# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001438133
**File Stem:** 0001438133-25-000237
**Filing Date:** 2025-12
**Character Count:** 96923
**Document Hash:** 22698a79a3d97a4d075550ef3cd51f35
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001438133-25-000237.hdr.sgml**: 20251230

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001438133-25-000237

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 8-K

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 13

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20251226

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year

**ITEM INFORMATION**: Financial Statements and Exhibits

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251230

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251230

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** TANDEM DIABETES CARE INC
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001438133
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** SURGICAL & MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS [3841]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 08 Industrial Applications and Services
- **EIN:** 204327508
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 8-K
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-36189
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251614651

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 12400 HIGH BLUFF DRIVE
- **CITY:** San Diego
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 92130
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 858-366-6900

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 12400 HIGH BLUFF DRIVE
- **CITY:** San Diego
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 92130

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? tndm-20251226

**UNITED STATES** 

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION** 

**Washington, D.C. 20549** 

____________________________

**FORM 8-K**

____________________________

**CURRENT REPORT** 

**Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)** 

**of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934** 

**Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): December 26, 2025**

**Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.** 

**(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)** 

____________________________

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **Delaware** | **001-36189** | **20-4327508** |
| **(State or other jurisdiction<br>of incorporation)** | **(State or other jurisdiction<br>of incorporation)** | **(Commission<br>File Number)** | **(I.R.S. Employer <br> Identification No.)** |
| **12400 High Bluff Drive** | **12400 High Bluff Drive** | | **92130** |
| **San Diego** | **California** | | **(Zip Code)** |
| **(Address of principal executive offices)** | **(Address of principal executive offices)** | | |

---

**Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (858) 366-6900** 

**N/A** 

**(Former name or former address, if changed since last report)** 

____________________________

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

☐&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:**

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **<u>Title of Each Class</u>** | **<u>Trading Symbol</u>** | **<u>Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered</u>** |
| **Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share** | **TNDM** | **NASDAQ Global Market** |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§ 230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§ 240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

____________________________

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**Item 5.03 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.**

On December 26, 2025, in connection with a standard periodic review of the governance documents of Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. (the "Company"), the Company's board of directors (the "Board") adopted Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (the "Amended and Restated Bylaws"), which became effective immediately and amended and restated the Company's prior bylaws (the "Prior Bylaws"). The Amended and Restated Bylaws reflect the following principal changes from the Prior Bylaws:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *Advance Notice Provisions.* The amendments update the advance notice provisions that apply when a stockholder intends to propose a director nomination or other business at a stockholder meeting by, among other things:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ requiring any stockholder submitting a nomination notice to make a representation as to whether such stockholder intends to solicit proxies in support of its director nominee(s) in accordance with Rule 14a-19 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Rule 14a-19"), and to provide reasonable evidence that certain requirements of such rule have been satisfied;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ providing that the nomination of each proposed stockholder-nominated director nominee be disregarded (notwithstanding that the nominee is included as a nominee in the Company's proxy statement, notice of meeting or other proxy materials for any stockholder meeting (or any supplement thereto) and notwithstanding that proxies or votes in respect of the election of such proposed nominees may have been received by the Company) if, after a stockholder provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19, such stockholder subsequently fails to comply with the requirements of Rule 14a-19, fails to timely provide reasonable evidence to the Company that certain requirements of such rule have been satisfied or fails (directly or through a qualified representative) to appear at the stockholder meeting to present the nomination;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ providing that (i) the number of nominees a stockholder may nominate for election at a stockholder meeting may not exceed the number of directors to be elected at such meeting and (ii) a stockholder may not designate substitute nominees unless the stockholder complies with the advance notice provisions with respect to such substitute nominee;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ requiring the proposing stockholder to provide the Company with the text of the proposal or business that is the subject of the stockholder's proposal; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;◦ requiring certain additional information and disclosures regarding proposing stockholders, including information that is required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for the election of directors in an election contest pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• *Other Updates.* The amendments (i) gives express authorization for the Board to cancel, reschedule or postpone an annual or special meeting of stockholders, (ii) require that any stockholder directly or indirectly soliciting proxies from other stockholders must use a proxy card color other than white, with the white proxy card being reserved for the exclusive use by the Board, (iii) update the indemnification provisions to make certain technical, modernizing and clarifying changes, (iv) conform the notice provisions throughout the Amended and Restated Bylaws to the requirements of Section 232 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"), (v) simplify and clarify the description of the voting standards for the election of directors and other proposals at stockholder meetings, and provide that the applicable voting standard for the election of directors (plurality, in the case of a contested election, and majority of votes cast, in the case of an uncontested election) will be determined as of the tenth day preceding the date the Company first mails its notice of the meeting to the stockholders, (vi) removes the requirement for the list of stockholders of record (with home addresses) to be available for inspection at the stockholder meeting, in accordance with changes to the DGCL that were enacted subsequent to the adoption of the Prior Bylaws, (vii) remove certain provisions that must be in conformity with and are otherwise already addressed in the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, and (viii) make certain other technical, modernizing and clarifying changes, including in response to changes in the DGCL that were enacted subsequent to the adoption of the Prior Bylaws.

------

The foregoing description of the Amended and Restated Bylaws does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Amended and Restated Bylaws, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.1.

**Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.** 

(d) Exhibits.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **<u>Number</u>** | **<u>Description</u>** |
| 3.1 | <u>[Amended and Restated Bylaws of Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.](exhibit31amendedandrestate.htm)</u> |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). |

---

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**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. | Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. |
| By: | /s/ SHANNON M. HANSEN |
|  | Shannon M. Hansen |
|  | Executive Vice President, Chief Legal, Privacy & Compliance Officer and Secretary |

---

Date: December 30, 2025

## Exhibit 3.1

Exhibit 3.1

**AMENDED AND RESTATED**

**BYLAWS**

**OF**

**TANDEM DIABETES CARE, INC.,**

**a Delaware corporation**

**As Updated Through December 26, 2025**

**ARTICLE I**

**OFFICES**

**Section 1. Registered Office**. The registered office of Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. (the "<u>Corporation</u>") shall be fixed in the Corporation's Certificate of Incorporation, as the same may be amended and/or restated from time to time (as so amended and/or restated, the "<u>Certificate</u>").

**Section 2. Other Offices**. The Corporation may also have offices at such other places both within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.

**Section 3. Books**. The books of the Corporation may be kept within or without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require. Any such records maintained by the Corporation may be kept on, or by means of, or be in the form of, any information storage device or method, or one or more electronic networks or databases (including one or more distributed electronic networks or databases), provided that the records so kept can be converted into clearly legible paper form within a reasonable time. The Corporation shall so convert any records so kept upon the request of any person entitled to inspect such records pursuant to the provisions of these Bylaws or the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "<u>DGCL</u>"). When records are kept in such manner, a clearly legible paper form produced from or by means of the information storage device, method or one or more electronic networks or databases (including one or more distributed electronic networks or databases) shall be admissible in evidence, and accepted for all other purposes, to the same extent as an original paper record of the same information would have been, provided the paper form accurately portrays the record.

**ARTICLE II.**

**MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS**

**Section 1. Place of Meetings**. Meetings of stockholders may be held at any place within or outside the State of Delaware as designated by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as provided by the DGCL.

**Section 2. Annual Meetings**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.The annual meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation, for the purpose of election of directors and for such other business as may properly come before it, shall be held on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. The corporation may postpone, reschedule or cancel any annual meeting of stockholders previously scheduled by the Board of Directors. Nominations of persons for

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Exhibit 3.1

election to the Board of Directors of the Corporation and the proposal of business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders: (i) pursuant to the Corporation's notice of meeting of stockholders (with respect to business other than nominations); (ii) brought specifically by or at the direction of the Board of Directors; or (iii) by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time of giving the stockholder's notice provided for in <u>Section 2(b)</u> of this <u>Article II</u> of these Bylaws, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complied with the notice procedures set forth in this <u>Section 2</u>. For the avoidance of doubt, clause (iii) above shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to make nominations and submit other business (other than matters properly included in the Corporation's notice of meeting of stockholders and proxy statement under Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the "<u>1934 Act</u>")) before an annual meeting of stockholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.At an annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as is a proper matter for stockholder action under Delaware law and as shall have been properly brought before the meeting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i. For nominations for the election to the Board of Directors to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii) of <u>Section 2(a)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, the stockholder must deliver written notice to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation on a timely basis as set forth in <u>Section 2(b)(iii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u> and must update and supplement such written notice on a timely basis as set forth in <u>Section 2(c)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. Such stockholder's notice shall set forth: (A) as to each nominee such stockholder proposes to nominate at the meeting: (1) the name, age, business address and residence address of such nominee; (2) the principal occupation or employment of such nominee; (3) the class or series and number of shares of each class of capital stock of the Corporation which are owned of record and beneficially by such nominee; (4) the date or dates on which such shares were acquired and the investment intent of such acquisition; (5) with respect to each nominee for election or re-election to the Board of Directors, include a completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement required by <u>Section 2(e)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>; and (6) such other information concerning such nominee as would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement soliciting proxies for the election of such nominee as a director in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved), or that is otherwise required to be disclosed pursuant to Section 14 of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (including such person's written consent to being named as a nominee in the Corporation's proxy statement and to serving as a director if elected); and (B) the information required by <u>Section 2(b)(iv)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. The Corporation may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information as it may reasonably require to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as an independent director of the Corporation or that could be material to a reasonable stockholder's understanding of the independence, or lack thereof, of such proposed nominee. The number of nominees a stockholder may nominate for election at the annual meeting on its own behalf (or in the case of one or more stockholders giving the notice on behalf of a beneficial owner, the number of nominees such stockholders may collectively nominate for election at the annual meeting on behalf of such beneficial owner) shall not exceed the number of directors to be elected at such annual meeting.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ii. Other than proposals sought to be included in the Corporation's proxy materials pursuant to Rule 14(a)-8 under the 1934 Act, for business other than nominations for the election to the Board of Directors to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii) of <u>Section 2(a)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, the stockholder must deliver written notice to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation on a timely basis as set forth in <u>Section 2(b)(iii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, and must update and supplement such written notice on a timely basis as set forth in <u>Section 2(c)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. Such stockholder's notice shall set forth: (A) as to each matter such stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting, the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and in the event that such business includes a proposal to amend the Bylaws, the language of the proposed amendment), the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting, and any material interest (including any anticipated benefit of such business to any Proponent (as defined below) other than solely as a result of its ownership of the Corporation's capital stock, that is material to any Proponent individually, or to the Proponents in the aggregate) in such business of any Proponent; and (B) the information required by <u>Section 2(b)(iv)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>.

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Exhibit 3.1

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iii. To be timely, the written notice required by <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> or <u>2(b)(ii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u> must be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the 90th day nor earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year's annual meeting; *provided, however,* that, subject to the last sentence of this <u>Section 2(b)(iii)</u>, in the event that the date of the annual meeting is advanced more than 30 days prior to or delayed by more than 30 days after the anniversary of the preceding year's annual meeting, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so received not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to such annual meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made. In no event shall an adjournment, recess or a postponement of an annual meeting for which notice has been given, or the public announcement thereof has been made, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder's notice as described above.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iv. The written notice required by <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> or <u>2(b)(ii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u> shall also set forth, as of the date of the notice and as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made and any of their respective affiliates or associates (each, a "<u>Proponent</u>" and collectively, the "<u>Proponents</u>"): (A) the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation's books and of each other Proponent; (B) the class, series and number of shares of the Corporation that are owned beneficially and of record by each Proponent; (C) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether oral or in writing) with respect to such nomination or proposal between or among any Proponent and any of its affiliates or associates; (D) a representation that the Proponents are holders of record or beneficial owners, as the case may be, of shares of the corporation entitled to vote at the meeting and intend to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person or persons specified in the notice (with respect to a notice under <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>) or to propose the business that is specified in the notice (with respect to a notice under <u>Section 2(b)(ii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>); (E) a representation as to whether the Proponents intend to (1) deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of a sufficient number of holders of the Corporation's voting shares to elect such nominee or nominees (with respect to a notice under <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>) or to carry such proposal (with respect to a notice under <u>Section 2(b)(ii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>), (2) otherwise to solicit proxies or votes in support of such nomination (with respect to a notice under <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>) or such proposal (with respect to a notice under <u>Section 2(b)(ii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>), and/or (3) to solicit proxies in support of any proposed nominee (with respect to a notice under <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>) in accordance with Rule 14a-19 promulgated under the 1934 Act; (F) to the extent known by any Proponent, the name and address of any other stockholder financially supporting the proposal on the date of such stockholder's notice; (G) a description of all Derivative Transactions (as defined below) by each Proponent during the previous 12-month period, including the date of the transactions and the class, series and number of securities involved in, and the material economic terms of, such Derivative Transactions and (H) any other information relating to each Proponent required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for, as applicable, the proposal and/or for the election of directors in an election contest pursuant to and in accordance with Section 14(a) of the 1934 Act; (I) a description of any proxy (other than a revocable proxy given in response to a public proxy solicitation made pursuant to, and in accordance with, the 1934 Act), agreement, arrangement or understanding pursuant to which a Proponent has or shares a right, directly or indirectly, to vote any shares of any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation; and (J) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding with respect to any rights to dividends or other distributions on the shares of any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation, directly or indirectly, owned beneficially by a Proponent that are separated or separable pursuant to such agreement, arrangement or understanding from the underlying shares of the Corporation.

For purposes of <u>Sections 2</u> and <u>3</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, a "<u>Derivative Transaction</u>" means any agreement, arrangement, interest or understanding entered into by, or on behalf or for the benefit of, any Proponent whether record or beneficial:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A.the value of which is derived in whole or in part from the value of any class or series of shares or other securities of the Corporation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B.which otherwise provides any direct or indirect opportunity to gain or share in any gain derived from a change in the value of securities of the Corporation;

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Exhibit 3.1

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C.the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss, manage risk or benefit of security value or price changes; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;D.which provides the right to vote or increase or decrease the voting power of, such Proponent, with respect to any securities of the Corporation,

which agreement, arrangement, interest or understanding may include, without limitation, any option, warrant, debt position, note, bond, convertible security, swap, stock appreciation right, short position, profit interest, hedge, right to dividends, voting agreement, performance-related fee or arrangement to borrow or lend shares (whether or not subject to payment, settlement, exercise or conversion in any such class or series), and any proportionate interest of such Proponent in the securities of the corporation held by any general or limited partnership, or any limited liability company, of which such Proponent is, directly or indirectly, a general partner or managing member.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.A stockholder providing written notice required by <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> or <u>(ii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u> shall update and supplement such notice in writing, if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice is true and correct in all material respects as of (i) the record date for the meeting and (ii) the date that is five business days prior to the meeting and, in the event of any adjournment or postponement thereof, five business days prior to such adjourned or postponed meeting. In the case of an update and supplement pursuant to clause (i) of this <u>Section 2(c)</u>, such update and supplement shall be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than five business days after the record date for the meeting. In the case of an update and supplement pursuant to clause (ii) of this <u>Section 2(c)</u>, such update and supplement shall be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than two business days prior to the date for the meeting, and, in the event of any adjournment or postponement thereof, two business days prior to such adjourned or postponed meeting. For the avoidance of doubt, the obligation to update and supplement as set forth in this Section 2(c) or any other section of these Bylaws shall not limit the Corporation's rights with respect to any deficiencies in any stockholder's notice, including, without limitation, any representation required herein, extend any applicable deadlines under these Bylaws or enable or be deemed to permit a stockholder who has previously submitted a stockholder's notice under these Bylaws to change any representation that was previously made pursuant to this Section 2, to amend or update any proposal or to submit any new proposal, including by changing or adding nominees, matters, business and/or resolutions proposed to be brought before a meeting of stockholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e.To be eligible to be a nominee for election or re-election as a director of the Corporation pursuant to a nomination under clause (iii) of <u>Section 2(a)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, such proposed nominee or a person on such proposed nominee's behalf must deliver (in accordance with the time periods prescribed for delivery of notice under <u>Section 2(b)(iii)</u> or <u>2(d)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, as applicable) to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation a written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualification of such proposed nominee (which questionnaire shall be provided by the Secretary upon written request of any stockholder of record within ten (10) days of such request) and a written representation and agreement (in the form provided by the Secretary upon written request of any stockholder of record within ten (10) days of such request) that such person: (i) is not and will not become a party to (A) any agreement, arrangement or understanding with, and has not given any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such person, if elected as a director of the corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question (a "<u>Voting Commitment</u>") that has not been disclosed to the Corporation in the questionnaire or (B) any Voting Commitment that could limit or interfere with such person's ability to comply, if elected as a director of the Corporation, with such person's fiduciary duties under applicable law; (ii) is not and will

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Exhibit 3.1

not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or indemnification in connection with service or action as a director of the Corporation that has not been disclosed therein; and (iii) in such person's individual capacity would be in compliance, if elected as a director of the Corporation, and will comply with, all applicable publicly disclosed corporate governance, conflict of interest, confidentiality and stock ownership and trading policies and guidelines of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f.A person shall not be eligible for election or re-election as a director unless the person is nominated either in accordance with clause (ii) of <u>Section 2(a)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, or in accordance with clause (iii) of <u>Section 2(a)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. Except as otherwise required by law, the chairman of the meeting (or, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors or an authorized committee thereof) shall determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made, or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in these Bylaws and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance with these Bylaws, or the Proponent does not act in accordance with the representations in <u>Sections 2(b)(iv)(D)</u> and <u>2(b)(iv)(E)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, to declare that such proposal or nomination shall not be presented for stockholder action at the meeting and shall be disregarded, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such nominations or such business may have been solicited or received. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2, unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to present a nomination or proposed business advanced by such stockholder, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that such proposal or nomination is set forth in the notice of meeting or other proxy materials and notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 2, to be considered a qualified representative of the stockholder, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such stockholder or must be authorized by a writing executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the writing or electronic transmission, at the meeting of stockholders. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in these Bylaws, unless otherwise required by law, if any Proponent (i) provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) promulgated under the 1934 Act with respect to any proposed nominee and (ii) subsequently fails to comply with the requirements of Rule 14a-19 promulgated under the 1934 Act (or fails to timely provide reasonable evidence sufficient to satisfy the Corporation that such stockholder has met the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated under the 1934 Act in accordance with the following sentence), then the nomination of each such proposed nominee shall be disregarded, notwithstanding that the nominee is included as a nominee in the Corporation's proxy statement, notice of meeting or other proxy materials for any annual meeting (or any supplement thereto) and notwithstanding that proxies or votes in respect of the election of such proposed nominees may have been received by the Corporation (which proxies and votes shall be disregarded). If any Proponent provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) promulgated under the 1934 Act, such stockholder shall deliver to the Corporation, no later than five (5) business days prior to the applicable meeting, reasonable evidence that such Proponent has met the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated under the 1934 Act.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;g.Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 2</u>, in order to include information with respect to a stockholder proposal in the proxy statement and form of proxy for a stockholders' meeting, a stockholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder; *provided, however,* that any references in these Bylaws to the 1934 Act or the rules and regulations thereunder are not intended to and shall not limit the requirements applicable to proposals and/or nominations to be considered pursuant to <u>Section 2(a)(iii)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;h.For purposes of <u>Sections 2</u> and <u>3</u> of this <u>Article II</u>,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i. "<u>public announcement</u>" shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the 1934 Act; and

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Exhibit 3.1

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ii. "<u>affiliates</u>" and "<u>associates</u>" shall have the meanings set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iii. "<u>business day</u>" means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or a day on which banks remain closed in New York City, New York.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iv. "<u>close of business</u>" means 5:00 p.m. local time at the principal executive offices of the Corporation on any calendar day, whether or not the day is a business day.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i.Any stockholder directly or indirectly soliciting proxies from other stockholders must use a proxy card color other than white, which shall be reserved for the exclusive use by the Board of Directors.

**Section 3. Special Meetings**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Special meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation shall be called as set forth in the Certificate.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.The Board of Directors shall determine the date, time and place, if any, of such special meeting. Upon determination of the date, time and place, if any, of the meeting, the Secretary shall cause a notice of meeting to be given to the stockholders entitled to vote, in accordance with the provisions of <u>Section 4</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. No business may be transacted at such special meeting otherwise than specified in the notice of meeting. The Corporation may postpone, reschedule or cancel any previously scheduled special meeting of stockholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporation's notice of meeting (i) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (ii) provided that the Board of Directors has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any stockholder of the Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time of giving notice provided for in this paragraph, who shall be entitled to vote at the meeting and who delivers written notice to the Secretary of the Corporation setting forth the information required by <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. The number of nominees a stockholder may nominate for election at the special meeting at which directors are to be elected on its own behalf (or in the case of one or more stockholders giving the notice on behalf of a beneficial owner, the number of nominees such stockholders may collectively nominate for election at the special meeting on behalf of such beneficial owner) shall not exceed the number of directors to be elected at such special meeting. In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder of record may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be), for election to such position(s) as specified in the Corporation's notice of meeting, if written notice setting forth the information required by <u>Section 2(b)(i)</u> of this <u>Article II</u> shall be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to such meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. The stockholder shall also update and supplement such information as required under <u>Section 2(c)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. In no event shall an adjournment, recess or a postponement of a special meeting for which notice has been given, or the public announcement thereof has been made, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder's notice as described above.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 3</u>, a stockholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to matters set forth in this <u>Section 3</u>; *provided, however,* that any references in these Bylaws to the 1934 Act or the rules and regulations thereunder are not intended to and shall not limit the requirements applicable to nominations for the election to the Board of Directors to be considered pursuant to <u>Section 3(c)</u> of this <u>Article II</u>. Nothing in these Bylaws shall be deemed to affect any rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors pursuant to any applicable provisions of the Certificate.

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Exhibit 3.1

**Section 4. Notice of Meetings.** Except as otherwise provided by law, notice, given in writing or by electronic transmission, of each meeting of stockholders shall be given not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting, such notice to specify the place, if any, date and hour, the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at any such meeting, and in the case of special meetings, the purpose or purposes of the meeting. If mailed, notice is deemed given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder's address as it appears on the records of the Corporation. If sent via electronic transmission, notice is deemed given as provided in Section 232 of the DGCL. Notice may be waived in writing, signed by the person entitled to notice thereof, or by electronic transmission by such person, either before or after such meeting, and will be waived by any stockholder by his or her attendance thereat in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by proxy, except when the stockholder attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Any stockholder so waiving notice of such meeting shall be bound by the proceedings of any such meeting in all respects as if due notice thereof had been given.

**Section 5. Quorum**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.Except as otherwise required by law or by applicable stock exchange rules, or provided by the Certificate or these Bylaws, the holders of a majority in voting power of the capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of the stockholders. In the absence of a quorum, any meeting of stockholders may be adjourned, from time to time, either by the chairman of the meeting or by vote of the holders of a majority of the shares represented thereat and entitled to vote thereon, but no other business shall be transacted at such meeting. The stockholders present at a duly called or convened meeting, at which a quorum is present, may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.Unless a different or minimum vote is required by law, applicable stock exchange rules, the Certificate, these Bylaws or by or any law or regulation applicable to the Corporation or its securities, in which case such different or minimum vote shall be the applicable vote on the matter, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of shares present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders. Except as otherwise required by law or by applicable stock exchange rules, or provided by the Certificate or these Bylaws, directors shall be elected by the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast; *provided*, *however*, that if, as of the tenth (10th) day preceding the date the Corporation first mails its notice of meeting for such meeting to the stockholders of the Corporation, the number of director nominees exceeds the number of directors to be elected at the meeting, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast. For purposes of these Bylaws, a "majority of the votes cast" means that the number of shares voted "for" a director's election exceeds 50% of the number of votes cast with respect to that director's election. Votes cast shall exclude "abstentions" and "broker non-votes" with respect to that director's election.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.Following the certification of the stockholder vote in an election where the number of director nominees does not exceed the number of directors to be elected at the meeting, an incumbent director who did not receive a greater number of votes "for" his or her election than votes "against" his or her election shall promptly tender his or her resignation to the Board of Directors contingent on the acceptance of such resignation by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors shall act on the tendered resignation no later than 90 days following certification of the election results, and publicly disclose (by a press release, a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission or other broadly disseminated means of communication) its decision regarding the tendered resignation and, if the resignation is rejected, the rationale behind its decision. The director who tenders his or her resignation shall not participate in the decision of the Board of Directors with respect to his or her resignation. Such incumbent director shall continue to serve as a director after submitting his or her resignation pursuant to the provisions of this <u>Section 5</u> unless and until the Board of Directors accepts such resignation, or until his or her earlier death, removal, or resignation made pursuant to <u>Section 4</u> of <u>Article III</u> of these Bylaws. If such incumbent director's resignation is not accepted by the Board of Directors, such director shall continue to serve until his or her

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Exhibit 3.1

successor is duly elected, or his or her earlier resignation or removal. If a director's resignation is accepted by the Board of Directors pursuant to these Bylaws, or if a nominee for director is not elected and the nominee is not an incumbent director, then the Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may fill any resulting vacancy or decrease the size of the Board of Directors pursuant to the provisions of <u>Article III</u> of these Bylaws.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.Where a separate vote by a class or classes or series is required, except where otherwise required by law, the Certificate or these Bylaws, the holders of a majority in voting power of the outstanding shares of such class or classes or series, present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter. Unless a different or minimum vote is required by statute, the Certificate, these Bylaws, applicable stock exchange rules, or by any law or regulation applicable to the Corporation or its securities, in which case such different or minimum vote shall be the applicable vote on the matter, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of shares of such class or classes or series present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of such class or classes or series.

**Section 6. Adjournment**. Any meeting of stockholders, whether annual or special, may be adjourned from time to time either by the chairman of the meeting or by the vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote thereon. When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, if any, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and place, if any, thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken or are provided in any other manner permitted by the DGCL. At the adjourned meeting, the Corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than 30 days or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.

**Section 7. Voting**. For the purpose of determining those stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of the stockholders, except as otherwise provided by law, only persons in whose names shares stand on the stock records of the corporation on the record date, as provided in <u>Section 9</u> of this <u>Article II</u>, shall be entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders. Every person entitled to vote shall have the right to do so either in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by an agent or agents authorized by a proxy granted in accordance with Delaware law. An agent so appointed need not be a stockholder. No proxy shall be voted after three years from its date of creation unless the proxy provides for a longer period. Elections of directors need not be by ballot unless the chairman of the meeting so directs.

**Section 8. Joint Owners of Stock**. If shares or other securities having voting power stand of record in the names of two or more persons, whether fiduciaries, members of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, tenants by the entirety, or otherwise, or if two or more persons have the same fiduciary relationship respecting the same shares, unless the Secretary is given written notice to the contrary and is furnished with a copy of the instrument or order appointing them or creating the relationship wherein it is so provided, their acts with respect to voting shall have the following effect: (a) if only one votes, such person's act binds all; (b) if more than one votes, the act of the majority so voting binds all; or (c) if more than one votes, but the vote is evenly split on any particular matter, each faction may vote the securities in question proportionally, or may apply to the Delaware Court of Chancery for relief as provided in the DGCL, Section 217(b). If the instrument filed with the Secretary shows that any such tenancy is held in unequal interests, a majority or even-split for the purpose of clause (c) of this <u>Section 8</u> shall be a majority or even-split in interest.

**Section 9. List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote**. The Corporation shall prepare, no later than the tenth (10th) day before each meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of ten (10) days ending on the day before the meeting date: (a) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (b) during ordinary business hours, at the Corporation's principal place of business. In the

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Exhibit 3.1

event that the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation.

**Section 10. Stockholder Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting**. Any action required or permitted to be taken by stockholders may be effected only at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and may not be effected by a consent or consents by stockholders in lieu of such a meeting.

**Section 11. Organization**. At each meeting of stockholders, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, if one shall have been elected, or in his or her absence or if one shall not have been elected, the Chief Executive Officer, or in his her absence of if one shall have not been elected, the President, or in the absence of the foregoing, a director or officer appointed by the Board of Directors shall act as chairman of the meeting. The Secretary (or in his or her absence or inability to act, the person acting as the chairman of the meeting shall appoint a secretary of the meeting) shall act as secretary of the meeting and keep the minutes thereof. The Board of Directors shall be entitled to make such rules or regulations for the conduct of meetings of stockholders as it shall deem necessary, appropriate or convenient. Subject to such rules and regulations of the Board of Directors, if any, the chairman of the meeting shall have the right and authority to convene and (for any or no reason) to recess and/or adjourn the meeting, to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairman, are necessary, appropriate or convenient for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, establishing an agenda or order of business for the meeting, rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present, limitations on participation in such meeting to stockholders of record of the Corporation and their duly authorized and constituted proxies and such other persons as the chairman shall permit, restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof, limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants and regulation of the opening and closing of the polls for balloting on matters which are to be voted on by ballot.

**ARTICLE III.**

**DIRECTORS**

**Section 1. Powers**. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by the Certificate, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.

**Section 2. Number and Qualification of Directors**. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under specified circumstances, if any, the authorized number of directors shall be determined as provided in the Certificate, provided the Board of Directors shall consist of at least one (1) member. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director's term of office expires. Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the Certificate or these Bylaws. The Certificate or these Bylaws may prescribe other qualifications for directors.

**Section 3. Annual Election of Directors**. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock that may be designated from time to time to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the terms of the members of the Board of Directors shall be as set forth in the Certificate.

**Section 4. Resignation; Vacancies**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) Any director may resign at any time upon written notice or by electronic transmission to the Secretary of the Corporation, such resignation to specify whether it will be effective at a particular time. If no such specification is made, it shall be deemed effective at the time of delivery to the Secretary.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate, and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, disqualification, removal or other causes and any newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors shall be filled as set forth in the Certificate.

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Exhibit 3.1

**Section 5. Removal**. Unless otherwise restricted by statute, the Certificate or these Bylaws, any director, or all of the directors, may be removed as set forth in the Certificate.

**Section 6. Regular Meetings**. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate, regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at such places, if any, within or without the State of Delaware and at such date and time as the Board of Directors may by resolution from time to time determine and publicize among all directors by means of reasonable notice given to any director who is not present at the meeting at which such resolution is adopted. No further notice shall be required for regular meetings of the Board of Directors.

**Section 7. Special Meetings**. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate, special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by a majority of the authorized directors. The person(s) calling any such special meeting of the Board of Directors may fix the time, date and place, if any, thereof. Notice of the date, time and place, if any, of all special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be delivered to each director by the Secretary or Assistant Secretary, or in the case of death, absence, incapacity or refusal of such persons, by the Chairman of the Board, if one is elected, or the Chief Executive Officer or such other officer designated by the Chairman of the Board, if one is elected, or the Chief Executive Officer, personally or by telephone, facsimile, electronic mail or other form of electronic transmission, to each director or sent by first-class mail, charges prepaid, addressed to each director at the director's address as it is shown on the records of the Corporation. In case the notice is mailed, it shall be deposited in the United States mail at least three (3) days before the time of the holding of the meeting. In case the notice is delivered personally or by telephone, facsimile, electronic mail or other form of electronic transmission, it shall be so delivered at least twenty-four (24) hours before the time of the holding of the meeting. Except as otherwise required by law, by the Certificate of by these Bylaws, neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any meeting of the Board of Directors need be specified in the notice or waiver of notice of such meeting. A waiver of any such notice in writing or by electronic transmission given by the person entitled thereto, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

**Section 8. Quorum; Vote Required for Action; Adjournment**. Except as otherwise required by law, or provided in the Certificate or these Bylaws, a majority of the total number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of the Board of Directors and the affirmative vote of not less than a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the Board of Directors. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board of Directors, the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting, from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present. Any business which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally noticed may be transacted at such adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present. For purposes of this Section, the total number of directors includes any unfilled vacancies on the Board of Directors.

**Section 9. Action by Written Consent**. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all the members of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission. After an action is taken, the consent or consents relating thereto shall be filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee. Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.

**Section 10. Manner of Participation**. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate, members of the Board of Directors, or any committee thereof, may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, by conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other. Participation in a meeting pursuant to this <u>Section 10</u> shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

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Exhibit 3.1

**Section 11. Committees**. The Board of Directors, may elect one or more committees, including, without limitation, an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, and may delegate thereto some or all of its powers except those which by law, by the Certificate or these Bylaws may not be delegated. Except as the Board of Directors may otherwise determine, any such committee may make rules for the conduct of its business, but unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors or in such rules, its business shall be conducted so far as possible in the same manner as is provided by these Bylaws for the Board of Directors. All members of such committees shall hold such offices at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may abolish any such committee at any time. Any committee to which the Board of Directors delegates any of its powers or duties shall keep records of its meetings and shall report its actions to the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of the committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he, she or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member.

**Section 12. Compensation**. Members of the Board of Directors, as such, may receive, pursuant to a resolution of the Board of Directors, fees and other compensation for their services as directors, including without limitation their services as members of committees of the Board of Directors.

**Section 13. Duties of Chairman of the Board of Directors**. The Chairman of the Board of Directors, if appointed and when present, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board of Directors shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.

**ARTICLE IV.**

**OFFICERS**

**Section 1. Officers**. The officers of the Corporation shall be, if and when designated by the Board of Directors, a Chief Executive Officer, a Secretary and a Chief Financial Officer. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, a President, one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Financial Officers, one or more Assistant Secretaries and such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of this <u>Article IV</u>. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.

**Section 2. Tenure of Officers**. All officers shall hold office at the pleasure of the Board of Directors and until their successors shall have been duly elected and qualified, unless sooner removed. Any officer elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed at any time by the Board of Directors. Any officer may resign at any time by giving notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Board of Directors or to the Chief Executive Officer or to the Secretary, and such resignation shall be effective upon receipt, unless the resignation otherwise provides. If the office of any officer becomes vacant for any reason, the vacancy may be filled by the Board of Directors.

**Section 3. Duties of Chief Executive Officer**. The Chief Executive Officer shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and, if also a director, at all meetings of the Board of Directors, unless the Chairman of the Board of Directors has been appointed and is present. Unless an officer has been appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, the President shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation. The Chief Executive Officer shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the Corporation. To the extent that a Chief Executive Officer has been appointed and no President has been appointed, all references in these Bylaws to the President shall be deemed references to the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.

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Exhibit 3.1

**Section 4. Duties of President.** The President shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and, if also a director, at all meetings of the Board of Directors, unless the Chairman of the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer has been appointed and is present. Unless another officer has been appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, the President shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation and shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the Corporation. The President shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer shall designate from time to time.

**Section 5. Duties of Vice Presidents.** The Vice Presidents may assume and perform the duties of the President in the absence or disability of the President or whenever the office of President is vacant and whenever so determined by the Board of Directors. The Vice Presidents shall perform other duties commonly incident to their office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer, or, if the Chief Executive Officer has not been appointed or is absent, the President shall designate from time to time.

**Section 6. Duties of Secretary.** The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors and shall record all acts and proceedings thereof in the minute book of the Corporation. The Secretary shall give notice in conformity with these Bylaws of all meetings of the stockholders and of all meetings of the Board of Directors and any committee thereof requiring notice. The Secretary shall perform all other duties provided for in these Bylaws and other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time. The President may direct any Assistant Secretary or other officer to assume and perform the duties of the Secretary in the absence or disability of the Secretary, and each Assistant Secretary shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the President shall designate from time to time.

**Section 7. Duties of Chief Financial Officer.** The Chief Financial Officer shall keep or cause to be kept the books of account of the Corporation in a thorough and proper manner and shall render statements of the financial affairs of the Corporation in such form and as often as required by the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the President. The Chief Financial Officer, subject to the order of the Board of Directors, shall have custody of all funds and securities of the Corporation. The Chief Financial Officer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the President shall designate from time to time.

**Section 8. Delegation of Authority**. The Board of Directors may from time to time delegate the powers or duties of any officer to any other officer or agent, notwithstanding any provision hereof.

**ARTICLE V.**

**STOCK**

**Section 1. Stock Certificates**. The shares of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates, provided that the Board of Directors may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of its stock shall be uncertificated shares. Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Corporation. Every holder of stock represented by certificates shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by any two authorized officers of the Corporation (it being understood that each of the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, the Chief Financial Officer, the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation shall be an authorized officer for such purpose) representing the number of shares registered in certificate form.

**Section 2. Signatures**. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate

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Exhibit 3.1

shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he or she were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue.

**Section 3. Lost Certificates**. A new certificate or certificates shall be issued in place of any certificate or certificates theretofore issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen or destroyed. The Corporation may, as a condition precedent to the issuance of such new certificate, require the owner of such lost, stolen, or destroyed certificate, or his or her legal representative, to agree to indemnify the Corporation in such manner as it shall require or to give the Corporation a bond (or other security) sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against the Corporation (including any expense or liability) on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

**Section 4. Transfers**. Subject to any restrictions on transfer and unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors, shares of stock that are represented by a certificate may be transferred on the books of the Corporation by the surrender to the Corporation or its transfer agent of the certificate theretofore properly endorsed or accompanied by a written assignment or power of attorney properly executed, with transfer stamps (if necessary) affixed, and with such proof of the authenticity of signature as the Corporation or its transfer agent may reasonably require. Shares of stock that are not represented by a certificate may be transferred on the books of the Corporation by submitting to the Corporation or its transfer agent such evidence of transfer and following such other procedures as the Corporation or its transfer agent may require.

**Section 5. Record Holders**. The Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the record holder of shares to receive dividends, and to vote as such record holder, and to hold liable for calls and assessments a person registered on its books as the record holder of shares, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise required by law.

**Section 6. Record Dates**. In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date: (a) in the case of determination of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders, shall, unless otherwise required by law, not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days before the date of such meeting and (b) in the case of any other action, shall not be more than 60 days prior to such other action. If no record date is fixed: (i) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held; and (ii) the record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

**ARTICLE VI.**

**INDEMNIFICATION**

**Section 1. Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees and Other Agents**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.**Directors and Officers.** The Corporation shall indemnify and hold harmless to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists or hereafter may be amended, any person (a "Covered Person") who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any proceeding, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officers of the Corporation or, while a director or officer of the Corporation, is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity, including service with respect to employee benefit

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Exhibit 3.1

plans, against all liability and loss suffered and expenses (including attorneys' fees) reasonably incurred by such Covered Person; *provided, however,* that the Corporation may provide additional indemnification by individual contracts with its directors and officers; and, *provided, further,* that the Corporation shall not be required to indemnify any Covered Person in connection with any proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless (i) such indemnification is expressly required to be made by law, (ii) the proceeding was authorized by the Board of Directors, (iii) such indemnification is provided by the Corporation, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the Corporation under the DGCL or any other applicable law or (iv) such indemnification is required to be made under subsection (d) of <u>Section 1</u> of this <u>Article VI</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.**Employees and Other Agents.** The Corporation shall have power to indemnify its employees and other agents as set forth in the DGCL or any other applicable law. The Board of Directors shall have the power to delegate the determination of whether to indemnify any such employee or other agent to such officers or other persons as the Board of Directors so determines.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.**Expenses.** The Corporation shall to the fullest extent permitted by law advance to any Covered Person, prior to the final disposition of the proceeding, promptly following request therefor, all expenses incurred by such Covered Person in connection with such proceeding provided, however, that if the DGCL requires, an advancement of expenses shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such Covered Person, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal that such Covered Person is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under this <u>Section 1</u> or otherwise.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless otherwise determined pursuant to subsection (e) of this <u>Section 1</u>, no advance shall be made by the Corporation to an officer of the Corporation (except by reason of the fact that such officer is or was a director of the Corporation in which event this paragraph shall not apply) in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, if a determination is reasonably and promptly made (i) by a majority vote of directors who were not parties to the proceeding, even if not a quorum, or (ii) by a committee of such directors designated by a majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum, or (iii) if there are no such directors, or such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, that the facts known to the decision-making party at the time such determination is made demonstrate clearly and convincingly that such person acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.**Enforcement.** Without the necessity of entering into an express contract, all rights to indemnification and advances of expenses to a Covered Person under this <u>Section 1</u> shall be deemed to be contractual rights and be effective to the same extent and as if provided for in a contract between the Corporation and the Covered Person. Any right to indemnification or advances of expenses granted by this <u>Section 1</u> to a Covered Person shall be enforceable by or on behalf of the person holding such right in any court of competent jurisdiction if (i) the claim for indemnification or advances is denied, in whole or in part, or (ii) no disposition of such claim is made within 90 days of request therefor. To the extent permitted by law, the Covered Person in such enforcement action, if successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting the claim. In connection with any claim for indemnification, the Corporation shall be entitled to raise as a defense to any such action that the Covered Person has not met the standards of conduct that make it permissible under the DGCL or any other applicable law for the Corporation to indemnify the Covered Person for the amount claimed. In connection with any claim by an officer of the Corporation (except in any proceeding, by reason of the fact that such officer is or was a director of the Corporation) for advances, the Corporation shall be entitled to raise a defense as to any such action clear and convincing evidence that such person acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, or with respect to any criminal action or proceeding that such person acted without reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was lawful. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) to have made a determination that indemnification of the Covered Person is proper in the circumstances because he or she has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL or any other applicable law, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) that the Covered Person has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a

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Exhibit 3.1

presumption that the Covered Person has not met the applicable standard of conduct. In any suit brought by a Covered Person to enforce a right to indemnification or to an advancement of expenses hereunder, the burden of proving that the Covered Person is not entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of expenses, under this <u>Section 1</u> or otherwise shall be on the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e.**Non-Exclusivity of Rights.** The rights conferred on any person by this Bylaw shall not be exclusive of any other right which such person may have or hereafter acquire under any applicable statute, provision of the Certificate, Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person's official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding office. The Corporation is specifically authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors, officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advances, to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL, or by any other applicable law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f.**Survival of Rights.** The rights conferred on any person by this Bylaw shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer, or, if applicable, employee or other agent, and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;g.**Insurance.** To the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL or any other applicable law, the Corporation, upon approval by the Board of Directors, may purchase insurance on behalf of any person required or permitted to be indemnified pursuant to this <u>Section 1</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;h.**Amendments.** Any repeal or modification of this <u>Section 1</u> shall only be prospective and shall not affect the rights under this Bylaw in effect at the time of the alleged occurrence of any action or omission to act that is the cause of any proceeding against any agent of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i.**Saving Clause.** If this Bylaw or any portion hereof shall be invalidated on any ground by any court of competent jurisdiction, then the Corporation shall nevertheless indemnify each Covered Person to the full extent not prohibited by any applicable portion of this <u>Section 1</u> that shall not have been invalidated, or by any other applicable law. If this <u>Section 1</u> shall be invalid due to the application of the indemnification provisions of another jurisdiction, then the Corporation shall indemnify each Covered Person to the full extent under any other applicable law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;j.**Certain Definitions.** For the purposes of this Bylaw, the following definitions shall apply:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i. The term "<u>proceeding</u>" shall be broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, the investigation, preparation, prosecution, defense, settlement, arbitration and appeal of, and the giving of testimony in, any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ii. The term "<u>expenses</u>" shall be broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, court costs, attorneys' fees, witness fees, fines, amounts paid in settlement or judgment and any other costs and expenses of any nature or kind incurred in connection with any proceeding.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iii. The term the "<u>corporation</u>" shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this <u>Section 1</u> with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he or she would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iv. References to a "<u>director</u>," "<u>officer</u>," "<u>employee</u>," or "<u>agent</u>" of the corporation shall include, without limitation, situations where such person is serving at the request of the corporation as, respectively, a

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Exhibit 3.1

director, officer, employee, trustee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v. References to "<u>other enterprise</u>" shall include employee benefit plans; references to "<u>fines</u>" shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to "<u>serving at the request of the corporation</u>" shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee, or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants, or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner "<u>not opposed to the best interests of the corporation</u>" as referred to in this <u>Section 1</u>.

**ARTICLE VII.**

**NOTICES**

**Section 1. Notices**.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a.**Notice to Stockholders.** Notice to stockholders of stockholder meetings shall be given as provided in <u>Section 4</u> of <u>Article II</u> of these Bylaws or in Section 232 of the DGCL.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b.**Notice to Directors.** Any notice required to be given to any director may be given in any manner set forth in these Bylaws or may be given in writing and delivered personally or mailed to each director at such directors' address appearing on the books of the Corporation, or may be given by telephone or by any means of electronic transmission (including, without limitation, electronic mail) directed to an address for receipt by such director of election transmissions appearing on the books of the Corporation.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c.**Affidavit of Mailing.** An affidavit of mailing of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or of the transfer agent or other agent of the Corporation, that notice has been given shall in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d.**Methods of Notice.** It shall not be necessary that the same method of giving notice be employed in respect of all recipients of notice, but one permissible method may be employed in respect of any one or more, and any other permissible method or methods may be employed in respect of any other or others.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e.**Notice to Person With Whom Communication is Unlawful.** Whenever notice is required to be given, under any provision of law or of the Certificate or Bylaws of the Corporation, to any person with whom communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or agency for a license or permit to give such notice to such person. Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given. In the event that the action taken by the Corporation is such as to require the filing of a certificate under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate shall state, if such is the fact and if notice is required, that notice was given to all persons entitled to receive notice except such persons with whom communication is unlawful.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f.**Notice to Stockholders Sharing an Address.** Except as otherwise prohibited under the DGCL, any notice given under the provisions of the DGCL, the Certificate or the Bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Such consent shall have been deemed to have been given if such stockholder fails to object in writing to the Corporation within 60 days of having been given notice by the Corporation of its intention to send the single notice. Any consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Corporation.

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Exhibit 3.1

**ARTICLE VIII.**

**GENERAL PROVISIONS**

**Section 1. Dividends**. Subject to limitations contained in the DGCL and the Certificate, the Board of Directors may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of capital stock of the Corporation, which dividends may be paid either in cash, securities of the Corporation or other property.

**Section 2. Disbursements**. All checks or demands for money and notes of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers or such other person or persons as the Board of Directors may from time to time designate.

**Section 3. Fiscal Year**. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.

**Section 4. Corporate Seal**. The Board of Directors shall have the power to adopt and alter the seal of the Corporation.

**Section 5. Voting of Stock Owned by the Corporation**. The Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer and any other officer of the Corporation authorized by the Board of Directors shall have power, on behalf of the Corporation, to attend, vote and grant proxies to be used at any meeting of stockholders of any corporation or other entity (except this Corporation) in which the Corporation may hold stock or other securities.

**Section 6. Construction and Definitions**. Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction and definitions in the DGCL shall govern the construction of these Bylaws.

**Section 7. Provisions of Certificate Govern**. In the event of any inconsistency between the terms of these Bylaws and the Certificate, the terms of the Certificate will govern.

**Section 8. Amendments**. Subject to the limitations set forth in <u>Section 1(h)</u> of <u>Article VI</u> of these Bylaws or the provisions of the Certificate, the Board of Directors is expressly empowered to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation. Any adoption, amendment or repeal of the Bylaws of the Corporation by the Board of Directors shall require the approval of a majority of the authorized number of directors. The stockholders also shall have power to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation; *provided*, ho*wever,* that, in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of stock of the Corporation required by law or by the Certificate, such action by stockholders shall require the affirmative vote of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.

**ARTICLE IX.**

**FORUM SELECTION**

**Section 1. Exclusive Forum**. Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any security of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision.

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