# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001030717
**File Stem:** 0001193125-23-006141
**Filing Date:** 2023-1
**Character Count:** 389549
**Document Hash:** f4dffd00f2ede74ca1351e168d6687e8
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001193125-23-006141.hdr.sgml**: 20230111

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001193125-23-006141

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 424B5

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 3

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20230111

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20230111

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001030717
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS [8888]
- **IRS NUMBER:** 000000000

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 424B5
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-268155
- **FILM NUMBER:** 23522642

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 3RD FLOOR, AYUNTAMIENTO BUILDING CABILDO
- **STREET 2:** ST CORNER A. SORIANO AVE INTRAMUROS
- **CITY:** MANILA
- **STATE:** R6
- **ZIP:** 1002
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 917-806-6107

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 3RD FLOOR, AYUNTAMIENTO BUILDING CABILDO
- **STREET 2:** ST CORNER A. SORIANO AVE INTRAMUROS
- **CITY:** MANILA
- **STATE:** R6
- **ZIP:** 1002

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5) <br> SEC file No. 333-268155** 

**PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT TO PROSPECTUS DATED NOVEMBER 4, 2022**![LOGO](g429923g28f42.jpg)

**Republic of the Philippines** 

**US$500,000,000 4.625% Global Bonds due 2028** 

**US$1,250,000,000 5.00% Global Bonds due 2033** 

**US$1,250,000,000 5.50% Global Bonds due 2048** 

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The Republic of the Philippines (the "Republic") is offering US$500,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 4.625% global bonds due 2028 (the "2028 global bonds"), US$1,250,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 5.00% global bonds due 2033 (the "2033 global bonds") and US$1,250,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 5.50% global bonds due 2048 (the "2048 global bonds"). We refer to the 2028 global bonds, the 2033 global bonds and the 2048 global bonds collectively as the "global bonds." The Republic will pay interest (i) on the 2028 global bonds on January 17 and July 17 of each year, commencing on July 17, 2023, (ii) on the 2033 global bonds on January 17 and July 17 of each year, commencing on July 17, 2023 and (iii) on the 2048 global bonds on January 17 and July 17 of each year, commencing on July 17, 2023. The Republic may not redeem the global bonds prior to their maturity. The 2028 global bonds, the 2033 global bonds and the 2048 global bonds will each mature at par on July 17, 2028, July 17, 2033, and January 17, 2048, respectively. The offering of the global bonds of each series, each pursuant to this prospectus supplement, are not conditioned upon one another.

The global bonds will be the direct, unconditional, unsecured and general obligations of the Republic and will rank without any preference among themselves and equally with all other present and future unsecured and unsubordinated external indebtedness of the Republic. It is understood that this provision shall not be construed so as to require the Republic to make payments under the global bonds ratably with payments being made under any other external indebtedness of the Republic.

The global bonds will be designated Collective Action Securities issued under a fiscal agency agreement, as supplemented, and constitute a separate series of debt securities under the fiscal agency agreement. The fiscal agency agreement contains provisions regarding future modifications to the terms of the global bonds that differ from those applicable to the Republic's outstanding external public indebtedness issued prior to February 1, 2018. Under these provisions, which are described in the section entitled "Collective Action Securities," on page 19 of the accompanying prospectus, the Republic may, among other things, amend the payment provisions of any series of debt securities (including the global bonds) and other reserve matters listed in the fiscal agency agreement with the consent of the holders of: (i) with respect to a single series of debt securities, more than 75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of such series; (ii) with respect to two or more series of debt securities, if certain "uniformly applicable" requirements are met, more than 75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed modification, taken in the aggregate; or (iii) with respect to two or more series of debt securities, more than 66<sup>2/3</sup>% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed modification, taken in the aggregate, and more than 50% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series affected by the proposed modification, taken individually.

The offering of the global bonds is conditional on the receipt of certain approvals of the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the central bank of the Republic.

The global bonds are being offered globally for sale in the jurisdictions where it is lawful to make such offers and sales. Application has been made to admit the global bonds to listing on the Official List of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and to trading on the Euro MTF Market ("Euro MTF"). We cannot guarantee that the application to the Luxembourg Stock Exchange will be approved, and settlement of the global bonds is not conditional on obtaining the listing. This prospectus supplement together with the prospectus dated November 4, 2022, constitute a prospectus for the purpose of Part IV of the Luxembourg law on prospectuses for securities dated July 16, 2019.

We expect to deliver the global bonds to investors in registered book-entry form only through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company ("DTC"), Clearstream Banking S.A. ("Clearstream, Luxembourg"), and Euroclear Bank SA/NV ("Euroclear"), on or about January 17, 2023.

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| | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2028 Global Bonds** | **2028 Global Bonds** | **2028 Global Bonds** | **2033 Global Bonds** | **2033 Global Bonds** | **2033 Global Bonds** | **2048 Global Bonds** | **2048 Global Bonds** | **2048 Global Bonds** |
|  | **Per Bond** | **Total** | **Total** | **Per Bond** | **Total** | **Total** | **Per Bond** | **Total** | **Total** |
|  Price to investors<sup>(1)</sup> | 99.435% | US$ | 497175000 | 99.992% | US$ | 1249900000 | 100% | US$ | 1250000000 |
|  Underwriting discounts and commissions | 0.05% | US$ | 250000 | 0.05% | US$ | 625000 | 0.05% | US$ | 625000 |
|  Proceeds, before expenses, to the Republic | 99.385% | US$ | 496925000 | 99.942% | US$ | 1249275000 | 99.950% | US$ | 1249375000 |

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(1) Plus accrued interest, if any, from January 17, 2023, if settlement occurs after that date.

**Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.** 

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*Joint Global Coordinators, Joint Lead Managers and Joint Bookrunners* 

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|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **BofA Securities** | **Deutsche Bank** | **Goldman Sachs** | **HSBC** | **Morgan Stanley** | **Standard**<br> **Chartered Bank** | **UBS** |

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**The date of this prospectus supplement is January 9, 2023** 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Prospectus Supplement** | **Pages** |
|  [NOTICE TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS](#supp_rom429923_1) | S-1 |
|  [SUMMARY OF THE OFFERING](#supp_rom429923_2) | S-3 |
|  [USE OF PROCEEDS](#supp_rom429923_3) | S-7 |
|  [RECENT DEVELOPMENTS](#supp_rom429923_4) | S-8 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBAL BONDS](#supp_rom429923_5) | S-44 |
|  [GLOBAL CLEARANCE AND SETTLEMENT](#supp_rom429923_6) | S-48 |
|  [TAXATION](#supp_rom429923_7) | S-51 |
|  [UNDERWRITING](#supp_rom429923_8) | S-54 |
|  [LEGAL MATTERS](#supp_rom429923_9) | S-62 |
|  [GENERAL INFORMATION](#supp_rom429923_10) | S-62 |
|  [WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION](#supp_rom429923_11) | S-63 |
|  [AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES](#supp_rom429923_12) | S-63 |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Prospectus** | **Page** |
|  [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#rom429923_1) | 2 |
|  [FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#rom429923_2) | 3 |
|  [DATA DISSEMINATION](#rom429923_3) | 4 |
|  [USE OF PROCEEDS](#rom429923_4) | 5 |
|  [RATINGS](#rom429923_5) | 6 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES](#rom429923_6) | 7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Description of the Debt Securities](#supp_rom429923_13) | 7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Description of the Warrants](#supp_rom429923_14) | 16 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Limitations on Issuance of Bearer Debt Securities](#supp_rom429923_15) | 17 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [Ranking Provisions of the Debt Securities](#supp_rom429923_16) | 18 |
|  [COLLECTIVE ACTION SECURITIES](#rom429923_7) | 19 |
|  [TAXATION](#rom429923_8) | 25 |
|  [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#rom429923_9) | 35 |
|  [VALIDITY OF THE SECURITIES](#rom429923_10) | 37 |
|  [AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES](#rom429923_11) | 38 |
|  [EXPERTS; OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND DOCUMENTS](#rom429923_12) | 39 |
|  [FURTHER INFORMATION](#rom429923_13) | 40 |

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S-i

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**You should read this prospectus supplement along with the prospectus that accompanies it. You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this document and the accompanying prospectus or to which we have referred you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. This document may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. This document and the accompanying prospectus may only be used for the purposes for which they have been published. The information in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus may only be accurate as of the date of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus, as applicable. Terms used herein but not otherwise defined shall have the meaning given to them in the prospectus that accompanies this prospectus supplement.** 

**NOTICE TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS** 

The Republic accepts responsibility for the information that is contained in this prospectus supplement and the prospectus that accompanies it. To the best of the knowledge and belief of the Republic (which has taken all reasonable care to ensure that such is the case), the information contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus is in accordance with the facts and does not omit anything likely to affect the import of such information.

The Republic is a foreign sovereign state. Consequently, it may be difficult for you to obtain or realize upon judgments of courts in the United States against the Republic. See "Description of the Securities—Description of the Debt Securities—Jurisdiction and Enforceability" in the accompanying prospectus.

The distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and the offering of the global bonds may be legally restricted in some countries. If you wish to distribute this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus, you should observe any applicable restrictions. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus should not be considered an offer, and it is prohibited to use them to make an offer, in any state or country in which the making of the offering of the global bonds is prohibited. For a description of some restrictions on the offering and sale of the global bonds and the distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, see "Underwriting" on page S-54.

This document is only being distributed to and is only directed at (A) persons who are outside the United Kingdom and (B) persons in the United Kingdom that are qualified investors within the meaning of Article 2(e) of the Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 ("EUWA") (the "UK Prospectus Regulation") that are also (i) investment professionals falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the "Order") or (ii) high net worth entities, and other persons to whom it may lawfully be communicated, falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (e) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as "relevant persons"). The global bonds are only available to, and any invitation, offer or agreement to subscribe, purchase or otherwise acquire such global bonds will be engaged in only with, relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.

**Singapore SFA Product Classification**—The global bonds are 'prescribed capital markets products' (as defined in the CMP Regulations 2018) and Excluded Investment Products (as defined in MAS Notices SFA 04-N12: Notice on the Sale of Investment Products and MAS Notice FAA-N16: Notice on Recommendations on Investment Products).

**Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission Code of Conduct (Paragraph 21 – Bookbuilding and Placing Activities) –** Prospective investors should be aware that certain intermediaries in the context of this offering of the global bonds, including certain underwriters, are "capital market intermediaries" ("CMIs") subject to Paragraph 21 of the Code of Conduct for Persons Licensed by or Registered with the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (the "SFC Code"). This notice to prospective investors is a summary of certain obligations the SFC Code imposes on such CMIs, which require the attention and cooperation of prospective investors.

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*Associated Orders and Proprietary Orders*: Prospective investors who are the directors, employees or major shareholders of the Republic, a CMI or any of its group companies would be considered under the SFC Code as having an association ("Association") with the Republic, the relevant CMI or the relevant group company (as the case may be). Prospective investors associated with the Republic or any CMI (including its group companies) should specifically disclose this when placing an order for the global bonds and should disclose, at the same time, if such orders may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering. Prospective investors who do not disclose their Associations are hereby deemed not to be so associated. Where prospective investors disclose their Associations but do not disclose that such order may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering, such order is hereby deemed not to negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering.

*Order Book Transparency*: Prospective investors should ensure, and by placing an order, prospective investors are deemed to confirm, that orders placed are *bona fide*, are not inflated and do not constitute duplicated orders (i.e. two or more corresponding or identical orders placed via two or more CMIs). If a prospective investor is an asset management arm affiliated with any underwriter, such prospective investor should indicate when placing an order if it is for a fund or portfolio where the underwriter or its group company has more than 50% interest, in which case it will be classified as a "proprietary order" and subject to appropriate handling by CMIs in accordance with the SFC Code and should disclose, at the same time, if such "proprietary order" may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering. Prospective investors who do not indicate this information when placing an order are hereby deemed to confirm that their order is not such a "proprietary order." If a prospective investor is otherwise affiliated with any underwriter, such that its order may be considered to be a "proprietary order" (pursuant to the SFC Code), such prospective investor should indicate to the relevant underwriter when placing such order and such orders will be subject to applicable requirements in accordance with the SFC Code. Prospective investors who do not indicate this information when placing an order are hereby deemed to confirm that their order is not such a "proprietary order". Where prospective investors disclose such information but do not disclose that such "proprietary order" may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering, such "proprietary order" is hereby deemed not to negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering.

Prospective investors should be aware that certain information may be disclosed by CMIs (including Private Banks) which is personal and/or confidential in nature to the prospective investor. By placing an order, prospective investors are deemed to have understood and consented to the collection, disclosure, use and transfer of such information by the underwriters and/or any other third parties as may be required by the SFC Code, including to the Republic, relevant regulators and/or any other third parties as may be required by the SFC Code, it being understood and agreed that such information shall only be used for the purpose of complying with the SFC Code, during the bookbuilding process for this offering. Failure to provide such information may result in that order being rejected.

All references in this prospectus supplement (a) to the "Republic" or the "Philippines" are to the Republic of the Philippines, (b) to the "Government" are to the national government of the Philippines and (c) to "Bangko Sentral" or "BSP" are to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the central bank of the Philippines.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references in this prospectus supplement to "₱" are to the lawful national currency of the Philippines, those to "dollars," "U.S. dollars," "US$," "U.S.$" or "$" are to the lawful currency of the United States of America.

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**SUMMARY OF THE OFFERING** 

*This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. You should read the entire prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus carefully.* 

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|:---|:---|
| **Issuer**  | Republic of the Philippines.  |

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|:---|:---|
| **Bonds**  | The US$500,000,000 4.625% global bonds due 2028 (the "2028 global bonds"), US$1,250,000,000 5.00% global bonds due 2033 (the "2033 global bonds") and US$1,250,000,000 5.50% global bonds due 2048 (the "2048 global bonds" collectively, the "global bonds").  |

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|:---|:---|
| **Interest**  | The 2028 global bonds will bear interest at 4.625% from January 17, 2023, payable semi-annually in arrear.  |

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The 2033 global bonds will bear interest at 5.00% from January 17, 2023, payable semi-annually in arrear. <br>

The 2048 global bonds will bear interest at 5.50% from January 17, 2023, payable semi-annually in arrear. <br>

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|:---|:---|
| **Issue Date**  | The 2028 global bonds: January 17, 2023  |

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The 2033 global bonds: January 17, 2023.

The 2048 global bonds: January 17, 2023.

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|:---|:---|
| **Interest Payment Dates**  | With respect to each of the 2028 global bonds, the 2033 global bonds and the 2048 global bonds:  |

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January 17 and July 17 of each year, payable to the persons who are registered holders thereof at the close of business on the preceding January 12 or July 12, as applicable, whether or not a business day. The first interest payment will be made on July 17, 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January 17, 2023 to (but excluding) July 17, 2023. <br>

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|:---|:---|
| **Maturity Date**  | The 2028 global bonds: July 17, 2028,  |

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The 2033 global bonds: July 17, 2033,

The 2048 global bonds: January 17, 2048.

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|:---|:---|
| **Issuer Redemption**  | The Republic may not redeem the global bonds prior to maturity.  |

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|:---|:---|
| **Status of Bonds**  | The global bonds will be direct, unconditional, unsecured and general obligations of the Republic and will rank without any preference among themselves and equally with all other present and future unsecured and unsubordinated External Indebtedness (as defined in the accompanying prospectus) of the Republic. It is understood that  |

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this provision shall not be construed so as to require the Republic to make payments under the global bonds ratably with payments being made under any other external indebtedness of the Republic. The full faith and credit of the Republic will be pledged for the due and punctual payment of all principal and interest on the global bonds. See "Description of the Securities—Description of the Debt Securities—Status of Bonds" in the accompanying prospectus. <br>

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|:---|:---|
| **Negative Pledge**  | With certain exceptions, the Republic has agreed that it will not create or permit to subsist any Lien (as defined in the accompanying prospectus) on its revenues or assets to secure External Public Indebtedness (as defined in the accompanying prospectus) of the Republic, unless at the same time or prior thereto, the global bonds are secured at least equally and ratably with such External Public Indebtedness. The international reserves of Bangko Sentral represent substantially all of the official gross international reserves of the Republic. Because Bangko Sentral is an independent entity, the Republic and Bangko Sentral believe that the international reserves owned by Bangko Sentral are not subject to the negative pledge covenant in the global bonds and that Bangko Sentral could in the future incur External Public Indebtedness secured by such reserves without securing amounts payable under the global bonds. See "Description of the Securities—Description of the Debt Securities—Negative Pledge Covenant" in the accompanying prospectus.  |

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| **Taxation**  | The Republic will make all payments of principal and interest in respect of the global bonds free and clear of, and without withholding or deducting, any present or future taxes of any nature imposed by or within the Republic, unless required by law. In that event, the Republic will pay additional amounts so that the holders of the global bonds receive the amounts that would have been received by them had no withholding or deduction been required, subject to certain exceptions. See "Description of the Securities—Description of the Debt Securities—Additional Amounts" in the accompanying prospectus.  |

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|:---|:---|
| **Collective Action Clauses**  | The global bonds will be designated Collective Action Securities issued under a fiscal agency agreement, as supplemented, and constitute a separate series of debt securities under the fiscal agency agreement. The fiscal agency agreement contains provisions regarding future modifications to the terms of the global bonds that differ from those applicable to the Republic's outstanding external public indebtedness issued prior to February 1, 2018. Under these provisions, which are described in the section entitled "Collective Action Securities" on page 19 of the accompanying prospectus, the Republic may, among other things, amend the payment provisions of any series of debt securities (including the global bonds) and other reserve matters listed in the fiscal agency agreement with the consent of the holders of: (i) with respect to a single series of debt securities, more than 75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of such series; (ii) with respect to two or more series of debt securities, if certain "uniformly applicable" requirements are  |

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met, more than 75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed modification, taken in the aggregate; or (iii) with respect to two or more series of debt securities, more than 66<sup>2/3</sup>% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed modification, taken in the aggregate, and more than 50% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series affected by the proposed modification, taken individually. <br>

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| **Cross-Defaults**  | Events of default with respect to the global bonds include (i) if the Republic fails to make a payment of principal, premium, prepayment charge or interest when due on any External Public Indebtedness with a principal amount equal to or greater than $25,000,000 or its equivalent, and this failure continues beyond the applicable grace period; or (ii) if any External Public Indebtedness of the Republic or the central monetary authority in principal amount equal to or greater than $25,000,000 is accelerated, other than by optional or mandatory prepayment or redemption. See "Collective Action Securities—Events of Default: Cross Default and Cross Acceleration" in the accompanying prospectus.  |

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|:---|:---|
| **Listing**  | The Republic is offering the global bonds for sale in the United States and elsewhere where such offer and sale is permitted. Application has been made to admit the global bonds to listing on the Official List of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and to trading on the Euro MTF. The Republic cannot guarantee that the application to the Luxembourg Stock Exchange will be approved, and settlement of the global bonds is not conditional on obtaining the listing.  |

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|:---|:---|
| **Form, Denomination and Registration**  | The global bonds will be issued in fully registered form in minimum denominations of $200,000 and integral multiples of $1,000 in excess thereof. The global bonds will be represented by one or more global securities registered in the name of a depositary, its nominee or a custodian. Beneficial interests in the global securities will be shown on, and the transfer thereof will be effected only through, records maintained by the depositary and its direct and indirect participants. Settlement of all secondary market trading activity in the global bonds will be made in immediately available funds. See "Description of the Securities—Description of the Debt Securities—Global Securities" in the accompanying prospectus.  |

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|:---|:---|
| **Further Issues**  | The Republic may from time to time, without notice to or the consent of the registered holders of the global bonds, issue further bonds which will form a single series with the global bonds. See "Collective Action Securities—Further Issues of Debt Securities" in the accompanying prospectus.  |

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| **Use of Proceeds**  | The Republic intends to use the net cash proceeds from the sale of the global bonds for general purposes of the Republic, including budgetary support.  |

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It is the Republic's intention to invest an amount equal to the proceeds from the sale of the 2048 global bonds, net of the underwriting discount and certain expenses, into projects that may qualify as "Eligible Social Expenditures and Eligible Green Expenditures" (the "Eligible Expenditures") under the Republic's Sustainable Finance Framework (the "Framework"), which is described under "Republic of the Philippines—Sustainable Finance Framework" of the Republic's annual report on Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. <br>

Under the Framework, Eligible Expenditures may include access to essential services, affordable basic infrastructure, food security, employment generation, socioeconomic advancement and empowerment, affordable housing, COVID-19 expenditure, clean transportation, climate change adaptation, environmentally sustainable management of living natural resources and land use, and renewable energy. The Eligible Expenditures are limited to Government expenditures that occurred no earlier than 24 months to the issue date of the 2048 global bonds (the "Issue Date"), the budget year of the Issue Date, and two budget years following the Issue Date.

The examples of projects described above are for illustrative purposes only and no assurance can be provided that disbursements for projects with these specific characteristics will be made by the Republic in an amount equal to the net proceeds from the sale of the 2048 global bonds. There can be no assurance that any projects so funded will meet investor expectations regarding sustainability performance. Adverse environmental or social impacts may occur during the design, construction, and operation of the projects, or the projects may become controversial or criticized by activist groups or other stakeholders. <br>

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|:---|:---|
| **Fiscal Agent**  | The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor in interest to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.).  |

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| **Governing Law**  | The fiscal agency agreement (as defined below) and the global bonds will be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The laws of the Republic will govern all matters governing authorization and execution of the fiscal agency agreement and the global bonds by the Republic.  |

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**USE OF PROCEEDS** 

The Republic intends to use the net cash proceeds from the sale of the global bonds for general purposes of the Republic, including budgetary support. None of the underwriters shall have any responsibility for the application of the net cash proceeds from the sale of the global bonds.

It is the Republic's intention to invest an amount equal to the proceeds from the sale of the 2048 global bonds, net of the underwriting discount and certain expenses, into projects that may qualify as Eligible Expenditures under the Framework, which is described under "Republic of the Philippines—Sustainable Finance Framework" of the Republic's annual report on Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Under the Framework, Eligible Expenditures may include access to essential services, affordable basic infrastructure, food security, employment generation, socioeconomic advancement and empowerment, affordable housing, COVID-19 expenditure, clean transportation, climate change adaptation, environmentally sustainable management of living natural resources and land use, and renewable energy. The Eligible Expenditures are limited to Government expenditures that occurred no earlier than 24 months to the Issue Date, the budget year of the Issue Date, and two budget years following the Issue Date.

The examples of projects described above are for illustrative purposes only and no assurance can be provided that disbursements for projects with these specific characteristics will be made by the Republic in an amount equal to the net proceeds from the sale of the 2048 global bonds. There can be no assurance that any projects so funded will meet investor expectations regarding sustainability performance. Adverse environmental or social impacts may occur during the design, construction, and operation of the projects, or the projects may become controversial or criticized by activist groups or other stakeholders.

Although the Framework contemplates certain practices with respect to reporting and use of proceeds, any failure by the Republic to conform to these practices does not constitute or give rise to a breach or an event of default under the 2048 global bonds. Any failure by the Republic to use an amount equivalent to the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2048 global bonds as set forth in the Framework, or to meet or continue to meet the investment requirements of socially focused investors with respect to the 2048 global bonds, or any withdrawal or modification of the second party opinion or any other third party opinion or certification, may affect the value of the 2048 global bonds and may have consequences for certain investors with portfolio mandates to invest in "social" or "sustainable" assets.

The Republic and the underwriters do not accept any responsibility for any losses howsoever arising, directly or indirectly, from the Framework, the second party opinion or their respective contents including for any social, environmental, and sustainability assessment of any global bonds issued by the Republic or makes any representation or warranty or assurance whether such global bonds will meet any investor expectations or requirements regarding "green", "sustainable", or similar labels that may attach to such global bonds. In the event any such securities are, or are intended to be, listed, or admitted to trading on a dedicated "green", "sustainable", or other equivalently labeled segment of a stock exchange or securities market, no representation or assurance is given by the Republic and the underwriters that such listing or admission will be obtained or maintained for the lifetime of the global bonds.

None of the underwriters is responsible for the ongoing monitoring of the use of the proceeds of the global bonds.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**RECENT DEVELOPMENTS** 

*The information in this section supplements the information about the Republic corresponding to the headings below that is contained in Exhibit 99.D to the Republic's annual report on Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. To the extent the information in this section differs from the information contained in such annual report, you should rely on the information in this section. Capitalized terms not defined in this section have the meanings ascribed to them in the annual report.*

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Selected Economic Information of the Republic of the Philippines** 

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in billions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in billions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in billions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in billions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in billions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in billions, except as indicated)** |
|  GDP (at then-current market prices) | 16556.7 | 18265.2 | 19517.9 | 17951.6 | 19410.6 | 15565.7 |
|  GDP (at constant 2018 prices) | 17176.0 | 18265.2 | 19382.8 | 17537.8 | 18538.1 | 14367.8 |
|  GDP per capita, PPP concept (in $ at then-current market prices)<sup>(2)</sup> | 8199 | 8793 | 9363 | 8457 | 9190 | 10490 |
|  GDP growth rate (%) (at constant 2018 prices) | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.1 | (9.5) | 5.7 | 7.7 |
|  Consumer price inflation rate (2018 CPI basket)<sup>(3)</sup> | 2.9 | 5.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 5.8<sup>(4)</sup> |
|  Government surplus/(deficit) as % of GDP (at then-current market prices) | (2.1) | (3.1) | (3.4) | (7.6) | (8.6) | (6.5) |
|  Government debt at end of period as % of GDP (at then-current market prices) | 40.2 | 39.9 | 39.6 | 54.6 | 60.4 | 63.7 |
|  Public sector borrowing requirement<sup>(5)</sup> | (319.1) | (547.3) | (626.2) | (1350.8) | (1604.3) | N/A |
|  Consolidated public sector financial position<sup>(6)</sup> | (4.6) | (171.0) | (184.6) | (976.4) | (1073.0) | N/A |
|  Current account surplus/(deficit) as % of GDP (at then-current market prices) | (0.7) | (2.6) | (0.8) | 3.2 | (1.5)<sup>(14)</sup> | (6.1) |
|  Overall balance of payments position at end of period as % of GDP (at then-current market prices)<sup>(7)</sup> | (0.3) | (0.7) | 2.1 | 4.4 | 0.3 | (2.7) |
|  Direct domestic debt of the Government (in million ₱)<sup>(8)(9)</sup> | 4441260 | 4776859 | 5127600 | 6694687 | 8170414 | 9355236<sup>(10)</sup> |
|  Direct external debt of the Government (in million $)<sup>(9)(11)</sup> | 44261 | 47860 | 51252 | 64562 | 69803 | 73833<sup>(10)</sup> |
|  Public sector domestic debt<sup>(12)</sup> | 5830.7 | 6065.3 | 6307.7 | 6712.4 | 7315.0 | 6981.0<sup>(13)</sup> |
|  Public sector external debt<sup>(11)(12)</sup> | 2562.4 | 2891.8 | 2966.9 | 3406.7 | 3939.8 | 4207.6<sup>(13)</sup> |
|  Unemployment rate (%) | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 7.8<sup>(14)</sup> | 4.5<sup>(15)</sup> |
|  Gross international reserves (in billion $)<sup>(10)(16)</sup> | 81.6 | 79.2 | 87.8 | 110.1 | 108.8 | 96.0<sup>(4)</sup> |

---

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Notes:

(1) Preliminary data as of September 30, 2022, unless otherwise stated.

(2) Figure represents annualized per capita GDP, PPP concept. Amounts in pesos have been translated into U.S.
dollars using the average Bangko Sentral reference exchange rates for the applicable period.

(3) Effective February 4, 2022, the base year of the Consumer Price Index ("CPI") was updated
from 2012 to 2018. The rebasing of the CPI is done periodically (1) to ensure that the CPI market basket continues to capture goods and services commonly purchased by households over time; (2) to update expenditure patterns of households;
and (3) to synchronize its base year with the 2018 base year of the GDP and other indices. 2022 figures are based on preliminary data as of September 30, 2022. 2022 data is an average of monthly inflation figures.

(4) Preliminary data for 2022.

(5) Represents the aggregate deficit or surplus of the Government, the Central Bank-Board of Liquidation (the
"CB-BOL"), the Oil Price Stabilization Fund and the major government-owned and controlled corporations ("GOCCs"), the debt of which comprises virtually all the debt incurred by GOCCs.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(6) Comprises the aggregate deficit or surplus of the Government, the CB-BOL's accounts, the major GOCCs,
the Social Security System, the Government Service Insurance System, Bangko Sentral, the GFIs and local government units.

(7) Overall balance of payments has been revised to reflect late reports, post-audit adjustments and final data
from companies. See "Balance of Payments—Revisions" for a more detailed discussion of recent and pending revisions to previously reported data.

(8) Represents debt of the Government only and does not include other public sector debt. Includes direct debt
obligations of the Government, the proceeds of which are on-lent to GOCCs and other public sector entities, but excludes debt guaranteed by the Government and debt originally guaranteed by other public sector entities for which the guarantee has
been assumed by the Government.

(9) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars or pesos, as applicable, using the Bangko
Sentral reference exchange rates at the end of each applicable period.

(10) Preliminary data as of October 31, 2022.

(11) Represents debt of the Government, the major GOCCs, the CB-BOL, Bangko Sentral and the GFIs.

(12) Includes public sector debt, whether or not guaranteed by the Government.

(13) Preliminary data as of March 31, 2022 (as indicated).

(14) Preliminary data.

(15) Preliminary results as of October 2022 based on the October 2022 Labor Force Survey.

(16) Comprises the holdings by Bangko Sentral of gold reserves, foreign investments, foreign exchange and SDRs,
including Bangko Sentral's reserve position in the IMF.

*Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority; Bureau of the Treasury; Department of Finance, Bangko Sentral.* 

**Recent Economic Indicators** 

The following table sets out the performance of certain of the Republic's principal economic indicators for the specified periods.

***Years 2017 – 2022***

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| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  GDP growth (constant 2018 prices) (%) | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.1 | (9.5) | 5.7 | 7.7 |
|  GNI growth (constant 2018 prices) (%) | 6.8 | 5.9 | 5.4 | (11.5) | 1.7 | 10.1 |
| Inflation rate (2018 CPI basket)(%) | 2.9 | 5.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 5.8<sup>(2)</sup> |
|  Unemployment rate | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 7.8<sup>(3)</sup> | 4.5<sup>(4)</sup> |
|  91-day T-bill rate (%) | 2.2 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 4.1<sup>(5)</sup> |
|  External position | (863) | (2306) | 7843 | 16022 | 1345 | (7875)<sup>(5)</sup> |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Balance of payments ($ million) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Export growth (%) | 21.2 | 0.3 | 2.9 | (9.8) | 12.5<sup>(3)</sup> | 6.3<sup>(6)</sup> |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Import growth (%) | 17.6 | 11.9 | (0.2) | (20.2) | 30.5<sup>(3)</sup> | 22.7<sup>(6)</sup> |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; External debt ($ billion) | 73.1 | 79.0 | 83.6 | 98.5 | 106.4 | 107.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; International reserves |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gross ($ billion) | 81.6 | 79.2 | 87.8 | 110.1 | 108.8 | 96.0<sup>(5)</sup> |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net ($ billion) | 81.6 | 79.2 | 87.8 | 110.1 | 108.8 | 96.0<sup>(5)</sup> |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Months of retained imports<sup>(6)</sup> | 7.8 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 12.3 | 9.7 | 7.3<sup>(5)(7)</sup> |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Domestic credit growth (%) | 13.9 | 14.9 | 10.7 | 4.7 | 8.2 | 11.0<sup>(8)</sup> |

---

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Notes:

(1) Preliminary data for the six months ended September 30, 2022, unless otherwise stated.

(2) Preliminary data for 2022.

(3) Preliminary data.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(4) Preliminary results as of October 2022 based on the 2022 Annual Estimates of Labor Force Survey October
rounds.

(5) Preliminary data for 2022.

(6) Preliminary data as of October 31, 2022.

(7) Number of months of average imports of goods and payment of services and primary income that can be financed
by reserves.

(8) Preliminary data as of December 15, 2022.

*Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority, Bangko Sentral.* 

**GDP and Major Financial Indicators** 

***Gross Domestic Product***

In the first nine months of 2022, GDP grew by 7.7% compared with growth of 4.9% in the first nine months of 2021. The largest contributor was the gradual reopening of the economy which saw the services sector record 8.9% growth in the first nine months of 2022 at constant 2018 market prices compared to 4.4% in the first nine months of 2021. GNI grew by 10.1% in the first nine months of 2022 compared to a contraction of 0.6% during the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices. Net primary income grew by 86.5% in the first nine months of 2022 at constant 2018 market prices compared to a contraction of 63.0% during the same period in 2021.

The following table shows GDP by sector, net primary income and GNI at current market prices for the specified periods.

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
|  Agriculture, forestry and fishing sector | 1685956 | 1762616 | 1721539 | 1828424 | 1954345 | 1465609 | 10.2 | 9.4 |
|  **Industry sector** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and quarrying | 148094 | 163322 | 161656 | 137060 | 185284 | 222926 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing | 3228580 | 3488331 | 3614016 | 3169921 | 3423404 | 2503763 | 19.5 | 16.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, steam, water, and waste management | 505119 | 557030 | 607881 | 611051 | 650876 | 576556 | 3.1 | 3.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Construction | 1106154 | 1373841 | 1535727 | 1180199 | 1347446 | 1170780 | 6.7 | 7.5 |
|  Total | 4987948 | 5582525 | 5919281 | 5098232 | 5607011 | 4474026 | 30.2 | 28.7 |
|  **Service sector** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 2926502 | 3237304 | 3517653 | 3317371 | 3503236 | 2797179 | 17.7 | 18.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transport and storage | 637191 | 697839 | 757661 | 551045 | 604919 | 568069 | 3.8 | 3.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accommodation and food service activities | 346119 | 403289 | 431778 | 253013 | 285244 | 271226 | 2.1 | 1.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Information and communication | 490330 | 515925 | 562834 | 593039 | 640192 | 500122 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial and insurance activities | 1326583 | 1498147 | 1681870 | 1823979 | 1961922 | 1652291 | 8.0 | 10.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real estate and ownership of dwellings | 1076332 | 1189673 | 1255644 | 1081612 | 1138901 | 918944 | 6.5 | 5.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Professional and business services | 1110458 | 1159265 | 1219757 | 1137558 | 1220837 | 967234 | 6.7 | 6.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Public administration and defense; compulsory social activities | 642127 | 767706 | 890688 | 950590 | 1030438 | 760249 | 3.9 | 4.9 |

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at current market price)** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education | 649366 | 731607 | 778868 | 719494 | 796827 | 652022 | 3.9 | 4.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Human health and social work activities | 289060 | 308268 | 329862 | 325260 | 385686 | 289090 | 1.7 | 1.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other services | 388679 | 411025 | 450429 | 271957 | 281010 | 249674 | 2.3 | 1.6 |
|  Total | 9882747 | 10920048 | 11877043 | 11024918 | 11849213 | 9626099 | 59.7 | 61.8 |
|  **Total GDP** | **16556651** | **18265190** | **19517863** | **17951574** | **19410568** | **15565733** | **100.0** | **100.0** |
|  **Net primary income** | **1826528** | **1947159** | **1954197** | **1360427** | **693869** | **879241** |  |  |
|  **Total GNI** | **18383179** | **20212349** | **21472060** | **19312001** | **20104437** | **16444974** |  |  |
|  Total GDP ($ billions)<sup>(2)</sup> | 316.6 | 330.9 | 383.7 | 361.7 | 394.1 | 290.9 |  |  |
|  Per capita GDP, PPP concept ($)<sup>(3)</sup> | 8199 | 8793 | 9363 | 8457 | 9190 | 10490 |  |  |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Preliminary data for the first nine months of 2022.

(2) Calculated using the average exchange rate for the period indicated. See "-Monetary System-Foreign
Exchange System."

(3) Figure represents annualized per capita GDP, PPP concept. Based on preliminary data for the first six months
of 2022.

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority.* 

The following table shows GDP by sector, net primary income and GDP at constant 2018 market prices for the specified periods.

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
|  Agriculture, forestry and fishing sector | 1743134 | 1762616 | 1783855 | 1780391 | 1775358 | 1258852 | 10.1 | 8.8 |
|  **Industry sector** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and quarrying | 160065 | 163322 | 168857 | 137493 | 144431 | 116727 | 0.9 | 0.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing | 3317641 | 3488331 | 3620456 | 3266302 | 3554737 | 2635031 | 19.3 | 18.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, steam, water, and waste management | 523161 | 557030 | 591312 | 589213 | 615505 | 488236 | 3.0 | 3.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Construction | 1201714 | 1373841 | 1507244 | 1122308 | 1234811 | 982761 | 7.0 | 6.8 |
|  Total | 5202582 | 5582525 | 5887869 | 5115316 | 5549484 | 4222755 | 30.3 | 29.4 |
|  **Service sector** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 3057552 | 3237304 | 3489299 | 3275537 | 3414326 | 2626274 | 17.8 | 18.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transport and storage | 648153 | 697839 | 742347 | 515149 | 547542 | 481315 | 3.8 | 3.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accommodation and food service activities | 371234 | 403289 | 425692 | 231811 | 248457 | 226587 | 2.2 | 1.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Information and communication | 483683 | 515925 | 557007 | 585185 | 639123 | 497209 | 2.8 | 3.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial and insurance activities | 1382521 | 1498147 | 1676448 | 1769952 | 1853154 | 1485734 | 8.0 | 10.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real estate and ownership of dwellings | 1129083 | 1189673 | 1238469 | 1031275 | 1053944 | 824077 | 6.6 | 5.7 |

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| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Gross Domestic Product by Major Sector**<br>**(at constant 2018 market prices)** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** | **Percentage of<br>GDP** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as indicated)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Professional and business services | 1117257 | 1159265 | 1182159 | 1068769 | 1135218 | 906796 | 6.5 | 6.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Public administration and defense; compulsory social activities | 666393 | 767706 | 871564 | 911188 | 962824 | 726423 | 3.9 | 5.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education | 671837 | 731607 | 766089 | 687610 | 744503 | 612389 | 3.9 | 4.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Human health and social work activities | 309316 | 308268 | 323261 | 306903 | 350268 | 266602 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other services | 393233 | 411025 | 438691 | 258758 | 263851 | 232738 | 2.3 | 1.6 |
|  Total | 10230262 | 10920048 | 11711027 | 10642137 | 11213211 | 8886145 | 59.6 | 61.8 |
|  **Total GDP** | 17175978 | 18265190 | 19382751 | 17537843 | 18538054 | 14367752 | 100.0 | 100.0 |

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------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data for the first nine months of 2022.

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority.* 

**Principal Sectors of the Economy** 

***Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Sector***

Production in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector grew by 0.8% in the first nine months of 2022 at constant 2018 market prices based on preliminary data, compared to a contraction of 1.0% during the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices. Poultry and egg production was the main contributor to the increase with 9.0% growth at constant 2018 market prices in the first nine months of 2022 compared to a contraction of 1.6% during the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices. This was followed by production of abaca with 8.5% growth and other animal production with 5.1% growth compared with contraction of 11.1% and lower growth of 3.0% for the same period in 2021, respectively, at constant 2018 market prices. This was partially offset by a reversal in sugarcane including muscovado-making in the farm at 25.6% in the first nine months of 2022, compared to growth of 9.7%, during the same period of 2021 at constant 2018 market prices.

***Industry Sector***

In the first nine months of 2022, the industry sector grew by 7.5% at constant 2018 market prices based on preliminary data, compared with growth of 8.0% during the same period in 2021. The lower rate of growth was primarily a result of lower growth in the manufacturing subsectors. Manufacturing grew by 5.3% in the first nine months of 2022 compared to a higher growth of 9.5% during the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices. This was partially offset by an increase in construction subsector from growth of 6.5% in the first six months of 2021 to growth of 15.8% in the same period of 2022.

***Manufacturing Subsector***

In the first nine months of 2022, the manufacturing subsector grew by 5.3% compared to growth of 9.5% during the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices. The largest contributor to the subsector's lower rate of growth was the manufacture of basic metals, which contracted by 2.8% in the first nine months of 2022, compared to a 35.4% growth during the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices. This was partially offset by a reversal of 27.9% growth in the manufacture of machinery and equipment except electrical in the first nine months of 2022, compared to a contraction of 0.4% in the same period of 2021 at constant 2018 market prices.

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***Service Sector***

In the first nine months of 2022, the service sector grew by 8.7% compared to growth of 3.1% in the same period of 2021 at constant 2018 market prices. In the first nine months of 2022 growth was recorded across the service sector, with in other services at 33.2%, transportation and storage at 25.9%, and accommodation and food service activities at 29.7%, compared to a contraction of 8.0% and lower growth rates of 1.7% and 2.5%, respectively, in the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices.

***Net Primary Income***

In the first nine months of 2022, net primary income grew by 86.5% compared to a 63.0% contraction during the same period in 2021. Inflows arising from compensation and property income grew at 48.0% and 24.8%, respectively, in the first nine months of 2022, compared to contractions of 57.0% and 7.2%, respectively, for the same period in 2021 at constant 2018 market prices.

**Prices, Employment and Wages** 

***Inflation***

The following table sets out the CPI and inflation rate. 2017 and 2018 figures are presented based on the 2012 CPI basket. All other figures are based on the 2018 CPI basket.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Changes in Consumer Price Index** | **Changes in Consumer Price Index** | **Changes in Consumer Price Index** | **Changes in Consumer Price Index** | **Changes in Consumer Price Index** | **Changes in Consumer Price Index** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  Consumer price index | 111.5 | 117.3 | 102.4 | 104.8 | 108.9 | 115.3 |
|  Inflation rate | 2.9% | 5.2% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 3.9% | 5.8% |

---

------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data.

*Source: Bangko Sentral; Philippine Statistics Authority.* 

***Consumer Price Index***

The average inflation rate for 2022 was 5.8% based on preliminary data, higher than the average of 3.9% for 2021. The upward trend was due mainly to the higher annual growth rate in the price index for transport at 12.9%, alcoholic beverages and tobacco at 7.9%, and food and non-alcoholic beverages at 5.9%. The following increases in price indices in 2022 also contributed to the increase in average inflation rate in 2022: housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels at 6.4%; clothing and footwear, 2.6%; furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance, 3.2%; recreation, sport and culture, 2.3%; restaurants and accommodation services, 4.1%; information and communication, 0.6% and personal care and miscellaneous goods and services, 3.0%.

***Producer Price Index***

The producer price index as of October 31, 2022 was 99.4, as compared to 92.7 as of October 31, 2021. The year-on-year PPI growth rate (2018=100) for these periods in 2021 and 2022 were 0.6% and 7.2%, respectively. The year-on-year increase in the PPI in October 2022 was attributable to annual expansions in the indices of 20 industry subdivisions, led by the manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products, which registered an annual growth of 14.4%. This was partially offset by contractions in the manufacture of machinery and equipment except electrical and printing and reproduction of recorded media subdivisions, with year-on-year declines of 3.0% and 0.1%, respectively, for the same periods in 2021 and 2022.

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***Employment and Wages***

The following table presents selected employment estimates for various sectors of the economy.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Selected Employment Information** | **Selected Employment Information** | **Selected Employment Information** | **Selected Employment Information** | **Selected Employment Information** | **Selected Employment Information** |
|  | **2017** | **2018<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2019<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2020<sup>(3)</sup>** | **2021<sup>(4)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(5)</sup>** |
|  | **(all figures in percentages except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages except as indicated)** | **(all figures in percentages except as indicated)** |
|  Employed persons (in thousands)<sup>(6)</sup> | 40334 | 41157 | 41961 | 39837 | 46274 | 47106 |
|  Unemployment rate | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 6.6 | 4.5 |
|  **Employment share by sector**: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing sector | 25.4 | 24.3 | 22.2 | 24.8 | 25.6 | 22.5 |
|  **Industry sector** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and quarrying | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing | 8.6 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 7.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Construction | 8.8 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total industry sector | 18.3 | 19.1 | 19.3 | 18.3 | 17.8 | 18.3 |
|  **Service sector** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transport and storage | 7.8 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 7.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 19.6 | 19.4 | 20.0 | 20.5 | 21.5 | 22.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Finance and housing<sup>(7)</sup> | 7.7 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 7.7 |
|  Other services<sup>(8)</sup> | 21.3 | 21.4 | 21.9 | 20.6 | 20.4 | 22.2 |
|  Total service sector | 56.3 | 56.6 | 58.4 | 56.9 | 56.6 | 59.2 |
|  Total employed | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Annual estimates were based on the final results of the 2018 Labor Force Survey.

(2) Annual estimates were based on the final results of the 2019 Labor Force Survey.

(3) Annual estimates were based on the final results of the 2020 Labor Force Survey.

(4) Preliminary results as of December 31, 2021 based on the 2021 Annual Estimates of Labor Force Survey
December rounds.

(5) Preliminary results as of October 2022 based on the 2022 Annual Estimates of Labor Force Survey October
rounds.

(6) Does not include Overseas Filipino Workers.

(7) Sum of financial and insurance activities, real estate activities and public administration and defense;
compulsory social security subsectors.

(8) Sum of all other service sectors excluding transport and storage, wholesale and retail trade; repair of
motor vehicles and motorcycles, finance and housing.

*Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority; Annual Labor and Employment Status; Labor Force Survey.* 

In October 2022, based on preliminary data, the total number of employed persons in the Republic, excluding OFWs, was estimated at 47.1 million. The unemployment rate was 4.5% in October 2022 based on preliminary data, lower than the 7.4% unemployment rate recorded in October 2021. The rate of labor force participation was 64.2% in October 2022, higher than 62.6% in October 2021. In October 2022, workers in the Republic were primarily employed in the service sector, representing 59.2% of the total employed population in the Republic, of which workers in the wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles comprised 22.0% of the total employed. Workers in the agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing sector and the industry sector comprised 22.5% and 18.3%, respectively, of the total employed in October 2022, compared to 24.6% and 17.8%, respectively, in October 2021.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following tables present employment information in the Republic by gender and by age group:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Percentage Distribution of<br>Population 15 Years Old and**<br>**over by Employment Status,<br>by Age Group** | **Percentage Distribution of<br>Population 15 Years Old and**<br>**over by Employment Status,<br>by Age Group** |
| **Age Group** | **October 2021** | **October 2022** |
|  | **(Unemployed)**<br> **(all figures in Percentages)** | **(Unemployed)**<br> **(all figures in Percentages)** |
|  Both sexes 15 - 24 | 31.0 | 34.6 |
| 25 - 34 | 33.1 | 37.8 |
| 35 - 44 | 16.5 | 14.1 |
| 45 - 54 | 11.4 | 8.0 |
| 55 - 64 | 6.9 | 4.4 |
|  65 and over | 1.1 | 1.2 |
|  Not reported | 0.0 | 0.0 |
|  Total for all ages | 100.0 | 100.0 |

---

------

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority; October 2022 Labor Force Survey.* 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Percentage Distribution of<br>Labor Force by Sex** | **Percentage Distribution of<br>Labor Force by Sex** |
|  | **October 2021** | **October 2022** |
|  | **(all figures in percentages)** | **(all figures in percentages)** |
|  Labor Force |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Male | 60.2 | 58.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Female | 39.8 | 41.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
|  Employed |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Male | 60.3 | 58.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Female | 39.7 | 41.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
|  Unemployed |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Male | 58.8 | 57.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Female | 41.2 | 42.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |

---

------

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority; October 2022 Labor Force Survey.* 

As of October 2022, 34.6% of the total unemployed population consisted of young people aged 15 to 24 years old, higher than the 31.0% recorded as of October 2021. In terms of gender, the female population represented 41.1% and 42.3% of the employed and unemployed workforce, respectively, as of October 2022, whereas the male population represented 58.8% and 57.7% of the employed and unemployed workforce, respectively, in October 2022.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Balance of Payments** 

The following table sets out the balance of payments of the Republic for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Balance of Payments** | **Balance of Payments** | **Balance of Payments** | **Balance of Payments** | **Balance of Payments** | **Balance of Payments** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Current account<sup>(2)</sup> | (2143) | (8877) | (3047) | 11578 | (6009) | (17815) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 124126 | 129980 | 136889 | 119867 | 130184 | 103933 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 126269 | 138857 | 139936 | 108289 | 136193 | 121748 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goods, Services, and Primary Income | (28295) | (35695) | (30996) | (15807) | (35469) | (40083) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total exports | 97229 | 102373 | 108143 | 91627 | 99773 | 81061 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total imports | 125525 | 138068 | 139139 | 107435 | 135242 | 121144 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goods and Services | (31522) | (39364) | (36272) | (19909) | (38718) | (43914) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 86646 | 90374 | 94741 | 80034 | 87790 | 71451 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 118168 | 129738 | 131013 | 99943 | 126508 | 115365 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goods | (40215) | (50972) | (49312) | (33775) | (52806) | (54377) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 51814 | 51977 | 53477 | 48212 | 54227 | 42737 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 92029 | 102949 | 102789 | 81987 | 107033 | 97114 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Services | 8693 | 11608 | 13039 | 13866 | 14088 | 10462 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 34832 | 38397 | 41264 | 31822 | 33563 | 28714 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 26139 | 26789 | 28225 | 17956 | 19475 | 18251 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Primary Income | 3226 | 3669 | 5276 | 4101 | 3249 | 3831 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 10583 | 11999 | 13402 | 11594 | 11983 | 9610 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 7357 | 8330 | 8125 | 7492 | 8734 | 5779 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Secondary Income | 26153 | 26818 | 27949 | 27386 | 29461 | 22268 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 26897 | 27607 | 28746 | 28240 | 30411 | 22872 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 745 | 788 | 797 | 854 | 950 | 604 |
|  Capital account<sup>(2)</sup> | 69 | 65 | 127 | 63 | 80 | 22 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 103 | 103 | 147 | 88 | 99 | 80 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 34 | 38 | 20 | 25 | 19 | 58 |
|  Financial account<sup>(3)</sup> | 2798 | (9332) | (8034) | (6906) | (7083) | (10320) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net acquisition of financial assets<sup>(4)</sup> | 6717 | 7522 | 7297 | 13286 | 9744 | (391) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net incurrence of liabilities<sup>(4)</sup> | 9515 | 16855 | 15331 | 20192 | 16827 | 9929 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investment | (6952) | (5833) | (5320) | (3260) | (10011) | (3749) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net acquisition of financial assets<sup>(4)</sup> | 3305 | 4116 | 3351 | 3562 | 2402 | 2963 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net incurrence of liabilities<sup>(4)</sup> | 10256 | 9949 | 8671 | 6822 | 12413 | 6713 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Portfolio investment | 2454 | 1448 | (2474) | (1680) | 10248 | 1989 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net acquisition of financial assets<sup>(4)</sup> | 1658 | 4740 | 2402 | 6567 | 7798 | 1079 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net incurrence of liabilities<sup>(4)</sup> | (796) | 3292 | 4876 | 8246 | (2450) | (910) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial derivatives | (51) | (53) | (173) | (199) | (603) | (767) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net acquisition of financial assets<sup>(4)</sup> | (503) | (679) | (874) | (796) | (1105) | (1166) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net incurrence of liabilities<sup>(4)</sup> | (453) | (626) | (701) | (596) | (502) | (399) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other investment | 1750 | (4894) | (67) | (1767) | (6717) | (7792) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net acquisition of financial assets<sup>(4)</sup> | 2257 | (654) | 2417 | 3953 | 649 | (3266) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net incurrence of liabilities<sup>(4)</sup> | 508 | 4240 | 2484 | 5720 | 7366 | 4526 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net unclassified items<sup>(5)</sup> | (1588) | (2826) | 2729 | (2526) | 190 | (357) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Overall balance of payments position<sup>(6)</sup> | (863) | (2306) | 7843 | 16022 | 1345 | (7875)<sup>(7)</sup> |

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Notes:

(1) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, unless otherwise stated.

(2) Balances in the current and capital accounts are derived by deducting debit entries from credit entries.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(3) Balances in the financial account are derived by deducting net incurrence of liabilities from net
acquisition of financial assets.

(4) Negative values of Net Acquisition of Financial Assets indicate withdrawal/disposal of financial assets;
negative values of Net Incurrence of Liabilities indicate repayment of liabilities.

(5) Net unclassified items is an offsetting account to the overstatement or understatement in either receipts or
payments of the recorded balance of payments components relative to the overall balance of payments position.

(6) The overall balance of payments position is calculated as the change in the country's net international
reserves, less non-economic transactions (revaluation and gold monetization/demonetization). Alternatively, it can be derived by adding the current and capital account balances less financial account plus net unclassified items.

(7) Preliminary data for the eleven months ended November 30, 2022.

*Source: Department of Economic Statistics, Bangko Sentral.* 

**Overall Balance of Payments Performance** 

In the first eleven months of 2022, based on preliminary data, the overall balance of payments position of the Republic recorded a surplus of $7.9 billion, compared to a deficit of $0.4 billion in the same period of 2021. The higher deficit was primarily a result of the widening of the current account deficit on account of a higher trade deficit, as imports were higher due to both higher volumes of imports and higher prices of imported goods.

***Current Account***

In the first nine months of 2022, according to preliminary data, the current account recorded a deficit of $17.8 billion, compared to a deficit of $2.3 billion in the first nine months of 2021. This deficit was primarily due to a 48.9% increase in the trade-in-goods deficit from $36.5 billion in the first nine months of 2021 to $54.4 billion in the first nine months of 2022. This effect was partially offset by higher net receipts in both primary and secondary income in the first nine months of 2022 compared to the same period of 2021 (of $3.8 billion compared to $2.3 billion and $22.3 billion compared to $21.6 billion, respectively). In addition to imports growing more than exports during the first nine months of 2022, higher import prices and weakening global demand contributed to the restraints on the current account.

***Goods Trade***

In the first nine months of 2022, according to preliminary data, the trade-in-goods deficit increased by 48.9% to $54.4 billion, compared to $36.5 billion in the first nine months of 2021. The higher deficit was primarily the result of a 26.1% increase in imports, which increased to $97.1 billion in the first nine months of 2022 compared to $77.0 billion in the first nine months of 2021, which effect was partially offset by a 5.6% increase in exports, which increased to $42.7 billion in the first nine months of 2022 compared to $40.5 billion in the first nine months of 2021. Increases in both exports as well as imports of goods were mainly due to the gradual reopening of the domestic economy due to the relative easing of COVID<sup>-</sup>19 containment measures during most of the period.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Exports of Goods***

The following table sets out the Republic's exports of goods by major commodity group, as reported by the PSA.

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** | **Exports by Major Commodity Groups** |
|  | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Growth<br>Rates** | **Growth<br>Rates** | **January-<br>October** | **January-<br>October** | **Growth<br>Rates** | **Percentage of<br>Total Exports** | **Percentage of<br>Total Exports** |
| **Commodities** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2020** | **2021** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **(%)** | **(%)** |  |  | **(%)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
|  | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** |
|  **Agricultural products** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Coconut products | 2051 | 1539 | 1294 | 1230 | 1940 | 2314 | (5.0) | 57.7 | 1514 | 2314 | 52.9 | 3.0 | 3.5 |
|  Sugar and products | 217 | 76 | 67 | 66 | 75 | 5 | (1.4) | 13.6 | 75 | 5 | (93.0) | 0.3 | 0.0 |
|  Fruits and vegetables | 1850 | 1980 | 2854 | 2624 | 2226 | 1886 | (8.0) | (15.2) | 1842 | 1886 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
|  Other agro-based products | 1013 | 990 | 953 | 864 | 999 | 935 | (9.3) | 15.6 | 812 | 935 | 15.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
|  Total agricultural based products | 5130 | 4585 | 5168 | 4784 | 5165 | 6075 | (7.4) | 8.0 | 4242 | 5140 | 21.2 | 7.5 | 9.2 |
|  Forest products | 184 | 257 | 358 | 297 | 377 | 306 | (16.9) | 26.9 | 315 | 306 | (2.7) | 0.3 | 0.5 |
|  Mineral products | 4285 | 4045 | 4675 | 5093 | 6721 | 6114 | 8.9 | 32.0 | 5800 | 6114 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 9.3 |
|  Petroleum products | 396 | 494 | 226 | 193 | 6 | 6 | (14.6) | (96.9) | 5 | 6 | 24.3 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
|  **Manufacturing** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Electronic products | 36536 | 38327 | 40022 | 37951 | 42496 | 37840 | (5.2) | 12.0 | 35103 | 37840 | 7.8 | 53.2 | 57.3 |
|  Other electronics | 3197 | 3302 | 3469 | 2724 | 3432 | 2909 | (21.5) | 26.0 | 2901 | 2909 | (0.3) | 4.7 | 4.4 |
|  Garments | 1099 | 974 | 928 | 652 | 742 | 702 | (29.7) | 13.8 | 615 | 702 | 14.1 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
|  Textile yarns/fabrics | 235 | 215 | 217 | 313 | 294 | 241 | 44.7 | (6.1) | 249 | 241 | (3.1) | 0.3 | 0.4 |
|  Footwear | 80 | 103 | 132 | 114 | 111 | 88 | (13.8) | (2.6) | 92 | 88 | (3.4) | 0.1 | 0.1 |
|  Travel goods and handbags | 485 | 597 | 745 | 420 | 647 | 605 | (43.6) | 54.0 | 519 | 605 | 16.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
|  Wood manufacturing | 1204 | 320 | 251 | 187 | 205 | 149 | (25.5) | 9.6 | 177 | 149 | (15.9) | 1.8 | 0.2 |
|  Furniture and fixtures | 337 | 353 | 299 | 344 | 381 | 255 | (15.2) | 10.8 | 322 | 255 | (20.9) | 0.5 | 0.4 |
|  Chemicals | 1786 | 1572 | 1508 | 1339 | 1936 | 1608 | (11.2) | 44.6 | 1591 | 1608 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 2.4 |
|  Non-metallic mineral manufacturing | 202 | 236 | 267 | 226 | 296 | 256 | (15.4) | 31.0 | 231 | 256 | 10.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
|  Machinery and transport equipment | 5093 | 4813 | 4031 | 2249 | 2371 | 1906 | (45.5) | 5.4 | 2038 | 1906 | (6.5) | 7.4 | 2.9 |
|  Processed food and beverages | 1395 | 1333 | 1330 | 1245 | 1461 | 1191 | (6.4) | 17.3 | 1224 | 1191 | (2.7) | 2.0 | 1.8 |
|  Iron and steel | 131 | 124 | 93 | 37 | 67 | 95 | (59.8) | 81.1 | 51 | 95 | 86.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
|  Baby carriages, toys, games and sporting goods | 214 | 222 | 269 | 237 | 294 | 278 | (11.9) | 24.1 | 257 | 278 | 8.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
|  Basketwork, wickerwork, and other articles of plaiting materials | 43 | 35 | 31 | 43 | 63 | 39 | 38.6 | 55.8 | 53 | 39 | (25.8) | 0.1 | 0.1 |
|  Miscellaneous | 729 | 1042 | 963 | 819 | 1018 | 762 | (15.0) | 24.3 | 859 | 762 | (11.3) | 1.1 | 1.2 |
|  Others | 4571 | 4639 | 4325 | 4881 | 5231 | 4366 | 12.8 | 7.2 | 4386 | 4366 | (0.5) | 6.7 | 6.6 |
|  Total Manufacturing | 57336 | 58207 | 58877 | 53779 | 61044 | 53289 | (8.7) | 13.5 | 50667 | 53289 | 5.2 | 83.4 | 80.7 |
|  Special transactions | 1382 | 1720 | 1623 | 1068 | 1265 | 1158.7 | (34.2) | 18.4 | 1072.6 | 1158.7 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 |
|  Total exports | 68713 | 69307 | 70927 | 65215 | 74653 | 66015 | (8.1) | 14.5 | 62101 | 66015 | 6.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 |

---

------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data for the ten months ended October 31, 2022.

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Bangko Sentral.* 

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table sets out the Republic's exports of goods by destination, as reported by the PSA.

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Export of Goods by Destination** | **Export of Goods by Destination** | **Export of Goods by Destination** | **Export of Goods by Destination** | **Export of Goods by Destination** | **Export of Goods by Destination** | **Percentage of<br>Total Exports** | **Percentage of<br>Total Exports** |
| **Country/Region** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
|  **North America<sup>(2)</sup>** | **10826** | **11849** | **12860** | **10971** | **13050** | **10270** | **15.8** | **17.6** |
|  United States | 9661 | 10636 | 11567 | 10018 | 11849 | 9211 | 14.1 | 15.8 |
|  **Europe<sup>(3)</sup>** | **10126** | **9465** | **8890** | **7570** | **9261** | **7267** | **14.7** | **12.5** |
|  European Union<sup>(4)</sup> | 9085 | 8373 | 7779 | 6536 | 8059 | 6318 | 13.2 | 10.8 |
|  **Asia**<sup>(5)</sup>  | **45513** | **45761** | **47101** | **44994** | **50371** | **39259** | **66.2** | **67.3** |
|  Japan | 10853 | 10323 | 10675 | 10034 | 10725 | 8357 | 15.8 | 14.3 |
|  People's Republic of China | 8017 | 8817 | 9814 | 9830 | 11553 | 8132 | 11.7 | 13.9 |
|  Hong Kong | 9024 | 9564 | 9625 | 9226 | 9932 | 7470 | 13.1 | 12.8 |
|  South Korea | 4334 | 2608 | 3241 | 2855 | 2574 | 2296 | 6.3 | 3.9 |
|  Singapore | 3973 | 4316 | 3832 | 3775 | 4195 | 3755 | 5.8 | 6.4 |
|  Taiwan | 2451 | 2521 | 2253 | 2121 | 2526 | 2126 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
|  Southeast Asia<sup>(6)</sup> | 6122 | 6832 | 6958 | 6441 | 7925 | 6468 | 8.9 | 11.1 |
|  **Oceania<sup>(7)</sup>** | **568** | **665** | **527** | **459** | **629** | **492** | **0.8** | **0.8** |
|  **Middle East<sup>(8)</sup>** | **1051** | **753** | **831** | **629** | **567** | **445** | **1.5** | **0.8** |
|  **Others<sup>(9)</sup>** | **629** | **814** | **717** | **592** | **775** | **580** | **0.9** | **1.0** |
|  **Total** | **68713** | **69307** | **70927** | **65215** | **74653** | **58313** | **100.0** | **100.0** |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Based on preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

(2) Includes the United States, Canada, and others.

(3) Includes the European Union, Switzerland, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and others.

(4) Includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Federal
Republic of Germany, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Romania.

(5) Includes Japan, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, Bangladesh. Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, and others.

(6) Includes only Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and Laos.

(7) Includes Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Island, and others.

(8) Includes Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (including Abu Dhabi), and others.

(9) Includes countries in Central America, South America (including Brazil), Africa, and others.

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Bangko Sentral.* 

In the first ten months of 2022, according to preliminary PSA data, total exports of goods increased by 6.3% to $66.0 billion, from the $62.1 billion recorded in the first ten months of 2021. This was primarily a result of the relative easing of COVID-19 containment measures in effect during most of the period, which resulted in a 5.2% increase in exports of manufactured goods from $50.7 billion in the first ten months of 2021 to $53.3 billion in the first ten months of 2022. The 21.2% increase in exports of agricultural products from $4.2 billion in the first ten months of 2021 to $5.1 billion in the first ten months of 2022 also contributed to the increase in total exports of goods.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Imports of Goods***

The following table sets out the sources of the Philippines' imports of goods by commodity group.

---

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** | **Imports of Goods by Commodity Group** |
|  | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Annual** | **Growth<br>Rates** | **Growth<br>Rates** | **January-<br>October** | **January-<br>October** | **Growth<br>Rate** | **Percentage of<br>Total<br>Imports** | **Percentage of<br>Total<br>Imports** |
| **Commodities** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2020** | **2021** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **(%)** | **(%)** |  |  | **(%)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
|  | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** |
|  Capital goods | 31469 | 35285 | 37434 | 29752 | 35468 | 31760 | (20.5) | 19.2 | 28871 | 31760 | 10.0 | 32.7 | 30.6 |
|  **Raw materials and intermediate goods** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Unprocessed raw materials | 4276 | 4851 | 3576 | 3576 | 4400 | 4986 | (8.7) | 23.0 | 3566 | 4986 | 39.8 | 4.4 | 3.8 |
|  Semi-processed raw materials | 32662 | 39979 | 37041 | 32893 | 43587 | 39747 | (11.2) | 32.5 | 35408 | 39747 | 12.3 | 34.0 | 37.5 |
|  Raw materials and intermediate goods | 36938 | 44830 | 40617 | 36158 | 47988 | 44733 | (11.0) | 32.7 | 38974 | 44733 | 14.8 | 38.4 | 41.2 |
|  Mineral fuels and lubricants | 10796 | 14041 | 13362 | 7635 | 13625 | 20342 | (42.9) | 78.55 | 10549 | 20342 | 92.8 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
|  **Consumer goods** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Durable | 9467 | 9804 | 10176 | 7196 | 9015 | 8730 | (29.3) | 25.3 | 7208 | 8730 | 21.1 | 9.9 | 7.6 |
|  Non-durable | 6931 | 8202 | 9081 | 8251 | 9841 | 9750 | (9.2) | 19.3 | 8103 | 9750 | 20.3 | 7.2 | 8.6 |
|  Total consumer goods | 16398 | 18006 | 19260 | 15447 | 18856 | 18480 | (19.8) | 22.1 | 15311 | 18480 | 20.7 | 17.1 | 16.2 |
|  Special transactions<sup>(1)</sup> | 493 | 680 | 920 | 820 | 946 | 680 | (10.8) | 15.4 | 798 | 680 | (14.8) | 0.6 | 0.8 |
|  Total imports | 96093 | 112841 | 111593 | 89812 | 116883 | 115994 | (19.5) | 30.1 | 94504 | 115994 | 22.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Excludes value of goods that do not involve change in ownership such as consigned, returned/replacement and
temporarily imported goods.

(2) Preliminary data for the ten months ended October 31, 2022.

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Bangko Sentral.* 

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Import of Goods by Source/Origin** | **Import of Goods by Source/Origin** | **Import of Goods by Source/Origin** | **Import of Goods by Source/Origin** | **Import of Goods by Source/Origin** | **Import of Goods by Source/Origin** | **Percentage of<br>Total Imports** | **Percentage of<br>Total Imports** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2017** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **($ millions)** | **(%)** | **(%)** |
|  North America<sup>(2)</sup> | 8582 | 9007 | 8781 | 7555 | 8749 | 7591 | 9.0 | 7.2 |
|  United States | 7784 | 8062 | 8072 | 6922 | 7751 | 6706 | 8.1 | 6.4 |
|  **Europe<sup>(3)</sup>** | **7848** | **10854** | **11117** | **8052** | **9638** | **7871** | **8.2** | **7.5** |
|  European Union<sup>(4)</sup> | 6644 | 7901 | 8531 | 6036 | 7673 | 5966 | 6.9 | 5.7 |
|  **Asia<sup>(5)</sup>** | **71879** | **83184** | **84186** | **69460** | **91214** | **81102** | **74.9** | **77.3** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Japan | 10912 | 10818 | 10580 | 8616 | 11108 | 9574 | 11.4 | 9.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; People's Republic of China | 17464 | 22015 | 25496 | 20868 | 26799 | 21034 | 18.2 | 20.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hong Kong | 2715 | 3046 | 3598 | 2784 | 3268 | 2465 | 2.8 | 2.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; South Korea | 8465 | 11312 | 8477 | 6895 | 9351 | 10006 | 8.8 | 9.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Singapore | 3973 | 6174 | 6658 | 5622 | 6948 | 6538 | 5.8 | 6.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Taiwan | 5090 | 5500 | 4753 | 4683 | 5763 | 5249 | 5.3 | 5.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Southeast Asia<sup>(6)</sup> | 19616 | 22250 | 22465 | 18153 | 25453 | 24380 | 20.5 | 23.2 |
|  **Oceania<sup>(7)</sup>** | **2635** | **2461** | **2213** | **1443** | **2310** | **2606** | **2.7** | **2.5** |
|  **Middle East<sup>(8)</sup>** | **3800** | **5685** | **3704** | **1867** | **2999** | **3906** | **4.0** | **3.7** |
|  **Others<sup>(9)</sup>** | **1350** | **1650** | **717** | **1592** | **1974** | **1887** | **1.3** | **1.8** |
|  **Total** | **96093** | **112841** | **111593** | **89812** | **116883** | **104964** | **100.0** | **100.0** |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

------

Notes:

(1) Based on preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

(2) Includes the United States, Canada, and others.

(3) Includes the European Union, Switzerland, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and others.

(4) Includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Federal
Republic of Germany, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Romania.

(5) Includes Japan, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, Bangladesh. Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, and others.

(6) Includes only Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Laos.

(7) Includes Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Island, and others.

(8) Includes Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (including Abu Dhabi), and others.

(9) Includes countries in Central America, South America (including Brazil), Africa, and others.

*Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Bangko Sentral.* 

In the first ten months of 2022, according to preliminary PSA data, total imports of goods increased by 22.7% to $116.0 billion, from the $94.5 billion recorded in the first ten months of 2021. This was primarily a result of the relative easing of COVID-19 containment measures in effect during most of the period, which resulted in increases in imports of capital goods, raw materials and intermediate goods, mineral fuels and lubricants, and consumer goods by 10.0%, 14.8%, 92.8% and 20.7% to $31.8 billion, $44.7 billion, $20.3 billion, and $18.5 billion in the first ten months of 2022, respectively, from $28.9 billion, $39.0 billion, $10.6 billion, and $15.3 billion, respectively, in the first ten months of 2021.

***Services***

The following table sets out the Republic's services by sector for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** |
|  Total services | 8693 | 11608 | 13039 | 13866 | 14088 | 10462 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 34832 | 38397 | 41264 | 31822 | 33563 | 28714 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 26139 | 26789 | 28225 | 17956 | 19475 | 18251 |
|  Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others | 3453 | 4140 | 4339 | 4152 | 5033 | 3816 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 3453 | 4140 | 4339 | 4152 | 5033 | 3816 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Maintenance and repair services | (51) | (54) | (61) | (11) | (8) | (40) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 80 | 83 | 110 | 59 | 42 | 79 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 132 | 136 | 171 | 70 | 50 | 119 |
|  Transport | (2533) | (2653) | (2280) | (2525) | (3493) | (2966) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 2485 | 2703 | 2883 | 1669 | 1568 | 1989 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 5018 | 5356 | 5164 | 4194 | 5060 | 4955 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of which: Passenger | 768 | 865 | 787 | 460 | 163 | 362 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 1361 | 1475 | 1674 | 708 | 353 | 760 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 592 | 611 | 887 | 248 | 190 | 398 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of which: Freight | (3188) | (3434) | (3046) | (3132) | (3989) | (3744) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 687 | 764 | 763 | 564 | 672 | 557 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 3875 | 4197 | 3809 | 3696 | 4661 | 4301 |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** | **Service Trade** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** | **($ in million)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of which: Other | (113) | (84) | (282) | 147 | 333 | 416 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 438 | 464 | 446 | 396 | 542 | 673 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 550 | 548 | 468 | 249 | 209 | 256 |
|  Travel | (4861) | (3623) | (2257) | (2298) | (2661) | (1088) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 6988 | 8240 | 9781 | 1791 | 600 | 2060 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 11850 | 11863 | 12038 | 4088 | 3262 | 3148 |
|  Construction services | (6) | (12) | (5) | (11) | 41 | 19 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 57 | 61 | 66 | 85 | 88 | 55 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 63 | 73 | 71 | 97 | 47 | 37 |
|  Insurance and pension services | (1417) | (1379) | (1554) | (1314) | (1749) | (1454) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 85 | 86 | 90 | 75 | 101 | 78 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 1502 | 1465 | 1644 | 1389 | 1850 | 1532 |
|  Financial services | (268) | (287) | (539) | (453) | (162) | (559) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 237 | 279 | 232 | 90 | 187 | 164 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 506 | 566 | 772 | 543 | 349 | 723 |
|  Charges for the use of intellectual property | (734) | (873) | (805) | (504) | (590) | (393) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 17 | 44 | 28 | 15 | 33 | 9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 751 | 917 | 833 | 519 | 623 | 402 |
|  Telecommunications, computer, and information services | 4787 | 4949 | 4766 | 4414 | 4179 | 3462 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 5638 | 5940 | 6098 | 5930 | 6300 | 4982 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 852 | 991 | 1332 | 1515 | 2121 | 1520 |
|  Other business services | 10596 | 12025 | 11981 | 12815 | 13986 | 9964 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 15580 | 16653 | 17456 | 17798 | 19478 | 15379 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 4984 | 4628 | 5475 | 4983 | 5492 | 5415 |
|  Personal, cultural and recreational services | 3 | (125) | (26) | (18) | (103) | (31) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 191 | 149 | 161 | 136 | 112 | 87 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 188 | 274 | 187 | 154 | 214 | 118 |
|  Government services | (275) | (499) | (520) | (381) | (385) | (267) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exports | 19 | 19 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 16 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imports | 294 | 518 | 539 | 403 | 407 | 283 |

---

------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

In the first nine months of 2022, according to preliminary data, the trade-in-services account showed a 1.6% increase from a $10.3 billion surplus in the first nine months of 2021 to a $10.5 billion surplus. This resulted in a 42.6% decrease in the deficit from travel services, from $1.9 billion in the first nine months of 2021 to $1.1 billion in the first nine months of 2022, and a 14.1% increase in the surplus for telecommunications, computer and information services, from $3.0 billion in the first nine months of 2021 to $3.5 billion in the first nine months of 2022. These factors were partially offset by an increase of 15.6% in the deficit for transport services, from $2.6 billion in the first nine months of 2021 to $3.0 billion in the first nine months of 2022.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Primary Income***

The following table sets out the Republic's primary income for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Total Primary Income | 3226 | 3669 | 5276 | 4101 | 3249 | 3831 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 10583 | 11999 | 13402 | 11594 | 11983 | 9610 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 7357 | 8330 | 8125 | 7492 | 8734 | 5779 |
|  Compensation of employees | 7769 | 8130 | 8685 | 8413 | 8662 | 6508 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 7926 | 8288 | 8827 | 8549 | 8825 | 6641 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 157 | 158 | 142 | 136 | 163 | 133 |
|  Investment income | (4542) | (4461) | (3409) | (4311) | (5413) | (2677) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 2658 | 3711 | 4575 | 3045 | 3158 | 2969 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 7200 | 8172 | 7894 | 7356 | 8571 | 5647 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investment | (3067) | (3619) | (2740) | (3076) | (4161) | (2045) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 960 | 1471 | 2033 | 1218 | 1023 | 954 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 4027 | 5090 | 4773 | 4293 | 5184 | 2999 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income on equity and investment fund shares | (3490) | (3994) | (3410) | (3476) | (4672) | (1972) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 240 | 379 | 565 | 362 | 384 | 218 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 3730 | 4373 | 3975 | 3838 | 5056 | 2190 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividends and withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations | (2756) | (3170) | (2379) | (2682) | (3530) | (1146) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 111 | 306 | 464 | 212 | 253 | 120 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 2867 | 3476 | 2843 | 2894 | 3784 | 1266 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reinvested earnings | (734) | (824) | (1031) | (794) | (1141) | (826) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 129 | 73 | 101 | 150 | 131 | 98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 863 | 897 | 1132 | 944 | 1272 | 924 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest | 423 | 375 | 670 | 400 | 510 | (73) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 720 | 1092 | 1468 | 855 | 639 | 736 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 297 | 717 | 798 | 455 | 128 | 809 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Portfolio investment | (2210) | (2041) | (2004) | (1962) | (2264) | (2036) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 394 | 427 | 377 | 456 | 693 | 306 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 2604 | 2469 | 2380 | 2417 | 2957 | 2342 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Income on equity and investment fund shares | (1092) | (1003) | (985) | (825) | (846) | (772) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 2 | 11 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 1094 | 1014 | 986 | 835 | 852 | 772 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividends on equity excluding investment fund shares | (1092) | (1003) | (985) | (825) | (846) | (772) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 2 | 11 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 1094 | 1014 | 986 | 835 | 852 | 772 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest | (1119) | (1038) | (1019) | (1136) | (1418) | (1265) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 391 | 416 | 375 | 446 | 687 | 305 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 1510 | 1455 | 1394 | 1582 | 2105 | 1570 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Short term | (44) | (12) | (5) | (84) | (385) | (199) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 18 | 9 | 8 | 118 | 133 | 9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 62 | 21 | 12 | 202 | 518 | 208 |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** | **Primary Income** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long term | (1075) | (1026) | (1014) | (1052) | (1033) | (1065) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 373 | 408 | 367 | 328 | 555 | 296 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 1447 | 1434 | 1381 | 1380 | 1587 | 1362 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Central Banks | (18) | (18) | (13) | (12) | (12) | (5) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporation, except the central bank | (49) | (65) | (143) | (143) | (145) | (137) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General government | (1080) | (1128) | (1100) | (1073) | (1261) | (1071) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other sectors | 72 | 185 | 242 | 176 | 384 | 147 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 373 | 408 | 367 | 328 | 555 | 296 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 301 | 223 | 125 | 152 | 171 | 149 |
|  Other investment income | (214) | (15) | (192) | (381) | (294) | 82 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 355 | 598 | 639 | 264 | 136 | 388 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 569 | 613 | 831 | 645 | 429 | 305 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Central banks | (5) | (10) | (12) | (4) | (1) | (11) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 5 | 10 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 11 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | 160 | 283 | 275 | 105 | 58 | 199 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 230 | 379 | 420 | 196 | 115 | 242 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 70 | 96 | 145 | 91 | 57 | 44 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General government | (281) | (347) | (467) | (374) | (214) | (174) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other sectors | (88) | 59 | 12 | (108) | (136) | 69 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 125 | 219 | 219 | 69 | 21 | 145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 213 | 160 | 207 | 176 | 157 | 76 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Preliminary data.

(2) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

In the first nine months of 2022, according to preliminary data, the primary income account recorded a surplus of $3.8 billion, a 69.1% increase from the $2.3 billion surplus recorded in the first nine months of 2021. The increased surplus was primarily the result of the combined effect of the 13.4% drop in primary income payments to $5.8 billion and 7.6% increase in primary income receipts to $9.6 billion during the period compared to the first nine months of 2021.

***Secondary Income***

The following table sets out the Republic's secondary income for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Total Secondary Income | 26153 | 26818 | 27949 | 27512 | 29461 | 22268 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 26897 | 27607 | 28746 | 28388 | 30411 | 22872 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 745 | 788 | 797 | 875 | 950 | 604 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General Government | 569 | 554 | 846 | 648 | 680 | 367 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 636 | 583 | 883 | 687 | 719 | 408 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 67 | 29 | 37 | 39 | 39 | 40 |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** | **Secondary Income** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial corporations, nonfinancial corporations, households and non-profit institutions serving households | 25584 | 26264 | 27103 | 26864 | 28781 | 21900 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 26261 | 27024 | 27863 | 27700 | 29692 | 22464 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 677 | 759 | 760 | 836 | 911 | 564 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Personal transfers | 24795 | 25421 | 26256 | 26259 | 27767 | 21145 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Receipts | 24884 | 25521 | 26341 | 26334 | 27860 | 21230 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Payments | 89 | 100 | 84 | 75 | 93 | 85 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other current transfers | 789 | 844 | 846 | 605 | 1014 | 755 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Credit | 1377 | 1502 | 1523 | 1367 | 1832 | 1234 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debit | 588 | 659 | 676 | 761 | 818 | 478 |

---

------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

In the first nine months of 2022, according to preliminary data, the secondary income account recorded a surplus of $22.3 billion, 2.9% higher than the $21.6 billion recorded in the first nine months of 2021. This increased surplus was mainly due to a 3.3% increase in the surpluses recorded in the financial corporations, nonfinancial corporations, households, and non-profit institutions serving households account, from $21.9 billion in the first nine months of 2021 to $21.1 billion in the first nine months of 2022.

**Financial Account** 

The following table sets out the Republic's direct investments for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Total direct investment | (6952) | (5833) | (5320) | (3260) | (10011) | (3749) |
|  Net acquisition of financial assets | 3305 | 4116 | 3351 | 3561 | 2402 | 2963 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investor in direct investment enterprises | 1758 | 1029 | 926 | 125 | 285 | 305 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Placements | 2027 | 1123 | 1103 | 248 | 501 | 430 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Withdrawals | 270 | 94 | 178 | 123 | 216 | 126 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reinvestment of earnings | 129 | 73 | 101 | 150 | 131 | 98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt instruments | 1419 | 3014 | 2325 | 3287 | 1986 | 2561 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investor in direct investment enterprises | 6 | 7 | 418 | 22 | 401 | 128 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investment enterprises in direct investor | 1413 | 3007 | 1907 | 3265 | 1584 | 2433 |
|  Net incurrence of liabilities | 10256 | 9949 | 8671 | 6822 | 12413 | 6713 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Equity and investment fund shares | 4261 | 3242 | 3427 | 2651 | 4575 | 2019 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investor in direct investment enterprises | 3398 | 2346 | 2295 | 1706 | 3303 | 1095 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Placements | 3885 | 2935 | 3002 | 2099 | 3702 | 1287 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Withdrawals | 487 | 590 | 706 | 392 | 399 | 192 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reinvestment of earnings | 863 | 897 | 1132 | 944 | 1272 | 924 |

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** | **Direct Investments** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Debt instruments | 5996 | 6706 | 5244 | 4172 | 7838 | 4694 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investor in direct investment enterprises | 5856 | 6367 | 4500 | 3868 | 7464 | 4539 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Direct investment enterprises in direct investor | 140 | 339 | 744 | 304 | 374 | 155 |

---

------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

The following table sets out the Republic's portfolio investments for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Portfolio Investments** | **Portfolio Investments** | **Portfolio Investments** | **Portfolio Investments** | **Portfolio Investments** | **Portfolio Investments** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Portfolio Investment | 2454 | 1448 | (2474) | (1680) | 10248 | 1989 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net acquisition of financial assets | 1658 | 4740 | 2402 | 6567 | 7798 | 1079 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Equity and investment fund shares | 743 | 85 | 702 | 1014 | 1785 | 170 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Central banks | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | (9) | (42) | 81 | 2 | (35) | (10) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other sectors | 752 | 127 | 622 | 1012 | 1820 | 179 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities | 915 | 4655 | 1700 | 5553 | 6013 | 909 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Central bank | 32 | (5) | 95 | 1378 | 3414 | 31 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | 445 | 3190 | 1983 | 1985 | (1414) | 275 |
|  Other sectors | 437 | 1471 | (379) | 2190 | 4013 | 603 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net incurrence of liabilities | (796) | 3292 | 4876 | 8246 | (2450) | (910) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Equity and investment fund shares | 496 | (1031) | 1764 | (2541) | (975) | (501) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | 0 | (487) | (99) | (739) | 803 | 550 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other sectors | 495 | (544) | 1863 | (1802) | (1778) | (1051) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt securities | (1292) | 4324 | 3112 | 10787 | (1475) | (409) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Central bank | (15) | 1 | (6) | (24) | (7) | (8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | 214 | 1491 | 1304 | 424 | (1069) | (106) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General government | (299) | 3111 | 600 | 6094 | 225 | 1004 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other sectors | (1192) | (280) | 1214 | 4294 | (623) | (1300) |

---

------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table sets out the Republic's other investments for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Other Investments** | **Other Investments** | **Other Investments** | **Other Investments** | **Other Investments** | **Other Investments** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Total other investment | 1750 | (4894) | (67) | (1767) | (6717) | (7792) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net acquisition of financial assets | 2257 | (654) | 2417 | 3953 | 649 | (3266) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency and deposits | 1542 | (1430) | 1019 | 2673 | (631) | (1556) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | 517 | (891) | 787 | 1240 | 184 | (1615) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other sectors | 1025 | (539) | 232 | 1433 | (815) | 59 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans | 629 | 425 | 1210 | 1174 | 1165 | (1805) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | 629 | 425 | 1210 | 1174 | 1165 | (1805) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Trade credits and advances<sup>(2)</sup> | 90 | 344 | 188 | 118 | 141 | 98 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other accounts receivable | (4) | 7 | 0 | (12) | (26) | (3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net incurrence of liabilities | 508 | 4240 | 2484 | 5720 | 7366 | 4526 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Currency and deposits | 654 | 121 | 169 | (333) | 380 | 291 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loans | (676) | 3560 | 2111 | 6462 | 4151 | 3001 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank | 37 | 1722 | 267 | (3260) | (1166) | (404) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Short-term | 37 | 1722 | 267 | (3260) | (1166) | (404) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General government | 223 | 873 | 1463 | 7334 | 4148 | 3072 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term drawings | 1382 | 2065 | 2627 | 8517 | 5340 | 3789 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term repayments | 1158 | 1192 | 1164 | 1182 | 1192 | 717 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other sectors | (937) | 965 | 382 | 2387 | 1169 | 334 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Long-term | (558) | 687 | 263 | 1932 | 712 | 645 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Drawings | 2386 | 3049 | 2219 | 3507 | 2604 | 1731 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repayments | 2945 | 2363 | 1956 | 1576 | 1892 | 1087 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Short-term | (378) | 278 | 118 | 456 | 457 | (310) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Trade credits and advances | 476 | 720 | 117 | (787) | 265 | 1248 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other accounts payable—other | 55 | (162) | 87 | 378 | (202) | (15) |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

(2) All trade credits are short-term credits in non-governmental sectors.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

According to preliminary data, the financial account recorded a net outflow of $10.3 billion in the first nine months of 2022, representing a 723.8% increase from the net outflow of $1.3 billion recorded in the first nine months of 2021. This was primarily due to the reduction in net inflows of portfolio investments alongside the increase in net outflows from the other investment account and trading of financial derivatives. This was offset in part by the lower net outflows in the direct investment account.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Foreign Direct Investment** 

The following table sets out foreign direct investments in the Philippines by industry.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Industry<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Industry<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Industry<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Industry<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Industry<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Industry<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(3)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  **Industry** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Total equity other than reinvestment of earnings, net | 3397.9 | 2345.6 | 2295.2 | 1706.3 | 3302.7 | 1094.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 20.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 3.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining and quarrying | 8.9 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 6.0 | 1.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Manufacturing | 1181.8 | 1094.9 | 303.2 | 754.0 | 550.6 | 386.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 1388.0 | 199.2 | 307.3 | (38.3) | 2065.4 | (13.2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities | 1.3 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 4.7 | (8.5) | 0.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Construction | 162.4 | 42.7 | 66.0 | 99.8 | 51.8 | 153.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 83.1 | (18.0) | (180.7) | 93.4 | 52.9 | 48.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transportation and storage | 49.5 | 11.2 | 104.8 | 102.9 | 38.0 | 28.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accommodation and food service activities | (38.4) | 6.7 | 20.6 | 7.8 | 10.2 | 10.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Information and communication | 38.3 | 15.9 | 357.1 | 130.0 | 55.3 | 90.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Financial and insurance activities | 141.5 | 454.2 | 949.7 | 230.5 | 269.3 | 208.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Real estate activities | 247.8 | 294.2 | 250.4 | 187.9 | 137.5 | 131.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Professional, scientific and technical activities | 66.0 | 15.0 | 8.1 | 24.4 | 45.5 | 27.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Administrative and support service activities | (5.6) | 22.1 | 59.5 | 90.7 | 12.9 | 7.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Public administration and defense; compulsory social security | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 7.3 | 0.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Human health and social work activities | 23.9 | 2.0 | 32.2 | 14.3 | 4.6 | 1.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Arts, entertainment and recreation | 27.9 | 198.4 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other service activities | 0.1 | 0.5 | (1.0) | 0.1 | 0.3 | 6.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others, not elsewhere classified<sup>(4)</sup> | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
|  Reinvestment of earnings | 862.6 | 896.6 | 1132.0 | 944.2 | 1272.3 | 924.2 |
|  Debt instruments | 5995.9 | 6706.4 | 5244.2 | 4171.6 | 7837.7 | 4693.8 |
|  Total | 10256.4 | 9948.6 | 8671.4 | 6822.1 | 12412.6 | 6712.5 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Data restated using the 2009 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification and in accordance with the BPM6
framework. Pursuant to BPM6, net FDI flows refer to non-residents' net equity capital (calculated as placements less withdrawals plus reinvestment of earnings plus debt instruments (i.e., net intercompany borrowings)).

(2) Preliminary data.

(3) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

(4) Covers non-residents investments in non-banks sourced from the Cross-Border Transactions Survey and in local
banks; sectoral or industry breakdown statistics are not available.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
The following table sets out foreign direct investments in the Philippines by country.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Country<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Country<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Country<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Country<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Country<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Net Foreign Direct Investment by Country<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(3)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  **Country** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Total equity other than reinvestment of earnings, net | 3397.9 | 2345.6 | 2295.2 | 1706.3 | 3302.7 | 1094.5 |
|  Japan | 72.1 | 85.6 | 304.7 | 720.5 | 584.9 | 389.1 |
|  North America<sup>(4)</sup> | 467.7 | 177.3 | 292.8 | 158.6 | 141.6 | 178.7 |
|  United Kingdom | 9.4 | 43.2 | 9.1 | 43.3 | 15.8 | 18.5 |
|  European Union<sup>(5)</sup> | 1777.3 | 313.2 | 351.5 | 278.6 | 26.1 | 24.5 |
|  Other Europe<sup>(6)</sup> | 14.1 | 6.8 | 22.0 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 23.3 |
|  Asia<sup>(7)</sup> | 110.0 | 210.4 | 283.6 | 70.6 | 17.5 | 52.0 |
|  Asia Newly Industrialized Economies (ANIES)<sup>(8)</sup> | 203.8 | 490.3 | 288.2 | 98.2 | 102.6 | 38.0 |
|  ASEAN<sup>(9)</sup> | 725.5 | 1070.2 | 662.2 | 295.8 | 2375.0 | 398.6 |
|  Australia and New Zealand | (2.8) | (105.9) | (1.9) | (3.8) | (7.6) | 4.4 |
|  Central and South America<sup>(10)</sup> | 7.4 | 37.5 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 7.2 |
|  Others | 13.4 | 17.2 | 77.4 | 37.2 | 38.2 | 9.3 |
|  International organization | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
|  Reinvestment of earnings<sup>(11)</sup> | 862.6 | 896.6 | 1132.0 | 944.2 | 1272.3 | 924.2 |
|  Debt instruments<sup>(11)</sup> | 5995.9 | 6706.4 | 5244.2 | 4171.6 | 7837.7 | 4693.8 |
|  Total | 10256.4 | 9948.6 | 8671.4 | 6822.1 | 12412.6 | 6712.5 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Data restated using the 2009 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification and in accordance with the BPM6
framework. Pursuant to BPM6, net FDI flows refers to non-residents' net equity capital (calculated as placements less withdrawals plus reinvestment of earnings plus debt instruments (i.e., net intercompany borrowings)).

(2) Preliminary data.

(3) Preliminary data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

(4) Includes the United States and Canada.

(5) The United Kingdom left the European Union effective January 1, 2021. For comparability across periods,
data prior to January 1, 2021 were revised to reflect the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union.

(6) Includes Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Romania, Russian Federation,
Switzerland and Ukraine.

(7) Includes China, India, Pakistan and Western, Central, South and East Asia except South Korea, Hong Kong,
Taiwan and ASEAN countries.

(8) Includes South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

(9) Includes Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

(10) Includes Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Panama and other Central and South American countries.

(11) Country breakdowns for debt instruments are not available.

In the first nine months of 2022, according to preliminary data, net inflows of foreign direct investment were $6.7 billion, 10.0% lower than the $7.5 billion recorded in the first nine months of 2021. The lower inflows were mainly due to a decrease in net debt instruments, from $5.3 billion in the first nine months of 2021 to $4.7 billion in the first nine months of 2022. Foreign direct investments decreased primarily as a result of the decrease in net investments in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply from a net inflow of $246.8 million in the first nine months of 2021 to a net outflow of $13.2 million in the first nine months of 2022, as well as a decrease

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
in the net investments in transportation and storage from a net inflow of $35.1 million in the first nine months of 2021 to a net inflow of $28.6 million in the first nine months of 2022. These were partially offset by an increase in net investments in construction from a net inflow of $23.2 million in the first nine months of 2021 to a net inflow of $153.3 million in the first nine months of 2022, and an increase in net investments in real estate activities from a net inflow of $107.3 million in the first nine months of 2021 to a net inflow of $131.9 million in the first nine months of 2022.

The contribution of new equity investments to net inflows of foreign direct investment decreased to $1,094.5.0 million in the first nine months of 2022 from $1,127.6 million in the first nine months of 2021. Foreign direct investment decreased primarily as a result of decreases in new equity investments of foreign direct investment from the ANIEs countries and Singapore to net inflows of $398.6 million and $282.0 million, respectively, in the first nine months of 2022 from net inflows of $533.5 million and $506.5 million, respectively, in the first nine months of 2021. These were partially offset by increases in net inflows from Malaysia from a net inflow of $15.9 million in the first nine months of 2021 to a net inflow of $105.7 million in the first nine months of 2022. Reinvestment of earnings in the Republic decreased to $924.2 million in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $1.0 billion in the first nine months of 2021.

**International Reserves** 

The following table sets out the gross international reserves of the Bangko Sentral, compiled in a manner consistent with the revised balance of payments framework and the treatment of IMF accounts in the depository corporations survey published in the IMF's International Financial Statistics.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Gross International Reserves of Bangko Sentral** | **Gross International Reserves of Bangko Sentral** | **Gross International Reserves of Bangko Sentral** | **Gross International Reserves of Bangko Sentral** | **Gross International Reserves of Bangko Sentral** | **Gross International Reserves of Bangko Sentral** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions, except months and percentages)** | **($ in millions, except months and percentages)** | **($ in millions, except months and percentages)** | **($ in millions, except months and percentages)** | **($ in millions, except months and percentages)** | **($ in millions, except months and percentages)** |
|  **Sector** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Reserve position in the IMF<sup>(2)</sup> | 424.4 | 473.8 | 590.4 | 813.1 | 801.6 | 789.4 |
|  Gold | 8336.9 | 8153.5 | 8015.9 | 11605.3 | 9332.8 | 9282.3 |
|  SDRs | 1210.8 | 1183.7 | 1181.9 | 1232.9 | 3938.9 | 3705.9 |
|  Foreign investments | 65815.3 | 66732.9 | 75303.8 | 93644.5 | 91624.5 | 81320.3 |
|  Foreign exchange<sup>(3)</sup> | 5782.5 | 2649.5 | 2747.5 | 2821.6 | 3096.6 | 912.4 |
|  Total | 81569.9 | 79193.4 | 87839.5 | 110117.4 | 108794.4 | 96010.3 |
|  Total as number of months of imports of goods and services | 7.8 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 12.3 | 9.7 | 7.3 |
|  Total as a % of short-term debt<sup>(4)</sup> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Original maturity | 571.4 | 492.9 | 510.5 | 775.0 | 721.0 | 586.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Residual maturity | 419.3 | 364.9 | 396.5 | 529.0 | 552.9 | 385.2 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Preliminary data for 2022.

(2) The reserve position in the IMF refers to the country's claim on the IMF's General Resources
Account. It is an asset of the Government but is treated as part of the gross international reserves.

(3) Consists of time deposits, investments in securities issued or guaranteed by Government or international
organizations and repurchase agreements.

(4) Short-term debt based on residual maturity refers to outstanding short-term external debt on original
maturity plus principal payments on medium-and long-term loans of the public and private sectors due within the next 12 months.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
Preliminary data indicates that gross international reserves were $96.0 billion as of December 31, 2022, representing a decrease from the $108.8 billion recorded as of December 31, 2021. This decrease was mainly due to a decrease of $10.3 billion in foreign investments to $81.3 billion as of December 31, 2022 from $91.6 billion as of December 31, 2021. The level of gross international reserves as of December 31, 2022 was sufficient to cover approximately 7.3 months of imports of goods and payments of services and income, and was equivalent to 5.9 times the Republic's short-term debt based on original maturity and 3.9 times based on residual maturity. Net international reserves at the end of December 31, 2022 were $96.0 billion.

**Monetary System** 

***Monetary Policy***

As of September 30, 2022, Bangko Sentral, according to audited financial information, had total assets of ₱7,338.3 billion, of which international reserves accounted for ₱5,412.4 billion. Bangko Sentral's remaining assets consisted mainly of domestic securities, loans and advances, bank premises and other fixed assets and other assets, and its liabilities consist mainly of currency in circulation and deposits from banks and quasi-banks.

***Money Supply***

The following table presents certain information regarding the Philippines' money supply.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Money Supply (SRF-based)** | **Money Supply (SRF-based)** | **Money Supply (SRF-based)** | **Money Supply (SRF-based)** | **Money Supply (SRF-based)** | **Money Supply (SRF-based)** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** |
|  M1<sup>(2)</sup> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Currency in circulation | 1047.6 | 1231.8 | 1395.8 | 1731.8 | 1876.8 | 1864.5 |
|  Current account deposits | 2503.3 | 2657.2 | 3104.5 | 3724.1 | 4323.3 | 4496.7 |
|  Total | 3550.8 | 3889.0 | 4500.3 | 5455.9 | 6200.1 | 6361.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; percentage increase<sup>(3)</sup> | 15.7% | 9.5% | 15.7% | 21.2% | 13.6%<sup>(5)</sup> | 7.1%<sup>(6)</sup> |
|  M2<sup>(4)</sup> | 10202.3 | 11080.2 | 12293.2 | 13564.2 | 14769.5 | 15141.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; percentage increase<sup>(3)</sup> | 11.6% | 8.6% | 10.9% | 10.3% | 8.9%<sup>(5)</sup> | 6.3%<sup>(6)</sup> |
|  M3<sup>(5)</sup> | 10636.1 | 11643.0 | 12976.3 | 14222.0 | 15343.4 | 15628.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; percentage increase<sup>(3)</sup> | 11.9% | 9.5% | 11.5% | 9.6% | 7.9%<sup>(5)</sup> | 5.4%<sup>(6)</sup> |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Preliminary data as of November 30, 2022.

(2) Consists of currency in circulation and demand deposits.

(3) Period-on-period.

(4) Consists of Ml, savings deposits and time deposits.

(5) Consists of M2 and deposit substitutes.

(6) Compared to November 30, 2021.

*Source: Department of Economic Statistics, Bangko Sentral.* 

As of November 30, 2022, according to preliminary data, the Republic's money supply (M3) was ₱15.6 trillion, an increase of 5.4% from the ₱14.8 trillion as of November 30, 2021. This growth in money supply was driven mainly by the increase in domestic claims, which increased by 10.8% compared to the level as of November 30, 2021. This increase in domestic claims was primarily driven by an increase in net claims on Central Government, which increased by 13.8% compared to the level as of November 30, 2021. The Bangko Sentral's net foreign asset position decreased marginally by 1.8% to ₱6.3 trillion as of November 30, 2022 and the net foreign asset position of other depository corporations also decreased by 6.5% to ₱0.9 trillion as of November 30, 2022.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
In the first twelve months of 2022, the average 91-day T-bill rate was 4.09%.

The following table presents information regarding domestic interest and deposit rates.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Domestic Interest and Deposit Rates** | **Domestic Interest and Deposit Rates** | **Domestic Interest and Deposit Rates** | **Domestic Interest and Deposit Rates** | **Domestic Interest and Deposit Rates** | **Domestic Interest and Deposit Rates** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **(weighted averages per period)<br>(%)** | **(weighted averages per period)<br>(%)** | **(weighted averages per period)<br>(%)** | **(weighted averages per period)<br>(%)** | **(weighted averages per period)<br>(%)** | **(weighted averages per period)<br>(%)** |
|  91-day Treasury bill rates | 2.2 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 4.1 |
|  Bank average lending rates | 5.6 | 6.1 | 7.1 | N/A | N/A | N/A |

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------

Note:

(1) Preliminary data as of December 31, 2022.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

***Monetary Regulation***

The Monetary Board decided to raise the interest rate on the Bangko Sentral's overnight reverse repurchase facility by 50 basis points to 5.5%, effective on December 16, 2022. Accordingly, the interest rates on the overnight deposit and lending facilities were raised to 5.0% and 6.0%, respectively.

***Foreign Exchange System***

The following table sets out exchange rate information between the peso and the U.S. dollar.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Per U.S. Dollar** | **Per U.S. Dollar** |
| **Year** | **Period End** | **Period**<br>**Average<sup>(1)</sup>** |
| 2017 | 49.923 | 50.404 |
| 2018 | 52.724 | 52.661 |
| 2019 | 50.744 | 51.796 |
| 2020 | 48.036 | 49.624 |
| 2021 | 50.774 | 49.255 |
| 2022<sup>(2)</sup> | 56.120 | 55.684 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) The average of the monthly average exchange rates for each month of the applicable period.

(2) Preliminary data for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

*Source: Reference Exchange Rate Bulletin, Treasury Department, Bangko Sentral.* 

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**The Philippine Financial System** 

***Composition***

The following table sets out the total resources of the Philippine financial system by category of financial institution.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total Resources of the Financial System<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Resources of the Financial System<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Resources of the Financial System<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Resources of the Financial System<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Resources of the Financial System<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Resources of the Financial System<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021<sup>(3)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(1)(4)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in billions)** | **(₱ in billions)** | **(₱ in billions)** | **(₱ in billions)** | **(₱ in billions)** | **(₱ in billions)** |
|  **Banks** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Universal/Commercial banks | 14054 | 15692 | 17216 | 18527 | 19761 | 21389 |
|  Thrift banks | 1214 | 1293 | 1204 | 1192 | 1338 | 962 |
|  Rural banks | 257 | 274 | 291 | 308 | 341 | 390 |
|  Total banks | 15524 | 17259 | 18712 | 20028 | 21440 | 22741 |
|  Non-bank financial institutions<sup>(5)</sup> | 3740 | 3835 | 4446 | 4543 | 4786 | 4775<sup>(6)</sup> |
|  Total assets | 19264 | 21093 | 23158 | 24571 | 26226 | 27516 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Excludes assets of the Bangko Sentral. The amounts presented here include allowance for probable losses.

(2) Data was revised starting end-March 2017 to include Other Financial Corporations (OFC) data.

(3) Preliminary data.

(4) Preliminary data as of October 31, 2022.

(5) Includes Investment Houses, Finance Companies, Investment Companies, Securities Dealers/Brokers, Pawnshops,
Lending Investors, Non Stocks Savings and Loan Associations, Credit Card Companies (which are under Bangko Sentral supervision), Government Non-bank Financial Institutions, Authorized Agent Banks Forex Corporations, and Private and Government
Insurance Companies (i.e., SSS and GSIS).

(6) Preliminary data as of June 30, 2022.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

***Structure of the Financial System***

The following table sets out the outstanding loans of universal and commercial banks classified by sector and their percentages by sector are net of BSP Reverse Repurchase Agreements.

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2018** | **2018** | **2019** | **2019** | **2020** | **2020** | **2021** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** |
|  Total | 8584.1 | 100% | 9508.8 | 100% | 9442.2 | 100% | 9892.2 | 100% | 10923.4 | 100.0% |
|  Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | 192.2 | 2.2% | 221.9 | 2.3% | 211.4 | 2.2% | 200.6 | 2.0% | 204.5 | 1.9% |
|  Mining and Quarrying | 53.9 | 0.6% | 48 | 0.5% | 43.5 | 0.5% | 37.3 | 0.4% | 37.8 | 0.4% |
|  Manufacturing | 1068.5 | 12.4% | 1048.7 | 11.0% | 993.2 | 10.5% | 1088.8 | 11.0% | 1224.5 | 11.5% |
|  Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air conditioning Supply | 929.5 | 10.8% | 1006.4 | 10.6% | 1044 | 11.1% | 1046.4 | 10.6% | 1127.5 | 10.6% |
|  Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activities | 82.5 | 1.0% | 106 | 1.1% | 103.7 | 1.1% | 109.7 | 1.1% | 129 | 1.2% |

---

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Universal and Commercial Banks' Outstanding Loans by Sector<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2018** | **2018** | **2019** | **2019** | **2020** | **2020** | **2021** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** |
|  Construction | 298.7 | 3.5% | 368.7 | 3.9% | 375.6 | 4.0% | 383.5 | 3.9% | 415.9 | 3.9% |
|  Wholesale & Retail Trade, Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles | 1160 | 13.5% | 1193.9 | 12.6% | 1112.6 | 11.8% | 1125.8 | 11.4% | 1208.4 | 11.4% |
|  Accommodation and Food Services Activities | 152.5 | 1.8% | 153.7 | 1.6% | 162.4 | 1.7% | 150.7 | 1.5% | 143.6 | 1.3% |
|  Transportation and Storage | 271.4 | 3.2% | 287.9 | 3.0% | 302.2 | 3.2% | 330 | 3.3% | 337.2 | 3.2% |
|  Information and Communication | 316.4 | 3.7% | 357.3 | 3.8% | 376.1 | 4.0% | 482 | 4.9% | 576.2 | 5.4% |
|  Financial and Insurance Activities | 787.4 | 9.2% | 923.8 | 9.7% | 881 | 9.3% | 970.6 | 9.8% | 1053.4 | 9.9% |
|  Real Estate Activities | 1402.4 | 16.3% | 1677.8 | 17.6% | 1768.1 | 18.7% | 1930.9 | 19.5% | 2084.4 | 19.6% |
|  Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities | 71.4 | 0.8% | 68.1 | 0.7% | 54.6 | 0.6% | 57.8 | 0.6% | 117.6 | 1.1% |
|  Administrative and Support Services Activities | 36.2 | 0.4% | 41.6 | 0.4% | 37.6 | 0.4% | 31.1 | 0.3% | 36.3 | 0.3% |
|  Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security | 136.1 | 1.6% | 142.4 | 1.5% | 144.6 | 1.5% | 152.6 | 1.5% | 167.2 | 1.6% |
|  Education | 39.7 | 0.5% | 42.9 | 0.5% | 39.9 | 0.4% | 34.8 | 0.4% | 33.2 | 0.3% |
|  Human Health and Social Work Activities | 55.6 | 0.6% | 59.9 | 0.6% | 89.3 | 0.9% | 93.2 | 0.9% | 95.3 | 0.9% |
|  Arts, Entertainment and Recreation | 132.2 | 1.5% | 146.8 | 1.5% | 150.1 | 1.6% | 162.4 | 1.6% | 167.7 | 1.6% |
|  Other Service Activities | 128 | 1.5% | 100.2 | 1.1% | 65 | 0.7% | 67.8 | 0.7% | 74.9 | 0.7% |
|  Activities of Households as Employers, Undifferentiated Goods & Services Producing Activities of Households for Own Use | 85.6 | 1.0% | 79.8 | 0.8% | 86.3 | 0.9% | 67.3 | 0.7% | 67.8 | 0.6% |
|  Others<sup>(3)</sup> | 1183.9 | 13.8% | 1433 | 15.1% | 1400.8 | 14.8% | 1368.8 | 13.8% | 1621.1 | 14.8% |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Net of amortization.

(2) Preliminary data as of November 30, 2022.

(3) Includes loans to individuals for household consumption purposes, loans under the Bangko Sentral<sup>'</sup>s reverse repurchase arrangement and loans to non<sup>-</sup>residents.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
***Non-Performing Loans***

The following table provides information regarding NPLs for universal and commercial banks for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Total Loans (Gross) and Non-Performing Loans by type of Bank<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Loans (Gross) and Non-Performing Loans by type of Bank<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Loans (Gross) and Non-Performing Loans by type of Bank<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Loans (Gross) and Non-Performing Loans by type of Bank<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Loans (Gross) and Non-Performing Loans by type of Bank<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Total Loans (Gross) and Non-Performing Loans by type of Bank<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31, (unless otherwise stated)** | **As of December 31, (unless otherwise stated)** | **As of December 31, (unless otherwise stated)** | **As of December 31, (unless otherwise stated)** | **As of December 31, (unless otherwise stated)** | **As of December 31, (unless otherwise stated)** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(2)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** |
|  Private Domestic Universal banks |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Total loans | 6041.0 | 6881.3 | 7682.5 | 7711.6 | 8061.1 | 8645.5 |
|  Non-performing loans | 72.0 | 84.1 | 111.9 | 244.6 | 290.8 | 232.7 |
|  Ratio of non-performing loans to total loans | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 3.6% | 2.7% |
|  Other Private Commercial banks |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Total loans | 309.8 | 345.1 | 360.2 | 361.0 | 387.0 | 413.9 |
|  Non-performing loans | 8.7% | 9.5 | 11.0 | 17.6 | 19.7 | 19.8 |
|  Ratio of non-performing loans to total loans | 2.8% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 4.9% | 5.1% | 4.8% |
|  Government banks<sup>(3)</sup> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Total loans | 968.3 | 1196.4 | 1305.9 | 1321.3 | 1434.5 | 1680.4 |
|  Non-performing loans | 12.5% | 15.6 | 28.6 | 36.3 | 55.1 | 91.4 |
|  Ratio of non-performing loans to total loans | 1.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 2.8% | 3.9% | 5.4% |
|  Foreign banks<sup>(4)</sup> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Total loans | 548.1 | 595.0 | 605.4 | 525.5 | 574.5 | 519.0 |
|  Non-performing loans | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 10.2 | 6.1 | 3.1 |
|  Ratio of non-performing loans to total loans | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.6% |
|  Total loans | 7867.1 | 9017.8 | 9954.0 | 9919.5 | 10457.1 | 11258.9 |
|  Total non-performing loans | 97.5 | 113.5 | 156.5 | 308.8 | 371.6 | 347.1 |
|  Ratio of non-performing loans to total loans | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 3.1% |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Consists of two foreign bank subsidiaries.

(2) Preliminary data as of October 31, 2022.

(3) Consists of LBP, DBP and Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines.

(4) Consists of 24 foreign banks, and excludes two foreign banks' subsidiaries.

*Source: Bangko Sentral.* 

As of October 31, 2022, according to preliminary data, the gross non-performing loan ratio was 3.1%, which was lower than the ratio of 3.6% recorded as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans decreased by 6.6% to ₱347.1 billion as of October 31, 2022 from the ₱371.6 billion recorded as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to easing of the effects of the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic and the gradual reopening of the economy. The U/KB industry's total loan portfolio increased by 7.7% to ₱11,258.9 billion as of October 31, 2022 from the ₱10,457.1 billion recorded as of December 31, 2021.

***Government Securities Market***

As of October 31, 2022, outstanding Government securities amounted to ₱9.4 trillion, 48.3% of which were issuances of treasury bills and fixed rate treasury bonds. The remaining issuances of Government securities consisted of retail treasury bonds, benchmark bonds and onshore dollar bonds, among others.

------

##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**Government Revenues and Expenditures** 

The following table sets out Government revenues and expenditures for the periods indicated.

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** | **Government Revenues and Expenditures** |
|  | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Actual** | **Budget** | **Budget** |
|  | **2017<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2018<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2019<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2020<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2021<sup>(1)</sup>** | **2022<sup>(1)(3)</sup>** | **2020** | **2021** |
|  | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** | **(₱ in billions, except percentages)** |
|  **Cash Revenues** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Tax revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bureau of Internal Revenue | 1772.3 | 1951.9 | 2175.5 | 1951.0 | 2078.1 | 2156.4 | 1531.8 | 2081.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bureau of Customs | 458.2 | 593.1 | 630.3 | 537.7 | 643.6 | 789.3 | 455.6 | 616.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other Government offices<sup>(2)</sup> | 20.2 | 20.9 | 22.0 | 15.7 | 21.0 | 14.0 | 14.2 | 16.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total tax revenues | 2250.7 | 2565.8 | 2827.8 | 2504.4 | 2742.7 | 2959.6 | 2001.6 | 2714.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As a percentage of GDP (at current market prices) | 13.6% | 14.0% | 14.5% | 14.0% | 14.1% | 17.0<sup>(4)</sup>% | 10.1% | 14.0% |
|  Non-tax revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bureau of the Treasury income | 99.9 | 114.2 | 146.5 | 219.7 | 125.3 | 148.2 | 65.3 | 74.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fees and charges | 40.8 | 52.7 | 55.4 | 23.1 | 31.7 | 26.4 | 25.0 | 31.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Privatizations | 0.8 | 15.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others (including Foreign grants) | 80.9 | 101.8 | 106.9 | 108.3 | 105.1 | 117.8 | 44.7 | 60.3 |
|  Total non-tax revenues | 222.4 | 284.3 | 309.4 | 351.3 | 262.5 | 316.6 | 135.0 | 166.7 |
|  Total revenues | 2473.1 | 2850.2 | 3137.5 | 2856.0 | 3005.5 | 3277.3 | 2136.6 | 2881.5 |
|  **Expenditures** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Allotment to local government units | 530.2 | 575.7 | 618.0 | 804.5 | 892.7 | 995.8 | 500.1 | 655.8 |
|  Interest payments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign | 100.1 | 106.0 | 110.6 | 101.4 | 96.1 | 112.1 | 110.9 | 142.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Domestic | 210.5 | 243.2 | 250.3 | 279.1 | 333.3 | 347.2 | 302.1 | 389.0 |
|  Total interest payments | 310.5 | 349.2 | 360.9 | 380.4 | 429.4 | 459.3 | 412.9 | 531.5 |
|  Tax expenditures | 8.3 | 21.6 | 27.3 | 33.1 | 36.7 | 36.4 | 9.3 | 14.5 |
|  Subsidy | 131.1 | 136.7 | 201.5 | 230.4 | 184.8 | 160.4 | 210.4 | 231.4 |
|  Equity and net lending | 1.1 | 8.9 | 20.4 | 34.9 | 47.5 | 28.0 | 75.3 | 85.5 |
|  Others | 1842.5 | 2316.5 | 2569.6 | 2745.4 | 3066.6 | 2833.3 | 2354.4 | 3218.5 |
|  Total expenditures | 2823.8 | 3408.4 | 3797.7 | 4227.4 | 4675.6 | 4513.1 | 3562.3 | 4737.1 |
|  Surplus/(Deficit) | (350.6) | (558.3) | (660.2) | (1371.4) | (1670.1) | (1235.8) | (1425.8) | (1855.6) |
|  **Financing** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net domestic borrowings | 731.4 | 591.5 | 691.5 | 1898.4 | 1920.7 | 1544.0 | 2255.1 | 1940.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gross domestic borrowings | 733.6 | 594.5 | 693.8 | 1998.7 | 2010.1 | 1610.4 | 2258.1 | 2491.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Less: Amortization | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 100.3 | 89.6 | 66.5 | 407.1 | 550.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Net foreign borrowings | 27.6 | 191.8 | 184.8 | 600.8 | 331.5 | 370.9 | 202.9 | 332.5 |
|  Total net financing requirement | 758.9 | 783.3 | 876.3 | 2499.2 | 2252.2 | 1914.8 | 2458.0 | 2273.1 |
|  Change in cash | 255.4 | (52.7) | (224.6) | 701.7 | 66.1 | 546.0 |  |  |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Follows the GFSM 2014 concept wherein reporting of debt amortization reflects the actual principal
repayments to the creditor including those serviced by the Bond Sinking Fund. Financing includes gross proceeds of liability management transactions such as bond exchanges.

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
(2) Represents tax revenues of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Immigration and
Deportation, Land Transportation Office and other Government entities.

(3) Preliminary data for the eleven months ended November 30, 2022.

(4) Percentage of GDP is calculated taking preliminary data as of the nine months ended September 30, 2022
for total tax revenues.

*Sources: Bureau of the Treasury; Department of Finance; Department of Budget and Management.* 

***Revenues***

*Sources* 

Total Government revenues in the first eleven months of 2022, according to preliminary data, were ₱3,277.3 billion, an 18.1% increase over the ₱2,774.2 billion recorded in the first eleven months of 2021. In the first eleven months of 2022, Bureau of Internal Revenue collections were ₱2,156.4 billion, a 12.6% increase from the ₱1,915.8 billion recorded in the first eleven months of 2021. The Bureau of Customs recorded collections of ₱789.3 billion in the first eleven months of 2022, a 35.3% increase from the ₱583.3 billion recorded in the first eleven months of 2021. Non-tax revenues were ₱316.6 billion in the first eleven months of 2022, a 24.3% increase from the ₱254.7 billion recorded in the first eleven months of 2021.

*Expenditures* 

Total Government expenditures in the first eleven months of 2022 were ₱4,513.1 billion, a 9.9% increase over the ₱4,106.3 billion recorded in the eleven months of 2021. This increase was primarily due to higher disbursements relating to the Government's efforts to address the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

**The Government Budget** 

***2023 Budget***

On December 5, 2022, President Marcos signed into law Republic Act No. 11936, or the General Appropriations Act for 2023. The 2023 budget set program expenditures at ₱5.268 trillion, 4.9% higher than the ₱5.024 trillion 2022 budget.

The 2023 budget is the Republic's main fiscal stimulus that will fund programs, activities, and/or projects which focus on accelerating the country's economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as prioritizing expenditures on education, health, agriculture, social safety nets, and continuing the legacy of infrastructure development. The Department of Education received the highest allocation in the 2023 budget with ₱710.6 billion, while a total of ₱1,248.3 trillion has been allocated for the Government's 2023 infrastructure programs.

**Debt** 

***External Debt***

The following table sets out the total outstanding Bangko Sentral-approved and registered external debt.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** |
|  **By Maturity**: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Short-term<sup>(2)</sup> | 14275 | 16068 | 17208 | 14209 | 15090 | 16378 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Medium and long-term | 58823 | 62892 | 66410 | 84279 | 91339 | 91532 |
|  Total | 73098 | 78960 | 83618 | 98488 | 106428 | 107910 |

---

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** | **Bangko Sentral Approved External Debt** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** | **($ in millions, except percentages)** |
|  **By Debtor<sup>(3</sup>**<sup>)</sup> |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banking system | 19144 | 22672 | 23943 | 21559 | 23539 | 22751 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Public sector<sup>(4)</sup> | 53954 | 56287 | 59675 | 76929 | 82889 | 85159 |
|  Total | 73098 | 78960 | 83618 | 98488 | 106428 | 107910 |
|  **By Creditor Type**: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Banks and financial institutions | 22539 | 26529 | 26478 | 24006 | 23695 | 24282 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Suppliers | 3071 | 3015 | 4187 | 3136 | 3687 | 4659 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Multilateral | 12501 | 13746 | 14428 | 21407 | 27125 | 29007 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bilateral | 11260 | 10931 | 10964 | 12752 | 12508 | 11668 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bond holders/note holders | 21779 | 22684 | 25449 | 35028 | 36940 | 35699 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Others | 1949 | 2054 | 2112 | 2160 | 2474 | 2595 |
|  Total | 73098 | 78960 | 83618 | 98488 | 106428 | 107910 |
|  Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt service burden to exports of goods, and services & primary income | 6.2% | 6.6% | 6.7% | 6.7% | 7.3% | 5.4% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Debt service burden to GNI | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 1.7% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; External debt to GNI | 20.0% | 20.6% | 20.2% | 25.3% | 26.1% | 25.5<sup>(5)</sup>% |

---

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Notes:

(1) Preliminary data as of September 30, 2022.

(2) Debt with original maturity of one year or less.

(3) Classification by debtor is based on the primary obligor under the relevant loan or rescheduling
documentation.

(4) Includes public sector debt whether or not guaranteed by the Government; does not include public banks.

(5) For comparability with annual figures, GNI and GDP were annualized by taking the sum over the past four
quarters of the GNI and GDP, respectively.

*Source: Bangko Sentral* 

***Direct Debt of the Republic***

The following table summarizes the outstanding direct debt of the Republic as of the dates indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Outstanding Direct Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(3)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in millions, except as otherwise indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as otherwise indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as otherwise indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as otherwise indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as otherwise indicated)** | **(₱ in millions, except as otherwise indicated)** |
|  **Medium/long-term debt<sup>(4)</sup>** | **6337111** | **6797270** | **7240159** | **8838966** | **10932406** | **13208790** |
|  Domestic | 4125941 | 4281605 | 4636469 | 5738647 | 7374271 | 8992593 |
|  External (U.S.$) | 44261 | 47860 | 51252 | 64562 | 69803 | 74494 |
|  **Short-term debt<sup>(5)</sup>** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Domestic | 314369 | 494306 | 491131 | 956040 | 796143 | 435374 |
|  **Total debt** | 6652430 | 7292500 | 7731290 | 9795006 | 11728549 | 13644164 |

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Notes:

(1) Includes Government debt that is on-lent to GOCCs and other public sector entities. Excludes debt guaranteed
by the Government and debt originally guaranteed by other public sector entities for which the guarantee has been assumed by the Government. The table reflects debt of the Government only and does not include any other public sector debt.

(2) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars or pesos, using the Bangko Sentral's
reference exchange rates at the end of each period.

(3) Preliminary data as of November 30, 2022.

(4) Debt with original maturities of one year or longer.

(5) Debt with original maturities of less than one year.

*Source: Bureau of the Treasury, Department of Finance.* 

***Direct Domestic Debt of the Republic***

The following table summarizes the outstanding direct domestic debt of the Republic as of the dates indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Outstanding Direct Domestic Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Domestic Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Domestic Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Domestic Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Domestic Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct Domestic Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(3)</sup>** |
|  | **(₱ in millions)** | **(₱ in millions)** | **(₱ in millions)** | **(₱ in millions)** | **(₱ in millions)** | **(₱ in millions)** |
|  Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Direct | 156 | 156 | 156 | 156 | 540156 | 156 |
|  Assumed<sup>(4)</sup> | 792 | 792 | 792 | 792 | 0 | 0 |
|  Total loans | 948 | 948 | 948 | 948 | 540156 | 156 |
|  Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Treasury bills | 314369 | 494306 | 486170 | 949479 | 796143 | 435374 |
|  Treasury notes/bonds | 4125942 | 4281605 | 4640482 | 5744260 | 7374115 | 8992437 |
|  Total securities | 4440312 | 4775911 | 5126652 | 6693739 | 8170414 | 9427967 |
|  Total debt | 4441260 | 4776859 | 7731290 | 9795006 | 11728549 | 13644164 |

---

------

Notes:

(1) Includes Government debt that is on-lent to GOCCs and other public sector entities. Excludes debt guaranteed
by the Government and debt originally guaranteed by other public sector entities for which the guarantee has been assumed by the Government. The table reflects debt of the Government only, and does not include any other public sector debt.

(2) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars or pesos, as applicable, using the Bangko
Sentral's reference exchange rates at the end of each period.

(3) Preliminary data as of November 30, 2022. Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S.
dollars or pesos, as applicable, using Bangko Sentral's reference exchange rates as of December 1, 2022, which was the next business day following the end of the period indicated.

(4) Assumed loans of Development Bank of the Philippines, the National Development Company and the Philippine
National Bank.

*Source: Bureau of the Treasury, Department of Finance.* 

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***Direct External Debt of the Republic***

The following table summarizes the outstanding direct external debt of the Republic as of the dates indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Outstanding Direct External Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct External Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct External Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct External Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct External Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding Direct External Debt of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022<sup>(3)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Multilateral | 10709 | 11726 | 12793 | 19275 | 22574 | 25049 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bilateral | 6238 | 6289 | 6484 | 8042 | 8308 | 7957 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commercial | 10 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
|  **Total loans** | 16957 | 18022 | 51252 | 27319 | 30883 | 41488 |
|  Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Euro Bonds | 0 | 0 | 841 | 2387 | 4609 | 4215 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yen Bonds | 891 | 2316 | 3184 | 2388 | 1687 | 1693 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Philippine Peso Notes | 2596 | 2467 | 2553 | 2700 | 1679 | 968 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chinese Yuan Bonds |  | 212 | 569 | 607 | 392 | 0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; U.S. Dollar Bonds | 23817 | 24842 | 24823 | 29161 | 30553 | 34611 |
|  **Total securities** | 27304 | 29838 | 31970 | 37243 | 38920 | 41487 |
|  **Total** | **44261** | **47860** | **51252** | **64562** | **69803** | **74494** |

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------

Notes:

(1) Includes Government debt that is on-lent to GOCCs and other public sector entities. Excludes debt guaranteed
by the Government and debt originally guaranteed by other public sector entities for which the guarantee has been assumed by the Government. The table reflects debt of the Government only, and does not include any other public sector debt.

(2) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable Bangko Sentral
reference exchange rates at the end of each period.

(3) Preliminary data as of November 30, 2022.

*Source: Bureau of the Treasury, Department of Finance.* 

The following table sets out the direct external debt service requirements of the Republic for the years indicated.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Direct External Debt Service Requirements of<br>the Republic<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Direct External Debt Service Requirements of<br>the Republic<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Direct External Debt Service Requirements of<br>the Republic<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **Principal**<br> **Repayments** | **Interest**<br> **Payments** | **Total** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  **Year** |  |  |  |
| 2017<sup>(2)</sup> | 2813 | 2003 | 4816 |
| 2018<sup>(2)</sup> | 2114 | 2013 | 4127 |
| 2019<sup>(2)</sup> | 2637 | 2108 | 4746 |
| 2020<sup>(2)</sup> | 2832 | 1987 | 4819 |
| 2021<sup>(3)</sup> | 4816 | 1951 | 6767 |
| 2022<sup>(3)(4)</sup> | 2400 | 2197 | 4597 |
| 2023<sup>(3)(4)</sup> | 2235 | 2584 | 4819 |
| 2024<sup>(3)(4)</sup> | 3968 | 3548 | 7515 |

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Notes:

(1) Excludes debt service in respect of Government debt that is on-lent to GOCCs and other public sector
entities or guaranteed by the Government, other than debt originally guaranteed other public sector entities for which the guarantee has been assumed by the Government.

(2) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable Bangko Sentral
reference exchange rates prevailing on the date of payment.

(3) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable Bangko Sentral
reference exchange rates prevailing on July 1, 2022.

(4) Projection based on outstanding balance as of December 31, 2021.

*Source: Bureau of the Treasury, Department of Finance.* 

***Government-Guaranteed Debt***

The following table sets out guarantees of indebtedness by the Republic, including guarantees assumed by the Government, as of the dates indicated.

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Summary of Outstanding Guarantees of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Summary of Outstanding Guarantees of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Summary of Outstanding Guarantees of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Summary of Outstanding Guarantees of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **Summary of Outstanding Guarantees of the Republic<sup>(1)(2)</sup>** | **As of<br>November 30,<sup>(1)(3)</sup>** |
|  | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of December 31,** | **As of<br>November 30,<sup>(1)(3)</sup>** |
|  | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** |
|  | **(in billions)** | **(in billions)** | **(in billions)** | **(in billions)** | **(in billions)** | **(in billions)** |
|  Total (₱) | 478.1 | 487.6 | 488.8 | 458.3 | 423.9 | 388.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Domestic (₱) | 197.5 | 197.5 | 260.8 | 254.4 | 195.1 | 179.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; External (₱) | 280.6 | 290.0 | 228.0 | 203.9 | 228.8 | 208.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; External ($)<sup>(4)</sup> | 5.6 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.5<sup>(5)</sup> | 3.7<sup>(6)</sup> |

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Notes:

(1) Includes debt originally guaranteed by the Government and debt guaranteed by other public sector entities
for which the guarantee has been assumed by the Government.

(2) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars or pesos, as applicable, using Bangko
Sentral's reference exchange rates at the end of each period.

(3) Based on preliminary data as of November 30, 2022.

(4) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable Bangko Sentral
reference exchange rates as of the next business day following the end of the period indicated.

(5) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using Bangko Sentral's reference
exchange rates as of January 3, 2022, which was the next business day following the end of the period indicated.

(6) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using Bangko Sentral's reference
exchange rates as of December 1, 2022, which was the next business day following the end of the period indicated.

*Source: Bureau of the Treasury, Department of Finance.* 

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***Payment History of Foreign Debt***

The following table sets out the outstanding foreign-currency bonds issued by the Republic as of the dates indicated.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | **Foreign Currency Bonds Issued by the Republic<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Foreign Currency Bonds Issued by the Republic<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Foreign Currency Bonds Issued by the Republic<sup>(1)</sup>** | **Foreign Currency Bonds Issued by the Republic<sup>(1)</sup>** |
|  | **Original**<br>**Balance as of**<br>**Issue Date<sup>(2)</sup>** | **Outstanding**<br>**Balance as of**<br>**December 31,**<br>**2020<sup>(3)</sup>** | **Outstanding**<br>**Balance as of**<br>**December 31,<br>2021<sup>(4)</sup>** | **Outstanding**<br>**Balance as of**<br>**November 30,**<br>**2022<sup>(5)</sup>** |
|  | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** | **($ in millions)** |
|  U.S. dollar bonds | 30938 | 29161 | 30553 | 34611 |
|  Chinese Yuan Bonds | 592 | 607 | 392 | 0 |
|  Euro Bonds | 2170 | 2387 | 4609 | 4215 |
|  Japanese yen bonds | 2256 | 2388 | 1687 | 1693 |
|  Total foreign-currency bonds | 35956 | 34543 | 37241 | 40519 |

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------

Notes:

(1) Excludes debt securities of GOCCs and other public sector entities guaranteed by the Government.

(2) Represents the aggregate of the original balances as of the issue dates of foreign currency bonds
outstanding as of December 31, 2020. Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable Bangko Sentral reference exchange rates prevailing on the date of issuance.

(3) Amounts were translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable Bangko Sentral reference exchange rate as of
January 4, 2021.

(4) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using Bangko Sentral's reference
exchange rates as of January 3, 2022, which was the next business day following the end of the period indicated.

(5) Amounts in original currencies were translated into U.S. dollars using Bangko Sentral's reference
exchange rates as of December 1, 2022, which was the next business day following the end of the period indicated.

*Source: Bureau of the Treasury, Department of Finance.* 

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
**DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBAL BONDS** 

**General** 

The global bonds will be issued under a fiscal agency agreement, dated as of October 4, 1999, as supplemented by supplement no. 1 to the fiscal agency agreement dated February 26, 2004, supplement no. 2 to the fiscal agency agreement dated January 11, 2006 and a supplement no. 3 to the fiscal agency agreement dated February 1, 2018, between the Republic and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor in interest to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.), as fiscal agent (the "fiscal agency agreement"). The global bonds are a series of debt securities more fully described in the accompanying prospectus, except to the extent indicated below.

The global bonds will be the direct, unconditional, unsecured and general obligations of the Republic and will rank without any preference among themselves and equally with all other present and future unsecured and unsubordinated External Indebtedness (as defined in the accompanying prospectus) of the Republic. It is understood that this provision shall not be construed so as to require the Republic to make payments under the global bonds ratably with payments being made under any other external indebtedness of the Republic.

The following statements are subject to the provisions of the fiscal agency agreement and the global bonds. Since the following is only a summary, we urge you to read the fiscal agency agreement and the form of global bonds before deciding whether to invest in the global bonds. The Republic has filed forms of these documents as exhibits to the registration statement numbered 333-268155. You should refer to the exhibits for more complete information. Capitalized terms not defined below shall have the respective meanings given in the accompanying prospectus.

The 2028 global bonds will:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• bear interest at 4.625% from January 17, 2023;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• mature at par on July 17, 2028;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pay interest on January 17 and July 17 of each year. The first interest payment will be made on
July 17, 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January 17, 2023 to (but excluding) July 17, 2023; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pay interest to the persons in whose names the global bonds are registered on the record date, which is the
close of business on the preceding January 12 or July 12 (whether or not a business day), as the case may be. Interest will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year, consisting of twelve 30-day months.

The 2033 global bonds will:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• bear interest at 5.00% from January 17, 2023;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• mature at par on July 17, 2033;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pay interest on January 17 and July 17 of each year. The first interest payment will be made on
July 17, 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January 17, 2023 to (but excluding) July 17, 2023; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pay interest to the persons in whose names the global bonds are registered on the record date, which is the
close of business on the preceding January 12 or July 12 (whether or not a business day), as the case may be. Interest will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year, consisting of twelve 30-day months.

The 2048 global bonds will:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• bear interest at 5.50% from January 17, 2023;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• mature at par on January 17, 2048;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pay interest on January 17 and July 17 of each year. The first interest payment will be made on
July 17, 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January 17, 2023 to (but excluding) July 17, 2023; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• pay interest to the persons in whose names the global bonds are registered on the record date, which is the
close of business on the preceding January 12 or July 12 (whether or not a business day), as the case may be. Interest will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year, consisting of twelve 30-day months.

The global bonds will be designated Collective Action Securities, and, as such, will contain provisions regarding default, acceleration, voting on amendments, modifications, changes, waivers, future issues of global bonds and other reserve matters listed in the fiscal agency agreement, which are commonly referred to as "collective action clauses." Under these provisions, which are described in the section entitled "Collective Action Securities," on page 19 of the accompanying prospectus, the Republic may, among other things, amend the payment provisions of any series of debt securities (including the global bonds) and other reserve matters listed in the fiscal agency agreement with the consent of the holders of: (i) with respect to a single series of debt securities, more than 75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of such series; (ii) with respect to two or more series of debt securities, if certain "uniformly applicable" requirements are met, more than 75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed modification, taken in the aggregate; or (iii) with respect to two or more series of debt securities, more than 66<sup>2/3</sup>% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed modification, taken in the aggregate, and more than 50% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series affected by the proposed modification, taken individually.

The Republic will apply to the Euro MTF for listing of, and permission to deal in, the global bonds in accordance with the rules of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange. Application has been made to admit the global bonds to listing on the Official List of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and to trading on the Euro MTF. We cannot guarantee that the application to the Luxembourg Stock Exchange will be approved, and settlement of the global bonds is not conditional on obtaining the listing.

The issue and sale of the global bonds were authorized by the Full Powers signed by the President of the Republic on December 5, 2022. The Monetary Board of the Republic issued its approval-in-principle for the offering of the global bonds on November 10, 2022. The offering remains subject to certain additional approvals of the Monetary Board.

**Book Entry** 

The Republic will issue the global bonds in the form of fully registered global securities. The Republic will deposit the global securities with DTC and register the global securities in the name of Cede & Co., as DTC's nominee. Beneficial interests in the global securities will be represented by, and transfers thereof will be effected only through, book-entry accounts maintained by DTC and its participants.

You may hold your beneficial interests in a global security through Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg, or indirectly through organizations that are participants in such systems. Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg (the "Clearing System Depositaries") will hold their participants' beneficial interests in a global security in their customers' securities accounts with the Clearing System Depositaries. The Clearing System Depositaries in turn will hold such interests in their customers' securities accounts with DTC.

**Certificated Securities** 

In circumstances detailed in the accompanying prospectus (see "Description of the Securities—Description of the Debt Securities—Global Securities—Registered Ownership of the Global Security"), the Republic could issue certificated securities. The Republic will only issue certificated securities in fully registered form in minimum denominations of $200,000 and integral multiples of $1,000 in excess thereof. The holders of

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##### [**Table of Contents**](#toc)
certificated securities shall present directly at the corporate trust office of the fiscal agent, at the office of the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent or at the office of any other transfer agent as the Republic may designate from time to time all requests for the registration of any transfer of such securities, for the exchange of such securities for one or more new certificated securities in a like aggregate principal amount and in authorized denominations and for the replacement of such securities in the cases of mutilation, destruction, loss or theft. Certificated securities issued as a result of any partial or whole transfer, exchange or replacement of the global bonds will be delivered to the holder at the corporate trust office of the fiscal agent, at the office of the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent or at the office of any other transfer agent, or (at the risk of the holder) sent by mail to such address as is specified by the holder in the holder's request for transfer, exchange or replacement.

**Registration and Payments** 

The Republic will pay the principal amount of a global bond on its maturity date in immediately available funds in the City of New York upon presentation of the global bond at the office of the fiscal agent in the City of New York or, subject to applicable law and regulations, at the office outside the United States of any paying agent, including the Luxembourg paying agent (if the global bonds are listed on the Euro MTF and the rules of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange so require).

The Republic will appoint the fiscal agent as registrar, principal paying agent and transfer agent of the global bonds. In these capacities, the fiscal agent will, among other things:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• maintain a record of the aggregate holdings of global bonds represented by the global securities and any
certificated securities and accept global bonds for exchange and registration of transfer;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• ensure that payments of principal and interest in respect of the global bonds received by the fiscal agent
from the Republic are duly paid to the depositaries for the global securities or their respective nominees and any other holders of any global bonds; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• transmit to the Republic any notices from holders of any of the global bonds.

If the global bonds are accepted for listing on the Euro MTF, and the rules of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange so require, the Republic will appoint and maintain a Luxembourg paying and transfer agent, which shall initially be The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch. Payments and transfers with respect to the global bonds may be effected through the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent, which will be executed through Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg. Holders of certificated global bonds may present such securities for registration of transfer or payment at the office of the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent. Forms of the transfer notice (or other instrument of transfer) are available, and duly completed transfer notices (or other instrument of transfer) may be submitted, at the office of the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent. For so long as the global bonds are listed on the Euro MTF, the Republic will publish any change as to the identity of the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent in a leading newspaper in Luxembourg, which is expected to be the Luxemburger Wort, or on the website of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange at www.bourse.lu.

**Redemption and Sinking Fund** 

The Republic may not redeem the global bonds prior to maturity. The Republic will not provide a sinking fund for the amortization and retirement of the global bonds.

**Regarding the Fiscal Agent** 

The fiscal agent has its principal corporate trust office at 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286. The Republic will at all times maintain a paying agent and a transfer agent in the City of New York which will, unless otherwise provided, be the fiscal agent. The Republic may maintain deposit accounts and conduct other banking transactions in the ordinary course of business with the fiscal agent. The fiscal agent will be the

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agent of the Republic, not a trustee for holders of any global bonds. Accordingly, the fiscal agent will not have the same responsibilities or duties to act for such holders as would a trustee, except that all funds held by the fiscal agent for the payment of principal, and premium, if any, or interest on the global bonds shall be held by the fiscal agent in trust for the holders of the global bonds. Neither the fiscal agent nor the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent will have any responsibility or liability in relation to payments of principal and interest.

The fiscal agency agreement and the supplements to the fiscal agency agreement are not required to be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (the "Trust Indenture Act"). Accordingly, the fiscal agency agreement and the supplements to the fiscal agency agreement may not contain all of the provisions which could be beneficial to holders of the global bonds which would be contained in an indenture qualified under the Trust Indenture Act.

**Notices** 

All notices will be mailed to the registered holders of the global bonds. If a depositary is the registered holder of the global bonds, each beneficial holder must rely on the procedures of the depositary and its participants to receive notice, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements. Notices may also be published on the website of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange at <u>www.bourse.lu</u>.

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**GLOBAL CLEARANCE AND SETTLEMENT** 

The Republic has obtained the information in this section from sources it believes to be reliable, including from DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg, and the Republic takes responsibility for the accurate reproduction of this information. The Republic takes no responsibility, however, for the accuracy of this information. Although DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg have agreed to the procedures provided below to facilitate transfers of global bonds among participants of DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg, they are under no obligation to perform such procedures. In addition, such procedures may be modified or discontinued at any time. Neither the Republic nor the fiscal agent nor the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent will have any responsibility for the performance by DTC, Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg or their respective participants or indirect participants of the respective obligations under the rules and procedures governing their operations.

**The Clearing Systems** 

***The Depository Trust Company.*** DTC is: ****

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a "banking organization" under the New York Banking Law;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a member of the Federal Reserve System;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a "clearing corporation" under the New York Uniform Commercial Code; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• a "clearing agency" registered under Section 17A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the
"Exchange Act").

DTC was created to hold securities for its participants and facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions between its participants. It does this through electronic book-entry settlement in the accounts of its direct participants, eliminating the need for physical movement of securities certificates. DTC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation ("DTCC"). DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by users of its regulated subsidiaries.

DTC can act only on behalf of its direct participants, who in turn act on behalf of indirect participants and certain banks. In addition, unless a global security is exchanged in whole or in part for a definitive security, it may not be physically transferred, except as a whole among DTC, its nominees and their successors. Therefore, your ability to pledge a beneficial interest in the global security to persons that do not participate in the DTC system, and to take other actions, may be limited because you will not possess a physical certificate that represents your interest.

***Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg.*** Like DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg hold securities for their participants and facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions between their participants through electronic book-entry settlement in their accounts. Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg provide various services to their participants, including the safekeeping, administration, clearance and settlement and lending and borrowing of internationally traded securities. Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg participants are financial institutions such as underwriters, securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies and other organizations. Other banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies have indirect access to Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg by clearing through or maintaining a custodial relationship with a Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg participant.

**Initial Settlement** 

If you plan to hold your interests in the securities through DTC, you will follow the settlement practices applicable to global security issues. If you plan to hold your interests in the securities through Euroclear or

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Clearstream, Luxembourg, you will follow the settlement procedures applicable to conventional Eurobonds in registered form. If you are an investor on the settlement date, you will pay for the global bonds by wire transfer and the entity through which you hold your interests in the global bonds will credit your securities custody account.

**Secondary Market Trading** 

The purchaser of securities determines the place of delivery in secondary market trading. Therefore, it is important for you to establish at the time of the trade where both the purchaser's and seller's accounts are located to ensure that settlement can be made on the desired value date (i.e., the date specified by the purchaser and seller on which the price of the securities is fixed).

***Settlement among DTC participants.*** DTC participants will transfer interests in the securities among themselves in the ordinary way according to the rules and operating procedures of DTC governing global security issues. Participants will pay for these transfers by wire transfer.

***Settlement among Euroclear and/or Clearstream, Luxembourg participants.*** Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg participants will transfer interests in the securities among themselves in the ordinary way according to the rules and operating procedures of Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg governing conventional Eurobonds. Participants will pay for these transfers by wire transfer.

***Settlement between a DTC seller and a Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg purchaser.*** When the securities are to be transferred from the account of a DTC participant to the account of a Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg participant, the purchaser must first send instructions to Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg through a participant at least one business day before the settlement date for such securities. Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg will then instruct its depositary to receive the securities and make payment for them. On the settlement date for such securities, the depositary will make payment to the DTC participant's account and the securities will be credited to the depositary's account. After settlement has been completed, DTC will credit the securities to Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg, and in turn Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg will credit the securities, in accordance with its usual procedures, to the participant's account, and the participant will then credit the purchaser's account. These securities credits will appear the next day (European time) after the settlement date. The cash debit from the account of Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg will be back-valued to the value date, which will be the preceding day if settlement occurs in New York. If settlement is not completed on the intended value date (i.e., the trade fails), the cash debit will instead be valued at the actual settlement date.

Participants in Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg will need to make funds available to Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg in order to pay for the securities by wire transfer on the value date. The most direct way of doing this is to preposition funds (i.e., have funds in place at Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg before the value date), either from cash on hand or from existing lines of credit. Under this approach, however, participants may take on credit exposure to Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg until the securities are credited to their accounts one day later.

As an alternative, if Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg has extended a line of credit to a participant, the participant may decide not to preposition funds, but to allow Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg to draw on the line of credit to finance settlement for the securities. Under this procedure, Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg would charge the participant overdraft charges for one day, assuming that the overdraft would be cleared when the securities were credited to the participant's account. However, interest on the securities would accrue from the value date. Therefore, in many cases the interest income on securities which the participant earns during that one-day period will substantially reduce or offset the amount of the participant's overdraft charges. Of course, this result will depend on the cost of funds to (i.e., the interest rate that Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg charges) each participant.

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Since the settlement will occur during New York business hours, a DTC participant selling an interest in the securities can use its usual procedures for transferring global securities to the Clearing System Depositaries of Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg for the benefit of Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg participants. The DTC seller will receive the sale proceeds on the settlement date. Thus, to the DTC seller, a cross-market sale will settle no differently than a trade between two DTC participants.

Finally, day traders that use Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg and that purchase global bonds from DTC participants for credit to Euroclear participants or Clearstream, Luxembourg participants should note that these trades will automatically fail on the sale side unless one of the following three steps is taken:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• borrowing through Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg for one day, until the purchase side of the day trade
is reflected in their Euroclear account or Clearstream, Luxembourg account, in accordance with the clearing system's customary procedures;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• borrowing the global bonds in the United States from a DTC participant no later than one day prior to
settlement, which would give the global bonds sufficient time to be reflected in the borrower's Euroclear account or Clearstream, Luxembourg account in order to settle the sale side of the trade; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• staggering the value dates for the buy and sell sides of the trade so that the value date of the purchase from
the DTC participant is at least one day prior to the value date for the sale to the Euroclear participant or Clearstream, Luxembourg participant.

***Settlement between a Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg seller and a DTC purchaser***. Due to time zone differences in their favor, Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg participants can use their usual procedures to transfer securities through their Clearing System Depositaries to a DTC participant. The seller must first send instructions to Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg through a participant at least one business day before the settlement date. Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg will then instruct its depositary to credit the securities to the DTC participant's account and receive payment. The payment will be credited in the account of the Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg participant on the following day, but the receipt of the cash proceeds will be back valued to the value date, which will be the preceding day if settlement occurs in New York. If settlement is not completed on the intended value date (i.e., the trade fails), the receipt of the cash proceeds will instead be valued at the actual settlement date.

If the Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg participant selling the securities has a line of credit with Euroclear or Clearstream, Luxembourg and elects to be in debit for the securities until it receives the sale proceeds in its account, then the back-valuation may substantially reduce or offset any overdraft charges that the participant incurs over that one-day period.

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**TAXATION** 

**General** 

The Republic urges you to consult your own tax advisors to determine your particular tax consequences in respect of participating in the offering, and of owning and selling the global bonds.

**Philippine Taxation** 

The following is a summary of certain Philippine tax consequences that may be relevant to non-Philippine holders of the global bonds in connection with the holding and disposition of the global bonds. The Republic uses the term "non-Philippine holders" to refer to (i) non-residents of the Philippines who are neither citizens of the Philippines nor are engaged in trade or business within the Philippines and (ii) non-Philippine corporations not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines. If you are not a non-Philippine holder, you should consult your tax advisor about the consequences of holding the global bonds.

This summary is based on Philippine laws, rules, and regulations in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change and may apply retroactively. It is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of the tax consequences under Philippine law regarding the receipt, ownership, or disposition of the global bonds, in each case by non-Philippine holders, nor to describe any of the tax consequences that may be applicable to residents of the Republic.

***Effect of Holding Global Bonds***. Payments by the Republic of principal of and interest on the global bonds to a non-Philippine holder will not subject such non-Philippine holder to taxation in the Philippines by reason solely of the holding of the global bonds or the receipt of principal or interest in respect thereof.

***Taxation of Interest on the Global Bonds***. When the Republic makes payments of principal and interest to a non-Philippine holder of the global bonds, no amount will be withheld from such payments for, or on account of, any taxes of any kind imposed, levied, withheld or assessed by the Philippines or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein.

***Taxation of Capital Gains***. Non-Philippine holders of the global bonds will not be subject to Philippine income or withholding tax in connection with the sale, exchange, or retirement of a global bond if such sale, exchange, or retirement is made outside the Philippines or if an exemption is available under an applicable tax treaty in force between the Philippines and the country of domicile of the non-Philippine holder. If the global bonds have a maturity of more than five years from the date of issuance, any gains realized by a holder of the debt security will not, under the Philippine Tax Code, be subject to Philippine income tax.

***Documentary Stamp Taxes***. No documentary stamp tax is imposed upon the transfer of the global bonds. A documentary stamp tax, at the rate of ₱1.50 for every ₱200.00 of the issue value of the global bonds, is payable upon the issuance of the global bonds and will be for the account of the Republic.

***Estate and Donor's Taxes***. The transfer of a global bond by way of succession upon the death of a non-Philippine holder will generally be subject to Philippine estate tax at the rate of 6% based on the value of such net estate.

The transfer of a global bond by gift to an individual, whether or not related to the non-Philippine holder, will generally be subject to a Philippine donor's tax at the rate of 6% based on the total gifts in excess of ₱250,000 made during the calendar year.

The foregoing apply even if the holder is a non-Philippine holder. However, the Republic will not collect estate and donor's taxes on the transfer of the global bonds by gift or succession if the deceased at the time of death, or the donor at the time of donation, was a citizen and resident of a foreign country that provides certain reciprocal rights to citizens of the Philippines (a "Reciprocating Jurisdiction"). For these purposes, a

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Reciprocating Jurisdiction is a foreign country which at the time of death or donation (i) did not impose a transfer tax of any character in respect of intangible personal property of citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country or (ii) allowed a similar exemption from transfer or death taxes of every character or description in respect of intangible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country.

**Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations**

The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the global bonds by a U.S. Holder (as defined below). This summary deals only with initial purchasers of the global bonds at the "issue price" (the first price at which a substantial amount of global bonds are sold for money, excluding sales to underwriters, placement agents or wholesalers) in the initial offering that are U.S. Holders that will hold the global bonds as capital assets. The discussion does not cover all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to, or the actual tax effect that any of the matters described herein will have on, the acquisition, ownership or disposition of the global bonds by particular investors, and does not address state, local, non-U.S. or other tax laws. This summary also does not discuss all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to certain types of investors subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws (such as financial institutions, insurance companies, investors liable for any alternative minimum taxes or the Medicare tax on net investment income, individual retirement accounts and other tax-deferred accounts, tax-exempt organizations, dealers in securities or currencies, investors that will hold the global bonds as part of straddles, hedging transactions or conversion transactions for U.S. federal income tax purposes, persons that have ceased to be U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents of the United States, investors holding the global bonds in connection with a trade or business conducted outside the United States, U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents living abroad or investors whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar). In addition, this summary does not address tax consequences attributable to the requirement under Section 451(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") that accrual method taxpayers recognize certain amounts of income no later than the time such amounts are included in income on applicable financial statements.

As used herein, the term "U.S. Holder" means a beneficial owner of the global bonds that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation created or organized under the laws of the United States or any state thereof (or the District of Columbia), (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax without regard to its source or (iv) a trust if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or the trust has validly elected to be treated as a domestic trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes that holds the global bonds will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Prospective purchasers that are entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them and their partners of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the global bonds by the partnership.

This summary is based on the tax laws of the United States, including the Code, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations thereunder, published rulings and court decisions, all as of the date hereof and all subject to change at any time, possibly with retroactive effect.

**THE SUMMARY OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES SET OUT BELOW IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY. ALL PROSPECTIVE PURCHASERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF ACQUIRING, OWNING, AND DISPOSING THE GLOBAL BONDS, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF STATE, LOCAL, NON-U.S. AND OTHER TAX LAWS AND POSSIBLE CHANGES IN TAX LAW.** 

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***Payments of Interest***

Interest on a global bond will be taxable to a U.S. Holder as ordinary interest income at the time it is received or accrued, depending on the holder's method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Interest paid by the Republic on the global bonds constitutes income from sources outside the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Prospective purchasers should consult their tax advisers concerning the applicability of the foreign tax credit and source of income rules to income attributable to the global bonds.

***Sale or Retirement of the Global Bonds***

A U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss on the sale or retirement of a global bond equal to the difference between the amount realized on such sale or retirement and the U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in a global bond. A U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in a global bond will generally be its cost. The amount realized does not include the amount attributable to accrued but unpaid interest, which will be taxable as interest income to the extent not previously included in income.

Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or retirement of a global bond will be capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the global bond was held by the U.S. Holder for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Gain or loss realized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or retirement of a global bond generally will be U.S. source for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex. Prospective purchasers should consult their tax advisors as to the U.S. federal income tax consequences of any non-U.S. taxes imposed on the sale or retirement of global bonds.

***Backup Withholding and Information Reporting***

Payments of principal and interest on, and the proceeds of sale or other disposition of global bonds will be reported to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and to the U.S. Holder as may be required under applicable regulations. Backup withholding may apply to these payments if the U.S. Holder fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number or certification of exempt status or otherwise fails to comply with applicable certification requirements. Certain U.S. Holders are not subject to backup withholding. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors about these rules and any other reporting obligations that may apply to the ownership or disposition of global bonds, including requirements related to the holding of certain foreign financial assets.

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**UNDERWRITING** 

Subject to the terms and conditions contained in an underwriting agreement, which consists of a terms agreement dated January 9, 2023 and the underwriting agreement standard terms filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, the Republic has agreed to sell to the underwriters, namely BofA Securities, Inc., Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C., The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Standard Chartered Bank and UBS AG Hong Kong Branch, and the underwriters have agreed to purchase from the Republic, the 2028 global bonds in the principal amount of $500,000,000, the 2033 global bonds in the principal amount of $1,250,000,000 and the 2048 global bonds in the principal amount of $1,250,000,000. Each of the underwriters, severally and not jointly, has agreed to purchase from the Republic, the principal amounts of the global bonds listed opposite its name below.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Underwriters** | **Principal Amount**<br>**2028 global bonds** | **Principal Amount**<br>**2033 global bonds** | **Principal Amount**<br>**2048 global bonds** |
|  BofA Securities, Inc. | $71428572 | $178571428 | $178571428 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One Bryant Park<br> New York, NY 10036<br> United States of America |  |  |  |
|  Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch | $71428572 | $178571428 | $178571428 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Winchester House<br> 1 Great Winchester Street<br> London EC2N 2DB<br> United Kingdom |  |  |  |
|  Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C | $71428572 | $178571428 | $178571428 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 68th Floor, Cheung Kong Center<br> 2 Queen's Road Central<br> Hong Kong |  |  |  |
|  The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited | $71428571 | $178571429 | $178571429 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Level 17, HSBC Main Building<br> 1 Queen's Road Central<br> Hong Kong |  |  |  |
|  Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC | $71428571 | $178571429 | $178571429 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 29th Floor<br> 1585 Broadway<br> New York, New York 10036<br> United States of America |  |  |  |
|  Standard Chartered Bank | $71428571 | $178571429 | $178571429 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One Basinghall Avenue<br> London EC2V 5DD<br> United Kingdom |  |  |  |
|  UBS AG Hong Kong Branch | $71428571 | $178571429 | $178571429 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 52/F Two International Finance Centre<br> 8 Finance Street, Central<br> Hong Kong |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total | $500000000 | $1250000000 | $1250000000 |

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The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters are obligated to purchase all of the global bonds if any are purchased. The underwriting agreement also provides that if an underwriter defaults, the purchase commitment of the non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the offering of the global bonds may be terminated. The underwriters may offer and sell the global bonds through certain of their respective affiliates.

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Certain of the underwriters are expected to make offers and sales both inside and outside the United States through their respective selling agents. However, certain underwriters are not broker-dealers registered with the SEC. Therefore, the underwriters will not effect any offers or sales of any global bonds in the United States unless it is through one or more registered broker-dealers in compliance with applicable securities laws and regulations and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") rules.

The Republic has agreed to indemnify the underwriters against liabilities under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 or contribute to payments which the underwriters may be required to make in that respect.

The Republic estimates that its out-of-pocket expenses for this offering will be approximately $2,010,000. The underwriters have agreed to reimburse the Republic for certain of its expenses.

The underwriters have advised the Republic that they propose to offer the global bonds to the public initially at the public offering price that appears on the cover page of this prospectus supplement. After the initial public offering, the underwriters may change the public offering price and any other selling terms.

In connection with this offering of the global bonds, the underwriters may engage in overallotment, stabilizing transactions and syndicate covering transactions in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act. Overallotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position for the underwriters. Stabilizing transactions involve bids to purchase the global bonds in the open market for the purpose of pegging, fixing or maintaining the price of the global bonds. Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of the global bonds in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover short positions. Stabilizing transactions and syndicate covering transactions may cause the price of the global bonds to be higher than it would otherwise be in the absence of those transactions. If the underwriters engage in stabilizing or syndicate covering transactions, they may discontinue them at any time. The Republic has been advised by the underwriters that they intend to make a market in the global bonds, but the underwriters are not obligated to do so and may discontinue any market-making activities at any time without notice. No assurance can be given as to the liquidity of or the trading market for the global bonds.

Separate from the purchase of the global bonds made with a view to distribution, the underwriters or certain of their affiliates may also purchase the global bonds and be allocated the global bonds for asset management or proprietary purposes. The underwriters or their respective affiliates may purchase the global bonds for their own account and enter into transactions, including credit derivatives, such as asset swaps, repackaging and credit default swaps relating to the global bonds or other securities of the Republic; these purchases may be made pursuant to the underwriting agreement or in secondary market transactions. These transactions would be carried out as bilateral trades with selected counterparties and separately from any existing sale or resale of the global bonds to which this prospectus supplement relates (notwithstanding that such selected counterparties may also be purchasers of the global bonds).

**Settlement and Delivery** 

The Republic expects that delivery of the global bonds will be made against payment therefor on or about the settlement date specified on the cover page of this prospectus supplement, which will be the fifth business day following the date of pricing of the global bonds. Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in two business days, unless the parties to a trade expressly agree otherwise. Accordingly, purchasers who wish to trade global bonds prior to the delivery of the global bonds will be required, by virtue of the fact that the global bonds initially will settle in T+5, to specify alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement.

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**Relationship of Underwriters with the Republic** 

The underwriters have in the past and may in the future provide investment and commercial banking and other related services to the Republic in the ordinary course of business for which the underwriters and/or their respective affiliates have received or may receive customary fees and reimbursement of out of pocket expenses.

**Notice to CMIs (including Private Banks) and prospective investors pursuant to Paragraph 21 of the Hong Kong SFC Code of Conduct** 

This notice to CMIs (including Private Banks) is a summary of certain obligations the SFC Code imposes on CMIs, which require the attention and cooperation of other CMIs (including Private Banks).

Paragraph 21.3.3(c) of the SFC Code requires that a CMI should take all reasonable steps to identify whether investors may have any Associations with the issuer and provide sufficient information to an overall coordinator to enable it to assess whether orders placed by these investors may negatively impact the price discovery process.

Prospective investors who are the directors, employees or major shareholders of the Republic, a CMI or its group companies would be considered under the SFC Code as having an Association with the Republic, the CMI or the relevant group company (as the case may be). CMIs should specifically disclose whether their investor clients have any Association when submitting orders for the global bonds. In addition, Private Banks should take all reasonable steps to identify whether their investor clients may have any Associations with the Republic or any CMI (including its group companies) and inform the underwriters accordingly.

CMIs are informed that the marketing and investor targeting strategy for this offering includes institutional investors, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, hedge funds, corporates, private banks/ broking companies, family offices and high net worth individuals, in each case, subject to the applicable selling restrictions and any MiFID II product governance language set out in this prospectus supplement.

CMIs should ensure that orders placed are bona fide, are not inflated and do not constitute duplicated orders (i.e. two or more corresponding or identical orders placed via two or more CMIs). CMIs should enquire with their investor clients regarding any orders which appear unusual or irregular. CMIs should disclose the identities of all investors when submitting orders for the global bonds. CMIs should not place "X-orders" into the order book.

CMIs should segregate and clearly identify their own proprietary orders (and those of their group companies, including Private Banks as the case may be) in the order book and book messages.

CMIs (including Private Banks) should not offer any rebates to prospective investors or pass on any rebates provided by the Republic. In addition, CMIs (including Private Banks) should not enter into arrangements which may result in prospective investors paying different prices for the global bonds.

The SFC Code requires that a CMI disclose complete and accurate information in a timely manner on the status of the order book and other relevant information it receives to targeted investors for them to make an informed decision. In order to do this, those underwriters in control of the order book should consider disclosing order book updates to all CMIs.

When placing an order for the global bonds, Private Banks should disclose, at the same time, if such order is placed other than on a "principal" basis (whereby it is deploying its own balance sheet for onward selling to investors). Private Banks who do not provide such disclosure are hereby deemed to be placing their order on such a "principal" basis. Private Banks who disclose that they are placing their order other than on a "principal" basis (i.e. they are acting as an agent) should note that such order may be considered to be an omnibus order pursuant

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to the SFC Code. Private Banks should be aware that if any of their group companies is a CMI of this offering, placing an order on a "principal" basis may require the underwriters to apply the "proprietary orders" requirements of the SFC Code to such order and will require the underwriters to apply the "rebates" requirements of the SFC Code to such order.

**Selling Restrictions** 

***MiFID II Product Governance / Professional Investors and ECPs Only Target Market***

Solely for the purposes of each manufacturer's product approval process, the target market assessment in respect of the global bonds has led to the conclusion that: (i) the target market for the global bonds is eligible counterparties and professional clients only, each as defined in Directive 2014/65/EU (as amended, "MiFID II"); and (ii) all channels for distribution of the global bonds to eligible counterparties and professional clients are appropriate. Any person subsequently offering, selling or recommending the global bonds (a "distributor") should take into consideration the manufacturers' target market assessment; however, a distributor subject to MiFID II is responsible for undertaking its own target market assessment in respect of the global bonds (by either adopting or refining the manufacturers' target market assessment) and determining appropriate distribution channels.

***UK MiFIR Product Governance/Professional Investors and ECPs Only Target Market***

Solely for the purposes of each manufacturer's product approval process, the target market assessment in respect of the global bonds has led to the conclusion that: (i) the target market for the global bonds is only eligible counterparties, as defined in the FCA Handbook Conduct of Business Sourcebook ("COBS"), and professional clients, as defined in Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 ("UK MiFIR"); and (ii) all channels for distribution of the global bonds to eligible counterparties and professional clients are appropriate. Any person subsequently offering, selling or recommending the global bonds (a "distributor") should take into consideration the manufacturers' target market assessment; however, a distributor subject to the FCA Handbook Product Intervention and Product Governance Sourcebook (the "UK MiFIR Product Governance Rules") is responsible for undertaking its own target market assessment in respect of the global bonds (by either adopting or refining the manufacturers' target market assessment) and determining appropriate distribution channels.

***PRIIPs Regulation/Prospectus Regulation/Prohibition of Sales to European Economic Area Retail Investors***

The global bonds are not intended to be offered, sold or otherwise made available to and should not be offered, sold or otherwise made available to any retail investor in the European Economic Area ("EEA"). For these purposes, a retail investor means a person who is one (or more) of: (i) a retail client as defined in point (11) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU (as amended, "MiFID II"); or (ii) a customer within the meaning of Directive (EU) 2016/97 (as amended, the "Insurance Distribution Directive"), where that customer would not qualify as a professional client as defined in point (10) of Article 4(1) of MiFID II. Consequently no key information document required by Regulation (EU) No 1286/2014 (as amended, the "PRIIPs Regulation") for offering or selling the global bonds or otherwise making them available to retail investors in the EEA has been prepared and therefore offering or selling the notes or otherwise making them available to any retail investor in the EEA may be unlawful under the PRIIPs Regulation. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus have been prepared on the basis that any offer of notes in any Member State of the EEA will be made pursuant to an exemption under Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 (as amended, the "Prospectus Regulation") from the requirement to publish a prospectus for offers of notes. Each of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus is not a prospectus for the purposes of the Prospectus Regulation.

The above selling restriction is in addition to any other selling restrictions set out in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.

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**Hong Kong** 

Each underwriter has represented and agreed that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) it has not offered or sold and will not offer or sell in Hong Kong, by means of any document, any global
bonds other than (i) to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong ("SFO") and any rules made under the SFO; or (ii) in other circumstances which do not result in
the document being a "prospectus" as defined in the Companies (Winding up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong (the "C(WUMP)O") or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the
C(WUMP)O; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) it has not issued or had in its possession for the purposes of issue, and will not issue or have in its
possession for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, any advertisement, invitation or document relating to the global bonds, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong
Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to global bonds which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to "professional investors" as defined
in the SFO and any rules made thereunder.

**Japan** 

The global bonds have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan. Each underwriter has represented, warranted and agreed that it has not directly or indirectly offered or sold and will not offer or sell any global bonds, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any Japanese person or to others, for re-offering or resale directly or indirectly in Japan or to any Japanese person, except in each case pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan and any other applicable laws and regulations of Japan. For purposes of this paragraph, "Japanese person" means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan.

**Korea** 

Each underwriter has represented and agreed that (i) it has not offered, sold or delivered and will not offer, sell or deliver, directly or indirectly, any global bonds in Korea or to, or for the account or benefit of, any resident of Korea, except as permitted by applicable Korean laws and regulations; and (ii) any securities dealer to whom it sells global bonds will agree that it will not offer any global bonds, directly or indirectly, in Korea or to any resident of Korea, except as permitted by applicable Korean laws and regulations, or to any dealer who does not so represent and agree.

**Luxembourg** 

The global bonds may not be offered or sold to the public in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, directly or indirectly, and, neither this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus nor any other circular, prospectus, form of application, advertisement, communication or other material may be distributed, or otherwise made available in, or from or published in, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, except for the sole purpose of the admission to trading of the global bonds on the Euro MTF of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and listing on the official list of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, and except in circumstances which do not constitute an offer of securities to the public.

**People's Republic of China** 

The global bonds are not being offered or sold and may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in the People's Republic of China (for such purposes, not including the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions or Taiwan), except as permitted by the securities laws of the People's Republic of China.

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**Philippines** 

The global bonds constitute exempt securities within the meaning of the Philippine Securities Regulation Code and its implementing regulations. As such, the global bonds are not required to be registered under the provisions of the Philippine Securities Regulation Code or its implementing regulations before the global bonds can be sold or offered for sale or distribution in the Philippines. However, the global bonds may be sold or offered for sale in the Philippines only by underwriters, dealers, or brokers duly licensed by the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission.

**Singapore** 

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus have not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the global bonds may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the global bonds be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor (as defined in Section 4A of the Securities and Futures Act 2001 of Singapore (the "SFA")) pursuant to Section 274 of the SFA, (ii) to a relevant person (as defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA) pursuant to Section 275(1), or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275, of the SFA, or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA. Where the global bonds are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole
business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each
beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor, the securities or securities-based derivative contracts (each term as defined in Section 2(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries' rights and
interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the global bonds pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) to an institutional investor or to a relevant person, or to any person arising from an offer referred to in
Section 275(1A) or Section 276(4)(c)(ii) of the SFA;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) where the transfer is by operation of law;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) as specified in Regulation 37A of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Securities and
Securities-based Derivatives Contracts) Regulations 2018.

**Switzerland** 

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are not intended to constitute an offer or solicitation to purchase or invest in the global bonds. The global bonds may not be publicly offered, directly or indirectly, in Switzerland within the meaning of the Swiss Financial Services Act (the "FinSA") and no application has or will be made to admit the global bonds to trading on any trading venue (exchange or multilateral trading facility) in Switzerland. None of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or any other offering or marketing material relating to the global bonds constitutes a prospectus pursuant to the FinSA, and none of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or any other offering or marketing material relating to the global bonds may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

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**Taiwan** 

The offer and sale of the global bonds have not been and will not be registered with the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan, China ("Taiwan") pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations in Taiwan and may not be sold, issued or offered within Taiwan through a public offering or in a circumstance which constitutes an offer within the meaning of the Taiwan Securities and Exchange Law that requires a registration or approval of the Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer, sell, give advice regarding or otherwise intermediate the offering and sale of the global bonds in Taiwan.

**United Arab Emirates** 

The global bonds have not been and will not be offered, sold or publicly promoted or advertised by it in the United Arab Emirates (the "UAE") other than in compliance with any laws applicable in the UAE governing the issue, offering and sale of securities.

**United Kingdom/ UK PRIIPs Regulation/ UK Prospectus Regulation/ Prohibition of Sales to UK Retail Investors** 

The global bonds are not intended to be offered, sold or otherwise made available to and should not be offered, sold or otherwise made available to any retail investor in the United Kingdom. For these purposes, a retail investor means a person who is one (or more) of: (i) a retail client as defined in point (8) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 2017/565 as it forms part of United Kingdom domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 ("EUWA"); (ii) a customer within the meaning of the provisions of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (as amended, the "FSMA") and any rules or regulations made under the FSMA to implement Directive (EU) 2016/97, where that customer would not qualify as a professional client, as defined in point (8) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 as it forms part of United Kingdom domestic law by virtue of the EUWA; or (iii) not a qualified investor as defined in Article 2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the EUWA. Consequently, no key information document required by Regulation (EU) No 1286/2014 as it forms part of United Kingdom domestic law by virtue of the EUWA (as amended, the "UK PRIIPs Regulation") for offering or selling the global bonds or otherwise making them available to retail investors in the United Kingdom has been prepared and therefore offering or selling the global bonds or otherwise making them available to any retail investor in the United Kingdom may be unlawful under the UK PRIIPs Regulation.

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus have been prepared on the basis that any offer of the global bonds in the United Kingdom will be made pursuant to an exemption under Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the EUWA (the "U.K. Prospectus Regulation") from a requirement to publish a prospectus for offers of the global bonds. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are not a prospectus for the purpose of the U.K. Prospectus Regulation.

Any invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the FSMA) in connection with the issue or sale of the global bonds may only be communicated or caused to be communicated in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to the Republic.

All applicable provisions of the FSMA must be complied with in respect to anything done by any person in relation to the global bonds in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.

**Canada** 

The global bonds may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration

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Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the global bonds must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

If applicable, pursuant to section 3A.4 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the dealers are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with the offering of global bonds under this issuance.

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**LEGAL MATTERS** 

The validity of the global bonds will be passed upon on behalf of the Republic as to Philippine law by the Secretary of the Department of Justice of the Republic, and as to U.S. federal and New York State law by Linklaters Singapore Pte. Ltd., special United States counsel for the Republic. Certain matters will be passed upon for the underwriters by Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, special United States counsel for the underwriters, as to matters of U.S. federal and New York State law, and by Romulo, Mabanta, Buenaventura, Sayoc & de los Angeles, Philippine counsel for the underwriters, as to matters of Philippine law.

**GENERAL INFORMATION** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The global bonds have been accepted for clearance through DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg. With respect to the 2028 global bonds, the International Securities Identification Number is US718286CY18, the CUSIP number is 718286 CY1, and the Common Code number is 257686850. With respect to the 2033 global bonds, the International Securities Identification Number is US718286CW51, the CUSIP number is 718286 CW5, and the Common Code number is 257266630. With respect to the 2048 global bonds, the International Securities Identification Number is US718286CX35, the CUSIP number is 718286 CX3, and the Common Code number is 257266664. The legal entity identifier code of the Republic is 529900RAHBALMYIJ3T08.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The issue and sale of the global bonds was authorized by the Full Powers signed by the President of the Republic on December 5, 2022.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Except as disclosed in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, there has been no material adverse change in the fiscal condition or affairs of the Republic which is material in the context of the global bond offering since November 4, 2022.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. Application has been made to list the global bonds on the Euro MTF. Copies of the following documents will, so long as any global bonds are listed on the Euro MTF, be available for inspection during usual business hours at the specified office of The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• copies of the registration statement, which includes the fiscal agency agreement and the form of the
underwriting agreement as exhibits thereto; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the Full Powers signed by the President of the Republic on December 5, 2022, and the approval-in-principle for the offer, issue and sale of the global bonds issued on November 10, 2022 by the Monetary Board of Bangko Sentral.

In addition, so long as the global bonds are outstanding or listed on the Euro MTF, copies of the Philippines' economic reports for each year in English (as and when available) will be available at the offices of the listing agent in Luxembourg during normal business hours on any weekday. The underwriting agreement, if any, and the fiscal agency agreement shall also be available free of charge at the office of the listing agent and the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent. In addition, this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein will be available free of charge at the office of the listing agent in Luxembourg and on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange's web site. Application has been made to admit the global bonds to listing on the Official List of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and to trading on the Euro MTF.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch has been appointed as the Luxembourg paying and transfer agent. For so long as the global bonds are listed on the Euro MTF and the rules of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange so require, the Republic will maintain a Luxembourg paying and transfer agent.

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**WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION** 

The Republic has filed registration statement relating to its global bonds, including the global bonds offered by this prospectus supplement, and warrants with the SEC under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Neither this prospectus supplement nor the accompanying prospectus contains all of the information described in the registration statement. For further information, you should refer to the registration statement, including the documents incorporated by reference in the registration statement.

You can request copies of the registration statement, including its various exhibits, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. You may also read and copy these documents at the SEC's public reference room in Washington D.C.:

SEC Public Reference Room

100 F Street, N.E.

Washington, D.C. 20549

Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information. These documents are also available to the public for free from the SEC's web site at http://www.sec.gov.

**AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES** 

The authorized agent of the Republic in the United States is Senen T. Mangalile, Consul General, the Philippine Consulate General, 556 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10036-5095.

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![LOGO](g429923g28f42.jpg)

**Republic of the Philippines** 

**Debt Securities and/or Warrants** 

The Republic of the Philippines (the "Republic") may from time to time offer and sell its debt securities and warrants in amounts, at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of sale and provided in one or more supplements to this prospectus. The Republic may also offer debt securities in exchange for other debt securities or that are convertible into new debt securities. The Republic may offer securities with an aggregate principal amount of up to US$7,002,203,526 (or the equivalent in other currencies) in the United States. The Republic will provide specific terms of these securities in supplements to this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any supplement carefully before you invest. This prospectus may not be used to offer or sell securities unless accompanied by a supplement. The Republic may sell the securities directly, through agents designated from time to time or through underwriters. The names of any agents or underwriters will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

You should not assume that information in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or any document incorporated by reference in them is accurate as of any date other than its date.

**Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.** 

This prospectus is dated November 4, 2022.

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**TABLE OF CONTENTS** 

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Page** |
|  [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#rom429923_1) | 2 |
|  [FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#rom429923_2) | 3 |
|  [DATA DISSEMINATION](#rom429923_3) | 4 |
|  [USE OF PROCEEDS](#rom429923_4) | 5 |
|  [RATINGS](#rom429923_5) | 6 |
|  [DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES](#rom429923_6) | 7 |
|  [COLLECTIVE ACTION SECURITIES](#rom429923_7) | 19 |
|  [TAXATION](#rom429923_8) | 25 |
|  [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#rom429923_9) | 35 |
|  [VALIDITY OF THE SECURITIES](#rom429923_10) | 37 |
|  [AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES](#rom429923_11) | 38 |
|  [EXPERTS; OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND DOCUMENTS](#rom429923_12) | 39 |
|  [FURTHER INFORMATION](#rom429923_13) | 40 |

---

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**ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS** 

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities the Republic may offer under the "shelf" registration statement it has filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Each time the Republic sells securities covered by this prospectus, it will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. If the information in this prospectus differs from any prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information contained in the prospectus supplement. You should read both this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement, together with additional information described below under the heading *"Further Information."*

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**FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS** 

Some of the statements contained in this prospectus under "Republic of the Philippines" are forward looking. They include statements concerning, among others:

• the Republic's economic, business and political conditions and prospects;

• the Republic's financial stability;

• the depreciation or appreciation of the peso;

• changes in interest rates; and

• governmental, statutory, regulatory or administrative initiatives.

Actual results may differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements due to various factors. These factors include, but are not limited to:

• adverse external factors, such as high international interest rates and recession or low growth in the
economies of the Republic's trading partners. High international interest rates could increase the Republic's current account deficit and budgetary expenditures. Recession or low growth in the economies of the Republic's trading
partners could lead to fewer exports from the Republic and, indirectly, lower growth in the Republic;

• instability or volatility in the international financial markets. This could lead to domestic
volatility, making it more difficult for the Government to achieve its macroeconomic goals. This could also lead to declines in foreign direct and portfolio investment inflows;

• adverse domestic factors, such as a decline in domestic savings and investment, increases in domestic
inflation, high domestic interest rates and exchange rate volatility. Each of these factors could lead to lower growth or lower international reserves; and

• other adverse factors, such as climatic or seismic events, the outbreak of diseases such as COVID-19, African swine flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome, middle east respiratory syndrome and avian influenza and political uncertainty.

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**DATA DISSEMINATION** 

The Republic is a subscriber to the IMF's Special Data Dissemination Standard ("SDDS"), which is designed to improve the timeliness and quality of information of subscribing member countries. The SDDS requires subscribing member countries to provide schedules indicating, in advance, the date on which data will be released or the so-called "Advance Release Calendar." For the Republic, precise dates or "no-later-than dates" for the release of data under the SDDS are disseminated three months in advance through the Advance Release Calendar, which is published on the Internet under the IMF's Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board. Summary methodologies of all metadata to enhance transparency of statistical compilation are also provided on the Internet under the Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board. The Internet website for the Republic's Advance Release Calendar and metadata is located at http://dsbb.imf.org/Pages/SDDS/CtyCtgList.aspx?ctycode=PHL.

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**USE OF PROCEEDS** 

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the net proceeds from sales of securities will be used for the general purposes of the Republic, including for budget support and to repay a portion of the Government's borrowings.

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**RATINGS** 

Ratings included herein are not a recommendation to purchase, hold or sell securities and may be changed, suspended or withdrawn at any time. The Republic's current credit ratings and rating outlooks are dependent upon economic conditions and other factors affecting credit risk that are outside the control of the Republic. Each rating should be evaluated independently of the others. Detailed explanations of the ratings may be obtained from the rating agencies. The Republic discloses these ratings because, though the Republic has no control over ratings, they are important to the Republic's ability to obtain the financing that it needs on terms that are favorable to it. A decision by a rating agency to downgrade the Republic's credit rating may have an adverse impact on its ability to access funding and may increase its borrowing costs, while an upgrade in its rating may improve its access to funding and reduce its borrowing costs.

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**DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES** 

**Description of the Debt Securities** 

The Republic may issue debt securities in separate series at various times. Each series of the debt securities will be issued pursuant to a fiscal agency agreement (each, as applicable to a series of debt securities, the "Fiscal Agency Agreement"). The description below summarizes the material provisions of the debt securities that are common to all series and the Fiscal Agency Agreement. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that is important to you as a potential investor in the debt securities. Therefore, the Republic urges you to read the form of the Fiscal Agency Agreement and the form of the global bond before deciding whether to invest in the debt securities. The Republic has filed a copy of these documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. You should refer to such exhibits for more complete information.

The financial terms and other specific terms of your debt securities are described in the prospectus supplement relating to your debt securities. The description in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description or, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

You can find the definitions of certain capitalized terms in the subsection titled "Glossary of Certain Defined Terms" located at the end of this section.

**General Terms of the Bonds** 

The prospectus supplement that relates to your debt securities will specify the following terms:

• the aggregate principal amount and the designation;

• the currency or currencies or composite currencies of denomination and payment;

• any limitation on principal amount and authorized denominations;

• the percentage of their principal amount at which the debt securities will be issued;

• the maturity date or dates;

• the interest rate or rates, if any, for the debt securities and, if variable, the method by which the
interest rate or rates will be calculated;

• whether any amount payable in respect of the debt securities will be determined based on an index or
formula, and how any such amount will be determined;

• the dates from which interest, if any, will accrue for payment of interest and the record dates for any
such interest payments;

• where and how the Republic will pay principal and interest;

• whether and in what circumstances the debt securities may be redeemed before maturity;

• any sinking fund or similar provision;

• whether any part or all of the debt securities will be in the form of a global security and the
circumstances in which a global security is exchangeable for certificated securities;

• if issued in certificated form, whether the debt securities will be in bearer form with interest
coupons, if any, or in registered form without interest coupons, or both forms, and any restrictions on exchanges from one form to the other; and

• whether the debt securities will be designated "Collective Action Securities" (as described
below under "Collective Action Securities").

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If the Republic issues debt securities in bearer form, the prospectus supplement relating to the debt securities will also describe applicable U.S. federal income tax and other considerations additional to the disclosure in this prospectus.

**Payments of Principal, Premium and Interest** 

On every payment date specified in the relevant prospectus supplement, the Republic will pay the principal, premium and/or interest due on that date to the registered holder of the relevant debt security at the close of business on the related record date. The record date will be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The Republic will make all payments at the place and in the currency set out in the prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise specified in the relevant prospectus supplement or the debt securities, the Republic will make payments in U.S. dollars at the New York office of the fiscal agent or, outside the United States, at the office of any paying agent. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the Republic will pay interest by check, payable to the registered holder.

If the relevant debt security has joint holders, the check will be payable to all of them or to the person designated by the joint holders at least three business days before payment. The Republic will mail the check to the address of the registered holder in the bond register and, in the case of joint holders, to the address of the joint holder named first in the bond register.

The Republic will make any payment on debt securities in bearer form at the designated offices or agencies of the fiscal agent, or any other paying agent, outside of the United States. At the option of the holder of debt securities, the Republic will pay by check or by transfer to an account maintained by the payee with a bank located outside of the United States. The Republic will not make payments on bearer securities at the corporate trust office of the fiscal agent in the United States or at any other paying agency in the United States. In addition, the Republic will not make any payment by mail to an address in the United States or by transfer to an account with a bank in the United States. Nevertheless, the Republic will make payments on a bearer security denominated and payable in U.S. dollars at an office or agency in the United States if:

• payment outside the United States is illegal or effectively precluded by exchange controls or other
similar restrictions; and

• the payment is then permitted under United States law, without material adverse consequences to the
Republic.

If the Republic issues bearer securities, it will designate the offices of at least one paying agent outside the United States as the location for payment.

**Repayment of Funds; Prescription** 

If no one claims money paid by the Republic to the fiscal agent for the payment of principal or interest for two years after the payment was due and payable, the fiscal agent or paying agent will repay the money to the Republic. After such repayment, the fiscal agent or paying agent will not be liable with respect to the amounts so repaid. However, the Republic's obligations to pay the principal of, and interest on, the debt securities as they become due will not be affected by such repayment.

You will not be permitted to submit a claim to the Republic for payment of principal or interest on any series of debt securities unless made within 10 years, in the case of principal, and five years, in the case of interest, from the date on which payment was due.

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**Global Securities** 

The prospectus supplement relating to a series of debt securities will indicate whether any of that series of debt securities will be represented by a global security. The prospectus supplement will also describe any unique specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to that series. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, the Republic anticipates that the following provisions will apply to depositary arrangements.

***Registered Ownership of the Global Security***

The global security will be registered in the name of a depositary identified in the prospectus supplement, or its nominee, and will be deposited with the depositary, its nominee or a custodian. The depositary, or its nominee, will therefore be considered the sole owner or holder of debt securities represented by the global security for all purposes under the Fiscal Agency Agreement. Except as specified below or in the applicable prospectus supplement, beneficial owners:

• will not be entitled to have any of the debt securities represented by the global security registered
in their names;

• will not receive physical delivery of any debt securities in definitive form;

• will not be considered the owners or holders of the debt securities;

• must rely on the procedures of the depositary and, if applicable, any participants (institutions that
have accounts with the depositary or a nominee of the depositary, such as securities brokers and dealers) to exercise any rights of a holder of the debt securities; and

• will receive payments of principal and interest from the depositary or its participants rather than
directly from the Republic.

The Republic understands that, under existing industry practice, the depositary and participants will allow beneficial owners to take all actions required of, and exercise all rights granted to, the registered holders of the debt securities.

The Republic will issue certificated securities and register debt securities in the name of a person other than the depositary or its nominee only if:

• the depositary for a series of debt securities is unwilling or unable to continue as depositary or
ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Republic does not appoint a successor depositary within 90 days;

• the Republic determines, in its sole discretion, not to have a series of debt securities represented by
a global security; or

• a default occurs that entitles the holders of the debt securities to accelerate the maturity date and
such default has not been cured.

In these circumstances, an owner of a beneficial interest in a global security will be entitled to registration of a principal amount of debt securities equal to its beneficial interest in its name and to physical delivery of the debt securities in definitive form. Definitive debt securities in bearer form will not be issued in respect of a global security in registered form.

***Beneficial Interests in and Payments on a Global Security***

Only participants, and persons that may hold beneficial interests through participants, can own a beneficial interest in the global security. The depositary keeps records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security by its participants. In turn, participants keep records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security by other persons (such as their customers). No other records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security will be kept.

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All payments on a global security will be made to the depositary or its nominee. When the depositary receives payment of principal or interest on the global security, the Republic expects the depositary to credit its participants' accounts with amounts that correspond to their respective beneficial interests in the global security.

The Republic also expects that, after the participants' accounts are credited, the participants will credit the accounts of the owners of beneficial interests in the global security with amounts that correspond to the owners' respective beneficial interests in the global security.

The depositary and its participants establish policies and procedures governing payments, transfers, exchanges and other important matters that affect owners of beneficial interests in a global security. The depositary and its participants may change these policies and procedures from time to time. The Republic has no responsibility or liability for the records of ownership of beneficial interests in the global security, or for payments made or not made to owners of such beneficial interests. The Republic also has no responsibility or liability for any aspect of the relationship between the depositary and its participants or for any aspect of the relationship between participants and owners of beneficial interests in the global security.

***Bearer Securities***

The Republic may issue debt securities of a series in the form of one or more bearer global debt securities deposited with a common depositary for the Euroclear System and Clearstream Banking, S.A., or with a nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The specific terms and procedures, including the specific terms of the depositary arrangement, with respect to any portion of a series of debt securities to be represented by a bearer global security will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

***Additional Amounts***

Payments made by, or on behalf of the Republic, on the debt securities will be made without withholding or deducting any present or future taxes imposed by the Republic or any of its political subdivisions, unless required by law. If Philippine law requires taxes to be deducted or withheld, except as discussed below, holders of the debt securities will be paid such additional amounts as are necessary to ensure that they receive the same amount as they would have received without such withholding or deduction.

However, any additional amounts will not be paid if the holder of the debt securities is liable for Philippine tax because:

• the holder of the debt securities is connected with the Republic other than by merely owning the debt
security or receiving income or payments on the bond;

• the holder of the debt securities failed to comply with any reasonable certification, identification or
other reporting requirement concerning the holder's nationality, residence, identity or connection with the Republic, if compliance with such requirement is required by any statute or regulation of the Republic as a precondition to exemption
from withholding or deduction of taxes; or

• the holder of the debt securities failed to present its debt security for payment within 30 days of
when the payment is due or when the Republic makes available to the holder of the debt securities or the relevant fiscal or paying agent a payment of principal or interest, whichever is later. Nevertheless, the Republic will pay additional amounts
to the extent the holder would have been entitled to such amounts had it presented its debt security for payment on the last day of the 30 day period.

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***Status of Bonds***

While outstanding, the debt securities will:

• constitute direct, unconditional and unsecured obligations of the Republic;

• rank without any preference among themselves and at least equally in right of payment with all of the
Republic's other unsecured and unsubordinated External Indebtedness, except as described below; and

• continue to be backed by the full faith and credit of the Republic.

It is understood that this provision shall not be construed so as to require the Republic to make payments under the debt securities ratably with payments being made under any other external indebtedness of the Republic.

Under Philippine law, unsecured debt (including guarantees of debt) of a borrower in insolvency or liquidation that is documented by a public instrument, as provided in Article 2244(14) of the Civil Code of the Republic, ranks ahead of unsecured debt that is not so documented. Debt is treated as documented by a public instrument if it is acknowledged before a notary or any person authorized to administer oaths in the Republic. The Government maintains that debt of the Republic is not subject to the preferences granted under Article 2244(14) or cannot be documented by a public instrument without acknowledgment of the Republic as debtor. The Philippine courts have never addressed this matter, however, and it is uncertain whether a document evidencing the Republic's Peso or non-Peso denominated debt (including External Indebtedness), notarized without the Republic's participation, would be considered documented by a public instrument. If such debt were considered documented by a public instrument, it would rank ahead of the debt securities if the Republic could not meet its debt obligations.

The Republic has represented that it has not prepared, executed or filed any public instrument, as provided in Article 2244(14) of the Civil Code of the Philippines, relating to any External Indebtedness. It also has not consented or assisted in the preparation or filing of any such public instrument. The Republic also agreed that it will not create any preference or priority in respect of any External Public Indebtedness pursuant to Article 2244(14) of the Civil Code of the Philippines unless its grants equal and ratable preference or priority to amounts payable under the debt securities.

***Negative Pledge Covenant***

If any debt securities are outstanding, the Republic will not create or permit any Liens on its assets or revenues as security for any of its External Public Indebtedness, unless the Lien also secures the Republic's obligations under the debt securities. In addition, the Republic will not create any preference or priority for any of its External Public Indebtedness pursuant to Article 2244(14) of the Civil Code of the Philippines, or any successor law, unless it grants equal and ratable preference or priority to amounts due under the debt securities.

The Republic may create or permit a Lien:

• on any property or asset (or any interest in such property or asset) incurred when the property or
asset was purchased, improved, constructed, developed or redeveloped to secure payment of the cost of the activity;

• securing Refinanced External Public Indebtedness;

• arising out of the extension, renewal or replacement of any External Public Indebtedness that is
permitted to be subject to a Lien pursuant to either of the previous two bullet points, as long as the principal amount of the External Public Indebtedness so secured is not increased;

• arising in the ordinary course of banking transactions to secure External Public Indebtedness with a
maturity not exceeding one year;

• existing on any property or asset at the time it was purchased, or arising after the acquisition under
a contract entered into before and not in contemplation of the acquisition, and any extension and renewal of that Lien which is limited to the original property or asset and secures any extension or renewal of the original secured financing;

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• that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(A) arises pursuant to any legal process in connection with court proceedings so long as the enforcement of the
Lien is stayed and the Republic is contesting the claims secured in good faith; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) secures the reimbursement obligation under any surety given in connection with the release of any Lien
referred to in (A) above; if it is released or discharged within one year of imposition; or

the Republic for the purpose of securing any External Public Indebtedness.

The international reserves of Bangko Sentral represent substantially all of the official gross international reserves of the Republic. Because Bangko Sentral is an independent entity, the Republic and Bangko Sentral believe that the debt securities' negative pledge covenant does not apply to Bangko Sentral's international reserves. Bangko Sentral could therefore incur External Indebtedness secured by international reserves without securing amounts payable under the debt securities.

***Events of Default***

*The following description does not apply to any series of debt securities that has been designated Collective Action Securities. See "Collective Action Securities—Events of Default" below for a description of the corresponding terms of Collective Action Securities.* 

Each of the following constitutes an event of default with respect to any series of debt securities:

(1)  ***Non-Payment*:** the Republic does not pay
principal or interest on any debt securities of such series when due and such failure continues for 30 days;

(2)  ***Breach of Other Obligations*:** the Republic fails to observe or perform any of the
covenants in the series of debt securities (other than non-payment) for 60 days after written notice of the default is delivered by any holder of debt securities to the Republic at the corporate trust office
of the fiscal agent in New York City;

(3)  ***Cross Default and Cross Acceleration*:** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) the Republic fails to make a payment of principal, premium, prepayment charge or interest when due on any
External Public Indebtedness with a principal amount equal to or greater than $25,000,000 or its equivalent, and this failure continues beyond the applicable grace period; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) any External Public Indebtedness of the Republic or the central monetary authority in principal amount equal
to or greater than $25,000,000 is accelerated, other than by optional or mandatory prepayment or redemption.

For the purposes of this event of default, the U.S. dollar equivalent for non-U.S. dollar debt will be computed using the middle spot rate for the relevant currency against the U.S. dollar as quoted by The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor in interest to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.) on the date of determination;

(4)  ***Moratorium*: ** ** the Republic declares a general moratorium on the payment of
its or the central monetary authority's External Indebtedness;

(5) **Validity:** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) the Republic, or any governmental body with the legal power and authority to declare such series of debt
securities and the related Fiscal Agency Agreement invalid or unenforceable, challenges the validity of such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency Agreement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) the Republic denies any of its obligations under such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency
Agreement; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) any legislative, executive or constitutional measure or final judicial decision renders any material
provision of such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency Agreement invalid or unenforceable or prevents or delays the performance of the Republic's obligations under such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency
Agreement;

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(6)  ***Failure of Authorizations:*** **  any legislative, executive or constitutional authorization
necessary for the Republic to perform its material obligations under the series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency Agreement ceases to be in full force and effect or is modified in a manner materially prejudicial to the holders of the
debt securities;

(7)  ***Control of Assets:*** the Republic or the central monetary authority does not at all times
exercise full control over the Republic's International Monetary Assets; or

(8)  ***IMF Membership:*** the Republic ceases to be a member of the IMF or loses its eligibility to use
the general resources of the IMF. The events described in paragraphs 2, 4, 5 and 6 will be events of default only if they materially prejudice the interests of holders of the debt securities.

If any of the above events of default occurs and is continuing, holders of the debt securities representing at least 25% in principal amount of the debt securities of that series then outstanding may declare all of the debt securities of the series to be due and payable immediately by written notice to the Republic and the fiscal agent. In the case of an event of default described in paragraphs 1 or 4 above, any holder of the debt securities may declare the principal amount of debt securities that it holds to be immediately due and payable by written notice to the Republic and the fiscal agent.

Investors should note that:

• despite the procedure described above, no debt securities may be declared due and payable if the
Republic cures the applicable event of default before it receives the written notice from the holder of the debt securities;

• the Republic is not required to provide periodic evidence of the absence of defaults; and

• the Fiscal Agency Agreement does not require the Republic to notify holders of the debt securities of
an event of default or grant any holder of the debt securities a right to examine the bond register.

***Modifications and Amendments; Bondholders' Meetings***

*The following description does not apply to any series of debt securities that has been designated Collective Action Securities. See "Collective Action Securities—Modifications and Amendments; Bondholders' Meetings" for a description of the corresponding terms of Collective Action Securities.* 

Each holder of a series of debt securities must consent to any amendment or modification of the terms of that series of debt securities or the Fiscal Agency Agreement that would:

• change the stated maturity of the principal of the debt securities or any installment of interest;

• reduce the principal amount of such series of debt securities or the portion of the principal amount
payable upon acceleration of such debt securities;

• change the debt securities' interest rate;

• change the currency of payment of principal or interest;

• change the obligation of the Republic to pay additional amounts on account of withholding taxes or
deductions; or

• reduce the percentage of the outstanding principal amount needed to modify or amend the related Fiscal
Agency Agreement or the terms of such series of debt securities.

With respect to other types of amendment or modification, the Republic may, with the consent of the holders of at least a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of a series that are outstanding, modify and amend that series of debt securities or, to the extent the modification or amendment affects that series of debt securities, the Fiscal Agency Agreement.

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The Republic may at any time call a meeting of the holders of a series of debt securities to seek the holders' approval of the modification, or amendment, or obtain a waiver, of any provision of that series of debt securities. The meeting will be held at the time and place in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City as determined by the Republic. The notice calling the meeting must be given at least 30 days and not more than 60 days prior to the meeting.

While an event of default with respect to a series of debt securities is continuing, holders of at least 10% of the aggregate principal amount of that series of debt securities may compel the fiscal agent to call a meeting of all holders of debt securities of that series.

The persons entitled to vote a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of the series that are outstanding at the time will constitute a quorum at a meeting of the holders of the debt securities. To vote at a meeting, a person must either hold outstanding debt securities of the relevant series or be duly appointed as a proxy for a holder of the debt securities. The fiscal agent will make all rules governing the conduct of any meeting.

The Fiscal Agency Agreement and a series of debt securities may be modified or amended, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities, to:

• add covenants of the Republic that benefit holders of the debt securities;

• surrender any right or power given to the Republic;

• secure the debt securities; or

• cure any ambiguity or correct or supplement any defective provision in the Fiscal Agency Agreement or
the debt securities, without materially and adversely affecting the interests of the holders of the debt securities.

***Replacement of Debt Securities***

If a debt security becomes mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen, the Republic may issue, and the fiscal agent will authenticate and deliver, a substitute debt security. The Republic and the fiscal agent will require proof of any claim that a debt security was destroyed, lost or stolen.

The applicant for a substitute debt security must indemnify the Republic, the fiscal agent and any other agent for any losses they may suffer relating to the debt security that was destroyed, lost or stolen. The applicant will be required to pay all expenses and reasonable charges associated with the replacement of the mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen debt security.

***Fiscal Agent***

The Republic will appoint a fiscal agent or agents in connection with each series of the debt securities whose duties will be governed by the related Fiscal Agency Agreement. Different fiscal agents may be appointed for different series of debt securities. The Republic may maintain bank accounts and a banking relationship with each fiscal agent. Each fiscal agent is the agent of the Republic and does not act as a trustee for the holders of the debt securities.

***Notices***

All notices will be mailed to the registered holders of a series of debt securities. If a depositary is the registered holder of global securities, each beneficial holder must rely on the procedures of the depositary and its participants to receive notices, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements.

If the Republic lists a series of debt securities on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, and the rules of that exchange so require, all notices to holders of that series of debt securities will be published in a daily newspaper of general circulation in Luxembourg. The Republic expects that the *Luxemburger Wort* will be the newspaper. If notice cannot be published in an appropriate newspaper, notice will be considered validly given if made pursuant to the rules of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange.

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***Governing Law***

The Fiscal Agency Agreement and the debt securities will be governed by the laws of the State of New York without regard to any principles of New York law requiring the application of the laws of another jurisdiction. Nevertheless, all matters governing the authorization, execution and delivery of the debt securities and the Fiscal Agency Agreement by the Republic will be governed by the laws of the Republic.

***Further Issues of Debt Securities***

*The following description does not apply to any series of debt securities that has been designated Collective Action Securities. See "Collective Action Securities—Further Issues of Debt Securities" for a description of the corresponding terms of Collective Action Securities.* 

The Republic may, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities, create and issue additional debt securities with the same terms and conditions as any series of bonds (or that are the same in all respects except for the amount of the first interest payment and for the interest paid on the series of debt securities prior to the issuance of the additional debt securities). The Republic may consolidate such additional debt securities with the outstanding debt securities to form a single series. Any further debt securities forming a single series with the outstanding debt securities of any series constituted by a Fiscal Agency Agreement shall be constituted by an agreement supplemental to such relevant Fiscal Agency Agreement.

***Jurisdiction and Enforceability***

The Republic is a foreign sovereign government and your ability to collect on judgments of U.S. courts against the Republic may be limited.

The Republic will irrevocably appoint the Philippine Consul General in New York, New York as its authorized agent to receive service of process in any suit based on any series of debt securities which any holder of the debt securities may bring in any state or federal court in New York City. The Republic submits to the jurisdiction of any state or federal court in New York City or any competent court in the Republic in such action. The Republic waives, to the extent permitted by law, any objection to proceedings in such courts. The Republic also waives irrevocably any immunity from jurisdiction to which it might otherwise be entitled in any suit based on any series of debt securities.

Because of its waiver of immunity, the Republic would be subject to suit in competent courts in the Republic. A judgment against the Republic in state or federal court in New York City would be recognized and enforced by the courts of the Republic in any enforcement action without re-examining the issues if:

• such judgment was not obtained by collusion or fraud;

• the foreign court rendering such judgment had jurisdiction over the case;

• the Republic had proper notice of the proceedings before the foreign court; and

• such judgment was not based upon a clear mistake of law or fact.

Notwithstanding any of the above, the Philippine Consul General is not the agent for receipt of service for suits under the U.S. federal or state securities laws, and the Republic's waiver of immunity does not extend to those actions. In addition, the Republic does not waive immunity relating to its:

• properties and assets used by a diplomatic or consular mission;

• properties and assets under the control of its military authority or defense agency; and

• properties and assets located in the Republic and dedicated to public or governmental use.

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If you bring a suit against the Republic under U.S. federal or state securities laws, unless the Republic waives immunity, you would be able to obtain a United States judgment against the Republic only if a court determined that the Republic is not entitled to sovereign immunity under the United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. Even if you obtained a United States judgment in any such suit, you may not be able to enforce the judgment in the Republic. Moreover, you may not be able to enforce a judgment obtained under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act against the Republic's property located in the United States except under the limited circumstances specified in the act.

***Glossary of Certain Defined Terms***

Certain definitions used in the Fiscal Agency Agreement are set forth below. For a full explanation of all of these terms or any capitalized terms used in this section you should refer to the Fiscal Agency Agreement.

"External Indebtedness" means Indebtedness denominated or payable by its terms, or at the option of the holder, in a currency or currencies other than that of the Republic.

"External Public Indebtedness" means any External Indebtedness in the form of bonds, debentures, notes or other similar instruments or other securities which is, or is eligible to be, quoted, listed or ordinarily purchased and sold on any stock exchange, automated trading system or over-the-counter or other securities market.

"Indebtedness" means any indebtedness for money borrowed or any guarantee of indebtedness for money borrowed.

"International Monetary Assets" means all (i) gold, (ii) Special Drawing Rights, (iii) Reserve Positions in the Fund and (iv) Foreign Exchange.

"Lien" means any mortgage, deed of trust, charge, pledge, lien or other encumbrance or preferential arrangement which has the practical effect of constituting a security interest.

"Refinanced External Public Indebtedness" means the U.S.$130,760,000 Series A Interest Reduction Bonds due 2007 issued by the Republic on December 1, 1992, the U.S.$626,616,000 Series B Interest Reduction Bonds due 2008 issued by the Republic on December 1, 1992, the U.S.$153,490,000 Series A Principal Collateralized Interest Reduction Bonds due 2018 issued by the Republic on December 1, 1992 and the U.S.$1,740,600,000 Series B Collateralized Interest Reduction Bonds due 2017 issued by the Republic on December 1, 1992.

"Special Drawing Rights," "Reserve Positions in the Fund" and "Foreign Exchange," have, as to the type of assets included, the meanings given to them in the IMF's publication entitled "International Financial Statistics" or any other meaning formally adopted by the IMF from time to time.

**Description of the Warrants** 

Each series of warrants will be issued under a warrant agreement (each, as applicable to a series of warrants, the "Warrant Agreement") to be entered into between the Republic and a bank or trust company as warrant agent. The description below summarizes some of the provisions of warrants for the purchase of bonds that the Republic may issue from time to time and of the Warrant Agreement. Copies of the forms of warrants and the Warrant Agreement are or will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that is important to you as a potential investor in the warrants.

The description of the warrants that will be contained in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description and, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

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**General Terms of the Warrants** 

The prospectus supplement relating to the series of warrants will set forth:

• the terms of the bonds purchasable upon exercise of the warrants, as described above under
"Description of the Debt Securities—General Terms of the Bonds";

• the principal amount of bonds purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the exercise price;

• the procedures and conditions for the exercise of the warrants;

• the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants begins and expires;

• whether and under what conditions the warrants and any bonds issued with the warrants will be
separately transferable;

• whether the warrants will be issued in certificated or global form and, if in global form, information
with respect to applicable depositary arrangements;

• if issued in certificated form, whether the warrants will be issued in registered or bearer form,
whether they will be exchangeable between such forms, and, if issued in registered form, where they may be transferred and registered;

• A description of the tax consequences of an investment in warrants; and

• other specific provisions.

The warrants will be subject to the provisions set forth under "Description of the Securities—Description of the Debt Securities," "—Governing Law" and "—Jurisdiction and Enforceability."

**Limitations on Issuance of Bearer Debt Securities** 

Bearer securities will not be offered, sold or delivered in the United States or its possessions or to a United States person, except in certain circumstances permitted by U.S. Treasury Regulations. Bearer securities will initially be represented by temporary global securities (without interest coupons) deposited with a common depositary in London for the Euroclear System for credit to designated accounts. Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement:

• each temporary global security will be exchangeable for definitive bearer securities on or after the
date that is 40 days after issuance only upon receipt of certification of non-United States beneficial ownership of the temporary global security as provided in United States tax regulations, provided that no
bearer security will be mailed or otherwise delivered to any location in the United States in connection with the exchange; and

• any interest payable on any portion of a temporary global security with respect to any interest payment
date occurring prior to the issuance of definitive bearer securities will be paid only upon receipt of certification of non-United States beneficial ownership of the temporary global security as provided in
United States tax regulations.

Bearer securities (other than temporary global debt securities) and any related coupons will bear the following legend: "Any United States person who holds this obligation will be subject to limitations under the United States federal income tax laws, including the limitations provided in Sections 165(j) and 1287(a) of the Internal Revenue Code." The sections referred to in the legend provide that, with certain exceptions, a United States person who holds a bearer security or coupon will not be allowed to deduct any loss realized on the disposition of the bearer security, and any gain (which might otherwise be characterized as capital gain) recognized on the disposition will be treated as ordinary income.

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For the purposes of this section, "United States person" means:

• an individual citizen or resident of the United States;

• a corporation, partnership or other entity created or organized in or under the laws of the United
States or any political subdivision thereof;

• an estate, the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its
source; or

• a trust if a United States court is able to exercise primary supervision over the trust's
administration and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all of the trust's substantial decisions.

For the purposes of this section, "United States" means the United States of America (including the States and the District of Columbia), its territories, its possessions and other areas subject to its jurisdiction.

**Ranking Provisions of the Debt Securities** 

In NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has ruled that the ranking clause in bonds issued by the Republic of Argentina prevents Argentina from making payments in respect of bonds Argentina issued in a restructuring unless Argentina makes pro rata payments on defaulted bonds that were not exchanged in the restructuring and which rank *pari passu* with the bonds issued in the restructuring. The U.S. Supreme Court has declined to hear the case in an appeal by Argentina.

An equal ranking provision similar to the provision litigated in NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina has been contained in securities previously issued by the Republic. The Republic has always intended that the equal ranking clause appearing in securities previously issued by the Republic would permit it to redeem or to make principal and interest payments in respect of some of its external debt without making ratable payments in respect of other external debt. However, the decision of the Second Circuit could affect that interpretation, which in turn could potentially hinder or impede debt restructurings and distressed debt management transactions by the Republic, by affecting the voting decisions of bondholders under, for example, the collective action clause contained in previously issued debt securities. Although a court interpreting the Republic's equal ranking clause could reach a decision different from the Second Circuit in the litigation involving Argentina, the Republic cannot predict whether or in what manner the courts would resolve a dispute over this clause or how any such judgment would be applied or implemented. Further, the Republic cannot predict whether the litigation described above will affect the liquidity of the trading market for the Republic's debt securities or the price at which the debt securities will trade in the secondary market.

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**COLLECTIVE ACTION SECURITIES** 

The Republic may designate a particular series of debt securities to be "Collective Action Securities," the specific terms of which will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to such series of debt securities. Collective Action Securities will have the same terms and conditions as the securities described under the heading "Description of the Debt Securities" above, except that such Collective Action Securities shall contain different provisions relating to certain aspects of default, acceleration, voting on amendments, modifications, changes or waivers and further issues of debt securities as follows:

**Events of Default** 

Each of the following constitutes an event of default with respect to any series of debt securities:

(1)  ***Non-Payment*:** the Republic does not pay
principal or interest on any debt securities of such series when due and such failure continues for 30 days;

(2)  ***Breach of Other Obligations*:** the Republic fails to observe or perform any of the
covenants in the series of debt securities (other than non-payment) for 60 days after written notice of the default is delivered by any holder of debt securities to the Republic at the corporate trust office
of the fiscal agent in New York City;

(3)  ***Cross Default and Cross Acceleration*:** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) the Republic fails to make a payment of principal, premium, prepayment charge or interest when due on any
External Public Indebtedness with a principal amount equal to or greater than $25,000,000 or its equivalent, and this failure continues beyond the applicable grace period; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) any External Public Indebtedness of the Republic or the central bank of the Republic in principal amount
equal to or greater than $25,000,000 is accelerated, other than by optional or mandatory prepayment or redemption.

For the purposes of this event of default, the U.S. dollar equivalent for non-U.S. dollar debt will be computed using the middle spot rate for the relevant currency against the U.S. dollar as quoted by The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor in interest to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.) on the date of determination;

(4)  ***Moratorium*:** the Republic declares a general moratorium on the payment of its or the
central monetary authority's External Indebtedness;

(5)  ***Validity*:** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) the Republic, or any governmental body with the legal power and authority to declare such series of debt
securities and the related Fiscal Agency Agreement invalid or unenforceable, challenges the validity of such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency Agreement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) the Republic denies any of its obligations under such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency
Agreement; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) any legislative, executive or constitutional measure or final judicial decision renders any material
provision of such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency Agreement invalid or unenforceable or prevents or delays the performance of the Republic's obligations under such series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency
Agreement;

(6)  ***Failure of Authorizations*: ** ** any legislative, executive or constitutional
authorization necessary for the Republic to perform its material obligations under the series of debt securities or the related Fiscal Agency Agreement ceases to be in full force and effect or is modified in a manner materially prejudicial to the
holders of the debt securities;

(7)  ***Control of Assets*:** the Republic or the central bank of the Republic does not at all
times exercise full control over the Republic's International Monetary Assets; or

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(8)  ***IMF Membership*:** the Republic ceases to be a member of the IMF or loses its eligibility
to use the general resources of the IMF.

The events described in paragraphs 2, 4, 5 and 6 will be events of default only if they materially prejudice the interests of holders of the debt securities.

If any of the above events of default occurs and is continuing, holders of the debt securities representing at least 25% in principal amount of the debt securities of that series then outstanding may declare all of the debt securities of the series to be due and payable immediately by written notice to the Republic and the fiscal agent. The holders of more than 50% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the affected series may rescind a declaration of acceleration if the event or events of default giving rise to the declaration have been cured or waived.

Investors should note that:

• despite the procedure described above, no debt securities may be declared due and payable if the
Republic cures the applicable event of default before it receives the written notice from the holders of the debt securities;

• the Republic is not required to provide periodic evidence of the absence of defaults; and

• the Fiscal Agency Agreement does not require the Republic to notify holders of the debt securities of
an event of default or grant any holder of the debt securities a right to examine the bond register.

**Modifications and Amendments; Bondholders' Meetings** 

The Republic may call a meeting of holders of debt securities of any series at any time. The Republic will determine the time and place of the meeting and will notify the holders of the time, place and purpose of the meeting not less than 30 and not more than 60 days before the meeting.

In addition, the Republic or the fiscal agent will call a meeting of holders of debt securities of any series if the holders of at least 10% in principal amount of all debt securities of the series then outstanding have delivered a written request to the Republic or the fiscal agent (with a copy to the Republic) setting out the purpose of the meeting. Within 10 days of receipt of such written request or copy thereof, the Republic will notify the fiscal agent and the fiscal agent will notify the holders of the time, place and purpose of the meeting, to take place not less than 30 and not more than 60 days after the date on which such notification is given.

Only holders of debt securities of the relevant series and their proxies are entitled to vote at a meeting. The Republic will set the procedures governing the conduct of the meeting and if additional procedures are required, the Republic will establish such procedures as are customary in the market.

Modifications may also be approved by holders of debt securities pursuant to written action with the consent of the requisite percentage of debt securities of the relevant series. The fiscal agent will solicit the consent of the relevant holders to the modification not less than 10 and not more than 30 days before the expiration date for the receipt of such consents as specified by the fiscal agent.

The holders of a series of debt securities may generally approve any proposal by the Republic to modify or take action with respect to the Fiscal Agency Agreement or the terms of the debt securities of that series with the affirmative vote (if approved at a meeting of the holders) or consent (if approved by written action) of holders of more than 50% of the outstanding principal amount of the debt securities of that series.

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Holders of any series of debt securities issued under the Fiscal Agency Agreement may approve, by vote or consent through one of three modification methods described below, any modification, amendment, supplement or waiver proposed by the Republic that would do any of the following (such subjects referred to as "reserve matters") with respect to such series of debt securities:

• change the date on which any amount is payable;

• reduce the principal amount (other than in accordance with the express terms of the debt securities and
the Fiscal Agency Agreement);

• reduce the interest rate;

• change the method used to calculate any amount payable (other than in accordance with the express terms
of the debt securities and the Fiscal Agency Agreement);

• change the currency or place of payment of any amount payable;

• modify the Republic's obligation to make any other payments (including any redemption price
therefor);

• change the identity of the obligor;

• change the definition of "outstanding" or the percentage of affirmative votes or written
consents, as the case may be, required to make a reserve matter modification;

• change the definition of "Uniformly Applicable," "reserve matter" or "reserve
matter modification";

• authorize the fiscal agent, on behalf of all holders of the debt securities, to exchange or substitute
all the debt securities for, or convert all the debt securities into, other obligations or securities of the Republic or any other person; or

• change the legal ranking, governing law, submission to jurisdiction or waiver of immunities provisions
of the terms of such debt securities.

A change to a reserve matter, including the payment terms of the debt securities of any series, can be made without the holder's consent, as long as the change is approved, pursuant to one of the three following modification methods, by vote or consent by:

• in the case of a proposed modification to a single series of debt securities, the holders of more than
75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series;

• where such proposed modification would affect the outstanding debt securities of any two or more series
issued under the Fiscal Agency Agreement, the holders of more than 75% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed modification, taken in the aggregate, if certain Uniformly Applicable
requirements are met; or

• where such proposed modification would affect the outstanding debt securities of any two or more series
issued under the Fiscal Agency Agreement, whether or not the Uniformly Applicable requirements are met, the holders of more than 66 2/3% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all series affected by the proposed
modification, taken in the aggregate, and the holders of more than 50% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series affected by the modification, taken individually.

Any modification consented to or approved by the holders of debt securities pursuant to the above provisions will be conclusive and binding on all holders of the relevant series of debt securities or all holders of all series of debt securities affected by a cross-series modification, as the case may be, whether or not they have given such consent or approval, and on all future holders of those debt securities whether or not notation of such modification is made upon the debt securities. Any instrument given by or on behalf of any holder of a debt security in connection with any consent to or approval of any such modification will be conclusive and binding on all subsequent holders of that debt security.

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For so long as any series of Existing Securities are outstanding, if the Republic certifies to the fiscal agent and to the fiscal agent under the Existing Fiscal Agency Agreement that a cross-series modification is being sought simultaneously with an Existing Fiscal Agency Agreement Reserve Matter Modification, the Existing Securities affected by such Existing Fiscal Agency Agreement Reserve Matter Modification shall be treated as "series affected by that proposed modification" as that phrase is used in the Fiscal Agency Agreement with respect to both cross-series modifications with single aggregated voting and cross-series modifications with two-tier voting; provided, that if the Republic seeks a cross-series modification with single aggregated voting, in determining whether such modification will be considered Uniformly Applicable, the holders of any series of Existing Securities affected by the Existing Fiscal Agency Agreement Reserve Matter Modification shall be deemed "holders of securities of all series affected by that modification," for the purpose of the Uniformly Applicable definition. It is the intention that in the circumstances described in respect of any cross-series modification, the votes of the holders of the affected Existing Securities be counted for purposes of the voting thresholds specified in the Fiscal Agency Agreement for the applicable cross-series modification as though those Existing Securities had been affected by that cross-series modification although the effectiveness of any modification, as it relates to the Existing Securities, shall be governed exclusively by the terms and conditions of those Existing Securities and by the Existing Fiscal Agency Agreement; provided, however, that no such modification as to the affected Existing Securities will be effective unless such modification shall have also been adopted by the holders of the Existing Securities pursuant to the amendment and modification provisions of such Existing Securities.

The Republic may select, in its discretion, any modification method for a reserve matter modification in accordance with the Fiscal Agency Agreement and to designate which series of debt securities will be included for approval in the aggregate of modifications affecting two or more series of debt securities. Any selection of a modification method or designation of series to be included will be final for the purpose of that vote or consent solicitation.

"**Uniformly Applicable**" as referred to above, means a modification by which holders of debt securities of any series affected by that modification are invited to exchange, convert or substitute their debt securities on the same terms for (x) the same new instruments or other consideration or (y) new instruments or other consideration from an identical menu of instruments or other consideration. It is understood that a modification will not be considered to be uniformly applicable if each exchanging, converting or substituting holder of debt securities of any series affected by that modification is not offered the same amount of consideration per amount of principal, the same amount of consideration per amount of interest accrued but unpaid and the same amount of consideration per amount of past due interest, respectively, as that offered to each other exchanging, converting or substituting holder of debt securities of any series affected by that modification (or, where a menu of instruments or other consideration is offered, each exchanging, converting or substituting holder of debt securities of any series affected by that modification is not offered the same amount of consideration per amount of principal, the same amount of consideration per amount of interest accrued but unpaid and the same amount of consideration per amount of past due interest, respectively, as that offered to each other exchanging, converting or substituting holder of debt securities of any series affected by that modification electing the same option under such menu of instruments).

As used in the preceding paragraphs:

"**Existing Securities**" means any of the 1999 Securities, 2004 Securities and 2006 Securities, as applicable.

"**Existing Fiscal Agency Agreement**" means any of the 1999 Fiscal Agency Agreement, 2004 Fiscal Agency Agreement and 2006 Fiscal Agency Agreement, as applicable.

"**Existing Fiscal Agency Agreement Reserve Matter Modification**" means any modification to the terms and conditions of one or more series of the Existing Securities pursuant to Section 12 of the 1999 Fiscal Agency Agreement, Section 19 of the 2004 Fiscal Agency Agreement or Section 19 of the 2006 Fiscal Agency Agreement, as applicable.

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"**1999 Securities**" means Securities authenticated and delivered under the 1999 Fiscal Agency Agreement.

"**2004 Securities**" means Securities authenticated and delivered under the 2004 Fiscal Agency Agreement.

"**2006 Securities**" means Securities authenticated and delivered under the 2006 Fiscal Agency Agreement.

"**1999 Fiscal Agency Agreement"** means the Fiscal Agency Agreement dated as of October 4, 1999 between the Republic of the Philippines, as issuer, and the fiscal agent named therein.

"**2004 Fiscal Agency Agreement**" means the Fiscal Agency Agreement dated as of October 4, 1999 between the Republic of the Philippines, as issuer, and the fiscal agent named therein, as amended by Supplement No. 1 to the Fiscal Agency Agreement dated as of February 26, 2004.

"**2006 Fiscal Agency Agreement**" means the Fiscal Agency Agreement dated as of October 4, 1999 between the Republic of the Philippines, as issuer, and the fiscal agent named therein, as amended by Supplement No. 1 to the Fiscal Agency Agreement dated as of February 26, 2004 and Supplement No. 2 to the Fiscal Agency Agreement dated as of January 11, 2006.

Before soliciting any consent or vote of any holder of debt securities for any change to a reserve matter, the Republic will provide the following information to the fiscal agent for distribution to the holders of debt securities of any series that would be affected by the proposed modification:

• a description of the Republic's economic and financial circumstances that are in the
Republic's opinion, relevant to the request for the proposed modification, a description of the Republic's existing debts and a description of its broad policy reform program and provisional macroeconomic outlook;

• if the Republic shall at the time have entered into an arrangement for financial assistance with
multilateral and/or other major creditors or creditor groups and/or an agreement with any such creditors regarding debt relief, (x) a description of any such arrangement or agreement and (y) where permitted under the information disclosure
policies of the multilateral or other creditors, as applicable, a copy of the arrangement or agreement;

• a description of the Republic's proposed treatment of external debt instruments that are not
affected by the proposed modification and its intentions with respect to any other major creditor groups; and

• if the Republic is then seeking any reserve matter modification affecting any other series of debt
securities, a description of that proposed modification.

**Other Amendments** 

The Republic and the fiscal agent may, without the vote or consent of any holder of debt securities of any series, amend the Fiscal Agency Agreement (as it refers to such series) or such debt securities for the purpose of:

• adding to the Republic's covenants for the benefit of the holders of the debt securities of that
series;

• surrendering any of the Republic's rights or powers with respect to the debt securities of that
series;

• securing the debt securities of that series;

• curing any ambiguity or curing, correcting or supplementing any defective provision in the debt
securities of that series or the Fiscal Agency Agreement;

• amending the debt securities of that series or the Fiscal Agency Agreement in any manner that the
Republic may determine and that does not materially adversely affect the interests of any holders of the debt securities of that series; or

• correcting in the opinion of the Republic, a manifest error of a formal, minor or technical nature.

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For purposes of determining whether the required percentage of holders of the debt securities of a series has approved any amendment, modification or change to, or waiver of, the debt securities or the Fiscal Agency Agreement, or whether the required percentage of holders has delivered a notice of acceleration of the debt securities of that series, debt securities owned, directly or indirectly, by the Republic or any public sector instrumentality of the Republic will be disregarded and deemed not to be outstanding. As used in this paragraph, "public sector instrumentality" means Bangko Sentral, any department, ministry or agency of the Republic or any corporation, trust, financial institution or other entity owned or controlled by the Republic or any of the foregoing, and "control" means the power, directly or indirectly, through the ownership of voting securities or other ownership interests or otherwise, to direct the management of or elect or appoint a majority of the board of directors or other persons performing similar functions in lieu of, or in addition to, the board of directors of a corporation, trust, financial institution or other entity.

**Further Issues of Debt Securities** 

The Republic may, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities, create and issue additional debt securities with the same terms and conditions as any series of bonds (or that are the same in all respects except for the amount of the first interest payment and for the interest paid on the series of debt securities prior to the issuance of the additional debt securities) provided, however, that unless such additional debt securities are issued under a separate CUSIP, ISIN or other identification number, such additional debt securities are issued either (i) pursuant to a "qualified reopening" for U.S. federal income tax purposes of the original series of debt securities, (ii) with less than a de minimis amount of original issue discount or (iii) otherwise as part of the same "issue" for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the original series of debt securities. The Republic may consolidate such additional debt securities with the outstanding debt securities to form a single series. Any further debt securities forming a single series with the outstanding debt securities of any series constituted by a Fiscal Agency Agreement shall be constituted by a supplement to such relevant Fiscal Agency Agreement.

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**TAXATION** 

The following discussion summarizes certain Philippine and U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to you if you invest in debt securities of the Republic. This summary is based on laws, regulations, rulings and decisions now in effect, all of which may change. Any change could apply retroactively and could affect the continued validity of this summary.

This summary does not describe all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to you or your situation, particularly if you are subject to special tax rules. You should consult your tax advisor about the tax consequences of holding debt securities, including the relevance to your particular situation of the considerations discussed below, as well as of state, local or other tax laws.

**Philippine Taxation** 

The following is a summary of certain Philippine tax consequences that may be relevant to non-Philippine holders of the debt securities in connection with the holding and disposition of the debt securities. The Republic uses the term "non-Philippine holders" to refer to (i) non-residents of the Philippines who are neither citizens of the Philippines nor are engaged in trade or business within the Philippines or (ii) non-Philippine corporations not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines.

This summary is based on Philippine laws, rules, and regulations in effect as of the date of this prospectus, all of which are subject to change and may apply retroactively. It is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of the tax consequences under Philippine law of the receipt, ownership, or disposition of the debt securities, in each case by non-Philippine holders, nor to describe any of the tax consequences that may be applicable to citizens or residents of the Republic.

If you are not a non-Philippine holder, you should consult your tax advisor about the consequences of holding these debt securities.

***Effect of Holding Global Bonds***

Payments by the Republic of principal of and interest on the debt securities to a non-Philippine holder will not subject such non-Philippine holder to taxation in the Philippines by reason solely of the holding of the debt securities or the receipt of principal or interest in respect thereof.

***Taxation of Interest on the Global Bonds***

When the Republic makes payments of principal and interest to you, as a non-Philippine holder of the debt securities, no amount will be withheld from such payments for, or on account of, any taxes of any kind imposed, levied, withheld or assessed by the Philippines or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein.

***Taxation of Capital Gains***

Non-Philippine holders of the debt security will not be subject to Philippine income or withholding tax in connection with the sale, exchange, or retirement of a debt security if such sale, exchange or retirement is made outside the Philippines or an exemption is available under an applicable tax treaty in force between the Philippines and the country of domicile of the non-Philippine holder. If the debt securities have a maturity of more than five years from the date of issuance, any gains realized by a holder of the debt security will not, under the Philippine Tax Code, be subject to Philippine income tax.

***Documentary Stamp Taxes***

No documentary stamp tax is imposed upon the transfer of the debt securities. A documentary stamp tax at the rate of ₱1.50 for every ₱200.00 of the issue value of the debt securities is payable upon the issuance of the debt securities and will be for the account of the Republic.

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***Estate and Donor's Taxes***

The transfer of a debt security by way of succession upon the death of a non-Philippine holder will be subject to Philippine estate tax at a fixed rate of 6% based on the value of the net estate.

The transfer of a debt security by gift to an individual who is related or unrelated to the non-Philippine holder will generally be subject to a Philippine donor's tax at a fixed rate of 6% based on the total gifts in excess of ₱250,000 during the relevant calendar year.

The foregoing apply even if the holder is a non-Philippine holder. However, the Republic will not collect estate and donor's taxes on the transfer of the debt securities by gift or succession if the deceased at the time of death, or the donor at the time of donation, was a citizen and resident of a foreign country that provides certain reciprocal rights to citizens of the Philippines (a "Reciprocating Jurisdiction"). For these purposes, a Reciprocating Jurisdiction is a foreign country which at the time of death or donation (i) did not impose a transfer tax of any character in respect of intangible personal property of citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country or (ii) allowed a similar exemption from transfer or death taxes of every character or description in respect of intangible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country.

**United States Tax Considerations** 

The following discussion summarizes material U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to you if you invest in debt securities. This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations, published rulings, administrative pronouncements, and court decisions, all as of the date of this prospectus and all subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. Any such change could affect the tax consequences described below. This summary deals only with beneficial owners of debt securities that will hold debt securities as capital assets. The discussion does not cover all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to, or the actual tax effect that any of the matters described herein will have on, the acquisition, ownership or disposition of debt securities by particular investors (including consequences under the alternative minimum tax or net investment income tax), and does not address state, local, U.S. estate and gift, non-U.S. or other tax laws. It also does not address considerations that may be relevant to you if you are an investor that is subject to special tax rules (such as a financial institution, real estate investment trust, regulated investment company, insurance company, dealer in securities or currencies, trader in securities or commodities that elects mark to market treatment, a person that will hold debt securities in an individual retirement account or other tax deferred account, as a hedge against currency risk or as a position in a "straddle" or conversion transaction, a tax exempt organization, a U.S. holder (as defined below) that is required to take certain amounts into income no later than the time such amounts are reflected on an applicable financial statement, a person that has ceased to be a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident of the United States, an investor holding the debt securities in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States, a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident living abroad or a U.S. holder whose "functional currency" is not the U.S. dollar).

You will be a U.S. holder if you are, for U.S. income tax purposes: (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any state thereof (including the District of Columbia), (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source or (iv) a trust if a court within the United States is able to execute primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all the substantial decisions of such trust. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, to the extent provided in U.S. Treasury Regulations, certain trusts in existence on August 20, 1996, treated as United States persons prior to such date, and that have a valid election in effect to be treated as a United States person, shall also be considered U.S. holders.

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A "non-U.S. holder" is any person other than an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is not a U.S. holder.

If you are a partner in an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes that holds debt securities, the tax consequences of an investment in debt securities will generally depend on the status of the partners and the activities of the partnership. Prospective purchasers that are entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them and their partners of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of debt securities by the partnership.

You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to you of ownership and disposition of debt securities, as well as the consequences to you arising under state and local tax laws, U.S. estate and gift tax laws, and the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction, and possible changes in tax law.

*Bearer debt securities are not being offered to U.S. holders. A U.S. holder who owns a bearer debt security will be subject to limitations under U.S. federal income tax laws, including the limitations provided in sections 165(j) and 1287(a) of the Code.* 

**United States Holders** 

***Payments or Accruals of Interest***

Payments or accruals of "qualified stated interest" (as defined below) and additional amounts on a debt security will be taxable to you as ordinary interest income at the time that you receive or accrue such amounts (in accordance with your regular method of tax accounting). If you use the cash method of tax accounting and you receive payments of interest pursuant to the terms of a debt security in a currency other than U.S. dollars (a "foreign currency"), the amount of interest income you will realize will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency payment based on the exchange rate in effect on the date you receive the payment regardless of whether you convert the payment into U.S. dollars. If you are an accrual basis U.S. holder, the amount of interest income you will realize will be based on the average exchange rate in effect during the interest accrual period (or with respect to an interest accrual period that spans two taxable years, at the average exchange rate for the partial period within each taxable year). Alternatively, an accrual basis U.S. holder may elect to translate all interest income on foreign currency denominated debt securities at the spot rate of exchange on the last day of the accrual period (or the last day of the accrual period in each taxable year, in the case of an accrual period that spans more than one taxable year), or on the date that you receive the interest payment if that date is within five business days of the end of the accrual period. If you make this election, you must apply it consistently to all debt instruments from year to year and you cannot change the election without the consent of the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS"). If you use the accrual method of accounting for tax purposes, you will recognize foreign currency gain or loss on the receipt of a foreign currency interest payment if the exchange rate in effect on the date the payment is received differs from the rate applicable to a previous accrual of that interest income regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. This foreign currency gain or loss will be treated as U.S. source ordinary income or loss but generally will not be treated as an adjustment to interest income received on the debt security.

Payments of interest on the debt securities and original issue discount (as defined below), if any, accrued with respect to the debt securities will be treated as non-U.S. source income for the purposes of calculating a U.S. holder's foreign tax credit limitation. The limitation on non-U.S. taxes eligible for the U.S. foreign tax credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. The rules relating to foreign tax credits and the timing thereof are complex. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit under your particular situation.

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***Sale, Exchange or Retirement of Debt Securities***

You will generally recognize gain or loss on the sale, exchange or retirement of debt securities equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale, exchange or retirement (less any accrued but unpaid interest not previously included in income, which will be subject to tax in the manner described above under "Payments or Accruals of Interest") and the adjusted tax basis of the debt securities. Your adjusted tax basis in a debt security generally will equal the cost of the debt security to you increased by any amounts that you are required to include in income under the rules governing original issue discount and market discount and will decrease by the amount of any amortized premium and any payments other than qualified stated interest made on the debt security. The rules for determining these amounts are discussed below. If you purchase a debt security that is denominated in a foreign currency, the cost to you (and therefore, generally, your initial tax basis) will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency purchase price on the date of purchase calculated at (i) the exchange rate in effect on the date of purchase or (ii) if the foreign currency debt security is traded on an established securities market and you are a cash basis taxpayer, or if you are an accrual basis taxpayer that so elects, the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of your purchase. The amount of any subsequent adjustments to your tax basis in a debt security in respect of foreign currency denominated original issue discount, market discount and premium will be determined in the manner described below. If you convert U.S. dollars into a foreign currency and then immediately use that foreign currency to purchase a debt security, you generally will not have any taxable gain or loss as a result of the conversion or purchase.

If you sell or exchange a debt security for a foreign currency, or receive foreign currency on the retirement of a debt security, the amount you will realize for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency that you receive calculated at (i) the exchange rate in effect on the date the foreign currency debt security is disposed of or retired or (ii) if you dispose of a foreign currency debt security that is traded on an established securities market and you are a cash basis U.S. holder, or if you are an accrual basis holder that so elects, the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of the sale, exchange or retirement.

The election available to accrual basis taxpayers in respect of the purchase and sale of foreign currency debt securities traded on an established securities market, which is discussed in the two preceding paragraphs, must be applied consistently to all debt instruments from year to year and cannot be changed without the consent of the IRS.

Except as discussed below with respect to market discount, short-term debt securities and foreign currency gain or loss, the gain or loss that you recognize on the sale, exchange or retirement of a debt security generally will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if you have held the debt security for more than one year. The Code provides preferential treatment under certain circumstances for net long-term capital gains recognized by non-corporate investors. Capital gain or loss, if any, recognized by a U.S. holder generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. The ability of U.S. holders to offset capital losses against income is limited.

Despite the foregoing, the gain or loss that you recognize on the sale, exchange or retirement of a foreign currency debt security generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss to the extent that the gain or loss is attributable to changes in exchange rates during the period in which you held the debt security. This foreign currency gain or loss will not be treated as an adjustment to interest income that you receive on the debt security.

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***Original Issue Discount***

If the Republic issues debt securities at a discount from their stated redemption price at maturity, and the discount is equal to or more than the product of one-fourth of one per cent (0.25%) of the stated redemption price at maturity of the debt securities multiplied by the number of full years to their maturity, the debt securities will be "OID debt securities." The difference between the issue price and the stated redemption price at maturity of OID debt securities is the "original issue discount" or "OID" on OID debt securities. The "issue price" of the debt securities will be the first price at which a substantial amount of the debt securities is sold to the public (i.e., excluding sales of debt securities to underwriters, placement agents, wholesalers or similar persons). The "stated redemption price at maturity" will include all payments under the debt securities other than payments of qualified stated interest. The term "qualified stated interest" generally means stated interest that is unconditionally payable in cash or property (other than debt instruments issued by the Republic) at least annually during the entire term of a debt security at a single fixed interest rate or, subject to certain conditions, based on one or more variable rates. A debt security that provides for the payment of amounts other than qualified stated interest before maturity (an "installment obligation") will be treated as an OID debt security if the excess of its stated redemption price at maturity over its issue price is equal to or greater than 0.25% of its stated redemption price at maturity multiplied by the weighted average maturity of the debt security. The weighted average maturity is the sum of the following amounts determined for each payment on a debt security (other than a payment of qualified stated interest): (i) the number of complete years from the issue date until the payment is made multiplied by (ii) a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount of the payment and the denominator of which is the debt security's stated redemption price at maturity.

If you invest in OID debt securities you generally will be subject to the special tax accounting rules for OID obligations provided by the Code and U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. You should be aware that, as described in greater detail below, if you invest in an OID debt security you generally will be required to include OID in your gross income as ordinary income for U.S. federal income tax purposes as it accrues, although you may not yet have received the cash attributable to that income.

In general, and regardless of whether you use the cash or the accrual method of tax accounting, if you are the holder of an OID debt security with a maturity greater than one year, you will be required to include in your gross income the sum of the "daily portions" of OID on that debt security for all days during the taxable year that you own the debt security. The daily portions of OID on an OID debt security are determined by allocating to each day in any accrual period a ratable portion of the OID allocable to that period. Accrual periods may be any length and may vary in length over the term of an OID debt security, so long as no accrual period is longer than one year and each scheduled payment of principal or interest occurs on the first or last day of an accrual period. If you are the initial holder of the debt security, the amount of OID on an OID debt security allocable to each accrual period is determined by:

(i) multiplying the "adjusted issue price" (as defined below) of the debt security at the beginning of
the accrual period by a fraction, the numerator of which is the annual yield to maturity of the debt security and the denominator of which is the number of accrual periods in a year; and

(ii) subtracting from that product the amount (if any) of qualified stated interest payments allocable to that
accrual period.

An OID debt security that is a floating rate debt security will be subject to special rules. Generally, if a floating rate debt security qualifies as a "variable rate debt instrument" (as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations), then (i) all stated interest with respect to such floating rate debt security will be qualified stated interest and hence included in a U.S. holder's income in accordance with such U.S. holder's normal method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and (ii) the amount of OID, if any, will be determined under the general OID rules (as described above) by assuming that the variable rate is a fixed rate equal, in general, to the value of the floating rate as of the issue date.

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If a floating rate debt security does not qualify as a "variable rate debt instrument," such floating rate debt security will be classified as a contingent payment debt instrument and will be subject to special rules for calculating the accrual of stated interest and original issue discount.

Any special considerations with respect to the tax consequences of holding a floating rate debt security will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

The "adjusted issue price" of an OID debt security at the beginning of any accrual period will generally be the sum of the debt security's issue price and the amount of OID previously includable in the gross income of the holder, reduced by the amount of all payments other than any qualified stated interest payments on the debt security in all prior accrual periods. All payments on an OID debt security, other than qualified stated interest, generally will be viewed first as payments of previously accrued OID (to the extent of the previously accrued discount), with payments considered made from the earliest accrual periods first, and then as a payment of principal. The "annual yield to maturity" of a debt security is the discount rate (appropriately adjusted to reflect the length of accrual periods) that causes the present value on the issue date of all payments on the debt security to equal the issue price. As a result of this "constant yield" method of including OID income, you will generally be required to include in your gross income increasingly greater amounts of OID over the life of an OID debt security.

You generally may make an irrevocable election to include in income your entire return on a debt security (i.e., the excess of all remaining payments to be received on the debt security, including payments of qualified stated interest, over the amount you paid for the debt security) under the constant yield method described above. This election will generally apply only to the debt security with respect to which it is made and may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS. For debt securities purchased at a premium or bearing market discount in your hands, if you make this election you will also be deemed to have made the election (discussed below under the caption "Premium and Market Discount") to amortize premium or to accrue market discount in income currently on a constant yield basis and such election would apply to all debt instruments with market discount acquired by the electing U.S. holder on or after the first day of the first taxable year to which the election applies. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors concerning the propriety and consequences of this election.

In the case of an OID debt security that is also a foreign currency debt security, you should determine the U.S. dollar amount includable as OID for each accrual period by (i) calculating the amount of OID allocable to each accrual period in the foreign currency using the constant yield method, and (ii) translating the foreign currency amount so determined at the average exchange rate in effect during that accrual period (or, with respect to an interest accrual period that spans two taxable years, at the average exchange rate for the partial period within each taxable year). Alternatively, you may translate the foreign currency amount so determined at the spot rate of exchange on the last day of the accrual period (or the last day of the accrual period in each taxable year, in the case of an accrual period that spans more than one taxable year) or at the spot rate of exchange on the date of receipt of an amount attributable to OID previously accrued during the accrual period, if that date is within five business days of the last day of the accrual period, provided that you have made the election described under the caption "Payments or Accruals of Interest" above. Because exchange rates may fluctuate, if you are the holder of an OID debt security that is also a foreign currency debt security you may recognize a different amount of OID income in each accrual period than would be the case if you were the holder of an otherwise similar OID debt security denominated in U.S. dollars. Upon the receipt of an amount attributable to OID (whether in connection with a payment of an amount that is not qualified stated interest or the sale or retirement of the OID debt security), you may recognize ordinary income or loss measured by the difference between the amount received, translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt or on the date of disposition of the OID debt security, as the case may be, and the amount accrued, using the exchange rate applicable to such previous accrual.

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If you purchase an OID debt security outside of the initial offering at a cost less than its "remaining redemption amount" or if you purchase an OID debt security in the initial offering at a price other than the debt security's issue price, you will also generally be required to include in gross income the daily portions of OID, calculated as described above. However, if you acquire an OID debt security at a price (i) less than or equal to the remaining redemption amount but (ii) greater than its adjusted issue price, you will be entitled to reduce your periodic inclusions to reflect the premium paid over the adjusted issue price. (As discussed under "Premium and Market Discount" below, if you purchase an OID debt security at a price greater than its remaining redemption amount, the OID rules described in this section will not apply.) The "remaining redemption amount" for an OID debt security is the total of all future payments to be made on the debt security other than qualified stated interest.

Certain of the OID debt securities may be redeemed prior to maturity, either at the option of the Republic or at the option of the holder, or may have special repayment or interest rate reset features as indicated in the pricing supplement. OID debt securities containing these features may be subject to rules that differ from the general rules discussed above. If you purchase OID debt securities with these features, you should carefully examine the pricing supplement and consult your tax advisor about their treatment since the tax consequences of OID will depend, in part, on the particular terms and features of the debt securities.

OID accrued with respect to an OID debt security will be treated as non-U.S. source income for the purposes of calculating a U.S. holder's foreign tax credit limitation. The limitation on non-U.S. taxes eligible for the U.S. foreign tax credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. The rules relating to foreign tax credits and the timing thereof are complex. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit under your particular situation.

***Short-Term Debt Securities***

Special rules may apply to a debt security with a maturity of one year or less ("a short-term debt security"). If you are an accrual basis holder, you will be required to accrue OID on the short-term debt security on either a straight-line basis or, at the election of the holder, under a constant yield method (based on daily compounding). No interest payments on a short-term debt security will be qualified stated interest. Consequently, such interest payments are included in the short-term debt security's stated redemption price at maturity. Since the amount of OID is calculated in the same manner as described above under "Original Issue Discount," such interest payments may give rise to OID (or acquisition discount, as defined below) even if the short-term debt securities are not actually issued at a discount. If you are a cash basis holder and do not elect to include OID in income as it accrues, you will not be required to include OID in income until you actually receive payments on the debt security. However, you will be required to treat any gain upon the sale, exchange or retirement of the debt security as ordinary income to the extent of the accrued OID on the debt security that you have not yet taken into income at the time of the sale. Also, if you borrow money (or do not repay outstanding debt) to acquire or hold the debt security, you may not be allowed to deduct interest on the borrowing that corresponds to accrued OID on the debt security until you include the OID in your income.

Alternatively, regardless of whether you are a cash basis or accrual basis holder, you can elect to accrue any "acquisition discount" with respect to the short-term debt security on a current basis. Acquisition discount is the excess of the stated redemption price at maturity of the debt security over the purchase price. Acquisition discount will be treated as accruing ratably or, at the election of the holder, under a constant yield method (based on daily compounding). If you elect to accrue acquisition discount, the OID rules will not apply. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors as to the application of these rules.

As described above, certain of the debt securities may be subject to special redemption features. These features may affect the determination of whether a debt security has a maturity of one year or less and thus is a short-term debt security. If you purchase a debt security, you should carefully examine the pricing supplement and consult your tax advisor about these features.

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***Premium and Market Discount***

If you purchase a debt security at a cost greater than the debt security's remaining redemption amount, you will be considered to have purchased the debt security at a premium, and you may elect to amortize the premium as an offset to interest income, using a constant yield method, over the remaining term of the debt security. If you make this election, it generally will apply to all debt instruments that you hold at the time of the election, as well as any debt instruments that you subsequently acquire. In addition, you may not revoke the election without the consent of the IRS. If you elect to amortize the premium you will be required to reduce your tax basis in the debt security by the amount of the premium amortized during your holding period. In the case of premium on a foreign currency debt security, you should calculate the amortization of the premium in the foreign currency. Amortization deductions attributable to a period reduce interest payments (or OID) in respect of that period, and therefore are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate that you use for those interest payments (or OID). Exchange gain or loss will be realized with respect to amortized premium on a foreign currency debt security based on the difference between the exchange rate computed on the date or dates the premium is amortized against interest payments (or OID) on the debt security and the exchange rate on the date when the holder acquired the debt security. For a U.S. holder that does not elect to amortize premium, the amount of premium will be included in your tax basis when the debt security matures or is disposed of. Therefore, if you do not elect to amortize premium and you hold the debt security to maturity, you generally will be required to treat the premium as capital loss when the debt security matures.

A debt security other than a short-term debt security will be treated as purchased at a market discount (a "market discount debt security") if the debt security's stated redemption price at maturity or, in the case of an OID debt security, the debt security's "revised issue price," exceeds the amount for which the U.S. holder purchased the debt security by at least one-fourth of one per cent (0.25%) of such debt security's stated redemption price at maturity or revised issue price, respectively, multiplied by the number of complete years from the date acquired by the U.S. holder to the debt security's maturity. For these purposes, the "revised issue price" of a debt security generally equals its issue price, increased by the amount of any OID that has accrued on the debt security and reduced by the amount of any payments previously made that were not qualified stated interest.

Any gain recognized on the sale or retirement of a market discount debt security will be treated as ordinary income to the extent of the accrued market discount on such debt security. Alternatively, a U.S. holder of a market discount debt security may avoid such treatment by electing to include market discount in income currently over the life of the debt security. Such an election shall apply to all debt instruments with market discount acquired by the electing U.S. holder on or after the first day of the first taxable year to which the election applies. This election may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS.

Market discount on a market discount debt security will accrue on a straight-line basis unless the U.S. holder elects to accrue such market discount on a constant yield method. Such an election shall apply only to the debt security with respect to which it is made and may not be revoked. A U.S. holder of a market discount debt security that does not elect to include market discount in income currently may be required to defer deductions for interest on borrowings incurred to purchase or carry a market discount debt security. Such interest is deductible when paid or incurred to the extent of income from the debt security for the year. If the interest expense exceeds such income, such excess is currently deductible only to the extent that such excess exceeds the portion of the market discount allocable to the days during the taxable year on which such debt security was held by the U.S. Holder. Any accrued market discount on a foreign currency debt security that is currently includable in income will generally be translated into U.S. dollars at the average rate for the accrual period (or portion thereof within the holder's taxable year). Upon the receipt of an amount attributable to accrued market discount, the U.S. Holder may recognize U.S. source exchange gain or loss (which will be taxable as ordinary income or loss) determined in the same manner as for accrued interest or OID. A U.S. Holder that does not elect to include market discount in income currently will recognize, upon the sale or retirement of the debt securities, the U.S. dollar value of the amount accrued, calculated at the spot rate on that date, and no part of this accrued market discount will be treated as exchange gain or loss.

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***Disposition of Foreign Currency***

Foreign currency received as interest on a debt security or on the sale or retirement of a debt security will have a tax basis equal to its U.S. dollar value at the time the foreign currency is received. Foreign currency that is purchased will generally have a tax basis equal to the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency on the date of purchase. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or other disposition of a foreign currency (including its use to purchase debt securities or upon exchange for U.S. dollars) will be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.

***Indexed Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities Providing for Contingent Payments***

Special rules govern the tax treatment of debt obligations that provide for contingent payments ("contingent debt obligations"). These rules generally require accrual of interest income on a constant yield basis in respect of contingent debt obligations at a yield determined at the time of issuance of the obligation, and may require adjustments to these accruals when any contingent payments are made. In addition, special rules may apply to floating rate debt securities if the interest payable on the debt securities is based on more than one interest rate index. We will provide a detailed description of the tax considerations relevant to U.S. holders of any debt securities that are subject to the special rules discussed in this paragraph in the relevant prospectus supplement.

**Non-U.S. Holders** 

The following summary applies to you if you are a non-U.S. holder, as defined above.

Subject to the discussion below under the caption "Information Reporting and Backup Withholding," the interest income that you derive in respect of the debt securities generally will be exempt from U.S. federal income taxes, including U.S. withholding tax on payments of interest (including OID) unless such income is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Further, any gain you realize on a sale or exchange of debt securities generally will be exempt from U.S. federal income tax, including U.S. withholding tax, unless:

• your gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States; or

• you are an individual holder and are present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable
year of the sale, and either (i) your gain is attributable to an office or other fixed place of business that you maintain in the United States or (ii) you have a tax home in the United States.

**Information Reporting and Backup Withholding** 

In general, information reporting requirements may apply to certain payments of principal, interest and accruals of OID made within the United States on a debt security. "Backup withholding" may apply to such payments or proceeds if the beneficial owner fails to provide a correct taxpayer identification number or fails to otherwise comply with the applicable backup withholding rules. Certain persons (including, among others, corporations) and non-U.S. holders which provide an appropriate certification or otherwise qualify for exemption are not subject to the backup withholding and information reporting requirements.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules from a payment made to a U.S. holder generally may be claimed as a credit against such holder's U.S. federal income tax liability provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.

U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors about these rules and any other reporting obligations that may apply to the ownership or disposition of debt securities, including requirements related to the holding of certain foreign financial assets.

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**Reportable Transactions** 

A U.S. taxpayer that participates in a "reportable transaction" will be required to disclose its participation to the IRS. Under the relevant rules, if the debt securities are denominated in a foreign currency, a U.S. holder may be required to treat a foreign currency exchange loss from the debt securities as a reportable transaction if this loss exceeds the relevant threshold in the regulations ($50,000 in a single taxable year, if the U.S. holder is an individual or trust, or higher amounts for other non-individual U.S. holders), and to disclose its investment by filing Form 8886 with the IRS. A penalty in the amount of $10,000 in the case of a natural person and $50,000 in all other cases is generally imposed on any taxpayer that fails to timely file an information return with the IRS with respect to a transaction resulting in a loss that is treated as a reportable transaction. Prospective purchasers are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these rules.

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**PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION** 

The Republic may sell the debt securities or warrants in any of three ways:

• through underwriters or dealers;

• directly to one or more purchasers; or

• through agents.

The prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of debt securities or warrants will set out:

• the names of any underwriters or agents;

• the purchase price of the securities;

• the proceeds to the Republic from the sale;

• any underwriting discounts and other compensation;

• the initial public offering price;

• any discounts or concessions allowed, reallowed or paid to dealers; and

• any securities exchanges on which the securities will be listed.

Any underwriter involved in the sale of securities will acquire the securities for its own account. The underwriters may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices to be determined at the time of sale. The securities may be offered to the public either by underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, the underwriters will benefit from certain conditions that must be satisfied before they are obligated to purchase such securities and they will be obligated to purchase all of the securities if any are purchased. The underwriters may change any initial public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers. The underwriters or certain of their affiliates may purchase securities and be allocated securities for asset management and/or proprietary purposes but not with a view to distribution.

If the Republic sells debt securities or warrants through agents, the prospectus supplement will identify the agent and indicate any commissions payable by the Republic. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, all agents will act on a best efforts basis.

The Republic may authorize agents, underwriters or dealers to solicit offers by certain specified entities to purchase the securities from the Republic at the public offering price set forth in a prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts. The prospectus supplement will set out the conditions of the delayed delivery contracts and the commission receivable by the agents, underwriters or dealers for soliciting the contracts.

The Republic may offer securities as full, partial or alternative consideration for the purchase of other securities of the Republic, either in connection with a publicly announced tender, exchange or other offer for such securities or in privately negotiated transactions. The offer may be in addition to or in lieu of sales of securities directly or through underwriters or agents.

Agents and underwriters may be entitled to indemnification by the Republic against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, or to contribution from the Republic with respect to certain payments which the agents or underwriters may be required to make. Agents and underwriters may be customers of, engage in transactions with, or perform services (including commercial and investment banking services) for, the Republic in the ordinary course of business.

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In compliance with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority guidelines, the maximum compensation to any underwriters or agents in connection with the sale of any securities pursuant to the prospectus and applicable prospectus supplements will not exceed 8% of the aggregate total offering price to the public of such securities as set forth on the cover page of the applicable prospectus supplement; however, it is anticipated that the maximum compensation paid will be significantly less than 8%.

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, if the Republic offers and sells securities outside the United States, each underwriter or dealer will acknowledge that:

• the securities offered have not been and will not be registered under the Securities Act of 1933; and

• the securities may not be offered or sold in the United States except pursuant to an exemption from, or
in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933. Each participating underwriter or dealer will agree that it has not offered or sold, and will not offer or sell, any debt securities constituting part of
its allotment in the United States except in accordance with Rule 903 of Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933. Accordingly, each underwriter or dealer will agree that neither the underwriter nor dealer nor its affiliates nor any persons
acting on its or their behalf have engaged or will engage in any directed selling efforts with respect to the securities.

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**VALIDITY OF THE SECURITIES** 

The Secretary of the Department of Justice of the Republic will provide an opinion on behalf of the Republic as to the validity of the securities under Philippine law. Linklaters Singapore Pte. Ltd., United States counsel for the Republic, will provide an opinion on behalf of the Republic as to the validity of the securities under U.S. and New York State law. U.S. and Philippine counsel named in the applicable prospectus supplement will provide an opinion as to certain legal matters on behalf of the underwriters named in the applicable prospectus supplement.

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**AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES** 

The authorized agent of the Republic in the United States is Elmer G. Cato, Consul General, Philippine Consulate General, 556 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10036-5095.

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**EXPERTS; OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND DOCUMENTS** 

Information contained herein that is identified as being derived from a publication of the Republic or one of its agencies or instrumentalities is included herein on the authority of such publication as an official public document of the Republic. All other information contained herein is included as an official public statement made on the authority of Rosalia V. De Leon, the Treasurer of the Philippines and Mark Dennis Y.C. Joven, Undersecretary of the Department of Finance.

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**FURTHER INFORMATION** 

The Republic has filed a registration statement for the securities with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933. This prospectus does not contain all of the information described in the registration statement. For further information, you should refer to the registration statement.

The Republic is not subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Republic commenced filing annual reports on Form 18-K with the SEC on a voluntary basis beginning with its fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. These reports include certain financial, statistical and other information concerning the Republic. The Republic may also file amendments on Form 18-K/A to its annual reports for the purpose of filing with the SEC exhibits which have not been included in the registration statement to which this prospectus and any prospectus supplements relate. When filed, these exhibits will be incorporated by reference into this registration statement.

You can request copies of the registration statement, including its various exhibits, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. You may also read and copy these documents at the SEC's public reference room in Washington, D.C. or over the Internet at www.sec.gov.

SEC Public Reference Room

100 F Street, N.E.

Washington, D.C. 20549

Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information.

The SEC allows the Republic to incorporate by reference some information that the Republic files with the SEC. Incorporated documents are considered part of this prospectus. The Republic can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The following documents, which the Republic has filed or will file with the SEC, are considered part of and incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and any accompanying pricing supplement:

• the Republic's annual report on Form 18-K for the year
ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on September 9, 2022 (the "2021 Annual Report");

• Amendment Nos. 1, 2 and 3 filed on Form 18-K/A on
October 5, 2022, October 13, 2022 and November 4, 2022, to the 2021 Annual Report; and

• each subsequent annual report on Form 18-K and any amendment on
Form 18-K/A filed on or after the date of this prospectus and before all of the debt securities and warrants are sold.

Later information that the Republic files with the SEC will update and supersede earlier information that it has filed.

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**ISSUER** 

**Republic of the Philippines** 

Department of Finance, Office of the Secretary

Department of Finance Building

BSP Complex

Manila

Republic of the Philippines

**LEGAL ADVISORS TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES** 

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| *As to U.S. federal and New York State law:* | *As to Philippine law:* |
| **Linklaters Singapore Pte. Ltd.** | **Department of Justice** |
| One George Street #17-01<br> Singapore 049145 | Padre Faura Street<br> Malate<br> Manila<br> Republic of the Philippines |

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**LEGAL ADVISORS TO THE UNDERWRITERS** 

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| |
|:---|
| *As to U.S. federal and New York State law:* |
| **Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP**<br> c/o 37<sup>th</sup> Floor, Hysan Place<br> 500 Hennessy Road<br> Hong Kong<br> **Romulo Mabanta Buenaventura**<br> **Sayoc & de los Angeles**<br> Corporate Banking & Finance<br> 21<sup>st</sup> Floor, Philamlife Tower<br> 8767 Paseo de Roxas<br> Makati City<br> Republic of the Philippines |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **FISCAL AGENT, REGISTRAR, TRANSFER**<br> **AGENT AND PRINCIPAL PAYING AGENT** | **LUXEMBOURG LISTING AGENT** |
| **The Bank of New York Mellon**<br> 240 Greenwich Street<br> New York, New York 10286<br> United States of America | **The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,**<br> **Luxembourg Branch**<br> Vertigo Building - Polaris<br> 2-4 rue Eugène Ruppert<br> L-2453 Luxembourg |

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**LUXEMBOURG PAYING AND TRANSFER AGENT** 

**The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch** 

Vertigo Building - Polaris

2-4 rue Eugène Ruppert

L-2453 Luxembourg

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![LOGO](g429923g55k37.jpg)

Until February 18, 2023, all dealers that effect transactions in the global bonds, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers' obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.