 convertible bonds were converted into common shares at conversion price of US$1.2301 for 2,731,600 shares.

As a result, the Company had 5,000,000,000,000 authorized ordinary shares, par value $0.00001 per share, of which 8,188,574 and 5,456,974 shares were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

<u>Subscription receivable</u>

In connection with the sale of 1,720,000 ordinary shares on December 28, 2023, the Company received the net proceeds from the investors on January 10, 2024 amounting to $1,184,676.

<u>Warrants</u>

In connection with the IPO, on April 22, 2021, the Company issued warrants to purchase 625,000 ordinary shares at $5 per share, are exercisable upon issuance and will expire on March 31, 2026 which is five years from the effective of the registration statement. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had warrants to purchase 156 ordinary shares outstanding with an exercise price of $16,000 per share (Upon the 1-for-5 Share Consolidation On September 9, 2022, 1-for-5 Share Consolidation in May 2023, 1-for-20 Share Consolidation in November 2023 and 1-for-8 Share Consolidation in March 2024, the warrants have retroactively restated) and remaining lives of 1.25 years.

In connection with the issuance of Unit in February 28, 2023, the Company issued warrants to purchase 5,384,400 ordinary shares at $1.3 per share by negotiated with the investor, with cashless conversion conditions, are exercisable upon issuance and will expire on August 31, 2028 which is five years and 6 months from effective of the issuance date. On May 31, 2023, the purchasers exercised part of the warrants to convert to 499,980 ordinary shares, after consideration of 1-for-5 Share Consolidation in May 2023 under the cashless considerations. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had warrants to purchase 3,606 ordinary shares outstanding with an exercise price of $1,040 per share ((Upon the 1-for-5 Share Consolidation On September 9, 2022, 1-for-5 Share Consolidation in May 2023, 1-for-20 Share Consolidation in November 2023 and 1-for-8 Share Consolidation in March 2024, the warrants have been retroactively restated) and remaining lives of 2.67 years.

Following is a summary of the status of warrants outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2025:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Warrants** | **Weighted Average Exercise Price** |
| Warrants outstanding, as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 | 3762 | $1661.4 |
| Warrants exercisable, as of December 31, 2025 | 3762 | $1661.4 |

---

<u>Share-based compensation</u>

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company granted 70,000 ordinary shares to two consulting firms based on grant date fair value of $150,600 to be amortized over stated services period. For the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, all of share-based compensation expenses amounted to nil. As of December 31, 2025, the share-based compensations had been fully amortized by the Company.

<u>Restricted assets</u>

The Company's ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by Infobird WFOE, Infobird Beijing, Infobird Anhui, Infobird Guiyang, Shanghai Qishuo, Anhui Weiao, and Guangnian Zhiyuan (collectively "Infobird PRC entities") only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of Infobird PRC entities.

Infobird PRC entities are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, Infobird PRC entities may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund at its discretion. Infobird PRC entities may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by State Administration of Foreign Exchange.

As a result of the foregoing restrictions, the Infobird PRC entities are subject to limitations on their ability to transfer assets to the Company. In addition, PRC foreign exchange controls and other applicable regulations may further restrict the ability of these entities to remit funds to the Company in the form of dividends, loans, or advances. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the amounts subject to such restrictions primarily consisted of the paid-in capital, registered capital, and statutory reserves of the Infobird PRC entities, which amounted to $1.5 million as of each respective date.

<u>Statutory reserves</u>

During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, Infobird PRC entities did not attribute any retained earnings for their statutory reserves.

**Note 16 – Commitments and contingencies**

<u>Legal</u>

From time to time, the Company is party to certain legal proceedings, as well as certain asserted and un-asserted claims. Amounts accrued, as well as the total amount of reasonably possible losses with respect to such matters, individually and in the aggregate, are not deemed to be material to the consolidated financial statements.

<u>Operating Lease Commitment</u>

The Company leases office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which end at various dates in 2027. The Company does not plan to cancel the existing lease agreements for its existing facilities prior to their respective expiration dates. When determining the lease term, the Company considers options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise or not exercise that option. The Company's leases over 1 year qualify as operating leases. As of December 31, 2025, the Company's operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 1.5 years and a weighted average discount rate of 3.66%. Future lease payments under operating leases as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **December 31, 2025** |
| 2026 | $268275 |
| 2027 | 104725 |
| Total undiscounted lease payments | $373000 |
| Less imputed interest | 9172 |
| Total lease liabilities | $363828 |

---

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company had operating lease costs of $263,770, $3,739, and nil. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were $223,073, $121,951, and nil during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

**Note 17 – Segment information and revenue analysis**

The Company follows ASC 280, Segment Reporting, which requires that companies disclose segment data based on how management makes decisions about allocating resources to each segment and evaluating their performances. The Company has one reporting segment. The Company's chief operating decision maker has been identified as the chief executive officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company and hence the Company has only one reportable segment. The Company does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. The Company's long-lived assets are substantially all located in the PRC and all of the Company's revenues are derived from the PRC and Hong Kong.

Disaggregated information of revenues from discontinued operations by business lines are as follows:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended December 31,** | **For the year ended December 31,** | **For the year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Standard cloud-based services | $— | $— | $879873 |
| BPO services |  |  | 1092397 |
| Business integration services |  |  | 422605 |
| Other revenues |  |  | 194948 |
| Total revenues | $— | $— | $2589823 |

---

Disaggregated information of revenues from continuing operations by business lines are as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended December 31,** | **For the year ended December 31,** | **For the year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Business integration services | $— | $20000 | $280000 |
| Digital advertising and marketing campaign services | 8706740 | 1417848 |  |
| Total revenues | $8706740 | $1437848 | $280000 |

---

Disaggregated information of revenues by geography are as follows:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **For the year ended December 31,** | **For the year ended December 31,** | **For the year ended December 31,** |
|  | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Mainland China | $8706740 | $1417848 | $2589823 |
| Outside Mainland China |  | 20000 | 280000 |
| Total revenues | $8706740 | $1437848 | $2869823 |

---

**Note 18 – Subsequent Events**

The following subsequent events were evaluated on June 12, 2026, the date the financial statements were issued.

During the period from January 1, 2026 to June 12, 2026, the Company withdrew additional $634,237 (RMB 4,435,280) from the loan mentioned in Note 10. The maturity date of the loan is 12 months, with an interest rate of 2.65% per annum.

On March 27, 2026, the Company obtained a loan from Bank of China of $1,429,981 (RMB 10,000,000), which is guaranteed by Hong Wan. The loan bears an interest rate of 2.24% per annum and matures on March 26, 2027.

On March 16, 2026, the Company entered into a borrowing agreement with a third party, pursuant to which the Company provides a loan facility of $4,289,943 (RMB 30,000,000) to the third party. As of June 12, 2026, the balance of loan lent to the third party is $4,146,945 (RMB 29,000,000).

On April 10, 2026, the Company entered into a borrowing agreement with a third party, pursuant to which the Company provides a loan facility of $714,990 (RMB 5,000,000) to the third party. As of June 12, 2026, the balance of loan lent to the third party is $571,993 (RMB 4,000,000).

## Exhibit 12.1

**Exhibit 12.1**

**CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER**

 **PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Xiangyang Wen, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Amendment No. 1 to Form 20-F of Infobird Co., Ltd;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The company's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company's auditors and the audit committee of the company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: June 12, 2026 | */s/ Xiangyang Wen* |
|  | Xiangyang Wen |
|  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors |
|  | *(Principal Executive Officer)* |

---

## Exhibit 12.2

**Exhibit 12.2**

**CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER**

**PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Yiting Song, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Amendment No. 1 to Form 20-F of Infobird Co., Ltd;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The company's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company's auditors and the audit committee of the company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: June 12, 2026 | */s/ Yiting Song* |
|  | Yiting Song |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  | *(Principal Financial Officer)* |

---

## Exhibit 13.1

**Exhibit 13.1**

**CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER**

**PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the annual report of Infobird Co., Ltd (the "Company") on Amendment No. 1 to Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Xiangyang Wen, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: June 12, 2026 | */s/ Xiangyang Wen* |
|  | Xiangyang Wen |
|  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors |
|  | *(Principal Executive Officer)* |

---

## Exhibit 13.2

**Exhibit 13.2**

**CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER**

 **PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the annual report of Infobird Co., Ltd (the "Company") on Amendment No. 1 to Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Yiting Song, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Date: June 12, 2026 | */s/ Yiting Song* |
|  | Yiting Song |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |
|  | *(Principal Financial Officer)* |

---

## Exhibit 23.1

**EXHIBIT 23.1**

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form F-3 (No. 333-292415) of our report dated April 2, 2026, except for Note 2, 4, 5, and 18 which are dated June 12, 2026, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Infobird Co., Ltd and its subsidiaries, appearing in this Annual Report on Amendment No. 1 to Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025.

/s/ Assentsure PAC

Singapore

June 12, 2026

## Exhibit 23.2

**EXHIBIT 23.2**

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form F-3 (No. 333-292415) of our report dated April 10, 2025, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Infobird Co., Ltd and its subsidiaries, appearing in this Annual Report on Amendment No. 1 to Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025.

/s/ Audit Alliance LLP

Singapore

June 12, 2026