# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001830214
**File Stem:** 0001628280-26-012346
**Filing Date:** 2026-2
**Character Count:** 939548
**Document Hash:** ebae811d559cad380d2f9470a55d1910
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001628280-26-012346.hdr.sgml**: 20260226

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001628280-26-012346

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 145

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251231

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260226

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260226

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001830214
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS (NO DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES) [2836]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 872652913
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-40097
- **FILM NUMBER:** 26689507

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 27 DRYDOCK AVENUE
- **STREET 2:** 8TH FLOOR
- **CITY:** BOSTON
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 02210
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (877) 442-5362

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 27 DRYDOCK AVENUE
- **STREET 2:** 8TH FLOOR
- **CITY:** BOSTON
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 02210

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20210210

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Spinning Eagle Acquisition Corp.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20201027

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? dna-20251231

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>**

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

______________________________________________

**FORM 10-K**

______________________________________________

**(Mark One)**

⌧ **ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025**

**OR** 

□ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO**

**Commission File Number 001-40097**

______________________________________________

**GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.**

**(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)**

______________________________________________

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **87-2652913** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction of**<br>**incorporation or organization)** | **(I.R.S. Employer**<br>**Identification No.)** |
| **27 Drydock Avenue**<br>**8th Floor**<br>**Boston, MA** | **02210** |
| **(Address of principal executive offices)** | **(Zip Code)** |

---

**Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (877) 422-5362**

______________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Title of each class** | **Trading**<br>**Symbol(s)** | **Name of each exchange on which registered** |
| Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share | DNA | NYSE |

---

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: **None**

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes □ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes □ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | □ | Accelerated filer | ⌧ |
| Non-accelerated filer | □ | Smaller reporting company | □ |
| | | Emerging growth company | □ |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ⌧

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. □

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). □

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes □ No ⌧

As of June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by our non-affiliates was approximately $553 million based upon the closing price reported for such date on the New York Stock Exchange.

As of February 16, 2026, there were 49,941,878 shares of Class A common stock, 8,982,474 shares of Class B common stock, and 3,000,000 shares of non-voting Class C common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III of this report is incorporated by reference from the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2026, which definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>**

**Table of Contents** 

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Page** |
| **<u>[PART I](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_13)</u>** | | |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Item 1. | <u>[Business](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_653)</u> | [1](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_653) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Item 1A. | <u>[Risk Factors](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_609)</u> | [20](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_609) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1B.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_22) | <u>[Unresolved Staff Comments](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_22)</u> | [61](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_22) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 1C.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_25) | <u>[Cybersecurity](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_25)</u> | [61](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_25) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 2.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_28) | <u>[Properties](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_28)</u> | [61](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_28) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 3.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_31) | <u>[Legal Proceedings](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_31)</u> | [62](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_31) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 4.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_34) | <u>[Mine Safety Disclosures](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_34)</u> | [62](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_34) |
| **<u>[PART II](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_37)</u>** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 5.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_40) | <u>[Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_40)</u> | [63](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_40) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 6.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_43) | <u>[\[Reserved\]](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_43)</u> | [64](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_43) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 7.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_46) | <u>[Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_46)</u> | [64](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_46) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 7A.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_76) | <u>[Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_76)</u> | [78](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_76) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 8.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_79) | <u>[Financial Statements and Supplementary Data](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_79)</u> | [78](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_79) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_82) | <u>[Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_82)</u> | [78](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_82) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9A.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_85) | <u>[Controls and Procedures](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_85)</u> | [78](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_85) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9B.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_88) | <u>[Other Information](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_88)</u> | [81](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_88) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 9C.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_91) | <u>[Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_91)</u> | [81](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_91) |
| **<u>[PART III](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_94)</u>** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 10.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_97) | <u>[Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_97)</u> | [82](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_97) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 11.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_100) | <u>[Executive Compensation](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_100)</u> | [82](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_100) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 12.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_103) | <u>[Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_103)</u> | [82](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_103) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 13.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_106) | <u>[Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_106)</u> | [82](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_106) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 14.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_109) | <u>[Principal Accounting Fees and Services](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_109)</u> | [82](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_109) |
| **<u>[PART IV](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_112)</u>** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 15.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_115) | <u>[Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_115)</u> | [83](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_115) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;[Item 16.](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_118) | <u>[Form 10-K Summary](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_118)</u> | [87](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_118) |

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**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>**

**Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements**

This annual report on Form 10-K and our annual report to shareholders (the "Annual Report") include forward-looking statements regarding, among other things, the plans, strategies and prospects, both business and financial, of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. ("Ginkgo"). These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of the management of Ginkgo. Although Ginkgo believes that its plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, Ginkgo cannot assure you that it will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events or results of operations, are forward-looking statements. These statements may be preceded by, followed by or include the words "believes", "estimates", "expects", "projects", "forecasts", "may", "will", "should", "seeks", "plans", "scheduled", "anticipates" or "intends" or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in the Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Ginkgo's ability to raise additional capital in the future;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• factors relating to the business, operations and financial performance of Ginkgo, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Ginkgo's ability to develop and expand its offerings

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ the performance and output of Ginkgo's cell engineering and biosecurity offerings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Ginkgo's ability to effectively manage its organizational changes, including its restructuring actions commenced in 2024, and related impacts on Ginkgo's financial performance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Ginkgo's expectations regarding research and development ("R&D"), general and administrative ("G&A") and restructuring expenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Ginkgo's exposure to the volatility and liquidity risks inherent in holding equity interests in certain of its customers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ the scope and timing of Ginkgo's partnerships around the world; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ the acquisition and integration of companies, assets or intellectual property that advance Ginkgo's objectives and the costs required to maintain, expand and protect Ginkgo's intellectual property.

Each forward-looking statement is subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Applicable risks and uncertainties include, among others:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• intense competition and competitive pressures from other companies worldwide in the industries in which Ginkgo operates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• litigation, including securities or shareholder litigation, and the ability to adequately protect Ginkgo's intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rapidly changing technology and extensive competition in the synthetic biology industry that could make the products and processes Ginkgo is developing obsolete or non-competitive unless it is able to successfully collaborate on the development of new and improved products and processes and pursue new market opportunities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Ginkgo's ability to convert potential customers from "on prem" research and development ("R&D") to outsourced services, Ginkgo's reliance on its customers to develop, produce and manufacture products using the engineered

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• cells and/or biomanufacturing processes that Ginkgo develops and Ginkgo's ability to accurately predict customer demand, including with respect to the data we access and hold;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Ginkgo's ability to comply with laws and regulations applicable to its business;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• market conditions and global and economic factors beyond Ginkgo's control, including initiatives undertaken by the U.S. government in the biotechnology sector, adverse effects from the U.S. government shutdown, the frequency and scale of biological risks and threats, and the future potential and commercial applications of artificial intelligence ("AI") and the biotechnology sector;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the success of Ginkgo's programs, including the growing efficiency and cost-advantage of cell engineering services, and their potential to contribute revenue, and the relative contribution of Ginkgo's programs to its future revenue, including the potential for future revenue related to downstream value share in the form of potential future milestone payments, royalties, and/or equity consideration; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other factors detailed under the section entitled "Risk Factors."

These and other factors that could cause actual results to differ from those implied by the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are more fully described under the heading "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this report. The risks described under the heading "Risk Factors" are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Annual Report describe additional factors that could adversely affect the business, financial condition or results of Ginkgo. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible to predict all such risk factors, nor can Ginkgo assess the impact of all such risk factors on the business of Ginkgo, or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially

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from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. All forward-looking statements attributable to Ginkgo or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. Ginkgo undertakes no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

**Risk Factors Summary**

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described in "Risk Factors" beginning on page <u>[20](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_609)</u> before making a decision to invest in our Class A common stock. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected. Some of the risks related to Ginkgo's business and industry are summarized below. References in the summary below to "we," "us," "our" and "the Company" generally refer to Ginkgo.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have a history of net losses. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Only our employees and directors are entitled to hold shares of Class B common stock (including shares of Class B common stock issued in the future), which have ten votes per share. This limits or precludes other stockholders' ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of certain amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transactions requiring stockholder approval.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We may need substantial additional capital in the future in order to fund our business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have experienced periods of significant organizational change, and if we fail to effectively manage these changes, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our limited operating history and evolving business makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have exposure to the volatility and liquidity risks inherent in holding equity interests in other operating companies and other non-cash consideration.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We have in the past, and in the future may continue to pursue strategic acquisitions and investments that are dilutive to our stockholders and that could have an adverse impact on our business if they are unsuccessful.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We must continue to secure and maintain sufficient and stable supplies of laboratory reagents, consumables, equipment, and laboratory services. We depend on a limited number of suppliers, some of which are single-source suppliers, and contract manufacturers for critical supplies, equipment, and services for research, development, and manufacturing of our products and processes. Our reliance on these third parties exposes us to risks relating to costs, contractual terms, supply, and logistics, and the loss of any one or more of these suppliers or contract manufacturers or their failure to supply us with the necessary supplies, equipment, or services on a timely basis, could cause delays in our research, development, or production capacity and adversely affect our business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We use biological, hazardous, flammable and/or regulated materials that require considerable training, expertise and expense for handling, storage and disposal and may result in claims against us.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Third parties may use our engineered cells, materials, and organisms and accompanying production processes in ways that could damage our reputation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our investments in and use of AI may result in reputational harm, liabilities, or other adverse consequences to our business operations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our recent restructuring actions in connection with our plans to reduce operational expenditures may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If our customers discontinue their development, production and manufacturing efforts using our engineered cells and/or biomanufacturing processes, our future financial position may be adversely impacted.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Further, because our revenue is concentrated in a limited number of customers, some of which are related parties, our revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation in the marketplace may suffer upon the loss of a significant customer.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We are or could become involved in securities or shareholder litigation and other related matters, which could be expensive and time-consuming. Such litigation and related matters could harm our business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• In certain cases, our business partners may have discretion in determining when and whether to make announcements about the status of our collaborations, including about developments and timelines for advancing programs, and the price of our common stock may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected results or developments.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Uncertainty regarding the demand for passive monitoring programs and biosecurity services could materially adversely affect our business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Rapidly changing technology and emerging competition in the synthetic biology industry could make the platform, programs, services, tools and products we and our customers are developing obsolete or non-competitive unless we continue to develop our platform and pursue new market opportunities.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Ethical, legal and social concerns about genetically modified organisms ("GMOs") and genetically modified plant or animal cells and genetically modified proteins and biomaterials (collectively, "Genetically Modified Materials") and their resulting products could limit or prevent the use of products or processes using our technologies, limit public acceptance of such products or processes and limit our revenues.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If we are unable to obtain, maintain and defend patents protecting our intellectual property, our competitive position will be harmed. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position will be harmed. We may become involved in lawsuits or other enforcement proceedings to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and potentially unsuccessful.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We rely on our customers, joint venturers, equity investees and other third parties to deliver timely and accurate information in order to accurately report our financial results in the time frame and manner required by law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We had in the past identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future. A failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting may result in a failure to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Failure to comply with federal, state, local and international laws and regulations could expose us to significant liabilities or penalties and adversely affect our business, our financial condition and results of operations and we may incur significant costs complying with such laws and regulations

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• We and our laboratory partners are subject to a variety of laboratory testing standards, compliance with which is an expensive and time-consuming process, and any failure to comply could result in substantial penalties and disruptions to our business.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Significant disruptions to our and our service providers' information technology systems or data security incidents could result in significant financial, legal, regulatory, business and reputational harm to us.

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**PART I**

**Item 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Business.**

*Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the "Company," "Ginkgo," "we," "us," or "our" refer to the business of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. and our subsidiaries.*

**Overview: Our Mission is to Make Biology Easier to Engineer**

Our mission is to make biology easier to engineer. That has never changed. Every choice we've made with respect to our business model, our platform, our people, and our culture is grounded in whether it will advance our mission.

Why? Because:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.**Biology is programmable.** All living things run on the same DNA code.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.**Biology matters.** The ability to engineer biology has had and will have a profound impact on how we develop new medicines and vaccines, grow our food, and manufacture many of the things we use every day.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.**Biology is hard.** Today, it is still too difficult and too costly to engineer biology, preventing critical innovations from reaching the market.

Ginkgo sells services to government and commercial customers in two business segments: *cell engineering*, where we provide tools and biological R&D services across a range of industries, and *biosecurity*, where we provide services to customers who are working to identify, monitor, prevent, mitigate, and ultimately protect humanity from biological threats. An overview of these two business segments is provided below.

*Cell engineering*

Our cell engineering customers work with biology to discover and manufacture new products that have transformative potential across industries:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in medicine, developing innovative new therapeutics and vaccines;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in agriculture, advancing the sustainability and security of our food systems;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in industrial biotechnology, advancing the way we manufacture a wide range of products for better performance and lower environmental impact; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in government, advancing new R&D priorities of strategic importance to the United States and its allies.

Because engineering biology is difficult and unpredictable, biotech R&D is traditionally performed by in-house labs filled with highly trained scientists running lab experiments by hand over several years in the hope of ultimately developing a working product. Many cell engineering projects fail in development due to scientific challenges, and many are terminated because they are taking too long or are over budget.

Ginkgo does not make end products; instead, we offer biological R&D services on our platform to enable our customers to bring *their* products to market. Historically, Ginkgo's primary service offering has been cell engineering R&D services (*solutions*) where Ginkgo performs technical activities. In 2024, Ginkgo expanded its service offering to include services that provide our customers cell engineering *tools* for biological R&D, where Ginkgo enables its customers to conduct certain in-house R&D activities themselves. Our services are designed to offer customers better results on the dimensions of probability of success, speed, or cost – and ideally on all three.

The fundamental advantage of our cell engineering platform over traditional cell engineering done by hand at our customers' labs is that our platform improves with scale while in-house cell engineering in our customers' labs largely does not. Compounding and mutually reinforcing improvements of our laboratory automation and software infrastructure—our Autonomous Lab—and our reusable data assets enable us to improve our services with each successive project.

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Our Autonomous Lab is a flexible wet lab built from our Reconfigurable Automation Cart ("RAC") systems capable of large scale data generation; it powers generative AI and machine learning ("ML") tools that enable more successful biological R&D. We now offer services providing such data generation, AI and automation tools directly to Ginkgo customers. Our data assets comprise best practices for cell engineering, along with sequences and host cells that have been honed through dozens of programs and can be directly reusable for our cell engineering solutions. We now offer licenses to our host cells and other IP assets, such as our broad metagenomic library.

![image_1.jpg](dna-20251231_g1.jpg)

*Cell engineering service offerings, depicted on a spectrum of customization and technical risk borne by Ginkgo on the vertical axis, and the mix of up-front service fees and downstream value we charge on the horizontal axis.* 

*Biosecurity*

In every technological revolution, reaping the benefits to the economy and society requires grappling with the corresponding risks. A critical part of making biology easier to engineer is creating robust biosecurity infrastructure to help manage the many accelerating and diversifying sources of biological risk, whether natural or engineered, accidental or malicious.

In the digital world, we've learned that we need to build comprehensive infrastructure to protect our digital systems —from financial markets to power grids—from harmful code. The modern cybersecurity industry offers tools to constantly identify, monitor, prevent, and mitigate cyber risk in near real-time. This is happening constantly, all around us. Our physical world demands the same type of widespread biosecurity infrastructure to detect, characterize, respond to, attribute, and prevent biological threats.

Building widespread biosecurity infrastructure is not easy, but the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent biothreats (e.g., H5N1 and mpox) illustrate the growing risk and urgent need for a solution. During the COVID-19 pandemic, our healthcare infrastructure, the biomedical technology industry, and communities across the world mobilized in valiant and unprecedented ways, but millions of lives and trillions of dollars were still lost. Our current systems are overly reactive and remain insufficient to protect us from future biothreats, whether they come from Mother Nature, bioerror, or bioterror.

We need a fundamentally different approach to securing biology—one that starts with data. The genomic information that underlies the biological world is what allows us to program it like computers, and it's what allows us to understand biology at a molecular level and learn to predict how it's going to behave in the world. Our biosecurity platform is built on the premise that genetic information is a critical data asset that will form the foundation for next-generation biosecurity. By building services to help our customers monitor and analyze this data, we believe we are contributing to a step change in humanity's ability to rapidly and reliably identify, monitor, prevent, and mitigate biological threats.

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Because biosecurity is a matter of national and global security, our primary biosecurity customers are governments. Our biosecurity offering has evolved over the past several years. We currently provide biosecurity services via two core offerings:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Canopy**, which helps our customers generate high value genomic data from strategically-positioned nodes (like airports and border checkpoints) via end-to-end biomonitoring programs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Horizon**, our digital surveillance, analytics and insights platform that detects and monitors biothreats worldwide.

Like our cell engineering platform, our biosecurity platform gets better with scale. As we deploy more detection nodes, we can achieve earlier detection and develop deeper insights about biothreats as they originate and travel across the globe. We invest in our platform to build out our operational (e.g., new node types), lab (e.g., new target detection), and digital (e.g., better prediction) capabilities. Increasing scale substantially strengthens the efficacy of our platform, as global data from multiple sources provides insights beyond what any single country's data could yield alone.

**Cell Engineering: enabling the discovery, functional optimization and efficient manufacturing of biotechnology products**

Biology runs on a digital code. It's just A's, T's, C's, and G's rather than 0's and 1's. There are sequences that code for programming logic—turning genes on when certain conditions are met—and there are sequences that encode functions and behaviors—the physical structures of proteins and enzymes that create biological structures and materials or catalyze chemical reactions. Synthetic biologists build cell programs by writing new sequences combining regulatory and functional elements into a synthesized strand of DNA and booting them up in cells to perform useful tasks, usually producing a particular bioproduct such as RNA, protein, enzyme, or chemical.

Biological code programs the world of atoms, not bits. This is what makes the potential impact of cell engineering so great, and inspires us to work to make biology easier to engineer and secure. But it also poses incredible challenges that make cell programming so hard today. Our code is a physical object with chemical properties. It folds and binds and interacts in many complex ways. It produces proteins that catalyze chemical reactions that interact in a complex web of connections. Even the simplest cell programs encounter incredible complexity, emerging from all of the interactions of chemicals, DNA, RNA, and proteins inside of a cell.

Because all organisms run on the same DNA code, general-purpose cell programming can be applied across many different markets to enable the design of new innovative products as well as improve manufacturing cost and sustainability of existing ones. Given the breadth of application areas and the potential of biology, we believe that the end markets for bioengineered products will be enormous. As we develop a greater ability to program biology and direct it towards novel and more challenging applications, the spectrum of possibilities will undoubtedly grow.

Today, our services span markets and modalities to enable a wide range of biotech products, including, but not limited to, systems for the discovery, optimization, and manufacturing of:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **DNA** sequences delivered as vaccines and gene therapies,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **RNA** sequences for vaccines and therapeutics including mRNA, circular RNA, and other approaches,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Proteins** used in biologic medicines and antibodies, adeno-associated virus ("AAV") capsids and other delivery methods for gene therapies, vaccines, plant traits for crop protection, and food and alternative meat and dairy,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Enzymes** used in biocatalysis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and RNA vaccine production,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Small molecules** and natural products that can be produced via pathways of multiple enzymes in engineered cells for pharmaceutical ingredients and adjuvants, agricultural biochemicals, cosmetics and food ingredients, and specialty or commodity chemicals,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Microbial cells** that can provide crop nutrition or crop protection in agriculture, impact soil carbon sequestration to help address climate change, and microbiome therapeutics, and

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Mammalian cells** for manufacturing of biologics, genomic medicines, and cell therapies.

Ginkgo provides these services using its platform for cell engineering. This platform brings together technology, data, biological assets and subject matter experts:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• proprietary automation technologies that enable flexibility and scale,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in-house software, machine learning, and generative AI models for cell programming,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• massive databases of DNA sequences and labeled data on functional performance of engineered cells,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• reusable assets that enable faster and more predictable cell programming, and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• expert scientists that leverage platform tools and data to enable partners to achieve their desired results

***Enabling customer success across markets***

We sell engineering solutions and cell engineering tools offerings to customers across markets. Our customers bring incredible depth and expertise in their unique technical domains and market areas. Whether it's their understanding of underlying disease biology or plant physiology, their experience with the performance of regulatory trials in animal studies, in the clinic, or in the field, or their knowledge of product formulation and functional testing, they have specialized deeply to be able to develop, manufacture, distribute, and market a product. Our role is to enable the customer's success: we provide R&D tools and solutions that help them access more biological design space in order to *discover and optimize functionality* and *develop efficient manufacturing methods* for their products.

*Government*

Ginkgo is a trusted partner to government agencies worldwide as they work to protect people, supply chains, and critical resources, all by leveraging the power of biology. We regularly serve as a prime contractor on major research awards, bringing together partners and integrating their diverse biological capabilities. We also often support projects and research consortia as an R&D subcontractor.

*Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology*

There is an urgent and critical need for new, better, and more accessible therapeutics and vaccines worldwide. There is also widespread realization across the pharmaceutical industry that research productivity must be enhanced in order to meet this need. Yet, even with hundreds of billions of dollars spent annually on pharmaceutical R&D, the cost to bring a new drug to market is only increasing.

The pharmaceutical industry today relies heavily on outsourced R&D, both to specialized, innovative small biotech, as well as to contract research organizations ("CROs") that can perform specific common workflows at different stages of the R&D process for enhanced efficiency. These approaches enable access to both innovation and efficiency, but incur high switching costs both organizationally and technically.

At the same time, there is great promise in how AI tools may help uncover new disease biology and targets for therapeutics, as well as enable the programming of new medicines, in particular biologics and genomic medicines that are directly encoded in DNA and RNA sequences. Pharmaceutical R&D teams are looking for ways to generate and federate data to train better AI models, design and test more technical approaches, drive candidates at the preclinical stage to "fail fast" before costly clinical trials, and develop better leads by simultaneously optimizing along multiple dimensions important for therapeutic index as well as manufacturability and cost.

Our pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers use our services to develop new manufacturing methods for gene therapies, biologics, vaccines, and small molecule therapeutics and active pharmaceutical ingredients ("APIs"), and to discover new RNA therapeutics, natural products, and much more. They use our tools to generate high-quality data for training and validating AI models of cell and disease biology for use in target identification, target validation and drug discovery as well as for antibody developability.

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*Agriculture*

Agriculture likewise faces an urgent need for innovation to address growing pressure on growers and food systems. Worldwide, agricultural innovation struggles due to long timelines, complex regulatory paths, and siloed data and capabilities.

Innovators in agricultural technology tap into biological diversity to develop new crop protection strategies, to combat resistance, and to provide safer, low residue options for growers that meet consumer expectations and regulatory guidelines. These product developers need to understand mode of action and improve the performance and stability of innovative biologicals for crop nutrition and crop protection. And increasingly, they are also innovating in soil carbon sequestration and climate strategies.

Our customers in agriculture use our services to improve the performance and manufacturability of existing agricultural biologics, develop revolutionary new products for crop nutrition in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, or carbon sequestration, and design new insect control proteins and other crop protection products to protect food security. We also offer 3,000 liters of pilot plant capacity for efficacy trial material generation, as well as a network of growth chambers and an approximately 12,000 square foot greenhouse facility for screening engineered microbes and wild-type microbes *in planta.*

*Industrial Biotechnology*

There is an enormous breadth of products—chemicals, enzymes, and proteins—already produced via biotechnology today or being actively developed by companies across many markets, including food and nutritional ingredients, wellness, cosmetics, and personal care, industrial processes and chemicals, and materials innovation.

Our customers in industrial biotech use our services to achieve a variety of objectives, such as improve the manufacturing efficiency and cost of goods sold for their new and existing biotechnological products, innovate materials with enhanced performance, develop enzymes for breaking down harmful pollutants or cells and proteins optimized for capturing rare earth elements, or valorize waste streams into feedstocks for more valuable products.

***Cell Engineering Tools***

A selection of our cell engineering *tools* offerings are described below.

*Reconfigurable Automation Cart ("RAC") Systems*

Ginkgo Automation's capabilities build on years of internal expertise honed at Ginkgo and Zymergen, encompassing hardware design, software integration, and applications development, epitomized in our offering of RACs: our Reconfigurable Automation Cart systems. The modularity and flexibility of the RACs enables high walkway time, high uptime, reduced cycle times, and high throughput experimentation for high-mix biological workflows like the kinds performed in Ginkgo's Autonomous Lab and in our partners' labs. In addition to providing advanced automation hardware and software, Ginkgo Automation's deployments to third party customers include access to our top-tier Apex Support, a fully remote, active error resolution and troubleshooting support service. Apex Support's proactive monitoring is expected to enable Ginkgo's support engineers to identify and resolve approximately 80-90% of system errors remotely, without the need for our customers to initiate tickets. We are actively developing, both internally and in collaboration with external partners, enhanced autonomous capabilities for our automation platform. These efforts are focused on enabling increasingly AI-driven, closed-loop experimentation, which has the potential to materially improve experimental efficiency, throughput, and decision-making for customers ranging from pharmaceutical companies to academic and government research institutions. We expect that, as these technologies mature, RAC systems deployed in customer environments could be upgraded through software updates to support higher levels of autonomous operation. We believe this software-upgradable architecture positions the RAC platform to incorporate future advances in autonomous science without requiring wholesale replacement of deployed systems.

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*Datapoints* 

Recent advances in ML, molecular simulation, and other computational techniques hold great promise to improve our ability to program cells. We believe our Autonomous Lab is well-positioned to build the kind of large, well-structured datasets that such computational approaches need to succeed. In time, we believe computational approaches will reduce the need for certain kinds of experiments (for example, we already use ML to make protein and enzyme design projects more efficient).

To this end, we have introduced three new data generation services to provide high-quality data at the scale, price, and speed that AI-powered drug development demands:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Our **Functional Genomics** Datapoints services generate large, high fidelity transcriptomic and phenotypic datasets in the disease context of our customers' choice to power AI models of cell and disease biology for use in target identification, target validation, and drug discovery.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Our **Antibody Developability** Datapoints services generate biophysical antibody characterization developability datasets for our customers to use in AI model training and validation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.Our **Small Molecule Developability** Datapoints service generates high-quality small-molecule characterization data spanning absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ("ADME"). These datasets support human dose prediction and power AI-driven predictive medicinal chemistry campaigns.

*AI models*

***Cell Engineering Solutions***

A selection of our end-to-end cell engineering *solutions* offerings are described below.

*Protein engineering and production for biopharmaceutical applications*

We provide a suite of microservices for product developers across industries that support bioengineers with protein engineering an enzyme variant library design service, access to our proprietary low-viscosity *Aspergillus niger* strains, the performance of proof-of-concept protein production studies to evaluate and optimize protein production in high-performance chassis, as well as access to our EncapS platform - a cutting-edge, ultra-high throughput screening service designed to rapidly identify strains with enhanced protein titers. These on-demand services balance flexibility and cost-effectiveness with access to powerful technologies that enhance R&D efficiency.

*Genetic medicines* 

We provide comprehensive R&D services spanning the major genetic medicine modalities: gene therapy, cell therapy and gene editing, and RNA therapeutics. Our capabilities include developing precision delivery systems through viral and non-viral approaches, engineering payloads for targeted expression, and optimizing manufacturing processes at scale. For gene therapy, we provide AAV capsid design and optimization, payload engineering, and high-titer production solutions. In cell therapy and gene editing, we support CAR-T development, gene editor discovery, and immune cell engineering with our high-throughput screening platforms. For RNA therapeutics, our services are intended to help customers optimize mRNA and circular RNA sequences for improved stability and expression, alongside lipid nanoparticle delivery system development. These services are complemented by our suite of licensable assets including capsids, promoters, untranslated regions ("UTRs"), internal ribosome entry sites ("IRESs"), and chimeric antigen receptor ("CAR") components, validated through extensive in vitro and in vivo testing. Our integrated approach combines domain expertise in protein engineering,

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high-throughput experimentation, and advanced analytics to address key challenges in immunogenicity, off-target effects, and regulatory compliance.

*Packaged solutions for biopharmaceutical applications*

We provide standardized, ready-to-use solutions for accelerating biopharmaceutical R&D. We provide curated panels of enzymes for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing, including 192 Imine Reductase (IRED) enzymes and 384 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Dioxygenases (2ODD) enzymes. Our EncapS platform for API production leverages ultra-high throughput screening technology to improve production strain productivity by 10-30%, screening libraries of over 1 million variants through nanoliter co-encapsulation. For genetic medicines, we provide licensable assets including promoters that surpass industry standards, optimized UTRs for enhanced RNA stability and protein expression, engineered AAV capsids with reduced antigenicity and improved tissue targeting, and synthetic immune receptors for cell therapies. These offerings are supported by easy-to-access fee-for-service programs, including our collaboration with Virica Biotech for AAV manufacturing optimization.

*Small molecules & biologics for biopharmaceutical applications*

We provide comprehensive R&D services spanning both small molecule therapeutics and biologics. For small molecules, we enable the discovery and production of diverse compounds including APIs, natural products, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payloads through our strain engineering expertise and biosynthetic pathway discovery capabilities. Our biologics services support the development and optimization of therapeutic proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other biological products using AI-driven protein engineering and our proprietary production platforms, including high-output methanol-free Pichia pastoris strains. These complementary capabilities are supported by our integrated approach to strain design, high-throughput screening, fermentation optimization, and downstream processing, all focused on achieving economical and high-quality production outcomes for both chemical and biological therapeutics.

*Crop nutrition* 

We provide comprehensive R&D services focused on advancing biological solutions for crop nutrition and plant health. Our services span three key areas: nutrient use efficiency, where we help develop products that optimize nutrient bioavailability; carbon fixation, where we work on biologicals that enhance soil health; and abiotic stress management, where we develop solutions to improve crop resilience against environmental stressors. These capabilities are supported by our extensive strain collection of over 315,000 agriculturally-relevant microorganisms, validated *in vitro* and *in planta* screening assays, and expertise in scaling up both whole-cell and biochemical active products. We offer both fee-for-service testing using our validated assay cascade from 384-well plates to greenhouse studies, as well as collaborative R&D partnerships spanning strain engineering through process development and formulation optimization. A flagship example of our capabilities is our partnership with Bayer Crop Sciences, where we are developing biological solutions for nitrogen fixation in non-legume crops to reduce reliance on industrial fertilizers.

*Crop protection* 

We provide comprehensive R&D services to help partners develop and optimize biological crop protection products. Our capabilities include validated *in vitro* and *in planta* screening assays that enable confident selection of lead candidates, extensive expertise in scaling up active ingredients including both Cry proteins and novel bioactives, and access to our proprietary collection of over 315,000 strains isolated from agriculturally relevant environments. We work with partners through both fee-for-service arrangements focused on generating rigorous data packages to inform decision-making, as well as collaborative R&D projects aimed at developing market-ready products. Our services span the full product development cycle from strain selection and screening through process optimization, formulation development, and field trial support. Partners can access our platform to expand their product portfolios with novel biocontrols, optimize the performance of existing products, reduce manufacturing costs, or generate reliable data to support their development programs. Throughout the development process, we focus on optimizing manufacturing costs and process efficiency to ensure products can be produced at commercially viable price points that meet market requirements for growers and product developers that market to them.

*Plant traits* 

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We provide comprehensive R&D services for discovering and optimizing plant traits, leveraging our proprietary metagenomic library of over 2.7 billion genes (with less than 5% overlap with public databases). Our capabilities in this space combine machine learning-based protein engineering, informed by over 15 years of experimental data collection, with expertise in optimizing multi-gene-of-interest trait expression in complex eukaryotic systems. We provide services spanning the full development cycle, from early trait discovery using patented enrichment and amplification techniques, through lead optimization using iterative high-throughput screening approaches, to gene construct design with optimized codons and promoters for more reliable expression. Our pilot plant site allows us to leverage proprietary host strains optimized for protein and enzyme production to test out material generation capabilities through large-scale efficacy trials.

*Protein engineering and production for industrial biotechnology* 

We provide R&D services that help our partners optimize production hosts for nutritional and functional protein manufacturing, and to develop effective enzymes and biocatalysts for industrial applications. Our industrial partners can access our enzyme discovery, enzyme optimization, assay development & high-throughput screening, and protein production expertise, taking advantage of our range of well-characterized and high-performance bacterial, fungal, and mammalian chassis strains, as well as our very wide range of experience designing and running scientific campaigns to engineer and improve these hosts. Our partners in the nutritional and functional protein space work with us to build research campaigns that leverage the above capabilities, as well as our investment into an in-house suite of host strains designed for glycoprotein, iron-bound, and structural protein production. Whether they are developing sweeteners, alternative dairy, alternative egg, thickeners, preservatives, or other exciting protein-based innovations, we can offer our partners in this space a mix of host evaluation and proof-of-concept studies, production host design and optimization campaigns, enzyme discovery and optimization research, and process development & scale-up (described further below) capabilities to help de-risk and accelerate their R&D and go-to-market timelines.

*Small molecules for industrial biotechnology*

We work with partners in the sustainable ingredients and chemical spaces, as well as across the flavors, fragrance, and colorant industries to support their R&D and manufacturing optimization efforts. Our particular expertise includes experience with microbial bio-production of many classes of natural products, including of terpenoids, esters, aromatics, organic acids, pigments, and bioactive alkaloids. We offer a range of custom R&D solutions that support our customers with molecule prototyping and pathway discovery, strain design and optimization for bioproduction, non-genetically modified strain improvement technologies, and our bioprocess development and scale-up capabilities (described below). In the flavors, fragrances, and colorants industries, customers also often access our proprietary database of microbial chassis and specialized tailoring enzymes (like terpene synthases, glycosyl transferases (UGTs), O-methyltransferases, and cytochrome P450s) which supports their efforts to improve pathway optimization, byproduct reduction, and enhanced product safety.

*Fermentation and scale-up*

Our wet lab includes a fleet of Sartorius Ambr® 250 bioreactors, as well as a suite of colocated analytical instruments that our customers can leverage to deeply and widely explore strain performance across multiple fermentation and media conditions. We can pair this service with customized ML-enabled analysis to obtain and provide to our customers deep physiological, genetic, and chemical insight into strain performance.

On the larger scale, we also offer in-house pilot fermentation capacities at 5, 10, 30, and all the way up to 3,000 liters of pilot plant capacity for bioprocess development and scale-up. We can support our partners in proving out production processes with iterative and statistical approaches to develop robust fermentation process conditions, informed by automated sampling and standard analyses of secreted metabolites.

**Biosecurity: scaling biological intelligence for securing lives and livelihoods**

Addressing biosecurity starts with being clear-eyed about biological risks and threats. We hold at our core the tremendous positive potential of biology, and we know that we're facing a biological landscape with more frequent, more severe, and more varied threats through time.

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Our world is increasingly interconnected through travel and trade, giving pathogens and biological agents new opportunities to spread across the globe, impacting people's health along with the complex global supply chains that our societies depend on to function. Climate change and habitat disruption are creating conditions for pathogens to emerge and spill over between animal populations and into humans more often and with more severe consequences. A global boom in investments into bio-laboratory capacity, designed to improve our tools to combat such pathogens, also comes with heightened risk of lab accidents—in spite of substantial efforts to improve biosafety. And unfortunately, there are those who seek to use biology for nefarious purposes, misusing its incredible potential to cause harm.

These trends are intertwined with geopolitical competition and destabilization, eroding buy-in and trust in institutions, and emerging technologies in both biotechnology and AI/ML, presenting a core security challenge for nations and the world. Our biosecurity platform is designed to help national and global leaders answer questions about and potentially protect from biological threats.

Governments around the world are currently our primary customers as they seek to protect their citizens, economies, and critical infrastructures from biothreats. We have worked extensively with the U.S. government across the federal, state, and regional levels, and maintain the lab, logistical, and local relationships necessary to work closely with partners across the country in the event of any large-scale biothreat response.

***The biosecurity services that we sell***

We serve these customers through two core offerings:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Canopy** helps our customers generate high value genomic data from strategically positioned nodes (e.g., airports and borders) via end-to-end biomonitoring programs including:

oProgram services such as program design, lab enablement, procurement, collection, and lab support;

oData services such as bioinformatics and epidemiological tools, data delivery and data visualization;

oInsights such as specialized reports and technical briefings specific to customers' programs; and

oProducts such as standard of procedures (SOPs) and specialized lab assays.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• **Horizon** is our data, analytics and insights platform that detects and monitors biothreats worldwide. It seeks to answer questions like:

o*What biothreats are occurring?* Where in the world do we see emerging biothreats?

o*What is this new biothreat and how bad is it?* How might it spread and evolve? Who (or what infrastructure) will be affected? How likely is the biothreat to result in a major outbreak?

o*Where did a biothreat emerge and how?* Is there evidence of misuse and if so, what can we learn about the perpetrators?

o*What can I do about a biothreat?* How effective will existing countermeasures be? Should we develop new countermeasures, and if so, what should they look like? What are my ideal response options given resource constraints and mitigation goals?

Ginkgo Biosecurity's tailored Canopy product is a persistent, pervasive, locally-operated collection of environmental samples from strategic high-risk nodes—designed to detect and identify biothreats across a growing array of collection and sample types. The samples are analyzed through genomic sequencing of non-human DNA to turn the environment into data. Today, we are looking for a large and growing set of known threats, and we are developing methods that are threat agnostic and able to pick up on entirely novel genetic signatures.

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![image_2.jpg](dna-20251231_g2.jpg)

Our Canopy technologies are expanding, and our goal is to be able to sample from a wide variety of nodes where pathogens emerge or spread, such as those pictured below. Our network scales to be more efficient as we add greater volume and diversity of nodes. Our Canopy product scales primarily by driving efficiency through increased volume by better physical and lab operations including program learnings, lower overhead requirements, and purchasing power.

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![Biosecurity-Nodes.jpg](dna-20251231_g3.jpg)

*(Note: nodes are illustrative and not necessarily indicative of current or past programs.)*

Horizon is our data, analytics and insights platform that provides reporting of biothreat events worldwide, using three distinct data feeds: Early Detection, Genomic Surveillance, and Digital Biothreat Intelligence. The Canopy data from given programs or jurisdictions are integrated with other global data sources—from our monitoring network, open-source intelligence capability, and other sources—and analyzed using a suite of computational tools to help customers gain a more comprehensive picture of the biothreats they're facing. Our Horizon business also scales as volume and node diversity increases as we have more information (e.g., via volumes) and more diverse data (e.g., via nodes), our insights across the system are further enhanced.

Our operations are anchored by Ginkgo's headquarters in Boston which serves as a hub for managing our programs and analyzing data from our global network. Our network is increasingly bolstered by our operational and laboratory partners throughout the world. We will continue to enhance this network in the future through new partnerships.

**How we make money**

***Cell engineering revenue***

*Cell engineering tools offerings*

We charge customers fees for the services we provide in our cell engineering tools offerings. Fees for our automation solutions (RAC systems) are typically earned over a period that covers design, build, and deployment and range from six to twelve months. In addition, we offer support services for our RAC systems with fixed fees covering the support periods.

Fees for our Datapoints services are typically earned over a shorter period of time (weeks to months) than for cell engineering solutions, which may be multi-year programs. A typical deliverable for a Datapoints program is a data package. Fees for cell engineering solutions programs are typically structured as a fixed fee for a fixed scope of work.

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*Cell engineering solutions*

Our cell engineering solutions are typically scoped and delivered as a program ranging in duration from several months to several years. A typical deliverable for the program would comprise an enzyme sequence, or an engineered strain or cell line and its associated bioprocess. For each of these programs, we generate economic value in two primary ways.

First, we charge service fees for Autonomous Lab services, in much the same way that cloud computing companies charge usage fees for utilization of computing capacity or CROs charge for services. R&D is inherently risky and our customers recognize that this is a cost they will incur regardless of success and whether they are working on the program in-house or with a partner. Typically, service fees for a program include a fixed fee for a fixed scope of work and may also include payments contingent upon hitting certain technical milestones. If we are able to deliver program results with less work through the use of Codebase assets and/or generative AI tools, then we can achieve the same revenue with lower cost or in a shorter duration. Service fees provide a strong foundation of revenue that is independent of any commercialization efforts by our partners.

Second, as the key enabling technology for our customers' products, we have historically negotiated a value share with our customers (in the form of royalties, milestones, and/or equity interests) in order to align our economics with the success of the programs enabled by our platform. Because we typically do not incur material downstream costs (e.g., manufacturing or product development, which our customers manage), these value share payments flow through with approximately 100% contribution margin. We have structured a variety of value sharing mechanisms, including royalties, lump-sum milestones, and equity payments. As Ginkgo has matured, we have shifted our downstream value towards milestone payments and commercial royalties rather than equity. In addition, commencing in the second quarter of 2024, we announced changes in prospective commercial terms, including the removal of downstream value share from certain program types.

This flexible business model allows for more predictable near-term revenue in up-front research fees and technical milestones without sacrificing our ability to create long-term value with asymmetric upside through downstream value share (typically in the form of a royalty stream, milestone, and/or equity share). As we add more programs to the platform over time, we expect downstream value share to contribute income, which could in turn grow our overall margins and cash flow profile for our cell engineering solutions. The realization of potential revenue related to downstream value in the form of potential future milestone payments and royalties and/or equity consideration is dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to successfully develop engineered cells, bioprocesses, data packages, or other deliverables, and the product development and commercialization success of our customers.

***Biosecurity revenue***

Since the end of the COVID-19 public health emergency in May 2023, Ginkgo has transitioned its Biosecurity business to focus on building out scalable biosecurity infrastructure through our two offerings, Canopy and Horizon. Through our partnerships, Ginkgo operates Canopy programs for collections, testing, sequencing, and insights delivery on pathogen samples in different countries. Ginkgo is also investing in building our Horizon product, in consultation with our existing network and additional public and private partners, as we think it has the potential to significantly drive revenue in the future.

**Our commitment to caring about how our platform is developed and used**

Biotechnologies already touch nearly every part of society, and they will only grow in importance to our collective security and livelihoods in the future. Because of their far-reaching impacts on the world and because we are biological beings who are both dependent on and vulnerable to the capabilities we enable, we must take great care in the ways these technologies are developed and used.

We are cognizant that making biology easier to engineer won't make the world better by default, but we believe these capabilities are essential to creating a better future where we can contend with both existing and emerging threats. To succeed in our long-term mission, we must avoid multiple failure modes. We must avoid creating capabilities that cause harm in ways that aren't or can't be mitigated. We must avoid reinforcing inequities in the uses of technologies and to

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whom their benefits accrue—thereby claiming to change the world but changing not much at all. We must avoid a loss in trust in biotechnologies and the motivations of their developers that limits our ability to bring solutions to global challenges from protecting against pandemics to feeding the planet. And so, we must chase, every day, the development of capabilities and partnerships that can lead to value generation undergirded by sustained attention to the values they reflect.

As our platform grows, so too does our power to enable and shape many impacts we care about. While we are proud of our direct impacts on making biology easier to engineer, most of the world cares about the impacts on the world that we indirectly enable through helping our customers with the products they deliver. We grow as a platform precisely because we help create more value for our customers and the world than we capture. Our position serving customers across many industries provides strategic insights into what issues need collective attention to ensure future products can deliver meaningful solutions. But as a platform we cannot anticipate and control all future uses of our technologies by our customers and those they work with.

Far from abdicating responsibility, we realize our power is to inspire and help enable others to carefully steward technologies with attention to their impacts over time. This is directly in line with our long-term value proposition, as we need our customers and the ecosystem to succeed in avoiding the failure models outlined above and build the collective biotechnology-enabled future we all can wish for. We believe that stewardship starts with our platform and the people within it. Just as we must build and inspire trust in our partners to steward our technologies with care, we build and inspire trust in all of our bioworker-owners to build our platform with care.

We must also pay special attention to the governance of leading capabilities for we have outsized ability to shape.

At a macroscopic level, building biosecurity capabilities is an example of where we assessed the need for complementary efforts that could safeguard future biotechnologies–including those developed on our platform. But this same philosophy applies across our platform including as we work to harness powerful new capabilities in AI. We believe that our platform design is a foundation for architecting security and access that can both enable positive uses while better understanding and protecting against scenarios of misuse.

We see caring about how our platform is developed and used not as a net cost but as an enabler at multiple scales of impact aligned with long-term value. It builds trust and credibility not only in our capabilities but those of our customers. It motivates and enables our employee-owners to drive the platform towards the many diverse uses they co-envision with our platform. It also advances a framework to go beyond a reactive historical frame that has often positioned genetic engineering as a risk to the environment rather than a value.

We recognize that platforms across other industries have lessons—many negative—on how to steward their development and use. Our high-level commitment to care also comes with the expectation of needing to regularly revisit the approaches to realizing that commitment.

**Our People & Culture**

A company is made of people. We have sought to bring together a talented and multidisciplinary group of people who share our mission to make biology easier to engineer. Today, our extensive cross-functional team is collaborating to build our ecosystem, from organism designers to automation engineers, software developers to the people team, business development to facilities management, finance to molecular biology.

***A culture built on care***

We've strived to grow a culture based on care. As engineers, it is easy to fall into the trap of thinking of ourselves simply as tool builders. Tools can be used in many different ways, both good and bad, and engineers often discuss their tools as value neutral. But tools reflect the social beliefs and biases of the people who make them.

We are keenly aware of the need to care about how our platform is used. More significant than the impacts we have seen from digital platforms on our social world, biology is our health, our bodies, our food, and our environment. As we build

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the tools for programming biology, we must also care how those tools are used, and ensure that the risks and benefits are transparently and equitably shared.

***A talented, world-class team***

As of December 31, 2025 we had 485 employees. In addition to our employees, our success would not be possible without the collaboration and support of the network of partners, contractors, contingent workers and temporary staff who make up the Ginkgo team.

Technologies reflect the values of the people who build them. We believe that it is essential to have a talented team where people from different backgrounds are included and empowered to speak up and shape the growth of this technology. We are committed to having a team reflecting a broad range of viewpoints, backgrounds and skills and continuing to foster a culture with strong employee ownership and engagement.

***Laying the groundwork for strong employee engagement in the future***

As a founder-led company we have been able to infuse the organization with long-term strategic thinking from the start. We have continued to execute on programs, achieve milestones, and launch new products while navigating uncertainty. We have emerged from a restructuring with a strengthened focus on the long-term performance and sustainability of our business.

The individuals who work at Ginkgo and build our platform care deeply about how that platform is used and the impact our company will have in the world. We hope to strengthen the long-term mentality we have benefited from as a founder-led public company. We believe a workforce with strong equity ownership will make the wise decisions needed to build long-term value for our company and build a company whose long-term impacts make them proud. That is why we have implemented a multi-class stock structure that permits all employees (current and future), not just founders, to hold high-vote (10 votes per share) common stock, that we hope will help strengthen this long-term mentality and encourage long-term equity ownership by our employees. For more information, see *"Risk Factors—Risks Related to Ginkgo's Business—Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure and Governance—Only our employees and directors are entitled to hold shares of Class B common stock (including shares of Class B common stock granted or otherwise issued to our employees and directors in the future), which shares have ten votes per share. This limits or precludes other stockholders' ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of certain amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval."*

**Competition**

To our knowledge, there are currently no other cell engineering companies that serve the same breadth of industries that we do. The services and products offered by potential competitors vary in size, breadth, and scope, and given our broad set of application areas, we could face competition in many different forms. We face competition from customers' internal R&D departments and other research solution providers that largely conduct genetic engineering by-hand. We also compete against companies that seek to utilize synthetic biology technologies to develop specific products or target certain end markets. Additionally, with our expansion into tools offerings in 2024, we compete against life science tools companies and CROs as well as newer AI entrants in the emerging TechBio area. Finally, competing platforms may emerge from various sources, including from joint ventures and partnerships between well-capitalized technology and life sciences companies. We identify the following three groups as our principal set of competitors:

***Cell Engineering competition***

*The Status Quo: "on prem" cell programming efforts*

The main source of competition we encounter for our cell engineering solutions offerings is from potential customers choosing to build or maintain in-house cell engineering teams and capabilities. This status quo includes building out laboratory space and then hiring a team of highly trained scientists to conduct research, largely "by-hand" and with limited scale efficiencies. Some internal R&D operations maintain a full suite of capabilities and can design, build and test relatively complex pathways while others may have certain internal capabilities and need to outsource other elements to

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CROs. We believe this is far less efficient for the customer and likely to yield worse outcomes as customers get fewer shots on goal for a given program budget.

That said, it can still be very difficult for companies to choose to trust Ginkgo with their R&D efforts versus building more traditional "on prem" labs. Smaller companies may feel like they're "betting the farm" on Ginkgo, while larger companies may be sensitive to displacing existing R&D teams. As such, a key focus area for us is reducing the barriers to adoption for the platform by decreasing the upfront investment for earlier-stage companies and by helping larger companies integrate their scientists closely into our workflows and empower their scientists to manage requests directly so we feel more like a resource and partner than a fully outsourced provider. Our Datapoints products in Functional Genomics, Antibody Developability, and more recently launched offerings in Small Molecule Developability, are key examples of new services designed with our customers' scientists in mind.

The vast majority of therapeutics companies that are leveraging genetic engineering have in-house capabilities, including Biogen, Novo Nordisk, Vertex, Regeneron, Bayer, and many others. These companies may be viewed as competitors to Ginkgo because they are creating products, using cell programming, that may compete with the products Ginkgo is enabling for our customers. However, as a platform company, we view these companies not as competitors but as potential customers and focus not on "beating" them but rather on demonstrating our value proposition.

*Verticalized cell engineering platforms*

Within certain end markets, Ginkgo may compete against vertically-focused biotechnology companies providing cell engineering R&D capabilities to customers within a narrow set of end markets. While we believe the siloed nature of these companies limits their long-term potential, in the near-term, we may have a harder time penetrating those end markets given the incumbent vertical specialists in that space. The vast majority of these companies exist within therapeutic end markets given the history of cell engineering in that market segment. In theory, the expertise and learnings they develop from work in one field could be leveraged into neighboring end markets if these companies decided to adopt (and invest in) a more horizontal strategy. Examples of these vertically-focused platforms include AbCellera (antibody discovery), Codexis (enzymes), Senti Bio (cell therapy for oncology applications) and WuXi biologics (therapeutics).

*Contract research organizations (CROs) and life science tools companies*

With our expansion into cell engineering tools offerings, we now offer data generation services and RAC laboratory automation to our customers. These offerings appeal to customers who want to retain either scientific control and/or experimental execution of their biological R&D. As such, we now more directly compete with CROs that offer research services, though usually such services are not purpose-built for generating high quality, large datasets to train and validate AI/ML models. Examples of these CROs include Evotec, WuXi Biologics, and Charles River Laboratories. Similarly, we compete with integrated automation companies like HighRes Biosolutions, Automata, and Thermo Fisher Scientific with our RAC laboratory automation products.

*Other possible entrants*

We may also face competition from new entrants in the market, including well-capitalized technology companies with possible strategic interests in synthetic biology and its capabilities. Such companies may emerge as competitors given their access to capital, capacity to create multi-disciplinary teams across biology, chemistry, computer science and engineering, and flexibility to enter strategic ventures with life sciences companies.

***Biosecurity competition***

We're unique in the global biosecurity market because our approach is global and comprehensively covers end-to-end biosecurity needs. We face competition from a small number of companies who operate in focused biosecurity verticals, such as wastewater monitoring (e.g., Verily and Biobot, both primarily in the U.S.) and digital biosurveillance and modeling (e.g., BlueDot, Airfinity, and the Public Health Company), as well as internationally from BGI, China's national champion for sequencing and diagnostics. As we partner with national governments, we also face competition from homegrown public solutions to particular challenges, especially among high-income countries and large multilaterals with little history of engagement with the private sector.

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We have several important attributes that contribute to our competitive advantage:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• A comprehensive offering that allows customers to come to a single platform for multimodal physical and digital surveillance and integrated global insights, rather than fragmented approaches;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• A suite of technical capabilities across epidemiological, bioinformatics, and scientific R&D;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Unique technological tools, like our ENDAR platform for engineering detection;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our prominent role as a thought-leader and talent-attractor in this market;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• A foundation of partnerships with countries across the globe and key multilaterals such as Africa CDC, African Risk Capacity, and the International Livestock Research Institute; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Our global leadership in the airport-based pathogen monitoring space.

**Intellectual Property** 

***Patents***

Our general policy has been to seek patent protection for those inventions likely to be incorporated into our offerings and for which patent protection will provide value or competitive advantages to Ginkgo.

Our worldwide patent portfolio includes patents acquired in transactions over time. We may decide that it is in our interest to abandon, sell, or otherwise dispose of certain patents or patent applications that we determine are no longer relevant to our business.

Patents generally have a term of twenty years from the date they are filed. As our patent portfolio has been built over time, the remaining terms of the individual patents across our patent portfolio vary. No single patent or patent family is essential to Ginkgo as a whole or to any of Ginkgo's subsidiaries. In addition to developing our patent portfolio, we license patents from third parties.

We intend to pursue additional patent protection to the extent that we believe that it would be beneficial and cost-effective. We cannot provide any assurance that any of our current or future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents. We also cannot assure the scope of any of our future issued patents or warrant that any of our patents will prevent others from commercializing infringing products or technology.

***Trade secrets***

Ginkgo's technology-related intellectual property that is not patent-protected is maintained as trade secrets. We employ a variety of safeguards to protect our information and trade secrets, including contractual arrangements with our employees, consultants, contractors and other advisors that impose obligations of confidentiality, assignment of inventions, and security; digital security measures; and physical security precautions.

We require confidentiality and material transfer agreements from third parties that receive our confidential data or materials, and we also incorporate confidentiality and material transfer precautions into our collaboration agreements.

***Trademarks and domain names***

Although our business is directed at sophisticated corporate customers rather than end consumers, we have trademark rights and registrations in our name, logo, and other brand indicia in the United States and other jurisdictions around the world. We also have registered domain names for websites that we use in our business, such as www.ginkgobioworks.com.

**Suppliers** 

Ginkgo's suppliers for cell engineering operations comprise primarily manufacturers and distributors of life science tools, consumables and equipment as well as certain specific providers of contract research, development and manufacturing services. We will sometimes enter into long-term, strategic partnerships with innovative suppliers. Because of the scale of our operations, we believe we are often an early adopter and the largest customer at scale of certain new life science tools and technologies. We will also occasionally acquire technology or IP assets for strategic reasons, including integration into our platform.

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We utilize various third party software and information technology service providers for data storage and processing. We also routinely engage a variety of third parties for professional services, contract employment services and consulting services.

**Government Contracts** 

We have entered into agreements with governmental entities and contractors in the past to serve as a U.S. government contractor or subcontractor and may do so again in the future. See "*Risk Factors—Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Litigation—We have pursued in the past and may pursue additional U.S. Government contracting and subcontracting opportunities in the future and as a U.S. Government prime contractor and subcontractor, we are subject to a number of procurement rules and regulations.*"

**Government Regulations** 

Our business, or the business of our customers, may be regulated by the FDA and other federal authorities in the United States, including the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA"), U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), as well as comparable authorities in foreign jurisdictions and various state and local authorities in the United States. Failure to comply with applicable regulations may result in enforcement actions, civil or criminal sanctions, and adverse publicity.

***FDA regulation***

We provide cell engineering and product discovery services to customers engaged in the manufacture of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic products. The FDA regulates the research, development, testing, quality control, import, export, safety, effectiveness, storage, recordkeeping, premarket review, approval or licensure, processing, formulation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing, distribution, sale, post-market monitoring and reporting of our customers' pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic products, and the FTC also regulates the advertising and promotion of these products.

We have acted as a systems integrator and authorized distributor of certain COVID-19 over-the counter diagnostic tests manufactured by independent third parties. We worked with laboratory partners that provide surveillance testing services as part of the COVID-19 and other pathogen surveillance testing services we offer, and these tests and test kits may be subject to regulation by the FDA. In particular, the tests and test kits used in our testing services may be subject to regulation by the FDA as medical devices, and may be required to comply with the requirement that such products have obtained clearance, approval, or other marketing authorizations, before they can be commercialized, as well as post-market requirements such as adverse event reporting and restrictions on labeling, marketing, and distribution.

Laboratories must seek FDA marketing authorization and otherwise comply with FDA device regulations when marketing COVID-19 Laboratory Developed Tests ("LDTs"). An LDT is an *in vitro* diagnostic test that is intended for clinical use and is designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory. LDTs are classified as medical devices, but the FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion and has generally not enforced FDA requirements, including premarket review, with respect to laboratories that offer LDTs. However, FDA intends to phase out its enforcement discretion for LDTs. While HHS and FDA have announced their intention to require premarket review of COVID-19 LDTs, either agency may change its position in the future.

Medical products, including COVID-19 tests, that are granted a clearance, Emergency Use Authorization ("EUA"), or other marketing authorization must comply fully with the terms and conditions provided in the clearance, EUA, or other marketing authorization. For example, EUAs for COVID-19 tests may include conditions of authorization applicable to the EUA holder, authorized distributors and authorized laboratories. Noncompliance with applicable requirements could result in negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, warning letters or untitled letters from the FDA, mandated corrective promotional materials, advertising or communications with doctors, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. The FDA can also withdraw marketing authorization for the applicable product, and in the case of a product subject to an EUA, the FDA may require EUA holders to transition to permanent marketing authorization which could impact some of the tests in our supply chain.

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***DEA regulation***

We are engaged in the research, development, and export of certain products that may be regulated as controlled substances. The Controlled Substances Act of 1970, as amended from time to time, establishes registration, security, recordkeeping, reporting, storage, distribution and other requirements administered by the DEA. The DEA is concerned with the control of handlers of controlled substances, and with the equipment and raw materials used in their manufacture and packaging, in order to prevent loss and diversion into illicit channels of commerce. The DEA regulates controlled substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances. Schedule I substances by definition have no established medicinal use, and may not be marketed or sold in the United States. Schedule I substances are considered to present the highest risk of abuse, and Schedule V substances the lowest relative risk of abuse among controlled substances. Marijuana is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. However, the term does not include "hemp," which means the cannabis plant and any part of that plant, including the seeds and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 THC concentration of not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis.

Annual registration is required for any facility that manufactures, distributes, dispenses, imports or exports any controlled substance. The registration is specific to the particular location, business activity and controlled substance schedule. For example, separate registrations are needed for import and manufacturing, and each registration will specify which controlled substance schedule is authorized for that activity.

The DEA typically inspects a facility to review its security measures prior to issuing a registration. The DEA requires "effective controls and procedures" to guard against theft and diversion of controlled substances. Security requirements vary by controlled substance schedule (with the most stringent requirements applying to Schedule I and Schedule II substances), type of business activity conducted, quantity of substances handled, and a variety of other factors. Required security measures include background checks on employees and physical control of inventory. While the specific means by which effective controls and procedures are achieved may vary, security practices may include use of cages, surveillance cameras and inventory reconciliations. Records must be maintained for the handling of all controlled substances, and, in certain scenarios, periodic reports made to the DEA. Reports must also be made for thefts or losses of any controlled substance, and disposal of controlled substances must adhere to various methods authorized by the regulations. In addition, special authorization and notification requirements apply to imports and exports.

Failure by registered establishments to maintain compliance with applicable requirements, particularly as manifested in loss or diversion, can result in enforcement action. The DEA may seek civil penalties, refuse to renew necessary registrations, or initiate proceedings to revoke those registrations. In certain circumstances, violations could eventuate in criminal proceedings. Individual states also regulate controlled substances.

***Laboratory Licensing and Certification Requirements***

The clinical laboratories we partnered with for our COVID-19 testing program are subject to federal oversight under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment of 1988 ("CLIA"), which requires all clinical laboratories to meet certain quality assurance, quality control and personnel standards. Laboratories also must undergo proficiency testing and are subject to inspections. Standards for testing under CLIA are based on the complexity of the tests performed by the laboratory, with tests classified as "high complexity," "moderate complexity," or "waived." Laboratories performing high complexity testing are required to meet more stringent requirements than moderate complexity laboratories. Certain of our partner laboratories must undergo on-site surveys at least every two years, which may be conducted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS") under the CLIA program or by a private CMS-approved accrediting agency. The sanction for failure to comply with CLIA requirements may be suspension, revocation or limitation of a laboratory's CLIA certificate, which is necessary to conduct business, as well as significant fines and criminal penalties.

The operations of our partner laboratories holding CLIA Certificates of Waiver are also subject to state and local laboratory regulation. CLIA provides that a state may adopt laboratory regulations different from or more stringent than those under federal law, and a number of states have implemented their own laboratory regulatory requirements. State laws may require that laboratory personnel meet certain qualifications, specify certain quality controls, or require maintenance of certain records. No assurances can be given that our partner laboratories will pass all future licensure or certification inspections.

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Our facilities and laboratories hold local, state and federal permits, licenses and registrations necessary for compliance in specific work and operations, including from the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority, Boston Fire Department, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Boston Public Health Commission, Cambridge Biosafety Committee, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, USDA and DEA.

***Federal Select Agent Regulations***

Our research facilities that synthesize DNA sequences or perform other activities could become subject to the FSAP, which involves rules administered by the CDC and the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ("APHIS"). The FSAP regulates the possession, use, and transfer of biological select agents and toxins that have the potential to pose a severe threat to public health, animal or plant health, or animal or plant products. FSAP regulatory requirements include: (i) registration with the CDC and/or APHIS for research facilities that deal with the select agents and toxins; (ii) submission to periodic biosafety and security inspections; and (iii) reporting of theft, loss or release of select agents. Federal agency enforcement actions for violations of FSAP regulations can include the initiation of corrective actions, complete or partial suspension or revocation of select agent registrations or civil or criminal liability.

***Genetically Modified Materials Regulations***

Our technologies and the technologies of our customers involve the use of genetically modified cells, organisms and biomaterials, including, without limitation, GMOs and genetically modified microorganisms ("GMMs"), and their respective products. In the United States, the FDA, the USDA through its APHIS, and the EPA are the primary agencies that regulate the use of GMOs, GMMs and potential products derived from GMOs or GMMs or Genetically Modified Materials, pursuant to the Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology.

The FDA reviews the safety of food consumed by humans and of feed consumed by animals under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"). Under the FDCA, food and feed manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that the products they market, including those developed through genetic engineering, are safe and properly labeled. In addition, the FDA must approve the use of any food additives, including GMOs, before marketing.

USDA's APHIS examines whether a plant itself presents a "plant pest" risk under the Plant Protection Act ("PPA"). Specifically, APHIS is responsible for regulating the introduction (i.e., importation, interstate movement or release into the environment) of certain GMOs and plants under the plant pest provisions in the PPA to ensure that they do not pose a plant pest risk. APHIS finalized changes to the PPA's implementing regulations with respect to certain GMOs in May 2020. A person or organization may request a regulatory status review from APHIS to determine whether a GMO is unlikely to pose a plant pest risk and, therefore, is not regulated under the plant pest provisions of the PPA or the regulations codified at 7 C.F.R. Part 340; requesting a regulatory status review tends to assume the GMO at issue does not otherwise fall within a regulatory exemption. If the GMO does not qualify for an exemption or if the APHIS regulatory status review process finds that the plant poses a plausible plant pest risk, then the GMO may require an APHIS permit, i.e., be a regulated article under Part 340. A regulated article may be subject to APHIS for the environmental release, importation, or interstate movement of the GMO or its progeny.

EPA regulates, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ("FIFRA"), the pesticides (including plant incorporated protectants) that are used with crops, including GMO herbicide-tolerant crops. FIFRA generally requires all pesticides to be registered before distribution or sale, unless they are exempted. Under FIFRA, a pesticide registrant must demonstrate that the pesticide at issue, when used pursuant to its specifications, "will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment" to secure a registration. EPA must approve each distinct pesticide product, each distinct use pattern, and each distinct use site. In addition to EPA's FIFRA authority, EPA also regulates potential human health impacts from pesticides under the FDCA. EPA does so by establishing "tolerance levels" (i.e., "the amount of pesticide that may remain on food products") under the FDCA.

Certain genetically modified microorganisms that are not otherwise regulated under FIFRA and FDCA may be subject to EPA regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA"). New microorganisms that are formed by combining genetic material from organisms in different genera (known as intergeneric microorganisms) may be subject to reporting requirements prior to production or distribution in commerce (Microbial Activity Commercial Activity Notice), or use in research and development (TSCA Experimental Release Application), unless the entity can meet all required criteria to obtain an exemption under TSCA.

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***Federal and state data privacy and security regulations***

Numerous state, federal and foreign laws, including consumer protection laws and regulations, govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to, confidentiality and security of personal information, including health-related information. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including data breach notification laws, health information privacy and security laws, including HIPAA, and federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations (e.g., Section 5 of the FTC Act), that govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information could apply to our operations or the operations of our partners. HIPAA, and its respective implementing regulations, imposes obligations on "covered entities," including certain health care providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses, and their respective "business associates" that create, receive, maintain or transmit individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of a covered entity, as well as their covered subcontractors with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Violations of the HIPAA privacy and security regulations may result in civil and criminal penalties. HHS is required to conduct periodic compliance audits of covered entities and their business associates. HIPAA also authorizes state attorneys general to bring civil actions seeking either an injunction or damages in response to violations of HIPAA privacy and security regulations.

In addition, certain state laws, such as the California Confidentiality of Medical Information Act, govern the privacy and security of health-related information in certain circumstances, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA and many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. States including California, Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut and Utah have also enacted comprehensive privacy laws that are currently in effect, and similar laws have been passed or are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and/or criminal penalties and private litigation. Privacy and security laws, regulations, and other obligations are constantly evolving, may conflict with each other (thus complicating compliance efforts), and can result in investigations, proceedings, or actions that lead to significant civil or criminal penalties and restrictions on data processing.

**Ginkgo Corporate Information**

Ginkgo's principal executive office is located at 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, and Ginkgo's telephone number is (877) 422-5362. Ginkgo's corporate website address is www.ginkgobioworks.com. We make available on the Investor Relations section of our website, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and Forms 3, 4 and 5, and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such documents with, or furnishing such documents to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The SEC maintains a website (*www.sec.gov*) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

The information contained on, or accessible through, our corporate website is not incorporated into this Annual Report and should not be considered part of this Annual Report. The inclusion of the corporate website address is an inactive textual reference only.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors.**

*An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report, before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results could decline due to any of these risks and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.*

*Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the "Company," "we," "us" or "our" refer to the business of Ginkgo and its subsidiaries*.

**Risks Related to Ginkgo's Business**

***We have a history of net losses. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.***

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We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $6.2 billion. We may incur losses and negative cash flow from operating activities for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest significant additional funds toward further developing our platform and customer offerings, the cell engineering programs we perform on behalf of our customers and otherwise growing our business, including our Biosecurity and Automation business units. We have derived a significant portion of our revenues from fees and milestone payments from technical development services provided to customers to advance programs, as well as a significant portion of our revenues from Biosecurity. Historically, these fees have not been sufficient to cover the full cost of our operations. Additionally, if our customers terminate their agreements or development plans with us, our near-term revenues could be adversely affected. In addition, certain of our customer agreements provide for milestone payments, future royalties and other forms of contingent consideration, the payment of which are uncertain, as they are dependent on our ability to successfully develop engineered cells, bioprocesses, or other deliverables and our customers' ability and willingness to successfully develop and commercialize products and processes.

Our expenses may continue to exceed revenues in the foreseeable future and we may not achieve profitability. If we fail to achieve profitability, or if the time required to achieve profitability is longer than we anticipate, we may not be able to expand or continue our business, and the value of our common stock could be negatively impacted. Our ability to achieve or sustain profitability is based on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the development of our platform, the initiation of new programs with new and existing customers, the commercial terms of our programs, the realization of any potential downstream value from our programs, our ability to advance cell engineering programs in a timely and cost-effective manner, our ability to extend new offerings to customers, our customers' ability to scale up bioprocesses, the ability of our customers to produce and sell products, the impact of market acceptance of our customers' products, and our customers' market penetration and margins. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

***We may need substantial additional capital in the future in order to fund our business.***

We have consumed considerable amounts of capital to date, and we expect to incur continued net losses for the foreseeable future as we continue to develop our business, advance our programs, expand and enhance our platform and customer offerings, perform on behalf of our customers, and make the capital investments necessary to scale up our business. We have used, and may continue to use, additional capital for Biosecurity, strategic investments and acquisitions. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and interest earnings will be sufficient to meet our projected operating requirements until we reach profitability. However, these assumptions may prove to be incorrect and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our programs, including risks and uncertainties that could impact the rate of progress of our programs, we are unable to estimate with certainty the amounts of capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with these activities.

We do not currently have any commitments for future funding. We may receive fees, milestones, and royalty payments under our customer agreements, but these are not guaranteed. We have received non-cash consideration in the past and we may receive additional non-cash consideration in the future where we may not be able to realize the eventual cash proceeds expected or at all such that the amount of cash proceeds eventually realized may be less than the revenue recognized and the costs incurred to perform those services. Additionally, we may wish to sell our equity interests in certain subsidiaries or collaborations but most of these equity stakes are in private companies and we may not be able to find a buyer due to contractual restrictions or otherwise, or may incur significant impairment if we sell these positions for liquidity. We may not receive any further funds or future non-cash consideration under those agreements, the funds or non-cash consideration we receive may be lower than projected and/or disclosed as potential downstream value, or our program costs may be higher than projected. In addition, we may not be able to sign new customer agreements or enter into new development plans with existing customers with adequate funds to cover program development expenses. As a result of these and other factors, we do not know whether additional financing will be available when needed, or, if available, whether such financing would be on terms favorable to our stockholders or us.

If additional future financings, including pursuant to our at-the-market program, involve the issuance of equity securities, our existing stockholders would suffer dilution. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis – At-The-Market Program" for more information. If we raise debt financing in the future, we may be subject to restrictive covenants that limit our ability to conduct our business. Our ability to raise funds may be adversely impacted by current or future economic

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conditions. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If adequate funds are not available, we may not be able to successfully execute our business plan or continue our business.

***We have experienced periods of significant organizational change and if we fail to effectively manage these changes, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.***

We have experienced both rapid growth and recent periods of decline in our business since inception, which has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our company culture, operational infrastructure, and management. We believe that our culture has been a critical component of our success. We have invested substantial time and resources in our team and have continued to nurture a culture of empowerment of, and active engagement by, our employees. In addition, in order to manage through these periods of organizational change, we will need to continue to adapt our operational, financial, and management controls and processes, as well as our reporting systems and procedures. As we manage our business and mature as a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain our culture and adapt effectively. Any failure to manage our organizational changes in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our culture and allows us to effectively adapt could be detrimental to future success in pursuing our objectives, including our ability to recruit and retain personnel, maintain reliable service levels and offerings for our customers, and achieve the necessary level of capacity, quality and efficiency in performing services and other development activities, or the necessary level of efficiency in our organizational structures. This, in turn, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

***Our limited operating history and evolving business makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.***

We have a portfolio of cell engineering programs which vary in start date, duration, complexity, and revenue potential. Additionally, our downstream economics in the form of royalties, milestones, and/or equity interests add an additional level of uncertainty to our possible future performance. Consequently, predictions about our future success or viability are highly uncertain and may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer company history of successfully developing, commercializing and generating revenue from our programs and/or downstream economic participation.

Our long-term objective is to generate free cash flow from the commercialization of programs for customers across a variety of industries, as well as from our biosecurity-focused offerings. Our estimated costs and timelines for the completion of programs are based on our experiences to date and our expectations for each stage of the program in development. Given the variety of types of programs we support and the continued growth of our platform, there is variability in timelines and costs for launching and executing programs, and completion dates can change over the course of a customer engagement. Our costs and timelines may be greater or subject to variability where regulatory requirements lead to longer timelines, such as in agriculture, food, and therapeutics. In addition, we have equity interests in certain companies and there is and will continue to be variability in the financial performance of these other companies or future companies in which we may have equity interests.

We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in emerging and rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

***Uncertainty regarding the demand for biosecurity services could materially adversely affect our business.***

Our Biosecurity offering consists of pathogen testing, sequencing, and insights delivery which are subject to inherent risks of commercial viability, such as demand for services and price or market share erosion due to competition. Our Biosecurity business is focused on global surveillance programs and analytic services. However, creating the commercial and technical infrastructure to provide Biosecurity services globally is expensive. We may also be limited in our ability to scale up based on expense or unavailability of the required materials, equipment, personnel and infrastructure necessary to deliver biosecurity on a large, international scale. We may not be able to recover our investment expenses with sufficient revenue generated by our Biosecurity efforts.

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Our ability to commercialize our Biosecurity offerings is also subject to available government, private, and multilateral funding. If governments decide that the Biosecurity offerings are not necessary or that they do not have the funds to support them, we may experience difficulty in expanding and growing the biosecurity business.

***We are or could become involved in securities or shareholder litigation and other related matters, which could be expensive and time-consuming. Such litigation and related matters could harm our business.*** 

We have been and may in the future be a target for securities and shareholder lawsuits. The outcome of such pending and potential litigation is uncertain. Such disputes, including any related governmental or regulatory investigations and the cost of defending such, could result in an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, reputation and cash flows, and could adversely impact the market price of our common stock. Although the results of lawsuits and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, defending against such claims could be costly and could impose a significant burden on management and employees. Any litigation to which we become a party may result in an onerous or unfavorable judgment, or may be resolved with a monetary payment.

***If we cannot attract new customers, retain existing customers, and expand our relationships across both our cell engineering solutions and tools businesses, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.***

We generate revenue from our cell engineering solutions and cell engineering tools businesses. In our cell engineering solutions business, which has been our core business since inception and continues to be the primary driver of our revenues, we receive fees for performing R&D activities and, for some of our legacy arrangements, downstream value in the form of royalties, milestone payments and/or equity. In our more recently launched cell engineering tools business, we receive fees from performing data generation services and from the sale of our automation hardware, software and ongoing customer support services. Our ability to achieve our growth objectives depends in significant part on our success in attracting new customers to each of these businesses, retaining and expanding our relationships with existing customers, and driving broader adoption and utilization of both our solutions and tools offerings over time.

Our ability to win new business and expand existing relationships in both businesses depends on many factors, including our reputation in the market, the quality, reliability and performance of our service and product offerings, our pricing and commercial terms, the features and interoperability of our tools, the perceived and demonstrated return on investment for our customers, our technical and operational capabilities, the effectiveness of our sales, marketing and customer success organizations, and broader conditions in our customers' industries. If we fail to maintain a position of strength in any of these areas, or if our offerings do not meet evolving customer expectations, we may be unable to acquire new customers, retain existing customers or increase the scope of work or level of spend with existing customers, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

As a relatively new entrant in the cell engineering tools market, we face additional risks in establishing and expanding our customer base in this business. We compete with incumbent providers that have established brands, larger installed bases and longer operating histories, and whose hardware and software are often already deeply integrated into customers' laboratories and IT environments. These factors can create significant barriers to adoption of our tools, as customers may be reluctant to incur the time, expense and operational disruption associated with evaluating, validating, integrating and maintaining new systems. In order to justify replacing or augmenting existing systems, customers must perceive our offerings as providing meaningful and durable advantages in functionality, performance, scalability, data quality, ease of use, support and total cost of ownership. Our sales cycles for tools can be long and resource-intensive, often involving proof-of-concept projects, technical integration work and customer-specific validation. If we are unable to effectively demonstrate the benefits of our tools, if initial deployments do not meet customer expectations, or if we are unable to provide high-quality implementation, training, maintenance and support, customers may decide not to adopt our tools, may limit their use to smaller-scale projects or may discontinue or fail to renew support, software or service contracts. Any of these outcomes could limit the growth of our tools business and could also negatively affect our reputation in the market.

In our cell engineering solutions business, we typically generate valuable know-how in the course of performing customer programs, such as onboarding of new high-throughput assays or the development of optimized proteins and chassis strains. This know-how not only advances our technical and operational capabilities, but also serves as an important product development engine for expanding and refining our tools offerings. As a result, the loss of one or more significant customer relationships, the failure to renew, extend or expand existing programs, delays in starting new programs, or our inability to

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attract new solutions customers or programs would not only reduce our revenues and potential downstream value, but could also slow our accumulation of know-how and data assets, thereby hindering our ability to advance our technological differentiation and improve our tools and services offerings.

We engage in conversations with prospective and existing customers regarding potential solutions and tools relationships on an ongoing basis. We may devote substantial time and resources to business development discussions, technical evaluations, feasibility assessments, pilot projects, proof-of-concept studies and legal and regulatory diligence that may not result in a commercial agreement or that may result in only limited scope relationships. Even where a commercial agreement is reached, the resulting relationship may not be successful for various reasons. For example, in the case of cell engineering solutions, our customers may be unsuccessful in developing or commercializing products or processes based on our work, may change their strategic priorities or budgets, or may experience internal or external challenges that limit the size or duration of their programs with us, which has in the past and may in the future materially reduce both our near-term revenues and our downstream value opportunity from such collaborations. Similarly, in the case of cell engineering tools, customers may fail to deploy our tools at the scale initially contemplated, may not expand to additional sites, use cases or workflows, or may discontinue use of our offerings if they do not meet expectations. Any such outcomes could adversely affect our revenues, our ability to scale our platform, and our prospects for long-term growth.

***We have exposure to the volatility and liquidity risks inherent in holding equity interests in other operating companies and other non-cash consideration.***

We currently own equity interests in several of our customers, and we may receive non-cash consideration for our services, which involves estimations of fair market value. The initial fair market value of the non-cash consideration we receive has decreased in the past with respect to certain of our holdings, and in the future may decrease after contract inception and the amount of cash proceeds eventually realized may be less than the revenue recognized, or may even be zero. In the future, we may also own equity interests in other companies. The process and timing by which we receive equity interests and the factors we consider in deciding whether to accept, hold or dispose of these equity positions may differ significantly from those that an independent investor would evaluate when considering equity interests in a company. Owning equity interests increases our exposure to the risks of the other company and, in the case of customers, beyond the products of our collaborations. Our equity ownership positions expose us to market volatility and the potential for negative returns. We may have restrictions on resale or limited markets to sell our equity ownership. In many cases, our equity position is a minority position which exposes us to further risk, as we are not able to exert control over the companies in which we hold securities.

In connection with future collaborations or joint ventures, we may, from time to time, receive warrants or options, all of which involve additional risks involving, for example, pricing differences between the market value of underlying securities and our exercise price for the warrants or options, a possible lack of liquidity, and the related inability to close a warrant or option position, all of which could ultimately have an adverse effect on our financial position.

***We leverage our own resources and partner with strategic and financial investors in order to help early stage companies and innovators secure funding and benefit from our platform, which exposes us to a number of risks.***

Since our founding, alongside strategic and financial investors, we have leveraged our own resources to help secure funding for early stage and small companies. Going forward, we may continue to leverage our own balance sheet and partner with investors to enable companies at all stages to benefit from our platform.

Partnering with and investing in early stage and small companies has exposed and may continue to expose us to losses on our invested capital and the loss of revenue from the inability to recover fees for our services from these companies. Such companies are exposed to a number of risks that could impair an early stage or small company's financial condition, results of operation, or cash flow or result in other adverse events, such as bankruptcy.

***We may be unable to complete future strategic acquisitions or successfully integrate strategic acquisitions which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.***

Our inability to complete any future strategic acquisitions or to successfully integrate any new strategic acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our business strategy includes the acquisition of technologies and businesses that complement or augment our existing products and services. We may continue to seek attractive opportunities to acquire technologies or businesses, enter into joint ventures and make other investments that are

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complementary to our existing strengths. There are no assurances, however, that any strategic acquisition opportunities will arise or, if they do, that they will be consummated. Certain acquisitions may be difficult to complete for a number of reasons, including the need to satisfy customary closing conditions, the need for antitrust and/or other regulatory approvals, as well as disputes or litigation. In addition, any strategic acquisition we may complete may be made at a substantial premium over the fair value of the net identifiable assets in the acquisition and thus our realization of this value relies on successful integration and continued operations. We may not be able to successfully integrate acquired technologies, assets, products, operations or businesses , make acquired businesses profitable, retain key employees (or integrate employees) or realize anticipated revenues, cost savings, or synergies, if any, from these acquisitions, or do so in an effective, timely and non-disruptive manner, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Further, our ongoing business may be disrupted, and our management's attention may be diverted, by acquisitions, investments, transition and/or integration activities.

***We have in the past, and in the future may continue to pursue strategic acquisitions and investments that are dilutive to our stockholders, and such strategic acquisitions or investments could have an adverse impact on our business if they are unsuccessful.***

We have made acquisitions in the past and, as appropriate opportunities become available, we may acquire additional businesses, assets, technologies, or products to enhance our business or engage in other strategic transactions in the future, but our ability to do so successfully cannot be ensured. We have also made investments in companies that we view as synergistic with our business. Although we conduct due diligence on these acquisitions and investments, such processes may underestimate or fail to reveal significant liabilities and we could incur losses resulting from liabilities of the acquired business that are not covered by indemnification we may obtain from the seller. Even if we identify suitable opportunities, including pending transactions, we may not be able to complete such acquisitions on favorable terms or at all, which could damage our business.

Additionally, pursuing acquisitions or other strategic transactions, whether successful or unsuccessful, could result in civil litigation and regulatory penalties. Any acquisitions we make may not strengthen our competitive position, and these transactions may be viewed negatively by customers or investors. We may decide to incur debt or spend cash in connection with a strategic acquisition, which may cause us to face liquidity concerns or be subject to restrictive covenants in the future. We have issued, and in the future may issue, common stock or other equity securities to the stockholders of the acquired company, which, if such issuances were unregistered, we may be contractually required to register on Form S-3 and may be subject to piggyback registration rights. Such issuances could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of common stock and may reduce the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders.

Acquisitions or other strategic transactions may also increase our expenses and reduce our cash available for operations and other uses. In addition, we may not be able to fully recover the costs of such acquisitions or be successful in leveraging any such strategic transactions into increased business, revenue, or profitability. We also cannot predict the number, timing, or size of any future acquisitions or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any future acquisitions, any transaction that we have completed, or in the future do complete, may not yield the anticipated benefits and may be subject to the foregoing or other risks and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Conversely, any failure to pursue or delay in completing any acquisition or other strategic transaction that would be beneficial to us, including those caused by competing parties, could impact our ability to sign new programs, delay the development of our platform, or slow the advancement of our programs and, thus, potential commercialization of our customer's products.

***Our programs may not achieve milestones, earn royalties or complete other anticipated key events on the expected timelines or at all, which could have an adverse impact on our business and could cause the price of our common stock to decline.***

We may adopt various technical, manufacturing, regulatory, commercial, and other objectives for our programs. These milestones may include our or our customers' expectations regarding the commencement or completion of technical development, the achievement of manufacturing targets, the submission of regulatory filings, or the realization of other development, regulatory, or commercialization objectives by us or our customers. The achievement of many of these milestones may be outside of our control. All of these milestones are based on a variety of assumptions, including

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assumptions regarding capital resources, constraints, and priorities, progress of and results from R&D activities, and other factors, any of which may cause the timing of achievement of the milestones to vary considerably. If we, our collaborators, or our customers fail to achieve milestones in the expected timeframes, the commercialization of our programs may be delayed, our credibility may be undermined, our expectations with respect to potential future downstream value may be inaccurate, our ability to earn royalties may be impacted, our business and results of operations may be harmed, and the trading price of our common stock may decline.

***We must continue to secure and maintain sufficient and stable supplies of laboratory reagents, consumables, equipment, and laboratory services. We depend on a limited number of suppliers, some of which are single-source suppliers, and contract manufacturers for critical supplies, equipment, and services for research, development, and manufacturing of our products and processes. Our reliance on these third parties exposes us to risks relating to costs, contractual terms, supply, and logistics, and the loss of any one or more of these suppliers or contract manufacturers or their failure to supply us with the necessary supplies, equipment, or services on a timely basis, could cause delays in our research, development, or production capacity and adversely affect our business.***

Widespread inflationary pressures and other adverse macroeconomic pressures, such as tariffs, increased duties and taxes, international trade disputes, political instability, supply or raw material shortages, and labor disruptions, exist across global economies, resulting in disruptions or higher costs for disposable lab equipment, raw materials and synthetic biology materials and services, and significant increases in the future could adversely affect our results of operations. We have experienced shortages in some of our key equipment and supplies, including those required in our labs, as well as disruptions in services provided by third parties, and may do so in the future as a result of supply chain issues tied to global pandemics, conflicts, or otherwise. We may also experience price increases, quality issues and longer lead times due to unexpected material shortages, service disruptions, and other unanticipated events, which may adversely affect our supply of lab equipment, lab supplies, chemicals, reagents, supplies, and lab services. For some suppliers, we do not enter into long-term agreements and instead secure our materials and services on a purchase order basis. Our suppliers may reduce or cease their supply of materials or services to us at any time in the future. If the supply of materials or services is interrupted, our programs may be delayed.

We depend on a limited number of suppliers for critical items, including lab consumables and equipment, for the development of our programs. Some of these suppliers are single-source suppliers. We do not currently have the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture these items at the necessary scale or at all. Although we have a reserve of supplies and although alternative suppliers exist for some of these critical products, services, and equipment, our existing processes used in our Autonomous Lab have been designed based on the functions, limitations, features, and specifications of the products, services, and equipment that we currently utilize. While we work with a variety of domestic and international suppliers, our suppliers may not be obligated to supply products or services or our arrangements may be terminated with relatively short notice periods. Additionally, we do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition or manufacture of materials by our manufacturers and cannot ensure that they will deliver to us the items we order on time, or at all.

In particular, we rely on Twist for custom DNA synthesis and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and others for certain instruments and consumables. The price and availability of DNA, chemicals, reagents, equipment, consumables, and instruments have a material impact on our ability to provide Cell Engineering services.

The loss of the products, services, and equipment provided by one or more of our suppliers could require us to change the design of our research, development, and manufacturing processes based on the functions, limitations, features, and specifications of the replacement items or seek out a new supplier to provide these items. Additionally, as we grow, our existing suppliers may not be able to meet our increasing demand, and we may need to find additional suppliers. We may not be able to secure suppliers who provide lab supplies at, or equipment and services to, the specification, quantity, and quality levels that we demand (or at all) or be able to negotiate acceptable fees and terms of services with any such suppliers.

As described above, some lab equipment, lab consumables, and other services and materials that we purchase are purchased from single-source or preferred suppliers, which limits our negotiating leverage and our ability to rely on additional or alternative suppliers for these items. Our dependence on these single-source and preferred suppliers exposes us to certain risks, including the following:

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● our suppliers may cease or reduce production or deliveries, raise prices, or renegotiate terms;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● we may be unable to locate a suitable replacement on acceptable terms or on a timely basis, if at all;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● if there is a disruption to our single-source or preferred suppliers' operations, and if we are unable to enter into arrangements with alternative suppliers, we will have no other means of continuing the relevant research, development, or manufacturing operations until they restore the affected facilities or we or they procure alternative sources of supply;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● delays caused by supply issues may harm our reputation, frustrate our customers, and cause them to turn to our competitors for future programs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● our ability to progress the development of existing programs and the expansion of our capacity to begin future programs could be materially and adversely impacted if the single-source or preferred suppliers upon which we rely were to experience a significant business challenge, disruption, or failure due to issues such as financial difficulties or bankruptcy, issues relating to other customers such as regulatory or quality compliance issues, or other financial, legal, regulatory, or reputational issues.

Moreover, to meet anticipated market demand, our suppliers may need to increase manufacturing capacity, which could involve significant challenges. This may require us and our suppliers to invest substantial additional funds and hire and retain the technical personnel who have the necessary experience. Neither we nor our suppliers may successfully complete any required increase to existing research, development, or manufacturing capacity in a timely manner, or at all.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our cost of lab equipment, lab supplies, and lab services accounted for a significant portion of our total R&D expenses. In the event of price increases by suppliers, whether as a result of inflationary pressures, tariffs or otherwise, we may attempt to pass the increased costs to our customers. However, we may not be able to raise the prices of our Cell Engineering services sufficiently to cover increased costs resulting from increases in the cost of our materials and services, or the interruption of a sufficient supply of materials or services. As a result, materials and services costs, including any price increase for our materials and services, may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Some of our suppliers and contract manufacturers are foreign entities. We may face disruptions due to the inability to obtain customs clearances in a timely manner or restrictions on shipping or international travel. As a result of ongoing global supply chain challenges resulting in very long lead times for certain products and equipment, we may order in larger volumes in order to secure the supplies we require for our future operations, which may negatively impact our financial conditions, especially if we are unable to use the supplies ordered.

***We use biological, hazardous, flammable and/or regulated materials that require considerable training, expertise and expense for handling, storage and disposal and may result in claims against us.***

We work with biological and chemical materials that could be hazardous to human, animal, or plant health and safety or the environment. Our operations produce hazardous and biological waste products, and we largely contract with third parties for the disposal of these products. Federal, state, and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future laws and regulations may restrict our operations. If we do not comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to fines and penalties.

In addition, we cannot eliminate the risk of (a) accidental or intentional injury or (b) release, or contamination from these materials or wastes, which could expose us to liability. Furthermore, laws and regulations are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. Accordingly, in the event of release, contamination, or injury, we could be liable for the resulting harm or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources and our operations could be suspended or otherwise adversely affected. These liabilities could also include regulatory actions, litigation, investigations, remediation obligations, damage to our reputation and brand, supplemental disclosure obligations, loss of customer, consumer, and partner confidence in the safety of our laboratory operations, impairment to our business, and corresponding fees, costs, expenses, loss of revenues, and other potential liabilities, as well as increased costs or loss of revenue or other harm to our business.

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***The release of GMOs or Genetically Modified Materials, whether inadvertent or purposeful, into uncontrolled environments could have unintended consequences, which may result in increased regulatory scrutiny and otherwise harm our business and financial condition.***

The genetically engineered organisms and materials that we develop may have significantly altered characteristics compared to those found in the wild, and the full effects of deployment or release of our genetically engineered organisms and materials into uncontrolled environments may be unknown. In particular, such deployment or release, including an unauthorized release, could impact the environment or community generally or the health and safety of our employees, our customers' employees, and the consumers of our customers' products.

In addition, if a high profile biosecurity breach or unauthorized release of a biological agent occurs within our industry, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of the laboratory environments in which we produce GMOs, Genetically Modified Microorganisms ("GMMs") and Genetically Modified Materials, even if we are not directly affected. Any adverse effect resulting from such a release, by us or others, could have a material adverse effect on the public acceptance of products from engineered cells and our business and financial condition. Such a release could result in increased regulatory scrutiny of our facilities, platform, and programs, and could require us to implement additional costly measures to maintain our regulatory permits, licenses, authorizations and approvals. To the extent such regulatory scrutiny or changes impact our ability to execute on existing or new programs for our customers, or make doing so more costly or difficult, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, we could have exposure to liability for any resulting harm, as well as to regulatory actions, litigation, investigations, remediation obligations, damage to our reputation and brand, supplemental disclosure obligations, loss of customer, consumer, and partner confidence in the safety of engineered cells materials and organisms, impairment to our business, and corresponding fees, costs, expenses, loss of revenues, and other potential liabilities, as well as increased costs or loss of revenue or other harm to our business.

***We could synthesize DNA sequences or engage in other activity that inadvertently contravenes biosecurity requirements, or regulatory authorities could promulgate more far-reaching biosecurity requirements that our standard business practices cannot accommodate, which could give rise to substantial legal liability, impede our business, and damage our reputation.***

The Federal Select Agent Program ("FSAP") involves rules administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the USDA's APHIS that regulate possession, use, and transfer of biological select agents and toxins that have the potential to pose a severe threat to public, animal, or plant health or to animal or plant products. In accordance with the International Gene Synthesis Consortium's ("IGSC") Harmonized Screening Protocol for screening of synthetic DNA sequence orders, we follow biosafety and biosecurity industry practices and avoid DNA synthesis activities that implicate FSAP rules by screening synthetic DNA sequence orders against the IGSC's Regulated Pathogen Database; however, we could err in our observance of compliance program requirements in a manner that leaves us in noncompliance with FSAP or other biosecurity rules. In addition, authorities could promulgate new biosecurity requirements that restrict our operations. One or more resulting legal penalties, restraints on our business or reputational damage could have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

***Third parties may use our engineered cells, materials, and organisms and accompanying production processes in ways that could damage our reputation.***

After our customers have received our engineered cells, materials, and organisms and accompanying production processes, we do not have any control over their use and our customers may use them in ways that are harmful to our reputation. In addition, while we have established biosecurity offerings designed to comply with biosafety and biosecurity requirements and export control requirements in an effort to ensure that third parties do not obtain our engineered cells or other biomaterials for malevolent purposes, we cannot guarantee that these preventative measures will eliminate or reduce the risk of the domestic and global opportunities for the misuse or negligent use of our engineered cells materials, organisms and production processes. Accordingly, in the event of such misuse or negligent use, our reputation, future revenue, and operating results may suffer.

***International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States.***

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We currently market our services and deliver our programs, materials, and processes outside of the United States and may market future offerings outside of the United States. We, and our suppliers, collaborators, and customers, currently conduct business outside of the United States. From time to time, our services may include the hiring or secondment of our employees outside the United States at third party facilities or require the hiring or secondment of foreign persons within our facilities, including as a result of foreign acquisitions. Accordingly, we are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, and our exposure to these risks will increase as we continue to expand our operations and customer base. These risks include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● political, social and economic instability;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● higher levels of credit risk, corruption, and payment fraud;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● increased expenses and diversion of our management's attention from advancing programs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● regulations that might add difficulties in repatriating cash earned outside the United States and otherwise prevent us from freely moving cash;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● import and export controls and restrictions and changes in trade regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and similar laws in other jurisdictions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy, security and data use regulations, tax laws, tariffs, including tariffs announced by the Trump administration in 2025, trade regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes, employment laws, anti-corruption laws, regulatory requirements, reimbursement or payor regimes and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● failure by us, our collaborators or our customers to obtain regulatory clearance, authorization or approval for the use of our services in various countries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● additional potentially relevant third-party patent rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● complexities and difficulties in obtaining intellectual property protection and enforcing our intellectual property;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including difficulties related to the increased operations, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with international locations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● logistics and regulations associated with shipping chemicals, biomaterials and product samples, including infrastructure conditions and transportation delays;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, widespread inflationary pressure, the impact of local and regional financial crises, on demand and payment for our products and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism and political unrest, the outbreak of disease, or public health epidemics/pandemics, which could have an adverse impact on our employees, contractors, customers, partners, travel and the global economy;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● breakdowns in infrastructure, utilities and other services;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the other risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report.

Additionally, as part of our growth strategy, we will continue to evaluate potential opportunities for international expansion. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks in addition to those we face in the United States. However, our international expansion efforts may not be successful, which could limit the size of our market or the ability to provide services or programs internationally.

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In addition, due to potential costs from any international expansion efforts and potentially higher supplier costs outside of the United States, our international operations may operate with a lower margin profile. As a result, our margins may fluctuate as we expand our operations and customer base internationally.

Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our revenue and results of operations.

***Our investments in and use of AI may result in reputational harm, liabilities, or other adverse consequences to our business operations.***

In August 2023, we entered into a strategic partnership with Google Cloud to develop and deploy AI tools for biology and biosecurity, which included certain minimum annual commitment obligations that we must pay. Under the strategic partnership, Ginkgo has developed and will continue to develop new, state-of-the-art large language models ("LLMs") running on Google Cloud's Vertex AI platform across genomics, protein function, and synthetic biology, helping Ginkgo's customers accelerate innovation and discovery in fields as diverse as drug discovery, agriculture, industrial manufacturing, and biosecurity. Effective October 3, 2025, we entered into an amendment to the partnership to reduce our annual commitment amounts, which required a one-time payment of $14 million to be released from the obligations of the original agreement. If we are not able to meet our minimum annual commitment obligations again in the future, additional shortfall liabilities may be incurred.

In September 2024, we launched our first model API, a tool aimed at making biological AI models accessible to researchers, developers, and machine learning scientists. However, our development and use of AI technology in our products and operations remains in the early phases. While we aim to develop and use AI responsibly and attempt to mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, we may ultimately be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. There is no guarantee that Ginkgo will be successful in developing or successfully deploying the use of commercially available AI tools and as with many innovations, the use of AI presents many risks and challenges, including misuse, intellectual property infringement or trade secret misappropriation, flawed algorithms, inadequate data provenance for datasets used to train models, and insufficient, flawed, and/or biased datasets.

Additionally, AI technologies, including current tools available for business use in the marketplace, are complex and rapidly evolving. Uncertainty around new and emerging AI technologies may require additional investment to remain commercially relevant and/or to develop appropriate protections and safeguards. These investments may be costly and could increase our expenses as we contemplate expanding the use of AI in our platform and services. In addition, perceived or actual technical, legal, compliance, privacy, security, ethical or other issues relating to the use of AI may cause public confidence in AI to be undermined, which could slow our customers' adoption of our products and services that use AI. We may also face significant potential disruption as a result of rapidly evolving domestic and international laws and regulations, which could impose significant costs and obligations on the company. For example, in 2023, an executive order on safe, secure and trustworthy AI was issued; and a White House memorandum released in 2024 as a result of this executive order made specific recommendations for enhanced biosecurity screening and software for biofoundries using AI. The EU has similarly introduced the AI Act to establish rules for providers and users. Emerging regulations may pertain to data privacy, data protection, and the ethical use of AI, as well as clarifying intellectual property considerations.

Challenges inherent to the use of AI generally or specific to Google's AI systems could adversely impact the reliability of our data and subject us to delays and competitive harm, result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, pose confidentiality or security risks, ethical concerns, or legal liability, as well as brand or reputational harm, and our business and results of operations may suffer. Our use of AI could result in cybersecurity incidents that implicate the personal data or confidential information of the Company or our customers, which could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.

***Our recent restructuring actions in connection with our plans to reduce operational expenditures may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business.***

In connection with our plans to reduce operational expenditures, we implemented a restructuring plan, including a reduction in workforce and a planned consolidation and subleasing of certain facilities. Initial workforce reductions commenced in June 2024 and continued throughout 2025. Our reductions in force were substantially completed in 2025, although certain reductions will continue into 2026, subject to compliance with applicable laws. Our restructuring actions

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may result in other disruptions to our business, including customer program delivery issues, loss of historical customer or technical knowledge, our ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations, and our ability to retain key employees. Our efforts to reduce the size of our patent portfolio may result in inadequate protection of our intellectual property assets. The Company has consolidated certain facilities through various actions, including combining office and laboratory operations into fewer locations, subleasing unused or underutilized facilities, and has taken or plans to take other related measures. While the Company completed the majority of its facility consolidation actions in 2025, we continue to look for opportunities for subleasing unused or underutilized facilities, which will extend beyond 2026 or may not occur prior to termination of such leases, depending on market conditions. Additionally, restructuring expenses related to potential asset impairments, contract amendments or terminations for any facilities no longer in use or underutilized could be material. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the costs associated with our reductions in force was $11.4 million and $19.3 million, respectively, consisting of cash severance and related costs.

**Risks Related to Our Customers**

***We are dependent on our customers' willingness and ability to successfully develop, produce and commercialize products using the cell engineering solutions we deliver and to a lesser extent, on the successful adoption and use of our cell engineering tools.***

We sell cell engineering solutions and cell engineering tools. Our solutions offering involves performing R&D services to engineer cells, biological assets and biomanufacturing processes for our customers which are intended to be scaled-up and deployed for commercialization. We rely on our customers to advance, manufacture, and commercialize products enabled by our work. A portion of the value from some of these customer collaborations has historically been earned through downstream value sharing in the form of royalty streams, milestone payments, and/or equity interests. If they are not successful in development, regulatory approval, manufacturing or commercialization, or if they choose to delay, deprioritize or discontinue such programs, the downstream value we expect to receive will be reduced or may not be realized at all. Because we do not control our customers' development, regulatory, manufacturing or commercial activities, we have limited ability to influence these outcomes.

Our ability to secure new solutions business and expand existing programs also depends on our customers' R&D budgets, strategic priorities and willingness to outsource cell engineering work. If customers reduce R&D spending, shift focus away from synthetic biology or biomanufacturing, decide to bring work in-house, or experience business, financial or operational difficulties, they may not initiate, renew or expand collaborations with us, which could reduce both our near-term services revenues and longer-term downstream value opportunity (in the collaborations where downstream value applies).

Our cell engineering tools business is generally less directly tied to customers' product-level commercial outcomes because we earn revenue primarily from sales of hardware, software and related services. However, if customers do not achieve expected benefits from our tools, or if their internal R&D or manufacturing efforts are unsuccessful, they may reduce or discontinue use of our tools or limit further deployments, which could adversely affect the growth of our tools business.

Because many of the products pursued by our customers are at early stages of development and the markets and regulatory frameworks for bioengineered products and processes continue to evolve, we have limited historical information to accurately estimate the probability, timing and scale of commercial success. If we overestimate the probability or scale of commercial success, our actual future revenues and cash flows from customer collaborations may be lower than expected, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

***Our revenue is concentrated in a limited number of customers, some of which are related parties, and our revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation may suffer upon the loss of a significant customer.***

We have derived, and may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of large customers. For the year ended December 31, 2025, one customer in the Cell Engineering segment accounted for 15% of the Company's total revenue, while one customer in the Biosecurity segment accounted for 12% of the Company's total revenue. Due to the significant time required to acquire new customers, to plan and develop new programs for customers, and to satisfactorily execute on existing programs, the loss of any of these customers, or the loss of any other significant customer or a significant reduction in the amount of demand from a significant customer would adversely affect our

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revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation in the marketplace. There is always a risk that existing customers will not elect to do business with us in the future or will experience financial difficulties. If our customers experience financial difficulties or business reversals which reduce or eliminate the need for our services, they may be unable or unwilling to fulfill their contracts with us. There is also the risk that our customers will attempt to impose new or additional requirements on us that reduce the profitability of the services performed by us. Our customer concentration also increases the concentration of our accounts receivable and our exposure to payment defaults by key customers, which could expose us to substantial and potentially unrecoverable costs if we do not receive payment from key customers. Additionally, the loss of any significant customer could pose reputational harm to us and make it more challenging to acquire new customers.

In addition, while our customer collaborations are typically multi-year, we generally do not require our customers to generate a minimum amount of annual demand and without such contracts, our customers are not obligated to use our services beyond the amounts they choose to incur. Our customers may choose to use fewer of our services depending on program progress, their own technological capabilities, market demand for their products and/or their own internal budget cycles. As a result, we cannot accurately predict our customers' decisions to reduce or cease utilizing our services. Even where we enter into long-term contracts with our customers, there is no guarantee that such agreements will be negotiated on terms that are commercially favorable to us in the long-term. In addition, existing customers may choose to perform some or all of the services they expect from us internally, with another third-party partner or by using capabilities from acquisitions of assets.

***In certain cases, our business partners may have discretion in determining when and whether to make announcements about the status of our collaborations, including about developments and timelines for advancing programs, and the price of our common stock may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected results or developments.***

Generally, we and our customers must mutually agree on determining when and whether to make announcements about the status of our collaborations, including developments in our programs and timelines for commercialization of or improvements to products using engineered cells developed using our platform. However, in some cases our customers may report or otherwise may be obligated to disclose certain matters without our consent. Our partners may also wish to report such information more or less frequently than we intend to or may not wish to report such information at all. We or our partners may announce a collaboration or partnership even if there is no guarantee that we will recognize program fees. The price of our common stock may decline as a result of a public announcement of unexpected results or developments in our partnerships, or as a result of our partners not consenting to an announcement or withholding information.

**Risks Related to the Synthetic Biology Industry**

***Rapidly changing technology and emerging competition in the synthetic biology industry could make the platform, programs, services, tools, and products we and our customers are developing obsolete or non-competitive unless we continue to develop our platform and pursue new market opportunities.***

The synthetic biology industry is still emerging and is characterized by rapid and significant technological changes, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, and evolving industry demands and standards. We participate in this industry through both our R&D services (cell engineering solutions) and our cell engineering tools (including automation hardware, software and data-generation offerings). Our future success will depend on our ability to sign and initiate new programs and deploy tools that address the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis, to advance existing programs, and to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of technological and scientific advances. Additionally, our customers may face significant competition or other risks in their own markets which may impact demand for our services and tools thereby adversely impacting our business and results of operations.

There are a number of companies in the broader synthetic biology industry, and our future success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances in both cell engineering solutions and tools. Technological developments, including emerging AI and machine learning technologies, may result in our platform, our service offerings or our hardware and software tools becoming less differentiated, obsolete or non-competitive. For example, competitors or customers could develop alternative cell engineering platforms, *in silico* design capabilities, or automation and analytics tools that reduce the need for, or attractiveness of, our R&D services or tools. Our ability to compete successfully will depend on our ability to develop and maintain proprietary technologies, such as our Autonomous Lab, that enable our customers to develop products using our platform in a manner that is less expensive, faster, superior or

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otherwise differentiated from what a competitor's technologies and products might enable and to integrate our tools into customers' existing laboratory and data environments. If we are unable to continue to successfully advance our platform or the services it provides at scale, or to keep our tools offerings current, effective, interoperable and cost-competitive, or if our customers are unable to commercialize the products or processes made or improved upon by using our R&D services and tools, our business and results of operations will be adversely impacted.

Due to the significant lead time involved in launching a new program or developing a new product or process using our platform, our customers are required to make a number of assumptions and estimates regarding the commercial feasibility of a new product, including assumptions and estimates regarding the size of an emerging product category and demand for those end-products and processes which will use our technology, the ability to scale-up manufacturing processes to produce a product on a commercial scale, the ability to penetrate that emerging product category, customer adoption of a downstream product, the existence or non-existence of products being simultaneously developed by competitors, potential market penetration and obsolescence, planned or unplanned. As a result, it is possible that we may commence a new program with a customer who wishes to develop a product or process that has been displaced by the time of launch, addresses a market that no longer exists or is smaller than previously thought, that end-consumers do not like or otherwise is not competitive at the time of launch, in each case, after the incurrence of significant opportunity costs on our part to develop such product.

The ultimate success of the products developed by our customers using our services and tools may be dependent on the success of other markets in which we or our customers do not operate in or have knowledge or expertise or which, in each case, may not reach the size anticipated by us or our customers or may be replaced by another emerging product category or eliminated entirely.

***The market, including customers and potential investors, may be skeptical of our ability to deliver on programs because they are based on a relatively novel and complex technology.***

The market, including customers and potential investors, may be skeptical of the viability and benefits of bioengineered products as well as our enabling abilities, including our platform and programs, because they are based on a relatively novel approach and the adoption of complex technology and because we are still demonstrating to the market the value of our platform. There can be no assurance that our platform and programs will be understood, approved, or accepted by customers, regulators and potential investors or that we will be able to sell our services profitably at competitive prices and with features sufficient to establish demand.

In addition, in order for novel products from our programs to be successfully commercialized, support from the entire relevant supply chain is needed. Relationships with all parts of the supply chain are important in order to gain visibility into market trends and feature and specification requirements and in order to ensure customers are able to successfully manufacture their products, obtain regulatory approval and gain access to key distribution channels. If we are unable to convince these potential customers, their suppliers, or the consumers who purchase products containing or made or developed using engineered cells and/or biomanufacturing processes, of the utility and value of such products or that such products are superior to the products they currently use, we will not be successful in entering these markets and our business and results of operations will be adversely affected. If potential investors are skeptical of the success of our platform or cell programs, our ability to raise capital and the value of our common stock may be adversely affected.

***Ethical, legal and social concerns about GMOs and Genetically Modified Materials and their resulting products could limit or prevent the use of products or processes using our technologies, limit public acceptance of such products or processes and limit our revenues.***

Our technologies and the technologies of our customers involve the use of genetically modified cells, organisms and biomaterials, including, without limitation, GMOs, GMMs, Genetically Modified Materials and their respective products. The use, production and marketing of Genetically Modified Materials are subject to laws and regulations in many countries, some of which are new and some of which are still evolving. In the United States, the FDA, the EPA and the USDA are the primary agencies that regulate the use of GMOs, GMMs and potential products derived from GMOs or GMMs. If regulatory approval of the Genetically Modified Materials or resulting products is not secured, our business operations, financial condition and our ability to grow as a business could be adversely affected. We expect to encounter regulations regarding Genetically Modified Materials in most, if not all, of the countries in which our customers may seek to establish production capabilities or sell their products and the scope and nature of these regulations will likely be

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different from country to country. Governmental authorities could, for safety, social or other purposes, impose limits on, or implement regulation of, the use, production or marketing of Genetically Modified Materials. If our customers cannot meet the applicable requirements in other countries in which they intend to produce or sell their products, or if it takes longer than anticipated to obtain such approvals, our business could be adversely affected.

In addition, public perception regarding the safety and environmental hazards of, and ethical concerns over, Genetically Modified Materials or the processes used to create them, including gene editing or gene regulating technologies, could influence public acceptance of our and our customers' technologies, products, and processes. For instance, certain advocacy groups engage in efforts that include regulatory legal challenges and labeling campaigns for genetically modified products, as well as application of pressure to consumer retail outlets seeking a commitment not to carry genetically modified foods. These groups in the past have pressured retail food outlets and grocery store chains to publicly state that they will not carry genetically modified foods and have pressured food brands to publicly state that they will not use ingredients produced by genetically modified microbes. In addition, certain labeling-related initiatives have heightened consumer awareness of GMOs, which may make consumers less likely to purchase products containing GMO ingredients, and could have a negative impact on the commercial success of our customers' products and programs. These concerns could result in increased expenses, regulatory scrutiny, delays or other impediments to our programs. The subject of Genetically Modified Materials has received negative publicity, which has aroused public debate. This adverse publicity has led to, and could continue to lead to, greater regulation and trade restrictions on imports of Genetically Modified Materials or their resulting products. In addition, we have expanded into the European Union market, which has increased government regulation and scrutiny over genetically modified products. There is a risk that products produced using our technologies could cause adverse health effects or other adverse events, which could also lead to negative publicity, regulatory action or private litigation. If we are unable to overcome the ethical, legal and social concerns relating to genetic engineering, our programs could face increased expenses, regulatory scrutiny, delays or other impediments to deliver our programs or the commercialization of resulting products and processes.

**Risks Related to Intellectual Property**

***If we are unable to obtain, maintain and defend patents protecting our intellectual property, our competitive position could be harmed.***

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our proprietary technologies. We protect our proprietary technologies through patents and trade secrets, both of which entail risk. If we are unable to obtain, maintain or protect intellectual property rights related to our technology, or if our intellectual property rights are inadequate, our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects may be harmed.

Because of the volume and nature of our inventions, patent protection may not be practicable, available, or appropriate for some aspects of our proprietary technologies. While we own patents and pending patent applications in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions, these applications do not ensure the protection of our intellectual property. There may be prior art of which we are not aware. Additionally, obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patents is costly, time consuming and complex, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain and enforce any patents that may issue from such patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. As a result of our restructuring and cost-reduction efforts, we have determined to reduce the size of our patent portfolio and, therefore, some of our intellectual property assets may be inadequate protected. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our technologies before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our R&D output, such as our employees, collaborators, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection.

Further, pending applications may not be issued or may be issued with claims significantly narrower than we currently seek. Patents for which claims have been allowed may be successfully challenged and invalidated. Unless and until our pending applications issue, their protective scope is impossible to determine and, even after issuance, their protective scope may be limited.

Changes in patent law may make patents covering life science inventions more difficult to obtain and enforce. Further legislative changes or changes in the interpretation of existing patent law could increase the uncertainty and cost

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surrounding the prosecution of our owned patent applications and the maintenance, enforcement or defense of our owned patents. In some cases, we develop inventions with the assistance of machine learning and other computational tools that may be considered to be AI, and we expect to use such tools, and to use generative AI, in future development. Because the law is in flux with respect to AI-assisted inventions, there is uncertainty and risk associated with patenting such inventions. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a further material adverse effect on our patent rights and our ability to protect, defend and enforce our patent rights in the future. It is also possible that disclosure requirements with respect to use of AI tools may be imposed by the patent office, which could increase the cost of patent prosecution and cause uncertainty and delay in the enforcement of patent rights.

In some cases, we use genetic sequence information from naturally occurring organisms. U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection for naturally occurring sequences and for inventions based on the observation and exploitation of natural phenomena. These decisions have weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. The Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court have also issued a series of rulings that create obstacles to the patenting of groups of genetic sequences that share functional characteristics, making it more difficult to obtain claims to certain genetic constructs, particularly antibodies. These changes in the law have created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents covering natural and engineered sequences.

Further, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. An adverse determination in any such challenge could result in loss of exclusivity, or patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part. Any of these results could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology to compete directly with us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents or patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.

The laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States or may apply different rules concerning the assignment of intellectual property rights. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain jurisdictions. We may encounter similar difficulties, particularly as we expand to work with foreign employees and contractors and expand our collaboration activities into foreign markets. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents by foreign holders and, in some cases, do not favor the enforcement of patents at all, particularly patents in the life sciences. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business and could be unsuccessful.

Reductions in the scope or enforceability of our patent protection may adversely affect our customers' ability to commercialize their products and may thus reduce our downstream value from royalties, commercial milestone payments and/or equity.

***If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position may be harmed.***

Because patent protection may not be available or appropriate for significant aspects of the technology we are developing, our success may depend in large part on our proprietary information, including genetic and other chemical and biological data, processes, know-how, and other trade secrets developed over years of R&D, some of which are embodied in proprietary software. We rely heavily on trade secret protections, especially in cases where we believe patents or other forms of registered intellectual property protection may not be appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. The secrecy of the Company's trade secrets must be maintained for them to retain their status and protection as trade secrets. While we strive to protect the secrecy of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, including by requiring our employees, customers, consultants, and contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements and instituting multilayered protections covering our digital environment and biomaterials, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary information. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with every party that may have or has had access to our trade secrets, biomaterials or proprietary technology and processes. Further, despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches.

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We seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, but it is possible that these security measures could be breached. We also rely on systems provided by third parties, which may suffer security breaches or incidents. Such security breaches may be inadvertent or may come about due to intentional misconduct or other malfeasance or by human error or technical malfunctions, including those caused by hackers, employees, contractors, or vendors. It may be difficult or impossible to recover trade secrets or other confidential information once it is hacked, and hackers may operate from jurisdictions that will not cooperate with such efforts. Enforcing any claim that a third party unlawfully obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts in some jurisdictions are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets even when a hacker or thief can be identified.

Our competitors may lawfully obtain or independently develop knowledge that is equivalent to one or more of our trade secrets. Were they to do so, we would be unable to prevent them from using that independently developed knowledge. Such a competitor could claim that we had learned the trade secret from them and bring an action against us on that basis. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, our competitive position could be materially and adversely harmed. Moreover, a competitor could file for patent protection covering intellectual property that we have chosen to protect as a trade secret. In such a case, we might be restricted or excluded from using that intellectual property even if we had developed it before our competitor did.

Our facilities hold large collections of microbial strains, cell lines and other biomaterials. Failure to implement adequate controls and protections, failure to implement adequate disposal procedures, unauthorized visitors in the labs, or customers' failure to adequately protect biological materials can put us and our customers at risk of losing valuable assets through negligence or theft and enabling the use of those lost materials by our competitors. While we believe that we take reasonable measures to protect the security of biomaterials owned by us or our customers, it is possible that our security controls and practices may not prevent unauthorized or other improper access to such genetic material. Any unauthorized access, acquisition, use, destruction, or release of the GMOs we engineer could result in our having exposure to significant liability under our contracts, as well as to regulatory actions, litigation, investigations, remediation obligations, damage to our reputation and brand, supplemental disclosure obligations, loss of customer, consumer, or partner confidence in the security of our platform, impairment to our business, and corresponding fees, costs, expenses, loss of revenues, and other potential liabilities.

Our customers sometimes provide organisms, genetic material and/or data to us in connection with our collaborations. In the event that we fail to protect customer materials or data or inadvertently use such materials or data for unauthorized purposes, we could be liable to our customers under trade secret laws or contractual provisions.

***We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents, biomaterials and other intellectual property.***

Certain of our employees, consultants and contractors were previously employed at universities or other software or biotechnology companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Additionally, some of our consultants or contractors may have ongoing relationships with universities. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and contractors do not use the intellectual property of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these individuals or other contractors have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of another. Litigation may result from these claims.

While it is our policy to require that our employees, consultants and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property for us execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our intellectual property assignment agreements with them may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unsuccessful in litigating any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive business position and prospects. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to use or commercialize our technology or products, which license might not be available on

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commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management and employees.

The life science academic and research community has abided by norms of free exchange of biomaterials, but norms have begun to change so that parties may assert ownership and control over biomaterials that they permitted to be freely disseminated in the past. Thus, despite our best efforts to confirm our right to use biomaterials in our possession, we may use organisms that we believe to be free of encumbrance that are, in fact, subject to claims of title by others. In such a situation, litigation may be required to clear title, if it can be cleared at all. Similarly, we may be subject to claims that we have used biomaterials obtained from licensors or repositories for unauthorized purposes, or purposes not consistent with the licensing terms of the providing organization.

***We may become involved in lawsuits or other enforcement proceedings to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and potentially unsuccessful.***

Competitors and other third parties may infringe or otherwise violate our issued patents or other intellectual property. In addition, our patents may become involved in inventorship, ownership, or priority disputes. We may also become subject to claims by collaboration partners that intellectual property or biomaterials that we believe to be owned by us are actually owned by them. Any litigation concerning any of these issues would be expensive, time consuming and uncertain. There can be no assurances that we would prevail in any suit brought by us or against us by third parties, or successfully settle or otherwise resolve those claims. Significant litigation would have substantial costs, even if the eventual outcome were favorable to us, and would divert management's attention from our business objectives.

***Under certain circumstances, we may share or lose rights to intellectual property developed under U.S. federally funded research grants and contracts.***

Some of our inventions, data, or other intellectual property have been or may be developed during the course of research funded by the U.S. government. The U.S. government may have the right to take title to government-funded inventions if we fail to disclose the inventions to the government in a timely manner or fail to file a patent for the intellectual property within specified time limits. Further, in consequence of our receiving government funding, the U.S. government may have certain rights to intellectual property that we use in our platform or programs pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, as amended (the "Bayh-Dole Act"). Under the Bayh-Dole Act, U.S. government rights in certain "subject inventions" developed under a government-funded program may include a non-exclusive, irrevocable worldwide license to use inventions for any governmental purpose. In some circumstances, the U.S. government may acquire unlimited rights in data we generate. In addition, the U.S. government has the right to require us, or an assignee or exclusive licensee to U.S. Government-funded inventions, to grant licenses to any of these inventions to the government or a third party if the government determines that: (i) adequate steps have not been taken to commercialize the invention; (ii) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety needs; (iii) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations; or (iv) the right to use or sell such inventions is exclusively licensed to an entity within the United States and substantially manufactured outside the United States without the U.S. government's prior approval. Additionally, we may be restricted from granting exclusive licenses for the right to use or sell such inventions unless the licensee agrees to comply with relevant Bayh-Dole Act restrictions (e.g., manufacturing substantially all of the invention in the United States) and reporting requirements. In addition, the U.S. government may acquire title in any country in which a patent application is not filed. Certain technology and inventions are also subject to transfer restrictions during the term of these agreements with the U.S. government and for a period thereafter. These restrictions may limit sales of products or components, transfers to foreign subsidiaries for the purpose of the relevant agreements, and transfers to certain foreign third parties. If any of our intellectual property becomes subject to any of the rights or remedies available to the U.S. government or third parties pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act, this could impair the value of our intellectual property and could adversely affect our business.

***The use of digital genetic sequence information may be subject to the Nagoya Protocol or other treaties or local legislation concerning biodiversity, which could increase our costs and adversely affect our business.***

The Nagoya Protocol is a supplemental agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity ("CBD") that is designed to provide for equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. There are other international treaties, as well as local legislation in many countries, with similar objectives. Under the Nagoya Protocol and many other treaties and laws, countries possessing genetic resources ("source countries") are tasked with

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setting up procedures and institutional infrastructure for researchers to obtain prior informed consent, both from the source country and from any relevant indigenous or traditional communities, for biological research. Many have been slow to adopt workable institutions permitting the rational negotiation of benefit-sharing agreements. Many source countries are now asserting that the use of digital genetic sequence information is subject to the constraints of the Nagoya Protocol or similar national- or local-level benefit-sharing requirements. It is unclear whether this position will ultimately be adopted or what the implications of such adoption might be. It is unclear what a source country might assert if we used genetic sequences (i) extracted by a third party from a natural resource that was removed from its source country before that source country ratified the CBD or signed the Nagoya Protocol (ii) extracted by a third party and uploaded to public sequence databases after the source country ratified the CBD; (iii) in a heterologous host organism; or (iv) as a base for further engineering, so that the sequence we use no longer conforms to the natural sequence on which it was based.

We make extensive use of public and proprietary sequence databases to support our work. While we undertake efforts to identify and comply with laws and international protocols relating to the use of genetic resources, the uncertainty surrounding the use of digital sequence information and the lack of workable institutions in many source countries for the efficient negotiation of benefit-sharing agreements may limit our use or cause uncertainty in our use of certain sequences that we obtain from public access databases or natural sources. New financial obligations may arise regarding our use of sequence information. Customers that must certify their compliance with Nagoya Protocol obligations may be reluctant to do business with us unless we engage in expensive and time-consuming benefit-sharing negotiations with source countries of publicly available genetic sequences. Moreover, the World Intellectual Property Organization is considering requiring disclosures in patents of the origin of genetic resources, which may further increase uncertainty and the cost of patent prosecution. These changes could increase our R&D costs and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results.

***Third party patents may limit our freedom to operate in certain areas, which may adversely affect our business.***

There may be patents that affect our freedom to operate in certain areas, and we may as a result choose to design around or license such patents from third parties. If we must spend significant time and money designing around or licensing patents held by others, our business and financial prospects may be harmed. We may be restricted from carrying out certain operations, or we may be limited in our ability to design new products for our customers. We may become subject to claims by third parties alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights.

***If we are sued for infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating intellectual property rights of third parties, such litigation could be costly and time consuming and could prevent or delay us from using our platform and technologies.***

Litigation arising from disputes relating to the intellectual property of third parties is expensive, time-consuming, and uncertain. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in such disputes. Parties making claims against us might be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our or our customers' ability to develop, commercialize and sell products or use our technologies, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us, including treble damages, attorney's fees, costs and expenses if we were found to have willfully infringed. In the event of a successful claim against us, we or our customers might be required to pay damages and ongoing royalties, and obtain licenses from third parties, or be prohibited from selling certain products or using certain technologies. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on acceptable or commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, we or our customers could encounter delays in product or service introductions while we attempt to develop alternative designs or redesign existing products or technologies to avoid or resolve these claims. Our loss in any lawsuit or failure to obtain a license could prevent us from using our platform and technologies. Such a loss or failure could materially affect our business and reputation. Any litigation pertaining to these issues would have substantial costs, even if the eventual outcome were favorable to us, and would divert management's attention from our business objectives.

***If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.***

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, diluted, tarnished, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential collaborators or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our

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ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement, dilution or tarnishment claims brought by owners of other trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Any claims or lawsuits relating to infringement of, misappropriating, or otherwise violating intellectual property rights brought by or against us will be costly and time consuming and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.***

Any of the risks identified above could result in significant litigation. In addition to the specific litigation-related risks identified above, litigation of any kind carries certain inherent risks. Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with litigation in U.S. courts, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised in the discovery process. There could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on our share price.

Further, our agreements with some of our customers, suppliers or other entities require us to defend or indemnify these parties if they become involved in infringement claims that target our products, services or technologies, or in certain other situations. If we must defend or indemnify third parties, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition.

***Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our business.***

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain intellectual property as trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our owned or licensed intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the patents of others may harm our business;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● we might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● we might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● issued patents that we hold rights to may fail to provide us with any competitive advantage, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors.

Should any of these events occur, they could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

***Intellectual property disputes of third parties and customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results.***

We rely, and expect to continue to rely on, certain capital equipment, machinery, consumables, reagents, software, services and intellectual property that we purchase or license from third parties for use in our operations, platform, products, services and offerings. We cannot be certain that our vendors, suppliers, and licensors are not infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others or that they have sufficient rights to the third-party technology used in our business in all jurisdictions in which we may operate. Disputes with any of these third parties over uses or terms could result in the payment of additional royalties or penalties by us, cancellation or non-renewal of the underlying license, termination of supplies or rights to use, or litigation. In the event that we cannot resolve issues of this kind, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of the operations, platform, products, services or offerings that include or incorporate the

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licensed intellectual property. Any such discontinuation or limitation could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Our customers may become involved in intellectual property disputes with third parties that are related or unrelated to any products or services we have supplied or rendered to them. Such disputes could result in a customer being unable to market its products, thus depriving us of license, milestone, or other revenues. Such deprivation could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results.

***Our use of "open-source" software could negatively affect our ability to market or provide our services and could subject us to possible litigation.***

We have used "open-source" software in connection with the development and deployment of our software platform, and we expect to continue to use open-source software in the future. Open-source software is licensed by its authors or other third parties under open-source licenses, which in some instances may subject us to certain unfavorable conditions, including requirements that we offer our products that incorporate the open-source software for no cost, that we make publicly available all or part of the source code for any modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open-source software, or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open-source license.

Companies that incorporate open-source software into their products have, from time to time, faced claims challenging the use of open-source software and compliance with open-source license terms. We could be subject to similar suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or claiming noncompliance with open-source licensing terms. While we monitor our use of open-source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open-source agreement, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful, that all open-source software is reviewed prior to use in our platform, that our developers have not incorporated open- source software into our products that we are unaware of or that they will not do so in the future.

Furthermore, there are an increasing number of open-source software license types, almost none of which have been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, resulting in a dearth of guidance regarding the proper legal interpretation of such licenses. As a result, there is a risk that open-source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our products and services. If we are held to have breached or failed to fully comply with all the terms and conditions of an open-source software license, we could face infringement claims or other liability, or be required to seek costly licenses from third parties to continue providing our offerings on terms that are not economically feasible, if at all, to re-engineer all or a portion of our platform, to discontinue or delay the provision of our offerings if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code. Further, in addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open-source software carries greater technical and legal risks than does the use of third-party commercial software. For example, open-source software is generally provided without any support or warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement or the quality of the code, including the existence of security vulnerabilities. To the extent that our platform depends upon the successful operation of open-source software, any undetected errors or defects in open-source software that we use could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our systems and injure our reputation. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our platform. Any of the foregoing risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

**Risks Related to Personnel, IT and Physical Infrastructure**

***Loss of key personnel, including our founders and senior executives, and/or failure to attract, train and retain additional key personnel , or unintended consequences caused by our workforce reduction, could delay our cell engineering programs, harm our platform development efforts, limit our biosecurity and public health offerings, and harm our ability to meet our business objectives, particularly given the substantial investment required to recruit, hire and train our employees.***

Our business involves complex, global operations across a variety of markets and requires a management team and employee workforce that is knowledgeable in the many areas in which we operate. Our future success depends upon our ability to attract, train, retain and motivate highly qualified management, scientific, engineering, information technology, operations, business development and marketing personnel, among others. In addition, the market for qualified personnel is

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competitive because of (a) the limited number of people available who have the necessary technical skills and understanding of our technology and products and (b) the nature of our industry which requires certain of our technical personnel to be on-site in our facilities. We compete for qualified technical personnel with other life sciences and information technology companies, as well as academic institutions and research institutions in the markets in which we operate, including: Massachusetts, USA; California, USA; The Netherlands; and Switzerland. Our senior leadership team is critical to our vision, strategic direction, platform development, operations and commercial efforts. Our employees, including members of our leadership team, could leave our company with little or no prior notice and would be free to work for a competitor. We also do not maintain "key person" life insurance on any of our employees. The departure of one or more of our founders, senior leadership team members or other key employees could be disruptive to our business until we are able to hire qualified successors.

In addition, we implemented a workforce reduction of more than 50% of our employees, which was substantially completed in 2025. While we believe this workforce reduction was necessary to help realign the Company's cost structure, this reduction may yield unintended consequences, such as the loss of certain institutional knowledge and technical expertise, as well as attrition beyond our intended reduction in workforce and reduced employee morale, which may cause our employees who were not affected by the reduction in workforce to seek alternate employment. Additional attrition could impede our ability to meet our operational goals, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

Our continued platform development, growth and commercial success depends, in part, on recruiting and retaining highly-trained personnel across our various target industries and markets with the necessary background and ability to develop and use our platform and to effectively identify and sell to current and new customers. New hires and employees onboarded as a result of any of our recent acquisitions may require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our failure to successfully hire and integrate these key personnel into our business could adversely affect our business. To attract top talent, we believe we will need to offer competitive compensation and benefits packages, including equity incentive programs, which may require significant investment. If we are unable to offer competitive compensation this may make it more difficult for us to attract and retain key employees. To the extent our compensation programs and workplace culture are not viewed as competitive, or changes in our workforce and related restructuring, reduction-in-force, or other initiatives are not viewed favorably, our ability to attract, retain and motivate employees can be weakened, which could harm our results of operations. Moreover, if the perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key employees. If we do not maintain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience staffing constraints that adversely affect our ability to support our programs and operations.

In addition, some of our personnel are qualified foreign nationals whose ability to live and work in the U.S. is contingent upon the continued availability of appropriate visas and whose ability to work on some of our technologies may require the procurement of appropriate export licenses. Due to the competition for qualified personnel in the key markets in which we operate, we expect to continue to utilize foreign nationals to fill part of our recruiting needs. As a result, changes to United States immigration policies have restrained, and could further restrain, the flow of technical and professional talent into the United States and adversely affect our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel.

***Our business and results of operations are dependent on adequate access to laboratory and office space and suitable physical infrastructure to conduct our operations. If we are unable to access enough space or we experience failures of our physical infrastructure, including due to natural disasters affecting us or our suppliers, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.***

Our business depends on providing customers with R&D services and tools. In order to properly conduct our business, we need access to sufficient laboratory space and equipment to perform the activities necessary to advance and complete our programs. Additionally, we need to ensure that our laboratories and corporate offices remain operational at all times, which includes maintaining suitable physical infrastructure, including electrical, waste management, plumbing and HVAC, logistics and transportation systems and network infrastructure. We own certain properties in California and lease most of our laboratories and office spaces. We rely on the landlords, as applicable, for basic maintenance of our leased laboratories and office buildings. If one of our landlords has not maintained a leased property sufficiently, we may be forced to stop working on a particular program or even exit early from the facility, which could be disruptive to our business. Furthermore, we may continue to acquire laboratories not built by us in order to sufficiently scale and expand our output

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capacity. If we discover that these buildings and their infrastructure assets are not in the condition we expected when they were acquired, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs to repair or upgrade the laboratories.

Problems in and around one or more of our laboratories or corporate offices, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or significant infrastructure or equipment damage. These could result from numerous factors, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● human error;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● equipment failure;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● physical, electronic and cybersecurity breaches;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood, tornado and other natural disasters;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● extreme temperatures;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● flood and/or water damage;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● fiber cuts;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● power loss;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● terrorist acts, including acts of bioterrorism;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● sabotage, vandalism and cyberattacks; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● local epidemics or global pandemics.

Certain of our facilities are located in an active floor, earthquake and/or tsunami zone, and certain of our suppliers conduct their operations in the same region or in other locations that are susceptible to natural disasters. The occurrence of a natural or other disaster, such as an earthquake, tsunami, hurricane, drought, flood, fire, wildfire or any potential effects of climate change or localized extended outages of critical utilities or transportation systems, or any critical resource shortages affecting us or our suppliers or manufacturers could cause a significant interruption in our business, damage or destroy our facilities, production equipment or inventory or those of our suppliers and cause us to incur significant costs or result in limitations on the availability of our raw materials, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have timeline obligations to certain customers with respect to their programs. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our laboratories could result in difficulty maintaining program timelines for these customers and potential claims related to such failures. Because the services we provide in our laboratories are critical to many of our customers' businesses, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our laboratories could also result in lost revenue or other indirect or consequential damages to our customers. We cannot guarantee that a court would enforce any contractual limitations on our liability in the event that one of our customers brings a lawsuit against us result of a problem at one of our laboratories and we may decide to reach settlements with affected customers irrespective of any such contractual limitations. In addition, any loss of service, equipment damage or inability to meet our service obligations could reduce the confidence of our customers and could consequently impair our ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our operating results.

Furthermore, we are dependent upon internet service providers, telecommunications carriers and other website operators, some of which have experienced significant system failures and electrical outages in the past.

Our customers may, in the future, experience difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems and offerings. If, for any reason, these providers fail to provide the required services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.

**Risks Related to Financial Reporting**

***We use estimates in determining the fair value of certain assets and liabilities. If our estimates prove to be incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of these assets or write up the value of these liabilities, which could adversely affect our financial position.***

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Our ability to measure and report our financial position and operating results is influenced by the need to estimate the fair value of an asset or liability. Fair value is estimated based on a hierarchy that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. We estimate the impact or outcome of future events on the basis of information available at the time of the financial statements. An accounting estimate is considered critical if it requires that management make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made. If actual results differ from management's judgments and assumptions, then they may have an adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows.

***Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.***

We have incurred net losses since our inception and we may never achieve or sustain profitability. Generally, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, net operating losses incurred will carry forward. However, net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to January 1, 2018 are subject to expiration for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.8 billion, of which $139.2 million will begin to expire in 2029 and $1.6 billion can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.5 billion, of which $1.2 billion will begin to expire in 2030 and $257.5 million can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company also had $3.9 million of foreign net operating losses as of December 31, 2025, of which $1.5 million will begin to expire in 2034 and $2.4 million can be carried forward indefinitely.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change," generally defined as a greater than 50% change by value in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period, the corporation's ability to use its pre-ownership change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-ownership change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-ownership change income or taxes may be limited. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit the use of our state net operating loss carryforwards and other state tax attributes. We have not performed an analysis to determine whether our past issuances of stock and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in one or more ownership changes. If it is determined that we have in the past experienced an ownership change, or if we undergo one or more ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock, which may be outside our control, then our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be materially limited. As a result, even if we earn taxable income, we may be unable to use a material portion of our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows. There is also a risk that regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of net operating losses or other unforeseen reasons, may result in our existing net operating loss carryforwards expiring or otherwise becoming unavailable to offset future taxable income. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes even if we attain profitability.

***We had in the past identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future. A failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, may result in failure to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.***

SEC and New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") rules and regulations require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Likewise, our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

As previously disclosed in Part II-Item 9A, "Controls and Procedures", of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, in connection with the audit of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, we concluded that there was a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. The material weakness identified did not result in any material misstatement of our financial statements. The material weakness identified for the

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year ended December 31, 2023 was remediated as of December 31, 2024. However, we may in the future discover other areas of our internal controls that require remediation.

We cannot provide assurances that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, or results of operations. Any material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of shares of our common stock to decline, and result in sanctions or investigations by NYSE, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or to implement or maintain other effective control systems could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

***Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry could adversely affect our business operations, financial condition and results of operations.***

Actual or rumored events involving reduced or limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages, impair the ability of companies to access working capital needs, and create additional market and economic uncertainty.

We regularly maintain cash balances at third-party financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit. Any failure of a depository institution to return our deposits, or if a depository institution is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, could further impact access to our invested cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity and financial performance.

In addition, widespread investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, or result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

**Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Litigation**

***Failure to comply with federal, state, local and international laws and regulations could adversely affect our business and our financial condition.***

A variety of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations govern certain aspects of our business. For example, we maintain a registration from the DEA for the research of certain controlled substances and permits from the Boston Public Health Commission to conduct work with recombinant DNA. Some of our programs or products made or developed using our engineered cells and/or biomanufacturing processes are subject to regulations, including those promulgated by the FDA, DEA, EPA or USDA. In addition, we are subject to laws relating to, among other things, anti-bribery, insider trading, sourcing of biological materials and data privacy. The legal and regulatory requirements that apply to our business may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another or may conflict with other rules or our practices. As a result, our practices may not comply, or may not comply in the future with all such laws, regulations, requirements and obligations. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any federal, state, local or international laws, regulations, industry self-regulatory principles, industry standards or codes of conduct, regulatory guidance, orders to which we may be subject or other legal obligations could adversely affect our reputation, brand and business, and may result in claims, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others or other liabilities or require us to change our operations. We may also be contractually required to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of non-compliance with any laws, regulations or other legal obligations.

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We may also become subject to increasing regulation in the future as we expand our business. As we continue to expand our operations and offerings domestically and globally, we will have to expend significant management and financial resources to maintain compliant practices in those locations. Non-compliance could lead to litigation, which would require substantial management and financial resources.

***We may incur significant costs complying with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose us to significant liabilities.***

We use hazardous chemical and biological materials in our business and are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations governing, among other matters, the use, generation, manufacture, transportation, storage, handling, disposal of, and human exposure to these materials, including regulation by governmental regulatory agencies, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the EPA. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs in the ordinary course of our business in complying with these laws and regulations.

Although we have implemented safety procedures for storing, handling and disposing of these materials and waste products in an effort to comply with these laws and regulations, we cannot be sure that our safety measures will be compliant or capable of eliminating the risk of injury or contamination from the generation, manufacturing, use, storage, transportation, handling, disposal of and human exposure to hazardous materials and/or flammable chemicals. Failure to comply with environmental, health and safety laws could subject us to liability and resulting damages. There can be no assurance that violations of environmental, health and safety laws will not occur as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure, contamination, intentional misconduct or other causes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and the failure to comply with past, present or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, regulatory oversight costs, third party property damage, product liability and personal injury claims, investigation and remediation costs, the suspension of production or a cessation of operations, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Liability under environmental laws can be imposed for the full amount of damages without regard to comparative fault for the investigation and cleanup of contamination and impacts to human health and for damages to natural resources. Contamination at properties we may own and operate and at properties to which we send hazardous materials, may result in liability for us under environmental laws and regulations.

Our business and operations may be affected by other new environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which may require us to change our operations, or result in greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could impair our research, development or production efforts and harm our business.

***If we fail to comply with healthcare and other governmental regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.***

Our business activities may be subject to regulation and enforcement by the FDA, U.S. Department of Justice, HHS, Office of Inspector General, and other federal and state governmental authorities. Although our offerings are not currently billed to any third-party payor, including any commercial payor or government healthcare program, we may, in the future, submit claims for our services to third-party payors, including government healthcare programs. If we submit claims to third-party payors, such activity will expand the scope of federal and state healthcare laws applicable to us.

Federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to conduct business include, without limitation:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or paying any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of, any item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the federal physician self-referral prohibition, commonly known as the Stark Law, which prohibits a physician, in the absence of an applicable exception, from making a referral for certain designated health services covered by the Medicare or Medicaid program, including clinical laboratory services, if the physician or an immediate family member of the physician has a financial relationship with the entity providing the designated health services. The

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Stark Law also prohibits the entity furnishing the designated health services from billing, presenting or causing to be presented a claim for the designated health services furnished pursuant to the prohibited referral;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the federal civil false claims laws, including without limitation the federal False Claims Act (which can be enforced through "qui tam," or whistleblower actions, by private citizens on behalf of the federal government), and civil monetary penalties laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment of government funds, or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to an obligation to pay money to the government or knowingly and improperly avoiding, decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or Stark Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the EKRA, which created a new federal crime for knowingly and willfully: (1) soliciting or receiving any remuneration in return for referring a patient to a recovery home, clinical treatment facility, or laboratory; or (2) paying or offering any remuneration to induce such a referral or in exchange for an individual using the services of a recovery home, clinical treatment facility, or laboratory. Unlike the Anti-Kickback Statute, EKRA is not limited to services reimbursable under a government health care program, but instead extends to all services reimbursed by "health care benefit programs";

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the healthcare fraud statutes under HIPAA, which impose criminal and civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement, in connection with the delivery of, or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services by a healthcare benefit program, which includes both government and privately funded benefits programs. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ("HITECH") enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and its implementing regulations, and as amended again by the Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, Enforcement and Breach Notification Rules Under HITECH and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; Other Modifications to the HIPAA Rules, commonly referred to as the Final HIPAA Omnibus Rule, published in January 2013, which imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, on covered entities subject to HIPAA (i.e., health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers), as well as their business associates that perform certain services for or on their behalf involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, to safeguard the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information from any unauthorized use or disclosure;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA") which imposes civil and criminal liability for engaging in any of a number of Prohibited acts, including distributing drugs, devices and foods that are adulterated or misbranded. To charge a criminal misdemeanor violation of the FDCA, no intent need be shown;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate platform activities and activities that potentially harm consumers; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback, self-referral, and fee-splitting, and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers and self-pay patients.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exemptions, exceptions, and safe harbors, it is possible that some of our activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. We may face claims and proceedings by private parties, and claims, investigations and other proceedings by governmental authorities, relating to allegations that our business practices do not comply with current or future laws or regulations involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations, and it is possible that courts or governmental authorities may conclude that we or any of our partners have not complied with them, or that we may find it necessary or appropriate to settle any such claims or other proceedings. Any action brought against us for violation of these or other

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laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any federal or state laws described above or any other current or future fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to claims and proceedings by private parties, investigations and other proceedings by governmental authorities, as well as penalties, including significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, damages and fines, disgorgement, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of noncompliance with these laws or regulations, imprisonment for individuals and exclusion from participation in government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, as well as contractual damages and reputational harm. We could also be required to curtail or cease our operations. In addition, if any customers, healthcare professionals we engage, laboratory partners or other entities with whom we do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to the same criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs. Any of the foregoing could seriously harm our business and financial results.

***We and our laboratory partners are subject to a variety of laboratory testing standards, compliance with which is an expensive and time-consuming process, and any failure to comply could result in substantial penalties and disruptions to our business.***

We and the third-party laboratories that we partner with are subject to the CLIA. CLIA is a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. CLIA requires certain clinical laboratories to be certified by the federal government and mandates compliance with various operational, personnel, facilities administration, quality and proficiency testing requirements depending on the level of complexity for which the laboratory is certified. CLIA certification is also a prerequisite to be eligible to bill state and federal healthcare programs, as well as many private third-party payors, for laboratory testing services. Our partner laboratories hold CLIA certifications for high complexity testing, which mandate compliance with various operational, personnel, facilities administration, quality and proficiency testing requirements depending on the level of complexity for which the laboratory is certified. Sanctions for failure to comply with CLIA requirements may include suspension, revocation, or limitation of a laboratory's CLIA certificate, as well as the imposition of significant fines or criminal penalties. Any sanction imposed under CLIA, its implementing regulations, or state or foreign laws or regulations governing licensure, or our partner laboratories' failure to renew a CLIA certificate, a state or foreign license, or accreditation, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, our partner laboratories are subject to state laws and regulations governing laboratory licensure. Some states have enacted state licensure laws that are more stringent than CLIA. In certain markets such as California, New York, and Pennsylvania, we or our partner laboratories may also need to obtain and maintain additional licensure from such states. It is uncertain that our partner laboratories will be granted such licensure and, in such cases, we cannot offer testing to patients located in those states, which could limit our ability to offer testing on a wide scale.

It is possible that additional states may enact laboratory licensure requirements in the future, which could further limit our ability to expand our services.

We rely on third-party laboratories in the conduct of our biosecurity and public health business offerings. If any of our partners cease working with us, or face supply chain disruptions or other difficulties, our business could be harmed.

***The testing industry is subject to complex and costly regulation and if government regulations are interpreted or enforced in a manner adverse to us, we may be subject to enforcement actions, penalties, exclusion, and other material limitations on our operations.***

In connection with our previous offering of COVID-19 testing services, we partnered with third-party laboratories, diagnostic test manufacturers and manufacturers of collection kits, which are subject to extensive and frequently changing federal, state and local laws and regulations governing various aspects of our business, including significant governmental certification and licensing regulations. Additionally, new laws, regulations and judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations and decisions, may limit potential revenues, and we may need to revise our R&D or commercialization programs. The costs of defending claims associated with violations, as well as any sanctions imposed, could significantly adversely affect our financial performance.

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Our testing does not identify nor sequence any individual human DNA or RNA nor can results be tied to any individual. As a result, we do not collect informed consents from any individual participating in our programs. However, our approach could be challenged in the future based on the claims or privacy considerations and searches governed by the 4th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Any legal challenges could consume our management and financial resources.

Current regulations governing the testing services we offer are shifting and in some cases unclear. In addition, our laboratory partners may be unsuccessful in validating, or obtaining or maintaining authorizations for, the tests we relied on to provide our prior COVID-19 testing services. If any third-party manufacturers or laboratories offering tests that we use in our testing services are deemed by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to have violated applicable law or if the tests or test components are marketed, processed or distributed in violation of applicable law, we may be subject to enforcement action or litigation, or we may be required to find alternative tests to support our testing services, which could increase our costs.

In addition, we are required to comply with applicable FDA regulations with respect to distribution of certain COVID-19 diagnostic test kits and collection kits, including, for certain kits, compliance with applicable terms and conditions of an EUA. Such conditions may include requirements related to collection of information on the performance of the product, reporting of adverse events, recordkeeping requirements, and labeling and promotional activities. To the extent that we marketed or promoted third-party tests or test kits outside of the uses authorized for these products or in a false or misleading manner, the tests or collection kits could be considered misbranded or adulterated and distributing them in interstate commerce could violate the FDCA. Violations of applicable FDA requirements could result in enforcement actions, such as warning or "untitled" letters, revocation of EUAs, seizures, injunctions, civil penalties and criminal prosecutions and fines, and violation of the FTC Act could result in injunctions and other associated remedies, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Most states also have similar regulatory and enforcement authority for laboratory testing and distribution of related collection kits. For example, many state laws require us to hold a specific form of license to distribute COVID-19 diagnostic test kits and collection kits into such states. These requirements vary from one state to another and frequently change. Complying with state laws and regulations may subject us to similar risks and delays as those we could experience under federal regulation.

Our surveillance testing efforts do not collect identifying individual data and do not return a diagnostic result, but some surveillance methods, such as double collection, require samples from individuals. Regulatory authorities could take issue with our characterization of such testing as surveillance and/or impose additional requirements or restrictions.

Advertising for any of the tests or collection kits we distribute or the testing services we offer is also subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), under the Federal Trade Commission Act ("FTC Act"). The FTC may take enforcement action for advertising claims that are not adequately substantiated or that are false or misleading.

***We are subject to federal and state laws and regulations governing the protection, use, and disclosure of health information and other types of personal information, and our failure to comply with those laws and regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm.***

Numerous state and federal laws, regulations, standards and other legal obligations, including consumer protection laws and regulations, which govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to, confidentiality, security and processing of personal information, including health-related information, could apply to our operations or the operations of our partners. For example, HIPAA imposes privacy, security and breach notification obligations on certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, known as covered entities, as well as their business associates that perform certain services that involve creating, receiving, maintaining or transmitting individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of such covered entities, and their covered subcontractors. HIPAA requires covered entities and business associates to develop and maintain policies with respect to the protection of, use and disclosure of protected health information ("PHI"), including the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information, and certain notification requirements in the event of a breach of unsecured PHI. If in the future we engage in certain types of standard electronic transactions involving payors, including billing the Medicare or Medicaid programs or commercial health plans, we will be subject to HIPAA as a "covered entity." We are currently subject to HIPAA as a "business associate" because we performed certain services involving the use or disclosure of PHI on behalf of covered entity customers with respect to our prior COVID-19 testing service offerings. Implementation of the infrastructure necessary to

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meet HIPAA standards requires substantial investment. Being subject to HIPAA as a covered entity or business associate exposes us to significant fines and penalties, including criminal fines and penalties.

Entities that are found to be in violation of HIPAA as the result of a breach of unsecured PHI, a complaint about privacy practices or an audit by HHS, may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if required to enter into a resolution agreement and corrective action plan with HHS to settle allegations of HIPAA non-compliance. HIPAA also authorizes state attorneys general to file suit on behalf of their residents. Courts may award damages, costs and attorneys' fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to sue us in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI.

Even when HIPAA or a state law does not apply, according to the FTC, violating consumers' privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers' personal information secure may constitute unfair and/or deceptive acts or practices in violation of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act. The FTC expects a company's data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.

Several states have enacted privacy laws governing the use and disclosure of health information, such as the California Confidentiality of Medical Information Act; these laws are not preempted by HIPAA to the extent they are more stringent than HIPAA. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our partners. Further, in recent years, there have been a number of well-publicized data breaches involving the improper dissemination of personal information of individuals both within and outside of the healthcare industry. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to individuals whose personally identifiable information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. The laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly. States are also constantly amending existing laws, and creating new data privacy and security laws, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA") went into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates new transparency requirements and grants California residents several new rights with respect to their personal information. Failure to comply with the CCPA may result in, among other things, significant civil penalties and injunctive relief, or potential statutory or actual damages. On November 3, 2020, California voters passed a ballot initiative for the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA"), which significantly expands the CCPA. The CPRA imposes additional data protection obligations on covered businesses, including additional consumer rights processes, limitations on data uses, new audit requirements for higher risk data, and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data, such as the right to opt out of the sale of personal information or the sharing of personal information for purposes of cross-context behavioral advertising. The CPRA also provides for a private right of action for certain data breaches. It also creates a new California data protection agency authorized to issue substantive regulations and could result in increased privacy and information security enforcement. Additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may be required to remain compliant with similar laws that have been proposed or passed in other states. For example, comprehensive privacy laws akin to the CPRA have recently gone into effect in twelve other states, and several other states have passed similar laws that will go into effect in the next two years. It is possible that other states, federal agencies or local governments will follow suit. The data privacy laws under consideration by federal and state legislators also include sector-specific laws. The My Health My Data Act, which recently became effective in Washington, contains new notice and consent requirements for the processing of "consumer health data" with the potential for large penalties enforceable through private lawsuits. The FTC and other authorities are likewise imposing standards for the collection, use, dissemination and security of personal information under consumer protection laws. Additionally, in the United States, laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to individuals whose personally identifiable information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. The laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly. In addition, laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing and advertising activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices and the internet are applicable to our business, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the "TCPA") and the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ("CAN-SPAM Act"). The TCPA places certain restrictions on making certain outbound calls, faxes, and text messages to consumers. The CAN-SPAM Act imposes penalties for the

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transmission of commercial emails that do not comply with certain requirements, such as providing an opt-out mechanism for stopping future emails from the sender. Further, state and federal auto-renewal laws continue to evolve, which may require us to make changes to our processes in order to comply with such laws. The evolving patchwork of differing state and federal privacy and data security laws increases the cost and complexity of operating our business and increases our exposure to liability, including from third-party litigation and regulatory investigations, enforcement, fines, and penalties.

Through our wholly owned subsidiaries with established offices in the European Union, parts of our business are subject to the European Union General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"), which went into effect in May 2018, and imposes strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals within the European Economic Area. Companies that must comply with the GDPR face increased compliance obligations and risk, including more robust regulatory enforcement of data protection requirements and potential fines for noncompliance of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater. Among other requirements, the GDPR regulates transfers of personal data subject to the GDPR to third countries that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such personal data, including the United States. Further, from January 1, 2021, companies that process the personal information of UK residents have to comply with the United Kingdom GDPR (the "UK GDPR"), which, together with the amended UK Data Protection Act 2018, retains the GDPR in UK national law. The UK GDPR mirrors the fines under the GDPR, i.e., fines up to the greater of €20 million (£17.5 million) or 4% of global turnover. Enforcement uncertainty and the costs associated with ensuring compliance may be onerous and adversely affect our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition.

Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations relating to data privacy, protection and security, these requirements are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another or other legal obligations with which Ginkgo must comply. Monitoring, preparing for and complying with these obligations requires us to devote significant resources (including, without limitation, financial and time-related resources). And as our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities. There is also increased public awareness of privacy issues in the wake of revelations about the data-collection activities of various government agencies and in the number of private privacy-related lawsuits filed against companies. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our employees, representatives, contractors, consultants, collaborators, or other third parties to comply with such requirements or adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, could result in fines, legal claims, or proceedings, including regulatory investigations and actions, or liability for failure to comply with privacy and information security laws, which could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and expose us to claims from impacted individuals, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***Our employees, agents, contractors, research partners, consultants or vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.***

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, agents, contractors, research partners, consultants or vendors may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity or misconduct. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that causes us to breach our contracts and/or violates applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to laws:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● applicable to the provision of health care services;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● governing the storage and handling of controlled substances;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, USDA, and other government agencies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● specifying vendor qualification standards and recordkeeping requirements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● international, federal and state fraud and abuse laws and regulations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● protecting the privacy and security of personally identifiable information and requiring breach notification;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● relating to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● requiring the true, complete and accurate reporting of services, financial information, or data.

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Specifically, the health care industry and government contractors are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, and other business arrangements. Additionally, activities that involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of research or creating fraudulent data could result in breach of contract, regulatory sanctions, and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this kind of activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations, other actions, or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal health care programs, debarment under 21 U.S.C. § 335a or a comparable foreign law, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished potential profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

***Distribution and use of screening and/or diagnostic tests marketed under an EUA from the FDA are subject to certain limitations, and the continued availability of such authorizations is subject to government discretion.***

Screening and/or diagnostic tests used in the testing programs and services of our Biosecurity business are subject to EUAs granted by the FDA to the manufacturers or laboratories marketing such tests. Each EUA requires compliance with certain conditions, including specific workflow requirements, and imposes other limitations on the test's marketing, distribution, and use. The FDA has signaled that, while there will be a grace period for EUA holders to transition their devices, not all of the EUA products we distribute may apply for or be approved by the FDA and may need to withdraw from the market. Sourcing and finding products that transition from EUA to FDA cleared status may increase our costs of sourcing these products and may impact our profitability.

***We have pursued in the past and may pursue additional U.S. government contracting and subcontracting opportunities in the future and as a U.S. government prime contractor and subcontractor, we are subject to a number of procurement rules and regulations.***

We have entered into agreements with governmental entities and contractors in the past to serve as a U.S. government prime contractor or subcontractor and may do so again in the future. U.S. government procurement contractors and subcontractors must comply with specific procurement regulations and other requirements. These requirements, although customary in U.S. government contracts, could impact our performance and compliance costs, including by limiting or delaying our ability to share information with business partners, customers and investors. The U.S. government has in the past and may in the future demand contract terms that are less favorable than standard arrangements with private sector customers, including certain financial requirements obligating the Company to hold surety bonds which restrict our cash, and may have statutory, contractual, or other legal rights to terminate contracts with us for convenience or for other reasons. Generally, U.S. government contracts contain provisions permitting unilateral termination or modification, in whole or in part, at the government's convenience. Under general principles of government contracting law, if the government terminates a contract for convenience, the government contractor may recover only its incurred or committed costs, settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, the government contractor is entitled to recover costs incurred and associated profits on accepted items only and may be liable for excess costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items from another source. Any termination for default may also adversely affect our ability to contract with other government customers and agencies, as well as our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, changes in U.S. government administration and budgetary priorities, including with respect to funding allocated to government agencies, could affect the availability of U.S. government contracting, subcontracting, or funding opportunities, which could lead to modification, reduction, or termination of our U.S. government contracts or subcontracts. If and to the extent such changes occur, they could impact our results and potential growth opportunities, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to derive further revenue from the public sector or our government contracts.

Furthermore, our U.S. government contracts grant the government the right to use technologies developed by us under the government contract or the right to share data related to our technologies, for or on behalf of the government. Under our

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government contracts, we may not be able to limit third parties, including our competitors, from accessing certain of these technology or data rights, including intellectual property, in providing products and services to the government.

In addition, failure by us, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, agents, intermediaries, other customers or other third parties to comply with these regulations and requirements could result in reductions of the value of contracts, contract modifications or termination, claims for damages, refund obligations, the assessment of civil or criminal penalties and fines, loss of rights in our intellectual property and temporary suspension or permanent debarment from government contracting, all of which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. Any such damages, penalties, disruptions or limitations in our ability to do business with the public sector could result in reduced sales of our products, reputational damage, penalties and other sanctions, any of which could harm our business, reputation and results of operations.

***We are engaged in certain research activities involving controlled substances which may be subject to significant regulation by the DEA, FDA, and other regulatory agencies.***

We are engaged in certain research activities involving the development of microbes designed to generate precursors and other chemical intermediaries which may be regulated as controlled substances in the United States. Controlled substances are subject to state, federal, and foreign laws and regulations regarding their manufacture, use, sale, importation, exportation, and distribution. Among other laws, controlled substances are regulated under the federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 and implementing regulations of the DEA. The DEA regulates controlled substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances. Schedule I substances by definition have no established medicinal use and may generally not be marketed or sold in the United States. Schedule I substances are subject to the most stringent controls and Schedule V the least controls of the five schedules, based on their relative risk of abuse.

Regulations associated with controlled substances govern manufacturing, labeling, packaging, testing, dispensing, production and procurement quotas, recordkeeping, reporting, handling, shipment and disposal. These regulations include required security measures, such as background checks on employees and physical control of inventory and increase the personnel needs and the expense associated with development and commercialization of products or product candidates including controlled substances. Regulators conduct periodic inspections of entities involved in handling, manufacturing, or otherwise distributing controlled substances, and have broad enforcement authorities. If we are found to be non-compliant with applicable controlled substance registrations and related requirements, we may need to modify its business activities and/or stop handling or producing the products regulated as controlled substances, and could be subject to enforcement action, significant fines or penalties, and/or adverse publicity, among other consequences.

Various states also independently regulate controlled substances. Though state-controlled substances laws often mirror federal law, because the states are separate jurisdictions, they may separately schedule substances, as well. The failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could lead to enforcement actions and sanctions from the states in addition to those from the DEA or otherwise arising under federal law.

***Changes in government regulations may materially and adversely affect our sales and results of operations.***

The markets where we provide our services are heavily influenced by foreign, federal, state and local government regulations and policies. The U.S. or foreign governments may take administrative, legislative, or regulatory action that could materially interfere with our customer's ability to sell products derived from engineered cells in certain countries and/or to certain customers. The uncertainty regarding future standards and policies may also affect our ability to develop our programs or to license engineered cells to customers and to initiate new programs with our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in U.S. trade policy more generally could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, which could impose restrictions on our ability to do business in or with affected countries or prohibit, reduce or discourage purchases of our services by foreign customers, leading to increased program costs, increased costs of developing or manufacturing our customers' products and higher prices for their products in foreign markets. Changes in, and responses to, U.S. trade policy could reduce the competitiveness of our services or our customers' products, cause our services to be less in demand and our sales to decline and adversely impact our ability to compete, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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***We are subject to certain U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.***

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the "FCPA"), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and possibly other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, both domestic and abroad. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years. The FCPA and other anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies, their employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries from corruptly promising, authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, anything of value to government officials, political parties, or candidates for public office for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing an improper business advantage. The UK Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws also prohibit commercial bribery not involving government officials, and requesting or accepting bribes; and anti-money laundering laws prohibit engaging in certain transactions involving criminally-derived property or the proceeds of criminal activity.

We and our third-party business partners, representatives and agents may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or -affiliated universities or other entities (for example, to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations and other regulatory approvals), which increases our risks under the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws. We also engage contractors, consultants and other third parties from time to time to conduct business development activities abroad. We may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees or third parties even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We have increased and, in the future, expect our non-U.S. activities to increase over time, which may also increase our exposure under these laws.

The FCPA also requires that we keep accurate books and records and maintain a system of adequate internal controls. While we have controls to address compliance with such laws and will continue to review and enhance our compliance program, we cannot assure you that our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will always comply with our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

Any allegations or violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws may result in whistleblower complaints, sanctions, settlements, investigations, prosecution, enforcement actions, substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, disgorgement of profits, imprisonment, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, loss of export privileges, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, adverse media coverage, reputational harm and other consequences, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Responding to an investigation or action can also result in a materially significant diversion of management's attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

***Significant disruptions to our and our service providers' information technology systems or data security incidents could result in significant financial, legal, regulatory, business and reputational harm to us.***

We are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure, including services licensed, leased or purchased from third parties such as cloud computing infrastructure and operating systems, to operate our business. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store, process and transmit large amounts of sensitive information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, personal information and other confidential information. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of such sensitive information. We have also outsourced elements of our operations (including elements of our information technology infrastructure) to third parties, and as a result, we manage a number of third-party vendors who may have access to our networks or our confidential information. While we take measures to safeguard and protect this information, threats to network and data security are constantly evolving and growing in frequency and sophistication. We may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and the number of our employees working remotely, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. We are required to expend significant resources in an effort to protect against security incidents, and may be required or choose to spend additional resources or modify our business activities, particularly where required by applicable data privacy and security laws or regulations or industry standards. Security incidents result from the actions of a wide variety of actors with a wide range of motives and expertise, such as traditional hackers, personnel or the personnel of third parties, sophisticated nation-states and nation-state-supported actors. While we have developed systems and processes designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality and security of the confidential and personal information under our control, we cannot guarantee that any security measures that

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we or our third-party service providers implement will be effective in preventing security breaches and incidents, cyberattacks or similar events such as viruses and worms, phishing attacks and other forms of social engineering, denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks, physical or electronic break-ins, third-party or employee theft or misuse, and other negligent actions, errors or malfeasance by employees or other third parties, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our servers and computer systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations. These incidents could lead to interruptions, delays, loss or corruption of critical data, and unauthorized access to or acquisition of health-related and other personal information. In addition, we may be the target of email scams and other social engineering attacks that attempt to acquire personal information or company assets or access to our systems. Additionally, future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities' systems and technologies. Despite our efforts to create security barriers to such threats, we may not be able to entirely mitigate these risks. Our third-party service providers face similar risks. Any cyberattack that attempts to obtain our data or assets, including data that we maintain on behalf of our customers, disrupt our service, or otherwise access our systems, or those of third parties we use, or any other security breach or incident, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results, be expensive to remedy, and damage our reputation. We and our third-party service providers may be unable to anticipate or detect attempted security incidents or face difficulties or delays in identifying or otherwise responding to any attacks or actual or potential security breaches or security incidents. We may incur significant costs and operational consequences of investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional tools and devices designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches and other security incidents, including in response to any actual or perceived incident we may suffer, and substantial costs to comply with any notification or other legal obligations resulting from any security breaches or other security incidents. In addition, any such breaches or incidents, or the perception that they have occurred, may result in substantial remediation costs and expose us to litigation (including class claims), regulatory enforcement action (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits, and inspections), liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight, indemnification obligations, negative publicity, reputational harm, and interruptions in our operations (including availability of data), any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Although we maintain insurance coverage that may cover certain liabilities in connection with security breaches and other security incidents, we cannot be certain our insurance coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms (if at all) or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

***Governmental trade controls, including export and import controls, sanctions, customs requirements and related regimes, could subject us to liability or loss of contracting privileges or limit our ability to compete in certain markets.***

Our programs and technologies are subject to U.S. and non-U.S. export controls. Export authorizations may be required for biotechnology products, technologies, or services to be exported outside of the United States, to a foreign person, or outside of a foreign jurisdiction. Our current or future programs or technologies are, and may in the future, be subject to the Export Administration Regulations ("EAR"). If a program, technology, or service meets certain criteria for control under the EAR, then that engineered cell, production process, resulting product, technology, or service would be exportable outside the United States or to a foreign person or from one foreign jurisdiction to another foreign jurisdiction only if we obtain the applicable export license or other applicable authorization including qualifying for a license exception, if required. Compliance with the U.S. and foreign export laws and regulations and other applicable regulatory requirements regarding the sales, shipment and use of our engineering cells, bioprocesses and other technology may affect our ability to work with foreign partners, affect the speed at which we can introduce new products into non-U.S. markets, or limit our ability to sell programs or services or license technologies into some countries.

Additionally, certain materials that we use in our programs are subject to U.S. import controls. We currently have, and may in the course of business need to procure, certain import authorizations, for example, related to plant pests, chemicals, biological agents and other controlled materials, including from the USDA, EPA and CDC. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the import of such materials may limit our access to materials critical to our development activities or affect the speed at which we can advance new programs.

Our activities are also subject to the economic sanctions, laws and regulations of the United States and other jurisdictions. Such controls prohibit certain transactions, potentially including financial transactions and the transfer of products,

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technologies and services, to sanctioned countries, governments and persons, without a license or other appropriate authorization. U.S. sanctions policy changes could affect our or our customers' ability to interact, directly and indirectly, with targeted companies or companies in sanctioned countries.

While we take precautions to comply with U.S. and non-U.S. export control, import control and economic sanctions laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that such precautions will prevent violations of such laws, including transfers to unauthorized persons or destinations, and including inadvertent violations as a result of a misclassification of a product, technology or service under export control laws. Violations could result in our business being subject to government investigations, denial of export or import privileges, significant fines or penalties, denial of government contracts and reputational harm. Any limitation on our ability to export our engineered cells, production processes, resulting products, technology, or services, or import materials critical to our programs would likely adversely affect our business and financial condition.

***Changes in U.S. and foreign tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial condition.***

We are subject to income and non-income based taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. Changes in tax laws, regulations and policies, or their interpretation and application, in the jurisdictions where we are subject to tax, could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial condition. The U.S. Congress frequently debates changes to U.S. corporate income tax laws and the Group of Twenty (G20), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC) and individual taxing jurisdictions have published proposals covering various international tax-related issues, including country-by-country reporting, permanent establishment rules, transfer pricing and tax treaties. It is possible that any future tax legislation which may be enacted could materially impact our effective tax rate and cash tax liability as well as tax credits and incentives.

***We may become subject to lawsuits or indemnity claims in the ordinary course of business, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.***

From time to time, we may in the ordinary course of business be named as a defendant in lawsuits, indemnity claims and other legal proceedings. These actions may seek, among other things, compensation for alleged product liability, personal injury, employment discrimination, breach of contract, property damage and other losses or injunctive or declaratory relief.

The marketing, sale and use of our services, engineered cells, production processes and resulting products could lead to the filing of product liability claims were someone to allege that our services, engineered cells, production processes or resulting products failed to perform as designed or intended or caused injury or other harms. A product liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend.

Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● decreased demand for programs and resulting products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● loss of revenue;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● substantial monetary payments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● significant time and costs to defend related litigation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the inability to commercialize any products from our programs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention.

In the event that such actions, claims or proceedings are ultimately resolved unfavorably to us at amounts exceeding our accrued liability, or at material amounts, the outcome could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, payments of significant amounts, even if reserved, could adversely affect our liquidity position. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance may not fully protect us from the financial impact of defending against product liability claims. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally, any product liability lawsuit could cause current collaborators to terminate existing agreements or potential collaborators to seek other companies, any of which could impact our business and results of operations.

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**Risks Related to our Common Stock, Organizational Structure and Governance** 

***Only our employees and directors are entitled to hold shares of Class B common stock (including shares of Class B common stock granted or otherwise issued to our employees and directors in the future), which shares have ten votes per share. This limits or precludes other stockholders' ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of certain amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.***

Shares of our Class B common stock have ten votes per share, whereas shares of our Class A common stock have one vote per share and shares of our Class C common stock have no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the "Charter") or required by applicable law). As of December 31, 2025, our directors and executive officers hold in the aggregate almost half of the total voting power of our outstanding capital stock, and our directors, founders and executive officers hold in the aggregate more than half of the total voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Accordingly, holders of shares of Class B common stock are able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. This concentrated voting power limits or precludes other stockholders' ability to influence the outcome of these matters. Holders of Class B common stock may have interests that differ from holders of Class A common stock and may vote in a way with which holders of Class A common stock disagree and which may be adverse to the interests of holders of Class A common stock. This concentrated voting power is likely to have the effect of limiting the likelihood of an unsolicited merger proposal, unsolicited tender offer or proxy contest for the removal of directors. As a result, our governance structure and Charter may have the effect of depriving our stockholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices and make it more difficult to replace our directors and management. Furthermore, this concentrated voting power could discourage a potential investor from acquiring Class A common stock due to the limited voting power of such stock relative to Class B common stock, which could also adversely affect the trading price of Class A common stock.

Our multi-class stock structure is intended to preserve our existing founder-led governance structure, to promote employee retention and engagement, to facilitate continued innovation and the risk-taking that it requires, to permit us to continue to prioritize our long-term goals rather than short-term results, to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and its policies, and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened acquisition of the company, all of which we believe are essential to the long-term success of our company and to long-term stockholder value. We expect to maintain this concentrated voting power among our founders and employees for the foreseeable future, including by issuing additional shares of Class B common stock to our employees pursuant to our equity compensation plans and allowing our employees and directors to exchange shares of Class A common stock for shares of Class B common stock.

Future transfers of shares of Class B common stock to persons other than Ginkgo directors and employees, or trusts or legal entities through which the right to vote the shares of Class B common stock held thereby is exercised exclusively by one or more of Ginkgo's directors or employees (any such director, employee, trust or legal entity, an "Eligible Holder"), or the holder of shares of Class B common stock ceasing to be an Eligible Holder, will generally result in those shares converting to shares of Class A common stock on a one-to-one basis, subject to certain exceptions and unless a majority of the independent directors of our board of directors determine that such transfer or event will not result in such automatic conversion. Each share of Class B common stock is also convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock over time will have the effect of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares of Class B common stock in the long term. As a result, the relative voting power of holders of Class A common stock is expected to remain limited for a significant period of time, and it is possible that one or more of the persons or entities holding Class B common stock could gain significant voting control as other holders of Class B common stock sell or otherwise convert their shares into Class A common stock. In addition, the conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock would dilute holders of Class A common stock in terms of voting power within the Class A common stock. Because holders of Class C common stock have no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required

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by applicable law), the holders of Class B common stock may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval for a longer period of time than would be the case if we issued Class A common stock rather than Class C common stock in such transactions.

***Our share price may change significantly over time, and you may not be able to resell our common stock at or above the price you paid or at all, and you could lose all or part of your investment as a result.***

The trading price of our Class A common stock has been in the past and is likely to continue to be volatile. Such volatility may be, in part, attributable to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● future sales of our common stock or other securities by us or our existing stockholders, or the perception of such future sales;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● results of operations of the company or our competitors that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● changes in expectations as to our future financial performance and growth, including assessments of our business, prospects, financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts, investors and short sellers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● additions or departures of key management personnel or members of our board of directors;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, new products, acquisitions, joint marketing relationships, joint ventures, other strategic relationships or capital commitments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● announcements relating to actual or potential civil and non-civil litigation, as well as governmental or regulatory investigations or inquiries;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● guidance that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● changes in the perception of our offerings or the synthetic biology industry more general including changes in regulatory conditions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● changes in accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in our industry or markets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;● other events or factors, including those resulting from natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

These factors among others may materially adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock are low.

In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

***Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our securities to decline.***

The sale of our securities in the public market, including by entities to which we have issued shares in connection with transactions, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our securities. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

There are up to approximately 5 million shares of common stock that may be earned if the trading price is greater than or equal to certain earnout price thresholds ranging from $500 to $800 for any point in a trading day during 20 trading days in a 30 consecutive trading day period, of which approximately 1.3 million shares were earned as of December 31, 2025. The vast majority of the shares that are part of the earnout will not be subject to lock-up once the earnout conditions are met.

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In connection with the SRNG Business Combination, in September 2021, Jason Kelly, Reshma Shetty, Austin Che and Bartholomew Canton were granted restricted stock units, which vested, along with certain related earnout shares that achieved the $500 price threshold, on October 1, 2022. Certain of such shares have been sold into the market, and any future sales could harm the prevailing market price of our securities.

We have also issued shares of our common stock in connection with certain of our acquisitions, which issuances dilute our existing shareholders. In addition, the shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable. Our compensation committee of our board of directors may determine the exact number of shares to be reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans at its discretion. We have filed, and expect to file in the future, one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") to register shares of Class A common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock issued pursuant to our equity incentive plans. Any such Form S-8 registration statements automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statements will be available for sale in the open market.

***Short sellers may engage in manipulative activity intended to drive down the market price of our Class A common stock, which could also result in related regulatory and governmental scrutiny, among other effects.***

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed or intends to borrow from a third party with the intention of later buying lower priced identical securities to return to the lender. Accordingly, it is in the interest of a short seller of our Class A common stock for the price to decline. At any time, short sellers may publish, or arrange for the publication of, opinions or characterizations that are intended to create negative market momentum. Issuers, like us, whose securities have historically had limited trading history or volumes and/or have been susceptible to relatively high volatility levels can be vulnerable to such short seller attacks. Short selling reports can cause increased volatility in an issuer's stock price, and result in regulatory and governmental inquiries. On October 6, 2021, such a report was published about us. Shortly after, we received a preliminary and informal inquiry from the U.S. Department of Justice related to this report. Any related inquiry or formal investigation from a governmental organization or other regulatory body, including any inquiry from the SEC, is not within the control of the Company. Although we have received confirmation from the SEC that it concluded its inquiry into Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. begun in October 2021 or soon after with no recommendation of enforcement action, any inquiry or formal investigation by any governmental organization or regulatory body could result in a material diversion of our management's time and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

***Our Charter authorizes a large number of shares of Class B common stock for issuance in the future. The future issuance of shares of Class B common stock may have the effect of further concentrating voting power with our employees and other Class B stockholders, and could have an adverse effect on the trading price of Class A common stock.***

Under our Charter, we are authorized to issue 4,500.0 million shares of Class B common stock, which are entitled to ten votes per share. We currently intend to issue additional shares of Class B common stock in the future to existing and newly hired employees pursuant to our equity compensation plans. Our authorized but unissued shares of Class B common stock are available for issuance to Eligible Holders with the approval of our board of directors without stockholder approval, except as may be required by the Listing Rules of the NYSE. In addition, our authorized but unissued shares of Class B common stock are available for issuance to persons other than Eligible Holders only with the approval of a majority of our directors elected by the holders of Class B common stock, voting separately as a class. If we issue additional shares of Class B common stock in the future, holders of shares of Class A common stock, which are entitled to one vote per share, will experience disproportionate voting power dilution relative to economic dilution, and the holders of Class B common stock may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval for a longer period of time than would be the case if we issued shares of Class A common stock.

See *"Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Common Stock Organizational Structure and Governance-Only our employees and directors are entitled to hold shares of Class B common stock (including shares of Class B common stock granted or otherwise issued to our employees and directors in the future), which shares have ten votes per share. This limits or precludes other stockholders' ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of amendments to our* 

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*organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval."*

***Under our Charter, we are authorized to issue 800.0 million shares of Class C common stock, which have no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required by applicable law). Outstanding Class C common stock may have the effect of extending voting power in Class B common stock, and may discourage potential acquisitions of our business and could have an adverse effect on the trading price of Class A common stock.***

Under our Charter, we are authorized to issue 800.0 million shares of Class C common stock, which have no voting rights (except as required by law). Class C common stock may be used for a variety of corporate purposes, including financings, acquisitions and investments. Our authorized but unissued shares of Class C common stock are available for issuance with the approval of our board of directors without stockholder approval, except as may be required by the Listing Rules of the NYSE. Because the Class C common stock carries no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required by applicable law), is not convertible into any other capital stock, and is not listed for trading on an exchange or registered for sale with the SEC, shares of Class C common stock may be less liquid and less attractive to any future recipients of these shares than shares of Class A common stock, although we may seek to list the Class C common stock for trading and register shares of Class C common stock for sale in the future. In addition, because our Class C common stock has no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required by applicable law), the holders of Class B common stock may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval for a longer period of time than would be the case if we issued Class A common stock rather than Class C common stock in such transactions. In addition, further issuances of Class C common stock would have a dilutive effect on the economic interests of Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Any such issuance could also cause the trading price of Class A common stock to decline.

***We cannot predict the effect the multi-class structure of our common stock may have on the trading price of our Class A common stock.***

The holding of low-voting stock, such as Class A common stock, may not be permitted by the investment policies of certain institutional investors or may be less attractive to the portfolio managers of certain institutional investors. In addition, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indices. Because of our multi-class stock structure, our Class A common stock will likely continue to be excluded from certain indices, and we cannot assure you that other stock indices will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds in our Class A common stock and could make shares of our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the trading price of shares of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.

***Our focus on the long-term best interests of our company and our consideration of all of our stakeholders, including our stockholders, workforce, customers, suppliers, academic researchers, governments, communities and other stakeholders that we may identify from time to time, may conflict with short-term or medium-term financial interests and business performance, which may adversely impact the value of our common stock.***

We believe that focusing on the long-term best interests of our company and our consideration of all of our stakeholders, including our stockholders, workforce, customers, suppliers, academic researchers, governments, communities and other stakeholders we may identify from time to time, is essential to the long-term success of our company and to long-term stockholder value. Therefore, we have made decisions, and may in the future make decisions, that we believe are in the long-term best interests of our company and our stockholders, even if such decisions may negatively impact the short- or medium-term performance of our business, results of operations, and financial condition or the short- or medium-term performance of our Class A common stock. Our commitment to pursuing long-term value for the company and its stockholders, potentially at the expense of short- or medium-term performance, may materially adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock, including by making owning our Class A common stock less appealing to investors who are focused on returns over a shorter time horizon. Our decisions and actions in pursuit of long-term success and long-term stockholder value, which may include our multi-class stock structure, making investments in R&D and our employees, and investing in and introducing new products and services, may not result in the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as the trading price of our Class A common stock, could be materially adversely affected.

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**Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.**

None.

**Item 1C. Cybersecurity.**

*Cybersecurity risk management and strategy*

Ginkgo integrates risk management into its overall cybersecurity strategy, and has implemented processes designed to identify, assess, prioritize and manage risks to protect Ginkgo's data, intellectual property and information assets. As part of our risk governance and management, Ginkgo has developed processes designed to: identify and assess risks, evaluate those risks against pre-defined criteria, develop and implement strategies to address identified risks, monitor and review those risks and communicate risks to relevant stakeholders. Identifying Ginkgo's cybersecurity risks involves a multifaceted approach that encompasses both internal assessments and external information sources. For example, we use security audits conducted by internal and external auditors to assess compliance with security policies and industry frameworks; vulnerability assessments to discover vulnerabilities in networks, systems and applications; and risk assessment processes to evaluate IT infrastructure, including using a risk register to identify risks, likelihood of their occurrence, potential impact, and remediation. We also oversee third-party service providers by conducting vendor diligence upon onboarding and additional monitoring. Vendors are assessed for risk based on the nature of their services, access to data and systems and supply chain risk.

Cybersecurity risk management is overseen by Ginkgo's Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"), who is supported by full-time information security staff. The CISO advises the executive team on the development and implementation of the information security program.

Ginkgo incorporates learning from its cybersecurity risk management process into its overall cybersecurity program. To date, Ginkgo has not experienced a cybersecurity incident that resulted in a material effect on our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Despite our efforts, we cannot provide assurance that we will not be materially affected in the future by cybersecurity risks or any future material incidents. For more information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors, *"Significant disruptions to our and our service providers' information technology systems or data security incidents could result in significant financial, legal, regulatory, business and reputational harm to us."* 

*Cybersecurity governance*

The Board provides regular oversight of the Company's cybersecurity risk management program. The CISO presents to the Board and the audit committee of our Board (the "Audit Committee") at least annually and quarterly updates via business review dashboards. The Board provides guidance to the CISO, including with respect to any changes to business priorities, risk tolerance, or security initiatives. These briefings are also augmented by ongoing and continuous interactions between the Board and the CISO, as needed.

Ginkgo's CISO has primary responsibility for assessing and managing Ginkgo's risks from cybersecurity threats. The CISO has public and private-sector experience in information technology and has served as Ginkgo's CISO since 2025. Executive leadership provides oversight and governance through monthly business reviews of the cybersecurity program.

Ginkgo also has a Disclosure Committee, which is composed of representatives from executive leadership from various departments across Ginkgo (e.g., legal, finance, accounting). Their role is to determine materiality of a cyber incident and provide guidance with respect to any disclosure obligations resulting from a cyber incident.

**Item 2. Properties.**

Ginkgo's headquarters are located in the Seaport district of Boston, Massachusetts and comprise a set of non-cancellable operating leases within a facility totaling over 320,000 square feet of office and laboratory space. These lease agreements expire on dates ranging from 2030 to 2036 and each contain one option to extend the lease for a five-year period at then-market rates. Of this 320,000 square feet of leased space, none is currently subleased, with an additional 196,000 available for sublease in connection with our restructuring.

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We also lease approximately 164,000 square feet of office and lab space in Cambridge, Massachusetts; Emeryville, California; and Zeist, Netherlands. This includes 32,000 square feet subleased in Emeryville through 2030, and 63,000 square feet in Cambridge with leases ending in February 2026. We have exited the Cambridge spaces in connection with our restructuring.

In April 2021, we entered into a lease, as amended, consisting of approximately 260,000 rentable square feet of new office and laboratory space being developed in Boston, Massachusetts near our headquarters. The lease commenced on April 11, 2024, with rent payments beginning in June 2024, and it will expire on the fifteenth anniversary of the rent commencement date. The lease includes an option to extend for an additional ten years at then-market rates, as well as an expansion option if the owner constructs an additional building on the property. We believe our footprint prior to this new facility is now sufficient to meet our needs, therefore, this facility is available for sublease.

We also own approximately 193,000 square feet of real property in West Sacramento, California, of which 16,000 is subleased and an additional 31,000 is available for sublease.

We intend to continue to evaluate our space needs and offer any excess space for subleasing.

**Item 3. Legal Proceedings.**

From time to time, the Company may in the ordinary course of business be named as a defendant in lawsuits, indemnity claims and other legal proceedings. The Company does not believe any pending litigation to be material, or that the outcome of any such pending litigation, in management's judgment based on information currently available, would have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

See Note <u>[12](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_172)</u>, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.**

Not Applicable.

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**PART II**

**Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.**

**Market Information**

Our Class A common stock began trading on the NYSE under the symbol "DNA" on September 17, 2021. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our Class A common stock.

**Holders of Record**

As of December 31, 2025, there were approximately 421 stockholders of record of our Class A common stock, 104 stockholders of record of our Class B common stock and 1 stockholder of record of our Class C common stock, which does not include persons whose stock is held in nominee or "street name" accounts through brokers, banks and intermediaries.

**Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans**

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and vesting of outstanding restricted stock units (#)** | | **Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options ($)** | **Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in the first column) (#)** | |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) | 6002588 | (2) | $151.78 | 3336606 | (3) |
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders (4) | 34119 |  |  | 292172 |  |
| Total | 6036707 |  | $151.78 | 3628778 |  |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)Includes the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)Includes 366,567 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and 5,636,021 shares of common stock issuable upon settlement of outstanding restricted stock units.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)The Plan provides that the number of shares of common stock reserved and available for issuance under the Plan shall be cumulatively increased on January 1 of each year. The number of shares of common stock increased each year will be equal to the lesser of: (i) 4% of the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or (ii) such lesser amount as determined by our board of directors.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)Includes the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan.

**Performance Graph**

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Biotechnology Select Industry Index between September 17, 2021 (the date our common stock began trading on the NYSE after the SRNG Business Combination) through December 31, 2025. All values assume a $100 initial investment at market close on September 17, 2021 and data for the S&P 500 and the S&P Biotechnology Select indices assume reinvestment of all dividends.

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![Performance Graph.jpg](dna-20251231_g4.jpg)

**Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities**

On May 9, 2025, in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, we issued a total of 102,922 shares of our Class A common stock to StrideBio, Inc., valued at approximately $0.8 million, in settlement of the purchase price holdback amount payable in connection with Ginkgo's acquisition of certain assets from StrideBio in 2023.

**Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities**

None.

**Item 6. [Reserved]**

**Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.**

*The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further, this section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. For discussion related to 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 that are not* 

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*included in this Form 10-K, please refer to Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2024 Form 10-K, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2025. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.* 

**Overview**

Our mission is to make biology easier to engineer.

Ginkgo sells services to government and commercial customers in two business segments: cell engineering, where we provide tools and biological R&D services across a range of industries, and biosecurity, where we provide services to customers who are working to identify, monitor, prevent, mitigate, and ultimately protect humanity from biological threats. An overview of these two business segments is provided below.

**Cell Engineering**

Ginkgo does not make end products; instead, we offer biological R&D services on our platform to enable our customers to bring their products to market. Historically, Ginkgo's primary service offering has been cell engineering R&D services (solutions) where Ginkgo performs technical activities. In 2024, Ginkgo expanded its service offering to include services that provide our customers cell engineering tools for biological R&D, where Ginkgo enables its customers to conduct certain in-house R&D activities themselves. Our services are designed to offer customers better results on the dimensions of probability of success, speed, or cost – and ideally on all three.

The fundamental advantage of our cell engineering platform over traditional cell engineering done by hand at our customers' labs is that our platform improves with scale while in-house cell engineering in our customers' labs largely does not. Compounding and mutually reinforcing improvements of our laboratory automation and software infrastructure—our Autonomous Lab—and our reusable data assets enable us to improve our services with each successive project.

Our Autonomous Lab is a flexible wet lab built from our Reconfigurable Automation Cart ("RAC") systems capable of large scale data generation; it powers generative AI and machine learning ("ML") tools that enable more successful biological R&D. We now offer services providing such data generation, AI and automation tools directly to Ginkgo customers. Our data assets comprise best practices for cell engineering, along with sequences and host cells that have been honed through dozens of programs and can be directly reusable for our cell engineering solutions. We now offer licenses to our host cells and other IP assets, such as our broad metagenomic library.

*Cell engineering tools offerings*

We charge customers fees for the services we provide in our cell engineering tools offerings. Fees for our automation solutions (RAC systems) are typically earned over a period that covers design, build, and deployment and range from six to twelve months. In addition, we offer support services for our RAC systems with fixed fees covering the support periods.

Fees for our Datapoints services are typically earned over a shorter period of time (weeks to months) than for cell engineering solutions, which may be multi-year programs. A typical deliverable for a Datapoints program is a data package. Fees for cell engineering solutions programs are typically structured as a fixed fee for a fixed scope of work.

*Cell engineering solutions*

Our cell engineering solutions are typically scoped and delivered as a program ranging in duration from several months to several years. A typical deliverable for the program would comprise an enzyme sequence, or an engineered strain or cell line and its associated bioprocess. For each of these programs, we generate economic value in two primary ways.

First, we charge service fees for Autonomous Lab services, in much the same way that cloud computing companies charge usage fees for utilization of computing capacity or CROs charge for services. R&D is inherently risky and our customers recognize that this is a cost they will incur regardless of success and whether they are working on the program in-house or with a partner. Typically, service fees for a program include a fixed fee for a fixed scope of work and may also include payments contingent upon hitting certain technical milestones. If we are able to deliver program results with less work through the use of Codebase assets and/or generative AI tools, then we can achieve the same revenue with lower cost or in

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a shorter duration. Service fees provide a strong foundation of revenue that is independent of any commercialization efforts by our partners.

Second, as the key enabling technology for our customers' products, we have historically negotiated a value share with our customers (in the form of royalties, milestones, and/or equity interests) in order to align our economics with the success of the programs enabled by our platform. Because we typically do not incur material downstream costs (e.g., manufacturing or product development, which our customers manage), these value share payments flow through with approximately 100% contribution margin. We have structured a variety of value sharing mechanisms, including royalties, lump-sum milestones, and equity payments. As Ginkgo has matured, we have shifted our downstream value towards milestone payments and commercial royalties rather than equity. In addition, commencing in the second quarter of 2024, we announced changes in prospective commercial terms, including the removal of downstream value share from certain program types.

This flexible business model allows for more predictable near-term revenue in up-front research fees and technical milestones without sacrificing our ability to create long-term value with asymmetric upside through downstream value share (typically in the form of a royalty stream, milestone, and/or equity share). As we add more programs to the platform over time, we expect downstream value share to contribute income, which could in turn grow our overall margins and cash flow profile for our cell engineering solutions. The realization of potential revenue related to downstream value in the form of potential future milestone payments and royalties and/or equity consideration is dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to successfully develop engineered cells, bioprocesses, data packages, or other deliverables, and the product development and commercialization success of our customers.

**Biosecurity**

With a mission to make biology easier to engineer, we have always recognized the need to invest in biosecurity as a key component of our platform. We are building the future bioeconomy with our customers and partners, and we envision the future of biosecurity as a global immune system equipped with the capabilities to rapidly and reliably identify, monitor, prevent, and mitigate biological threats. The first, critical step in realizing this future is to build a robust early warning system for biological threats—this is the primary focus of Ginkgo's Biosecurity business.

Our primary biosecurity customers are governments. We currently provide biosecurity services via two core offerings as introduced in early 2024:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Canopy, which helps our customers generate high value genomic data from strategically positioned nodes (like airports and border checkpoints) via end-to-end biomonitoring programs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Horizon, our digital surveillance, analytics and insights platform that detects and monitors biothreats worldwide.

Our recent strategic business and asset acquisitions are described in detail in Note <u>[4](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_148)</u> of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

***Key Business Metrics***

In the past, we reported New Programs, Current Active Programs and Cumulative Programs as our key business metrics. We have undertaken a strategic review of these metrics, including in light of our new service offerings and our restructuring plan announced and commenced in the second quarter of 2024, and, beginning with the three months ending December 31, 2024, we no longer rely on New Programs, Current Active Programs and Cumulative Programs as key business metrics. We may in the future report on key business metrics, which metrics may change or be substituted for additional or different metrics as our business develops.

**Components of Results of Operations** 

***Revenue***

*Cell Engineering Revenue* 

We generate Cell Engineering revenue primarily through service and license agreements for our tools and solutions offerings. Under our automation solutions agreements we typically provide services related to the design, build, and deployment of our RAC systems as well as ongoing support services. Datapoints agreements typically include fixed fees for services related to producing a data package for our customers and are earned over a shorter time period than legacy

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cell engineering solutions projects. Under our solutions agreements, we typically provide R&D services for cell programming with the goal of producing an engineered cell that meets a mutually agreed specification. Our customers obtain license rights to the output of our services, which are primarily the optimized strains or cell lines, in order to manufacture and commercialize products derived from that licensed strain or cell line. Generally, the terms of these agreements provide that we receive some combination of: (1) service fees in the form of (i) upfront payments upon consummation of the agreement or other fixed payments, (ii) reimbursement for costs incurred for R&D services and (iii) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified technical criteria, plus (2) downstream value share payments in the form of (i) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified commercial criteria, (ii) royalties on sales of products from or comprising engineered organisms arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement and/or (iii) royalties related to cost of goods sold reductions realized by our customers. Royalties did not comprise a material amount of our revenue during any of the periods presented.

Cell Engineering revenue has historically included transactions with Platform Ventures and Legacy Structured Partnerships where we received non-cash consideration in the form of equity interests and financial instruments that are convertible into equity upon a triggering event. We view the upfront non-cash consideration as prepayments for licenses which will be granted in the future as we complete mutually agreed upon technical development plans. In these instances, we also receive cash consideration for the R&D services performed by us on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis. We are not compensated through additional milestone or royalty payments under these arrangements. As we perform R&D services under the mutually agreed upon development plans, we recognize a reduction in the prefunded obligation on a cost-plus basis. In some cases we issued the customer a prepaid Cell Engineering services credit in exchange for the upfront non-cash consideration, which can and has been drawn down as payment for R&D services performed under mutually agreed upon development plans. These arrangements are further described in Notes <u>[7](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_154)</u>, <u>[8](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_157)</u>, and <u>[17](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_190)</u> of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K..

Downstream value share in the form of equity interest appreciation is not recognized as revenue but is expected to contribute to future cash flows upon liquidation, the amount and timing of which is inherently unpredictable. The initial fair market value of the equity interests received may also decrease after contract inception and the amount of cash proceeds eventually realized may be less than the revenue recognized. Equity investments are accounted for under the equity method, cost method or are carried at fair value.

As Ginkgo has matured, we have shifted our downstream value towards milestone payments and commercial royalties rather than equity. In addition, commencing in the second quarter of 2024, we announced changes in prospective commercial terms, including the removal of downstream value share from certain program types.

*Biosecurity Revenue* 

We offer biosecurity services through our two core offerings: Canopy and Horizon. We are currently offering biomonitoring and bioinformatics support services domestically through our partnerships with the CDC and XpresCheck, and internationally. We are also engaged in a series of smaller partnerships that generate revenues through biosecurity services and R&D.

We generate service revenue through the sale of our end-to-end biomonitoring and bioinformatics support services. These service offerings generally consist of goods and services including, but not limited to, sample collection, sample storage and transportation, outsourced laboratory analysis, access to results reported through a web-based portal, analytical reporting of results, and overall program management.

In general, these agreements stipulate that we are entitled to compensation for service revenue as services are performed, and for product revenue. The timing of revenue recognition depends on the identified performance obligations but is generally recognized over time or as results are reported to the customer.

***Costs and Operating Expenses***

*Cost of Biosecurity Service Revenue* 

The cost of Biosecurity service revenue consists of costs related to our biomonitoring and bioinformatics support services. This includes costs incurred for sample collection equipment and materials, outsourced laboratory analysis, access to results reported through our proprietary web-based portal, and reporting of results to government and non-government customers. Additionally, the cost of Biosecurity service revenue includes direct labor cost associated with bioinformatics, lab network management, delivery logistics, and customer support.

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*Cost of Other Revenue*

Cost of other revenue consists of costs related to our Cell Engineering tools offerings, including Datapoints and lab automation solutions. Such costs primarily include hardware, software, materials and labor.

*Research and Development Expenses* 

The nature of our business, and primary focus of our activities, generates a significant amount of R&D expenses. R&D expenses represent costs incurred by us for the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• development, operation, expansion and enhancement of our Foundry and Codebase; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• costs incurred to deliver our end-to-end cell engineering solutions offering to customers.

The activities above incur the following expenses:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• personnel compensation and benefits;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• rent, facilities, depreciation, software, professional fees and other direct and allocated overhead expenses; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• laboratory supplies, consumables and related services provided under agreements with third parties and in-licensing arrangements.

We expense R&D expenses as incurred. We experienced lower R&D costs in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to our restructuring plan announced and commenced in the second quarter of 2024 as we rationalize our current development programs and prioritize our investments in our tools offerings. We expect that our R&D expenses will either remain consistent or decline in 2026 as compared to 2025, reflecting the stabilization of our operational overhead and the impact of our restructuring actions. However, our R&D expenses could increase in 2026 due to continued investment in our tools offerings. The nature, timing, and estimated costs required to support our growth will be dependent on advances in technology, our ability to attract new customers, and the rate of market penetration within our existing customer industries.

*General and Administrative Expenses* 

General and administrative ("G&A") expenses consist primarily of costs for personnel in executive, business development, finance, human resources, legal and other corporate administrative functions. G&A expenses also include professional legal services fees and costs incurred relating to litigation, corporate, intellectual property and patent matters, professional fees incurred for accounting, auditing, tax and administrative consulting services, insurance costs, facility-related costs not otherwise included in R&D expenses, and asset impairments.

We experienced lower G&A costs in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to our restructuring plan announced and commenced in the second quarter of 2024, as we began reducing our operational overhead. We expect that our G&A expenses will either remain consistent or decline in 2026 as compared to 2025, reflecting the stabilization of our operational overhead and the impact of our restructuring actions. Conversely, we intend to maintain a strategic and opportunistic approach regarding inorganic G&A expenses arising from mergers, acquisitions, and other inorganic growth initiatives.

*Impairment of Lease Assets*

Impairment of lease assets relates to impairment losses recognized on a right-of-use asset and the related leasehold improvements associated with exited leased facilities.

*Goodwill Impairment*

In the second quarter of 2024, we fully impaired the goodwill attributable to our Cell Engineering reporting unit.

*Restructuring Charges*

Restructuring charges are related to our restructuring plan, which was announced and commenced in the second quarter of 2024. These charges primarily include severance and other employee termination costs from a reduction in force that commenced in 2024, as well as the impairment of a right-of-use asset due to the subleasing of a facility as part of real estate consolidation. Reductions in force were substantially completed in 2025. While the company completed the majority of our facility consolidation actions in 2025, we continue to look for opportunities for subleasing unused or underutilized facilities, which will extend beyond 2026 or may not occur prior to termination of such lease, depending on market

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conditions. Additionally, restructuring expenses related to potential asset impairments or contract amendments or terminations for any facilities no longer in use or underutilized could be material.

Additional details are included in Note <u>[3](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_575)</u>, Restructuring, of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

*Interest Income*

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable debt securities.

*Loss on Investments* 

Loss on investments includes the change in fair value of our marketable equity securities in publicly traded companies and impairment losses recognized on non-marketable equity securities in privately held companies.

*Loss on Deconsolidation of Subsidiaries*

Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiaries pertains to the deconsolidation of our former foreign subsidiary Altar SAS ("Altar") in 2024 as a result of a sale and the deconsolidation of our former subsidiary Zymergen Inc. ("Zymergen") in 2023.

*Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities*

The change in fair value of warrant liabilities reflects adjustments to the fair value of private placement warrants ("Private Placement Warrants") and warrants formerly publicly traded on the NYSE ("Public Warrants"). These warrants, classified as liabilities, were assumed as part of our merger with Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp. ("SRNG") on September 16, 2021, and were initially issued in connection with SRNG's initial public offering. Warrant liabilities are remeasured at fair value at each balance sheet date and have substantially no value as of December 31, 2025.

*Other (Expense) Income, Net*

Other (expense) income, net primarily consists of sublease rent income and changes in fair value of notes receivable that we elected to account for under the fair value option.

*Provision for Income Taxes* 

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740*, Income Taxes*, which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our audited consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. For all periods presented, we have recorded a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized.

We account for uncertain tax positions using a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors, including, but not limited to, changes in the law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position.

As of December 31, 2025, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.8 billion, of which $139.2 million will begin to expire in 2029 and $1.6 billion can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2025, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.5 billion, of which $1.2 billion will begin to expire in 2030 and $257.5 million can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2025, we had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $38.8 million, which will begin to expire in 2029. As of December 31, 2025, we also had state research and development and investment tax credit carryforwards of approximately $31.4 million, which will begin to expire in 2030. The Company also had $3.9 million of foreign net operating losses as of December 31, 2025, of which $1.5 million will begin to expire in 2034 and $2.4 million can be carried forward indefinitely.

Income taxes are determined at the applicable tax rates adjusted for non-deductible expenses, R&D tax credits and other permanent differences. Our income tax provision may be affected by changes to our estimates.

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**Results of Operations** 

***Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024***

The following table presents our result of operations for the periods indicated:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | |
| **(in thousands)** | **2025** | **2024** | **Change**  |
| Cell Engineering revenue | $132746 | $173972 | $(41226) |
| Biosecurity revenue: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Service | 37409 | 53071 | (15662) |
| Total revenue | 170155 | 227043 | (56888) |
| Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of Biosecurity service revenue <sup>(1)</sup> | 31521 | 38549 | (7028) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of other revenue <sup>(1)</sup> | 15451 | 5999 | 9452 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development <sup>(1)</sup> | 243773 | 424061 | (180288) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative <sup>(1)</sup> | 183290 | 246161 | (62871) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill impairment |  | 47858 | (47858) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 11398 | 24172 | (12774) |
| Total operating expenses | 485433 | 786800 | (301367) |
| Loss from operations | (315278) | (559757) | 244479 |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 22616 | 38612 | (15996) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense |  | (94) | 94 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on investments | (16411) | (28827) | 12416 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiaries |  | (7013) | 7013 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  | 5701 | (5701) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net | (4527) | 3870 | (8397) |
| Total other income (expense) | 1678 | 12249 | (10571) |
| Loss before income taxes | (313600) | (547508) | 233908 |
| Income tax benefit | (837) | (479) | (358) |
| Net loss | $(312763) | $(547029) | $234266 |

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<sup>(1)</sup> The following table presents the allocation of stock-based compensation expense, inclusive of employer payroll taxes.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| **(in thousands)** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Research and development | $34837 | $57723 |
| General and administrative | 42994 | 57576 |
| Cost of Biosecurity revenue | 2624 |  |
| Cost of other revenue | 2249 |  |
| Total | $82704 | $115299 |

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***Cell Engineering Revenue***

Cell Engineering revenue was $132.7 million in 2025, compared to $174.0 million in 2024, a decrease of $41.2 million. The decrease was primarily due to the recognition of $45.4 million in non-cash revenue from the release of a deferred revenue balance associated with the terminated Motif FoodWorks, Inc. ("Motif") contract in 2024, the recognition of $4.5 million in non-cash revenue from the release of a deferred revenue balance associated with the termination of contract with a related party in 2024, and decreases in revenue for certain programs with customers in the industrial biotechnology

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industry. These decreases were partially offset by the recognition of $7.5 million in non-cash revenue from the release of a deferred revenue balance associated with the terminated BiomEdit, Inc. ("BiomEdit") contract in 2025 (see Note <u>[17](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_190)</u> of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details) and an increase in revenue related to programs with large enterprise customers primarily in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries and with the U.S. government (healthcare and defense sectors).

As discussed above in Components of Results of Operations, Cell Engineering revenue comprises both cash and non-cash consideration. Cell Engineering revenue recognized relating to non-cash consideration decreased from $61.4 million in 2024 to $11.6 million in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to the recognition of $45.4 million in non-cash revenue from the release of the deferred revenue balance associated with the terminated Motif contract in 2024, partially offset by lower non-cash revenue from other customers.

***Biosecurity Revenue***

Biosecurity revenue was $37.4 million in 2025, compared to $53.1 million in 2024, a decrease of $15.7 million. This decrease was primarily due to lower revenue related to programs with the U.S. government and a foreign government.

***Cost of Biosecurity Service Revenue***

Cost of Biosecurity service revenue was $31.5 million in 2025, compared to $38.5 million in 2024, a decrease of $7.0 million. This decrease was primarily due to cost reductions implemented during 2025 as well as a reduction in activities supporting a program with the U.S. government.

***Cost of Other Revenue***

Cost of other revenue was $15.5 million in 2025 and $6.0 million in 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase in activity to support Datapoints contracts. These costs relate to our cell engineering customer offerings, Datapoints and lab automation solutions, which commenced in the second quarter of 2024. Costs associated with our end-to-end cell engineering solutions offering are included in research and development expenses.

***Research and Development Expenses***

Our research and development expenses principally relate to the development of new offerings and the operation, expansion and enhancement of our existing service offerings utilizing our proprietary platform, which includes our Foundry and Codebase assets, to our cell engineering customers. Research personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, is our largest expense, aggregating to $97.6 million and $184.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We also acquired and expensed in-process research and development primarily through the issuance of our equity, aggregating to zero and $19.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our remaining research and development costs are comprised primarily of rent and related facilities costs, information technology costs, depreciation pertaining to facilities and equipment, laboratory consumables, contract services and routine costs and fees.

Research and development expenses were $243.8 million in 2025, compared to $424.1 million in 2024, a decrease of $180.3 million. This decrease was primarily driven by reductions of $64.5 million in personnel-related compensation and benefits expenses (net of $2.6 million tax credit), $39.6 million in rent and facilities expenses, $22.9 million in stock-based compensation expense (inclusive of employer payroll taxes), $19.8 million in acquired in-process research and development expense, $16.7 million in laboratory supplies, $7.9 million in allocated overhead expenses (reclassified from R&D to G&A and cost of sales), $9.3 million in depreciation and amortization, $5.4 million in temporary labor and contractors, and $1.8 million increase in other operating expenses. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $7.6 million in information technology expenses primarily due to a shortfall in contractually committed spending related to our strategic cloud and AI partnership with Google Cloud (see Note <u>[12](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_172)</u> of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details).

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***General and Administrative Expenses***

General and administrative expenses were $183.3 million in 2025, compared to $246.2 million in 2024, a decrease of $62.9 million. This decrease was primarily driven by reductions of $28.8 million in personnel-related compensation and benefits expenses (net of $0.9 million tax credit), $23.0 million in professional fees, $14.6 million in stock-based compensation expense (inclusive of employer payroll taxes), $8.1 million in allocated overhead expenses (reclassified from R&D to G&A), $7.4 million in earnout remeasurement expenses, $5.8 million reduction in impairment of construction in progress assets, $4.7 million in temporary labor and contractors, $4.0 million in travel, and $1.2 million in other operating expenses. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $34.7 million in rent and facilities expenses primarily due to a new lease that commenced in the second quarter of 2024 and remains unoccupied.

***Goodwill Impairment***

In 2024, we recorded goodwill impairment expense of $47.9 million related to our Cell Engineering reporting unit, further discussed within "Critical Accounting Estimates" below.

***Restructuring Charges***

Restructuring charges were $11.4 million in 2025, compared to $24.2 million in 2024, a decrease of $12.8 million. The change was primarily driven by lower employee termination costs. See Note <u>[3](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_575)</u> of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

***Interest Income***

Interest income was $22.6 million in 2025, compared to $38.6 million in 2024, a decrease of $16.0 million. This decrease was primarily due to lower average cash and investment balances.

***Loss on Investments***

Loss on investments was $16.4 million in 2025, compared to $28.8 million in 2024, a decrease of $12.4 million. The change was primarily driven by lower impairment losses on our non-marketable equity investments in privately held companies, partially offset by fluctuations in the stock prices of marketable equity securities, compared to 2024. We assess our non-marketable equity investments quarterly for potential impairment and remeasure them to fair value when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable.

***Loss on Deconsolidation of Subsidiaries***

In 2024, we recorded a $7.0 million loss on the deconsolidation of our former foreign subsidiary Altar as a result of a sale of this business.

***Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities***

There was substantially no value related to these warrant liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The change in fair value of warrant liabilities was a gain of $5.7 million in 2024. The change in fair value of warrant liabilities is primarily driven by reductions in the value of our common stock. Increases or decreases in the value of our common stock result in a loss or gain, respectively, in the fair value of warrant liabilities.

***Other (Expense) Income, Net***

Other (expense) income, net was $(4.5) million in 2025, compared to $3.9 million in 2024, a decrease of $8.4 million. This decrease was primarily due to losses on the change in fair value of a note receivable accounted for under the fair value option recorded in 2025.

**Non-GAAP Information** 

In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we use earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") and Adjusted EBITDA internally to evaluate our performance and make financial and operational decisions. We believe these non-GAAP measures, when viewed with our GAAP results, may be helpful to investors in assessing our operating performance.

We define EBITDA as net loss attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. stockholders before the impact of interest income, interest expense, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization.

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We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for stock-based compensation expense, gain or loss on equity method investments, gain or loss on investments, change in fair value of warrant liabilities, gain or loss on deconsolidation of subsidiaries, transaction and integration costs associated with planned, completed or terminated mergers and acquisitions, including related litigation costs, restructuring and impairment charges (inclusive of impairments of goodwill and long-lived assets), costs associated with the bankruptcy filing of our former subsidiary, Zymergen (the "Zymergen Bankruptcy"), and certain other income and expenses. We believe that the use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in evaluating ongoing operating results and trends because it eliminates the effect of financing activities, investing activities, and certain non-cash charges and other items that are not related to our core operating performance or affect comparability period over period.

Our non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP performance measures. These measures exclude significant expenses and income required by GAAP, which impacts their alignment with consolidated financial statements. They also rely on management's judgment to determine which items are included or excluded, making them inherently subjective. Additionally, non-GAAP measures lack uniform definitions and may differ from those used by other companies, limiting comparability. A reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented below:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| **(in thousands)** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net loss <sup>(1)</sup> | $(312763) | $(547029) |
| Interest income | (22616) | (38612) |
| Interest expense |  | 94 |
| Income tax benefit | (837) | (479) |
| Depreciation and amortization | 58990 | 63020 |
| **EBITDA** | (277226) | (523006) |
| Stock-based compensation <sup>(2)</sup> | 82704 | 115299 |
| Impairment expense <sup>(3)</sup> |  | 53654 |
| Restructuring charges <sup>(4)</sup> | 11398 | 24172 |
| Merger and acquisition related expenses <sup>(5)</sup> | (5998) | 4417 |
| Loss on investments | 16411 | 28827 |
| Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiaries |  | 7013 |
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  | (5701) |
| Change in fair value of convertible notes | 5685 | 2014 |
| **Adjusted EBITDA** | $(167026) | $(293311) |

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)All periods include non-cash revenue when earned. For the year ended December 31, 2025 this included $7.5 million in non-cash revenue from the release of a deferred revenue balance associated with the terminated BiomEdit, Inc. ("BiomEdit") contract. For the year ended December 31, 2024 this included $45.4 million recognized pursuant to the termination of revenue contracts with Motif and $4.5 million in non-cash revenue from the release of a deferred revenue balance associated with the termination of contract with a related party.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, includes $1.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively, in related employer payroll taxes.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)For 2024, includes $47.9 million related to goodwill impairment and $5.8 million related to lab equipment.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)Restructuring charges consist of employee termination costs from the reduction in force commenced in June 2024, as well as the impairment of a right-of-use asset relating to facilities consolidation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)Represents transaction and integration costs directly related to mergers and acquisitions, including: (i) due diligence, legal, consulting and accounting fees associated with acquisitions, (ii) post-acquisition employee retention bonuses and severance payments, (iii) the fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities resulting from acquisitions, and (iv) costs associated with the Zymergen Bankruptcy, as well as securities litigation costs, net of insurance recovery. Not included in this adjustment are acquired in-process research and

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development expenses, which totaled zero and $19.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources** 

On August 19, 2024, with the approval of our board of directors and shareholders, we effected a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split for our common stock. Accordingly, all common shares presented herein have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split.

**Sources of Liquidity** 

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $167.2 million and marketable securities of $255.4 million, which we believe will be sufficient to enable us to fund our projected operations through at least the next 12 months from the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

**At-The-Market Program**

On August 7, 2025, we filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 14, 2025, on which we registered for sale up to $500 million of any combination of our Class A common stock, preferred stock, warrants, and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that we may determine. On September 4, 2025, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Allen & Company LLC, who is acting as the sales agent (the "Agent"), pursuant to which the Company may sell shares of its Class A common stock from time to time at prices and on terms determined by market conditions at the time of offering, up to an aggregate offering price of $100.0 million through or directly to the Agent in one or more at-the-market ("ATM") offerings. Since inception of the Sales Agreement through December 31, 2025, the Company has issued 1.9 million shares of Class A common stock under the Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $18.1 million. We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include, but are not limited to, financing our operations, technology development, working capital and capital expenditures.

**Material Cash Requirements**

We anticipate that our expenditures will exceed our revenue through at least the next 12 months from the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as we:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• continue our R&D activities under existing and new programs and further invest in and expand our tools offerings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• upgrade, expand or adapt our operational, financial and management systems and support our operations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• potentially acquire and integrate companies, assets or intellectual property that advance our company objectives; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• maintain, expand, and protect our intellectual property.

*Leases*

We have various noncancelable operating leases for office and laboratory space, with significant leases expiring between 2030 and 2039. As of December 31, 2025, we have fixed minimum rental commitments under noncancellable operating leases of $56.3 million in 2026 and $606.5 million thereafter, plus additional variable rents. See Note <u>[10](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_163)</u> to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.

*Purchase Obligations*

In August 2023, the Company entered into a five-year strategic cloud and AI partnership with Google Cloud, which included minimum annual commitments to purchase cloud hosting services. The partnership previously included minimum annual commitments over the contract years ending August 27, 2027 to purchase cloud hosting services in exchange for various discounts on such services. The aggregate $289 million future purchase commitment included minimum annual commitments were as follows: year 1, $8.0 million; year 2, $28.0 million; year 3, $54.0 million; year 4, $86.0 million; and year 5, $113.0 million. Effective October 3, 2025, the Company entered into amendment that revised the total aggregate future purchase commitment to $110 million and reset the annual commitments as follows (each annual year is defined as October 3 to October 2): year 1 (starting on October 3, 2025), $6.0 million; year 2, $8.0 million; year 3, $12.0 million; year 4, $18.0 million; year 5, $28.0 million; year 6, $38.0 million. The Company recognized a contractual liability of $20.9 million during year ended December 31, 2025 as a result of shortfall in purchasing relative to its commitments under the original agreement. The Company is required to make a one-time payment of $14.0 million to be released from its

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minimum annual commitment obligations under the original agreement in January 2026. If the Company does not meet its minimum annual commitment obligations in the future, additional shortfall liabilities may be incurred and future contractual losses may be material.

Effective April 1, 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to its four-year supply agreement with Twist for the purchase of diverse products including synthetic DNA. The original agreement was effective as of April 1, 2022 and obligated the Company to spend a minimum of $58.0 million over the four-year term with the following minimum annual commitments (each annual year is defined as April 1 to March 31): year 1, $10.0 million; year 2, $13.0 million; year 3, $16.0 million; and year 4, $19.0 million. The amendment converts the remaining minimum annual commitments into non-refundable payments creditable against future purchases by the Company, with no expiration. The Company paid $4.0 million in April 2025 and is obligated to non-refundable payments of $5.0 million on April 1, 2026 and $6.0 million on April 1, 2027, respectively. A contractual loss of $8.7 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2025.

*Surety Bond*

In 2026, the Company will be required to fund a surety bond in the amount of $47.0 million to fulfill its obligations under a contract with a U.S. Government National Laboratory related to the sale of RAC automation equipment. The $47.0 million will be restricted until the Company completes all of its obligations under the contract. Currently the Company expects the cash to be restricted until 2029.

***Cash Flows***

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for each period presented:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| **(in thousands)** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net cash (used in) provided by: |  |  |
| Operating activities | $(171059) | $(319585) |
| Investing activities | (240289) | (62236) |
| Financing activities | 17775 | (1739) |
| Effect of exchange rate changes | 201 | (281) |
| Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $(393372) | $(383841) |

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*Operating Activities* 

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 consisted of a net loss of $312.8 million, adjusted for a net decrease in cash due to changes in operating assets and liabilities of $44.1 million and non-cash charges of $185.8 million. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by a $32.4 million decrease in deferred revenue primarily from one-time releases of deferred revenue balances associated with terminated customer contracts and the recognition of previously deferred revenue, a $27.9 million decrease in operating lease liabilities from rent payments, and a $5.2 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets; partially offset by a $10.4 million increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and an $11.5 million increase in other non-current liabilities due to shortfalls in contractually committed spending related to our contracts with Twist and Google Cloud (see Note <u>[12](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_172)</u> of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details), and a $3.8 million decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets from lease incentives received. Non-cash adjustments primarily consisted of $59.0 million in depreciation and amortization, $81.5 million in stock-based compensation expense, $16.4 million loss on investments, and $30.1 million non-cash lease expense.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of a net loss of $547.0 million, adjusted for a net decrease in cash due to changes in operating assets and liabilities of $89.7 million and non-cash charges of $317.1 million. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by a $40.4 million decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities primarily due to the payment or release of restructuring-related accruals and litigation costs, a $68.6 million decrease in deferred revenue primarily from a one-time release of a deferred revenue balance associated with a terminated customer contract, and a $14.9 million decrease in operating lease liabilities from rent payments, partially offset by a $23.5 million decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets from lease incentives received and a $10.1 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets, primarily driven by the derecognition of an insurance receivable and a reduction in contract renewals resulting from our restructuring actions. Non-cash adjustments primarily consisted of $63.0 million in depreciation and amortization, $112.3 million in stock-based compensation

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expense, $28.8 million loss on investments, $28.1 million non-cash lease expense, $19.8 million in acquired in-process research and development expense, and $58.5 million in various asset impairment charges.

*Investing Activities* 

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily consisted of purchases of marketable debt securities of $418.6 million, maturities of marketable debt securities of $159.5 million, and sales of marketable debt securities of $25.9 million, and $7.7 million in purchases of property and equipment related to the build-out of new office and laboratory space near our headquarters.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily consisted of $62.5 million in purchases of property and equipment related to a build out of new office and laboratory space being developed near our headquarters, $5.4 million paid for the acquisition of certain Zymergen assets, offset by $4.5 million in proceeds from the sale of marketable securities.

*Financing Activities* 

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily consisted of $18.1 million in net proceeds from the ATM offering and $0.4 million of principal payments on finance leases.

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily consisted of principal payments on finance leases and payments of contingent consideration related to business acquisitions.

**Critical Accounting Estimates** 

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our judgments and estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. The effects of material revisions in estimates, if any, are reflected in our consolidated financial statements prospectively from the date of change in estimates.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note <u>[2](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_145)</u> to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements require the most significant judgments and estimates.

***Revenue Recognition***

*Cell Engineering Revenue* 

For certain Cell Engineering revenue contracts, we recognize revenue over the period of performance using a measure of progress based on costs incurred to date relative to total expected costs (i.e., cost-to-cost method). A significant level of judgment is involved in estimating the total expected costs. When estimating total expected costs, we make assumptions and estimates regarding the contracted scope of work, tasks required to complete each project, technical and schedule risks associated with the science, the expected duration of each project, and the total amount of internal and external resources required.

Our collaboration and licensing agreements often include multiple promises, such as (i) licenses and assignments of intellectual property and materials and (ii) research and development services. We assess whether each promise constitutes a distinct performance obligation based on the specific terms of each agreement. Determining whether the promises within a customer contract should be accounted for separately as distinct performance obligations requires significant judgment. Therefore, we review customer contracts to identify all individual promises to transfer goods and services that qualify as performance obligations.

Options to acquire additional goods and services are evaluated to determine whether they provide a material right to the customer that would not otherwise be available without entering into the contract. Judgment is required to assess whether a

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customer option constitutes a material right. If a material right is identified, the option is treated as a separate performance obligation, and the revenue allocated to the option is deferred until the option is either exercised or expires.

We also evaluate contract modifications and amendments to determine whether any changes should be accounted for as a separate contract, prospectively or on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Certain customer contracts include payment in the form of equity securities or other financial instruments that convert into equity upon a triggering event. Any non-cash consideration is measured at its estimated fair value at contract inception. For equity securities and financial instruments that are not actively traded, we generally determine the estimated fair value by referencing a recent financing round or utilizing a scenario-based valuation model. Significant unobservable inputs are used in these valuations, including expectations regarding future financings of the customer, scenario dates and probabilities, expected volatility, discount rates, and recovery rates. Changes in these assumptions can materially affect the fair value of the non-cash consideration and, consequently, the total revenue recognized for the contract.

***Impairment of Long-Lived Assets***

We review our long-lived assets and asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. In determining the expected future cash flows, we use assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future cash flows may differ from the estimates used in impairment testing. We recognize an impairment loss when and to the extent that the estimated fair value of the long-lived assets is less than their carrying value.

***Goodwill***

During the year ended December 31, 2024, due to a sustained decrease in the market price of our Class A common stock and market capitalization, we identified that a possible indicator of impairment was present as of June 30, 2024. As such, we completed a quantitative impairment test related to our Cell Engineering reporting unit. To conduct the impairment test of goodwill, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was compared to its carrying value. The estimated fair value of the Cell Engineering reporting unit was determined using a weighted approach that considered a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model under the income approach and the guideline public company ("GPC") method under the market approach. Inputs used in the DCF model included the projected future operating results of the reporting unit and the applicable discount rate, while inputs used in the GPC method consisted of a revenue multiple. The projected future operating results were based on historical experience and internal annual operating plans reviewed by management, extrapolated over the forecast period. The discount rate was determined using a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for risk factors specific to the reporting unit. The revenue multiple was based on the GPC method using comparable publicly traded company multiples of revenue for a group of benchmark companies. The DCF method was weighted 75% and the GPC 25%. We reconciled the resulting fair value of the reporting unit to our market capitalization to corroborate the fair value estimate used in the impairment test.

The interim impairment test indicated that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value. As a result, we fully impaired goodwill and recorded an impairment loss of $47.9 million in the second quarter of 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

***Investments in Non-Marketable Equity Securities***

We account for our non-marketable equity securities using the measurement alternative, where the carrying value is measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Determining whether an observed transaction is similar to the security owned by us requires judgment based on the rights and obligations of the investments.

We evaluate non-marketable equity investments for impairment on a quarterly basis, considering both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant effect on the investment's fair value. Qualitative factors considered include the companies' financial and liquidity position, access to capital resources, adverse changes in the economic environment of the investee, and adverse changes in the business prospects of the investee, among others. When indicators of impairment exist, we prepare quantitative assessments of the fair value of our non-marketable equity securities using market and income approaches that require judgment and the use of estimates, including discount rates, assumptions around the investees' expected time to exit event, investee revenues and expenses, and comparable market data of guideline public companies, among others. When our assessment indicates that an impairment exists, we write down the investment to its fair value.

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**Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements** 

See Note <u>[2](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_145)</u>, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," of our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.

**Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.**

***Interest Rate Risk***

We are exposed to interest rate risk on our cash equivalents and marketable debt securities. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of $382.9 million, consisting of highly liquid investments in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities, corporate bonds, and commercial paper. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to fluctuations in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. However, due to the short-term nature and quality of investments in our portfolio, an immediate change in market interest rates of 100 basis points would not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

***Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk***

We are subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk from the translation of the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries, whose financial condition and results of operations are reported in their local currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable currency exchange rate for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Foreign currency translation (loss) gain was $3.5 million and $(4.8) million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Foreign currency translation adjustments are accounted for as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders' equity. Additionally, we have contracted with and may continue to contract with foreign customers, suppliers, and contractors. We do not believe that an immediate 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies would have a material effect on operating results or financial condition.

***Inflation Risk***

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor, laboratory supplies, consumables and equipment. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

**Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.**

Our consolidated financial statements, together with the report of our independent registered public accounting firm, appear beginning on page <u>[F-1 in Part IV, Item 15, "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules"](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_115)</u> and are incorporated herein by reference.

**Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.**

None.

**Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.**

***Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures***

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as of December 31, 2025, which is the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2025.

***Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting***

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such terms are defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a framework designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive

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Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our board of directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

As of December 31, 2025, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in *Internal Control – Integrated Framework* (2013). Based on this evaluation, we concluded that the Company's system of internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, as stated in their report which is included herein.

***Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting***

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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**REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

**Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in *Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)* issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in *Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)* issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, of the Company and our report dated February 26, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

**Basis for Opinion**

The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting**

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

February 26, 2026

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**Item 9B. Other Information.**

None.

**Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.**

Not applicable.

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**PART III**

**Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.**

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the relevant information from our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed not later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

**Insider Trading Compliance Policy**

The Company has adopted an Insider Trading Compliance Policy governing the purchase, sale and/or other disposition of its securities by directors, officers and employees, or the Company itself, that it believes is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations and applicable NYSE listing standards. A copy of the Company's Insider Trading Compliance Policy is filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibit 19.1.

**Item 11. Executive Compensation.**

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the relevant information from our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed not later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

**Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.**

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the relevant information from our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed not later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

**Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.**

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the relevant information from our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed not later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

**Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.** 

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the relevant information from our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed not later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

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**PART IV**

**Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)As part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the consolidated financial statements are listed in the accompanying index to financial statements on page <u>[F-1](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_2748779070649)</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are either not required or not applicable or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)Exhibits:

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit Number** | **Description** |
| 2.2 | <u>[Merger Agreement, dated as of May 11, 2021, by and among Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp., SEAC Merger Sub Inc. and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of SRNG's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 11, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521156844/d66969dex21.htm)</u> |
| 2.3 | <u>[Amendment to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 14, 2021, by and among Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp., SEAC Merger Sub Inc. and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to SRNG's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-40097) for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 24, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521171095/d560468dex21.htm)</u> |
| 3.1 | <u>[Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 19, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001830214/000162828024037685/dna-20240819.htm)</u> |
| 3.2 | <u>[Amended and Restated Bylaws of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312523265256/d563263dex31.htm)</u> |
| 4.1 | <u>[Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on August 4, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521235409/d177007dex45.htm)</u> |
| 4.2\* | <u>[Description of Securities of the Registrant](dna-20251231xex42.htm)</u> |
| 4.3 | <u>[Warrant Agreement, dated as of February 23, 2021, by and among Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp. and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of SRNG's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40097), filed with the SEC on February 26, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521060375/d115307dex41.htm)</u> |
| 4.4 | <u>[Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2021, by and among Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc., Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on March 29, 2022)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000095017022004821/dna-ex4_4.htm)</u> |
| 10.1+\* | <u>[Form of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan](dna-20251231xex101.htm)</u> |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;10.2+\* | <u>[Form of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan](dna-20251231xex102.htm)</u> |
| 10.3+ | <u>[Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2021, by and among Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc., Eagle Equity Partners III, LLC and the other Holders signatory thereto. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Ginkgo's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 20, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521277420/d186750dex104.htm)</u> |
| 10.4+\* | <u>[Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended as of June 18, 2014](dna-20251231xex104.htm)</u> |
| 10.5+ | <u>[Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex109.htm)</u> |
| 10.6+\* | <u>[Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, effective May 1, 2019](dna-20251231xex106.htm)</u> |
| 10.7+\* | <u>[Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, effective September 9, 2019](dna-20251231xex107.htm)</u> |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.8+ | <u>[Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, effective November 14, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1012.htm)</u> |
| 10.9+\* | <u>[Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, effective April 8, 2020](dna-20251231xex109.htm)</u> |
| 10.10+\* | <u>[Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, effective March 15, 2021](dna-20251231xex1010.htm)</u> |
| 10.11+ | <u>[Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1015.htm)</u> |
| 10.12+ | <u>[Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1016.htm)</u> |
| 10.13+ | <u>[Form of Restricted Stock Agreement, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1017.htm)</u> |
| 10.14+ | <u>[Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on May 6, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000162828025022761/dna-20250331xex101.htm)</u> |
| 10.15+ | <u>[Form of Stock Option Agreement, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000095017022017412/dna-ex10_1.htm)</u> |
| 10.16+ | <u>[Form of Global Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000095017022017412/dna-ex10_2.htm)</u> |
| 10.17+ | <u>[Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on May 6, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000162828025022761/dna-20250331xex102.htm)</u> |
| 10.18†‡ | <u>[Lease Agreement, dated December 22, 2011, between Zoom Group LLC and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1018.htm)</u> |
| 10.19† | <u>[First Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated April 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1019.htm)</u> |
| 10.20† | <u>[Second Amendment to Lease, dated August 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1020.htm)</u> |
| 10.21 | <u>[Third Amendment to Lease, dated August 15, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1021.htm)</u> |
| 10.22† | <u>[Fourth Amendment to Lease, dated May 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1022.htm)</u> |
| 10.23† | <u>[Fifth Amendment to Lease, dated May 31, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1023.htm)</u> |
| 10.24 | <u>[Sixth Amendment to Lease, dated August 5, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1024.htm)</u> |
| 10.25† | <u>[Seventh Amendment to Lease, dated July 31, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1025.htm)</u> |

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|:---|:---|
| 10.26† | <u>[Eighth Amendment to Lease, dated March 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1026.htm)</u> |
| 10.27† | <u>[Ninth Amendment to Lease, dated September 6, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1027.htm)</u> |
| 10.28† | <u>[Tenth Amendment to Lease, dated July 29, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1028.htm)</u> |
| 10.29† | <u>[Eleventh Amendment to Lease, dated August 14, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1029.htm)</u> |
| 10.30† | <u>[Twelfth Amendment to Lease, dated January 13, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1030.htm)</u> |
| 10.31† | <u>[Thirteenth Amendment to Lease, dated September 6, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-258712), filed with the SEC on September 15, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521273556/d172577dex1031.htm)</u> |
| 10.32 | <u>[Fourteenth Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated June 1, 2022, by and between BCP-CG 27 Property LLC and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000095017022017412/dna-ex10_3.htm)</u> |
| 10.33 | <u>[Fifteenth Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated August 9, 2023, by and between BCP-CG 27 Property LLC and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000162828024008052/dna-20231231xex1031.htm)</u>  |
| 10.34 | <u>[Lease Agreement, dated March 18, 2016, by and between Jamestown 21-23-25 Drydock, L.P. and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1031.htm)</u> |
| 10.35†‡ | <u>[First Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated August 13, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1032.htm)</u> |
| 10.36† | <u>[Second Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated August 10, 2022, by and between IDB 21-25 Drydock Limited Partnership and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001830214/000095017022017412/dna-ex10_4.htm)</u> |
| 10.37 | <u>[Sublease, dated December 10, 2019, by and between Stanley Convergent Security Solutions, Inc., and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1033.htm)</u> |
| 10.38†‡ | <u>[License Agreement, dated September 11, 2020, by and between Jamestown 21-23-25 Drydock, L.P. and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1035.htm)</u> |
| 10.39†+ | <u>[Offer Letter, dated October 7, 2020, between Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. and Mark Dmytruk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on June 28, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521202062/d177007dex1038.htm)</u> |
| 10.40+ | <u>[Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 7, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000162828025038982/dna-20250630xex102.htm)</u> |
| 10.41+ | <u>[Form of Founder Equity Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 of SRNG's Form S-4/A (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on August 4, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521235409/d177007dex1040.htm)</u> |
| 10.42 | <u>[Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 of SRNG's Form S-4/A (File No. 333-256121), filed with the SEC on August 4, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521235409/d177007dex1041.htm)</u> |

---

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 10.43 | <u>[Sponsor Support Agreement, dated as of May 11, 2021, by and among Eagle Equity Partners III, LLC, Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc., Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp. and certain of its shareholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of SRNG's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40097), filed with the SEC on May 11, 2021)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312521156844/d66969dex104.htm)</u> |
| 10.44+ | <u>[Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2024 Founder Award Program, granted under the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 9, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000119312522200433/d368627dex101.htm)</u> |
| 10.45+ | <u>[Compensation Adjustment Letter dated May 30, 2025, between Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. and Steven Coen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 7, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000162828025038982/dna-20250630xex101.htm)</u> |
| 10.46 | <u>[Sales Agreement, dated September 4, 2025, by and among the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. and Allen & Company LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on Sept 4, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000183021425000009/ex11.htm)</u> |
| 19.1\* | <u>[Insider Trading Compliance Policy](dna-20251231xex191.htm)</u> |
| 21.1\* | <u>[Subsidiaries of the Registrant](dna-20251231xex211.htm)</u> |
| 23.1\* | <u>[Consent of](dna-20251231xex231.htm)[Deloitte & Touche](dna-20251231xex231.htm)[LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](dna-20251231xex231.htm)</u> |
| 23.2\* | <u>[Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](dna-20251231xex232.htm)</u> |
| 31.1\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](dna-20251231xex311.htm)</u> |
| 31.2\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](dna-20251231xex312.htm)</u> |
| 32.1\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](dna-20251231xex321.htm)</u> |
| 32.2\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](dna-20251231xex322.htm)</u> |
| 97 | <u>[Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830214/000162828024008052/dna-20231231xex97.htm)</u> |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |

---

________________________________________________________

\*Filed herewith.

†The annexes, schedules, and certain exhibits to this Exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted annex, schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.

‡&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Certain confidential information contained in this Exhibit has been omitted because it is (i) not material and (ii) of the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

------

**<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>**

**Item 16. Form 10-K Summary**

None.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized**.** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.** | **GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.** |
| Date: February 26, 2026 | By: | /s/ Jason Kelly |
|  |  | Jason Kelly |
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer |

---

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Name** | **Title** | **Date** |
| /s/ Jason Kelly | Chief Executive Officer and Director | February 26, 2026 |
| **Jason Kelly** | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
| /s/ Steven Coen | Chief Financial Officer | February 26, 2026 |
| **Steven Coen** | (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
| /s/ Shyam Sankar | Director, Chair of the Board | February 26, 2026 |
| **Shyam Sankar** |  |  |
| /s/ Ross Fubini | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| **Ross Fubini** |  |  |
| /s/ Christian Henry | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| **Christian Henry** |  |  |
| /s/ Sri Kosuri | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| **Sri Kosuri** |  |  |
| /s/ Reshma Shetty | President and Director | February 26, 2026 |
| **Reshma Shetty** |  |  |
| /s/ Harry E. Sloan | Director | February 26, 2026 |
| **Harry E. Sloan** |  |  |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

**GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.** 

**Index to Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and for the Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023** 

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Page**  |
| <u>[Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID:](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_1251)</u>34<u>[)](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_124)</u> | F-[2](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_1251) |
| <u>[Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID:](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_124)</u>42<u>[)](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_124)</u> | F-[4](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_124) |
| <u>[Consolidated Balance Sheets](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_127)</u> | F-[5](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_127) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_130)</u> | F-[6](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_130) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_133)</u> | F-[7](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_133) |
| <u>[Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_136)</u> | F-[9](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_136) |
| <u>[Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_139)</u> | F-[11](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_139) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[1. Organization and Basis of Presentation](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_142)</u> | F-[11](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_142) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_145)</u> | F-[11](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_142) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[3. Restructuring](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_575)</u> | F-[21](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_575) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[4. Acquisitions and Divestitures](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_148)</u> | F-[22](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_148) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[5. Fair Value Measurements](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_151)</u> | F-[25](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_151) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[6. Marketable Securities](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_21990232556947)</u> | F-[30](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_21990232556947) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[7. Investments and Equity Method Investments](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_154)</u> | F-[30](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_154) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[8. Variable Interest Entities](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_157)</u> | F-[32](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_157) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_160)</u> | F-[32](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_160) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[10. Leases](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_163)</u> | F-[33](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_163) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[11. Supplemental Financial Information](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_169)</u> | F-[36](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_169) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[12. Commitments and Contingencies](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_172)</u> | F-[37](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_172) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[13. Stockholders' Equity](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_175)</u> | F-[39](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_175) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[14. Stock-Based Compensation](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_178)</u> | F-[40](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_178) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[15. Revenue Recognition](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_184)</u> | F-[44](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_184) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[16. Segment Information](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_187)</u> | F-[45](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_187) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[17. Significant Collaboration Agreements and Transactions with Related Parties](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_190)</u> | F-[47](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_190) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[18. Employee Benefit Plan](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_193)</u> | F-[49](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_193) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[19. Income Taxes](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_196)</u> | F-[49](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_193) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[20. Net Loss per Share](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_199)</u> | F-[53](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_199) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[21. Subsequent Events](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_205)</u> | F-[54](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_205) |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

**REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in *Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)* issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 26, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

**Critical Audit Matter** 

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

***Cell Engineering Revenue Recognition — Refer to Notes 2 and 15 to the financial statements***

*Critical Audit Matter Description*

The Company generates Cell Engineering revenue primarily through service and license agreements for its tools and solutions offerings. Cell Engineering revenue was $133 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company generally recognizes Cell Engineering revenue over time based on the cost incurred to date relative to total expected costs or for cost-plus contracts, as costs are incurred. The Company evaluates its measure of progress to recognize revenue at each reporting period and, as necessary, adjusts the measure of progress and related revenue recognition. The Company's measure of progress and revenue recognition involves significant judgment and assumptions, including, but not limited to, evaluating contract terms and estimating the cost to complete the performance obligation.

Auditing the Cell Engineering revenue was challenging due to the extent of audit effort required to evaluate the volume and complexity of customer contracts, including estimates of the measure of progress.

*How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit*

Our audit procedures related to Cell Engineering revenue included the following, among others:

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

• We selected a sample of Cell Engineering contracts and performed the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Evaluated whether the contracts were properly included in management's calculation of Cell Engineering revenue based on the terms and conditions of each contract, including whether continuous transfer of control to the customer occurred as progress was made toward fulfilling the performance obligation(s).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Compared the transaction price to the consideration expected to be received based on current rights and obligations under the contracts and any modifications that were agreed upon with the customers.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Tested management's identification of distinct performance obligations.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ To the extent a contract did not represent a single distinct performance obligation, we tested the allocation of the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation by comparing the relative standalone selling prices to the selling prices of similar goods or services.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Tested the accuracy and completeness of the costs incurred to date for each performance obligation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Evaluated the estimates of total cost incurred and total estimated cost, when applicable, for the performance obligation by:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;▪ Testing the costs incurred to date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;▪ Evaluating management's estimates of total cost by performing corroborating inquiries with those that are responsible for managing the contract execution, and comparing the estimates to management's work plans.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ Tested the mathematical accuracy of management's calculation of revenue for the performance obligation.

• We evaluated management's ability to estimate total costs accurately by comparing actual costs to management's historical estimates for performance obligations that have been fulfilled.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

February 26, 2026

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

**REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM** 

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

**Opinion on the Financial Statements**

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

**Basis for Opinion**

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We served as the Company's auditor from 2018 to 2024.

Boston, Massachusetts

February 29, 2024, except for note 16 and the effects of the reverse stock split described in note 2, as to which the date is February 25, 2025

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share data)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Assets** |  |  |
| Current assets: |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $167202 | $561572 |
| Marketable securities | 255418 |  |
| Accounts receivable, net | 24026 | 21857 |
| Accounts receivable - related parties | 229 | 586 |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 24963 | 18729 |
| Total current assets | 471838 | 602744 |
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 167783 | 203720 |
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 360918 | 394435 |
| Investments | 15066 | 48704 |
| Intangible assets, net | 56924 | 72510 |
| Other non-current assets | 47167 | 55336 |
| Total assets | $1119696 | $1377449 |
| **Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity** |  |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |  |
| Accounts payable | $10566 | $14169 |
| Deferred revenue (includes $98 and $795 from related parties) | 18946 | 27710 |
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 66458 | 65387 |
| Total current liabilities | 95970 | 107266 |
| Non-current liabilities: |  |  |
| Deferred revenue, net of current portion (includes $64,787 and $72,260 from related parties) | 75182 | 98783 |
| Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 417078 | 438766 |
| Other non-current liabilities | 22876 | 16576 |
| Total liabilities | 611106 | 661391 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
| Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; none issued |  |  |
| Common stock, $0.0001 par value (Note 13) | 6 | 5 |
| Additional paid-in capital | 6657053 | 6555416 |
| Accumulated deficit | (6150320) | (5837557) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 1851 | (1806) |
| Total stockholders' equity | 508590 | 716058 |
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $1119696 | $1377449 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.*

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share data)

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Cell Engineering revenue <sup>(1)</sup> | $132746 | $173972 | $143531 |
| Biosecurity revenue: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Service | 37409 | 53071 | 78975 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Product |  |  | 28949 |
| Total revenue | 170155 | 227043 | 251455 |
| Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of Biosecurity service revenue | 31521 | 38549 | 46524 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of Biosecurity product revenue |  |  | 7481 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Cost of other revenue | 15451 | 5999 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | 243773 | 424061 | 580621 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 183290 | 246161 | 385025 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of lease assets |  |  | 96210 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill impairment |  | 47858 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring charges | 11398 | 24172 |  |
| Total operating expenses | 485433 | 786800 | 1115861 |
| Loss from operations | (315278) | (559757) | (864406) |
| Other income (expense): |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income | 22616 | 38612 | 57217 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Interest expense |  | (94) | (93) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on equity method investments |  |  | (2635) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on investments | (16411) | (28827) | (54827) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiaries |  | (7013) | (42502) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  | 5701 | 5168 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other (expense) income, net | (4527) | 3870 | 9138 |
| Total other income (expense) | 1678 | 12249 | (28534) |
| Loss before income taxes | (313600) | (547508) | (892940) |
| Income tax benefit | (837) | (479) | (71) |
| Net loss | $(312763) | $(547029) | $(892869) |
| Net loss per share | $(5.64) | $(10.54) | $(18.37) |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding: | 55457676 | 51894639 | 48610507 |
| Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |
| Net loss | $(312763) | $(547029) | $(892869) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 3531 | (4782) | 4116 |
| Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment realized upon sale of foreign subsidiary |  | 1492 |  |
| Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities | 126 |  |  |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 3657 | (3290) | 4116 |
| Comprehensive loss | $(309106) | $(550319) | $(888753) |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)Includes related party revenue of $8,784, $53,041, and $22,222 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.*

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(in thousands except share data)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | | |
| | **Shares**  | **Amount** |<br>**Additional**<br>**Paid-In**<br>**Capital**  |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**Deficit**  |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**Other**<br>**Comprehensive**<br>**(Loss) Income**  |<br>**Total**<br>**Stockholders'**<br>**Equity**  |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2022** | 47299399 | $5 | $6136563 | $(4397659) | $(2632) | $1736277 |
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise or vesting of equity awards | 2469178 |  | 555 |  |  | 555 |
| Tax withholdings related to net share settlement of equity awards | (360) |  | (23) |  |  | (23) |
| Settlement of contingent consideration | 96198 |  | 8896 |  |  | 8896 |
| Issuance of common stock for asset acquisitions | 119278 |  | 6820 |  |  | 6820 |
| Issuance of common stock in exchange for services | 50587 |  | 2500 |  |  | 2500 |
| Forfeiture of restricted stock | (1407) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stock-based compensation expense and other |  |  | 230880 |  |  | 230880 |
| Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | 4116 | 4116 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (892869) |  | (892869) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2023** | 50032873 | 5 | 6386191 | (5290528) | 1484 | 1097152 |
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise or vesting of equity awards | 1783763 |  | 543 |  |  | 543 |
| Payment for fractional shares after reverse stock split |  |  | (4) |  |  | (4) |
| Settlement of contingent consideration | 1385532 |  | 14742 |  |  | 14742 |
| Issuance of common stock for asset acquisitions | 802038 |  | 36801 |  |  | 36801 |
| Issuance of common stock in exchange for services | 361579 |  | 4799 |  |  | 4799 |
| Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment realized upon sale of foreign subsidiary |  |  |  |  | 1492 | 1492 |
| Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 112344 |  |  | 112344 |
| Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | (4782) | (4782) |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (547029) |  | (547029) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2024** | 54365785 | 5 | 6555416 | (5837557) | (1806) | 716058 |
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise or vesting of equity awards | 1798041 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issuance of common stock in ATM offering, net of $(1393) issuance costs | 1940550 |  | 18078 |  |  | 18078 |
| Release of 24,913 common shares from escrow related to acquisition |  |  | 1237 |  |  | 1237 |
| Issuance of common stock in settlement of purchase price holdback | 102922 | 1 | 776 |  |  | 777 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.*

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(in thousands except share data)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | | | | |
| | **Shares**  | **Amount** |<br>**Additional**<br>**Paid-In**<br>**Capital**  |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**Deficit**  |<br>**Accumulated**<br>**Other**<br>**Comprehensive**<br>**(Loss) Income**  |<br>**Total**<br>**Stockholders'**<br>**Equity**  |
| Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 81546 |  |  | 81546 |
| Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 3657 | 3657 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (312763) |  | (312763) |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2025** | 58207298 | $6 | $6657053 | $(6150320) | $1851 | $508590 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.*

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities:** |  |  |  |
| Net loss | $(312763) | $(547029) | $(892869) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization | 58990 | 63020 | 70507 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 81546 | 112344 | 229884 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill impairment |  | 47858 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restructuring related impairment charges |  | 4823 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash customer consideration |  | (1117) | (1373) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on equity method investments |  |  | 2635 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on investments | 16411 | 28827 | 54827 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of notes receivable | 5685 | 2014 | 2416 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  | (5701) | (5168) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability | (4232) | 3214 | 9168 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiaries |  | 7013 | 42502 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impairment of long-lived assets |  | 5796 | 121404 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred income tax benefit | (1364) | (936) | (801) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss on disposal of equipment |  | 844 | 842 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash lease expense | 30082 | 28095 | 28313 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash in-process research and development |  | 19796 | 9182 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accretion of discount on marketable securities | (3390) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other non-cash activity | 2064 | 1224 | 3194 |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts receivable ($357, $156 and $816 from related parties) | (1473) | (4725) | 50068 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (5247) | 10085 | 10473 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use assets | 3814 | 23463 | 9275 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other non-current assets | 296 | (1394) | 2570 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | (2992) | 4771 | (1183) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 10376 | (40438) | 16899 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue, current and non-current ($(8147), $(51422) and $(17018) from related parties) | (32393) | (68645) | (35917) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease liabilities, current and non-current | (27932) | (14881) | (22800) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other non-current liabilities | 11463 | 2094 | 452 |
| Net cash used in operating activities | (171059) | (319585) | (295500) |
| **Cash flows from investing activities:** |  |  |  |
| Purchases of marketable debt securities | (418630) |  |  |
| Maturities of marketable debt securities | 159483 |  |  |
| Proceeds from sale of marketable debt securities | 25899 |  |  |
| Purchases of property and equipment | (7665) | (62541) | (40801) |
| Deconsolidation of subsidiaries - cash |  |  | (42980) |
| Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (5400) |  |
| Purchases of notes receivable |  |  | (350) |
| Proceeds from sales of marketable equity securities |  | 4519 |  |
| Proceeds from sale of equipment | 574 | 648 | 4428 |
| Other | 50 | 538 | (990) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (240289) | (62236) | (80693) |
| **Cash flows from financing activities:** |  |  |  |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.*

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Proceeds from ATM offering | 19469 |  |  |
| Payment of issuance costs related to ATM offering | (1340) |  |  |
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | 84 | 93 |
| Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | (23) |
| Principal payments on finance leases | (354) | (897) | (1295) |
| Contingent consideration payment |  | (922) | (1411) |
| Payment of equity issuance costs and other |  | (4) | (580) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 17775 | (1739) | (3216) |
| Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | 201 | (281) | (588) |
| Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (393372) | (383841) | (379997) |
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 561572 | 944073 | 1315792 |
| Restricted cash, beginning of year | 44171 | 45511 | 53789 |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year | 605743 | 989584 | 1369581 |
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | 167202 | 561572 | 944073 |
| Restricted cash, end of year | 45169 | 44171 | 45511 |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year | $212371 | $605743 | $989584 |

---

*The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.*

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

**1. Organization and Basis of Presentation** 

***Business***

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.'s ("Ginkgo" or the "Company") mission is to make biology easier to engineer. Ginkgo sells services to government and commercial customers in two business segments: *cell engineering*, where we provide tools and biological R&D services across a range of industries, and *biosecurity*, where we provide services to customers who are working to identify, monitor, prevent, mitigate, and ultimately protect humanity from biological threats.

*Cell Engineering*

Ginkgo does not make end products; instead, Ginkgo offers biological R&D services on our platform to enable our customers to bring their products to market. Historically, Ginkgo's primary service offering has been cell engineering R&D services (solutions) where Ginkgo performs technical activities. In 2024, Ginkgo expanded its service offering to include services that provide our customers cell engineering tools for biological R&D, where Ginkgo enables its customers to conduct certain in-house R&D activities themselves. Ginkgo's services are designed to offer customers better results on the dimensions of probability of success, speed, or cost – and ideally on all three.

Our Autonomous Lab is a flexible wet lab built from our Reconfigurable Automation Cart ("RAC") systems capable of large scale data generation; it powers generative AI and machine learning ("ML") tools that enable more successful biological R&D.

*Biosecurity*

Ginkgo's primary biosecurity customers are governments. Ginkgo currently provides biosecurity services via two core offerings as introduced in early 2024:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Canopy, which helps our customers generate high value genomic data from strategically positioned nodes (like airports and border checkpoints) via end-to-end biomonitoring programs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Horizon, our digital surveillance, analytics and insights platform that detects and monitors biothreats worldwide.

**2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies** 

***Basis of Presentation***

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP"). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB").

***Principles of Consolidation***

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities if the Company is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

***Reverse Stock Split***

On August 19, 2024 (the "Effective Date"), with the approval of the Company's board of directors and shareholders, the Company effected a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split (the "Reverse Stock Split") for the Company's common stock (inclusive of Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock, par value $0.0001 per share). Accordingly, all common shares, common stock equity awards and common stock per share amounts presented herein have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.

On the Effective Date, every forty shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Date were automatically combined into one share of such class of common stock without any change to the par value per share. The number of shares reserved under the Company's equity plans and the number of shares underlying awards outstanding under the Company's equity plans was reduced proportionately. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Reverse Stock Split. Shareholders entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the Reverse Stock Split received a cash payment in lieu of such fractional shares. The number of authorized shares of common stock was not reduced.

***Variable Interest Entities***

The Company evaluates its variable interests in variable interest entities ("VIE") and consolidates VIEs when the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of each VIE based on its assessment of whether the Company possesses both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses that could be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the VIE. The Company reevaluates the accounting for its VIEs upon the occurrence of events that could change the primary beneficiary conclusion. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the maximum risk of loss related to the Company's VIEs was limited to the carrying value of its investment in such entities.

***Use of Estimates***

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market-specific or relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Reported amounts and disclosures reflect the overall economic conditions that management believes are most likely to occur, and the anticipated measures management intends to take. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. All revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised.

***Concentrations of Credit Risk***

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trade accounts receivable, marketable securities and notes receivable. The Company's cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are maintained in bank deposit accounts and money market funds that regularly exceed federally insured limits. The Company is exposed to credit risk on its cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the event of default by the financial institutions to the extent account balances exceed the amount insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company believes that it is not exposed to significant credit risk as its deposits are generally held in financial institutions that management believes to be of high credit quality. To date, the Company has not experienced any material write-offs related to its trade accounts receivable. A portion of the Company's Biosecurity revenue is derived from sales of services to foreign government agencies in certain developing countries. The Company is exposed to credit risk on its marketable securities. The Company's policy is for no one issuer or group of issuers from the same holding company is to exceed 10% of the marketable securities portfolio at the time of purchase, with the exception of U.S. government securities or agencies, U.S. Treasuries, bank sweep and deposit programs and money market funds. The Company's maximum credit risk exposure with respect to notes receivable is equivalent to the carrying value of the notes as of the balance sheet date.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, one customer in the Cell Engineering segment accounted for 15% of the Company's total revenue, while one customer in the Biosecurity segment accounted for 12% of the Company's total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2024, two customers in the Cell Engineering segment accounted for 13% and 20% of the Company's total revenue, while one customer in the Biosecurity segment accounted for 16% of the Company's total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer in the Cell Engineering segment and one customer in the Biosecurity segment accounted for 12% and 11%, respectively, of the Company's total revenue.

***Cash and Cash Equivalents***

The Company's cash is comprised of bank deposits, overnight sweep accounts and money market funds. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The carrying value of the Company's cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.

***Restricted Cash***

Restricted cash primarily includes cash balances collateralizing letters of credit associated with the Company's facility leases and customer prepayments requiring segregation and restrictions in its use in accordance with the customer

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

agreement. Restricted cash is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

***Allowance for Credit Losses***

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses to provide for the estimated amounts of receivables that will not be collected over the estimated life of the assets. The allowance is calculated by considering previous loss history, delinquency of receivables balances, current economic conditions and anticipated future economic conditions in the geographies and industries in which the Company's customers operate. To the extent an individual customer's credit quality deteriorates, the Company measures an allowance based on the risk characteristics of the individual customer. Once a receivable is deemed to be uncollectible, such balance is charged against the allowance. The allowance is calculated at each reporting period with changes recorded to general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Accounts receivable are net of an allowance for credit losses of $2.2 million and $1.9 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no material changes in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

***Marketable Securities***

In 2025, the Company began investing its excess cash in marketable debt securities. All debt securities are classified as available-for-sale at the time of purchase. Available-for-sale debt securities, including those with maturities extending beyond one year, are classified as current assets on the balance sheet due to their highly liquid nature and because they are considered available for use in current operations. Debt securities that are highly liquid and have original maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition are classified as cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company considers securities to be highly liquid if they can be readily converted to cash with an insignificant risk of changes in value, typically due to active markets and high credit quality.

Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale marketable debt securities that are not related to credit losses are included in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Amortization of premium or accretion of discount, along with interest income earned on debt securities, is included in interest income, net. Realized gains and losses, if any, are included in other income (expense), net, and the cost of securities sold is determined using the specific-identification method.

As of the balance sheet date, the Company evaluates its debt securities in an unrealized loss position to determine the extent of the loss, if any, that is attributable to expected credit losses. Expected credit losses on debt securities are recorded as an allowance on the balance sheet, with an offsetting amount recognized in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. To date, the Company has not recorded any credit losses on its marketable debt securities.

Marketable securities also includes equity securities of publicly-traded companies that are considered to be available for use in current operations. Equity securities of publicly-traded companies that are not considered to be available for use in current operations are presented within investments on the consolidated balance sheet.

***Property, Plant and Equipment, net***

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Land is stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or the remaining lease term for leasehold improvements. Estimated lives of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Estimated Useful Life** |
| Computer equipment and software | 2 to 5 years |
| Furniture and fixtures | 7 years |
| Lab equipment | 1 to 5 years |
| Buildings and facilities | 15 to 30 years |
| Vehicles | 5 years |
| Leasehold improvements | Shorter of useful life or remaining lease term |

---

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation is removed from the balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Construction in progress relates to assets which have not been placed in service as of the period end.

***Equity Method Investments***

The Company utilizes the equity method to account for its investments in common stock, or in-substance common stock, when it possesses the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. The Company uses judgment when determining the level of influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee considering key factors including, among others, the Company's ownership interest, representation on the board of directors, participation in policy-making decisions and material contractual arrangements and obligations. Income and losses are allocated based upon relative ownership interest unless there is a substantive profit-sharing agreement in place.

For investments with a substantive profit-sharing agreement, the Company utilizes the hypothetical liquidation at book value ("HLBV") method to allocate income and losses from the equity method investment. Under the HLBV method, the Company utilizes the capital account at the end of the period assuming the book value of the entity was liquidated or sold minus the same calculation at the beginning of the period. The difference is the share of earnings or losses attributable to the equity method investment.

Under the equity method, if there is a commitment for the Company to fund the losses of its equity method investees, the Company would continue to record its share of losses resulting in a negative equity method investment, which would be presented as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet. Commitments may be explicit and may include formal guarantees, legal obligations, or arrangements by contract. Implicit commitments may arise from reputational expectations, intercompany relationships, statements by the Company of its intention to provide support, a history of providing financial support or other facts and circumstances. When the Company has no commitment to fund the losses of its equity method investees, the carrying value of its equity method investments will not be reduced below zero. The Company had no commitment to fund additional losses of its equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the investment may not be recoverable. The Company considers the investee's financial position, forecasts and economic outlook, and the estimated duration and extent of losses to determine whether a recovery is anticipated. An impairment that is other-than-temporary is recognized in the period identified. The Company has not recognized an impairment loss related to its equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

The Company may elect the fair value option for its equity method investments on an investment-by-investment basis. For all equity method investments accounted for under the fair value option, the Company carries the equity method investment at fair value and records all subsequent changes in fair value as a component of loss on equity method investments in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

***Investments***

Investments include marketable equity securities in publicly-traded companies, non-marketable equity securities in privately-held companies, Simple Agreement for Future Equity ("SAFE") and warrants, in each case, in which the Company does not possess the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee.

Investments in marketable equity securities or warrants of publicly-traded companies are measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in loss on investments in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Marketable equity securities are classified as non-current on the balance sheet if they are not currently available for sale.

Investments in non-marketable equity securities of privately-held companies and SAFEs, which do not have readily determinable fair values, are carried at cost, less any impairments, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Each period the Company assesses relevant transactions to identify observable price changes, and the Company regularly monitors these investments to evaluate whether there is an indication of impairment. An equity security without a readily determinable fair value is written down to its fair value if a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired and the fair value of the

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

investment is less than its carrying value. For periods in which there is no estimate of fair value, the Company evaluates whether an event or change in circumstances has occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the value of the investment. See Notes <u>[5](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_151)</u> and <u>[7](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_154)</u> for additional information on Investments.

***Fair Value Measurements***

The Company categorizes its assets and liabilities measured at fair value in accordance with the authoritative accounting guidance that establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and requires disclosures for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis.

ASC 820, *Fair Value Measurement* ("ASC 820"), establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company's own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company's assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

ASC 820 identifies fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes among the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Level 1- Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Level 2- Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Level 3- Unobservable inputs in which little or no market activity exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are either less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company valued its money market fund holdings, notes receivable marketable debt securities, marketable equity securities, warrant liabilities and contingent consideration liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts of the Company's other financial instruments, which include accounts receivable, certain prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.

***Impairment of Long-Lived Assets***

The Company reviews its long-lived assets or asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. In determining the expected future cash flows, the Company uses assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which inherently uncertain. Actual future cash flows may differ from the estimates used in impairment testing. The Company recognizes an impairment loss when and to the extent that the estimated fair value of long-lived asset is less than the carrying value. See Notes <u>[3](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_575)</u>, <u>[10](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_163)</u> and <u>[11](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_169)</u> for a description of impairment losses recorded on long-lived assets.

***Business Combinations***

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. The Company recognizes the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values and recognizes any excess of the total consideration paid over the fair value of the identifiable net assets as goodwill. Any purchase price that is considered contingent consideration is measured at its estimated fair value at the acquisition date and remeasured at each reporting period, with changes in estimated fair value recorded in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Acquisition transaction costs are expensed when incurred. The operating results of an acquisition are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

***Intangible Assets, net***

Intangible assets, net consist of certain definite-lived assets including patents, processes and know-how related to technology acquired through business combinations and asset acquisitions. The Company amortizes such intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life.

***Goodwill***

Goodwill represented the excess of the acquisition cost over the fair market value of the net assets acquired. All goodwill was allocated to the Cell Engineering reporting unit and segment identified in Note <u>[16](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_187)</u>. The Company considers various qualitative factors that could indicate impairment of goodwill such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market environment, overall financial performance of the Company, cash flow from operating activities and market capitalization. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company performs a quantitative assessment to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. A combination of the income approach and the market approach may be used to determine fair value of the reporting unit. The Company recorded a full goodwill impairment during the year ended December 31, 2024 (see Note <u>[9](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_160)</u>). No impairment losses were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2023.

***Leases***

In accordance with ASC 842, *Leases*, the Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception based on the terms and conditions in the contract. A contract contains a lease if there is an identified asset and the Company has the right to control the asset. For leases with terms greater than 12 months, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset ("ROU asset") and a lease liability as of the lease commencement date on the balance sheet. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset over the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease ROU assets and liabilities are measured based on the present value of fixed lease payments that are unpaid as of the lease commencement date. The Company's ROU assets balance is increased by any initial direct costs and reduced by lease incentives received or expected to be received. Some of the Company's leases include options to extend or terminate the lease; these options are included in the lease term for calculations of its ROU assets and liabilities when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise those options.

The Company's leases are classified as either operating or finance, as determined at inception, with the classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. A lease is classified as a finance lease if risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control. For operating leases, expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, interest on the lease liability is recognized using the effective interest method, while the ROU asset is amortized on a straight-line basis from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the ROU asset or the end of the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less which meet the definition of a short-term lease are not recorded on the balance sheet and the lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In limited instances, the Company acts as a lessor, primarily with certain real estate subleases. Finance leases, short-term leases and subleases are not a significant component of the Company's financial condition or results of operations. The current portion of the Company's operating lease liabilities is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the balance sheet.

The Company has lease agreements with both lease and non-lease components (such as real estate taxes, insurance and common area maintenance charges) and has elected the practical expedient to combine these lease and non-lease components for its real estate leases and non-lab equipment leases. The Company has not elected this practical expedient for lab equipment leases and the lease and non-lease components are accounted for separately for these leases. Non-lease components are typically variable in nature and are recognized as lease expense in the period in which they arise.

As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments and uses the implicit rate when it is readily determinable. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is based on management's estimate of the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a fully collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

***Revenue Recognition***

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers* ("ASC 606"). Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when the customer obtains control of the promised goods or services at an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the promises and distinct performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligations.

*Cell Engineering Revenue* 

The Company generates Cell Engineering service revenue by providing end-to-end cell engineering solutions and tools to customers.

We generate Cell Engineering revenue primarily through service and license agreements for our tools and solutions offerings. Under our automation solutions agreements we typically provide services related to the design, build, and deployment of our RAC systems as well as ongoing support services. These agreements typically include a fee for the sale and installation of RAC hardware and a fee for follow on support services and control software. Datapoints agreements typically include fixed fees for services related to producing a data package for our customers and are earned over a shorter time period than legacy cell engineering solutions projects. Under our solutions agreements, we typically provide R&D services for cell programming with the goal of producing an engineered cell that meets a mutually agreed specification. Our customers obtain license rights to the output of our services, which are primarily the optimized strains or cell lines, in order to manufacture and commercialize products derived from that licensed strain or cell line. Generally, the terms of these agreements provide that we receive some combination of: (1) service fees in the form of (i) upfront payments upon consummation of the agreement or other fixed payments, (ii) reimbursement for costs incurred for R&D services and (iii) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified technical criteria, plus (2) downstream value share payments in the form of (i) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified commercial criteria, (ii) royalties on sales of products from or comprising engineered organisms arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement and/or (iii) royalties related to cost of goods sold reductions realized by our customers. Royalties did not comprise a material amount of our revenue during any of the periods presented.

Cell Engineering revenue has historically included transactions with Platform Ventures and Legacy Structured Partnerships where we received non-cash consideration in the form of equity interests and financial instruments that are convertible into equity upon a triggering event. We view the upfront non-cash consideration as prepayments for licenses which will be granted in the future as we complete mutually agreed upon technical development plans. In these instances, we also receive cash consideration for the R&D services performed by us on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis. We are not compensated through additional milestone or royalty payments under these arrangements. As we perform R&D services under the mutually agreed upon development plans, we recognize a reduction in the prefunded obligation on a cost-plus basis. In some cases we issued the customer a prepaid Cell Engineering services credit in exchange for the upfront non-cash consideration, which can and has been drawn down as payment for R&D services performed under mutually agreed upon development plans. These arrangements are further described in Notes <u>[7](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_154)</u>, <u>[8](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_157)</u>, and <u>[1](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_190)[7](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_190)</u>.

Options to acquire additional distinct goods and services are evaluated to determine if such options provide a material right to the customer that it would not have otherwise received without entering into the contract. If so, the option is accounted for as a separate performance obligation. If not, the option is considered a marketing offer which is accounted for as a separate contract upon the customer's election of the option.

At contract inception, the Company determines the transaction price, including fixed consideration and any estimated amounts of variable consideration. Any upfront cash payment received upon consummation of the contract is fixed and generally nonrefundable. Variable consideration is subject to a constraint, and amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. This is attained when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration may include reimbursement for costs incurred for the Company's research and development efforts, milestone payments upon the achievement of certain technical and/or commercial criteria, and royalties on sales of products from or comprising engineered organisms arising from the contract. With respect to the research and development reimbursements and milestone payments, the Company uses the most likely amount method to estimate variable consideration. Milestone payments are generally not included in the transaction price until the milestone is achieved.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Certain agreements include payment in the form of equity securities or other financial instruments that convert into equity upon a triggering event. Any non-cash consideration is measured at its estimated fair value at contract inception. For equity securities and financial instruments that are not actively traded, the estimated fair value is generally determined by referencing a recent financing round or utilizing a scenario-based valuation model. Significant unobservable inputs are used in these valuations, including expectations regarding future financings of the customer, scenario dates and probabilities, expected volatility, discount rates, and recovery rates. Changes in these assumptions can materially affect the fair value of the non-cash consideration and, consequently, the total revenue recognized for the contract. The Company did not have material non-cash consideration included in contracts entered into during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, but does continue to recognize non-cash revenue from contracts originating in prior periods.

For agreements with promises that are combined into a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. For agreements with multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations using the relative standalone selling price methodology. For agreements featuring variable consideration, the Company allocates variable consideration to one or more, but not all, performance obligations if certain conditions are met. Specifically, the Company assesses whether the variable consideration relates solely to its efforts to satisfy the performance obligation and whether allocating such variable consideration entirely to the performance obligation is consistent with the overall allocation objective. If these conditions are not met, the Company allocates the variable consideration based on the relative standalone selling price methodology. The key assumptions utilized in determining the standalone selling price for each performance obligation include development timelines, estimated research and development costs, commercial markets, likelihood of exercise (in the case of options considered to be material rights), and probabilities of success.

For agreements where licenses or assignments are considered separate performance obligations or represent the only performance obligation, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time when the license is effectively granted, as the licenses or assignments represent functional intellectual property. For agreements where licenses and research and development services are combined into a single performance obligation, the Company recognizes revenue over the performance period using the cost-to-cost method. This method measures progress based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to total estimated costs, as it best reflects the transfer of control to the customer for obligations satisfied over time. For automation sales the Company typically recognizes revenue at a point in time at which the hardware has been installed and passed acceptance testing at the customer site. The ongoing support services are recognized over time on a straight line basis over the related support period.

The Company evaluates its measure of progress to recognize revenue at each reporting period and, as necessary, adjusts the measure of progress and related revenue recognition. The Company's measure of progress and revenue recognition involves significant judgment and assumptions, including, but not limited to, estimated costs to complete its performance obligations. The Company evaluates contract modifications and amendments to determine whether any changes should be accounted for prospectively or on a cumulative catch-up basis. The Company utilizes the right to invoice practical expedient when it has a right to consideration in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the Company's performance to date.

Royalties are recognized as revenue when (or as) the later of the sales occurrence or the satisfaction (or partial satisfaction) of the related performance obligation. The Company has determined that applying this exception is appropriate when the license granted in the contract is the predominant item to which the royalties relate.

As the Company receives upfront payments for technical services under certain of its arrangements, the Company evaluates whether any significant financing components exist given the term over which the fees will be earned may exceed one year. Based on the nature of the Company's agreements, there are no significant financing components as the purpose of the upfront payment is not to provide financing, but rather to secure technical services, exclusivity rights, and Foundry capacity, or the timing of transfer of those goods or services is at the discretion of the customer.

Deferred revenue represents consideration received by the Company in excess of revenue recognized and primarily results from transactions where the Company receives upfront cash payments or non-cash equity consideration. In instances where the Company has received consideration in advance for an undefined number of technical development plans ("TDPs") under its customer agreements, the Company records the advance payments as deferred revenue, net of current portion on the consolidated balance sheet. Upon the execution of a specific TDP, the Company reclassifies the estimated consideration to be earned under that TDP within the next twelve months as current deferred revenue. The Company also classifies unexercised material rights related to future TDPs as deferred revenue, net of current portion on the consolidated balance

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

sheet. When a TDP is executed, and the material right is exercised, the amount allocated to the material right, which will be earned within the next twelve months, is reclassified to current deferred revenue. All other deferred revenue is classified as current or non-current based on the timing of when the Company expects to earn the underlying revenue based upon the projected progress of activities under the TDP.

Through December 31, 2025 any costs to obtain contracts with customers were immaterial.

*Biosecurity Revenue* 

The Company generates Biosecurity revenue through its biomonitoring and bioinformatics services provided to both government and non-government customers through the Company's two core offerings: Canopy and Horizon.

Prior to 2024, product revenue consisted of sales of lateral flow assay ("LFA") diagnostic test kits, polymerase chain reaction ("PCR") sample collection kits, and pooled test kits, which the Company sold to customers on a standalone basis. Product revenue was billed and recognized when the test kits were shipped, and risk of loss was transferred to the carrier. The Company's test kits were generally not subject to a customer right of return except for product recalls under the rules and regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). The Company included shipping and handling fees billed to customers as a component of Biosecurity revenue.

Biosecurity service revenue generally consists of various biomonitoring and bioinformatics services including, but not limited to, sample collection, sample storage and transportation, outsourced laboratory analysis, access to results reported through a web-based portal, analytical reporting of results, and overall program management. The various services are generally combined into one performance obligation as they are either not distinct or have substantially the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Service revenue is generally recognized over time using the time elapsed method as the related services are performed, which best depicts the pattern of transfer to the customer.

The Company's contracts with customers are generally three years or less in length and contain a fixed amount of consideration. Under typical payment terms for testing services, amounts are billed monthly in arrears for services performed or in advance based on contractual billing terms.

Options to acquire additional services are evaluated to determine whether they provide the customer with a material right that it would not have otherwise received without entering into the contract. If so, the option is accounted for as a separate performance obligation. If not, the option is considered a marketing offer, and upon the customer's election of the option, it is accounted for as a separate contract.

***Cost of Biosecurity Revenue***

The cost of Biosecurity service revenue consists of costs related to the Company's biomonitoring and bioinformatics services. This includes costs incurred for sample collection equipment, services and materials, outsourced laboratory analysis, access to results reported through a proprietary web-based portal, and reporting of results to public authorities. Additionally, the cost of Biosecurity service revenue includes direct labor cost associated with bioinformatics, lab network management, delivery logistics, and customer support. Prior to 2024, cost of Biosecurity product revenue consisted of costs associated with the sale of diagnostic and sample collection test kits, which included costs incurred to purchase test kits from third parties.

***Cost of Other Revenue***

Cost of other revenue consists of costs related to the Company's Cell Engineering tools offerings, including Datapoints and lab automation solutions. Such costs primarily include hardware, software, materials and labor. Costs related to the Company's end-to-end cell engineering solutions offering in which the Company retains rights to intellectual property are included in research and development expenses.

***Research and Development Costs***

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist of direct and indirect internal costs related to specific projects and initiatives, acquired intellectual property deemed to be in-process research and development, as well as fees paid to other entities that conduct certain research and development activities on the Company's behalf.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

***Patent Costs***

The Company expenses all costs as incurred in connection with the filing, prosecution, maintenance, defense, and enforcement of patent applications, including direct application fees and related legal and consulting expenses. Patent costs are included in general and administrative expenses within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

***Stock-Based Compensation***

The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on estimated grant-date fair values recognized over the requisite service period. For awards that vest solely based on a service condition, the Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For awards that vest based on multiple conditions, the Company recognizes compensation expense using the accelerated attribution method on a tranche-by-tranche basis over the requisite service period such that the amount of compensation expense recognized at each reporting period is at least equal to the vested tranches at that date. For awards with a performance-based vesting condition, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation when achievement of the performance condition is deemed probable. Upon achieving a performance condition that was not previously considered as probable, the Company records a cumulative catch-up adjustment to reflect the portion of the grantee's requisite service that has been provided to date. For awards with market conditions, the compensation expense recognized over the requisite service period is not reversed if the market condition is not satisfied. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

The Company estimates the grant date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, inclusive of assumptions for expected term, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The expected term is determined using the "simplified" method, which estimates the expected term as the average of the vesting term plus the contractual term. The Company uses the "simplified" method as it does not have sufficient historical data regarding employee exercise behavior. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company's Class A common stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the stock options. The Company has not paid, and does not expect to pay, dividends in the foreseeable future.

For awards with market conditions, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards, determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. This model incorporates assumptions for expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rates, expected term, and expected dividend yield. Volatility is estimated using either the historical volatility of the Company's Class A common stock or a weighted average of its own historical volatility and the historical volatility of selected comparable publicly traded companies, particularly for awards granted when there was limited trading history for the Company's Class A common stock. The risk-free interest rate is derived from the yield on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon securities with a duration similar to the expected term of the awards. The expected term equals the contractual term, and a dividend yield of zero is assumed.

***Income Taxes***

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company's tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of the assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by considering several factors, including estimating the future taxable profits expected, estimating future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, considering taxable profits in carryback periods, and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in the law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity, and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions on an annual basis and adjusts the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any uncertain tax positions.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

On July 4, 2025, a budget and reconciliation package known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was signed into law in the United States. Among other provisions, the OBBBA amends U.S. tax law including the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The OBBBA did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.

***Comprehensive Loss***

Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Other comprehensive loss consists of foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities.

***Net Loss per Share***

The Company computes basic net loss per share by dividing the net loss attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. For the purposes of the net loss per share calculation, the Company has combined Class A common stock, Class B common stock, and Class C common stock, as all classes of common stock are legally entitled to equal per-share distributions, whether through dividends or liquidation.

Diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, increased to include the effect of dilutive potential common shares, such as outstanding stock options, unvested restricted stock awards, unvested restricted stock units, warrants, and contingently issued shares. Dilutive securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average common shares outstanding if their effect would be anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method.

***Recent Accounting Pronouncements***

*Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements* 

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, *Income Taxes (Topic 740),* which focuses on improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments in this ASU require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the tabular rate reconciliation, using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2025 using the prospective method. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.

*Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements*

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, *Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.* This ASU requires public business entities to disaggregate, on both an interim and annual basis, each relevant expense caption presented on the face of the income statement into specific expense categories. Additionally, entities are required to provide a qualitative description of amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, as well as disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity's definition of selling expenses. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

**3. Restructuring**

In the second quarter of 2024, in connection with the Company's plans to reduce operational expenditures, management, with the approval of the Board of Directors, approved and commenced a restructuring plan. This plan includes a reduction in labor expenses, primarily through a workforce reduction of more than 50%, and the consolidation and subleasing of certain facilities. Initial workforce reductions commenced in June 2024 and continued throughout 2025. All reductions were substantially complete in 2025. The Company has consolidated certain facilities through various actions, including

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

combining office and laboratory operations into fewer locations, subleasing unused or underutilized facilities, and has taken or plans to take other related measures, such as the sale of its subsidiary, Altar, in the third quarter of 2024 (see Note <u>[4](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_148)</u>). While the Company completed the majority of its facility consolidation actions in 2025 we continue to look for opportunities for subleasing unused or underutilized facilities, which will extend beyond 2026 or may not occur prior to termination of such lease, depending on market conditions. Additionally, restructuring expenses related to potential asset impairments or contract amendments or terminations for any facilities no longer in use or underutilized could be material.

The costs for the reduction in force are expected to range from $31.0 million to $32.0 million primarily in the Cell Engineering segment and consist of cash severance and related costs. The employee termination costs are recognized as of the communication date to employees, given (i) the Company instituted a one-time employee termination benefit related to its restructuring, and (ii) the employees will not be retained to render service beyond a minimum retention period. The Company is currently unable to estimate the costs associated with consolidating its facilities. These costs may include, but are not limited to, losses on subleases, contract terminations, asset impairments, sale or disposal of equipment or other long-lived assets, and related costs and fees pertaining to the consolidation, closure, or disposition of facilities. Additional charges may be incurred as the Company progresses its restructuring plan and such charges could be material.

The following table presents restructuring costs incurred during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, which are recorded as "Restructuring charges" in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (in thousands):&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Employee termination costs and other | $11398 | $19349 |
| Impairment of right-of-use asset (1) |  | 4823 |
| Total restructuring | $11398 | $24172 |

---

(1) Relates to the sublease of a facility in connection with the restructuring and reflects the excess of the right-of-use asset's carrying value over its fair value, which was determined based on estimates of future discounted cash flows and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Additionally, the Company recorded a $7.0 million loss on the sale and deconsolidation of Altar as a component of other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the change in the accrued liability balance related to the restructuring activities, which is included in "Accounts payable" and "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Employee Termination Costs and Other** |
| Liability balance at December 31, 2024 | $2854 |
| Expenses incurred | 11398 |
| Cash payments | (11651) |
| Liability balance at December 31, 2025 | $2601 |

---

**4. Acquisitions and Divestitures**

**2024 AgBiome Acquisition**

On April 10, 2024, the Company acquired certain platform assets, including fully sequenced and isolated strains, unique gene sequences, relevant functional data and metadata, and a development pipeline from AgBiome, Inc. ("AgBiome"), a biotechnology company in the agriculture industry. These assets expanded the Company's proprietary unified metagenomics database. The fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $18.2 million and was paid with the issuance of 407,240 shares of Ginkgo's Class A common stock. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

acquisition since substantially all of the value received was concentrated in the acquired developed technology, which is being amortized over a useful life of three years.

**2024 Other Asset Acquisitions**

The Company completed three other asset acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2024. The aggregate purchase price for the three acquisitions was $19.8 million and was paid with the issuance of 394,799 shares of Ginkgo's Class A common stock. Each transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition as the acquired assets, consisting primarily of intellectual property rights, did not meet the definition of a business. The assets acquired represent in-process research and development with no alternative future use. Accordingly, the Company recorded $19.8 million as acquired in-process research and development expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.

**2023 StrideBio Acquisition**

On April 5, 2023, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement ("APA") with StrideBio, Inc. ("StrideBio") to acquire StrideBio's adeno-associated virus capsid discovery and engineering platform assets, with a secondary closing contingent upon the transfer of certain additional in-license agreements to Ginkgo. The secondary closing was finalized in October 2023. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition as substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired was concentrated in a single identifiable asset. The fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $7.6 million and consisted of 119,278 shares of Ginkgo's Class A common stock valued at $6.8 million and a $0.8 million contingent holdback, all of which was expensed as in-process research and development during the year ended December 31, 2023. On May 9, 2025, we issued a total of 102,922 shares of our Class A common stock to StrideBio, Inc., in settlement of the $0.8 million contingent holdback amount. The APA, as amended, also provides for royalty payments of up to $21.3 million as described in Note <u>[12](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_172)</u>.

**2023 Zymergen Bankruptcy and Deconsolidation**

On October 3, 2023, the Company's former subsidiary, Zymergen, Inc. ("Zymergen"), and certain of its subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the "Zymergen Bankruptcy") in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware ("Bankruptcy Court"). Neither the Company nor any of its other subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy protection. Zymergen had been operated as a distinct legal entity, separate and apart from the Company, since it was acquired in October 2022. Shortly after its acquisition, the Company entered into a non-exclusive license with Zymergen with respect to Zymergen's intellectual property, including its databases, automation, and software capabilities.

In connection with the Zymergen Bankruptcy, also on October 3, 2023, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement with Zymergen (the "Zymergen APA") as the stalking horse bidder under Section 363 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code to acquire exclusive rights to substantially all of Zymergen's intellectual property assets and certain other assets. The Company's bid included a $6.2 million cash component, assumption of a facility lease (previously included in the Company's consolidated financial statements prior to Zymergen's deconsolidation discussed below), and acquiring Zymergen's workforce. On December 14, 2023, Zymergen concluded its auction. On December 21, 2023, the Bankruptcy Court approved the sale of substantially all of Zymergen's assets to the Company through certain of the Company's affiliates as contemplated by the Zymergen APA.

While as of December 31, 2023, Zymergen remained a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, as a result of the bankruptcy proceedings, the Company no longer had a controlling financial interest over Zymergen as defined under ASC 810, *Consolidation*, and therefore deconsolidated Zymergen's financial position as of October 2, 2023. The deconsolidation included the derecognition of the carrying amounts of Zymergen's consolidated assets and liabilities that were previously included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. Upon deconsolidation, the Company recorded a loss of $42.5 million, representing the remaining net book value of the Company's investment that was reduced to a fair value of zero. Subsequent to the deconsolidation, the Company accounted for its investment in Zymergen using the cost method of accounting, which was recorded at zero in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. Zymergen's results of operations were removed from the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss beginning October 3, 2023. The historical financial results for Zymergen have not been classified as a

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

discontinued operation because it does not represent a strategic shift with a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results.

The following table presents Zymergen's consolidated assets and liabilities which have been deconsolidated from the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of October 2, 2023. The amounts presented are before the elimination of intercompany balances.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **October 2, 2023** |
| **Assets** | |
| Current assets: |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $34321 |
| Accounts receivable, net | 11047 |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 11190 |
| Total current assets | 56558 |
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 8938 |
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 135800 |
| Intangible assets, net | 16679 |
| Goodwill | 10660 |
| Other non-current assets | 19486 |
| Total assets | 248121 |
| **Liabilities** |  |
| Current liabilities: |  |
| Deferred revenue | 730 |
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 20426 |
| Total current liabilities | 21156 |
| Non-current liabilities: |  |
| Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 184301 |
| Other non-current liabilities | 172 |
| Total liabilities | 205629 |
| **Net assets deconsolidated** | $42492 |

---

The following table presents Zymergen's results of operations for the periods presented, included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss prior to the elimination of intercompany balances.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Period from January 1, 2023 - October 2, 2023** |
| Total revenue | $8370 |
| Total operating expenses | 200975 |
| Loss from operations | (192605) |
| Total other income, net | 23620 |
| Loss before income taxes | (168985) |
| Income tax provision | 14 |
| Net loss | $(168999) |

---

*Related Party Transactions*

Prior to the deconsolidation, the Company had an existing employee leasing arrangement with Zymergen. The employee leasing charges were considered intercompany transactions and were eliminated in the Company's consolidated financial statements. As of the deconsolidation date, the employee leasing charges were considered related party transactions and

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

have been recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements. Employee lease expense totaled $4.9 million for the period from October 3, 2023 to December 31, 2023, and was immaterial during fiscal 2024. The Company had $1.7 million due to Zymergen as of December 31, 2023, included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the balance sheet. This amount was subsequently paid in fiscal 2024.

**2024 Zymergen Acquisition**

On January 18, 2024, the Company, through certain of its affiliates, completed its acquisition of substantially all of Zymergen's assets under the Zymergen APA, including offering employment to 91 of Zymergen's employees. On February 5, 2024, Zymergen's plan of liquidation was confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court. All of the Company's interests in the Zymergen entities were extinguished and terminated as of February 23, 2024. The acquisition under the Zymergen APA was accounted for as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805, *Business Combinations*, and was not material to the Company's consolidated financial statements. The total cash purchase price was $6.2 million, with $5.4 million paid at closing and $0.8 million released from escrow. The allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date primarily includes $19.9 million of operating lease right-of-use assets, $6.0 million of property and equipment, and $19.9 million of operating lease liabilities. No goodwill or intangible assets were recognized. Transaction costs associated with the Zymergen APA were not material for the year ended December 31, 2024.

**2024 Altar Divestiture**

On September 30, 2024, the Company sold the equity interests of Altar for a nominal amount. As a result of the sale, the Company deconsolidated all of Altar's assets and liabilities from its consolidated financial statements effective September 30, 2024, and recognized a loss on deconsolidation of $7.0 million in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024. The loss on deconsolidation includes a $1.5 million reclassification of accumulated currency translation adjustments to earnings. The sale did not meet the criteria to be reported as a discontinued operation.

**5. Fair Value Measurements** 

The following tables present information about the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| **Assets:** | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $146136 | $146136 | $— | $— |
| Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial paper | 4060 |  | 4060 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Treasury securities | 118038 | 118038 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Corporate bonds | 114666 |  | 114666 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marketable equity securities | 18654 | 18654 |  |  |
| Investments: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Synlogic, Inc. warrants <sup>(1)</sup> | 190 |  | 190 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marketable equity securities | 1562 | 1562 |  |  |
| Other non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes receivable | 7126 |  |  | 7126 |
| Total assets | $410432 | $284390 | $118916 | $7126 |
| **Liabilities:** |  |  |  |  |
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contingent consideration | $5438 | $— | $— | $5438 |
| Other non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contingent consideration | 252 |  |  | 252 |
| Total liabilities | $5690 | $— | $— | $5690 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** | **December 31, 2024** |
| | **Total** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** |
| **Assets:** | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $521457 | $521457 | $— | $— |
| Investments: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Synlogic, Inc. warrants <sup>(1)</sup> | 238 |  | 238 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marketable equity securities | 17559 | 17559 |  |  |
| Other non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes receivable | 14170 |  | 12327 | 1843 |
| Total assets | $553424 | $539016 | $12565 | $1843 |
| **Liabilities:** |  |  |  |  |
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contingent consideration | $5438 | $— | $— | 5438 |
| Other non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contingent consideration | 4484 |  |  | 4484 |
| Total liabilities | $9922 | $— | $— | $9922 |

---

(1)The fair value of Synlogic, Inc. warrants is calculated as the quoted price of the underlying common stock, less the unpaid exercise price of the warrants.

Transfers to and from Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the end of the reporting period in which a change in valuation technique or methodology occurs. In 2025 and 2024, transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 occurred due to lapse of regulatory

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

sales restrictions on marketable equity securities. During 2025, transfers into Level 3 consisted of a note receivable that was transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 upon a change in valuation technique. Additionally, in 2024, a portion of the Private Placement Warrants' estimated fair value was transferred from Level 3 to Level 2 as a result of the Private Placement Warrants having substantially the same terms as the Public Warrants when transferred to anyone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, leading the Company to determine their fair value to be equivalent to that of the Public Warrants. There were no other transfers between Levels 1, 2, or 3 during 2025 or 2024.

The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for assets and liabilities measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Notes Receivable** | **Private Placement Warrants** | **Contingent Consideration** |
| Balance at January 1, 2025 | $1843 | $— | $9922 |
| Additions | 159 |  |  |
| Change in fair value | (350) |  | (4232) |
| Settlements and payments | (50) |  |  |
| Transfers into Level 3 | 6987 |  |  |
| Conversion to preferred stock | (1463) |  |  |
| Balance at December 31, 2025 | $7126 | $— | $5690 |
| Balance at January 1, 2024 | $14129 | $1846 | $24273 |
| Additions | 1407 |  |  |
| Change in fair value | (3217) | (1697) | 3214 |
| Settlements and payments |  |  | (17565) |
| Transfers to Level 2 |  | (149) |  |
| Conversion to common stock | (10476) |  |  |
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $1843 | $— | $9922 |

---

***Notes Receivable*** 

For all of its notes receivable, the Company has elected the fair value option, for which changes in fair value are recorded in other (expense) income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company's notes receivable includes a senior secured note in the original principal amount of $11.8 million, issued by Bolt Threads, Inc. ("Bolt Threads"), which bears interest at 12% per annum, is due December 31, 2027, and is included in other non-current assets at its estimated fair value. The Company used a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of the senior secured note, incorporating significant unobservable inputs such as the recovery rate, a risk-adjusted discount rate, and a potential settlement scenario. These inputs reflect the Company's own assumptions and was reclassified as a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2025.

The Company also holds a series of convertible debt instruments issued by customers as payment for Cell Engineering services. The Company used a scenario-based method to value the convertible debt instruments issued by customers and by Bolt Threads prior to conversion. Under this method, future cash flows are evaluated under various payoff scenarios, probability-weighted, and discounted to present value. The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement as of December 31, 2025 included scenario probabilities ranging from 5% to 45%, a discount rate of 15.5% and estimated time to event date of up to 5 months. The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement as of December 31, 2024 included scenario probabilities ranging from 5% to 45%, a discount rate of 15.5% and estimated time to event date of up to two years. Significant changes in these inputs could have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2025, the convertible debt instruments had an unpaid principal balance of $9.7 million and a fair value of $0.5 million. As of December 31, 2024, the convertible debt instruments had an unpaid principal balance of $13.2 million and a fair value of $1.8 million.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

During the year ended December 31, 2025, $1.5 million in principal related to a convertible note issued by a customer was converted into 10,564 shares of the entity's preferred stock, which, as a new private company investment, has been classified as an investment on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2025.

***Warrant Liabilities***

In connection with the Company's merger with Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp. ("SRNG") on September 16, 2021 ("SRNG Business Combination"), the Company assumed 34.5 million warrants (formerly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE," and such warrants, the "Public Warrants") and 17.3 million private placement warrants (the "Private Placement Warrants", and together with the Public Warrants, the "Warrants"), which were initially issued in connection with SRNG's initial public offering. The number of outstanding Warrants did not change as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. However, each Warrant equals one-fortieth (1/40) of one share of Class A common stock (a minimum of 40 Warrants must be exercised for one share of Class A common stock) following the Reverse Stock Split.

The fair value of the Public Warrants was based on their observable quoted price on the NYSE. However, the Public Warrants were delisted by the NYSE on September 4, 2024, due to abnormally low selling price levels, and subsequently began trading on the over-the-counter markets. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company determined that the Public Warrants had no value.

The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that they are exercisable on a cashless basis and are non-redeemable as long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. As of December 31, 2025, the Company concluded that the difference between the fair values of the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants was de minimis. Therefore, the Private Placement Warrants were measured by reference to the value of the Public Warrants and had no value.

***Contingent Consideration*** 

In connection with various business acquisitions, the Company is required to make contingent earnout payments payable upon the achievement of certain technical, commercial and/or performance milestones. The Company also issued restricted stock in connection with acquisitions, which is subject to vesting conditions and is classified as contingent consideration liability.

The Company can settle a majority of its contingent consideration liabilities in cash or shares of Class A common stock at the Company's election with the remainder payable in cash. During the year ended December 31, 2025, no contingent consideration liabilities were settled. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company settled $17.6 million in contingent consideration liabilities through payment of $2.8 million in cash and vesting of 1,413,909 shares of restricted stock valued at $14.7 million.

The fair value of contingent consideration related to earnout payments from acquisitions was estimated using unobservable (Level 3) inputs as illustrated in the table below. The fair value of contingent consideration related to restricted stock was estimated using the quoted price of Ginkgo's Class A common stock, an estimate of the number of shares expected to vest, probability of vesting, and a discount rate. Material increases or decreases in these inputs could result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table provides quantitative information regarding Level 3 inputs used in the fair value measurements of contingent consideration liabilities as of the periods presented:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Contingent Consideration Liability** | **Valuation Technique** | **Unobservable Input** | **December 31, 2025<br>Range** | **December 31, 2024<br>Range** |
| Earnout payments (FGen and Dutch DNA acquisitions) | Probability-weighted present value | Probability of payment | 5% - 10% | 5% - 50% |
|  |  | Discount rate | 14.9% | 9.3%  |
| Earnout payments (Dutch DNA acquisition) <sup>(1)</sup> | Discounted cash flow | Projected years of payments |  | 2028-2031 |
|  |  | Discount rate |  | 10.6% |

---

(1) During the year ended December 31, 2025, all Dutch DNA milestones valued using the discounted cash flow method were reduced to zero due to the termination of a customer agreement to which those milestones were tied.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

***Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements*** 

The Company measures the fair value of certain assets, including investments in privately held companies without readily determinable fair values, on a nonrecurring basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable, or when observable price changes occur for identical or similar securities from the same issuer.

The fair value of non-marketable equity securities is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy when the Company estimates fair value using unobservable inputs to measure an impairment loss. It is classified as Level 2 when fair value is estimated using the observable transaction price paid by third-party investors for an identical or similar security of the same issuer.

*Investment Impairments*

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded a $2.7 million downward adjustment from an observable price change related to one of its investments in non-marketable equity securities. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded an impairment of $1.8 million due to a significant deterioration in the liquidity of one of its investments in non-marketable equity securities.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company recorded impairment losses of $11.9 million, and $33.0 million, respectively, related to its investment in Genomatica preferred stock. The fair value estimates used to determine the impairment charges in 2023 were derived using the guideline public company method under the market approach. Significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs included estimated annual net cash flows (including revenue and expense growth rates and capitalization rates), the weighted-average cost of capital used to discount future cash flows, and the selection of guideline public company multiples for revenue and EBITDA. Material increases or decreases in these inputs could result in higher or lower fair value measurements. As of December 31, 2024, the Company determined that the investment had substantially no value.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded impairment losses of $1.7 million and $8.3 million, respectively, related to an investment in the preferred stock of a privately held company. The fair value as of December 31, 2023 was determined by deriving the investee's equity value from a 2021 financing transaction involving its own securities and applying an 87% downward market adjustment to the implied equity value. The equity value was then allocated to the different classes of the securities of the investee using the option-pricing model ("OPM"). The OPM involves making assumptions around the investees' expected time to liquidity and volatility derived from selected guideline public companies. These assumptions are considered Level 3 inputs. As of December 31, 2024, the Company determined that the investment had substantially no value.

*SAFEs*

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received a total purchase amount of $11.0 million in SAFEs from customers as prepayment for Cell Engineering services. The Company used a scenario-based method to value the SAFEs as of each contract inception date, which resulted in total fair value of $4.5 million for SAFEs received during the year ended December 31, 2023. Under the scenario-based method, future cash flows were evaluated under qualified financing and dissolution scenarios with partial recovery and no recovery in dissolution. The cash flows under each scenario were probability-weighted and discounted to present value. The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement at contract inception during 2023 were scenario probabilities in the range of 20% to 60%, a discount rate of 14% and estimated time to event date of one to two years.

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded impairment losses of $14.5 million and $7.2 million, respectively, related to SAFEs. The fair values were generally estimated using the scenario-based method, where various payout scenarios were probability-weighted and discounted to present value.

Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an impairments of lab equipment, construction in progress assets, and assets related to an operating lease. Refer to Note <u>[11](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_169)</u> for additional detail.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

**6. Marketable Securities**

Investments in marketable securities, including those classified in cash and cash equivalents, are summarized as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **Amortized Cost** | **Unrealized Gains** | **Unrealized Losses** | **Fair Value** |
| U.S. Treasury securities | $117919 | $171 | $(52) | $118038 |
| Corporate bonds | 114640 | 147 | (121) | 114666 |
| Commercial paper | 4079 |  | (19) | 4060 |
| Marketable equity securities |  |  |  | 18654 |
| Total marketable securities | $236638 | $318 | $(192) | $255418 |

---

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of marketable debt securities are summarized below by contractual maturity dates (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** | **December 31, 2025** |
| | **Amortized cost** | **Fair value** |
| Due within one year | $205540 | $205617 |
| Due after one year through five years | 31098 | 31147 |

---

**7. Investments and Equity Method Investments** 

The Company has partnered with other investors to form business ventures, including Motif FoodWorks, Inc. ("Motif"), Allonnia, LLC ("Allonnia"), Arcaea, LLC ("Arcaea"), Verb Biotics, LLC ("Verb Biotics"), BiomEdit, LLC ("BiomEdit") and Ayana Bio, LLC ("Ayana Bio") (collectively "Platform Ventures"). The Company has also partnered with existing entities, including Genomatica, Inc. ("Genomatica") and Synlogic, Inc. ("Synlogic") (collectively, "Legacy Structured Partnerships") with complementary assets for synthetic biology applications. The Company holds equity interests in these Platform Ventures and Legacy Structured Partnerships. The Company also holds equity interests in other public and private companies as a result of entering into collaboration and license revenue arrangements with these entities.

The Company accounts for its investments in Platform Ventures under the equity method. The Company's marketable equity securities consist of Synlogic common stock, Synlogic warrants and the shares of common stock of other publicly traded companies. Marketable equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company's non-marketable equity securities consist of preferred stock of Genomatica and preferred and common stock of other privately held companies without readily determinable fair values. Non-marketable equity securities are initially recorded using the measurement alternative at cost and subsequently adjusted for any impairment and observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar security of the same issuer. Impairment losses and adjustments from observable price changes are recorded in loss on investments in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company also holds investments in early-stage synthetic biology product companies via SAFEs. The Company entered into SAFE agreements in conjunction with a revenue contract with a customer under which the Company grants the customer a prepaid Cell Engineering services credit equal to the principal amount of the SAFE (the "Purchase Amount"), which may be used and drawn down as payment for the Company's research and development services. The SAFEs will automatically convert into shares of preferred stock equal to the Purchase Amount divided by the discount price, which is calculated as the price per share sold in a qualified equity financing multiplied by a discount rate. The SAFEs also provide the Company with the right to future equity of the entity in a liquidation scenario or the cash-out amount in liquidation and dissolution scenarios or at the election of the SAFE issuer prior to an agreed outside date. The Company initially records SAFEs at fair value (see Note <u>[5](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_151)</u>) and adjusts the carrying amount of the instrument at each reporting period for any impairments.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Investments consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Investments:** |  |  |
| SAFEs | $2188 | $16689 |
| Non-marketable equity securities | 11125 | 14218 |
| Marketable equity securities | 1562 | 17559 |
| Synlogic warrants | 191 | 238 |
| Total | $15066 | $48704 |

---

Marketable equity securities of $18.7 million are not restricted for sale and are included in marketable securities in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025.

Loss on investments and equity method investments consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **(Loss) gain on investments:** |  |  |  |
| Genomatica preferred stock | $— | $(11885) | $(33000) |
| Non-marketable equity securities | (4557) | (1735) | (9928) |
| Marketable equity securities | 2695 | (7583) | (7874) |
| SAFEs | (14501) | (7208) | (2742) |
| Synlogic warrants | (48) | (416) | (1283) |
| Total loss on investments | $(16411) | $(28827) | $(54827) |
| **Loss on equity method investments:** |  |  |  |
| BiomEdit | $— | $— | $(1461) |
| Other |  |  | (1174) |
| Total loss on equity method investments | $— | $— | $(2635) |

---

The components of loss on investments for each period were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Impairment charges | $(16345) | $(20828) | $(44043) |
| Realized and unrealized gains (losses) recognized on marketable equity securities | 2647 | (7999) | (9157) |
| Downward adjustments from observable price changes | (2713) |  | (1627) |
| Total loss on investments | $(16411) | $(28827) | $(54827) |

---

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Total realized and unrealized losses associated with equity investments accounted for at fair value or the fair value measurement alternative consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Realized loss recognized on equity investments sold <sup>(1)</sup> | $— | $(5957) | $— |
| Net unrealized losses recognized on equity investments held as of the end of the period | (16411) | (22870) | (54827) |
| Total loss on investments | $(16411) | $(28827) | $(54827) |

---

(1) Reflects the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the equity investments at the beginning of the period or the acquisition date, if later.

The carrying value of non-marketable equity securities accounted for using the fair value measurement alternative and still held as of December 31, 2025, including cumulative unrealized losses, were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31, 2025** |
| Total initial cost | $109460 |
| Impairment charges | (91806) |
| Downward adjustments from observable price changes | (4341) |
| Carrying value | $13313 |

---

**8. Variable Interest Entities** 

With respect to the Company's investments in Motif, Allonnia, Genomatica, Arcaea, BiomEdit, Verb Biotics, and Ayana Bio, the Company has concluded these entities represent VIEs. While the Company has board representation on certain of these entities and is involved in the ongoing development activities of these entities via its participation on such entities' JSC, the Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of these entities because: (i) the Company does not control the board of directors of any of the VIEs, and no voting or consent agreements exist between the Company and other members of each respective board of directors or other investors, (ii) the holders of preferred security interests in the VIEs hold certain rights that require their consent prior to taking certain actions, which include certain significant operating and financing decisions, and (iii) the Company's representation on the JSC of each respective entity does not give it control over the development activities of any of the VIEs, as all JSC decisions are made by consensus and there are no agreements in place that would require any of the entities to vote in alignment with the Company. As the Company's involvement in the VIEs does not give it the power to control the decisions with respect to their development or other activities, which are their most significant activities, the Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs.

Additionally, the Company holds equity interests in certain other privately-held companies that are not consolidated as the Company is not the primary beneficiary. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the maximum risk of loss related to the Company's unconsolidated VIEs was limited to the carrying value of its investments in such entities.

Refer to Notes <u>[7](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_154)</u> and <u>[17](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_190)</u> for additional details on the Company's investments and equity method investments.

**9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net** 

During the year ended December 31, 2024, due to a sustained decrease in the market price of the Company's Class A common stock and market capitalization, the Company identified that an indicator of impairment was present during the second quarter of 2024. As such, the Company completed a quantitative impairment test related to its Cell Engineering reporting unit. To conduct the impairment test of goodwill, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was compared to its carrying value. The estimated fair value of the reporting unit was determined using a weighted approach that considered a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model under the income approach and the guideline public company ("GPC") method under the market approach. Significant inputs used in the DCF model included the projected future operating results of the reporting unit and the applicable discount rate, while inputs used in the GPC method consisted of a revenue multiple. The projected future operating results were based on historical experience and internal annual operating plans reviewed by management, extrapolated over the forecast period. The discount rate was determined using a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for risk factors specific to the reporting unit. The revenue multiple was based on the GPC method using comparable publicly traded company multiples of revenue for a group of benchmark companies. The DCF method was

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

weighted 75% and the GPC 25%. The fair value measurement of the reporting unit is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because it involves significant unobservable inputs. The Company reconciled the resulting fair value of its reporting unit to the market capitalization of the Company to corroborate the fair value estimate used in the impairment test.

The result of the interim impairment test indicated that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value. As a result, the Company fully impaired goodwill and recorded an impairment loss of $47.9 million in the second quarter of 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill consisted of the following year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $49238 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Goodwill impairment (accumulated impairment loss) | (47858) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Impact of foreign currency translation | (1380) |
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $— |

---

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Gross**<br>**Carrying**<br>**Value** <sup>(1)</sup> | **Accumulated**<br>**Amortization** <sup>(1)</sup>  | **Net**<br>**Carrying**<br>**Value** | **Weighted Average**<br>**Amortization Period**<br>**(in Years)** |
| December 31, 2025: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Developed technology | $111202 | $(54278) | $56924 | 6.9 |
| December 31, 2024: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Developed technology | $111393 | $(38883) | $72510 | 6.6 |

---

(1)Gross carrying value and accumulated amortization include the impact of cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments. 

Amortization expense was $18.7 million, $18.0 million and $15.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets remaining as of December 31, 2025 is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2026 | $18700 |
| 2027 | 11613 |
| 2028 | 2987 |
| 2029 | 2987 |
| 2030 | 2987 |
| Thereafter | 17650 |
| Total | $56924 |

---

**10. Leases**

The Company leases real estate for office and lab space as well as equipment used in research and development activities under operating and finance leases.

The Company's real estate leases have initial lease terms ranging from 1.4 years to 15.3 years and are all classified as operating. Real estate leases may contain periods of free rent, tenant improvement incentives, expansion options, rent escalation clauses at pre-determined rates or at the prevailing market rates at the time of the increase, and options to extend or terminate the lease without cause at the option of either party during the lease term. The Company is not reasonably certain to exercise these options at the commencement of the lease. Equipment leases have initial lease terms ranging from 2.2 years to 5 years and are classified as operating or finance if the lease contains bargain purchase options which the Company is reasonably certain to exercise.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Variable lease cost for real estate leases primarily consists of certain non-lease components such as real estate taxes, insurance and common area maintenance charges. These non-lease components are typically variable in nature and are recognized as lease expense in the period in which they arise. None of the Company's lease agreements contain material restrictive covenants or residual value guarantees.

The Company's headquarters are located in the Seaport district of Boston, Massachusetts and comprise a set of non-cancellable operating leases within a facility totaling over 320,000 square feet of office and laboratory space. These leases expire on dates ranging from 2030 to 2036 and each contain one option to extend the lease for a five-year period at then-market rates.

In April 2021, the Company entered into a lease, as amended, consisting of approximately 260,000 rentable square feet of new office and laboratory space being developed in Boston, Massachusetts near the Company's headquarters. The lease commenced on April 11, 2024, with rent payments beginning in June 2024, and it will expire on the fifteenth anniversary of the rent commencement date. The lease includes an option to extend for an additional ten years at then-market rates, as well as an expansion option if the owner constructs an additional building on the property.

The Company has a substantial amount of excess space and is seeking to sublease excess space consistent with its restructuring plan. The leased facilities continue to be included in the Cell Engineering asset group as they have not been abandoned and do not have separately identifiable cash flows. If the Company enters into subleases at rates that are below the existing lease minimum payments, terminates or amends existing leases, or abandons the leased facilities, the right-of-use lease assets and any associated leasehold improvements would be evaluated for potential impairment and impairment charges could be material.

In September 2023, the Company's former subsidiary, Zymergen, ceased the use of and exited a leased facility consisting of approximately 300,000 square feet of office and laboratory space in Emeryville, California. The facility was used pursuant to an operating lease with a minimum term expiring in August 2033. Zymergen's exit resulted in an impairment loss of $96.2 million, including $36.6 million for the right-of-use asset and $59.6 million for the related leasehold improvements. The impairment loss represents the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceed their estimated fair values, as determined using a discounted cash flow model under the income approach. The fair value measurements are based on significant inputs not observable in the market and therefore represent Level 3 fair value measurements. The key inputs used in the valuation were estimated sublease rental income and a discount rate of 8.5%. The impairments are presented as impairment of lease assets in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table presents the components of total lease cost (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Operating lease cost | $63470 | $57996 | $59588 |
| Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |
| Amortization of ROU assets | 708 | 655 | 1047 |
| Interest on lease liabilities | 4 | 29 | 79 |
| Finance lease cost | 712 | 684 | 1126 |
| Variable lease cost | 19701 | 19421 | 15862 |
| Sublease income | (7600) | (5177) | (11170) |
| Total lease cost | $76283 | $72924 | $65406 |

---

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
| Operating cash flows from operating leases | $61178 | $45019 | $44051 |
| Operating cash flows from finance leases | 4 | 32 | 83 |
| Financing cash flows from finance leases | 354 | 897 | 1295 |

---

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases (in years) | 11.3 | 11.8 |
| Weighted average remaining lease term - finance leases (in years) | 0.9 | 0.6 |
| Weighted average discount rate - operating leases | 7.6% | 7.5% |
| Weighted average discount rate - finance leases | 3.9% | 3.8% |

---

The following table summarizes the maturity of the Company's lease liabilities (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Years Ending December 31,** | **Operating Leases**  | **Finance Leases**  |
| 2026 | $56302 | $20 |
| 2027 | 56745 |  |
| 2028 | 58498 |  |
| 2029 | 60271 |  |
| 2030 | 59301 |  |
| Thereafter | 371682 |  |
| Total undiscounted payments | 662799 | 20 |
| Less: imputed interest | (222934) |  |
| Total lease liability | 439865 | 20 |
| Less: current portion of lease liability | (22787) | (20) |
| Lease liabilities, non-current | $417078 | $— |

---

The Company previously subleased a portion of its office and lab space to certain of its equity method investees, which are considered related parties. These lease agreements ended in 2025. Related party sublease income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $2.1 million, $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, included within

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

operating expenses in 2025 and within other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in prior years.

**11. Supplemental Financial Information** 

**Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash**

The reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheet to the totals shown within the consolidated statements of cash flows is as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $167202 | $561572 | $944073 |
| Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets <sup>(1)</sup> | 7031 | 5839 | 4789 |
| Restricted cash included in other non-current assets <sup>(1)</sup> | 38138 | 38332 | 40722 |
| Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $212371 | $605743 | $989584 |

---

(1)Includes cash balances collateralizing letters of credit associated with the Company's facility leases and customer prepayments requiring segregation and restrictions in its use in accordance with the customer agreement.

**Property, Plant and Equipment, net** 

Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Lab equipment | $146279 | $150887 |
| Leasehold improvements | 140513 | 135964 |
| Buildings and facilities | 49760 | 48255 |
| Construction in progress | 192 | 1984 |
| Computer equipment and software | 9056 | 14897 |
| Furniture and fixtures | 6520 | 6545 |
| Land | 6060 | 6060 |
| Total property, plant, and equipment | 358380 | 364592 |
| Less: Accumulated depreciation | (190597) | (160872) |
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $167783 | $203720 |

---

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 totaled $40.3 million, $45.0 million and $54.8 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company determined that $5.8 million of construction in progress assets were impaired and this loss is included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company identified excess lab equipment at two of its facilities whereby the assets were sold, classified as held for sale or otherwise impaired, resulting in aggregate impairment losses of $25.2 million, included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

**Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities** 

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Operating lease liabilities | $22787 | $28630 |
| Contractual shortfall liabilities (Note 12) | 15919 |  |
| Contingent consideration liability | 5438 | 5438 |
| Biosecurity costs | 5046 | 4032 |
| Employee compensation and benefits | 4258 | 9894 |
| Professional fees and securities litigation costs | 4378 | 2167 |
| External research and development expenses | 1072 | 713 |
| Deferred other income | 1033 | 2889 |
| Employee termination costs | 816 | 2387 |
| Finance lease liabilities | 20 | 335 |
| Property and equipment |  | 138 |
| Other current liabilities | 5691 | 8764 |
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $66458 | $65387 |

---

**Supplemental cash flow information**

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information for each reporting period (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Cash paid for interest | $4 | $32 | $83 |
| Cash paid for income taxes | 192 | 894 | 670 |
| **Non-cash investing and financing activities:** |  |  |  |
| ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | 336 | 223853 | 27668 |
| Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 46 | 2565 | 2915 |
| Convertible financial instruments received for Cell Engineering services |  |  | 4542 |
| Equity securities and warrants received for Cell Engineering services |  | 55 | 17450 |
| Common stock issued for acquisitions | 777 | 18245 | 6820 |
| Common stock issued as settlement of contingent consideration liabilities |  | 14742 | 8896 |
| Common stock issued for retention payments related to business and asset acquisitions |  | 5258 |  |
| Return of investment in equity securities for reduction in deferred revenue |  | 6760 |  |
| Conversion of notes receivable for common stock |  | 10476 |  |
| Issuance costs related to ATM offering included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 53 |  |  |

---

**12. Commitments and Contingencies** 

***Purchase Obligations***

In August 2023, the Company entered into a five-year strategic cloud and AI partnership with Google Cloud, which included minimum annual commitments to purchase cloud hosting services. The partnership previously included minimum annual commitments over the contract years ending August 27, 2027 to purchase cloud hosting services in exchange for various discounts on such services. The aggregate $289 million future purchase commitment included minimum annual commitments were as follows: year 1, $8.0 million; year 2, $28.0 million; year 3, $54.0 million; year 4, $86.0 million; and year 5, $113.0 million. Effective October 3, 2025, the Company entered into amendment that revised the total aggregate future purchase commitment to $110 million and reset the annual commitments as follows (each annual year is defined as October 3 to October 2): year 1 (starting on October 3, 2025), $6.0 million; year 2, $8.0 million; year 3, $12.0 million; year

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

4, $18.0 million; year 5, $28.0 million; year 6, $38.0 million. The Company recognized a contractual liability of $20.9 million during year ended December 31, 2025 as a result of shortfall in purchasing relative to its commitments under the original agreement. The Company is required to make a one-time payment of $14.0 million to be released from its minimum annual commitment obligations under the original agreement in January 2026. If the Company does not meet its minimum annual commitment obligations in the future, additional shortfall liabilities may be incurred and future contractual losses may be material.

Effective April 1, 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to its four-year supply agreement with Twist for the purchase of diverse products including synthetic DNA. The original agreement was effective as of April 1, 2022 and obligated the Company to spend a minimum of $58.0 million over the four-year term with the following minimum annual commitments (each annual year is defined as April 1 to March 31): year 1, $10.0 million; year 2, $13.0 million; year 3, $16.0 million; and year 4, $19.0 million. The amendment converts the remaining minimum annual commitments into non-refundable payments creditable against future purchases by the Company, with no expiration. The Company paid $4.0 million in April 2025 and is obligated to non-refundable payments of $5.0 million on April 1, 2026 and $6.0 million on April 1, 2027, respectively. A contractual loss of $8.7 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2025.

***Surety Bond***

In 2026, the Company will be required to fund a surety bond in the amount of $47.0 million to fulfill its obligations under a contract with a U.S. Government National Laboratory related to the sale of RAC automation equipment. The $47.0 million will be restricted until the Company completes all of its obligations under the contract. Currently the Company expects the cash to be restricted until 2029.

***Contingent Consideration Related to Asset Acquisitions***

In connection with the StrideBio acquisition (see Note <u>[4](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_148)</u>), the Company is obligated to make royalty payments of up to $21.3 million payable in cash or shares of Class A common stock at the Company's election until the earlier of the tenth anniversary date of the initial closing and the date on which the aggregate amount of the royalty payments equals the amount cap. The royalties are calculated based on 10% of the net licensing revenue and 40% of all consideration received for a license or sale of a product incorporating the acquired platform assets. No amounts for the royalty payments have been recorded during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The Company routinely acquires rights to intellectual property that may provide for payment of future contingent consideration, including royalties, should revenue be generated from the use of such.

***Legal Proceedings***

From time to time, the Company may in the ordinary course of business be named as a defendant in lawsuits, indemnity claims and other legal proceedings. The Company accrues for a loss contingency when it concludes that the likelihood of a loss is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company adjusts its accruals from time to time as it receives additional information. The Company does not believe any pending litigation to be material, or that the outcome of any such pending litigation, in management's judgment based on information currently available, would have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

***Indemnification Agreements***

The Company enters into standard indemnification agreements and has agreements with indemnification clauses in the ordinary course of business. Under such arrangements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, who are generally the Company's business partners. The terms of these indemnification arrangements are generally perpetual and effective any time after contract execution. The maximum potential liability resulting from these indemnification arrangements may be unlimited. The Company has never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims as a result of such indemnifications and the Company is not aware of any indemnification arrangements that could have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and it has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations as of December 31, 2025.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

**13. Stockholders' Equity** 

***Capitalization***

The following table presents the Company's authorized, issued, and outstanding common stock as of the dates indicated:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Authorized** | **Issued** | **Outstanding** |
| Common stock as of December 31, 2025 |  |  |  |
| Class A | 10500000000 | 49694610 | 46791082 |
| Class B | 4500000000 | 8985839 | 8416216 |
| Class C | 800000000 | 3000000 | 3000000 |
|  | 15800000000 | 61680449 | 58207298 |
| Common stock as of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
| Class A | 10500000000 | 45575423 | 42696585 |
| Class B | 4500000000 | 9239682 | 8669200 |
| Class C | 800000000 | 3000000 | 3000000 |
|  | 15800000000 | 57815105 | 54365785 |

---

***At-The-Market Program***

On August 7, 2025, the Company filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 14, 2024, on which the Company registered for sale up to $500.0 million of any combination of the Company's Class A common stock, preferred stock, warrants, and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that the Company may determine. On September 4, 2025, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Allen & Company LLC, who is acting as the sales agent (the "Agent"), pursuant to which the Company may sell shares of its Class A common stock from time to time at prices and on terms determined by market conditions at the time of offering, up to an aggregate offering price of $100.0 million through or directly to the Agent in one or more at-the-market ("ATM") offerings. Since inception of the Sales Agreement through December 31, 2025, the Company has issued 1.9 million shares of Class A common stock under the Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $18.1 million.

***Preferred Stock*** 

The Company is authorized to issue 200 million shares of preferred stock with a par value $0.0001 per share. The Company's board of directors are authorized, without stockholder approval, to issue such shares of preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, and to fix the designations, powers, voting, and other rights, preferences and privileges of the shares. There were no issued and outstanding shares of preferred stock as of December 31, 2025.

***Common Stock*** 

The Company is authorized to issue 15,800 million shares of common stock, including 10,500 million shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 4,500 million shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and 800 million shares of Class C common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

*Voting* 

Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share. Holders of Class C common stock are not entitled to vote except as otherwise expressly provided in the certificate of incorporation or required by applicable law.

*Dividends* 

Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors. Different classes of common stock are legally entitled to equal per share distributions whether through dividends or liquidation. No dividends have been declared to date.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

*Conversion* 

Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock. Generally, shares of Class B common stock will convert automatically into Class A common stock upon the holder ceasing to be an Eligible Holder (i.e., director, employee, trust or legal entity of Ginkgo), unless otherwise determined by affirmative vote of a majority of independent directors of Ginkgo.

***Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuances***

The Company had the following common stock reserved for future issuance as of the date indicated:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **December 31, 2025** |
| Shares available for grant under the 2021 Plan | 3336606 |
| Restricted stock units outstanding | 1262853 |
| Performance stock units outstanding | 4407287 |
| Warrants to purchase Class A common stock | 1295622 |
| Shares available for grant under the ESPP | 2500000 |
| Shares available for grant under the 2022 Inducement Plan | 292172 |
| Stock options issued and outstanding | 366567 |
| Total common stock reserved for future issuances <sup>(1)</sup> | 13461107 |

---

(1)Excludes unvested earnout shares, which are restricted shares issued to equity holders of legacy Ginkgo prior to the closing of the SRNG Business Combination and to SRNG. These earnout shares are recorded in equity as shares outstanding upon satisfying the vesting conditions.

**14. Stock-Based Compensation** 

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense by financial statement line item in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the periods presented (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Research and development | $34210 | $56020 | $145879 |
| General and administrative | 42463 | 56324 | 84005 |
| Cost of Biosecurity revenue | 2624 |  |  |
| Cost of other revenue | 2249 |  |  |
| Total | $81546 | $112344 | $229884 |

---

***2022 Inducement Plan***

On October 16, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors adopted the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan (the "2022 Inducement Plan"), which is a non-shareholder approved equity incentive plan adopted pursuant to the "inducement exception" provided under NYSE Listed Company Manual Section 303A.08. Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Inducement Plan, the Company may grant nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock and other stock-based awards as an inducement material to individuals being hired or rehired following a bona fide period of interruption of employment, as an employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, including in connection with a merger or acquisition. The terms of the 2022 Inducement Plan are substantially similar to the terms of the Company's 2021 Incentive Award Plan. The Company has reserved 625,000 shares of the Company's common stock (which may be shares of Class A common stock or Class B common stock) for issuance under the 2022 Inducement Plan. As of December 31, 2025, 292,172 shares are available for future issuance under the 2022 Inducement Plan.

***2021 Incentive Award Plans***

On September 16, 2021, the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the "2021 Plan") became effective. The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, including incentive stock options ("ISOs") and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

rights, restricted stock, dividend equivalents, RSUs and other stock or cash-based awards to employees, consultants and directors of Ginkgo and its subsidiaries.

The aggregate number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2021 Plan, which may be issued as Class A common stock and/or Class B common stock, was initially 5,011,024 shares. As of December 31, 2025, 3,336,606 shares are available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan will automatically increase for ten years on January 1 of each year in an amount equal to the lesser of (a) 4% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the Board. The maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of incentive stock options granted under the 2021 Plan is 5,000,000 shares. Shares issued under the 2021 Plan may consist of authorized but unissued shares, shares purchased on the open market or treasury shares.

***2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan***

On September 16, 2021, the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP") became effective. The ESPP authorizes (i) the grant of options that are intended to qualify for favorable U.S. federal tax treatment under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Section 423 Component") and (ii) the grant of options that are not intended to be tax-qualified (the "Non-Section 423 Component"). All of the Company's employees are expected to be eligible to participate in the ESPP. However, with respect to the Section 423 Component, an employee may not be granted rights to purchase stock under the ESPP if the employee, immediately after the grant, would own (directly or through attribution) stock possessing 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of the Company's common stock.

The ESPP initially permits the Company to deliver up to 500,000 shares of common stock pursuant to awards issued under the ESPP, which may be Class A common stock and/or Class B common stock. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP will automatically increase each January 1 by an amount equal to the lesser of (a) 1% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the Board, provided that no more than 2,500,000 shares may be issued under the Section 423 Component. Prior to or in connection with issuing any shares of common stock under the ESPP, the ESPP administrator may convert awards covering shares of Class B common stock to Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2025, no awards have been granted under the ESPP, and 2,500,000 shares remain available for future issuance.

***2014 Stock Incentive Plan***

The 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") provided for the Company to grant options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and other stock-based awards. From and after the effective date of the 2021 Incentive Award Plan, the Company ceased granting awards under the 2014 Plan. However, the 2014 Plan continues to govern the terms and conditions of the outstanding awards previously granted thereunder. Shares of common stock underlying any awards that are forfeited, cancelled, repurchased, or otherwise terminated by the Company under the 2014 Plan will be added back to the shares available for issuance under the 2021 Incentive Award Plan.

***Time-based Stock Options***

All time-based options outstanding consist of awards granted to non-employee directors and are of two types: (i) initial awards granted to newly elected or appointed directors, which vest in three equal annual installments, and (ii) subsequent awards, which vest on the earlier of the first anniversary of the grant date or the day prior to the next annual shareholder meeting. These options expire no later than ten years from the grant date. The exercise price of each option is equal to the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

A summary of time-based stock options activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 is presented below:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of Shares** | **Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share** | **Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)** | **Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)** |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 | 267520 | $25.17 |  |  |
| Granted | 171875 | 9.29 |  |  |
| Exercised |  |  |  |  |
| Forfeited | (72828) | 36.96 |  |  |
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2025 | 366567 | 15.38 | 8.9 | $— |
| Exercisable as of December 31, 2025 | 136014 | 24.74 | 8.4 |  |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the year and the exercise prices, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.9 million and $9.1 million, respectively. There were no stock option exercises during the year ended December 31, 2025. The weighted-average fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $7.48, $11.35 and $57.20 per share, respectively, and was calculated using the following key assumptions in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.06% | 4.27% | 3.94% |
| Expected volatility | 100% | 97% | 93% |
| Expected term (in years) | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 |
| Dividend yield | —% | —% | —% |

---

As of December 31, 2025, there was $1.5 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to options recognizable over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years.

***Market-based Stock Options***

In April 2024, the Company granted to each of the Company's four founders an option to purchase in aggregate 125,000 shares of Ginkgo's Class A common stock with an exercise price of $100 per share, subject both to time-based and market-based vesting criteria (the "Founder Options"). The market-based vesting is tied to the achievement of four specified stock price hurdles within a five-year period, with 10% of the Founder Options vesting based on the achievement of a 90-calendar-day average stock price of $200, 10% of the Founder Options vesting based on the achievement of a 90-calendar-day average stock price of $300, 20% of the Founder Options vesting based on the achievement of a 90-calendar-day average stock price of $400 and the remaining 60% of the Founder Options vesting based on the achievement of a 90-calendar-day average stock price of $500. If the market-based criteria are achieved during the five-year period, the awards will vest on the five-year anniversary of the grant date. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of the options granted was $7.80 per share and was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation model using a risk-free interest rate of 4.65%, expected volatility of 72%, suboptimal exercise multiple of 2.8, and a dividend yield of zero percent.

In June 2025, the compensation committee of the Company's Board of Directors canceled the Founder Options and granted replacement performance-based restricted stock unit ("PSU") awards (the "Founder PSU Awards"). The cancellation and concurrent grant of replacement awards were accounted for as a modification, resulting in $10.5 million of incremental compensation expense. The performance period for these awards was through December 31, 2025 and the aggregate compensation expense for the cancelled award and the new award will be recognized over the remaining requisite service period of the PSUs, which is the grant date through March 31, 2026. The PSU awards are subject to substantially similar performance metrics, vesting terms and employment terms as described in the section "*Performance-based Restricted Stock Units*" below.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

***Restricted Stock Units***

RSUs granted under the 2014 Plan are subject to two vesting conditions: (i) a service-based vesting condition, generally satisfied over four years with 25% of the shares vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and monthly vesting thereafter, and (ii) a performance-based vesting condition, which was met in 2021 in connection with the Company's merger with SRNG. RSUs granted under the 2021 Plan are subject only to the service-based vesting condition.

A summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 is presented below:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of Shares**  | **Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value** |
| Nonvested as of December 31, 2024 | 3327398 | $69.00 |
| Granted | 1176419 | 8.02 |
| Vested | (1797720) | 48.74 |
| Forfeited | (1443244) | 56.71 |
| Nonvested as of December 31, 2025 | 1262853 | 55.07 |

---

The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $8.02, $43.81 and $55.60, respectively. The total fair value of the RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $87.6 million, $232.9 million and $365.3 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, there was $58.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs recognizable over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

***Performance-based Restricted Stock Units***

In March 2025, the compensation committee of the Company's Board of Directors approved a grant of PSU awards under the 2021 Plan to substantially all employees. The PSUs are eligible to vest based on the achievement of specific performance metrics tied to the Company's 2025 cash flow and bookings targets. Recipients must remain employed through the date the applicable vested shares are distributed, which is expected to occur in March 2026. PSU achievement percentages may range from zero to 100% of the award. The grant-date fair value of the PSUs was determined based on the closing price of the Company's Class A common stock on the grant date. Additionally, as summarized above, the Founder PSU Awards were granted in June 2025.

A summary of PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 is presented below:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Performance Stock Units** | **Performance Stock Units** |
| | **Number of<br>Shares** | **Weighted<br>Average<br>Grant Date<br>Fair Value** |
| Granted | 5599647 | $8.01 |
| Vested |  |  |
| Forfeited | (1192360) | 7.81 |
| Nonvested as of December 31, 2025 | 4407287 | 8.06 |

---

As of December 31, 2025, there was $7.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested PSUs outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over a service period of approximately 0.3 years. Actual expense recognized may vary based on the final achievement rate.

***Earnouts***

Earnout shares represent equity awards, primarily in the form of restricted stock, granted to existing employees of the Company as of the closing date of the Company's merger with SRNG on September 16, 2021 (the "Closing Date"). These earnout shares are subject to the same time-based vesting and performance conditions (change in control or an initial public offering) as the underlying awards, including provisions related to vesting and termination. Additionally, the earnout shares are subject to a market condition, which is satisfied when the trading price of the Company's common stock is greater than

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

or equal to $500, $600, $700 and $800 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 consecutive trading day period, on or before the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date (collectively, the "Earnout Targets"). The first Earnout Target of $500 per share was achieved on November 15, 2021.

A summary of activity during the year ended December 31, 2025 for the earnout shares is presented below:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of Shares**  | **Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value** |
| Nonvested as of December 31, 2024 | 552457 | $510.80 |
| Vested | (321) | 533.60 |
| Forfeited | (859) | 512.62 |
| Nonvested as of December 31, 2025 | 551277 | 510.78 |

---

The total fair value of the earnout shares that vested during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $0.2 million, $4.5 million and $7.6 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, there was zero unrecognized compensation expense related to earnout shares.

**15. Revenue Recognition** 

***Disaggregation of Revenue***

The following table sets forth the percentage of Cell Engineering revenues by industry based on total Cell Engineering revenue:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Pharmaceutical and biotechnology | 35% | 26% | 30% |
| Agriculture | 28 | 19 | 24 |
| Government and defense | 23 | 13 | 6 |
| Industrial and environment | 5 | 6 | 16 |
| Consumer and technology | 5 | 4 | 8 |
| Food and nutrition | 4 | 32 | 16 |
| Total Cell Engineering revenue | 100% | 100% | 100% |

---

Cell Engineering revenue includes both cash and non-cash consideration. The non-cash consideration primarily consists of equity received from customers as partial or full payment in certain contracts, which is recognized as revenue as services are provided or upon contract termination. The Company did not receive equity as consideration for any customer contracts entered into during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024, but continues to recognize revenue from prior contracts. Cell Engineering revenue recognized relating to non-cash consideration was $11.6 million, $61.4 million, and $48.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

The Company's total revenue is derived from customers located primarily in the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company's revenue from customers within the United States comprised 76%, 81% and 82%, respectively, of total revenue.

***Contract Balances***

The Company recognizes a contract asset when the Company transfers goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, excluding any amounts presented as accounts receivable. The Company had no contract asset balances as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company's accounts receivable consists of both billed and unbilled amounts. Unbilled receivables arise when revenue is recognized in excess of invoiced amounts and represent the Company's unconditional right to consideration for goods or services already transferred to the customer. The balance

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

of unbilled accounts receivable, included in accounts receivable, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, was $14.5 million and $11.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, primarily consist of payments received in advance of performance under the contract or when the Company has an unconditional right to consideration under the terms of the contract before it transfers goods or services to the customer. The Company's collaborative arrangements with its investees and related parties typically include upfront payments consisting of cash or non-cash consideration for future research and development services and non-cash consideration in the form of convertible financial instruments and equity securities for licenses that will be transferred in the future. The Company records the upfront cash payments and fair value of the convertible financial instruments and equity securities as deferred revenue.

The Company also invoices customers based on contractual billing schedules, which results in the recording of deferred revenue to the extent payment is received prior to the Company's performance of the related services. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as (or when) the Company performs under the contract.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized $48.7 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance of $126.5 million as of December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $88.1 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance of $202.5 million as of December 31, 2023.

***Performance Obligations***

The aggregate amount of the transaction price that was allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied or are partially satisfied as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $158.6 million and $85.8 million, respectively. The Company has elected the practical expedient not to provide the remaining performance obligation disclosures related to contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue on a cost-plus basis in the amount to which it has the right to invoice. As of December 31, 2025, approximately $23.0 million of the unsatisfied or partially satisfied performance obligations is expected to be recognized as revenue in 2026, based on the projected customer program end date; $40.9 million between 2026 and 2027; $86.9 million between 2026 and 2028; $3.4 million between 2026 and 2029; and $4.4 million between 2026 and 2030.

When a milestone subject to the variable consideration constraint is achieved, the Company updates its estimate of the transaction price to include the milestone payment and records a cumulative catch-up in revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $2.9 million, $7.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively, as cumulative catch-up in revenue, primarily due to the recognition of previously constrained variable consideration related to milestones or a contract modification.

**16. Segment Information**

The Company operates in two operating and reportable segments: Cell Engineering and Biosecurity. This structure reflects the Company's internal management framework and the approach its CODM uses to evaluate operating results and allocate resources. The Company's reportable segments are described as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Cell Engineering consists of end-to-end cell engineering solutions and cell engineering tools offerings for biological R&D. The Company's cell engineering platform includes R&D services (solutions) where Ginkgo performs technical activities. Our Autonomous Lab is a flexible wet lab built from our Reconfigurable Automation Cart ("RAC") systems capable of large scale data generation; it powers generative AI and machine learning ("ML") tools that enable more successful biological R&D. We now offer services providing such data generation, AI and automation tools directly to Ginkgo customers. Cell Engineering revenue is generated primarily through R&D service fees for our solutions and Datapoints services; and design, build, installation and ongoing support fees for our automation solutions (RAC) systems. Historically our solutions deals also included downstream value share in the form of milestone payments, royalties or equity interests.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Biosecurity consists of the Company's biomonitoring and bioinformatics support services, offered to both government and non-government customers through the Company's two core offerings: Canopy and Horizon. Biosecurity revenue is generated from fees for data, analytics, and services. Prior to 2024, Biosecurity revenue also included sales of COVID-19 diagnostic and sample collection test kits.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company's reportable segments are those for which discrete financial information is available and whose results are regularly provided to the Company's CODM, consisting of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officer, for the purpose of allocating resources and assessing financial performance. The CODM evaluates the financial performance of the Company's segments based on segment operating income (loss). The CODM is primarily provided with the segment operating income (loss) on a quarterly basis, as well as during the annual budgeting and forecasting process, and uses this information to monitor the Company's performance, including budget-to-actual results, and to make decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources to each segment. For management reporting purposes, the Company's measure of segment operating income (loss) excludes the impact of stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, asset impairment charges, restructuring charges, costs associated with excess space, transaction and integration costs associated with planned, completed or terminated mergers and acquisitions, and acquired in-process research and development expenses. The Company has determined its significant segment expenses are cost of revenue for Biosecurity, research and development expenses for Cell Engineering, and general and administrative expenses for both segments, which are regularly provided to the CODM.

The CODM is not provided with asset information by segment; therefore, such information is not presented. The accounting policies used to prepare the reportable segments financial information are the same as those used to prepare the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The following table presents summary results of the Company's reportable segments and a reconciliation of total segment operating loss to consolidated loss before income taxes (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **Cell Engineering** |  |  |  |
| Revenue | $132746 | $173972 | $143531 |
| Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp; Cost of other revenue | 13203 | 5999 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp; Research and development | 158541 | 271512 | 335943 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp; General and administrative | 56532 | 115028 | 171210 |
| Cell Engineering operating loss | (95530) | (218567) | (363622) |
| **Biosecurity** |  |  |  |
| Service revenue | 37409 | 53071 | 78975 |
| Product revenue |  |  | 28949 |
| Costs and operating expense: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp; Cost of Biosecurity service revenue | 28897 | 38549 | 46524 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp; Cost of Biosecurity product revenue |  |  | 7481 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp; Research and development |  | 771 | 1599 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp; General and administrative | 27443 | 44370 | 55514 |
| Biosecurity operating (loss) income | (18931) | (30619) | (3194) |
| **Total segment operating loss** | (114461) | (249186) | (366816) |
| Reconciling items to reconcile total segment operating loss to loss before income taxes: | Reconciling items to reconcile total segment operating loss to loss before income taxes: | Reconciling items to reconcile total segment operating loss to loss before income taxes: | Reconciling items to reconcile total segment operating loss to loss before income taxes: |
| Stock-based compensation <sup>(1)</sup> | 82704 | 115299 | 234908 |
| Impairment expense <sup>(2)</sup> |  | 53654 | 121404 |
| Depreciation and amortization | 58990 | 63020 | 70507 |
| Restructuring charges <sup>(3)</sup> | 11398 | 24172 |  |
| Carrying cost of excess space (net of sublease income) <sup>(4)</sup> | 53723 | 25986 |  |
| Merger and acquisition related expenses <sup>(5)</sup> | (5998) | 4417 | 61188 |
| Acquired in-process research and development |  | 19849 | 9582 |
| Other (income) expense, net <sup>(6)</sup> | (1678) | (8075) | 28535 |
| **Loss before income taxes** | $(313600) | $(547508) | $(892940) |

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1)Includes $1.2 million, $3.0 million, and $5.0 million in related employer payroll taxes for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

(2)For 2024, includes $47.9 million related to goodwill impairment and $5.8 million related to lab equipment. For 2023, includes a $25.2 million impairment loss on lab equipment and a $96.2 million impairment loss on lease assets associated with an exited Zymergen leased facility.

(3)See Note <u>[3](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_575)</u>, Restructuring, for composition of costs.

(4)The carrying cost of excess space includes base rent, common area maintenance charges, and real estate taxes associated with facilities the Company is not occupying, net of any sublease income from these spaces.

(5)Represents transaction and integration costs directly related to mergers and acquisitions, including: (i) due diligence, legal, consulting and accounting fees associated with acquisitions, (ii) post-acquisition employee retention bonuses and severance payments, (iii) the fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities resulting from acquisitions, and (iv) costs associated with the Zymergen Bankruptcy, as well as securities litigation costs, net of insurance recovery.

(6)Includes interest income, interest expense, loss on investments, losses/gains on deconsolidation of subsidiaries, changes in fair value of certain assets and liabilities, and other gains or losses.

**17. Significant Collaboration Agreements and Transactions with Related Parties**

The Company's significant transactions with its related parties are primarily comprised of revenue generating activities under collaboration and license agreements.

***Platform Ventures***

The Company has partnered with other investors, including investors who were also Company investors at the time, to form business ventures, including Motif FoodWorks, Inc. in 2018 ("Motif"), Allonnia, LLC in 2019 ("Allonnia"), Arcaea, LLC in 2021 ("Arcaea"), Verb Biotics, LLC in 2021 ("Verb"), Ayana Bio, LLC in 2021 ("Ayana") and BiomEdit, LLC in 2022 ("BiomEdit") (collectively "Platform Ventures"). Each of these entities is privately held with the Company holding common equity interests in each.

The Company initially consolidated Ayana and Verb at formation as variable interests where the Company was initially the primary beneficiary, subsequently deconsolidating both in 2022 when it was concluded that was no longer the case. With respect to the investments in Motif, Allonnia, Arcaea, and BiomEdit, the Company concluded these entities represent variable interest entities, however the Company has never been the primary beneficiary of these entities. The Company accounts for its investments in Platform Ventures under the equity method.

Concurrently with the launch of each of the Platform Ventures, the Company received common equity and, with respect to Arcaea, subsequently received additional common equity. The Company generally granted each Platform Venture licenses to certain of the Company's intellectual property and executed Technical Development Agreements ("TDAs") that established terms under which the Company would provide technical research and development services to those entities, generally in return for fees on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis for services provided.

The common equity investments in each of the Platform Ventures were initially recorded at the then fair values determined at inception of the investments. The Company is recognizing earnings and losses on these equity method investments using the HLBV method. Accordingly, the carrying values of each of the Platform Ventures investments were reduced to zero immediately following the Company's investments. There is no commitment for the Company to provide further financial support to these Platform Ventures, and therefore the carrying value of the equity method investments will not be reduced below zero.

The relationship with the Platform Ventures is as vendor-customer relationships and is within the scope of ASC 606, as the provision of services and corresponding license rights are considered a part of the Company's ordinary activities. The common equity issued to the Company represent non-cash consideration under revenue contracts. While TDAs executed by the parties provides payment terms for future services, the TDAs do not provide for any transfer of goods or services between the parties as the Company contemplated provided licenses and services upon execution of future contemplated TDPs.

With the exception of Ayana and Verb, the Company's performance obligations under the initial arrangements consisted of a number of estimated materials rights provided to the Platform Ventures (BiomEdit having four and Arcaea, Allonia and Motif having ten) to future technical research and development services and commercial licenses under individual TDPs that the Company expected to execute. These material rights equated in aggregate to the fair values of the common equity issued by each of the Platform Ventures to the Company and represented advanced payment for the license rights, which would be granted upon the execution of future applicable TDPs. As there would be no additional payment for these license

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

rights when future TDPs are executed, the Company determined that there are material rights associated with each of the contemplated TDPs under each of the TDAs. The value of the material rights are included in deferred revenue until recognized as revenue. The material rights are recorded as non-current deferred revenue until such time as the parties execute an applicable TDP inclusive of the material rights.

For each TDP underlying a material right, the transaction price consists of (i) either a fixed fee or, if a cost-plus arrangement, variable consideration for the most likely amount of estimated consideration to be received and (ii) non-cash consideration allocated to the material right. As the services performed by the Company under a TDP inclusive of a material right, the Company creates or enhances an asset that the Platform Ventures controls, the Company satisfies the performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time using an input method that compares total costs incurred relative to total estimated cost to complete to estimate progress under the contract. Any revisions to the estimated total budgeted costs to complete, and the resulting impact on revenue recognition, are reflected in the period of the change through a cumulative catch-up adjustment.

In August 2024, the Company and Motif mutually terminated its services agreements with no adjustment to the original consideration. As a result, the Company has no further obligation to perform services for Motif and, accordingly, the then remaining $45.4 million in material rights deferred revenue has been recognized in full as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024.

In March 2025, the Company and BiomEdit mutually terminated its services agreements with no adjustment to the original consideration. As a result, the Company has no further obligation to perform services for BiomEdit, and accordingly, the then remaining $7.5 million in material rights deferred revenue has been recognized in full as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025. BiomEdit is no longer considered a significant related party due to a reduction of the Company's equity ownership interest that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2025.

***Genomatica, Inc.***

The Company has also partnered with Genomatica, Inc. ("Genomatica"), a previously established business that is privately held. Genomatica is deemed a variable interest entity, however the Company has never been the primary beneficiary of this entity

In 2016, the Company purchased Series A preferred stock of Genomatica, Inc. for $15.0 million and entered into a collaboration agreement, which was subsequently terminated in September 2018, whereby the Company received $40.0 million of Series B preferred stock in Genomatica in exchange for providing Genomatica with up to $40.0 million in services at no charge to Genomatica. The agreements between the Company and Genomatica were determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 directly or by analogy. The Company recognized the revenue for the combined performance obligations using an over-time input method.

The Company concluded the preferred stock investments were not in-substance common stock and therefore did not qualify for accounting as an equity method investment and should be accounted for as equity security under the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value. As of December 31, 2024, the Company determined that the investment had substantially no value. During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company recorded impairment losses of $11.9 million, and $33.0 million, respectively, related to its investment in Genomatica preferred stock.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

***Related Party Transactions***

Significant related party transactions included in the consolidated balance sheet, excluding the Company's investments and equity method investments, are summarized below (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Deferred revenue, current and non-current:** |  |  |
| Allonnia | $36495 | $36495 |
| Arcaea | 28413 | 28413 |
| BiomEdit |  | 7583 |
| Genomatica |  | 564 |
|  | $64908 | $73055 |

---

Significant related party transactions included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, excluding the losses on the Company's investments and equity method investments, are summarized below (in thousands):

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **Cell Engineering revenue:** |  |  |  |
| Motif FoodWorks | $— | $45445 | $6660 |
| Arcaea |  | 4653 | 6024 |
| Genomatica | 564 | 1453 | 4232 |
| Ayana Bio | 637 | 1028 | 1323 |
| BiomEdit | 7583 | 197 | 2171 |
| Verb Biotics |  |  | 584 |
| Allonnia |  | 126 | 523 |
| Other equity investees |  | 139 | 705 |
|  | $8784 | $53041 | $22222 |

---

Refer to Notes <u>[7](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_154)</u> for additional details on the Company's investments and equity method investments held in its related parties.

**18. Employee Benefit Plan** 

The Company maintains a 401(k) retirement savings plan for its employees who satisfy certain eligibility requirements. Under this plan, the Company makes a 5% non-elective contribution to all eligible employees equal to up to 5% of eligible compensation, which fully vests once such eligible participant has completed two years of continuous service. Effective January 1, 2024, the 5% non-elective contribution is capped for employees earning $100,000 or more in annual salary, resulting in a maximum employer contribution of $5,000. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company contributed $3.3 million, $5.8 million and $8.2 million, respectively, to the plan.

**19. Income Taxes** 

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the loss before income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Domestic | $(308990) | $(514354) | $(890986) |
| Foreign | (4610) | (33154) | (1954) |
| Total | $(313600) | $(547508) | $(892940) |

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded the following income tax expense (benefit) (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Current: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State | $873 | $566 | $690 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign | (346) | (109) | 123 |
| Total current | 527 | 457 | 813 |
| Deferred: |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Federal |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;State |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign | (1364) | (936) | (884) |
| Total deferred | (1364) | (936) | (884) |
| Income tax benefit | $(837) | $(479) | $(71) |

---

A reconciliation of income tax benefit computed by applying the 21% statutory U.S. Federal income tax rate to income before income taxes after the adoption of ASU 2023-09 for year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2025** |
| | **(in thousands)** | **Percent** |
| Tax at U.S. Statutory Rate | $(65856) | 21.0% |
| State and Local Income Taxes (1) | 663 | (0.2)% |
| Foreign Tax Effects |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other foreign jurisdictions | (743) | 0.2% |
| Nontaxable or Nondeductible Items |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock compensation | 14728 | (4.7)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Limitation on executive compensation | 1495 | (0.5)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain/Loss on investments | 3446 | (1.1)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 461 | (0.1)% |
| Tax Credits |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research & Development Credits | (1079) | 0.4% |
| Changes in Valuation Allowance | 45212 | (14.4)% |
| Other Items |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 836 | (0.3)% |
| Effective tax rate | $(837) | 0.3% |

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)The states and local jurisdictions that contribute to the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category include Massachusetts and New York state and city.

A reconciliation of income tax benefit computed at the statutory corporate income tax rate to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2024** | **2023** |
| Federal income tax at statutory rate | 21.0% | 21.0% |
| State income tax | 0.1% | 1.3% |
| Change in valuation allowance | (10.4)% | 13.6% |
| Stock-based compensation | (7.7)% | (14.2)% |
| Executive compensation | 0.2% | 8.1% |
| Tax credits | 0.5% | 0.8% |
| Investments in subsidiaries and other | (0.6)% | (29.0)% |
| Other | (3.0)% | (1.6)% |
| Effective tax rate | 0.1% | —% |

---

For the years ended December 31, 2025, the amount of cash income taxes paid by the Company was as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** |
| Federal | $— |
| State and local: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;California | 12 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;South Carolina | 148 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All other state and local | 32 |
| Foreign |  |
| Cash income taxes, net of refunds | $192 |

---

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Net operating loss carryforwards | $459420 | $332482 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Tax credit carryforwards | 63612 | 61497 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Capitalized research and development costs | 155755 | 214208 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses | 201 | 986 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Deferred revenue | 21765 | 28549 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 48809 | 52388 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortizable intangibles | 11755 | 10695 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liabilities | 112072 | 116118 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Investments in subsidiaries | 59027 | 57534 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Property, plant, and equipment | 2464 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Other | 1257 | 1232 |
| Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance | 936137 | 875689 |
| Valuation allowance | (840060) | (771852) |
| Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 96077 | 103837 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Amortizable intangibles | (10119) | (11660) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Property, plant and equipment |  | (545) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Lease right-of-use assets | (92052) | (98184) |
| Deferred tax liabilities | (102171) | (110389) |
| Net deferred taxes | $(6094) | $(6552) |

---

Activity in the deferred tax assets valuation allowance is summarized as follows (in thousands):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Beginning of Period** | **Additions<br>(Subtractions)** | **End of Period** |
| Deferred tax assets valuation allowance: |  |  |  |
| Year ended December 31, 2025 | $771852 | $68208 | $840060 |
| Year ended December 31, 2024 | $711778 | $60074 | $771852 |

---

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize the deferred tax assets. The Company considered its history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and has concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that it will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been established against the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 that are not expected to be realized. The Company reevaluates the positive and negative evidence at each reporting period. The valuation allowance increased on a net basis by $68.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to increases in the deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carryforwards partially offset by the continued amortization of capitalized research and development costs as allowed by certain provisions of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.8 billion, of which $139.2 million will begin to expire in 2029 and $1.6 billion can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.5 billion, of which $1.2 billion will begin to expire in 2030 and $257.5 million can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company also had $3.9 million of foreign net operating losses as of December 31, 2025, of which $1.5 million will begin to expire in 2034 and $2.4 million can be carried forward indefinitely.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $38.8 million, which will begin to expire in 2029. As of December 31, 2025, the Company also had state research and development and investment tax credit carryforwards of approximately $31.4 million, which will begin to expire in 2030.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, if a corporation undergoes an ownership change, the corporation's ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited. The Company may have experienced an ownership change in the past and may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of future transactions in its share capital, some of which may be outside of the Company's control. As a result, if the Company earns net taxable income, the Company's ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, or other pre-change tax attributes, to offset U.S. federal and state taxable income and taxes may be subject to significant limitations.

The Company evaluates the impact of various tax reform proposals and modifications to existing tax treaties in all jurisdictions where it operates to assess their potential effect on its business and assumptions regarding future taxable income. The Company cannot predict whether specific proposals will be enacted, the terms of such proposals, or their potential impact on its business if enacted. In 2025, no major tax legislation was enacted in the jurisdictions where the Company operates that materially impacted its consolidated financial statements.

The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign taxing authorities, where applicable. There are currently no tax examinations in progress. As of December 31, 2025, with few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local, or foreign examinations by tax authorities for tax years before 2016. To the extent the Company has tax attribute carryforwards, the tax years in which the attribute was generated may still be adjusted upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service or state taxing authorities to the extent utilized in a future period.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a more likely than not threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors that include, but are not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions on an annual basis and adjusts the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions and had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

**20. Net Loss per Share** 

The calculation of earnings per common share is as follows (in thousands, except share data):

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** | **Year Ended December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| **<u>Numerator:</u>** |  |  |  |
| Net loss | $(312763) | $(547029) | $(892869) |
| **<u>Denominator</u>** |  |  |  |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding | 55457676 | 51894639 | 48610507 |
| Net loss per share | $(5.64) | $(10.54) | $(18.37) |

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#id8596373948b4ae4958ccd7c02fd70c1_7)</u>

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2023** |
| Unvested PSUs | 4407287 |  |  |
| Warrants to purchase Class A common stock | 1295622 | 1295622 | 1295622 |
| Unvested RSUs | 1262853 | 3327398 | 3804189 |
| Earnout shares <sup>(1)</sup> | 3793063 | 3794243 | 3803049 |
| Outstanding stock options | 366567 | 767520 | 192208 |
| Escrow shares <sup>(2)</sup> |  | 20332 |  |
|  | 11125392 | 9205115 | 9095068 |

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(1)Represents employee and non-employee earnout shares for which the service-based and/or market-based vesting conditions have not been satisfied.

(2)Represents restricted common stock issued in connection with asset acquisitions, held in escrow for indemnification purposes, and subject to forfeiture.

**21. Subsequent Events** 

On February 26, 2026, the Company entered into a definitive Stock Purchase Agreement (the "Stock Purchase Agreement") to sell substantially all of the operations comprising its Biosecurity segment (the "Biosecurity Business") to a newly formed entity ("Tower Biosecurity Holdings, Inc."). Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will contribute the Biosecurity Business to Tower Biosecurity Holdings, Inc. in exchange for approximately 20% equity interest of the total issued and outstanding equity of Tower Biosecurity Holdings, Inc. as of closing. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2026, subject to customary closing conditions.

Upon closing, the Company expects to present the Biosecurity Business as discontinued operations in its consolidated financial statements and to recast prior period amounts to conform to this presentation. The transaction was approved by the Company's Board of Directors in February 2026, and, accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the Biosecurity Business are not reflected as held for sale as of December 31, 2025 and the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not reflect the effects of this transaction.

## Exhibit 4.2

**Exhibit 4.2**

**DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK**

*The following summary of the material terms of the capital stock of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. ("Ginkgo," "we," "us" and "our") is not intended to be a complete summary of the rights and preferences of such securities, and is qualified by reference to our certificate of incorporation (as amended, the "Charter"), our amended and restated bylaws (the "Bylaws") and the warrant-related documents described herein, which are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). We urge you to read each of our Charter, our Bylaws and the warrant-related documents described herein in their entirety for a complete description of the rights and preferences of our securities.*

**Authorized Capital Stock**

Ginkgo's Charter authorizes the issuance of 16,000,000,000 shares of all classes of Ginkgo's capital stock, consisting of:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 200,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 10,500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share ("Class A common stock");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 4,500,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share ("Class B common stock"); and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• 800,000,000 shares of Class C common stock, par value $0.0001 per share ("Class C common stock").

**Common Stock**

Ginkgo has three classes of authorized common stock: Class A common stock, Class B common stock, and Class C common stock (collectively, the "Common Stock"). Generally, Class B common stock can only be issued to, transferred to, and held by Ginkgo's directors and employees, or trusts or legal entities through which the right to vote the shares of Class B common stock held thereby is exercised exclusively by one or more of Ginkgo's directors or employees (any such director, employee, trust or legal entity, an "Eligible Holder"), unless otherwise determined by a majority of the Class B Directors (defined below) then serving.

***Voting Rights***

*Class A Common Stock*

Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one (1) vote for each share of Class A common stock held of record by such holder on all matters voted upon by Ginkgo stockholders.

*Class B Common Stock*

------

Holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten (10) votes for each share of Class B common stock held of record by such holder on all matters voted upon by Ginkgo stockholders.

*Class C Common Stock*

Except as expressly provided in Ginkgo's Charter or required by applicable law, holders of Class C common stock generally are not entitled to vote on matters voted upon by Ginkgo stockholders. Solely to the extent that a holder of Class C common stock is expressly entitled to vote on any matter pursuant to Ginkgo's Charter or by applicable law, the holder will be entitled to one (1) vote for each share of Class C common stock held of record by such holder.

*Stockholder Votes*

Holders of Common Stock generally vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of Ginkgo stockholders (including the election and removal of directors), unless otherwise provided in Ginkgo's Charter or required by applicable law. Any action or matter submitted to a vote of the Ginkgo stockholders will be approved if the number of votes cast in favor of the action or matter exceeds the number of votes cast in opposition to the action or matter, except that Ginkgo's directors will be elected by a plurality of the votes cast. Holders of Class A common stock are not entitled to cumulate their votes in the election of Ginkgo's directors.

Delaware law could require holders of a class of Ginkgo's capital stock to vote separately as a class on any proposed amendment of Ginkgo's Charter if the amendment would increase or decrease the par value of the shares of that class or would alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of the shares of that class in a manner that affects them adversely.

Holders of Common Stock are not entitled to vote on any amendment to Ginkgo's Charter that relates solely to the terms of one or more series of Ginkgo's preferred stock and on which the holders of such affected series are entitled to vote, either separately as a class or together with the holders of one or more other series of Ginkgo's preferred stock, pursuant to Ginkgo's Charter or by applicable law.

*Stockholder Action by Written Consent*

The Charter provides that Ginkgo's stockholders may act by written consent only if (a) the action to be taken or effected has been approved by the affirmative vote of all of the directors of Ginkgo then serving or (b) the holders of Class B common stock collectively beneficially own shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo. In all other circumstances, any action required or permitted to be taken by Ginkgo's stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and may not be taken or effected by written consent.

*Special Meetings of Stockholders*

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The Charter provides that, except as otherwise required by applicable law, special meetings of Ginkgo's stockholders may be called only by the Ginkgo Board of Directors (the "Ginkgo Board"), the chairman of the Ginkgo Board, Ginkgo's chief executive officer or president, or, at any time that the holders of Class B common stock collectively beneficially own shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo, the holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo.

***Economic Rights***

Except as otherwise expressly provided in Ginkgo's Charter or required by applicable law, shares of each class of Common Stock have the same rights, powers and preferences and rank equally, share ratably and be identical in all respects as to all matters, including the following:

*Dividends and Distributions; Rights upon Liquidation*

Subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding series of Ginkgo preferred stock, the holders of shares of each class of Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably, on a per share basis, any dividend or distribution (including upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Ginkgo) paid by Ginkgo, unless otherwise approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of each of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock, the outstanding shares of Class B common stock, and the outstanding shares of Class C common stock, each voting separately as a class, except that, if a dividend or distribution is paid in the form of shares (or options, warrants or other rights to acquire shares) of Common Stock, then holders of Class A common stock will receive shares (or options, warrants or other rights to acquire shares) of Class A common stock, holders of Class B common stock will receive shares (or options, warrants or other rights to acquire shares) of Class B common stock, and holders of shares of Class C common stock will receive shares (or options, warrants or other rights to acquire shares) of Class C common stock.

*Subdivisions, Combinations and Reclassifications*

If Ginkgo subdivides or combines any class of Common Stock with any other class of Common Stock, then each class of Common Stock must be subdivided or combined in the same proportion and manner, unless different treatment of the shares of each such class of Common Stock otherwise is approved by the affirmative votes cast for such different treatment exceeding votes cast against such different treatment of Class A Common Stock, the affirmative votes cast for such different treatment exceeding votes cast against such different treatment of Class B Common Stock and the affirmative votes cast for such different treatment exceeding votes cast against such different treatment of Class C Common Stock, each voting separately as a class.

*Mergers and Other Extraordinary Transactions*

The Charter provides that, in the event of certain extraordinary transactions affecting Ginkgo (including certain transactions resulting in a change of control of Ginkgo, the acquisition by a third party of assets of Ginkgo generating at least 50% of Ginkgo's revenues on a consolidated

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basis, or any merger or consolidation of Ginkgo), shares of each class of Common Stock will be entitled to receive ratably, on a per share basis, any consideration paid or otherwise distributed to, or rights received by, Ginkgo stockholders, or into which such shares are converted or for which such shares are exchanged, in connection with such extraordinary transaction (including with respect to the form, amount and timing thereof), unless different treatment of the shares of each such class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock, the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class B common stock and the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class C common stock, each voting separately as a class, except that, to the extent that such consideration is paid in the form of securities or other equity interests, holders of Class B common stock may receive a class, series or other form of such securities or other equity interests each having voting power that is ten (10) times greater than the voting power of any security or other equity interest received by holders of Class A common stock and holders of Class C common stock may receive a class, series or other form of such securities or other equity interests having no voting power.

Additionally, the Charter prohibits Ginkgo from entering into any agreement with respect to a tender or exchange offer by a third party unless such agreement provides for consideration to be paid or distributed to, or rights to be received by, Ginkgo stockholders in the manner provided in the paragraph immediately above.

*Equal Value upon Disposition*

The Charter provides that, in the case of any disposition of Class B common stock for value, the value paid in respect of such share of Class B common stock must be equal to the prevailing price per share of Class A common stock at the time of such disposition for value. Ginkgo may (and expects to) from time to time establish restrictions, policies and procedures relating to transfers and dispositions of shares of Class B common stock as it deems necessary or advisable.

*Earn-outs Applicable to Certain Equity Holders of Old Ginkgo*

In connection with the Merger, equity holders of Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. ("Old Ginkgo") received approximately 4.7 million shares of Common Stock (as adjusted for the one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of the Company's Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock effected on August 19, 2024) (the "Earnout Consideration"), which are subject to forfeiture to the extent that the vesting conditions described below are not satisfied on or before the fifth anniversary of September 16, 2021 (the "Closing Date" and such period, the "Earnout Period"). If at any point during the trading hours of a trading day, for any 20 trading days within any period of 30 consecutive trading days during the Earnout Period, the trading price per share of the Company's Class A common stock is greater than or equal to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• $500.00, then 25% of the Earnout Consideration will immediately vest;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• $600.00, then an additional 25% of the Earnout Consideration will immediately vest;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• $700.00, then an additional 25% of the Earnout Consideration will immediately vest; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• $800.00, then the remaining 25% of the Earnout Consideration will immediately vest.

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The first earnout target of $500.00 was met on November 15, 2021 and, as a result, approximately 1 million earnout shares (as adjusted for the one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of the Company's Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock effected on August 19, 2024) became vested and outstanding.

***Conversion***

*Optional Conversion*

Holders of Class B common stock have the right to convert shares of their Class B common stock into fully paid and non assessable shares of Class A common stock, on a one-to-one basis, at the option of the holder at any time upon written notice to Ginkgo's transfer agent.

*Automatic Conversion*

Generally, shares of Class B common stock will convert automatically into Class A common stock upon the holder of such shares ceasing to be an Eligible Holder (whether as a result of the holder's termination, resignation or removal as a director or employee of Ginkgo, the transfer of such shares to an individual, trust or entity that is not an Eligible Holder, a person other than a director or employee of Ginkgo gaining any direct or indirect right to vote such shares, or otherwise), unless otherwise determined by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors of Ginkgo then serving who qualify as "independent" in accordance with the requirements of the securities exchange on which equity securities of Ginkgo are then listed for trading. A determination by the secretary of the Ginkgo that an event has occurred that triggers the automatic conversion of Class B common stock into Class A common stock will be conclusive and binding; however, a holder of Class B common stock (or Class A common stock into which Class B common stock has converted) who believes in good faith that such determination is in error may appeal such determination to the Ginkgo Board, in which case, the determination of the Ginkgo Board (including as to whether or not to review such determination) will be conclusive and binding.

*Conversion Policies and Procedures*

Ginkgo may (and expects to) establish from time to time certain restrictions, policies and procedures relating to the general administration of its multi-class stock structure and the conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock. Adoption or amendment of any such policy or procedure must be approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of Ginkgo's directors and, if any Class B Director is then serving, at least one Class B Director (defined below).

***Registration Rights***

Certain Ginkgo stockholders are party to agreements, which grant certain Ginkgo stockholders the right to require, subject to certain conditions and limitations, that Ginkgo register for resale

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securities held by such stockholders and certain "piggyback" registration rights with respect to. certain registrations initiated by Ginkgo. The registration of shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the exercise of any of these registration rights would enable the applicable Ginkgo stockholders to resell such shares without restriction under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") when the applicable registration statement is declared effective. Ginkgo will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any registration statements pursuant to these agreements.

***Other Rights***

The Charter and Bylaws do not provide for any preemptive or subscription rights with respect to the Common Stock, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Common Stock. All the outstanding shares of Common Stock are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

**Preferred Stock**

The Charter authorizes the Ginkgo Board, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, to issue up to an aggregate of 200,000,000 shares of Ginkgo preferred stock in one or more series from time to time by resolution, without further action by Ginkgo's stockholders, and to fix the powers (which may include full, limited or no voting power), designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if any, of the shares of each such series (which rights may be greater than the rights of any or all of the classes of Common Stock) and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof. The issuance of Ginkgo preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of Common Stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments or payments upon liquidation. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change of control or other corporate action. No shares of preferred stock are currently outstanding, and there is no present plan to issue any shares of preferred stock.

**Other Constituencies**

In acknowledgment of our goal of serving all of our stakeholders over the long term, the Charter provides that, in addition to any other considerations which the Ginkgo Board, any committee thereof, or any individual director lawfully may take into account in determining whether to take or refrain from taking corporate action on any matter, including making or declining to make any recommendation to our stockholders, our board of directors, any committee thereof, or any individual director may, in his, her, or its discretion, consider the long-term as well as the short-term interests of Ginkgo, taking into account and considering, as deemed appropriate, the effects of such action on our (a) stockholders and (b) other stakeholders, including our workforce, customers, suppliers, academic researchers, governments and communities, in the case of (b), as may be identified or revised by the Ginkgo Board from time to time. The Charter also provides that nothing in the Charter or any other governing document, policy, or guideline adopted by us will (i) create any duty owed by any director to any person or entity to consider, or afford any particular weight to, any of the foregoing matters or to limit his or her consideration thereof or

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(ii) other than as vested in our stockholders to the extent provided under applicable law, be construed as creating any rights against any director or us. These constituency provisions grant discretionary authority only to the extent consistent with and permitted by law, and do not confer third-party beneficiary status on any person or entity.

**Election, Appointment and Removal of Directors**

Until the time at which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock cease to represent at least 2% of all of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, the holders of Class B common stock, voting separately as a class, will be entitled to nominate and elect a number of directors equal to 25% (rounded up to the nearest whole number) of the total number of directors constituting the Ginkgo Board (each such director, a "Class B Director"). All other directors of Ginkgo will be elected by the holders of all classes of Common Stock, voting together as a single class.

The total number of directors constituting the Ginkgo Board will be fixed from time to time by Ginkgo's Board, but will be subject to adjustment to ensure that the total number of directors that the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to nominate and elect is at least 25% of the total number of directors constituting the Ginkgo Board.

The Charter provides that any Class B Director may be removed from office (a) with cause, only by the affirmative vote of the holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of Class B common stock and (b) without cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo, voting together as a single class. Any director of Ginkgo other than a Class B Director may be removed from office, with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo, voting together as a single class.

The Charter provides that vacant directorships, including vacancies resulting from any increase in the total number of directors constituting the Ginkgo Board, may be filled only by the Ginkgo Board. Vacancies with respect to any Class B Director may be filled only by the remaining Class B Directors.

**Committees of the Board of Directors**

The Ginkgo Board has established, and will maintain, an audit committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee and a compensation committee, and may establish such other committees as it determines from time to time. For so long as any of Jason Kelly, Reshma Shetty, Austin Che, Bartholomew Canton or Thomas F. Knight, Jr. (each, a "Founder") serves as a director of Ginkgo and holds shares of Class B common stock, such director will not be permitted to serve as a member of the compensation committee of the Ginkgo Board. Subject to applicable requirements of the securities exchange on which equity securities of Ginkgo are then listed for trading, at any time that any Class B Director is serving as a director of Ginkgo, each committee (other than the compensation committee) of the Ginkgo Board must include at least

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one Class B Director unless a majority of the Class B Directors then serving approve the formation and composition of such committee.

**Action by the Ginkgo Board of Directors to Terminate a Founder**

Ginkgo may not terminate the employment of any Founder for cause, or materially and adversely reduce the responsibilities, title or position of such Founder for cause, without the prior written consent of such Founder, or make any determination that an event has occurred with respect to such Founder that constitutes "cause" (as that term or any similar concept may be defined or used in any agreement relating to the employment of such Founder by Ginkgo or any of its subsidiaries or any policy of Ginkgo or any of its subsidiaries applicable to the employment of such Founder), unless such termination, reduction or determination has been approved by at least 75% of the directors of Ginkgo then in office.

Ginkgo may not terminate the employment of any Founder other than for cause, or materially and adversely reduce the responsibilities, title or position of such Founder other than for cause, without the prior written consent of such Founder, unless such termination or reduction has been approved by at least 75% of the directors of Ginkgo then in office and, if any Founder who is not the subject of the action requiring such approval is then serving as a director of Ginkgo, at least one director of Ginkgo who is a Founder.

**Anti-Takeover Effects of the Charter and the Bylaws**

The Charter and Bylaws contain certain provisions that may delay, discourage or impede efforts by another person or entity to acquire control of Ginkgo. We believe that these provisions, which are summarized below, will discourage coercive takeover practices or inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons or entities seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with the Ginkgo Board, which we believe may result in improvement of the terms of any such acquisition in favor of Ginkgo's stockholders. However, these provisions also give the Ginkgo Board the power to discourage acquisitions that some stockholders may favor.

***Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock***

The authorized but unissued shares of our common stock and our preferred stock will be available for future issuance without stockholder approval, subject to any limitations imposed by the listing standards of the securities exchange on which Ginkgo's equity securities are then listed for trading. These additional shares of capital stock may be used for a variety of corporate purposes, including growth acquisitions, corporate finance transactions, and issuances under our Equity Incentive Plan and our Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved capital stock could discourage or impede an attempt to obtain control of Ginkgo by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger, or otherwise.

***Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws***

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The Delaware General Corporation Law, as amended ("DGCL") generally provides that the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on amendments to a corporation's certificate of incorporation or bylaws is required to approve such amendment, unless a corporation's certificate of incorporation or bylaws, as applicable, imposes a higher voting standard.

The Charter provides that certain provisions thereof may be adopted, amended, altered or repealed only upon the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo. Such provisions include those relating to (i) stockholder action by written consent, (ii) special meetings of stockholders, (iii) the Ginkgo Board (including the election, appointment and removal of directors), (iv) termination of the employment of any Founder, material and adverse reduction of the responsibilities, title or position of any Founder without the prior written consent of such Founder, or determination that an event has occurred with respect to any Founder that constitutes "cause", (v) limitation of the personal liability of Ginkgo's directors, and (vi) Ginkgo's waiver of the corporate opportunity doctrine.

The Charter provides that Ginkgo's Bylaws may be adopted, amended, altered or repealed by the Ginkgo Board or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo (or, if the Ginkgo Board has recommended that stockholders approve such modification to Ginkgo's Bylaws, the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo).

These provisions may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying or preventing changes of control of Ginkgo or its management such as a merger, reorganization or tender offer. These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of the Ginkgo Board and its policies and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened acquisition of Ginkgo and to reduce Ginkgo's vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal. These provisions are also intended to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for Ginkgo's shares and, as a consequence, may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of Ginkgo's shares that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. Such provisions may also have the effect of preventing changes in management.

***Multi-Class Structure***

As described above, the Charter provides for a multi-class stock structure, which gives Ginkgo's directors and employees (including the Founders) and certain of their affiliated entities and trusts, for so long as they continue to collectively beneficially own shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo, significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of Ginkgo's directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of Ginkgo or all or substantially all of its assets.

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***No Cumulative Voting for Directors***

The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled to cumulate votes in the election of directors unless a corporation's certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. The Charter does not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, the holders of shares of Common Stock representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo will be able to elect all of the directors (other than the Class B Directors) then standing for election.

***Vacancies on the Ginkgo Board***

The Charter authorizes only the Ginkgo Board to fill vacant directorships, including vacancies resulting from any increase in the total number of directors constituting the Ginkgo Board. In addition, the total number of directors constituting the Ginkgo Board is permitted to be changed only by the Ginkgo Board, subject to the requirement that at least 25% of the total number of Ginkgo's directors be Class B Directors (for so long as the outstanding shares of Class B common stock continue to represent at least 2% of all the outstanding shares of Common Stock). These provisions could prevent a stockholder from increasing the total number of Ginkgo's directors and then gaining control of the Ginkgo Board.

***Special Meetings of Stockholders, Action by Written Consent, and Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals***

*Special Meetings of Stockholders*

The Charter permits special meetings of Ginkgo's stockholders to be called only by the Ginkgo Board, the chairman of the Ginkgo Board, Ginkgo's chief executive officer or president, or, at any time that the holders of Class B common stock collectively beneficially own shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo, the holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo. These provisions might delay the ability of Ginkgo's stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take any action, including with respect to the removal of any of Ginkgo's directors from office.

*Stockholder Action by Written Consent*

The Charter provides that Ginkgo's stockholders may act by written consent only if (a) the action to be taken or effected has been approved by the affirmative vote of all of the directors of Ginkgo then serving or (b) the holders of Class B common stock collectively beneficially own shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo. As a result, if the holders of Class B common stock were to cease to collectively beneficially own shares representing a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Ginkgo, Ginkgo's stockholders would not be able to take action by written consent on any matter and would only be able to take action at an annual or special

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meeting of stockholders, unless the Ginkgo Board had unanimously approved the action to be taken or effected.

*Advance Notice Requirement for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations*

The Bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of stockholders, including proposed nominations of candidates for election to the Ginkgo Board. In order for any matter to be "properly brought" before a meeting (and thereby considered or acted upon at such meeting), a stockholder will have to comply with certain advance notice requirements and provide Ginkgo with certain information. Stockholders at an annual meeting will only be permitted to consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Ginkgo Board or by a stockholder of record both on the record date and at the time of the meeting who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has delivered a timely notice, in the form and manner specified in the Bylaws, of such stockholder's intention to bring such business before the meeting. These provisions might preclude Ginkgo's stockholders from bringing matters before our annual meeting of stockholders or from nominating candidates for election to the Ginkgo Board, or might discourage or impede an attempt by a potential acquirer of Ginkgo to conduct a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise obtain control of Ginkgo.

**Business Combinations**

Ginkgo has elected not to be subject to Section 203 of the DGCL. Under Section 203 of the DGCL, a corporation will not be permitted to engage in a business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the time that such interested stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:

(1) prior to such time, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

(2) upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or

(3) at or subsequent to such time the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

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Generally, a "business combination" includes a merger, asset or stock sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. Subject to certain exceptions, an "interested stockholder" is a person who, together with that person's affiliates and associates, owns, or within the previous three years owned, 15% or more of Ginkgo's outstanding voting stock. For purposes of this section only, "voting stock" has the meaning given to it in Section 203 of the DGCL.

Because Ginkgo has opted out of Section 203 of the DGCL in the Charter, Section 203 of the DGCL will not apply to Ginkgo.

**Warrants**

As of December 31, 2025, there are outstanding an aggregate of 51,824,895 warrants to acquire Class A common stock (the "Warrants").

At the effective time of the domestication pursuant to which Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp.'s ("SRNG") jurisdiction of incorporation was changed from the Cayman Islands to the State of Delaware, each warrant to purchase SRNG ordinary shares (each, a "SRNG Warrant") that was issued and outstanding, and not terminated pursuant to its terms, was converted into a warrant to purchase shares of Common Stock on the same terms and conditions as were in effect with respect to such SRNG Warrant immediately prior to the effective time.

At the effective time of the Merger Agreement (the "Merger Agreement") dated May 11, 2021, by and among Old Ginkgo, SRNG and SEAC Merger Sub Inc., each warrant to purchase shares of Old Ginkgo capital stock (each, an "Old Ginkgo Warrant") that was outstanding and unexercised, other than such Old Ginkgo Warrants that were automatically exercised in full by virtue of the occurrence of the Merger, were assumed by Ginkgo and converted into a warrant to purchase shares of Class A common stock on the same terms and conditions as were in effect with respect to such Old Ginkgo Warrant immediately prior to the effective time, with appropriate adjustments.

***Public Warrants***

Ginkgo's warrants, which were previously issued in connection with SNRG's initial public offering and listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") until the NYSE delisted such warrants on September 4, 2024 (the "Public Warrants"), entitle the holder to acquire Class A common stock. Each whole Public Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one-fortieth (1/40) of one share of Class A common stock at a price of $460.00 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, beginning 30 days after the Closing Date, provided that Ginkgo has an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and a current prospectus relating to such Class A common stock is available (or Ginkgo permits holder to exercise their respective warrants on a cashless basis under the circumstances specified in the warrant agreement) and such shares are registered, qualified or exempt from registration under the securities, or blue sky, laws of the state of residence of the holder. Pursuant to the warrant agreement, a holder may

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exercise its Public Warrants only for a whole number of shares of Class A common stock. No fractional shares of Class A common stock will be issued upon exercise of the Public Warrants; therefore, a minimum of 40 Warrants must be exercised to receive any entitlement. The Public Warrants will expire five years after the Closing Date, at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

***Redemption of Warrants for Cash***

Once the Warrants become exercisable, Ginkgo may call the Warrants for redemption for cash:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in whole and not in part;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• at a price of $0.01 per Warrant;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• upon not less than 30 days' prior written notice of redemption (the "30-day redemption period") to each warrant holder; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if, and only if, the reported closing price of the Class A common stock equals or exceeds $720.00 per share (as adjusted for stock sub-divisions, stock capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending three business days before Ginkgo sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

If and when the Warrants become redeemable by Ginkgo, Ginkgo may exercise its redemption right even if Ginkgo is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws.

Ginkgo has established the last of the redemption criterion discussed above to prevent a redemption call unless there is at the time of the call a significant premium to the warrant exercise price. If the foregoing conditions are satisfied and Ginkgo issues a notice of redemption of the Warrants, each warrant holder will be entitled to exercise his, her or its Warrant prior to the scheduled redemption date. However, the price of the Class A common stock may fall below the $720.00 redemption trigger price (as adjusted for stock sub-divisions, stock capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) as well as the $460.00 warrant exercise price after the redemption notice is issued.

***Redemption Procedures and Cashless Exercise***

If Ginkgo calls the Warrants for redemption as described above, Ginkgo's management will have the option to require any holder that wishes to exercise his, her or its Warrant to do so on a "cashless basis." In determining whether to require all holders to exercise their Warrants on a "cashless basis," Ginkgo's management will consider, among other factors, Ginkgo's cash position, the number of Warrants that are outstanding and the dilutive effect on Ginkgo's stockholders of issuing the maximum number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of its Warrants. If Ginkgo management takes advantage of this option, all holders of Warrants would pay the exercise price by surrendering their Warrants for that number of shares of Class A common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the

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number of Class A common stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the excess of the "fair market value" of the Class A common stock over the exercise price of the warrants by (y) the fair market value. The "fair market value" will mean the average reported closing price of the Class A common stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants. If the Ginkgo management takes advantage of this option, the notice of redemption will contain the information necessary to calculate the number of shares of Class A common stock to be received upon exercise of the warrants, including the "fair market value" in such case. Requiring a cashless exercise in this manner will reduce the number of shares to be issued and thereby lessen the dilutive effect of a warrant redemption.

Ginkgo believes this feature is an attractive option to Ginkgo if Ginkgo does not need the cash from the exercise of the Warrants. If Ginkgo calls the Warrants for redemption and Ginkgo's management does not take advantage of this option, the holders of private placement warrants (the "Private Placement Warrants") and their permitted transferees would still be entitled to exercise their Private Placement Warrants or on a cashless basis using the same formula described above that other warrant holders would have been required to use had all warrant holders been required to exercise their Warrants on a cashless basis, as described in more detail below.

A holder of a Warrant may notify Ginkgo in writing in the event it elects to be subject to a requirement that such holder will not have the right to exercise such warrant, to the extent that after giving effect to such exercise, such person (together with such person's affiliates), to the warrant agent's actual knowledge, would beneficially own in excess of 4.9% or 9.8% (as specified by the holder) of the Class A common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise.

If the number of outstanding shares of Class A common stock is increased by a share capitalization payable in shares of Class A common stock, or by a split-up of common stock or other similar event, then, on the effective date of such share capitalization, split-up or similar event, the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable on exercise of each Warrant will be increased in proportion to such increase in the outstanding shares of Common Stock. A rights offering to holders of common stock entitling holders to purchase Class A common stock at a price less than the fair market value will be deemed a share capitalization of a number of shares of Class A common stock equal to the product of (i) the number of shares of Class A common stock actually sold in such rights offering (or issuable under any other equity securities sold in such rights offering that are convertible into or exercisable for Class A common stock) and (ii) the quotient of (x) the price per share of Class A common stock paid in such rights offering and (y) the fair market value. For these purposes (i) if the rights offering is for securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of Class A common stock, in determining the price payable for Class A common stock, there will be taken into account any consideration received for such rights, as well as any additional amount payable upon exercise or conversion and (ii) fair market value means the volume weighted average price of shares of Class A common stock as reported during the 10 trading day period ending on the trading day prior to the first date on which the

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Class A common stock trades on the applicable exchange or in the applicable market, regular way, without the right to receive such rights.

In addition, if Ginkgo, at any time while the Warrants are outstanding and unexpired, pays a dividend or make a distribution in cash, securities or other assets to the holders of Class A common stock on account of such Class A common stock (or other securities into which the warrants are convertible), other than (a) as described above or (b) certain ordinary cash dividends, then the warrant exercise price will be decreased, effective immediately after the effective date of such event, by the amount of cash and/or the fair market value of any securities or other assets paid on each share of Class A common stock in respect of such event.

If the number of outstanding shares of Class A common stock is decreased by a consolidation, combination or reclassification of Class A common stock or other similar event, then, on the effective date of such consolidation, combination, reverse share split, reclassification or similar event, the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable on exercise of each Warrant will be decreased in proportion to such decrease in outstanding share of Class A common stock.

Whenever the number of shares of Class A common stock purchasable upon the exercise of the warrants is adjusted, as described above, the warrant exercise price will be adjusted by multiplying the Warrant exercise price immediately prior to such adjustment by a fraction (x) the numerator of which will be the number of shares of Class A common stock purchasable upon the exercise of the Warrants immediately prior to such adjustment, and (y) the denominator of which will be the number of shares of Class A common stock so purchasable immediately thereafter.

In case of any reclassification or reorganization of the outstanding Class A common stock (other than those described above or that solely affects the par value of such Class A common stock), or in the case of any merger or consolidation of Ginkgo with or into another corporation (other than a consolidation or merger in which Ginkgo is the continuing corporation and that does not result in any reclassification or reorganization of the issued and outstanding Class A common stock), or in the case of any sale or conveyance to another corporation or entity of the assets or other property of Ginkgo as an entirety or substantially as an entirety in connection with which Ginkgo is dissolved, the holders of the Warrants will thereafter have the right to purchase and receive, upon the basis and upon the terms and conditions specified in the Warrants and in lieu of the Class A common stock immediately theretofore purchasable and receivable upon the exercise of the rights represented thereby, the kind and amount of shares of Class A common stock or other securities or property (including cash) receivable upon such reclassification, reorganization, merger or consolidation, or upon a dissolution following any such sale or transfer, that the holder of the Warrants would have received if such holder had exercised their Warrants immediately prior to such event. If less than 70% of the consideration receivable by the holders of Class A common stock in such a transaction is payable in the form of Class A common stock in the successor entity that is listed for trading on a national securities exchange or is quoted in an established over-the-counter market, or is to be so listed for trading or quoted immediately following such event, and if the registered holder of the Warrant properly exercises the Warrant within thirty days following public disclosure of such transaction, the Warrant exercise price will be reduced as specified in the warrant agreement based on the Black-Scholes Warrant Value (as

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defined in the warrant agreement) of the Warrant. The purpose of such exercise price reduction is to provide additional value to holders of the Warrants when an extraordinary transaction occurs during the exercise period of the Warrants pursuant to which the holders of the Warrants otherwise do not receive the full potential value of the Warrants.

The Warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and Ginkgo. In connection with the Merger, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company assigned the warrant agreement to Computershare Trust Company, N.A. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder for the purpose of (i) curing any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, or mistake, including to conform the provisions of the warrant agreement to the description of the terms of the Warrants and the warrant agreement set forth herein, (ii) adjusting the provisions relating to cash dividends on Class A common stock as contemplated by and in accordance with the warrant agreement or (iii) adding or changing any provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the warrant agreement as the parties to the warrant agreement may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem to not adversely affect the rights of the registered holders of the Warrants, provided that the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants is required to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of Public Warrants, and, solely with respect to any amendment to the terms of the Private Placement Warrants, a majority of the then outstanding Private Placement Warrants. You should review a copy of the warrant agreement, which is filed with the SEC, for a complete description of the terms and conditions applicable to the Warrants.

The Warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price (or on a cashless basis, if applicable), by certified or official bank check payable to Ginkgo, for the number of Warrants being exercised. The Warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of common stock and any voting rights until they exercise their Warrants and receive Class A common stock. After the issuance of Class A common stock upon exercise of the Warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.

***Private Placement Warrants***

The Private Placement Warrants (including the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants) will not be redeemable by Ginkgo for cash so long as they are held by the Sponsor, members of the Sponsor or their permitted transferees.

The initial purchasers of the Private Placement Warrants, or their permitted transferees, have the option to exercise the Private Placement Warrants on a cashless basis. Except as described in this section, the Private Placement Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants sold in the IPO, including that they may be redeemed for shares of Class A common stock. If the Private Placement Warrants are held by holders other than the Sponsor or

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their permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by Ginkgo and exercisable by the holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants included in the units that were sold in the IPO.

**Exclusive Forum**

The Bylaws provide that, unless Ginkgo otherwise consents in writing, the Court of Chancery (the "Chancery Court") of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, another state or federal court located within the State of Delaware) will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for resolution of (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of Ginkgo, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, employee, agent or stockholder of Ginkgo to Ginkgo or any of Ginkgo's stockholders, or any claim for aiding and abetting such an alleged breach, (c) any action governed by the "internal affairs doctrine" or arising pursuant to any provision of Ginkgo's Charter or Bylaws, or to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of Ginkgo's Charter or Bylaws, or (d) any action asserting a claim against Ginkgo or any current or former director, officer, employee, agent or stockholder of Ginkgo (i) arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or (ii) as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Chancery Court. The foregoing will not apply, however, to any action, claim or proceeding as to which the Chancery Court (or, if applicable, another state or federal court located within the State of Delaware) determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within ten (10) days following such determination).

Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless Ginkgo otherwise consents in writing, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any action, claim or proceeding arising under the Securities Act.

**Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors**

The DGCL authorizes corporations to limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors, officers and stockholders of corporations for monetary damages for breaches of directors' fiduciary duties, subject to certain exceptions. The Charter includes a provision that eliminates, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL (as currently in effect or as it may in the future be amended), the personal liability of Ginkgo's directors or officers for damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer.

The Bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL (as currently in effect or as it may in the future be amended), Ginkgo must indemnify and hold harmless and advance expenses to any of its directors and officers who is involved in any action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of Ginkgo or, while serving as a director or officer of Ginkgo, is or was serving at the request of Ginkgo as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit entity. Ginkgo also is expressly authorized to carry directors' and officers' liability

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insurance providing indemnification for Ginkgo's directors, officers, and certain employees for some liabilities. Ginkgo believes that these indemnification and advancement provisions and insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and executive officers.

The limitation of liability, advancement and indemnification provisions in the Charter and the Bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing lawsuits against Ginkgo's directors or officers for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions also may have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against Ginkgo's directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit Ginkgo and its stockholders. In addition, your investment in Ginkgo may be adversely affected to the extent that Ginkgo pays the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officer pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

There is currently no pending material litigation or proceeding involving any of Ginkgo's directors, officers, or employees for which indemnification is sought.

**Corporate Opportunities**

The Charter provides for the renouncement by Ginkgo of any interest or expectancy of Ginkgo in, or being offered an opportunity to participate, in any matter, transaction, or interest that is presented to, or acquired, created, or developed by, or which otherwise comes into the possession of, any director of Ginkgo who is not an employee of Ginkgo or any of its subsidiaries, unless such matter, transaction, or interest is presented to, or acquired, created, or developed by, or otherwise comes into the possession of, that director first in that director's capacity as a director of Ginkgo.

**Dissenters' Rights of Appraisal and Payment**

Under the DGCL, with certain exceptions, Ginkgo's stockholders will have appraisal rights in connection with a merger or consolidation of Ginkgo. Pursuant to the DGCL, stockholders who properly demand and perfect appraisal rights in connection with such merger or consolidation will have the right to receive payment of the fair value of their shares as determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery.

**Stockholders' Derivative Actions**

Under the DGCL, any of Ginkgo's stockholders may bring an action in Ginkgo's name to procure a judgment in Ginkgo's favor, also known as a derivative action, provided that the stockholder bringing the action is a holder of Ginkgo's shares at the time of the transaction to which the action relates or such stockholder's stock thereafter devolved by operation of law.

**Transfer Agent and Warrant Agent**

Fidelity Stock Transfer is the transfer agent for Class A common stock and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. is the warrant agent for the Warrants.

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**Listing of Class A common stock**

The Class A common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol "DNA."

## Exhibit 10.1

**GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.** <br>**2021 INCENTIVE AWARD PLAN** <br>

**ARTICLE I.** 

**PURPOSE** 

The Plan's purpose is to enhance the Company's ability to attract, retain and motivate persons who make (or are expected to make) important contributions to the Company by providing these individuals with equity ownership opportunities. Capitalized terms used in the Plan are defined in Article XI.

**ARTICLE II.** 

**ELIGIBILITY** 

Service Providers are eligible to be granted Awards under the Plan, subject to the limitations described herein.

**ARTICLE III.** 

**ADMINISTRATION AND DELEGATION** 

3.1 <u>Administration</u>. The Plan is administered by the Administrator. The Administrator has authority to determine which Service Providers receive Awards, grant Awards and set Award terms and conditions, subject to the conditions and limitations in the Plan. The Administrator also has the authority to take all actions and make all determinations under the Plan, to interpret the Plan and Award Agreements, to impose a mandatory holding period pursuant to which some or all Participants may not dispose of or transfer Shares issued under the Plan for a period of time determined by the Administrator in its discretion, and to adopt, amend and repeal Plan administrative rules, guidelines and practices as it deems advisable. The Administrator may correct defects and ambiguities, supply omissions and reconcile inconsistencies in the Plan or any Award as it deems necessary or appropriate to administer the Plan and any Awards. The Administrator's determinations under the Plan are in its sole discretion and will be final and binding on all persons having or claiming any interest in the Plan or any Award.

3.2 <u>Appointment of Committees</u>. To the extent Applicable Laws permit, the Board may delegate any or all of its powers under the Plan to one or more Committees or officers of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. The Board may abolish any Committee or re-vest in itself any previously delegated authority at any time.

**ARTICLE IV.** 

**STOCK AVAILABLE FOR AWARDS** 

4.1 <u>Number of Shares</u>. Subject to adjustment under Article VIII and the terms of this Article IV, Awards may be made under the Plan covering up to the Overall Share Limit. As of the Plan's effective date, the Company will cease granting awards under any Prior Plan; however, Prior Plan Awards will remain subject to the terms of the applicable Prior Plan. Shares issued under the Plan (i) may consist of authorized but unissued Shares, Shares purchased on the open market or treasury Shares and (ii) may be issued as Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, as determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion.

4.2 <u>Share Recycling</u>. If all or any part of an Award or Prior Plan Award expires, lapses or is terminated, exchanged for cash, surrendered, repurchased, canceled without having been fully exercised or forfeited, in any case, in a manner that results in the Company acquiring Shares covered by the Award or Prior Plan Award at a price not greater than the price (as adjusted to reflect any Equity Restructuring) paid by the Participant for such Shares or not issuing any Shares covered by the Award or Prior Plan Award, the unused Shares covered by the Award or Prior Plan Award will, as applicable, become or again be available for Award grants under the Plan. Further, Shares delivered (either by actual delivery or attestation) to the Company by a Participant to satisfy the applicable exercise

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or purchase price of an Award or Prior Plan Award and/or to satisfy any applicable tax withholding obligation (including Shares retained by the Company from the Award or Prior Plan Award being exercised or purchased and/or creating the tax obligation) will, as applicable, become or again be available for Award grants under the Plan. The payment of Dividend Equivalents in cash in conjunction with any outstanding Awards or Prior Plan Awards shall not count against the Overall Share Limit.

4.3 <u>Incentive Stock Option Limitations</u>. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, no more than 5,000,000 Shares (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of the Company's Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024) may be issued pursuant to the exercise of Incentive Stock Options (any or all of which may be granted with respect to Class A Common Stock and/or Class B Common Stock).

4.4 <u>Substitute Awards</u>. In connection with an entity's merger or consolidation with the Company or the Company's acquisition of an entity's property or stock, the Administrator may grant Awards in substitution for any options or other stock or stock-based awards granted before such merger or consolidation by such entity or its affiliate. Substitute Awards may be granted on such terms as the Administrator deems appropriate, notwithstanding limitations on Awards in the Plan. Substitute Awards will not count against the Overall Share Limit (nor shall Shares subject to a Substitute Award be added to the Shares available for Awards under the Plan as provided above), except that Shares acquired by exercise of substitute Incentive Stock Options will count against the maximum number of Shares that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of Incentive Stock Options under the Plan. Additionally, in the event that a company acquired by the Company or any Subsidiary or with which the Company or any Subsidiary combines has shares available under a pre-existing plan approved by stockholders, the shares available for grant pursuant to the terms of such pre-existing plan (as adjusted, to the extent appropriate, using the exchange ratio or other adjustment or valuation ratio or formula used in such acquisition or combination to determine the consideration payable to the holders of common stock of the entities party to such acquisition or combination) may be used for Awards under the Plan and shall not reduce the Shares authorized for grant under the Plan (and Shares subject to such Awards shall not be added to the Shares available for Awards under the Plan as provided above); provided that Awards using such available shares shall not be made after the date awards or grants could have been made under the terms of the pre-existing plan, absent the acquisition or combination, and shall only be made to individuals who were not Employees or Directors prior to such acquisition or combination.

4.5 <u>Non-Employee Director Compensation</u>. Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the Plan, the Administrator may establish compensation for Non-Employee Directors from time to time, subject to the limitations in the Plan. The Administrator will from time to time determine the terms, conditions and amounts of all such Non-Employee Director compensation in its discretion and pursuant to the exercise of its business judgment, taking into account such factors, circumstances and considerations as it shall deem relevant from time to time, provided that the sum of any cash compensation, or other compensation, and the value (determined as of the grant date in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, or any successor thereto) of Awards granted to a Non-Employee Director as compensation for services as a Non-Employee Director during any fiscal year of the Company may not exceed $1,000,000, increased to $1,250,000 in the fiscal year in which the Plan's effective date occurs or in the fiscal year of a Non-Employee Director's initial service as a Non-Employee Director (in either case, the "***NED Limit***"). For the avoidance of doubt, the value of any cash or equity-based compensation granted prior to the Plan's effective date shall not count against the NED Limit. The Administrator may make exceptions to a NED Limit for individual Non-Employee Directors in extraordinary circumstances, as the Administrator may determine in its discretion, provided that the Non-Employee Director receiving such additional compensation may not participate in the decision to award such compensation or in other contemporaneous compensation decisions involving Non-Employee Directors.

**ARTICLE V.** 

**STOCK OPTIONS AND STOCK APPRECIATION RIGHTS** 

5.1 <u>General</u>. The Administrator may grant Options or Stock Appreciation Rights to Service Providers subject to the limitations in the Plan, including any limitations in the Plan that apply to Incentive Stock Options. The Administrator will determine the number of Shares covered by each Option and Stock Appreciation Right, the

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exercise price of each Option and Stock Appreciation Right and the conditions and limitations applicable to the exercise of each Option and Stock Appreciation Right. A Stock Appreciation Right will entitle the Participant (or other person entitled to exercise the Stock Appreciation Right) to receive from the Company upon exercise of the exercisable portion of the Stock Appreciation Right an amount determined by multiplying the excess, if any, of the Fair Market Value of one Share on the date of exercise over the exercise price per Share of the Stock Appreciation Right by the number of Shares with respect to which the Stock Appreciation Right is exercised, subject to any limitations of the Plan or that the Administrator may impose and payable in cash, Shares valued at Fair Market Value or a combination of the two as the Administrator may determine or provide in the Award Agreement.

5.2 <u>Exercise Price</u>. The Administrator will establish each Option's and Stock Appreciation Right's exercise price and specify the exercise price in the Award Agreement. Unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, the exercise price will not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value on the grant date of the Option or Stock Appreciation Right.

5.3 <u>Duration</u>. Each Option or Stock Appreciation Right will be exercisable at such times and as specified in the Award Agreement, provided that, unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, the term of an Option or Stock Appreciation Right will not exceed ten years. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Participant, prior to the end of the term of an Option or Stock Appreciation Right (i) violates the non-competition, non-solicitation, confidentiality or other similar restrictive covenant provisions of any employment contract, confidentiality and nondisclosure agreement or other agreement between the Participant and the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (ii) commits a material violation or breach of a Company policy that relates to discrimination, harassment, retaliation or that is otherwise customarily punishable by termination of employment, the right of the Participant and the Participant's transferees to exercise any Option or Stock Appreciation Right issued to the Participant shall terminate immediately upon such violation or breach, unless the Company otherwise determines.

5.4 <u>Exercise</u>. Options and Stock Appreciation Rights may be exercised by delivering to the Company a written notice of exercise, in a form the Administrator approves (which may be electronic), signed by the person authorized to exercise the Option or Stock Appreciation Right, together with, as applicable, payment in full (i) as specified in Section 5.5 for the number of Shares for which the Award is exercised and (ii) as specified in Section 9.5 for any applicable taxes. Unless the Administrator otherwise determines, an Option or Stock Appreciation Right may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share.

5.5 <u>Payment Upon Exercise</u>. Subject to Section 10.8, any Company insider trading policy (including blackout periods) and Applicable Laws, the exercise price of an Option must be paid by:

(a) cash, wire transfer of immediately available funds or by check payable to the order of the Company, provided that the Company may limit the use of one of the foregoing payment forms if one or more of the payment forms below is permitted;

(b) if there is a public market for Shares at the time of exercise, unless the Company otherwise determines, (A) delivery (including telephonically to the extent permitted by the Company) of an irrevocable and unconditional undertaking by a broker acceptable to the Company to deliver promptly to the Company sufficient funds to pay the exercise price, or (B) the Participant's delivery to the Company of a copy of irrevocable and unconditional instructions to a broker acceptable to the Company to deliver promptly to the Company cash or a check sufficient to pay the exercise price; provided that such amount is paid to the Company at such time as may be required by the Administrator;

(c) to the extent permitted by the Administrator, delivery (either by actual delivery or attestation) of Shares owned by the Participant valued at their fair market value;

(d) to the extent permitted by the Administrator, surrendering Shares then issuable upon the Option's exercise valued at their fair market value on the exercise date;

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(e) to the extent permitted by the Administrator, delivery of a promissory note or any other property that the Administrator determines is good and valuable consideration; or

(f) to the extent permitted by the Company, any combination of the above payment forms approved by the Administrator.

**ARTICLE VI.** 

**RESTRICTED STOCK; RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS** 

6.1 <u>General</u>. The Administrator may grant Restricted Stock, or the right to purchase Restricted Stock, to any Service Provider, subject to the Company's right to repurchase all or part of such shares at their issue price or other stated or formula price from the Participant (or to require forfeiture of such shares) if conditions the Administrator specifies in the Award Agreement are not satisfied before the end of the applicable restriction period or periods that the Administrator establishes for such Award. In addition, the Administrator may grant Restricted Stock Units to Service Providers, which may be subject to vesting and forfeiture conditions during the applicable restriction period or periods, as set forth in an Award Agreement. The Administrator will determine and set forth in the Award Agreement the terms and conditions for each Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Unit Award, subject to the conditions and limitations contained in the Plan.

6.2 <u>Restricted Stock</u>.

(g) <u>Dividends</u>. Participants holding shares of Restricted Stock will be entitled to all ordinary cash dividends paid with respect to such Shares, unless the Administrator provides otherwise in the Award Agreement. In addition, unless the Administrator provides otherwise, if any dividends or distributions are paid in Shares, or consist of a dividend or distribution to holders of Common Stock of property other than an ordinary cash dividend, the Shares or other property will be subject to the same restrictions on transferability and forfeitability as the shares of Restricted Stock with respect to which they were paid.

(h) <u>Stock Certificates</u>. The Company may require that the Participant deposit in escrow with the Company (or its designee) any stock certificates issued in respect of shares of Restricted Stock, together with a stock power endorsed in blank.

6.3 <u>Restricted Stock Units.</u>

(i) <u>Settlement</u>. The Administrator may provide that settlement of Restricted Stock Units will occur upon or as soon as reasonably practicable after the Restricted Stock Units vest or will instead be deferred, on a mandatory basis or at the Participant's election, in a manner intended to comply with Section 409A.

(j) <u>Stockholder Rights</u>. A Participant will have no rights of a stockholder with respect to Shares subject to any Restricted Stock Unit unless and until the Shares are delivered in settlement of the Restricted Stock Unit.

(k) <u>Dividend Equivalents</u>. If the Administrator provides, a grant of Restricted Stock Units may provide a Participant with the right to receive Dividend Equivalents. Dividend Equivalents may be paid currently or credited to an account for the Participant, settled in cash or Shares and subject to the same restrictions on transferability and forfeitability as the Restricted Stock Units with respect to which the Dividend Equivalents are granted and subject to other terms and conditions as set forth in the Award Agreement.

**ARTICLE VII.** 

**OTHER STOCK OR CASH BASED AWARDS** 

Other Stock or Cash Based Awards may be granted to Participants, including Awards entitling Participants to receive Shares to be delivered in the future and including annual or other periodic or long- term cash bonus awards

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(whether based on specified Performance Criteria or otherwise), in each case subject to any conditions and limitations in the Plan. Such Other Stock or Cash Based Awards will also be available as a payment form in the settlement of other Awards, as standalone payments and as payment in lieu of compensation to which a Participant is otherwise entitled. Other Stock or Cash Based Awards may be paid in Shares, cash or other property, as the Administrator determines. Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Administrator will determine the terms and conditions of each Other Stock or Cash Based Award, including any purchase price, performance goal (which may be based on the Performance Criteria), transfer restrictions, and vesting conditions, which will be set forth in the applicable Award Agreement.

**ARTICLE VIII.** 

**ADJUSTMENTS FOR CHANGES IN COMMON STOCK** 

**AND CERTAIN OTHER EVENTS** 

8.1 <u>Equity Restructuring</u>. In connection with any Equity Restructuring, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Article VIII, the Administrator will equitably adjust each outstanding Award as it deems appropriate to reflect the Equity Restructuring, which may include adjusting the number and type of securities subject to each outstanding Award and/or the Award's exercise price or grant price (if applicable), granting new Awards to Participants, and making a cash payment to Participants. The adjustments provided under this Section 8.1 will be nondiscretionary and final and binding on the affected Participant and the Company; provided that the Administrator will determine whether an adjustment is equitable.

8.2 <u>Corporate Transactions</u>. In the event of any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, Common Stock, other securities, or other property), reorganization, merger, consolidation, combination, amalgamation, repurchase, recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution, or sale, transfer, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or sale or exchange of Common Stock or other securities of the Company, Change in Control, issuance of warrants or other rights to purchase Common Stock or other securities of the Company, other similar corporate transaction or event, other unusual or nonrecurring transaction or event affecting the Company or its financial statements or any change in any Applicable Laws or accounting principles, the Administrator, on such terms and conditions as it deems appropriate, either by the terms of the Award or by action taken prior to the occurrence of such transaction or event (except that action to give effect to a change in Applicable Law or accounting principles may be made within a reasonable period of time after such change) and either automatically or upon the Participant's request, is hereby authorized to take any one or more of the following actions whenever the Administrator determines that such action is appropriate in order to (x) prevent dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended by the Company to be made available under the Plan or with respect to any Award granted or issued under the Plan, (y) to facilitate such transaction or event or (z) give effect to such changes in Applicable Laws or accounting principles:

(m) To provide for the cancellation of any such Award in exchange for either an amount of cash (except with respect to Non-Employee Directors) or other property with a value equal to the amount that could have been obtained upon the exercise or settlement of the vested portion of such Award or realization of the Participant's rights under the vested portion of such Award, as applicable; provided that, if the amount that could have been obtained upon the exercise or settlement of the vested portion of such Award or realization of the Participant's rights, in any case, is equal to or less than zero, then the Award may be terminated without payment;

(n) To provide that such Award shall vest and, to the extent applicable, be exercisable as to all shares covered thereby, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Plan or the provisions of such Award;

(o) To provide that such Award be assumed by the successor or survivor corporation, or a parent or subsidiary thereof, or shall be substituted for by awards covering the stock of the successor or survivor corporation, or a parent or subsidiary thereof, with appropriate adjustments as to the number and kind of shares and/or applicable exercise or purchase price, in all cases, as determined by the Administrator;

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(p) To make adjustments in the number and type of shares of Common Stock (or other securities or property) subject to outstanding Awards and/or with respect to which Awards may be granted under the Plan (including, but not limited to, adjustments of the limitations in Article IV hereof on the maximum number and kind of shares which may be issued) and/or in the terms and conditions of (including the grant or exercise price), and the criteria included in, outstanding Awards;

(q) To replace such Award with other rights or property selected by the Administrator; and/or

(r) To provide that the Award will terminate and cannot vest, be exercised or become payable after the applicable event.

8.3 <u>Change in Control</u>. Notwithstanding Section 8.2 above, if a Change in Control occurs and Awards are not continued, converted, assumed, or replaced with a comparable award (as determined by the Administrator) by (i) the Company or (ii) a successor entity or its parent or subsidiary (an "***Assumption***"), and provided that the Participant has not had a Termination of Service, then immediately prior to the Change in Control such Awards (other than any Award that is regularly scheduled to vest based on the attainment of performance-based vesting conditions) will become fully vested, exercisable and/or payable, as applicable, and all forfeiture, repurchase and other restrictions on such Awards will lapse, in which case, such Awards will be canceled upon the consummation of the Change in Control in exchange for the right to receive the Change in Control consideration payable to other holders of Common Stock, which may be on such terms and conditions as apply generally to holders of Common Stock under the Change in Control documents (including, without limitation, any escrow, earn-out or other deferred consideration provisions) or such other terms and conditions as the Administrator may provide, and determined by reference to the number of Shares subject to such Awards and net of any applicable exercise price; provided that to the extent that any Awards constitute "nonqualified deferred compensation" that may not be paid upon the Change in Control under Section 409A without the imposition of taxes thereon under Section 409A, the timing of such payments shall be governed by the applicable Award Agreement (subject to any deferred consideration provisions applicable under the Change in Control documents); and provided, further, that if the amount to which a Participant would be entitled upon the settlement or exercise of such Award at the time of the Change in Control is equal to or less than zero, then such Award may be terminated without payment. An Award will be considered replaced with a comparable award if the Award is exchanged for an amount of cash or other property with a value equal to the amount that could have been obtained upon the settlement of such Award in such Change in Control (as determined by the Administrator), even if such cash or other property payable with respect to the unvested portion of such Award remains subject to similar vesting provisions following such Change in Control. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator will have full and final authority to determine whether an Assumption of an Award has occurred in connection with a Change in Control.

8.4 <u>Administrative Stand Still</u>. In the event of any pending stock dividend, stock split, combination or exchange of shares, merger, consolidation or other distribution (other than normal cash dividends) of Company assets to stockholders, or any other extraordinary transaction or change affecting the Shares or the share price of Common Stock, including any Equity Restructuring or any securities offering or other similar transaction, for administrative convenience, the Administrator may refuse to permit the exercise of any Award for up to sixty days before or after such transaction.

8.5 <u>General</u>. Except as expressly provided in the Plan or the Administrator's action under the Plan, no Participant will have any rights due to any subdivision or consolidation of Shares of any class, dividend payment, increase or decrease in the number of Shares of any class or dissolution, liquidation, merger, or consolidation of the Company or other corporation. Except as expressly provided with respect to an Equity Restructuring under Section 8.1 above or the Administrator's action under the Plan, no issuance by the Company of Shares of any class, or securities convertible into Shares of any class, will affect, and no adjustment will be made regarding, the number of Shares subject to an Award or the Award's grant or exercise price. The existence of the Plan, any Award Agreements and the Awards granted hereunder will not affect or restrict in any way the Company's right or power to make or authorize (i) any adjustment, recapitalization, reorganization or other change in the Company's capital structure or its business, (ii) any merger, consolidation dissolution or liquidation of the Company or sale of Company assets or (iii) any sale or issuance of securities, including securities with rights superior to those of the Shares or securities

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convertible into or exchangeable for Shares. The Administrator may treat Participants and Awards (or portions thereof) differently under this Article VIII.

**ARTICLE IX.** 

**GENERAL PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO AWARDS** 

9.1 <u>Transferability</u>. Except as the Administrator may determine or provide in an Award Agreement or otherwise for Awards other than Incentive Stock Options, Awards may not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise encumbered, either voluntarily or by operation of law, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution, or, subject to the Administrator's consent, pursuant to a domestic relations order, and, during the life of the Participant, will be exercisable only by the Participant. References to a Participant, to the extent relevant in the context, will include references to a Participant's authorized transferee that the Administrator specifically approves.

9.2 <u>Documentation</u>. Each Award will be evidenced in an Award Agreement, which may be written or electronic, as the Administrator determines. Each Award may contain terms and conditions in addition to those set forth in the Plan.

9.3 <u>Discretion</u>. Except as the Plan otherwise provides, each Award may be made alone or in addition or in relation to any other Award. The terms of each Award to a Participant need not be identical, and the Administrator need not treat Participants or Awards (or portions thereof) uniformly. Notwithstanding anything in the Plan to the contrary, the Administrator may, without the approval of the stockholders of the Company, grant one or more Awards to any Employee, Director or Consultant (including any Employee, Director or Consultant

who is a substantial security holder (i.e., those controlling 5% or more of the Company's shares or voting power)) that represent, directly or indirectly, one percent or more of the Common Stock or one percent or more of the voting power of the Company.

9.4 <u>Termination of Status</u>. The Administrator will determine how the disability, death, retirement, authorized leave of absence or any other change or purported change in a Participant's Service Provider status affects an Award and the extent to which, and the period during which, the Participant, the Participant's legal representative, conservator, guardian or Designated Beneficiary may exercise rights under the Award, if applicable.

9.5 <u>Withholding</u>. Each Participant must pay the Company, or make provision satisfactory to the Administrator for payment of, any taxes required by law to be withheld in connection with such Participant's Awards by the date of the event creating the tax liability. The Company may deduct an amount sufficient to satisfy such tax obligations based on the applicable statutory withholding rates (or such other rate as may be determined by the Company after considering any accounting consequences or costs) from any payment of any kind otherwise due to a Participant. Subject to Section 10.8 and any Company insider trading policy (including blackout periods), Participants may satisfy such tax obligations (i) in cash, by wire transfer of immediately available funds, by check made payable to the order of the Company, provided that the Company may limit the use of the foregoing payment forms if one or more of the payment forms below is permitted, (ii) to the extent permitted by the Administrator, in whole or in part by delivery of Shares, including Shares retained from the Award creating the tax obligation, valued at their fair market value, (iii) if there is a public market for Shares at the time the tax obligations are satisfied, unless the Company otherwise determines, (A) delivery (including telephonically to the extent permitted by the Company) of an irrevocable and unconditional undertaking by a broker acceptable to the Company to deliver promptly to the Company sufficient funds to satisfy the tax obligations, or (B) delivery by the Participant to the Company of a copy of irrevocable and unconditional instructions to a broker acceptable to the Company to deliver promptly to the Company cash or a check sufficient to satisfy the tax withholding; provided that such amount is paid to the Company at such time as may be required by the Administrator, or (iv) to the extent permitted by the Company, any combination of the foregoing payment forms approved by the Administrator. If any tax withholding obligation will be satisfied under clause (ii) of the immediately preceding sentence by the Company's retention of Shares from the Award creating the tax obligation and there is a public market for Shares at the time the tax obligation is satisfied, the Company may elect to instruct any brokerage firm determined acceptable to the Company for such purpose to sell on the applicable Participant's behalf some or all of the Shares retained and to remit the proceeds of the sale to

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the Company or its designee, and each Participant's acceptance of an Award under the Plan will constitute the Participant's authorization to the Company and instruction and authorization to such brokerage firm to complete the transactions described in this sentence.

9.6 <u>Amendment of Award; Repricing</u>. The Administrator may amend, modify or terminate any outstanding Award, including by substituting another Award of the same or a different type, changing the exercise or settlement date, and converting an Incentive Stock Option to a Non-Qualified Stock Option. The Participant's consent to such action will be required unless (i) the action, taking into account any related action, does not materially and adversely affect the Participant's rights under the Award, or (ii) the change is permitted under Article VIII or pursuant to Section 10.6. Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything in the Plan to the contrary, the Administrator may, without the approval of the stockholders of the Company, reduce the exercise price or base price per share of outstanding Options or Stock Appreciation Rights or cancel outstanding Options or Stock Appreciation Rights that have an exercise price or base price in excess of Fair Market Value in exchange for cash, other Awards or Options or Stock Appreciation Rights with an exercise price or base price per share that is less than the exercise price or base price per share of the original Options or Stock Appreciation Rights.

9.7 <u>Conditions on Delivery of Stock</u>. The Company will not be obligated to deliver any Shares under the Plan or remove restrictions from Shares previously delivered under the Plan until (i) all Award conditions have been met or removed to the Company's satisfaction, (ii) as determined by the Company, all other legal matters regarding the issuance and delivery of such Shares have been satisfied, including any applicable securities laws and stock exchange or stock market rules and regulations, and (iii) the Participant has executed and delivered to the Company such representations or agreements as the Administrator deems necessary or appropriate to satisfy any Applicable Laws. The Company's inability to obtain authority from any regulatory body having jurisdiction, which the Administrator determines is necessary to the lawful issuance and sale of any securities, will relieve the Company of any liability for failing to issue or sell such Shares as to which such requisite authority has not been obtained.

9.8 <u>Acceleration</u> . The Administrator may at any time provide that any Award will become immediately vested and fully or partially exercisable, free of some or all restrictions or conditions, or otherwise fully or partially realizable.

9.9 <u>Additional Terms of Incentive Stock Options</u> . The Administrator may grant Incentive Stock Options only to employees of the Company, any of its present or future parent or subsidiary corporations, as defined in Sections 424(e) or (f) of the Code, respectively, and any other entities the employees of which are eligible to receive Incentive Stock Options under the Code. If an Incentive Stock Option is granted to a Greater Than 10% Stockholder, the exercise price will not be less than 110% of the Fair Market Value on the Option's grant date, and the term of the Option will not exceed five years. All Incentive Stock Options will be subject to and construed consistently with Section 422 of the Code. By accepting an Incentive Stock Option, the Participant agrees to give prompt notice to the Company of dispositions or other transfers (other than in connection with a Change in Control) of Shares acquired under the Option made within (i) two years from the grant date of the Option or (ii) one year after the transfer of such Shares to the Participant, specifying the date of the disposition or other transfer and the amount the Participant realized, in cash, other property, assumption of indebtedness or other consideration, in such disposition or other transfer. Neither the Company nor the Administrator will be liable to a Participant, or any other party, if an Incentive Stock Option fails or ceases to qualify as an "incentive stock option" under Section 422 of the Code. Any Incentive Stock Option or portion thereof that fails to qualify as an "incentive stock option" under Section 422 of the Code for any reason, including becoming exercisable with respect to Shares having a fair market value exceeding the $100,000 limitation under Treasury Regulation Section 1.422-4, will be a Non-Qualified Stock Option.

**ARTICLE X.** 

**MISCELLANEOUS** 

10.1 <u>No Right to Employment or Other Status</u>. No person will have any claim or right to be granted an Award, and the grant of an Award will not be construed as giving a Participant the right to continued employment or any other relationship with the Company. The Company expressly reserves the right at any time to dismiss or otherwise

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terminate its relationship with a Participant free from any liability or claim under the Plan or any Award, except as expressly provided in an Award Agreement.

10.2 <u>No Rights as Stockholder; Certificates</u>. Subject to the Award Agreement, no Participant or Designated Beneficiary will have any rights as a stockholder with respect to any Shares to be distributed under an Award until becoming the record holder of such Shares. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, unless the Administrator otherwise determines or Applicable Laws require, the Company will not be required to deliver to any Participant certificates evidencing Shares issued in connection with any Award and instead such Shares may be recorded in the books of the Company (or, as applicable, its transfer agent or stock plan administrator). The Company may place legends on stock certificates issued under the Plan that the Administrator deems necessary or appropriate to comply with Applicable Laws.

10.3 <u>Effective Date and Term of Plan</u>. The Plan will become effective upon the consummation of the Initial Business Combination. However, the effectiveness of the Plan shall be subject to approval of the Plan by the Company's stockholders. If the Plan is not approved by the Company's stockholders, the Plan will not become effective and no Awards will be granted under the Plan. The Plan shall remain in effect until terminated by the Administrator under Section 10.4; provided, that, any provision of the Plan that constitutes a "formula" under the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual (or such successor manual of the New York Stock Exchange) shall only remain in effect until the tenth anniversary of the date the Company's stockholders last approved the Plan, and Incentive Stock Options may not be granted under the Plan after the tenth anniversary of the earlier of (i) the date the Board adopted the Plan or (ii) the date the Company's stockholders approved the Plan.

10.4 <u>Amendment of Plan</u>. The Administrator may amend, suspend or terminate the Plan at any time; provided that no amendment, other than an increase to the Overall Share Limit, may materially and adversely affect any Award outstanding at the time of such amendment without the affected Participant's consent. No Awards may be granted under the Plan during any suspension period or after Plan termination. Awards outstanding at the time of any Plan suspension or termination will continue to be governed by the Plan and the Award Agreement, as in effect before such suspension or termination. The Board will obtain stockholder approval of any Plan amendment to the extent necessary to comply with Applicable Laws.

10.5 <u>Provisions for Foreign Participants</u>. The Administrator may modify Awards granted to Participants who are foreign nationals or employed outside the United States or establish subplans or procedures under the Plan to address differences in laws, rules, regulations or customs of such foreign jurisdictions with respect to tax, securities, currency, employee benefit or other matters.

10.6 <u>Section 409A</u>.

(s) <u>General</u>. The Company intends that all Awards be structured to comply with, or be exempt from, Section 409A, such that no adverse tax consequences, interest, or penalties under Section 409A apply. Notwithstanding anything in the Plan or any Award Agreement to the contrary, the Administrator may, without a Participant's consent, amend this Plan or Awards, adopt policies and procedures, or take any other actions (including amendments, policies, procedures and retroactive actions) as are necessary or appropriate to preserve the intended tax treatment of Awards, including any such actions intended to (A) exempt this Plan or any Award from Section 409A, or (B) comply with Section 409A, including regulations, guidance, compliance programs and other interpretative authority that may be issued after an Award's grant date. The Company makes no representations or warranties as to an Award's tax treatment under Section 409A or otherwise. The Company will have no obligation under this Section 10.6 or otherwise to avoid the taxes, penalties or interest under Section 409A with respect to any Award and will have no liability to any Participant or any other person if any Award, compensation or other benefits under the Plan are determined to constitute noncompliant "nonqualified deferred compensation" subject to taxes, penalties or interest under Section 409A.

(t) <u>Separation from Service</u>. If an Award constitutes "nonqualified deferred compensation" under Section 409A, any payment or settlement of such Award upon a termination of a Participant's Service Provider relationship will, to the extent necessary to avoid taxes under Section 409A, be made only upon the Participant's "separation from

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service" (within the meaning of Section 409A), whether such "separation from service" occurs upon or after the termination of the Participant's Service Provider relationship. For purposes of this Plan or any Award Agreement relating to any such payments or benefits, references to a "termination," "termination of employment" or like terms means a "separation from service."

(u) <u>Payments to Specified Employees</u>. Notwithstanding any contrary provision in the Plan or any Award Agreement, any payment(s) of "nonqualified deferred compensation" required to be made under an Award to a "specified employee" (as defined under Section 409A and as the Administrator determines) due to his or her "separation from service" will, to the extent necessary to avoid taxes under Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, be delayed for the six-month period immediately following such "separation from service" (or, if earlier, until the specified employee's death) and will instead be paid (as set forth in the Award Agreement) on the day immediately following such six-month period or as soon as administratively practicable thereafter (without interest). Any payments of "nonqualified deferred compensation" under such Award payable more than six months following the Participant's "separation from service" will be paid at the time or times the payments are otherwise scheduled to be made.

10.7 <u>Limitations on Liability</u>. Notwithstanding any other provisions of the Plan, no individual acting as a director, officer, other employee or agent of the Company or any Subsidiary will be liable to any Participant, former Participant, spouse, beneficiary, or any other person for any claim, loss, liability, or expense incurred in connection with the Plan or any Award, and such individual will not be personally liable with respect to the Plan because of any contract or other instrument executed in his or her capacity as an Administrator, director, officer, other employee or agent of the Company or any Subsidiary. The Company will indemnify and hold harmless each director, officer, other employee and agent of the Company or any Subsidiary that has been or will be granted or delegated any duty or power relating to the Plan's administration or interpretation, against any cost or expense (including attorneys' fees) or liability (including any sum paid in settlement of a claim with the Administrator's approval) arising from any act or omission concerning this Plan unless arising from such person's own fraud or bad faith.

10.8 <u>Lock-Up Period</u>. The Company may, at the request of any underwriter representative or the Company, in connection with registering the offering of any Company securities under the Securities Act, prohibit Participants from, directly or indirectly, selling or otherwise transferring any Shares or other Company securities during a period of up to one hundred eighty days following the effective date of a Company registration statement filed under the Securities Act, or such shorter or longer period as determined by the underwriter or the Company (including as set forth in the Charter), and subject to such exceptions as may be determined by the underwriter or the Company (including as set forth in the Charter).

10.9 <u>Conversion of Stock</u>. The Awards granted and Shares issuable and issued pursuant to this Plan are subject to the provisions of the Charter regarding the conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock. In addition, prior to or in connection with issuing any Shares subject to Awards under the Plan, the Administrator may convert Awards previously granted covering shares of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock or convert Awards previously granted covering shares of Class A Common Stock to Class B Common Stock.

10.10 <u>Data Privacy</u>. As a condition for receiving any Award, each Participant explicitly and unambiguously consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of personal data as described in this section by and among the Company and its Subsidiaries and affiliates exclusively for implementing, administering and managing the Participant's participation in the Plan. The Company and its Subsidiaries and affiliates may hold certain personal information about a Participant, including the Participant's name, address and telephone number; birthdate; social security, insurance number or other identification number; salary; nationality; job title(s); any Shares held in the Company or its Subsidiaries and affiliates; and Award details, to implement, manage and administer the Plan and Awards (the "***Data***"). The Company and its Subsidiaries and affiliates may transfer the Data amongst themselves as necessary to implement, administer and manage a Participant's participation in the Plan, and the Company and its Subsidiaries and affiliates may transfer the Data to third parties assisting the Company with Plan implementation, administration and management. These recipients may be located in the Participant's country, or elsewhere, and the Participant's country may have different data privacy laws and protections than the recipients' country. By accepting an Award, each Participant authorizes such recipients to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in

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electronic or other form, to implement, administer and manage the Participant's participation in the Plan, including any required Data transfer to a broker or other third party with whom the Company or the Participant may elect to deposit any Shares. The Data related to a Participant will be held only as long as necessary to implement, administer, and manage the Participant's participation in the Plan. A Participant may, at any time, view the Data that the Company holds regarding such Participant, request additional information about the storage and processing of the Data regarding such Participant, recommend any necessary corrections to the Data regarding the Participant or refuse or withdraw the consents in this Section 10.10 in writing, without cost, by contacting the local human resources representative. The Company may cancel Participant's ability to participate in the Plan and, in the Administrator's discretion, the Participant may forfeit any outstanding Awards if the Participant refuses or withdraws the consents in this Section 10.10. For more information on the consequences of refusing or withdrawing consent, Participants may contact their local human resources representative.

10.11 <u>Severability</u>. If any portion of the Plan or any action taken under it is held illegal or invalid for any reason, the illegality or invalidity will not affect the remaining parts of the Plan, and the Plan will be construed and enforced as if the illegal or invalid provisions had been excluded, and the illegal or invalid action will be null and void.

10.12 <u>Governing Documents</u>. If any contradiction occurs between the Plan and any Award Agreement or other written agreement between a Participant and the Company (or any Subsidiary) that the Administrator has approved, the Plan will govern, unless it is expressly specified in such Award Agreement or other written document that a specific provision of the Plan will not apply.

10.13 <u>Governing Law</u>. The Plan and all Awards will be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, disregarding any state's choice-of-law principles requiring the application of a jurisdiction's laws other than the State of Delaware.

10.14 <u>Claw-back Provisions</u>. All Awards (including any proceeds, gains or other economic benefit the Participant actually or constructively receives upon receipt or exercise of any Award or the receipt or resale of any Shares underlying the Award) will be subject to any Company claw-back policy adopted to comply with Applicable Laws (including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and any rules or regulations promulgated thereunder).

10.15 <u>Titles and Headings</u>. The titles and headings in the Plan are for convenience of reference only and, if any conflict, the Plan's text, rather than such titles or headings, will control.

10.16 <u>Conformity to Securities Laws</u>. Participant acknowledges that the Plan is intended to conform to the extent necessary with Applicable Laws. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Plan and all Awards will be administered only in conformance with Applicable Laws. To the extent Applicable Laws permit, the Plan and all Award Agreements will be deemed amended as necessary to conform to Applicable Laws.

10.17 <u>Relationship to Other Benefits</u>. No payment under the Plan will be taken into account in determining any benefits under any pension, retirement, savings, profit sharing, group insurance, welfare or other benefit plan of the Company or any Subsidiary except as expressly provided in writing in such other plan or an agreement thereunder.

10.18 <u>Broker-Assisted Sales</u>. In the event of a broker-assisted sale of Shares in connection with the payment of amounts owed by a Participant under or with respect to the Plan or Awards, including amounts to be paid under the final sentence of Section 9.5: (a) any Shares to be sold through the broker-assisted sale will be sold on the day the payment first becomes due, or as soon thereafter as practicable; (b) such Shares may be sold as part of a block trade with other Participants in the Plan in which all participants receive an average price; (c) the applicable Participant will be responsible for all broker's fees and other costs of sale, and by accepting an Award, each Participant agrees to indemnify and hold the Company harmless from any losses, costs, damages, or expenses relating to any such sale; (d) to the extent the Company or its designee receives proceeds of such sale that exceed the amount owed, the Company will pay such excess in cash to the applicable Participant as soon as reasonably practicable; (e) the Company and its designees are under no obligation to arrange for such sale at any particular price; and (f) in the event the proceeds of such sale are insufficient to satisfy the Participant's applicable obligation, the Participant may

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be required to pay immediately upon demand to the Company or its designee an amount in cash sufficient to satisfy any remaining portion of the Participant's obligation.

**ARTICLE XI.** 

**DEFINITIONS** 

As used in the Plan, the following words and phrases will have the following meanings:

11.1 "***Administrator***" means the Board or a Committee to the extent that the Board's powers or authority under the Plan have been delegated to such Committee.

11.2 "***Applicable Laws***" means the requirements relating to the administration of equity incentive plans under U.S. federal and state securities, tax and other applicable laws, rules and regulations, the applicable rules of any stock exchange or quotation system on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted and the applicable laws and rules of any foreign country or other jurisdiction where Awards are granted.

11.3 "***Award***" means, individually or collectively, a grant under the Plan of Options, Stock Appreciation Rights, Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Units or Other Stock or Cash Based Awards.

11.4 "***Award Agreement***" means a written agreement evidencing an Award, which may be electronic, that contains such terms and conditions as the Administrator determines, consistent with and subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.

11.5 "***Board***" means the Board of Directors of the Company.

11.6 "***Change in Control***" means and includes each of the following:

(a) A transaction or series of transactions (other than an offering of Common Stock to the general public through a registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission or a transaction or series of transactions that meets the requirements of clauses (i) and (ii) of subsection (c) below) whereby any "person" or related "group" of "persons" (as such terms are used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act) (other than the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, an employee benefit plan maintained by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or a "person" that, prior to such transaction, directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the Company) directly or indirectly acquires beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of securities of the Company possessing more than 50% of the total combined voting power of the Company's securities outstanding immediately after such acquisition; or

(b) The consummation by the Company (whether directly involving the Company or indirectly involving the Company through one or more intermediaries) of (x) a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or business combination or (y) a sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company's assets in any single transaction or series of related transactions or (z) the acquisition of assets or stock of another entity, in each case other than a transaction:

(i) which results in the Company's voting securities outstanding immediately before the transaction continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the Company or the person that, as a result of the transaction, controls, directly or indirectly, the Company or owns, directly or indirectly, all or substantially all of the Company's assets or otherwise succeeds to the business of the Company (the Company or such person, the "***Successor Entity***")) directly or indirectly, at least a majority of the combined voting power of the Successor Entity's outstanding voting securities immediately after the transaction, and

(ii) after which no person or group beneficially owns voting securities representing 50% or more of the combined voting power of the Successor Entity; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that no person or group shall be treated for purposes of

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this clause (ii) as beneficially owning 50% or more of the combined voting power of the Successor Entity solely as a result of the voting power held in the Company prior to the consummation of the transaction.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall the Initial Business Combination or the transactions occurring in connection therewith constitute a Change in Control and, if a Change in Control constitutes a payment event with respect to any Award (or portion of any Award) that provides for the deferral of compensation that is subject to Section 409A, to the extent required to avoid the imposition of additional taxes under Section 409A, the transaction or event described in subsection (a) or (b) with respect to such Award (or portion thereof) shall only constitute a Change in Control for purposes of the payment timing of such Award if such transaction also constitutes a "change in control event," as defined in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5).

The Administrator shall have full and final authority, which shall be exercised in its discretion, to determine conclusively whether a Change in Control has occurred pursuant to the above definition, the date of the occurrence of such Change in Control and any incidental matters relating thereto; provided that any exercise of authority in conjunction with a determination of whether a Change in Control is a "change in control event" as defined in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5) shall be consistent with such regulation.

11.7 "***Charter***" means the Certificate of Incorporation of Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp, as amended from time to time.

11.8 "***Class A Common Stock***" means the Class A common stock of the Company, par value of $0.0001 per share, which entitle the holder thereof to one vote per share on all Company voting matters.

11.9 "***Class B Common Stock***" means the Class B common stock of the Company, par value of $0.0001 per share, which entitle the holder thereof to ten votes per share on all Company voting matters.

11.10 "***Code***" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations issued thereunder.

11.11 "***Committee***" means one or more committees or subcommittees of the Board, which may include one or more Company directors or executive officers, to the extent Applicable Laws permit. To the extent required to comply with the provisions of Rule 16b-3, it is intended that each member of the Committee will be, at the time the Committee takes any action with respect to an Award that is subject to Rule 16b-3, a "non-employee director" within the meaning of Rule 16b-3; however, a Committee member's failure to qualify as a "non-employee director" within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 will not invalidate any Award granted by the Committee that is otherwise validly granted under the Plan.

11.12 "***Common Stock***" means either the Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock of the Company.

11.13 "***Company***" means Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or any successor.

11.14 "***Consultant***" means any person, including any adviser, engaged by the Company or its parent or Subsidiary to render services to such entity if the consultant or adviser: (i) renders bona fide services to the Company; (ii) renders services not in connection with the offer or sale of securities in a capital-raising transaction and does not directly or indirectly promote or maintain a market for the Company's securities; and (iii) is a natural person.

11.15 "***Designated Beneficiary***" means the beneficiary or beneficiaries the Participant designates, in a manner the Administrator determines, to receive amounts due or exercise the Participant's rights if the Participant dies or becomes incapacitated. Without a Participant's effective designation, "Designated Beneficiary" will mean the Participant's estate.

11.16 "***Director***" means a Board member.

11.17 "***Disability***" means a permanent and total disability under Section 22(e)(3) of the Code, as amended.

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11.18 "***Dividend Equivalents***" means a right granted to a Participant under the Plan to receive the equivalent value (in cash or Shares) of dividends paid on Shares.

11.19 "***Earn-out Share***" has the meaning set forth in the Merger Agreement.

11.20 "***Employee***" means any employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries.

11.21 "***Equity Restructuring***" means a nonreciprocal transaction between the Company and its stockholders, such as a stock dividend, stock split, spin-off or recapitalization through a large, nonrecurring cash dividend, that affects the number or kind of Shares (or other Company securities) or the share price of Common Stock (or other Company securities) and causes a change in the per share value of the Common Stock underlying outstanding Awards.

11.22 "***Exchange Act***" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

11.23 "***Fair Market Value***" means, as of any date, the value of Common Stock determined as follows: (i) if the Common Stock is listed on any established stock exchange, its Fair Market Value will be the closing sales price for such Common Stock as quoted on such exchange for the last market trading day prior to such date, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or another source the Administrator deems reliable; (ii) if the Common Stock is not traded on a stock exchange but is quoted on a national market or other quotation system, the closing sales price on such date, or if no sales occurred on such date, then on the last date preceding such date during which a sale occurred, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or another source the Administrator deems reliable; or (iii) in any case, the Administrator may determine the Fair Market Value in its discretion.

11.24 "***Greater Than 10% Stockholder***" means an individual then owning (within the meaning of Section 424(d) of the Code) more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or its parent or subsidiary corporation, as defined in Section 424(e) and (f) of the Code, respectively.

11.25 "***Incentive Stock Option***" means an Option intended to qualify as an "incentive stock option" as defined in Section 422 of the Code.

11.26 "***Initial Business Combination***" means the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.

11.27 "***Merger Agreement***" means the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 11, 2021, by and among Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp., SEAC Merger Sub Inc., and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc.

11.28 "***Non-Employee Director***" means a Director who is not an Employee.

11.29 "***Non-Qualified Stock Option***" means an Option not intended or not qualifying as an Incentive Stock Option.

11.30 "***Option***" means an option to purchase Shares.

11.31 "***Other Stock or Cash Based Awards***" means cash awards, awards of Shares, and other awards valued wholly or partially by referring to, or are otherwise based on, Shares or other property.

11.32 "***Overall Share Limit***" means the sum of (i) 5,000,000 Shares (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of the Company's Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024); (ii) any shares of Common Stock which remain available for future grants under any Prior Plan as of immediately prior to approval of the Plan by the Company's stockholders; (iii) any shares of Common Stock which are subject to Prior Plan Awards which become available for issuance under the Plan pursuant to Article IV; (iv) any Remaining Earn-out Shares; and (v) an annual increase on the first day of each calendar year beginning January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2031, equal to the lesser of (A) 4% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock of the Company outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (B) such smaller number of Shares as is determined by the Board.

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11.33 "***Participant***" means a Service Provider who has been granted an Award.

11.34 "***Performance Criteria***" mean the criteria (and adjustments) that the Administrator may select for an Award to establish performance goals for a performance period, which may include the following: net earnings or losses (either before or after one or more of interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and non-cash equity-based compensation expense); gross or net sales or revenue or sales or revenue growth; net income (either before or after taxes) or adjusted net income; profits (including but not limited to gross profits, net profits, profit growth, net operation profit or economic profit), profit return ratios or operating margin; budget or operating earnings (either before or after taxes or before or after allocation of corporate overhead and bonus); cash flow (including operating cash flow and free cash flow or cash flow return on capital); return on assets; return on capital or invested capital; cost of capital; return on stockholders' equity; total stockholder return; return on sales; costs, reductions in costs and cost control measures; expenses; working capital; earnings or loss per share; adjusted earnings or loss per share; price per share or dividends per share (or appreciation in or maintenance of such price or dividends); regulatory achievements or compliance; implementation, completion or attainment of objectives relating to research, development, regulatory, commercial, or strategic milestones or developments; market share; economic value or economic value added models; division, group or corporate financial goals; customer satisfaction/growth; customer service; employee satisfaction; recruitment and maintenance of personnel; human resources management; supervision of litigation and other legal matters; strategic partnerships and transactions; financial ratios (including those measuring liquidity, activity, profitability or leverage); debt levels or reductions; sales-related goals; financing and other capital raising transactions; cash on hand; acquisition activity; investment sourcing activity; and marketing initiatives, any of which may be measured in absolute terms or as compared to any incremental increase or decrease. Such performance goals also may be based solely by reference to the Company's performance or the performance of a Subsidiary, division, business segment or business unit of the Company or a Subsidiary, or based upon performance relative to performance of other companies or upon comparisons of any of the indicators of performance relative to performance of other companies. The Committee may provide for exclusion of the impact of an event or occurrence which the Committee determines should appropriately be excluded, including (a) restructurings, discontinued operations, extraordinary items, and other unusual, infrequently occurring or non-recurring charges or events, (b) asset write-downs, (c) litigation or claim judgments or settlements, (d) acquisitions or divestitures, (e) reorganization or change in the corporate structure or capital structure of the Company, (f) an event either not directly related to the operations of the Company, Subsidiary, division, business segment or business unit or not within the reasonable control of management, (g) foreign exchange gains and losses, (h) a change in the fiscal year of the Company, (i) the refinancing or repurchase of bank loans or debt securities, (j) unbudgeted capital expenditures, (k) the issuance or repurchase of equity securities and other changes in the number of outstanding shares, (l) conversion of some or all of convertible securities to Common Stock, (m) any business interruption event (n) the cumulative effects of tax or accounting changes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or (o) the effect of changes in other laws or regulatory rules affecting reported results.

11.35 "***Plan***" means this 2021 Incentive Award Plan.

11.36 "***Prior Plan***" means the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan and/or the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan.

11.37 "***Prior Plan Award***" means an award outstanding under any Prior Plan as of immediately prior to approval of the Plan by the Company's stockholders.

11.38 "***Remaining Earn-out Shares***" has the meaning set forth in the Merger Agreement, which Remaining Earn-out Shares shall be subject to the vesting and forfeiture conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement.

11.39 "***Restricted Stock***" means Shares awarded to a Participant under Article VI subject to certain vesting conditions and other restrictions.

11.40 "***Restricted Stock Unit***" means an unfunded, unsecured right to receive, on the applicable settlement date, one Share or an amount in cash or other consideration determined by the Administrator to be of equal value as of such settlement date, subject to certain vesting conditions and other restrictions.

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11.41 "***Rule 16b-3***" means Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act.

11.42 "***Section 409A***" means Section 409A of the Code and all regulations, guidance, compliance programs and other interpretative authority thereunder.

11.43 "***Securities Act***" means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

11.44 "***Service Provider***" means an Employee, Consultant or Director.

11.45 "***Shares***" means shares of Common Stock.

11.46 "***Stock Appreciation Right***" means a stock appreciation right granted under Article V.

11.47 "***Subsidiary***" means any entity (other than the Company), whether domestic or foreign, in an unbroken chain of entities beginning with the Company if each of the entities other than the last entity in the unbroken chain beneficially owns, at the time of the determination, securities or interests representing at least 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of securities or interests in one of the other entities in such chain.

11.48 "***Substitute Awards***" shall mean Awards granted or Shares issued by the Company in assumption of, or in substitution or exchange for, awards previously granted, or the right or obligation to make future awards, in each case by a company acquired by the Company or any Subsidiary or with which the Company or any Subsidiary combines.

11.49 "***Termination of Service***" means the date the Participant ceases to be a Service Provider.

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## Exhibit 10.2

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.** <br>**2021 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN** <br>

**ARTICLE I.** 

**PURPOSE** 

The purpose of this Plan is to assist Eligible Employees of the Company and its Designated Subsidiaries in acquiring a stock ownership interest in the Company.

The Plan consists of two components: (i) the Section 423 Component and (ii) the Non-Section 423 Component. The Section 423 Component is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" under Section 423 of the Code and shall be administered, interpreted and construed in a manner consistent with the requirements of Section 423 of the Code. The Non-Section 423 Component authorizes the grant of rights which need not qualify as rights granted pursuant to an "employee stock purchase plan" under Section 423 of the Code. Rights granted under the Non-Section 423 Component shall be granted pursuant to separate Offerings containing such sub-plans, appendices, rules or procedures as may be adopted by the Administrator and designed to achieve tax, securities laws or other objectives for Eligible Employees and Designated Subsidiaries but shall not be intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" under Section 423 of the Code. Except as otherwise determined by the Administrator or provided herein, the Non-Section 423 Component will operate and be administered in the same manner as the Section 423 Component. Offerings intended to be made under the Non-Section 423 Component will be designated as such by the Administrator at or prior to the time of such Offering. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent a limitation or requirement set forth in the Plan is specifically mandated under Section 423 of the Code, such limitation or requirement need not apply to the Non-Section 423 Component and the Administrator may eliminate application of such limitation or requirement to the Non-Section 423 Component in its discretion, subject to stockholder approval only to the extent required by Applicable Law.

For purposes of this Plan, the Administrator may designate separate Offerings under the Plan in which Eligible Employees will participate. The terms of these Offerings need not be identical, even if the dates of the applicable Offering Period(s) in each such Offering are identical, provided that the terms of participation are the same within each separate Offering under the Section 423 Component (as determined under Section 423 of the Code). Solely by way of example and without limiting the foregoing, the Company could, but shall not be required to, provide for simultaneous Offerings under the Section 423 Component and the Non-Section 423 Component of the Plan.

**ARTICLE II.** 

**DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTION** 

Wherever the following terms are used in the Plan they shall have the meanings specified below, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

2.1 "***Administrator***" means the entity that conducts the general administration of the Plan as provided in Article XI.

2.2 *"****Agent***" means the brokerage firm, bank or other financial institution, entity or person(s), if any, engaged, retained, appointed or authorized to act as the agent of the Company or an Employee with regard to the Plan.

2.3 *"****Applicable Law***" means the requirements relating to the administration of equity incentive plans under U.S. federal and state securities, tax and other applicable laws, rules and regulations, the applicable rules of any stock exchange or quotation system on which Shares are listed or quoted and the applicable laws and rules of any foreign country or other jurisdiction where rights under this Plan are granted.

2.4 "***Board***" means the Board of Directors of the Company.

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2.5 "***Class A Common Stock***" means the Class A common stock of the Company, par value of $0.0001 per share, which entitle the holder thereof to one vote per share on all Company voting matters.

2.6 "***Class B Common Stock***" means the Class B common stock of the Company, par value of $0.0001 per share, which entitle the holder thereof to ten votes per share on all Company voting matters.

2.7 "***Code***" means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations issued thereunder.

2.8 "***Common Stock***" means either the Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock of the Company.

2.9 "***Company***" means Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or any successor.

2.10 "***Compensation***" of an Eligible Employee means, unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, the gross base compensation or wages received by such Eligible Employee as compensation for services to the Company or any Designated Subsidiary, excluding overtime payments, sales commissions, incentive compensation, bonuses, expense reimbursements, income received in connection with any stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units or other compensatory equity awards, fringe benefits and other special payments.

2.11 "***Designated Subsidiary***" means any Subsidiary designated by the Administrator in accordance with Section 11.2(b), such designation to specify whether such participation is in the Section 423 Component or Non-Section 423 Component. A Designated Subsidiary may participate in either or both the Section 423 Component or Non-Section 423 Component, unless otherwise prohibited by Applicable Law; provided that a Subsidiary that, for U.S. tax purposes, is disregarded from the Company or any Subsidiary that participates in the Section 423 Component shall automatically constitute a Designated Subsidiary that participates in the Section 423 Component.

2.12 "***Eligible Employee***" means:

(a) With respect to the Section 423 Component, an Employee who does not, immediately after any rights under this Plan are granted, own (directly or through attribution) stock possessing 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of shares and other securities of the Company, a Parent or a Subsidiary (as determined under Section 423(b)(3) of the Code). For purposes of the foregoing, the rules of Section 424(d) of the Code with regard to the attribution of stock ownership shall apply in determining the stock ownership of an individual, and stock that an Employee may purchase under outstanding options shall be treated as stock owned by the Employee.

(b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator may provide in an Offering Document that an Employee shall not be eligible to participate in an Offering Period under the Section 423 Component if: (i) such Employee is a highly compensated employee within the meaning of Section 423(b)(4)(D) of the Code; (ii) such Employee has not met a service requirement designated by the Administrator pursuant to Section 423(b)(4)(A) of the Code (which service requirement may not exceed two years); (iii) such Employee's customary employment is for twenty hours per week or less; (iv) such Employee's customary employment is for less than five months in any calendar year; and/or (v) such Employee is a citizen or resident of a foreign jurisdiction and the grant of a right to purchase Shares under the Plan to such Employee would be prohibited under the laws of such foreign jurisdiction or the grant of a right to purchase Shares under the Plan to such Employee in compliance with the laws of such foreign jurisdiction would cause the Plan to violate the requirements of Section 423 of the Code, as determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion; <u>provided</u>, <u>further</u>, that any exclusion in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) or (v) shall be applied in an identical manner under each Offering Period to all Employees in the Section 423 Component, in accordance with Treasury Regulation Section 1.423-2(e).

(c) With respect to the Non-Section 423 Component, an Employee; provided that the Administrator may limit eligibility within the Company or a Designated Subsidiary so as to only designate some Employees of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary as Eligible Employees.

2.13 "***Employee***" means any individual who renders services to the Company or any Designated Subsidiary in the status of an employee, and, with respect to the Section 423 Component, a person who is an employee within the

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meaning of Section 3401(c) of the Code. For purposes of an individual's participation in, or other rights under the Plan, all determinations by the Company shall be final, binding and conclusive, notwithstanding that any court of law or governmental agency subsequently makes a contrary determination. For purposes of the Plan, the employment relationship shall be treated as continuing intact while the individual is on sick leave or other leave of absence approved by the Company or Designated Subsidiary and, with respect to the Section 423 Component, meeting the requirements of Treasury Regulation Section 1.421-1(h)(2). With respect to participation in the Section 423 Component, where the period of leave exceeds three (3) months and the individual's right to reemployment is not guaranteed either by statute or by contract, the employment relationship shall be deemed to have terminated on the first day immediately following such three (3)-month period.

2.14 "***Enrollment Date***" means the first Trading Day of each Offering Period.

2.15 "***Fair Market Value***" means, as of any date, the value of Shares determined as follows: (i) if the Shares are listed on any established stock exchange, its Fair Market Value will be the closing sales price for such Shares as quoted on such exchange for the last market Trading Day prior to such date, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or another source the Administrator deems reliable; (ii) if the Shares are not traded on a stock exchange but are quoted on a national market or other quotation system, the closing sales price on such date, or if no sales occurred on such date, then on the last date preceding such date during which a sale occurred, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or another source the Administrator deems reliable; or (iii) in any case, the Administrator may determine the Fair Market Value in its discretion.

2.16 "***Initial Business Combination***" means the transactions contemplated by that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 11, 2021, by and among Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp., SEAC Merger Sub Inc., and Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc.

2.17 "***Non-Section 423 Component***" means those Offerings under the Plan, together with the sub-plans, appendices, rules or procedures, if any, adopted by the Administrator as a part of this Plan, in each case, pursuant to which rights to purchase Shares during an Offering Period may be granted to Eligible Employees that need not satisfy the requirements for rights to purchase Shares granted pursuant to an "employee stock purchase plan" that are set forth under Section 423 of the Code.

2.18 "***Offering***" means an offer under the Plan of a right to purchase Shares that may be exercised during an Offering Period as further described in Article IV hereof. Unless otherwise specified by the Administrator, each Offering to the Eligible Employees of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary shall be deemed a separate Offering, even if the dates and other terms of the applicable Offering Periods of each such Offering are identical, and the provisions of the Plan will separately apply to each Offering. To the extent permitted by Treas. Reg. § 1.423-2(a)(1), the terms of each separate Offering under the Section 423 Component need not be identical, provided that the terms of the Section 423 Component and an Offering thereunder together satisfy Treas. Reg. § 1.423-2(a)(2) and (a)(3).

2.19 "***Offering Document***" has the meaning given to such term in Section 4.1.

2.20 "***Offering Period***" has the meaning given to such term in Section 4.1.

2.21 "***Parent***" means any corporation, other than the Company, in an unbroken chain of corporations ending with the Company if, at the time of the determination, each of the corporations other than the Company owns stock possessing 50% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain.

2.22 "***Participant***" means any Eligible Employee who has executed a subscription agreement and been granted rights to purchase Shares pursuant to the Plan.

2.23 "***Payday***" means the regular and recurring established day for payment of Compensation to an Employee of the Company or any Designated Subsidiary.

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2.24 *"****Plan***" means this 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, including both the Section 423 Component and Non-Section 423 Component and any other sub-plans or appendices hereto, as amended from time to time.

2.25 "***Purchase Date***" means the last Trading Day of each Offering Period, or such other date as determined by the Administrator and set forth in the Offering Document.

2.26 "***Purchase Price***" means the purchase price designated by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document (which purchase price, for purposes of the Section 423 Component, shall not be less than 85% of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the Enrollment Date or on the Purchase Date, whichever is lower); <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that, in the event no purchase price is designated by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document, the purchase price for the Offering Periods covered by such Offering Document shall be 85% of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the Enrollment Date or on the Purchase Date, whichever is lower; <u>provided</u>, <u>further</u>, that the Purchase Price may be adjusted by the Administrator pursuant to Article VIII and shall not be less than the par value of a Share.

2.27 "***Section 423 Component***" means those Offerings under the Plan, together with the sub-plans, appendices, rules or procedures, if any, adopted by the Administrator as a part of this Plan, in each case, pursuant to which rights to purchase Shares during an Offering Period may be granted to Eligible Employees that are intended to satisfy the requirements for rights to purchase Shares granted pursuant to an "employee stock purchase plan" that are set forth under Section 423 of the Code.

2.28 "***Securities Act***" means the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

2.29 "***Share***" means a share of Common Stock.

2.30 "***Subsidiary***" means any corporation, other than the Company, in an unbroken chain of corporations beginning with the Company if, at the time of the determination, each of the corporations other than the last corporation in an unbroken chain owns stock possessing 50% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain; <u>provided</u>, however, that a limited liability company or partnership may be treated as a Subsidiary to the extent either (a) such entity is treated as a disregarded entity under Treasury Regulation Section 301.7701-3(a) by reason of the Company or any other Subsidiary that is a corporation being the sole owner of such entity, or (b) such entity elects to be classified as a corporation under Treasury Regulation Section 301.7701-3(a) and such entity would otherwise qualify as a Subsidiary. In addition, with respect to the Non-Section 423 Component, Subsidiary shall include any corporate or non-corporate entity in which the Company has a direct or indirect equity interest or significant business relationship and that constitutes a "subsidiary" of the Company for purposes of Form S-8.

2.31 "***Trading Day***" means a day on which national stock exchanges in the United States are open for trading.

2.32 "***Treas. Reg.***" means U.S. Department of the Treasury regulations.

**ARTICLE III.** 

**SHARES SUBJECT TO THE PLAN** 

3.1 <u>Number of Shares</u>. Subject to Article VIII, the aggregate number of Shares that may be issued pursuant to rights granted under the Plan shall be 500,000 Shares (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of the Company's Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024). In addition to the foregoing, subject to Article VIII, on the first day of each calendar year beginning on January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2031, the number of Shares available for issuance under the Plan shall be increased by that number of Shares equal to the lesser of (a) 1% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock of the Company outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such smaller number of Shares as determined by the Board. If any right granted under the Plan shall for any reason terminate without having been exercised, the Shares not purchased under such right shall again become available for issuance under the Plan. Notwithstanding anything in this

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Section 3.1 to the contrary, the number of Shares that may be issued or transferred pursuant to the rights granted under the Section 423 Component of the Plan shall not exceed an aggregate of 2,500,000 Shares (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of the Company's Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024), subject to Article VIII.

3.2 <u>Shares Distributed</u>. Any Shares distributed pursuant to the Plan (i) may consist, in whole or in part, of authorized and unissued Shares, treasury shares or Shares purchased on the open market and (ii) may be issued as Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, as determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion.

**ARTICLE IV.** 

**OFFERING PERIODS; OFFERING DOCUMENTS; PURCHASE DATES** 

4.1 <u>Offering Periods</u>. The Administrator may from time to time grant or provide for the grant of rights to purchase Shares under the Plan to Eligible Employees during one or more periods (each, an "***Offering Period***") selected by the Administrator. The terms and conditions applicable to each Offering Period shall be set forth in an "***Offering Document***" adopted by the Administrator, which Offering Document shall be in such form and shall contain such terms and conditions as the Administrator shall deem appropriate and shall be incorporated by reference into and made part of the Plan and shall be attached hereto as part of the Plan. The provisions of separate Offerings or Offering Periods under the Plan need not be identical.

4.2 <u>Offering Documents</u>. Each Offering Document with respect to an Offering Period shall specify (through incorporation of the provisions of this Plan by reference or otherwise):

(a) the length of the Offering Period, which period shall not exceed twenty-seven months;

(b) the maximum number of Shares that may be purchased by any Eligible Employee during such Offering Period, which, in the absence of a contrary designation by the Administrator, shall be 625 Shares (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of the Company's Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024); and

(c) such other provisions as the Administrator determines are appropriate, subject to the Plan.

**ARTICLE V.** 

**ELIGIBILITY AND PARTICIPATION** 

5.1 <u>Eligibility</u>. Any Eligible Employee who shall be employed by the Company or a Designated Subsidiary on a given Enrollment Date for an Offering Period shall be eligible to participate in the Plan during such Offering Period, subject to the requirements of this Article V and, for the Section 423 Component, the limitations imposed by Section 423(b) of the Code.

5.2 <u>Enrollment in Plan</u>.

(a) Except as otherwise set forth in an Offering Document or determined by the Administrator, an Eligible Employee may become a Participant in the Plan for an Offering Period by delivering a subscription agreement to the Company by such time prior to the Enrollment Date for such Offering Period (or such other date specified in the Offering Document) designated by the Administrator and in such form as the Company provides.

(b) Each subscription agreement shall designate a whole percentage of such Eligible Employee's Compensation to be withheld by the Company or the Designated Subsidiary employing such Eligible Employee on each Payday during the Offering Period as payroll deductions under the Plan. The percentage of Compensation designated by an Eligible Employee may not be less than 1% and may not be more than the maximum percentage specified by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document (which percentage shall be 25% in the absence of any such

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designation) as payroll deductions. The payroll deductions made for each Participant shall be credited to an account for such Participant under the Plan and shall be deposited with the general funds of the Company.

(c) A Participant may increase or decrease the percentage of Compensation designated in his or her subscription agreement, subject to the limits of this Section 5.2, or may suspend his or her payroll deductions, at any time during an Offering Period; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that the Administrator may limit the number of changes a Participant may make to his or her payroll deduction elections during each Offering Period in the applicable Offering Document (and in the absence of any specific designation by the Administrator, a Participant shall be allowed one change to his or her payroll deduction elections during each Offering Period). Any such change or suspension of payroll deductions shall be effective with the first full payroll period that is at least five business days after the Company's receipt of the new subscription agreement (or such shorter or longer period as may be specified by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document). In the event a Participant suspends his or her payroll deductions, such Participant's cumulative payroll deductions prior to the suspension shall remain in his or her account and shall be applied to the purchase of Shares on the next occurring Purchase Date and shall not be paid to such Participant unless he or she withdraws from participation in the Plan pursuant to Article VII.

(d) Except as otherwise set forth in an Offering Document or determined by the Administrator, a Participant may participate in the Plan only by means of payroll deduction and may not make contributions by lump sum payment for any Offering Period.

5.3 <u>Payroll Deductions</u>. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Offering Document, payroll deductions for a Participant shall commence on the first Payday following the Enrollment Date and shall end on the last Payday in the Offering Period to which the Participant's authorization is applicable, unless sooner terminated by the Participant as provided in Article VII or suspended by the Participant or the Administrator as provided in Section 5.2 and Section 5.6, respectively. Notwithstanding any other provisions of the Plan to the contrary, in non-U.S. jurisdictions where participation in the Plan through payroll deductions is prohibited, the Administrator may provide that an Eligible Employee may elect to participate through contributions to the Participant's account under the Plan in a form acceptable to the Administrator in lieu of or in addition to payroll deductions; provided, however, that, for any Offering under the Section 423 Component, the Administrator shall take into consideration any limitations under Section 423 of the Code when applying an alternative method of contribution.

5.4 <u>Effect of Enrollment</u>. A Participant's completion of a subscription agreement will enroll such Participant in the Plan for each subsequent Offering Period on the terms contained therein until the Participant either submits a new subscription agreement, withdraws from participation under the Plan as provided in Article VII or otherwise becomes ineligible to participate in the Plan.

5.5 <u>Limitation on Purchase of Shares</u>. An Eligible Employee may be granted rights under the Section 423 Component only if such rights, together with any other rights granted to such Eligible Employee under "employee stock purchase plans" of the Company, any Parent or any Subsidiary, as specified by Section 423(b)(8) of the Code, do not permit such employee's rights to purchase stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary to accrue at a rate that exceeds $25,000 of the fair market value of such stock (determined as of the first day of the Offering Period during which such rights are granted) for each calendar year in which such rights are outstanding at any time. This limitation shall be applied in accordance with Section 423(b)(8) of the Code.

5.6 <u>Suspension of Payroll Deductions</u>. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent necessary to comply with Section 423(b)(8) of the Code and Section 5.5 (with respect to the Section 423 Component) or the other limitations set forth in this Plan, a Participant's payroll deductions may be suspended by the Administrator at any time during an Offering Period. The balance of the amount credited to the account of each Participant that has not been applied to the purchase of Shares by reason of Section 423(b)(8) of the Code, Section 5.5 or the other limitations set forth in this Plan shall be paid to such Participant in one lump sum in cash as soon as reasonably practicable after the Purchase Date.

5.7 <u>Foreign Employees</u>. In order to facilitate participation in the Plan, the Administrator may provide for such special terms applicable to Participants who are citizens or residents of a foreign jurisdiction, or who are employed

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by a Designated Subsidiary outside of the United States, as the Administrator may consider necessary or appropriate to accommodate differences in local law, tax policy or custom. Except as permitted by Section 423 of the Code, with respect to the Section 423 Component, such special terms may not be more favorable than the terms of rights granted under the Section 423 Component to Eligible Employees who are residents of the United States. Such special terms may be set forth in an addendum to the Plan in the form of an appendix or sub-plan (which appendix or sub-plan may be designed to govern Offerings under the Section 423 Component or the Non-Section 423 Component, as determined by the Administrator). To the extent that the terms and conditions set forth in an appendix or sub-plan conflict with any provisions of the Plan, the provisions of the appendix or sub-plan shall govern. The adoption of any such appendix or sub-plan shall be pursuant to Section 11.2(g). Without limiting the foregoing, the Administrator is specifically authorized to adopt rules and procedures, with respect to Participants who are foreign nationals or employed in non-U.S. jurisdictions, regarding the exclusion of particular Subsidiaries from participation in the Plan, eligibility to participate, the definition of Compensation, handling of payroll deductions or other contributions by Participants, payment of interest, conversion of local currency, data privacy security, payroll tax, withholding procedures, establishment of bank or trust accounts to hold payroll deductions or contributions.

5.8 <u>Leave of Absence</u>. During leaves of absence approved by the Company and, with respect to the Section 423 Component, meeting the requirements of Treasury Regulation Section 1.421-1(h)(2) under the Code, a Participant may continue participation in the Plan by making cash payments to the Company on his or her normal Payday equal to the Participant's authorized payroll deduction.

**ARTICLE VI.** 

**GRANT AND EXERCISE OF RIGHTS** 

6.1 <u>Grant of Rights</u>. On the Enrollment Date of each Offering Period, each Eligible Employee participating in such Offering Period shall be granted a right to purchase the maximum number of Shares specified under Section 4.2, subject to the limits in Section 5.5, and shall have the right to buy, on each Purchase Date during such Offering Period (at the applicable Purchase Price), such number of whole Shares as is determined by dividing (a) such Participant's payroll deductions accumulated prior to such Purchase Date and retained in the Participant's account as of the Purchase Date, by (b) the applicable Purchase Price (rounded down to the nearest Share). The right shall expire on the earliest of: (x) the last day of the Offering Period, and (y) the date on which the Participant withdraws in accordance with the Plan.

6.2 <u>Exercise of Rights</u>. On each Purchase Date, each Participant's accumulated payroll deductions and any other additional payments specifically provided for in the applicable Offering Document will be applied to the purchase of whole Shares, up to the maximum number of Shares permitted pursuant to the terms of the Plan and the applicable Offering Document, at the Purchase Price. No fractional Shares shall be issued upon the exercise of rights granted under the Plan, unless the Offering Document specifically provides otherwise. Any cash in lieu of fractional Shares remaining after the purchase of whole Shares upon exercise of a purchase right will be credited to a Participant's account and carried forward and applied toward the purchase of whole Shares for the next following Offering Period. Shares issued pursuant to the Plan may be evidenced in such manner as the Administrator may determine and may be issued in certificated form or issued pursuant to book-entry procedures.

6.3 <u>Pro Rata Allocation of Shares</u>. If the Administrator determines that, on a given Purchase Date, the number of Shares with respect to which rights are to be exercised may exceed (a) the number of Shares that were available for issuance under the Plan on the Enrollment Date of the applicable Offering Period, or (b) the number of Shares available for issuance under the Plan on such Purchase Date, the Administrator may in its sole discretion provide that the Company shall make a pro rata allocation of the Shares available for purchase on such Enrollment Date or Purchase Date, as applicable, in as uniform a manner as shall be practicable and as it shall determine in its sole discretion to be equitable among all Participants for whom rights to purchase Shares are to be exercised pursuant to this Article VI on such Purchase Date, and shall either (i) continue all Offering Periods then in effect, or (ii) terminate any or all Offering Periods then in effect pursuant to Article IX. The Company may make pro rata allocation of the Shares available on the Enrollment Date of any applicable Offering Period pursuant to the

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preceding sentence, notwithstanding any authorization of additional Shares for issuance under the Plan by the Company's stockholders subsequent to such Enrollment Date. The balance of the amount credited to the account of each Participant that has not been applied to the purchase of Shares shall be paid to such Participant in one lump sum in cash as soon as reasonably practicable after the Purchase Date or such earlier date as determined by the Administrator.

6.4 <u>Withholding</u>. At the time a Participant's rights under the Plan are exercised, in whole or in part, or at the time some or all of the Shares issued under the Plan is disposed of, the Participant must make adequate provision for the Company's federal, state, or other tax withholding obligations, if any, that arise upon the exercise of the right or the disposition of the Shares. At any time, the Company may, but shall not be obligated to, withhold from the Participant's compensation or Shares received pursuant to the Plan the amount necessary for the Company to meet applicable withholding obligations, including any withholding required to make available to the Company any tax deductions or benefits attributable to sale or early disposition of Shares by the Participant.

6.5 <u>Conditions to Issuance of Shares</u>. The Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any certificate or certificates for, or make any book entries evidencing, Shares purchased upon the exercise of rights under the Plan prior to fulfillment of all of the following conditions: (a) the admission of such Shares to listing on all stock exchanges, if any, on which the Shares are then listed; (b) the completion of any registration or other qualification of such Shares under any state or federal law or under the rulings or regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other governmental regulatory body, that the Administrator shall, in its absolute discretion, deem necessary or advisable; (c) the obtaining of any approval or other clearance from any state or federal governmental agency that the Administrator shall, in its absolute discretion, determine to be necessary or advisable; (d) the payment to the Company of all amounts that it is required to withhold under federal, state or local law upon exercise of the rights, if any; and (e) the lapse of such reasonable period of time following the exercise of the rights as the Administrator may from time to time establish for reasons of administrative convenience.

**ARTICLE VII.** 

**WITHDRAWAL; CESSATION OF ELIGIBILITY** 

7.1 <u>Withdrawal</u>. A Participant may withdraw all but not less than all of the payroll deductions credited to his or her account and not yet used to exercise his or her rights under the Plan at any time by giving written notice to the Company in a form acceptable to the Company no later than one week prior to the end of the Offering Period (or such shorter or longer period as may be specified by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document). All of the Participant's payroll deductions credited to his or her account during an Offering Period shall be paid to such Participant as soon as reasonably practicable after receipt of notice of withdrawal and such Participant's rights for the Offering Period shall be automatically terminated, and no further payroll deductions for the purchase of Shares shall be made for such Offering Period. If a Participant withdraws from an Offering Period, payroll deductions shall not resume at the beginning of the next Offering Period unless the Participant timely delivers to the Company a new subscription agreement.

7.2 <u>Future Participation</u>. A Participant's withdrawal from an Offering Period shall not have any effect upon his or her eligibility to participate in any similar plan that may hereafter be adopted by the Company or a Designated Subsidiary or in subsequent Offering Periods that commence after the termination of the Offering Period from which the Participant withdraws.

7.3 <u>Cessation of Eligibility</u>. Upon a Participant's ceasing to be an Eligible Employee for any reason, he or she shall be deemed to have elected to withdraw from the Plan pursuant to this Article VII and the payroll deductions credited to such Participant's account during the Offering Period shall be paid to such Participant or, in the case of his or her death, to the person or persons entitled thereto under Section 12.4, as soon as reasonably practicable, and such Participant's rights for the Offering Period shall be automatically terminated. If a Participant transfers employment from the Company or any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Section 423 Component to any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Non-Section 423 Component, such transfer shall not be treated as a termination of employment, but the Participant shall immediately cease to participate in the Section 423 Component; however, any

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contributions made for the Offering Period in which such transfer occurs shall be transferred to the Non-Section 423 Component, and such Participant shall immediately join the then-current Offering under the Non-Section 423 Component upon the same terms and conditions in effect for the Participant's participation in the Section 423 Component, except for such modifications otherwise applicable for Participants in such Offering. A Participant who transfers employment from any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Non-Section 423 Component to the Company or any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Section 423 Component shall not be treated as terminating the Participant's employment and shall remain a Participant in the Non-Section 423 Component until the earlier of (i) the end of the current Offering Period under the Non-Section 423 Component or (ii) the Enrollment Date of the first Offering Period in which the Participant is eligible to participate following such transfer. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator may establish different rules to govern transfers of employment between entities participating in the Section 423 Component and the Non-Section 423 Component, and general transfers between participation in the Section 423 Component and the Non-Section 423 Company, consistent with the requirements of Section 423 of the Code, to the extent applicable.

**ARTICLE VIII.** 

**ADJUSTMENTS UPON CHANGES IN SHARES** 

8.1 <u>Changes in Capitalization</u>. Subject to Section 8.3, in the event that the Administrator determines that any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, Shares, other securities, or other property), change in control, reorganization, merger, amalgamation, consolidation, combination, repurchase, redemption, recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution, or sale, transfer, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or sale or exchange of Shares or other securities of the Company, issuance of warrants or other rights to purchase Shares or other securities of the Company, or other similar corporate transaction or event, as determined by the Administrator, affects the Shares such that an adjustment is determined by the Administrator to be appropriate in order to prevent dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended by the Company to be made available under the Plan or with respect to any outstanding purchase rights under the Plan, the Administrator shall make equitable adjustments, if any, to reflect such change with respect to (a) the aggregate number and type of Shares (or other securities or property) that may be issued under the Plan (including, but not limited to, adjustments of the limitations in Section 3.1 and the limitations established in each Offering Document pursuant to Section 4.2 on the maximum number of Shares that may be purchased); (b) the class(es) and number of Shares and price per Share subject to outstanding rights; and (c) the Purchase Price with respect to any outstanding rights.

8.2 <u>Other Adjustments</u>. Subject to Section 8.3, in the event of any transaction or event described in Section 8.1 or any unusual or nonrecurring transactions or events affecting the Company, any affiliate of the Company, or the financial statements of the Company or any affiliate, or of changes in Applicable Law or accounting principles, the Administrator, in its discretion, and on such terms and conditions as it deems appropriate, is hereby authorized to take any one or more of the following actions whenever the Administrator determines that such action is appropriate in order to prevent the dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the Plan or with respect to any right under the Plan, to facilitate such transactions or events or to give effect to such changes in laws, regulations or principles:

(a) To provide for either (i) termination of any outstanding right in exchange for an amount of cash, if any, equal to the amount that would have been obtained upon the exercise of such right had such right been currently exercisable or (ii) the replacement of such outstanding right with other rights or property selected by the Administrator in its sole discretion;

(b) To provide that the outstanding rights under the Plan shall be assumed by the successor or survivor corporation, or a parent or subsidiary thereof, or shall be substituted for by similar rights covering the stock of the successor or survivor corporation, or a parent or subsidiary thereof, with appropriate adjustments as to the number and kind of shares and prices;

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(c) To make adjustments in the number and type of Shares (or other securities or property) subject to outstanding rights under the Plan and/or in the terms and conditions of outstanding rights and rights that may be granted in the future;

(d) To provide that Participants' accumulated payroll deductions may be used to purchase Shares prior to the next occurring Purchase Date on such date as the Administrator determines in its sole discretion and the Participants' rights under the ongoing Offering Period(s) shall be terminated; and

(e) To provide that all outstanding rights shall terminate without being exercised.

8.3 <u>No Adjustment Under Certain Circumstances</u>. Unless determined otherwise by the Administrator, no adjustment or action described in this Article VIII or in any other provision of the Plan shall be authorized to the extent that such adjustment or action would cause the Section 423 Component of the Plan to fail to satisfy the requirements of Section 423 of the Code.

8.4 <u>No Other Rights</u>. Except as expressly provided in the Plan, no Participant shall have any rights by reason of any subdivision or consolidation of shares of stock of any class, the payment of any dividend, any increase or decrease in the number of shares of stock of any class or any dissolution, liquidation, merger, or consolidation of the Company or any other corporation. Except as expressly provided in the Plan or pursuant to action of the Administrator under the Plan, no issuance by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, shall affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the number of Shares subject to outstanding rights under the Plan or the Purchase Price with respect to any outstanding rights.

**ARTICLE IX.** 

**AMENDMENT, MODIFICATION AND TERMINATION** 

9.1 <u>Amendment, Modification and Termination</u>. The Administrator may amend, suspend or terminate the Plan at any time and from time to time; <u>provided</u>*,* <u>however</u>, that approval of the Company's stockholders shall be required to amend the Plan to the extent required by Applicable Law, including to: (a) increase the aggregate number, or change the type, of shares that may be sold pursuant to rights under the Plan under Section 3.1 (other than an adjustment as provided by Article VIII) or (b) change the corporations or classes of corporations whose employees may be granted rights under the Plan.

9.2 <u>Certain Changes to Plan</u>. Without stockholder consent and without regard to whether any Participant rights may be considered to have been adversely affected (and, with respect to the Section 423 Component of the Plan, after taking into account Section 423 of the Code), the Administrator shall be entitled to change or terminate the Offering Periods, limit the frequency and/or number of changes in the amount withheld from Compensation during an Offering Period, establish the exchange ratio applicable to amounts withheld in a currency other than U.S. dollars, permit payroll withholding in excess of the amount designated by a Participant in order to adjust for delays or mistakes in the Company's processing of withholding elections, establish reasonable waiting and adjustment periods and/or accounting and crediting procedures to ensure that amounts applied toward the purchase of Shares for each Participant properly correspond with amounts withheld from the Participant's Compensation, and establish such other limitations or procedures as the Administrator determines in its sole discretion to be advisable that are consistent with the Plan.

9.3 <u>Actions In the Event of Unfavorable Financial Accounting Consequences</u>. In the event the Administrator determines that the ongoing operation of the Plan may result in unfavorable financial accounting consequences, the Administrator may, in its discretion and, to the extent necessary or desirable, modify or amend the Plan to reduce or eliminate such accounting consequence including, but not limited to:

(a) altering the Purchase Price for any Offering Period including an Offering Period underway at the time of the change in Purchase Price;

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(b) shortening any Offering Period so that the Offering Period ends on a new Purchase Date, including an Offering Period underway at the time of the Administrator action; and

(c) allocating Shares.

Such modifications or amendments shall not require stockholder approval or the consent of any Participant.

9.4 <u>Payments Upon Termination of Plan</u>. Upon termination of the Plan, the balance in each Participant's Plan account shall be refunded as soon as practicable after such termination, without any interest thereon, or the Offering Period may be shortened so that the purchase of Shares occurs prior to the termination of the Plan.

**ARTICLE X.** 

**TERM OF PLAN** 

The Plan shall become effective upon the consummation of the Initial Business Combination. The effectiveness of the Plan shall be subject to approval of the Plan by the Company's stockholders within twelve months following the date the Plan is first approved by the Board. No right may be granted under the Plan prior to such stockholder approval. The Plan shall remain in effect until terminated under Section 9.1. No rights may be granted under the Plan during any period of suspension of the Plan or after termination of the Plan.

**ARTICLE XI.** 

**ADMINISTRATION** 

11.1 <u>Administrator</u>. Unless otherwise determined by the Board, the Administrator of the Plan shall be the Compensation Committee of the Board (or another committee or a subcommittee of the Board to which the Board delegates administration of the Plan). The Board may at any time vest in the Board any authority or duties for administration of the Plan. The Administrator may delegate administrative tasks under the Plan to the services of an Agent or Employees to assist in the administration of the Plan, including establishing and maintaining an individual securities account under the Plan for each Participant.

11.2 <u>Authority of Administrator</u>. The Administrator shall have the power, subject to, and within the limitations of, the express provisions of the Plan:

(a) To determine when and how rights to purchase Shares shall be granted and the provisions of each offering of such rights (which need not be identical).

(b) To designate from time to time which Subsidiaries of the Company shall be Designated Subsidiaries, which designation may be made without the approval of the stockholders of the Company.

(c) To impose a mandatory holding period pursuant to which Employees may not dispose of or transfer Shares purchased under the Plan for a period of time determined by the Administrator in its discretion.

(d) To construe and interpret the Plan and rights granted under it, and to establish, amend and revoke rules and regulations for its administration. The Administrator, in the exercise of this power, may correct any defect, omission or inconsistency in the Plan, in a manner and to the extent it shall deem necessary or expedient to make the Plan fully effective.

(e) To amend, suspend or terminate the Plan as provided in Article IX.

(f) Generally, to exercise such powers and to perform such acts as the Administrator deems necessary or expedient to promote the best interests of the Company and its Subsidiaries and to carry out the intent that the Plan be treated

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as an "employee stock purchase plan" within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code for the Section 423 Component.

(g) The Administrator may adopt sub-plans applicable to particular Designated Subsidiaries or locations, which sub-plans may be designed to be outside the scope of Section 423 of the Code. The rules of such sub-plans may take precedence over other provisions of this Plan, with the exception of Section 3.1 hereof, but unless otherwise superseded by the terms of such sub-plan, the provisions of this Plan shall govern the operation of such sub-plan.

11.3 <u>Decisions Binding</u>. The Administrator's interpretation of the Plan, any rights granted pursuant to the Plan, any subscription agreement and all decisions and determinations by the Administrator with respect to the Plan are final, binding, and conclusive on all parties.

**ARTICLE XII.** 

**MISCELLANEOUS** 

12.1 <u>Restriction upon Assignment</u>. A right granted under the Plan shall not be transferable other than by will or the applicable laws of descent and distribution, and is exercisable during the Participant's lifetime only by the Participant. Except as provided in Section 12.4 hereof, a right under the Plan may not be exercised to any extent except by the Participant. The Company shall not recognize and shall be under no duty to recognize any assignment or alienation of the Participant's interest in the Plan, the Participant's rights under the Plan or any rights thereunder.

12.2 <u>Rights as a Stockholder</u>. With respect to Shares subject to a right granted under the Plan, a Participant shall not be deemed to be a stockholder of the Company, and the Participant shall not have any of the rights or privileges of a stockholder, until such Shares have been issued to the Participant or his or her nominee following exercise of the Participant's rights under the Plan. No adjustments shall be made for dividends (ordinary or extraordinary, whether in cash securities, or other property) or distribution or other rights for which the record date occurs prior to the date of such issuance, except as otherwise expressly provided herein or as determined by the Administrator.

12.3 <u>Interest</u>. No interest shall accrue on the payroll deductions or contributions of a Participant under the Plan.

12.4 <u>Designation of Beneficiary</u>.

(a) A Participant may, in the manner determined by the Administrator, file a written designation of a beneficiary who is to receive any Shares and/or cash, if any, from the Participant's account under the Plan in the event of such Participant's death subsequent to a Purchase Date on which the Participant's rights are exercised but prior to delivery to such Participant of such Shares and cash. In addition, a Participant may file a written designation of a beneficiary who is to receive any cash from the Participant's account under the Plan in the event of such Participant's death prior to exercise of the Participant's rights under the Plan. If the Participant is married and resides in a community property state, a designation of a person other than the Participant's spouse as his or her beneficiary shall not be effective without the prior written consent of the Participant's spouse.

(b) Such designation of beneficiary may be changed by the Participant at any time by written notice to the Company. In the event of the death of a Participant and in the absence of a beneficiary validly designated under the Plan who is living at the time of such Participant's death, the Company shall deliver such Shares and/or cash to the executor or administrator of the estate of the Participant, or if no such executor or administrator has been appointed (to the knowledge of the Company), the Company, in its discretion, may deliver such Shares and/or cash to the spouse or to any one or more dependents or relatives of the Participant, or if no spouse, dependent or relative is known to the Company, then to such other person as the Company may designate.

12.5 <u>Notices</u>. All notices or other communications by a Participant to the Company under or in connection with the Plan shall be deemed to have been duly given when received in the form specified by the Company at the location, or by the person, designated by the Company for the receipt thereof.

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12.6 <u>Equal Rights and Privileges</u>. Subject to Section 5.7, all Eligible Employees will have equal rights and privileges under the Section 423 Component so that the Section 423 Component of this Plan qualifies as an "employee stock purchase plan" within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code. Subject to Section 5.7, any provision of the Section 423 Component that is inconsistent with Section 423 of the Code will, without further act or amendment by the Company, the Board or the Administrator, be reformed to comply with the equal rights and privileges requirement of Section 423 of the Code. Eligible Employees participating in the Non-Section 423 Component need not have the same rights and privileges as other Eligible Employees participating in the Non-Section 423 Component or as Eligible Employees participating in the Section 423 Component.

12.7 <u>Use of Funds</u>. All payroll deductions received or held by the Company under the Plan may be used by the Company for any corporate purpose, and the Company shall not be obligated to segregate such payroll deductions.

12.8 <u>Reports</u>. Statements of account shall be given to Participants at least annually, which statements shall set forth the amounts of payroll deductions, the Purchase Price, the number of Shares purchased and the remaining cash balance, if any.

12.9 <u>No Employment Rights</u>. Nothing in the Plan shall be construed to give any person (including any Eligible Employee or Participant) the right to remain in the employ of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary or affect the right of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary to terminate the employment of any person (including any Eligible Employee or Participant) at any time, with or without cause.

12.10 <u>Notice of Disposition of Shares</u>. Each Participant shall give prompt notice to the Company of any disposition or other transfer of any Shares purchased upon exercise of a right under the Section 423 Component of the Plan if such disposition or transfer is made: (a) within two years from the Enrollment Date of the Offering Period in which the Shares were purchased or (b) within one year after the Purchase Date on which such Shares were purchased. Such notice shall specify the date of such disposition or other transfer and the amount realized, in cash, other property, assumption of indebtedness or other consideration, by the Participant in such disposition or other transfer.

12.11 <u>Governing Law</u>. The Plan and any agreements hereunder shall be administered, interpreted and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, disregarding any state's choice of law principles requiring the application of a jurisdiction's laws other than the State of Delaware.

12.12 <u>Conversion of Shares</u>. Shares purchased under the Plan are subject to the Company's certificate of incorporation regarding the conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock. In addition, prior to or in connection with issuing any Shares under the Plan, the Administrator may convert shares of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock or convert shares of Class A Common Stock to Class B Common Stock.

12.13 <u>Electronic Forms</u>. To the extent permitted by Applicable Law and in the discretion of the Administrator, an Eligible Employee may submit any form or notice as set forth herein by means of an electronic form approved by the Administrator. Before the commencement of an Offering Period, the Administrator shall prescribe the time limits within which any such electronic form shall be submitted to the Administrator with respect to such Offering Period in order to be a valid election.

150646002_2

## Exhibit 10.4

**GINKGO BIOWORKS, INC.** 

**2008 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN** 

**AS AMENDED AS OF JUNE 18, 2014** 

**1.** **Purpose.**

The purpose of this plan (the "Plan") is to secure for Ginkgo BioWorks, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), and its shareholders the benefits arising from capital stock ownership by employees, officers and directors of, and consultants or advisors to, the Company and its parent and subsidiary corporations who are expected to contribute to the Company's future growth and success. Under the Plan recipients may be awarded both (i) Options (as defined in Section 2.1) to purchase the Company's common stock, $.01 par value ("Common Stock") and (ii) shares of the Company's Common Stock ("Restricted Stock Awards"). Except where the context otherwise requires, the term "Company" shall include any parent and all present and future subsidiaries of the Company as defined in Sections 424(e) and 424(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended or replaced from time to time (the "Code"). Those provisions of the Plan which make express reference to Section 422 of the Code shall apply only to Incentive Stock Options (as that term is defined below).

**2.** **Types of Awards and Administration.**

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|:---|:---|
| 2.1 | **Options.** Options granted pursuant to the Plan ("Options") shall be authorized by action of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board" or "Board of Directors") and may be either incentive stock options ("Incentive Stock Options") meeting the requirements of Section 422 of the Code or non-statutory Options which are not intended to meet the requirements of Section 422 of the Code. The vesting of Options may be conditioned upon the completion of a specified period of employment with the Company and/or such other conditions or events as the Board may determine. The Board may also provide that Options are immediately exercisable subject to certain repurchase rights in the Company dependent upon the continued employment of the optionee and/or such other conditions or events as the Board may determine.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 2.1.1 | **Incentive Stock Options.** All Options when granted are intended to be non-statutory Options, unless the applicable Option Agreement (as defined in Section 5.1) explicitly states that the Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option. Incentive Stock Options may only be granted to employees of the Company and shall be subject to and construed consistently with the requirements of Section 422 of the Code. For so long as the Code shall so provide, Options granted to any employee under the Plan (and any other incentive stock option plans of the Company) which are intended to constitute Incentive Stock Options shall not constitute Incentive Stock Options to the extent that such Options, in the aggregate, become exercisable for the first time in any one  |

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calendar year for shares of Common Stock with an aggregate fair market value (determined as of the respective date or dates of grant) of more than $100,000. If an Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option, and if for any reason such Option (or any portion thereof) shall not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option, then, to the extent of such nonqualification, such Option (or portion thereof) shall be regarded as a non-statutory Option appropriately granted under the Plan provided that such Option (or portion thereof) otherwise meets the Plan's requirements relating to non-statutory Options. The Company shall have no liability to any optionee, or to any other party, if an Option (or portion thereof) which is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option shall not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option.

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|:---|:---|
| 2.2 | **Restricted Stock Awards.** The Board in its discretion may grant Restricted Stock Awards, entitling the recipient to acquire, for a purchase price determined by the Board, shares of Common Stock subject to such restrictions and conditions as the Board may determine at the time of grant ("Restricted Stock"), including continued employment and/or achievement of pre-established performance goals and objectives.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 2.3 | **Administration.** The Plan shall be administered by the Board, whose construction and interpretation of the terms and provisions of the Plan shall be final and conclusive. The Board may in its sole discretion issue Restricted Stock and grant Options and issue shares upon exercise of such Options as provided in the Plan. The Board shall have authority, subject to the express provisions of the Plan, to construe Restricted Stock Agreements, Option Agreements and the Plan, to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the Plan, to determine the terms and provisions of Restricted Stock Agreements and Option Agreements, and to make all other determinations in the judgment of the Board necessary or desirable for the administration of the Plan. The Board may correct any defect or supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in the Plan or in any Restricted Stock Agreement or Option Agreement in the manner and to the extent it shall deem expedient to carry the Plan into effect and it shall be the sole and final judge of such expediency. No director or person acting pursuant to authority delegated by the Board shall be liable for any action or determination under the Plan made in good faith. The Board may, to the full extent permitted by or consistent with applicable laws or regulations, delegate any or all of its powers under the Plan to a committee (the "Committee") appointed by the Board, and if the Committee is so appointed all references to the Board in the Plan shall mean and relate to such Committee, other than references to the Board in this sentence and in Sections 19 (as to amendment of the Plan) and 22. No director or person acting pursuant to the authority delegated by the Board shall be liable for any action or determination relating to or under the Plan made in good faith.  |

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**3.** **Eligibility.**

Options may be granted, and Restricted Stock may be issued, to persons who are, at the time of such grant or issuance, employees, officers or directors of, or consultants or advisors to, the Company; *provided,* that the class of persons to whom Incentive Stock Options may be granted shall be limited to employees of the Company.

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|:---|:---|
| 3.1 | **10% Shareholder.** For so long as the Code shall so provide, if any employee to whom an Incentive Stock Option is to be granted is, at the time of the grant of such Option, the owner of stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company (after taking into account the attribution of stock ownership rules of Section 424(d) of the Code) ("10% Shareholder"), any Incentive Stock Option granted to such individual must: (i) have an exercise price per share of not less than 110% of the fair market value of one share of Common Stock at the time of grant; and (ii) expire by its terms not more than five years from the date of grant.  |

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**4.** **Stock Subject to Plan.**

Subject to adjustment as provided in Section 14.2 below, as of June 18, 2014, the maximum number of shares of Common Stock which may be issued under the Plan is Forty-Three Thousand Four Hundred and Fifty (43,450) shares (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.'s Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024), and the maximum number of Incentive Stock Options which may be granted under the Plan is Forty-Three Thousand Four Hundred and Fifty (43,450) Incentive Stock Options (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.'s Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024). If an Option shall expire or terminate for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unpurchased shares subject to such Option shall again be available for subsequent Option grants or Restricted Stock Awards under the Plan. If shares of Restricted Stock shall be forfeited to, or otherwise repurchased by, the Company pursuant to a Restricted Stock Agreement, such purchased shares shall again be available for subsequent Option

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grants or Restricted Stock Awards under the Plan. If shares issued upon exercise of an Option are tendered to the Company in payment of the exercise price of an Option, such tendered shares shall again be available for subsequent Option grants or Restricted Stock Awards under the Plan.

**5.** **Forms of Restricted Stock Agreements and Option Agreements.**

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|:---|:---|
| 5.1 | **Option Agreement.** As a condition to the grant of an Option, each recipient of an Option shall execute an option agreement ("Option Agreement") in such form not inconsistent with the Plan as may be approved by the Board of Directors. Such Option Agreements may differ among recipients.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 5.2 | **Restricted Stock Agreement.** As a condition to the issuance of Restricted Stock, each recipient thereof shall execute a restricted stock agreement ("Restricted Stock Agreement") in such form not inconsistent with the Plan as may be approved by the Board of Directors. Such Restricted Stock Agreements may differ among recipients.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 5.3 | **"Lock-Up" Agreement.** Unless the Board specifies otherwise, each Restricted Stock Agreement and Option Agreement shall provide that upon the request of the Company or the managing underwriter(s), the holder of any Option or the purchaser of any Restricted Stock shall, in connection with any registration of securities of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time (the "Act"), agree in writing that for a period of time (not to exceed 180 days) from the effective date of the registration statement under the Act for such offering, the holder or purchaser will not sell, make any short sale of, loan, grant any option for the purchase of, or otherwise dispose of any shares of the Common Stock, no par value, of the Company owned or controlled by him or her.  |

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**6.** **Purchase Price.**

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|:---|:---|
| 6.1 | **General.** The purchase price per share of Restricted Stock and the per share exercise price of an Option shall be determined by the Board at the time of issuance in the case of Restricted Stock and at the time of grant in the case of Options.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 6.2 | **Payment of Purchase Price.** Option Agreements may provide for the payment of the exercise price by (i) delivery of a personal, certified or bank check or postal money order payable to the order of the Company in an amount equal to the exercise price of such Option, (ii) with the consent of the Board, delivery to the Company of shares of Common Stock of the Company already owned by the optionee for a period of six months and having a fair market value equal in amount to the exercise price of the Options being exercised, (iii) with the consent of the Board, a personal recourse note issued by the optionee to the Company in a principal amount equal to such aggregate exercise price and with such other terms, including interest rate and maturity, as the Company may determine in its discretion; provided, however, that the interest rate borne by such note shall not be less than the lowest applicable federal rate, as defined in Section 1274(d) of the Code, (iv) in the event there is a public market for the Common Stock at such time, subject to rules as may be established by the Board, through delivery of irrevocable instructions to a broker to sell such shares and deliver promptly to the Company an amount equal to the aggregate exercise price, (v) any other means which the Board of Directors determines are consistent with the purpose of the Plan and with applicable laws and regulations or (vi) any combination of such methods of payment. The fair market value of any shares of Common Stock or other non-cash consideration which may be delivered upon exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Board. Restricted Stock Agreements may provide for the payment of any purchase price in any manner approved by the Board at the time of authorizing the issuance thereof.  |

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**7.** **Option Period.**

Each Option shall be exercisable at such times and subject to such terms and conditions as the Board may specify in the applicable Option Agreement.

**8.** **Exercise of Options.**

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|:---|:---|
| 8.1 | **General.** Each Option shall be exercisable either in full or in installments at such time or times and during such period as shall be set forth in the agreement evidencing such Option, subject to the provisions of the Plan. To the extent not exercised, installments shall accumulate and be exercisable, in whole or in part, at any time after becoming exercisable, but not later than the date the Option expires.  |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 8.2 | **Notice of Exercise.** An Option may be exercised by the optionee by delivering to the Company on any business day a written notice specifying the number of shares of Common Stock the optionee then desires to purchase and specifying the address to which the certificates for such shares are to be mailed (the "Notice"), accompanied by payment for such shares. In addition, the Company may require any individual to whom an Option is granted, as a condition of exercising such Option, to give written assurances in a substance and form satisfactory to the Company to the effect that such individual is acquiring the Common Stock subject to the Option for his or her own account for investment and not with a view to the resale or distribution thereof, and to such other effects as the Company deems necessary or advisable in order to comply with any securities law(s). In addition, the Company may require any individual to whom an Option is granted, as a condition of exercising such Option, to become a party to a stockholders' agreement or similar agreement, as may be amended from time to time, between the Company and its stockholders.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 8.3 | **Delivery.** As promptly as practicable after receipt of such written notification and payment, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the optionee certificates for the number of shares with respect to which such Option has been so exercised, issued in the optionee's name; provided, however, that such delivery shall be deemed effected for all purposes when the Company or a stock transfer agent shall have deposited such certificates in the United States mail, addressed to the optionee, at the address specified in the Notice.  |

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**9.** **Nontransferability of Options.**

Except as the Board may otherwise permit or provide in an applicable Option Agreement, no Option shall be assignable or transferable by the person to whom it is granted, either voluntarily or by operation of law, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution. During the life of an optionee, an Option shall be exercisable only by the optionee.

**10.** **Termination of Employment; Disability; Death.** Except as may be otherwise expressly provided in the terms and conditions of the Option Agreement, Options shall terminate on the earliest to occur of:

 (i) the date of expiration thereof;

 (ii) immediately upon the effective date of termination of the optionee's employment with, or provision of services to, the Company by the Company for Cause (as hereinafter defined);

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 (iii) 90 days after the date of voluntary termination of the optionee's employment with, or provision of services to, the Company by the optionee (other than for death or permanent disability as defined below); or

 (iv) 90 days after the date of termination of the optionee's employment with, or provision of services to, the Company by the Company without Cause (other than for death or permanent disability as defined below).

Until the date on which the Option so expires, the optionee may exercise that portion of his or her Option which is exercisable at the time of termination of the employment or service relationship.

An employment or service relationship between the Company and the optionee shall be deemed to exist during any period during which the optionee is employed by or providing services to the Company, either on a full-time or a part-time basis. Whether an authorized leave of absence or an absence due to military or government service shall constitute termination of the employment relationship between the Company and the optionee shall be determined by the Board at the time thereof.

For purposes of this Section 10, the term "Cause" shall mean (a) a good faith finding by the Board that the optionee willfully failed to perform his or her assigned duties for the Company, (b) any material breach by the optionee of any agreement to which the optionee and the Company are both parties, (c) any act (other than retirement) or omission to act by the optionee which may have a material and adverse effect on the Company's business or on the optionee's ability to perform services for the Company, including, without limitation, the commission of any crime (other than minor traffic violations), or (d) any material misconduct or material neglect of duties by the optionee in connection with the business or affairs of the Company.

In the event of the permanent and total disability or death of an optionee while in an employment or other relationship with the Company and before the date of expiration of such option, such option shall terminate on the earlier of such date of expiration or one year following the date of such disability or death. After disability or death, the optionee (or in the case of death, his or her executor, administrator or any person or persons to whom this option may be transferred by will or by laws of descent and distribution) shall have the right, at any time prior to such termination, to exercise the option to the extent the optionee was entitled to exercise such option as of the date of his or her disability or death. An optionee is permanently and totally disabled if he or she is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months; permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with Section 22(e)(3) of the Code and the regulations issued thereunder.

**11.** **Rights as a Shareholder.** The holder of an Option shall have no rights as a shareholder with respect to any shares covered by the Option (including, without limitation, any rights to receive dividends or non-cash distributions with respect to such shares) until the date of issue of a stock certificate to him or her for such shares. No adjustment shall be made for dividends or other rights for which the record date occurs prior to the date such stock certificate is issued.

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**12.** **Additional Provisions.** The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, include additional provisions in Restricted Stock Agreements and Option Agreements, including, without limitation, restrictions on transfer, rights of the Company to repurchase shares of Restricted Stock or shares of Common Stock acquired upon exercise of Options, commitments to pay cash bonuses, to make, arrange for or guaranty loans or to transfer other property to optionees upon exercise of Options, or such other provisions as shall be determined by the Board of Directors; *provided that* such additional provisions shall not be inconsistent with any other term or condition of the Plan and such additional provisions shall not be such as to cause any Incentive Stock Option to fail to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code.

**13.** **Acceleration, Extension, Etc.** The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, (i) accelerate the date or dates on which all or any particular Option or Options may be exercised or (ii) extend the period or periods of time during which all, or any particular, Option or Options may be exercised.

**14.** **Adjustment Upon Changes in Capitalization**

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|:---|:---|
| 14.1 | **No Effect of Options upon Certain Corporate Transactions.** The existence of outstanding Options shall not affect in any way the right or power of the Company to make or authorize any or all adjustments, recapitalizations, reorganizations or other changes in the Company's capital structure or its business, or any merger or consolidation, or any issue of Common Stock, or any issue of bonds, debentures, preferred or prior preference stock ahead of or affecting the Common Stock or the rights thereof, or the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, or any sale or transfer of all or any part of its assets or business, or any other corporate act or proceeding, whether of a similar character or otherwise.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 14.2 | **Adjustment Provisions.** If, through or as a result of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction, (i) the outstanding shares of Common Stock are increased, decreased or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares or other securities of the Company, or (ii) additional shares or new or different shares or other securities of the Company or other non-cash assets are distributed with respect to such shares of Common Stock or other securities, an appropriate and proportionate adjustment shall be made in (x) the maximum number and kind of shares reserved for issuance under the Plan, (y) the number and kind of shares or other securities subject to any then outstanding Options, and (z) the price for  |

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each share subject to any then outstanding Options, without changing the aggregate purchase price as to which such Options remain exercisable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no adjustment shall be made pursuant to this Section 14 if such adjustment would cause the Plan to fail to comply with Section 422 of the Code.

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|:---|:---|
| 14.3 | **No Adjustment in Certain Cases.** Except as expressly provided for herein, the issue by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, for cash or property or for labor or services, either upon direct sale or upon the exercise of rights or warrants to subscribe therefor, or upon conversion of shares or obligations of the Company convertible into such shares or other securities, shall not affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the number or price of shares of Common Stock then subject to outstanding options.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 14.4 | **Board Authority to Make Adjustments.** Any adjustments under this Section 14 will be made by the Board of Directors, whose determination as to what adjustments, if any, will be made and the extent thereof will be final, binding and conclusive. No fractional shares will be issued under the Plan on account of any such adjustments.  |

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**15.** **Effect of Certain Transactions**

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|:---|:---|
| 15.1 | **General.** In the event of a consolidation or merger or sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company in which outstanding shares of capital stock are exchanged for securities, cash or other property of any other corporation or business entity, the Board, or the board of directors of any corporation assuming the obligations of the Company, may, in its discretion, take any one or more of the following actions, as to some or all outstanding Options (and need not take the same action as to each such Option): (i) provide that such Options shall be assumed, or equivalent Options shall be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof), *provided that* any such Options substituted for Incentive Stock Options shall meet the requirements of Section 424(a) of the Code, (ii) upon written notice to the optionees, provide that all unexercised Options will terminate immediately following the consummation of such transaction unless exercised by the optionee to the extent otherwise then exercisable within a specified period following the date of such notice, *provided that* the vesting of any such Options so terminated shall have been accelerated as of immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction so that such Options may be exercised in full concurrently with the consummation of such transaction, (iii) in the event of a merger under the terms of which holders of the Common Stock of the Company will receive upon consummation thereof a cash payment for each share surrendered in the merger (the "Merger Price"), make or provide for a cash payment to the optionees equal to the difference between (A) the Merger Price times the number of shares of Common Stock subject to such outstanding Options (to the extent then exercisable at prices not in excess of the Merger Price) and (B) the aggregate exercise price of all such outstanding  |

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 Options, in exchange for the termination of such Options, and (iv) provide that all or any outstanding Options shall become exercisable in part or in full immediately prior to such event.

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|:---|:---|
| 15.2 | **Substitute Options.** The Company may grant Options in substitution for options held by employees of another corporation who become employees of the Company, as the result of a merger or consolidation of the employing corporation with the Company or as a result of the acquisition by the Company, of property or stock of the employing corporation. The Company may direct that substitute Options be granted on such terms and conditions as the Board considers appropriate in the circumstances.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 15.3 | **Restricted Stock.** In the event of a business combination or other transaction of the type detailed in Section 15.1, any securities, cash or other property received in exchange for shares of Restricted Stock shall continue to be governed by the provisions of any Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to which they were issued, including any provision regarding vesting, and such securities, cash, or other property may be held in escrow on such terms as the Board of Directors may direct, to insure compliance with the terms of any such Restricted Stock Agreement.  |

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**16.** **No Special Rights to an Employment or Other Business Relationship.** Nothing contained in the Plan or in any Option or Restricted Stock Agreement shall confer upon any optionee or holder of Restricted Stock any right with respect to the continuation of his or her employment by the Company or any other business relationship with the Company or interfere in any way with the right of the Company at any time to terminate such employment or other business relationship or to increase or decrease the compensation of such person.

**17.** **Other Employee Benefits.** The amount of any compensation deemed to be received by an employee as a result of the issuance of shares of Restricted Stock or the grant or exercise of an Option or the sale of shares received upon such award or exercise will not constitute compensation with respect to which any other employee benefits of such employee are determined, including, without limitation, benefits under any bonus, pension, profit-sharing, life insurance or salary continuation plan, except as otherwise specifically determined by the Board of Directors.

**18.** **Special Provisions Relating to Section 409A of the Code and Regulations Promulgated Thereunder.**

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|:---|:---|
| 18.1 | **Intention to Price Options at Not Lower than Fair Market Value.** It is the intention of the Company to issue all Options under the Plan with exercise prices at least equal to the fair market value of the Common Stock as of the date of grant. However, this Section 18 is included herein to ensure compliance with Section 409A of the Code in the event that any Option is issued with an exercise price lower than the fair market value of the Common Stock as of the date of grant.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 18.2 | **Earliest Distribution Date.** Notwithstanding anything contained in the Plan or any Option Agreement issued pursuant to the Plan, to the extent that any Option or Common Stock issuable upon exercise of an Option constitutes "deferred compensation" within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code ("Section 409A"), such Option or Stock may not be distributed to the recipient earlier than:  |

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 (a) the date of the recipient's "separation from service" as determined in accordance with Section 409A (except as otherwise provided in Section 18.3(a),

 (b) the date the recipient becomes disabled (within the meaning of Section 18.4),

 (c) the date of the recipient's death,

 (d) to the extent provided under Section 409A and regulations promulgated thereunder, a change in the ownership or effective control of the Company, or in the ownership of a substantial portion of the assets of the Company, or

 (e) the occurrence of an unforeseeable emergency.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 18.3 | **Special rules.** |

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(a) Specified employees. In the case of any specified employee, the requirement of Section 18.2(a) is met only if distributions may not be made before the date which is 6 months after the date of separation from service (or, if earlier, the date of death of the recipient). For purposes of the preceding sentence, a specified employee is a key employee (as defined in section 416(i) of the Code without regard to paragraph (5) thereof) of a Company any stock in which is publicly traded on an established securities market or otherwise.

 (b) Unforeseeable emergency. For purposes of Section 18.2(e):

(i) In general. The term "unforeseeable emergency" means a severe financial hardship to the recipient resulting from an illness or accident of the recipient, the recipient's spouse, or a dependent (as defined in section 152(a) of the Code) of the recipient, loss of the recipient's property due to casualty, or other similar extraordinary and unforeseeable circumstances arising as a result of events beyond the control of the recipient.

(ii) Limitation on distributions. The requirement of Section 18.2(e) is met only if, as determined under regulations promulgated pursuant to the Code, the amounts distributed with respect to an emergency do not exceed the amounts

necessary to satisfy such emergency, including amounts necessary to pay taxes reasonably anticipated as a result of the distribution, after taking into account the extent to which such hardship is or may be relieved through reimbursement or compensation by insurance or otherwise or by liquidation of the participant's assets (to the extent the liquidation of such assets would not itself cause severe financial hardship).

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|:---|:---|
| 18.4 | **Disabled.** For purposes of Section 18.2(b), a recipient shall be considered disabled if the recipient:  |

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 (a) is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months, or

(b) is, by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months, receiving income replacement benefits for a period of not less than 3 months under an accident and health plan covering employees of the Company.

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|:---|:---|
| 18.5 | **No Acceleration.** No acceleration of the time or schedule of any payment governed by this Section 18 shall occur except as provided in regulations promulgated pursuant to Section 409A.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 18.6 | **Compliance with Section 409A.** This Section 18 is intended to comply with Section 409A and the regulations promulgated thereunder, and to the extent it conflicts with Section 409A and such regulations at any time, it shall be construed in accordance with Section 409A and such regulations as they may be in effect at such time.  |

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**19.** **Amendments.**

 19.1 The Board may at any time, and from time to time, modify, amend or suspend the Plan in any respect.

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|:---|:---|
| 19.2 | The termination or any modification or amendment of the Plan shall not, without the consent of an optionee or the holder of Restricted Stock, adversely affect his or her rights under an Option or Restricted Stock Award previously granted to him or her. With the consent of the recipient of Restricted Stock or optionee affected, the Board may amend outstanding Restricted Stock Agreements or Option Agreements in a manner not inconsistent with the Plan. The Board shall have the right to amend or modify the terms and provisions of the Plan and of any outstanding Incentive Stock Options to the extent necessary to qualify any or all such Options for such favorable federal income tax treatment (including deferral of taxation upon exercise) as may be afforded incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Code. |

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**20.** **Withholding.** The Company shall have the right to deduct from payments of any kind otherwise due to the optionee or recipient of Restricted Stock, any federal, state or local taxes of any kind required by law to be withheld with respect to issuance of any shares of Restricted Stock or shares issued upon exercise of Options. Subject to the prior approval of the Company, which may be withheld by the Company in its sole discretion, the obligor may elect to satisfy such minimum withholding obligations, in whole or in part, (i) by causing the Company to withhold shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable or (ii) by delivering to the Company shares of Common Stock of the Company already owned by the obligor for a period of at least six months. The shares so withheld shall have a fair market value equal to such withholding obligation. The fair market value of the shares used to satisfy such withholding obligation shall be determined by the Company as of the date that the amount of tax to be withheld is to be determined. A person who has made an election pursuant to this Section 20 may only satisfy his or her withholding obligation with shares of Common Stock which are not subject to any repurchase, forfeiture, unfulfilled vesting or other similar requirements.

**21.** **Effective Date and Duration of the Plan.**

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|:---|:---|
| 21.1 | **Effective Date.** The Plan shall become effective when adopted by the Board of Directors. If shareholder approval is not obtained within twelve months after the date of the Board's adoption of the Plan, no Options previously granted under the Plan shall be deemed to be Incentive Stock Options and no Incentive Stock Options shall be granted thereafter. Amendments to the Plan not requiring shareholder approval shall become effective when adopted by the Board. Amendments requiring shareholder approval shall become effective when adopted by the Board, but if shareholder approval is not obtained within twelve months of the Board's adoption of such amendment, unless otherwise permitted under the Code, any Incentive Stock Options granted pursuant to such amendment shall be deemed to be non-statutory Options provided that such Options are authorized by the Plan. Subject to this limitation, Options may be granted under the Plan at any time after the effective date and before the date fixed for termination of the Plan.  |

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|:---|:---|
| 21.2 | **Termination.** Unless sooner terminated by action of the Board of Directors, the Plan shall terminate upon the close of business on the day next preceding the tenth anniversary of the date of its adoption by the Board of Directors.  |

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**22.** **Requirements of Law.** The Company shall not be required to sell or issue any shares under any Option or Restricted Stock Agreement if the issuance of such shares shall constitute a violation by the optionee, the Restricted Stock Award recipient, or by the Company of any provisions of any law or regulation of any governmental authority. In addition, in connection with the Act, the Company shall not be required to issue any shares upon exercise of any Option unless the Company has received evidence satisfactory to it to the effect that the holder of such Option will not transfer such shares except pursuant to a registration statement in effect under the Act or unless an opinion of

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counsel satisfactory to the Company has been received by the Company to the effect that such registration is not required in connection with any such transfer. Any determination in this connection by the Board shall be final, binding and conclusive. In the event the shares issuable on exercise of an Option are not registered under the Act or under the securities laws of each relevant state or other jurisdiction, the Company may imprint on the certificate(s) appropriate legends that counsel for the Company considers necessary or advisable to comply with the Act or any such state or other securities law. The Company may register, but in no event shall be obligated to register, any securities covered by the Plan pursuant to the Act; and in the event any shares are so registered the Company may remove any legend on certificates representing such shares. The Company shall not be obligated to take any affirmative action in order to cause the exercise of an Option or the issuance of shares pursuant thereto to comply with any law or regulation of any governmental authority.

**23.** **Governing Law.** This Plan and each Option or Restricted Stock Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to its principles of conflicts of law.

## Exhibit 10.6

**AMENDMENT TO THE** 

**GINKGO BIOWORKS, INC.** 

**2014 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN** 

Effective May 1, 2019

This Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the "<u>Plan</u>") is effective as of the date first set forth above, such amendment having been approved by the Board of Directors of Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "<u>Company</u>"), on April 8, 2019 and approved by the holders of a majority of the Company's outstanding shares of voting capital stock on April 15, 2019, in each case in accordance with Section 11(d) of the Plan. Capitalized but undefined terms shall have the meanings provided in the Plan.

As of result of the foregoing approvals, the Plan is hereby amended as follows:

1. Section 4(a) of the Plan is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

"(a) Number of Shares. Subject to adjustment under Section 9, Awards may be made under the Plan (any or all of which Awards may be in the form of Incentive Stock Options (as defined in Section 5(b)) for up to such number of shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (the "***Common Stock***"), as is equal to the sum of:

(1) 12,612 (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.'s Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024); and

(2) the number of shares of Common Stock subject to awards granted under the Existing Plan which awards expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company pursuant to a contractual repurchase right (subject, however, in the case of Incentive Stock Options to any limitations of the Code); and.

If any Award expires or is terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised, is forfeited in whole or in part (including as the result of shares of Common Stock subject to such Award being repurchased by the Company at the original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right), or results in any Common Stock not being issued, the unused Common Stock covered by such Award shall again be available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. Further, shares of Common Stock tendered to the Company by a Participant to exercise an Award shall be added to the number of shares of Common Stock available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. However, in the case of Incentive Stock Options, the two immediately preceding sentences shall be subject to any limitations under the Code. Shares issued under the Plan may consist in whole or in part of authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares."

The undersigned, being the duly elected and acting Secretary of the Company, hereby certifies that the foregoing amendment was duly approved and adopted by the Board of Directors and the Stockholders of the Company effective as of the date first referenced above.

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|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Bartholomew Canton |
|  | Bartholomew Canton, Secretary |

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## Exhibit 10.7

**<u>Plan Amendment</u>** 

**AMENDMENT TO THE** 

**GINKGO BIOWORKS, INC.** 

**2014 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN** 

Effective September 9, 2019

This Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the "<u>Plan</u>") is effective as of the date first set forth above, such amendment having been approved by the Board of Directors of Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "<u>Company</u>"), on September 9, 2019 and approved by the holders of a majority of the Company's outstanding shares of voting capital stock on September 9, 2019, in each case in accordance with Section 11(d) of the Plan. Capitalized but undefined terms shall have the meanings provided in the Plan.

As of result of the foregoing approvals, the Plan is hereby amended as follows:

1. Section 4(a) of the Plan is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

"(a) Number of Shares. Subject to adjustment under Section 9, Awards may be made under the Plan (any or all of which Awards may be in the form of Incentive Stock Options (as defined in Section 5(b)) for up to such number of shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (the "***Common Stock***"), as is equal to the sum of:

(1) 43,810 (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.'s Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024); and

(2) the number of shares of Common Stock subject to awards granted under the Existing Plan which awards expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company pursuant to a contractual repurchase right (subject, however, in the case of Incentive Stock Options to any limitations of the Code); and.

If any Award expires or is terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised, is forfeited in whole or in part (including as the result of shares of Common Stock subject to such Award being repurchased by the Company at the original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right), or results in any Common Stock not being issued, the unused Common Stock covered by such Award shall again be available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. Further, shares of Common Stock tendered to the Company by a Participant to exercise an Award shall be added to the number of shares of Common Stock available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. However, in the case of Incentive Stock Options, the two immediately preceding sentences shall be subject to any limitations under the Code. Shares issued under the Plan may consist in whole or in part of authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares."

The undersigned, being the duly elected and acting Secretary of the Company, hereby certifies that the foregoing amendment was duly approved and adopted by the Board of Directors and the Stockholders of the Company effective as of the date first referenced above.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Bartholomew Canton |
|  | Bartholomew Canton, Secretary |

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## Exhibit 10.9

<u>Plan Amendment</u> 

**AMENDMENT TO THE** 

**GINKGO BIOWORKS, INC.** 

**2014 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN** 

Effective April 8, 2020

This Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the "<u>Plan</u>") is effective as of the date first set forth above, such amendment having been approved by the Board of Directors of Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "<u>Company</u>"), on April 8, 2020 and approved by the holders of a majority of the Company's outstanding shares of voting capital stock on April 27, 2020, in each case in accordance with Section 11(d) of the Plan. Capitalized but undefined terms shall have the meanings provided in the Plan.

As of result of the foregoing approvals, the Plan is hereby amended as follows:

1. Section 4(a) of the Plan is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

"(a) Number of Shares. Subject to adjustment under Section 9, Awards may be made under the Plan (any or all of which Awards may be in the form of Incentive Stock Options (as defined in Section 5(b)) for up to such number of shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (the "***Common Stock***"), as is equal to the sum of:

(1) 66,604 (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.'s Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024); and

(2) the number of shares of Common Stock subject to awards granted under the Company's 2008 Stock Incentive Plan which awards expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company pursuant to a contractual repurchase right (subject, however, in the case of Incentive Stock Options to any limitations of the Code); and.

If any Award expires or is terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised, is forfeited in whole or in part (including as the result of shares of Common Stock subject to such Award being repurchased by the Company at the original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right), or results in any Common Stock not being issued, the unused Common Stock covered by such Award shall again be available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. Further, shares of Common Stock tendered to the Company by a Participant to exercise an Award shall be added to the number of shares of Common Stock available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. However, in the case of Incentive Stock Options, the two immediately preceding sentences shall be subject to any limitations under the Code. Shares issued under the Plan may consist in whole or in part of authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares."

The undersigned, being the duly elected and acting Secretary of the Company, hereby certifies that the foregoing amendment was duly approved and adopted by the Board of Directors and the Stockholders of the Company effective as of the date first referenced above.

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|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Bartholomew Canton |
|  | Bartholomew Canton, Secretary |

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## Exhibit 10.10

**AMENDMENT TO THE** 

**GINKGO BIOWORKS, INC.** 

**2014 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN** 

Effective March 15, 2021

This Amendment to the Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the "<u>Plan</u>") is effective as of the date first set forth above, such amendment having been approved by the Board of Directors of Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "<u>Company</u>"), on March 15, 2021 and approved by the holders of a majority of the Company's outstanding shares of voting capital stock on March 15, 2021, in each case in accordance with Section 11(d) of the Plan. Capitalized but undefined terms shall have the meanings provided in the Plan.

As of result of the foregoing approvals, the Plan is hereby amended as follows:

1. Section 4(a) of the Plan is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

"(a) Number of Shares. Subject to adjustment under Section 9, Awards may be made under the Plan (any or all of which Awards may be in the form of Incentive Stock Options (as defined in Section 5(b)) for up to such number of shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company (the "***Common Stock***"), as is equal to the sum of:

(1) 86,959 (adjusted to reflect a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.'s Common Stock effected on August 19, 2024); and

(2) the number of shares of Common Stock subject to awards granted under the Company's 2008 Stock Incentive Plan which awards expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company pursuant to a contractual repurchase right (subject, however, in the case of Incentive Stock Options to any limitations of the Code); and.

If any Award expires or is terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised, is forfeited in whole or in part (including as the result of shares of Common Stock subject to such Award being repurchased by the Company at the original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right), or results in any Common Stock not being issued, the unused Common Stock covered by such Award shall again be available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. Further, shares of Common Stock tendered to the Company by a Participant to exercise an Award shall be added to the number of shares of Common Stock available for the grant of Awards under the Plan. However, in the case of Incentive Stock Options, the two immediately preceding sentences shall be subject to any limitations under the Code. Shares issued under the Plan may consist in whole or in part of authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares."

The undersigned, being the duly elected and acting Secretary of the Company, hereby certifies that the foregoing amendment was duly approved and adopted by the Board of Directors and the Stockholders of the Company effective as of the date first referenced above.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| By: | /s/ Bartholomew Canton |
|  | Bartholomew Canton, Secretary |

---

## Exhibit 19.1

**GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.** 

**INSIDER TRADING COMPLIANCE POLICY** 

(As of August 2, 2024)

This Insider Trading Compliance Policy (this "**Policy**") consists of six sections:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Section 1 provides an overview;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Section 2 sets forth Ginkgo's policies prohibiting insider trading;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Section 3 explains insider trading terms;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Section 4 consists of procedures that have been put in place by Ginkgo to prevent insider trading;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Section 5 sets forth special and prohibited transactions that are prohibited by this Policy; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Section 6 explains Rule 10b5-1 trading plans.

In addition, Exhibit A contains a more detailed description of insider trading generally, Exhibit B provides information about Section 16 and Exhibit C provides a Certification of Compliance form.

**1. SUMMARY** 

Preventing insider trading is necessary to comply with securities laws and to preserve the reputation and integrity of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the "**Company**") as well as that of all persons affiliated with the Company. "**Insider trading**" occurs when any person purchases or sells a security while in possession of material non-public information relating to the security. Insider trading is a crime. The penalties for violating insider trading laws include imprisonment, disgorgement of profits, civil fines, and criminal fines. Insider trading is also prohibited by this Policy, and violation of this Policy may result in Company-imposed sanctions, including removal or termination for cause.

This Policy applies to directors, employees, and certain contingent workers of the Company ("**Team Members**"). This policy also applies to members of a Team Member's household, any family members who do not live in the household but whose securities transactions are directed by the Team Member or who are subject to such Team Member's influence or control, any entities controlled by individuals subject to the Policy, including any corporations, partnerships or trusts ("**Controlled Entities**"), and any person to whom an individual subject to this Policy has disclosed material, nonpublic information. Transactions by Controlled Entities should be treated for the purposes of this Policy and applicable securities laws as if they were for the individual's own account, unless the individual subject to the Policy has certified on a Certification of Compliance in the form attached hereto as Exhibit C (a "**Certification of Compliance**") that such Controlled Entity has established insider trading controls and procedures in compliance with applicable securities laws, and any such Controlled Entity engages in the investment of securities in the ordinary course of its business (e.g., an investment fund). This Policy extends to all activities within and outside an individual's Company duties. Every Team Member must review this Policy and comply with requests from the Company to attend trainings and/or certify compliance with the Policy.

Questions regarding this Policy should be directed to the General Counsel at ethics@ginkgobioworks.com.

**2. STATEMENT OF POLICIES PROHIBITING INSIDER TRADING** 

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No Team Member or other person subject to this Policy may purchase or sell any type of security while in possession of material nonpublic information relating to the security, whether the issuer of such security is the Company or any other company, including, without limitation, any of our customers, when that information was obtained as a result of the insider's employment or relationship with the Company.

Additionally, no person subject to this policy may directly or indirectly communicate (or "**tip**") material, nonpublic information to anyone outside of the Company (except in accordance with the Company's policies regarding the protection or authorized external disclosure of Company information, including the Company's Guidelines for Corporate Disclosure) or to anyone within the Company other than on a need-to-know basis. This practice, known as "**tipping**", also includes recommending the purchase or sale of any securities when you are aware of material nonpublic information. Tipping violates the securities laws and can result in the same civil and criminal penalties that apply to insider trading.

Persons subject to this Policy are **individually responsible** for complying with this Policy, and for making sure that any family member, household member, or entity whose transactions are also subject to this Policy, as discussed below, also comply with this Policy.

Additionally, it is the Company's policy to comply with all applicable securities laws when transacting in its own securities.

Please see Section 4 for an outline of Company procedures to prevent insider trading. **3. EXPLANATION OF INSIDER TRADING TERMS** 

*"****Insider trading****"* refers to the purchase or sale of a security while in possession of "**material,**" "**nonpublic**" information relating to the security. It is generally understood that insider trading includes the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• trading by insiders while in possession of material nonpublic information;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• trading by persons other than insiders while in possession of material nonpublic information, if the information either was given in breach of an insider's fiduciary duty to keep it confidential or was misappropriated; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• communicating or tipping material nonpublic information to others, including recommending the purchase or sale of a security while in possession of such information.

*"****Securities****"* includes stocks, bonds, notes, debentures, options, warrants, and other convertible securities, as well as derivative instruments.

*"****Purchase****"* and *"****sale****"* are defined broadly under federal securities law. *"****Purchase****"* includes not only the actual purchase of a security, but any contract to purchase or otherwise acquire a security. *"****Sale****"* includes not only the actual sale of a security, but any contract to sell or otherwise dispose of a security. These definitions extend to a broad range of transactions, including conventional cash-for-stock transactions, conversions, the exercise of stock options, and acquisitions and exercises of warrants or puts, calls, or other derivative securities.

"***Trading Day***" refers to a day on which national stock exchanges are open for trading.

"***Open Trading Window***" refers to a time period when no blackout period is in effect.

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"***Blackout period***" refers to any time period in which no Team Member or other person subject to this Policy may purchase or sell any security of the Company and includes regularly-scheduled quarterly blackout periods and "***event-specific blackout periods*.**"

Please see Exhibit A for a further explanation of terms relevant to insider trading, as well as a detailed discussion of insider trading and its consequences.

**4. STATEMENT OF PROCEDURES PREVENTING INSIDER TRADING** 

The following procedures have been established, and will be maintained and enforced, by the Company to prevent insider trading. Every Team Member and other person subject to this Policy is required to follow these procedures.

4.1 **Open Trading Windows, Blackout Periods, and Permitted Transactions** 

*Open Trading Windows*. Team Members and other persons subject to this Policy may only purchase or sell any security of the Company during Open Trading Windows. Unless a blackout period is in effect, the following periods during any fiscal quarter constitute Open Trading Windows: the period **beginning one full trading day after the public release of earnings data for a fiscal quarter** and **ending at 11:59 pm Eastern Time on the 15th day of the last month of the next fiscal quarter**.

**Open Trading Windows *(unless a blackout period is in effect)***

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Fiscal Quarter** | **Beginning:** | **Ending at 11:59pm** <br>**Eastern Time on:** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Q1 = January through March | One full trading day after the <br>public release of earnings data for the fiscal quarter | June 15 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Q2 = April through June | One full trading day after the <br>public release of earnings data for the fiscal quarter | September 15 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Q3 = July through September | One full trading day after the <br>public release of earnings data for the fiscal quarter | December 15 |
| Q4 = October through December | One full trading day after the <br>public release of earnings data for the fiscal quarter | March 15 |

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Examples of Open Trading Windows for reference:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If the Company publicly releases Q1 earnings data on Thursday, May 8 at 5:00pm Eastern Time, the open trading window would begin when markets open on Monday, May 12 at 9:30am. This is because you must wait ONE FULL TRADING DAY (e.g., must wait all day Friday before you can start trading). The trading window would close on June 15 at 11:59pm.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• If the Company publicly releases Q3 earnings data on Wednesday, November 7 at 8:00am Eastern Time, the open trading window would begin when markets open on Thursday, November 8 at 9:30am. In this example, the ONE FULL TRADING DAY is Wednesday. The trading window would close on December 15 at 11:59pm.

**For the avoidance of doubt, even in an Open Trading Window, trading in Company securities is prohibited for any individual in possession of material nonpublic information relating to the Company.** 

*Event-Specific Blackout Periods*. From time to time, the Company may impose a blackout period in connection with non-routine events outside of the financial reporting cycle.

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These events may include consideration of major strategic transactions (e.g., negotiation of mergers, acquisitions, dispositions, collaborations), significant program milestones, interim earnings releases, significant legal proceedings and other circumstances that potentially implicate material nonpublic information. Individuals affected by an event-specific blackout period will be notified by the Company that they are subject to the blackout. Except for purchases and sales made pursuant to the permitted transactions described below, all those affected, which may include all Team Members depending on the circumstances, may not trade in Company securities while the blackout period is in effect, and may not disclose to others that the Company has imposed a blackout period.

*Transactions Permitted During Blackout Periods*. The prohibitions above do not apply to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• purchases of the Company's securities from the Company or sales of the Company's securities to the Company;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• exercises of stock options or other equity awards or the surrender of shares to or withholding of shares by the Company in payment of the exercise price or in satisfaction of any tax withholding obligations in a manner permitted by the applicable equity award agreement, or vesting or settlement of equity-based awards, that in each case do not involve a market sale of the Company's securities (the "**cashless exercise**" of a Company stock option does involve a market sale of the Company's securities, and therefore would not qualify under this exception);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if required by the Board of Directors of the Company or the Compensation Committee thereof (without an election or decision on the part of the Team Member or other person subject to this Policy), a market sale of the Company's securities solely in satisfaction of any tax withholding obligations in connection with an exercise or settlement of equity-based awards;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• transferring shares to an entity that does not involve a change in the beneficial ownership of the shares (for example, to an *inter vivos* trust of which Team Members are the sole beneficiary during their lifetimes);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *bona fide* gifts of the Company's securities, unless the person making the gift has reason to believe that the recipient intends to sell the Company's securities while such donee is aware of material nonpublic information, or is subject to the trading restrictions specified below under Section 4.2;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *bona fide* estate planning transfers of the Company's securities for no consideration;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the purchase of stock through the Company's employee stock purchase plan ("**ESPP**") or withdrawal from participation in the ESPP; however, the sale of any such stock and changing instructions regarding the level of withholding contributions which are used to purchase stock are subject to this Policy; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• purchases or sales of the Company's securities made pursuant to any binding contract, specific instruction, or written plan entered into while the purchaser or seller was not in possession of MNPI, as applicable, was unaware of any material nonpublic information and which contract, instruction, or plan (i) meets all of the requirements of the affirmative defense provided by Rule 10b5-1 ("**Rule 10b5-1**") promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "**1934 Act**"), (ii) was precleared in advance pursuant to this Policy, and (iii) has not been amended or modified in any respect after such initial preclearance without such amendment or modification being precleared in advance pursuant to this Policy. For more information about Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, see Section 6 below.

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Any exceptions to the Company's blackout period policies may be approved only by the General Counsel or their designee, or (i) in the case of an exception for the General Counsel, or persons or entities subject to this Policy as a result of their relationship with the General Counsel, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer or the Chief Operating Officer (each, along with the General Counsel, an "**Authorizing Officer**") or such Authorizing Officer's designee, and (ii) in the case of an exception for a director, the Board of Directors or Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

4.2 **Preclearance and Rule 10b5-1 Requirements for Listed Insiders** 

Certain Team Members or other persons subject to this Policy may be more likely to possess material nonpublic information about the Company and are therefore subject to additional requirements concerning transactions in the Company's securities. In an effort to reduce the risk that an insider trading violation will occur and to avoid the appearance of impropriety in connection with the purchase and sale of the Company's securities:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *10b5-1 Plans Required for Certain Listed Insiders*. All transactions in Company securities by the individuals listed on Schedule I hereto (as amended from time to time by the Company, including by its officers) must occur exclusively under one or more trading plans established in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 and this Policy. Any exceptions to this requirement must be precleared in advance by an Authorizing Officer.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *Preclearance Procedures Required for All Other Listed Insiders*. All transactions in Company securities by the individuals listed on Schedule II hereto (as amended from time to time by the Company, including by its officers) must be precleared in advance by an Authorizing Officer. As part of the preclearance process, the individual requesting preclearance must confirm that they are not in possession of material nonpublic information. Preclearance does not relieve anyone of their responsibility under SEC rules. In addition, if a preclearance request is denied, the requestor must keep the fact of such denial and the reasons therefore confidential.

A request for preclearance may be oral or in writing (including by e-mail), should be made at least two business days in advance of the proposed transaction, and should include the identity of the preclearance person, the type of proposed transaction (for example, an open market purchase, a privately negotiated sale, an option exercise, etc.), the proposed date of the transaction, and the number of shares or other securities to be involved. In addition, unless otherwise determined by the General Counsel or the General Counsel's designee, the preclearance person must execute a certification (in the form approved by the General Counsel or the General Counsel's designee) that such person is not aware of material nonpublic information about the Company. The General Counsel or the General Counsel's designee has sole discretion to decide whether to clear any contemplated transaction. All trades that are precleared must be effected within five business days of receipt of the preclearance unless a specific exception has been granted by the General Counsel or the General Counsel's designee. A precleared trade (or any portion of a precleared trade) that has not been effected during the five business day period must be precleared again prior to execution. Notwithstanding receipt of preclearance, if the preclearance person becomes aware of material nonpublic information or becomes subject to a blackout period before the transaction is effected, the transaction may not be completed.

4.3 **Post-Termination Transactions** 

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Except for the preclearance and Rule 10b5-1 requirements for Listed Insiders noted above, this Policy continues to apply to transactions in the Company's securities even after termination of service to the Company. If an individual is in possession of material nonpublic information when their service terminates, that individual may not trade in the Company's securities until that information has become public or is no longer material. While not mandated, the Company encourages employees who leave the Company in a blackout period to consider not making any trades until an Open Trading Window begins.

4.4 **Information Relating to the Company** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(a) Access to Information** 

The Company may in its discretion restrict access by Team Members to material nonpublic information about the Company, including the Company's business, earnings, or prospects. Team Members should use their best efforts to avoid access to any such information that is not relevant to their role relative to the Company. In addition, such information should not be communicated to anyone outside the Company under any circumstances (except in accordance with the Company's confidentiality trainings and policies and the Company's Guidelines for Corporate Disclosure).

In communicating material nonpublic information to employees of the Company, all Team Members must take care to emphasize the need for confidential treatment of such information and adherence to the Company's policies with regard to confidential information.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**(b) Inquiries from Third Parties** 

Inquiries from third parties, such as industry analysts or members of the media, about the Company should be directed to the Head of Investor Relations or the Head of Creative and Marketing, as applicable.

4.5 **Brokerage Procedures** 

A knowledgeable, alert broker can act as a gatekeeper for a Team Member, helping ensure compliance with this Policy and preventing inadvertent violations. Fidelity Stock Plan Services, LLC ("**Fidelity**") currently administers the Company's equity incentive plans. Persons subject to this Policy are encouraged, and may in some cases be required (e.g., for Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and shares granted under the Company's equity incentive plans), to utilize Fidelity as their broker for any transactions in the Company's securities.

Whether you choose to utilize Fidelity or your own broker, persons subject to this Policy are individually responsible for complying with this Policy, and for making sure that any family member, household member, or entity whose transactions are also subject to this Policy, also comply with this Policy. Persons subject to this Policy should use particular caution if they choose to utilize electronic trading platforms such as Robinhood, Stash, or E-Trade, which make trading easy but also increase the risk of inadvertent violations of this Policy.

**5. SPECIAL AND PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS** 

The Company has determined that there is a heightened legal risk and/or the appearance of improper or inappropriate conduct if the persons subject to this Policy

------

engage in certain types of transactions. Therefore, Team Members and other persons subject to this Policy must comply with the following policies with respect to certain transactions in the Company's securities:

5.1 **Short Sales** 

Short sales of the Company's securities evidence an expectation on the part of the seller that the securities will decline in value, and therefore signal to the market that the seller has no confidence in the Company or its short-term prospects. In addition, short sales may reduce the seller's incentive to improve the Company's performance. For these reasons, short sales of the Company's securities are prohibited by this Policy. In addition, as noted below, Section 16(c) of the 1934 Act absolutely prohibits Section 16 reporting persons from making short sales of the Company's equity securities, i.e., sales of shares that the insider does not own at the time of sale, or sales of shares against which the insider does not deliver the shares within 20 days after the sale.

5.2 **Publicly Traded Options** 

A transaction in options is, in effect, a bet on the short-term movement of the Company's stock and therefore creates the appearance that a Team Member is trading based on inside information. Transactions in options also may focus a Team Member's attention on short-term performance at the expense of the Company's long-term objectives. Accordingly, transactions in warrants, puts, calls, or other derivative securities involving the Company's equity securities, on an exchange, on any other organized market, or on an over-the-counter market, are prohibited by this Policy.

5.3 **Hedging Transactions** 

Certain forms of hedging or monetization transactions, including purchasing financial instruments, such as prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars, and exchange funds, or otherwise engaging in transactions that hedge or offset, or are designed to hedge or offset, any decrease in the market value of the Company's equity securities, allow a Team Member to continue to own the covered securities, but without the full risks and rewards of ownership. When that occurs, the Team Member may no longer have the same objectives as the Company's other stockholders. Therefore, all such transactions involving the Company's equity securities, whether such securities were granted as compensation or are otherwise held, directly or indirectly, are prohibited by this Policy.

5.4 **Purchases of the Company's Securities on Margin; Pledging the Company's Securities to Secure Margin or Other Loans** 

Purchasing on margin means borrowing from a brokerage firm, bank, or other entity in order to purchase the Company's securities (other than in connection with a cashless exercise of stock options under the Company's equity plans). Margin purchases of the Company's securities are prohibited by this Policy. Pledging the Company's securities as collateral to secure loans is prohibited. This prohibition means, among other things, that you cannot hold the Company's securities in a "**margin account**" (which would allow you to borrow against your holdings to buy securities).

5.5 **Director and Executive Officer Cashless Exercises** 

Directors and executive officers of the Company may use the cashless exercise feature of their equity awards through their independent broker. Cashless exercise is subject to

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the trading restrictions included in this Policy. Any sale of the underlying stock or a "cashless exercise" of an option through a broker will entail selling a portion of the underlying stock to cover the costs of exercise. Therefore, because such "cashless exercise" includes a sale of securities, the transaction is subject to the restrictions set forth in this Policy. Questions about cashless exercises should be directed to the General Counsel.

5.6 **Partnership Distributions** 

It is the responsibility of each affected director and the affiliated entity, in consultation with their own counsel (as appropriate), to determine the timing of any distributions, based on all relevant facts and circumstances and applicable securities laws.

**6. RULE 10B5-1 TRADING PLANS** 

6.1 **Overview** 

Rule 10b5-1 is intended to protect persons subject to this Policy from insider trading liability under Rule 10b5-1 for transactions under a previously established contract, plan, or instruction to trade in the Company's stock (a "**Trading Plan**") entered into in good faith and in accordance with the terms of Rule 10b5-1 and all applicable state laws. The initiation or termination of, and any modification to, any such Trading Plan will be deemed to be a transaction in the Company's securities, and such initiation, termination or modification is subject to all limitations and prohibitions relating to transactions in the Company's securities. Each such Trading Plan, and any modification or termination thereof, must be submitted to and pre-approved by an "**Authorizing Officer**" who may impose such conditions on the implementation and operation of the Trading Plan as such Authorizing Officer deems necessary or advisable. For example, an Authorizing Officer may prescribe certain forms of Trading Plans to which employees' Trading Plans must conform and/or may require that Trading Plans be arranged with a specified broker. Currently, all Trading Plans must be arranged through the Company's selected vendor, Fidelity unless an exception is permitted by an Authorizing Officer. However, compliance of the Trading Plan to the terms of Rule 10b5-1 and the execution of transactions pursuant to the Trading Plan are the sole responsibility of the person initiating the Trading Plan, not the Company or an Authorizing Officer.

**Trading Plans do not exempt individuals from complying with Section 16 short-swing profit rules or liability thereunder.** Rule 10b5-1 presents an opportunity for insiders to establish arrangements to sell (or purchase) Company stock without the restrictions of complying with Open Trading Windows and blackout periods, even when there is undisclosed material information. A Trading Plan may also help reduce negative publicity that may result when key executives sell the Company's stock. Trading Plans only provide an "**affirmative defense,**" however, in the event there is an insider trading lawsuit. It does not prevent someone from bringing a lawsuit in the first instance.

A Team Member or other person subject to this Policy may enter into or modify a Trading Plan only when they are not in possession of material nonpublic information, and only during an Open Trading Window. Although transactions effected under a Trading Plan will not require further preclearance at the time of the trade, any transaction (including the quantity and price) made pursuant to a Trading Plan of a Section 16 reporting person must be reported to the Company promptly on the day of each trade to permit the Company's filing coordinator to assist in the preparation and

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filing of a required Form 4. However, the ultimate responsibility and liability for timely filing remains with the Section 16 reporting person.

The Company reserves the right from time to time to suspend, discontinue, or otherwise prohibit any transaction in the Company's securities, even pursuant to a previously approved Trading Plan, if an Authorizing Officer or the Board of Directors, in its discretion, determines that such suspension, discontinuation, or other prohibition is in the best interests of the Company. Any Trading Plan submitted for approval hereunder should explicitly acknowledge the Company's right to prohibit transactions in the Company's securities. Failure to discontinue purchases and sales as directed constitutes a violation of the terms of this Section 6 and result in a loss of the exemption set forth herein.

Pursuant to Rule 10b5-1, an individual's purchase or sale of securities will not be "**on the basis of**" material nonpublic information if:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• First, before becoming aware of the information, the individual enters into a binding contract to purchase or sell the securities, provides instructions to another person to sell the securities, or adopts a written plan for trading the securities (i.e., the Trading Plan).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Second, the Trading Plan must either:

ospecify the amount of securities to be purchased or sold, the price at which the securities are to be purchased or sold, and the date on which the securities are to be purchased or sold;

oinclude a written formula or computer program for determining the amount, price, and date of the transactions; or

oprohibit the individual from exercising any subsequent influence over the purchase or sale of the Company's stock under the Trading Plan in question.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Third, the purchase or sale must occur pursuant to the Trading Plan and the individual must not enter into a corresponding hedging transaction or alter or deviate from the Trading Plan.

6.2 **Company Requirements** 

The Company may from time to time provide additional guidance and rules regarding the use of Trading Plans, including requiring a certain form of Trading Plan, pre-approval of a Trading Plan, and/or restrictions as to when a Trading Plan may be entered into, amended, or terminated.

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**SCHEDULE I and SCHEDULE II**

**\*\*\*\*\***

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**EXHIBIT A** 

**A. What Facts are Material?** 

The materiality of a fact depends upon the circumstances. A fact is considered "**material**" if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in making an investment decision (i.e., a decision to buy, sell, or hold a security), if it would significantly alter the total mix of information available to investors, or if the fact is likely to have a significant effect on the market price of the security. Material information can be positive or negative and can relate to virtually any aspect of a company's business or to any type of security, debt or equity.

Examples of material information may include (but are not limited to) information about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• dividend information;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• financial information, including corporate earnings results or earnings forecasts, estimates, and guidance, and changes in previously released earnings results, forecasts, estimates, or guidance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• possible mergers, acquisitions, tender offers, joint ventures, or changes in assets;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• significant new programs or program milestones;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• important business developments, such as developments regarding strategic collaborations or the Company's relationship with licensors, collaborators, customers, or suppliers (such as the acquisition or loss of a contract);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• incidents involving cybersecurity, data protection, or breach resulting in loss of personally identifiable information;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• developments regarding the Company's intellectual property portfolio;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• new service offerings or significant news related to service offerings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in control or in management;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• restructurings or layoffs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• significant litigation or regulatory action;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• significant financing developments including pending public sales or offerings of debt or equity securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• changes in the outside auditor or notification by the auditor that the Company may no longer rely on an auditor's report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• events regarding the Company's securities, for example, defaults on senior securities, calls of securities for redemption, repurchase plans, stock splits or changes in dividends, changes to the rights of security holders, and public or private sales of additional securities; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• borrowings, bankruptcies, or receiverships.

Moreover, material information does not have to be related to a company's business. For example, the contents of a forthcoming newspaper column that is expected to affect the market price of a security can be material. A good general rule of thumb: When in doubt, do not trade.

**B. What is Nonpublic?** 

Information is "**nonpublic**" if it is not available to the general public. In order for information to be considered public, it must be widely disseminated in a manner making it generally available to investors through such media as Dow Jones, Business

------

Wire, Reuters, The Wall Street Journal, Associated Press, or United Press International, a broadcast on widely available radio or television programs, publication in a widely available newspaper, magazine or news website, a Regulation FD-compliant conference call, or public disclosure documents filed or furnished with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("**SEC**") that are available on the SEC's web site.

The circulation of rumors, even if accurate and reported in the media, does not constitute effective public dissemination. In addition, even after a public announcement, a reasonable period of time must lapse in order for the market to react to the information. Generally, one should allow *one full trading day* following publication as a reasonable waiting period before such information is deemed to be public. If you have any questions as to whether information is publicly available, please direct an inquiry to the General Counsel at ethics@ginkgobioworks.com.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Example 1: The Company makes an announcement on Monday prior to 9:30am Eastern Time. The information would be deemed public after the close of trading on Monday.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Example 2: The Company makes an announcement Monday after 9:30am Eastern Time. The information would be deemed public after the close of trading on Tuesday.

**C. Who is an Insider?** 

"**Insiders**" include directors, employees, certain contingent workers of a company, and anyone else who has material nonpublic information about a company. Insiders owe independent fiduciary duties to their company and its stockholders not to trade on material nonpublic information relating to the company's securities. Team Members of the Company should consider themselves insiders with respect to material nonpublic information about the Company's business, activities, and securities. Team Members may not trade in the Company's securities while in possession of material nonpublic information relating to the Company, nor may they tip such information to anyone outside the Company (except in accordance with the Company's policies regarding the protection or authorized external disclosure of Company information) or to anyone within the Company other than on a need-to-know basis.

Team Members are also responsible for ensuring that other persons subject to this Policy, such as members of the Team Member's household, any family members who do not live in the household but whose securities transactions are directed by the Team Member or who are subject to their influence or control, any Controlled Entities and any person to whom an individual subject to this Policy has disclosed material, nonpublic information, also comply with this Policy. Transactions by Controlled Entities should be treated for the purposes of this Policy and applicable securities laws as if they were for the individual's own account, unless the individual subject to the Policy has certified on a Certification of Compliance that such Controlled Entity has established insider trading controls and procedures in compliance with applicable securities laws.

**D. Trading by Persons Other than Insiders** 

Insiders may be liable for communicating or tipping material nonpublic information to a third party ("**tippee**"), and insider trading violations are not limited to trading or tipping by insiders.

------

Persons other than insiders also can be liable for insider trading, including tippees who trade on material nonpublic information tipped to them or individuals who trade on material nonpublic information that has been misappropriated.

Tippees inherit an insider's duties and are liable for trading on material nonpublic information illegally tipped to them by an insider. Similarly, just as insiders are liable for the insider trading of their tippees, so are tippees who pass the information along to others who trade. In other words, a tippee's liability for insider trading is no different from that of an insider. Tippees can obtain material nonpublic information by receiving overt tips from others or through, among other things, conversations at social, business, or other gatherings.

**E. Penalties for Engaging in Insider Trading** 

Penalties for trading on or tipping material nonpublic information can extend significantly beyond any profits made or losses avoided, both for individuals engaging in such unlawful conduct and their employers. The SEC and Department of Justice have made the civil and criminal prosecution of insider trading violations a top priority. Enforcement remedies available to the government or private plaintiffs under the federal securities laws include:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• SEC administrative sanctions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• securities industry self-regulatory organization sanctions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• civil injunctions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• damage awards to private plaintiffs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• disgorgement of all profits;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• civil fines for the violator of up to three times the amount of profit gained or loss avoided;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• civil fines for the employer or other controlling person of a violator (i.e., where the violator is an employee or other controlled person);

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• criminal fines for individual violators; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• jail sentences of up to 20 years.

In addition, insider trading could result in serious sanctions by the Company, including termination. Insider trading violations are not limited to violations of the federal securities laws. Other federal and state civil or criminal laws, such as the laws prohibiting mail and wire fraud and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), also may be violated in connection with insider trading.

**F. Size of Transaction and Reason for Transaction Do Not Matter** 

The size of the transaction or the amount of profit received does not have to be significant to result in prosecution. The SEC has the ability to monitor even the smallest trades, and the SEC performs routine market surveillance. Brokers and dealers are required by law to inform the SEC of any possible violations by people who may have material nonpublic information. The SEC aggressively investigates even small insider trading violations.

**G. Examples of Insider Trading** 

Examples of insider trading cases include:

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• actions brought against corporate officers, directors, and employees who traded in a company's securities after learning of significant confidential corporate developments;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• friends, business associates, family members, and other tippees of such officers, directors, and employees who traded in the securities after receiving such information;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• government employees who learned of such information in the course of their employment; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• other persons who misappropriated, and took advantage of, confidential information from their employers.

The following are illustrations of insider trading violations. These illustrations are hypothetical and, consequently, not intended to reflect on the actual activities or business of the Company or any other entity.

**Trading by Insider** 

An officer of X Corporation learns that earnings to be reported by X Corporation will increase dramatically. Prior to the public announcement of such earnings, the officer purchases X Corporation's stock. The officer, an insider, is liable for all profits as well as penalties of up to three times the amount of all profits. The officer also is subject to, among other things, criminal prosecution, including up to $5,000,000 in additional fines, and 20 years in jail. Depending upon the circumstances, X Corporation and the individual to whom the officer reports also could be liable as controlling persons.

**Trading by Tippee** 

An officer of X Corporation tells a friend that X Corporation is about to publicly announce that it has signed an agreement for a major acquisition. This tip causes the friend to purchase X Corporation's stock in advance of the announcement. The officer is jointly liable with the officer's friend for all of the friend's profits, and each is liable for all civil penalties of up to three times the amount of the friend's profits. The officer and the officer's friend are also subject to criminal prosecution and other remedies and sanctions, as described above.

**H. Prohibition of Records Falsification and False Statements** 

Section 13(b)(2) of the 1934 Act requires companies subject to the Act to maintain proper internal books and records and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. The SEC has supplemented the statutory requirements by adopting rules that prohibit (1) any person from falsifying records or accounts subject to the above requirements and (2) officers or directors from making any materially false, misleading, or incomplete statement to any accountant in connection with any audit or filing with the SEC. These provisions reflect the SEC's intent to discourage officers, directors, and other persons with access to the Company's books and records from taking action that might result in the communication of materially misleading financial information to the investing public.

------

**EXHIBIT B** 

**SECTION 16 MATTERS** 

1. **Reporting Obligations Under Section 16(a): SEC Forms 3, 4, and 5** 

Section 16(a) of the 1934 Act generally requires all officers, directors, and 10% stockholders ("**Section 16 Insiders**"), within 10 days after the Section 16 Insider becomes an officer, director, or 10% stockholder, to file with the SEC an "**Initial Statement of Beneficial Ownership of Securities**" on Form 3 listing the amount of the Company's securities (including stock, options, restricted stock units, warrants, and other derivative securities) which the Section 16 Insider beneficially owns. Following the initial filing on Form 3, changes in beneficial ownership of the Company's securities must be reported on Form 4, generally within two business days after the date on which such change occurs. A Form 4 must be filed even if, as a result of balancing transactions, there has been no net change in holdings. Similarly, certain purchases or sales of Company stock made within six months after an officer or director ceases to be a Section 16 Insider must be reported on Form 4. The filing requirement extends to Company securities held by certain family members of Section 16 Insiders sharing a Section 16 Insider's household and transactions in which a Section 16 Insider has an indirect interest (such as transactions by trusts, corporations, or partnerships in which the Section 16 Insider has or shares control).

Section 16 Insiders are personally liable for the failure to file required reports on a timely basis. To assist the Company's officers and directors in meeting required filing deadlines, the Company will prepare and file required Section 16 reports if requested. In order for the Company to prepare and file Section 16 reports, the officer or director must sign a power of attorney to give Company representatives the authority to prepare and file the required forms and must timely provide to the Company the required information to prepare the filing.

2. **Recovery of Profits Under Section 16(b)** 

For the purpose of preventing the unfair use of information which may have been obtained by a Section 16 Insider, any profits realized by any officer, director, or 10% stockholder from any "**purchase**" and "**sale**" of Company stock during a six-month period, so called "**short-swing profits,**" may be recovered by the Company. When such a purchase and sale occurs, good faith is no defense. The Section 16 Insider is liable even if compelled to sell for personal reasons, and even if the sale takes place after full disclosure and without the use of any inside information. There are several exemptive rules – including one that applies to some compensatory awards – that may apply to exempt a particular purchase or sale from the "short-swing profit" rules, however the application of those rules is complex and they should not be relied on (including with respect to compensatory awards) absent discussion with the General Counsel.

The liability of a Section 16 Insider under Section 16(b) of the 1934 Act is only to the Company itself. The Company, however, cannot waive its right to short swing profits, and any Company stockholder can bring suit in the name of the Company. Reports of ownership filed with the SEC on Form 3, Form 4, or Form 5 pursuant to Section 16(a) (discussed above) are readily available to the public, and certain attorneys carefully monitor these reports for potential Section 16(b) violations. Failure to report transactions and late filing of reports require separate disclosure in the Company's proxy statement.

------

3. **Short Sales Prohibited Under Section 16(c)** 

Section 16(c) of the 1934 Act prohibits Section 16 Insiders from making short sales of the Company's equity securities. Short sales include sales of stock which the Section 16 Insider does not own at the time of sale, or sales of stock against which the Section 16 Insider does not deliver the shares within 20 days after the sale. Under certain circumstances, the purchase or sale of put or call options, or the writing of such options, can result in a violation of Section 16(c). Section 16 Insiders violating Section 16(c) face criminal liability.

------

**EXHIBIT C** 

**GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.** 

**INSIDER TRADING COMPLIANCE POLICY** 

**CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE** 

RETURN BY [_____________] *[insert return deadline]* 

TO:

FROM:

I hereby designate the following entities for which the Insider Trading Compliance Policy shall not apply:

I hereby represent to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. that each such entity: (a) engages in the investment of securities in the ordinary course of its business; (b) has established insider trading controls and procedures in compliance with applicable securities laws; and (c) is aware that such securities laws prohibit any person or entity who has material nonpublic information concerning Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. from purchasing or selling securities of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. or from communicating such information to any other person under circumstances in which it is reasonably foreseeable that such person is likely to purchase or sell securities.

SIGNATURE DATE

TITLE

## Exhibit 21.1

**Exhibit 21.1**

**<u>Subsidiaries of the Registrant</u>**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Legal Name of Subsidiary** | **Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization** |
| Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. | Delaware |
| Ginkgo Bioworks Securities Corporation | Massachusetts |
| Ginkgo Biosecurity, LLC | Delaware |
| Ginkgo International Holdings, Inc. | Delaware |

---

## Exhibit 23.1

**Exhibit 23.1**

**CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM**

We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-289390 on Form S-3 and Registration Statement Nos. 333-285235, 333-277558, 333-270506, 333-267952, and 333-261205 on Form S-8 of our reports dated February 26, 2026, relating to the financial statements of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") and the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2025.

<br>/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

February 26, 2026

## Exhibit 23.2

**Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm** 

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-277558) pertaining to the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan and 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.Registration Statement (Form S-3 Nos. 333-279280, 333-274171, 333-269443, 333-267743, 333-267315, 333-258712, 333-261318, 333-264129 and 333-289390) of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-270506) pertaining to the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan and 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-261205) pertaining to the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan, 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and 2008 Stock Incentive Plan,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-267952) pertaining to the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan and 2022 Inducement Plan, and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-285235) pertaining to the Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan and 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan;

of our report dated February 29, 2024 (except for note 16 and the effects of the reverse stock split described in note 2, as to which the date is February 25, 2025), with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2025.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

February 26, 2026

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>

## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Jason Kelly, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

------

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 26, 2026 | By: | /s/ Jason Kelly |
|  |  | **Jason Kelly** |
|  |  | **Chief Executive Officer**<br>**(Principal Executive Officer)** |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Steven Coen, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

------

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 26, 2026 | By: | /s/ Steven Coen |
|  |  | **Steven Coen** |
|  |  | **Chief Financial Officer**<br>**(Principal Financial Officer)** |

---

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 26, 2026 | By: | /s/ Jason Kelly |
|  |  | **Jason Kelly** |
|  |  | **Chief Executive Officer**<br>**(Principal Executive Officer)** |

---

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO**

**18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO**

**SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Date: February 26, 2026 | By: | /s/ Steven Coen |
|  |  | **Steven Coen** |
|  |  | **Chief Financial Officer**<br>**(Principal Financial Officer)** |

---

<br>