# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001824502
**File Stem:** 0001628280-25-039622
**Filing Date:** 2025-8
**Character Count:** 206809
**Document Hash:** 63ea0afb13fab348bad8dc141e1078bb
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001628280-25-039622.hdr.sgml**: 20250811

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001628280-25-039622

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 104

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250630

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20250811

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20250811

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Archer Aviation Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001824502
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** AIRCRAFT [3721]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 04 Manufacturing
- **EIN:** 852730902
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-39668
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251202664

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 190 WEST TASMAN DRIVE
- **CITY:** SAN JOSE
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 95134
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 650-272-3233

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 190 WEST TASMAN DRIVE
- **CITY:** SAN JOSE
- **STATE:** CA
- **ZIP:** 95134

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Atlas Crest Investment Corp.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20200911

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? achr-20250630

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, D.C. 20549**

**FORM 10-Q**

☒ **QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025**

**OR**

☐ **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**

**Commission file number 001-39668**

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **85-2730902** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
| **190 West Tasman Drive, San Jose, CA** | **95134** |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |

---

**(650) 272-3233**

Registrant's telephone number, including area code

**N/A**

(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

**Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:** 

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **<u>Title of each class</u>** | **<u>Trading Symbol(s)</u>** | **<u>Name of each exchange on which registered</u>** |
| Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share | ACHR | New York Stock Exchange |
| Warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share | ACHR WS | New York Stock Exchange |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
| | | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 5, 2025, the number of shares of the registrant's Class A common stock outstanding was 645,026,291.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Form 10-Q**

**For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2025**

**Table of Contents**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | | **Page** |
| <u>[Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_10)</u> | <u>[Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_10)</u> | [ii](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_10) |
| <u>[Part I—Financial Information](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_13)</u> | <u>[Part I—Financial Information](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_13)</u> | |
| <u>[Item 1.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_16)</u> | <u>[Financial Statements](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_16)</u> | [1](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_16) |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_19)</u> | [1](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_19) |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_22)</u> | [2](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_22) |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_25)</u> | [3](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_25) |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_28)</u> | [4](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_28) |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_31)</u> | [6](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_31) |
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>[Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_34)</u> | [7](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_34) |
| <u>[Item 2.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_76)</u> | <u>[Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_76)</u> | [27](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_76) |
| <u>[Item 3.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_106)</u> | <u>[Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_106)</u> | [33](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_106) |
| <u>[Item 4.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_109)</u> | <u>[Controls and Procedures](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_109)</u> | [34](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_109) |
| <u>[Part II—Other Information](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_112)</u> | <u>[Part II—Other Information](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_112)</u> | |
| <u>[Item 1.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_115)</u> | <u>[Legal Proceedings](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_115)</u> | [35](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_115) |
| <u>[Item 1A.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_118)</u> | <u>[Risk Factors](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_118)</u> | [35](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_118) |
| <u>[Item 2.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_121)</u> | <u>[Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_121)</u> | [35](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_121) |
| <u>[Item 3.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_124)</u> | <u>[Defaults Upon Senior Securities](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_124)</u> | [35](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_124) |
| <u>[Item 4.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_127)</u> | <u>[Mine Safety Disclosures](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_127)</u> | [35](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_127) |
| <u>[Item 5.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_130)</u> | <u>[Other Information](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_130)</u> | [35](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_130) |
| <u>[Item 6.](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_136)</u> | <u>[Exhibits](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_136)</u> | [37](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_136) |
| <u>[Signatures](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_139)</u> | <u>[Signatures](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_139)</u> | [38](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_139) |

---

i

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

ARCHER AVIATION INC.

Archer Aviation Inc., a Delaware corporation (prior to the closing of the Business Combination (as defined below), "Legacy Archer"), Atlas Crest Investment Corp., a Delaware corporation ("Atlas") and Artemis Acquisition Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlas ("Merger Sub") entered into a merger agreement dated February 10, 2021, as amended (the "Business Combination Agreement") pursuant to which a business combination of Legacy Archer and Atlas was effected by the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy Archer, with Legacy Archer surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlas (collectively with the other transactions described in the Business Combination Agreement, the "Business Combination"). Following the consummation of the Business Combination on September 16, 2021 (the "Closing Date"), Legacy Archer changed its name to Archer Aviation Operating Corp., and Atlas changed its name to Archer Aviation Inc. and it became the successor registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our Class A common stock and public warrants are listed on the NYSE under the symbols "ACHR" and "ACHR WS," respectively.

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the "Quarterly Report"), unless the context requires otherwise, references to "Archer," the "Company," "Registrant," "we," "us," "our," and similar terms refer to Archer Aviation Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise.

"Archer" and our other registered and common law trade names and trademarks of ours appearing in this Quarterly Report are our property. This Quarterly Report contains additional trade names and trademarks of other companies. We do not intend our use or display of other companies' trade names or trademarks to imply an endorsement or sponsorship of us by such companies, or any relationship with any of these companies.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of present or historical fact, included or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report regarding our future financial performance, as well as our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. When used in this Quarterly Report, the words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "future," "intends," "may," "might," "plan," "possible," "potential," "predict," "project," "seek," "should," "will," "would," the negative of such terms and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and current expectations, assumptions, hopes, beliefs, intentions and strategies regarding future events. Accordingly, forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report and in any document incorporated herein by reference should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include those described in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025 (the "Annual Report") and in our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 13, 2025. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this Quarterly Report, the Annual Report, and other documents we file from time to time with the SEC that disclose risks and uncertainties that may affect our business. Moreover, new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for us to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the future events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report and the Annual Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

ii

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Part I - Financial Information**

**Item 1. Financial Statements**

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets**

**(In millions, except share and per share data; unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| **Assets** | | |
| Current assets |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash and cash equivalents | $1724.0 | $834.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restricted cash | 6.5 | 6.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses | 22.8 | 12.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current assets | 3.7 | 4.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current assets | 1757.0 | 858.4 |
| Property and equipment, net | 148.1 | 126.8 |
| Intangible assets, net | 5.5 | 0.3 |
| Right-of-use assets | 11.0 | 8.1 |
| Other long-term assets | 16.7 | 7.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total assets** | $1938.3 | $1001.2 |
| **Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity** |  |  |
| Current liabilities |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $22.7 | $14.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Current portion of lease liabilities | 4.5 | 3.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 51.6 | 52.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total current liabilities | 78.8 | 71.1 |
| Notes payable | 64.1 | 64.0 |
| Lease liabilities, net of current portion | 13.0 | 11.3 |
| Warrant liabilities | 87.6 | 89.4 |
| Other long-term liabilities | 13.9 | 12.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total liabilities | 257.4 | 248.6 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,400,000,000 shares authorized; 640,636,644 and 503,777,464 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid-in capital | 3665.9 | 2438.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (1985.0) | (1685.6) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (0.1) | (0.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stockholders' equity | 1680.9 | 752.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Total liabilities and stockholders' equity** | $1938.3 | $1001.2 |

---

See accompanying notes to consolidated condensed financial statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations**

**(In millions, except share and per share data; unaudited)**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| Research and development | $122.4 | $89.8 | $226.1 | $173.3 |
| General and administrative | 53.7 | 31.4 | 94.0 | 90.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 176.1 | 121.2 | 320.1 | 263.4 |
| Loss from operations | (176.1) | (121.2) | (320.1) | (263.4) |
| Other income (expense), net | (40.0) | 9.3 | 2.0 | 29.9 |
| Interest income, net | 10.2 | 5.1 | 18.9 | 10.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss before income taxes | (205.9) | (106.8) | (299.2) | (223.1) |
| Income tax expense | (0.1) | (0.1) | (0.2) | (0.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(206.0) | $(106.9) | $(299.4) | $(223.4) |
| Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $(0.36) | $(0.32) | $(0.53) | $(0.68) |
| Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted | 579166181 | 334072229 | 559903647 | 327164413 |

---

See accompanying notes to consolidated condensed financial statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss**

**(In millions; unaudited)**

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Net loss | $(206.0) | $(106.9) | $(299.4) | $(223.4) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign currency translation adjustment | 0.1 | (0.1) | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| Comprehensive loss | $(205.9) | $(107.0) | $(299.2) | $(223.5) |

---

See accompanying notes to consolidated condensed financial statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity**

**(In millions, except share data; unaudited)**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Additional Paid-in Capital** | | **Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | |
| | **Class A** | **Class A** | **Class B** | **Class B** | **Additional Paid-in Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | **Total** |
| | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional Paid-in Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | **Total** |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2024** | 503777464 | $0.1 |  | $— | $2438.4 | $(1685.6) | $(0.3) | $752.6 |
| Issuance of Class A common stock | 1906161 |  |  |  | 16.7 |  |  | 16.7 |
| Issuance of restricted stock units and restricted stock expense | 4544253 |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.9 |
| Exercise of stock options | 168510 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issuance of warrants and warrant expense |  |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |
| Exercise of warrants | 3000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| PIPE financing | 2982089 |  |  |  | 9.6 |  |  | 9.6 |
| Registered direct offering | 35500000 |  |  |  | 289.5 |  |  | 289.5 |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 33.5 |  |  | 33.5 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (93.4) |  | (93.4) |
| Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| **Balance as of March 31, 2025** | 548881477 | $0.1 |  | $— | $2790.4 | $(1779.0) | $(0.2) | $1011.3 |
| Issuance of Class A common stock | 2425223 |  |  |  | 23.5 |  |  | 23.5 |
| Issuance of restricted stock units and restricted stock expense | 3613804 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |
| Exercise of stock options | 97967 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issuance of warrants and warrant expense |  |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |
| Common stock issued under employee stock purchase plan | 618173 |  |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.9 |
| Registered direct offering | 85000000 |  |  |  | 816.8 |  |  | 816.8 |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | 30.0 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (206.0) |  | (206.0) |
| Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| **Balance as of June 30, 2025** | 640636644 | $0.1 |  | $— | $3665.9 | $(1985.0) | $(0.1) | $1680.9 |

---

See accompanying notes to consolidated condensed financial statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity**

**(In millions, except share data; unaudited)**

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Common Stock** | **Additional Paid-in Capital** | | **Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | |
| | **Class A** | **Class A** | **Class B** | **Class B** | **Additional Paid-in Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | **Total** |
| | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Shares** | **Amount** | **Additional Paid-in Capital** | **Accumulated**<br>**Deficit** | **Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Loss** | **Total** |
| **Balance as of December 31, 2023** | 265617341 | $— | 38165615 | $— | $1515.9 | $(1148.8) | $— | $367.1 |
| Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock | 200000 |  | (200000) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issuance of restricted stock units and restricted stock expense | 4873123 |  |  |  | 34.0 |  |  | 34.0 |
| Exercise of stock options | 186529 |  | 66760 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issuance of warrants and warrant expense |  |  |  |  | 48.9 |  |  | 48.9 |
| Exercise of warrants | 4503845 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stock issued under at-the-market program | 6569896 |  |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 33.9 |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 11.8 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (116.5) |  | (116.5) |
| **Balance as of March 31, 2024** | 281950734 | $— | 38032375 | $— | $1644.5 | $(1265.3) | $— | $379.2 |
| Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock | 882379 |  | (882379) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issuance of restricted stock units and restricted stock expense | 3189570 |  |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 6.5 |
| Exercise of stock options | 262900 |  | 66760 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issuance of warrants and warrant expense |  |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
| Common stock issued under employee stock purchase plan | 812544 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 2.3 |
| Common stock issued under at-the-market program | 11473037 |  |  |  | 39.1 |  |  | 39.1 |
| Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 11.9 |
| Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (106.9) |  | (106.9) |
| Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.1) | (0.1) |
| **Balance as of June 30, 2024** | 298571164 | $— | 37216756 | $— | $1706.3 | $(1372.2) | $(0.1) | $334.0 |

---

See accompanying notes to consolidated condensed financial statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows**

**(In millions; unaudited)**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Cash flows from operating activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(299.4) | $(223.4) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation and amortization expense | 8.9 | 4.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 81.9 | 63.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (1.7) | (30.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash lease expense | 1.8 | 1.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development warrant expense | 1.6 | 4.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Technology and dispute resolution agreements expense |  | 5.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses | 0.5 | 2.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other current assets | 0.9 | (1.7) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other long-term assets | (1.3) | (1.2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | 5.4 | 8.6 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 4.0 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, net | (2.2) | (1.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other long-term liabilities | 1.6 | 0.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in operating activities | (198.0) | (167.0) |
| **Cash flows from investing activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchase of property and equipment | (28.9) | (38.2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acquisition of intangible assets | (5.2) |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash used in investing activities | (34.1) | (38.2) |
| **Cash flows from financing activities** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 25.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (0.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from PIPE financing | 10.0 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from registered direct offering | 1151.8 |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from shares issued under at-the-market program |  | 73.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of offering costs in connection with financing activities | (44.3) | (0.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Proceeds from shares issued under employee stock purchase plan | 3.8 | 2.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net cash provided by financing activities | 1121.3 | 100.8 |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 889.2 | (104.4) |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 841.3 | 471.5 |
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $1730.5 | $367.1 |
| **Supplemental Cash Flow Information:** |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cash paid for interest | $2.1 | $0.7 |
| Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $5.6 | $12.1 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Offering costs in connection with financing activities through issuance of common stock | $1.7 | $— |

---

See accompanying notes to consolidated condensed financial statements.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

**Note 1 - Organization and Nature of Business**

***Organization and Nature of Business***

Archer Aviation Inc. (the "Company"), a Delaware corporation, with its headquarters located in San Jose, California, is an aerospace company. The Company is developing technologies and aircraft that will power the future of advanced aviation. The Company's primary product is an electric vertical take-off and landing ("eVTOL") aircraft.

***The Company's Planned Lines of Business***

The Company intends to operate the following lines of business:

*Commercial*

This is planned to consist of the sale of the Company's commercial aircraft ("Archer Direct"), such as Midnight, as well as technologies and services related thereto, and direct-to-consumer aerial ride share services in select metropolitan areas around the world ("Archer UAM").

*Defense*

This is planned to consist of the sale of next-generation aircraft, related technologies and support services for defense applications.

**Note 2 - Liquidity and Going Concern**

Since the Company's formation, the Company has devoted substantial effort and capital resources to the design and development of its planned aircraft, UAM network and business lines. Funding of these activities has primarily been through the net proceeds received from the issuance of related and third-party debt (Note 6 - Notes Payable), and the sale of preferred and common stock to related and third parties (Note 8 - Preferred and Common Stock). Through June 30, 2025, the Company has incurred cumulative losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities, and has an accumulated deficit of $1,985.0 million. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $1,724.0 million, which management believes will be sufficient to fund the Company's current operating plan for at least the next 12 months from the date these consolidated condensed financial statements were issued.

There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving its business plans, that the Company's current capital will be sufficient to support its ongoing business plans, or that any additional financing will be available in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, if at all. If the Company's business plans require it to raise additional capital, but the Company is unable to do so, it may be required to alter, or scale back its aircraft design, development and certification programs, as well as its manufacturing capabilities, or be unable to fund capital expenditures. Any such events would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve the Company's intended business plans.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

**Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**

***Basis of Presentation***

The accompanying unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the interim periods presented have been reflected herein. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 set forth in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025. The December 31, 2024 consolidated condensed balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

The Company has provided a discussion of significant accounting policies, estimates, and judgments in the Company's audited consolidated financial statements. There have been no changes to the Company's significant accounting policies since December 31, 2024 which are expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

***Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash***

Cash consists of cash on deposit with financial institutions. Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid financial instruments that are readily convertible to cash and have maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's cash and cash equivalents included money market funds of $1,608.5 million and $729.9 million, respectively.

Restricted cash consists primarily of cash held as security for the Company's standby letters of credit. Refer to Note 7 - Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the consolidated condensed balance sheets that sum to amounts reported on the consolidated condensed statements of cash flows (in millions):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $1724.0 | $834.5 |
| Restricted cash | 6.5 | 6.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $1730.5 | $841.3 |

---

***Fair Value Measurements***

The Company applies the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 820, *Fair Value Measurement*, which defines a single authoritative definition of fair value, sets out a framework for measuring fair value and expands on required disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of ASC 820 relate to financial assets and liabilities as well as other assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis. The standard clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the standard establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

Level 3Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

The carrying amounts of the Company's cash, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued compensation, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value (in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** |
|<br>**Description** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** |
| **Assets:** | | | | |
| Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $1608.5 | $— | $— | $1608.5 |
| **Liabilities:** |  |  |  |  |
| Warrant liability – public warrants | $56.2 | $— | $— | $56.2 |
| Warrant liability – private placement warrants | $— | $— | $31.4 | $31.4 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** |
|<br>**Description** | **Level 1** | **Level 2** | **Level 3** | **Total** |
| **Assets:** | | | | |
| Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $729.9 | $— | $— | $729.9 |
| **Liabilities:** |  |  |  |  |
| Warrant liability – public warrants | $56.0 | $— | $— | $56.0 |
| Warrant liability – private placement warrants | $— | $— | $33.4 | $33.4 |

---

*Cash Equivalents*

The Company classifies its money market funds as Level 1, because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets.

The following table presents a summary of the Company's cash equivalents as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of June 30, 2025** |
|<br>**Description** | **Amortized Cost** | **Unrealized Gains** | **Unrealized Losses** | **Fair Value** |
| Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $1608.5 | $— | $— | $1608.5 |
| Total | $1608.5 | $— | $— | $1608.5 |

---

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**As of December 31, 2024** |
|<br>**Description** | **Amortized Cost** | **Unrealized Gains** | **Unrealized Losses** | **Fair Value** |
| Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Money market funds | $729.9 | $— | $— | $729.9 |
| Total | $729.9 | $— | $— | $729.9 |

---

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

*Public Warrants*

The measurement of the public warrants as of June 30, 2025 is classified as Level 1 due to the use of an observable market quote in an active market under the ticker "ACHR WS". The quoted price of the public warrants was $3.23 and $3.22 per warrant as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

*Private Placement Warrants*

The Company utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation model for the private placement warrants at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. The estimated fair value of the private placement warrant liability is determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a Monte Carlo simulation model are assumptions related to expected share-price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield.

The key inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation model for the private placement warrants are as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Input** | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Stock price | $10.85 | $9.75 |
| Strike price | $11.50 | $11.50 |
| Term (in years) | 1.2 | 1.7 |
| Risk-free rate | 3.9% | 4.2% |
| Volatility | 86.5% | 92.1% |
| Dividend yield | 0.0% | 0.0% |

---

The following table presents the change in fair value of the Company's Level 3 private placement warrants during the six months ended June 30, 2025 (in millions):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $33.4 |
| Change in fair value | (2.0) |
| Balance as of June 30, 2025 | $31.4 |

---

In connection with the change in fair value of the Company's private placement warrants, the Company recognized a loss of $15.0 million and a gain of $2.0 million within other income (expense), net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized a gain of $3.5 million and $11.4 million within other income (expense), net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Refer to Note 11 - Warrants for additional information about the private placement warrants.

*Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis*

Certain financial instruments, including debt, are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated condensed balance sheets. The fair value of debt as of June 30, 2025 approximates its carrying value (Level 2). Refer to Note 6 - Notes Payable for additional information.

*Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis*

Certain assets and liabilities are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis if there are indicators of impairment or if they are deemed to be impaired as a result of an impairment review.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

***Intangible Assets, Net***

Intangible assets consist of domain names and acquired patents, and are recorded at cost, net of accumulated amortization, and if applicable, impairment charges. The intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives ranging from 10 to 15 years on a straight-line basis or based on the pattern in which economic benefits are consumed, if reliably determinable. The Company reviews intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company has analyzed a variety of factors to determine if any circumstance could trigger an impairment loss, and, at this time and based on the information presently known, no event has occurred and indicated that it is more likely than not that an impairment loss has been incurred. Therefore, the Company did not record any impairment charges for its intangible assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the net carrying amounts for intangible assets were $5.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and were recorded in the Company's consolidated condensed balance sheets.

***Cloud Computing Arrangements***

The Company capitalizes certain implementation costs incurred in the application development stage of projects related to its cloud computing arrangements that are service contracts. Capitalized implementation costs are recognized in other long-term assets in the consolidated condensed balance sheets and amortized on a straight-line basis over the fixed, noncancellable term of the associated hosting arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the net carrying amounts of the Company's capitalized cloud computing implementation costs were $6.3 million and $5.9 million, respectively.

***Contract Liabilities***

The Company records contract liabilities related to differences between the timing of cash receipts from a customer and the recognition of revenue under the applicable contracts. Contract liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Current portion of contract liabilities | $0.9 | $0.9 |
| Contract liabilities, net of current portion | 13.3 | 11.8 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $14.2 | $12.7 |

---

Current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and contract liabilities, net of current portion is recorded in other long-term liabilities in the Company's consolidated condensed balance sheets. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's contract liabilities consisted of a $10.0 million pre-delivery payment received from United Airlines, Inc. ("United") under the terms of the Amended United Purchase Agreement (defined below) (refer to Note 9 - Stock-Based Compensation), and installment payments received under a contract order with the United States Air Force for the design, development, and ground test of the Company's production aircraft, Midnight, of $3.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively. No revenues were recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

***Net Loss Per Share***

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. For all periods presented, the calculation of basic net loss per share excludes shares issued upon the early exercise of stock options where the vesting conditions have not been satisfied. Common stock purchased pursuant to an early exercise of stock options is not deemed to be outstanding for accounting purposes until those shares vest. The Company also excludes unvested shares subject to repurchase in the number of shares outstanding in the consolidated condensed balance sheets and statements of stockholders' equity.

Contingently issuable shares, including equity awards with performance conditions, are considered outstanding common shares and included in the computation of basic net loss per share as of the date that all necessary conditions to earn the awards have been satisfied.

Because the Company reported net losses for all periods presented, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

The following table presents the number of antidilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three and Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Three and Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Options to purchase common stock | 1773670 | 2534175 |
| Unvested restricted stock units | 36287147 | 38389865 |
| Warrants | 33344301 | 47011560 |
| Shares issuable under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Note 9) | 554405 | 1178609 |
| Total | 71959523 | 89114209 |

---

***Segments***

The following table presents significant expenses provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| Depreciation and amortization expense | $4.8 | $2.7 | $8.9 | $4.9 |
| Research and development warrant expense | $0.8 | $2.0 | $1.6 | $4.1 |
| Stock-based compensation | $51.8 | $22.8 | $81.9 | $63.5 |
| Technology and dispute resolution agreements expense | $— | $— | $— | $10.3 |
| Other research and development expense | $94.6 | $74.5 | $182.8 | $141.7 |
| Other general and administrative expense | 24.1 | 19.2 | 44.9 | 38.9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 176.1 | 121.2 | 320.1 | 263.4 |
| Loss from operations | (176.1) | (121.2) | (320.1) | (263.4) |
| Other income (expense), net | (40.0) | 9.3 | 2.0 | 29.9 |
| Interest income, net | 10.2 | 5.1 | 18.9 | 10.4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss before income taxes | (205.9) | (106.8) | (299.2) | (223.1) |
| Income tax expense | (0.1) | (0.1) | (0.2) | (0.3) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(206.0) | $(106.9) | $(299.4) | $(223.4) |

---

***Comprehensive Loss***

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity during the period from non-owner sources. The Company's comprehensive loss consists of its net loss and foreign currency translation adjustment.

***Recent Accounting Pronouncements***

*Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted*

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, *Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures*, which requires disclosure of incremental income tax information related to the income tax rate reconciliation and expanded disclosures of income taxes paid, among other disclosure requirements. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis, and retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 on its disclosures within its consolidated financial statements.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, *Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses*, which requires disclosure of additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The update can be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or (2) retrospectively to any of all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its disclosures within its consolidated financial statements.

**Note 4 - Property and Equipment, Net**

Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in millions):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Building | $67.8 | $64.4 |
| Equipment | 41.2 | 25.6 |
| Computer hardware and software | 9.1 | 7.7 |
| Leasehold improvements | 38.7 | 34.2 |
| Construction in progress | 17.6 | 13.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total property and equipment | 174.4 | 145.2 |
| Less: Accumulated depreciation | (26.3) | (18.4) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total property and equipment, net | $148.1 | $126.8 |

---

The following table presents depreciation expense included in each respective expense category in the consolidated condensed statements of operations (in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Research and development | $4.1 | $2.1 | $7.7 | $4.1 |
| General and administrative | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total depreciation expense | $4.2 | $2.3 | $7.9 | $4.4 |

---

**Note 5 - Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities**

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Accrued engineering services, parts and materials | $18.6 | $12.5 |
| Accrued employee costs | 15.1 | 22.2 |
| Accrued professional services | 9.6 | 6.5 |
| Current portion of contract liabilities | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Other current liabilities | 7.4 | 10.7 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total | $51.6 | $52.8 |

---

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

**Note 6 - Notes Payable**

Notes payable consisted of the following (in millions):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **June 30,<br>2025** | **December 31,<br>2024** |
| Synovus Bank Loan | $65.0 | $65.0 |
| Loan unamortized discount and loan issuance costs | (0.9) | (1.0) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total debt, net of discount and loan issuance costs | 64.1 | 64.0 |
| Less current portion, net of discount and loan issuance costs |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total long-term notes payable, net of discount and loan issuance costs | $64.1 | $64.0 |

---

On October 5, 2023, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Synovus Bank, as administrative agent and lender, and the additional lenders (the "Lenders") from time to time, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $65.0 million for the construction and development of the Company's manufacturing facility in Covington, Georgia (the "Loan").

The Company is required to make 120 monthly interest payments from November 14, 2023 until maturity, and 84 equal monthly principal installments from November 14, 2026 until maturity. The Credit Agreement matures on the earlier of October 5, 2033 or the date on which the outstanding Loan has been declared or automatically becomes due and payable pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement.

The interest rate on the Loan is a floating rate per annum equal to secured overnight financing rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus the applicable margin of 2.0%, which increases by 5.0% per annum upon the occurrence of an event of default.

The Company's obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by funds in a collateral account and the Credit Agreement is guaranteed by the Company's domestic subsidiaries. The Company may prepay with certain premium that links to the passage of time, and in certain circumstances would be required to prepay the Loan under the Credit Agreement without payment of a premium. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, customary affirmative and negative covenants, and customary events of default. As of June 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all the covenants of the Credit Agreement.

The Company has drawn down the full $65.0 million of the Loan as of June 30, 2025. The effective interest rate for the draw downs ranged from 6.6% to 7.1% and 6.7% to 7.2% as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized interest expense of $1.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, including an immaterial amount related to the amortization of issuance costs within interest income, net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized interest of $0.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, within interest income, net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. The carrying value of the Loan, net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.9 million, was $64.1 million as of June 30, 2025.

The future scheduled principal maturities of the Loan as of June 30, 2025 are as follows (in millions):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Remaining 2025 | $— |
| 2026 | 0.4 |
| 2027 | 2.6 |
| 2028 | 2.6 |
| 2029 | 2.6 |
| Thereafter | 56.8 |
|  | $65.0 |

---

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

**Note 7 - Commitments and Contingencies**

***Operating Leases***

The Company leases office, lab, hangar, and storage facilities under various operating lease agreements with lease periods expiring between 2025 and 2030 and generally containing periodic rent increases and various renewal and termination options.

The Company's lease costs were as follows (in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Operating lease cost | $1.6 | $1.1 | $2.9 | $2.3 |
| Short-term lease cost | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total lease cost | $1.9 | $1.2 | $3.3 | $2.5 |

---

The Company's weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (in months) | 48 | 52 |
| Weighted-average discount rate | 13.8% | 14.7% |

---

The minimum aggregate future obligations under the Company's non-cancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2025 were as follows (in millions):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Remaining 2025 | $3.7 |
| 2026 | 6.8 |
| 2027 | 4.1 |
| 2028 | 3.5 |
| 2029 | 3.6 |
| Thereafter | 2.5 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total future lease payments | 24.2 |
| Less: leasehold improvement allowance | (0.8) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total net future lease payments | 23.4 |
| Less: imputed interest | (5.9) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Present value of future lease payments | $17.5 |

---

Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activities related to right-of-use assets and lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Operating cash outflows from operating leases | $1.7 | $1.5 | $3.2 | $2.6 |
| Operating lease liabilities from obtaining right-of-use assets | $4.4 | $0.1 | $4.6 | $0.4 |

---

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

***Finance Lease***

In February 2023, the Company entered into a lease arrangement with the Newton County Industrial Development Authority (the "Authority") for the Company's manufacturing facilities to be constructed in Covington, Georgia. In connection with the lease arrangement, the Authority issued a taxable revenue bond (the "Bond"), which was acquired by the Company. The arrangement is structured so that the Company's lease payments to the Authority equal and offset the Authority's bond payments to the Company. Accordingly, the Company offsets the finance lease obligation and the Bond on its consolidated condensed balance sheets.

***Letters of Credit***

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had standby letters of credit in the aggregate outstanding amount of $5.5 million, secured with restricted cash.

***Litigation***

During the ordinary course of the business, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings, various claims, and litigation. Such proceedings can be costly, time consuming, and unpredictable, and therefore, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of such proceedings will not materially impact the Company's financial condition or results of operations.

*Delaware Class Action Litigation*

On May 17, 2024, two putative stockholders of the Company (and formerly, Atlas Crest Investment Corp. ("Atlas")) filed class action lawsuits, on behalf of themselves and other similarly-situated stockholders, in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the "Court") against the directors and officers of Atlas, the Company, the Company's co-founders, Legacy Archer, Moelis & Company Group LP and Moelis & Company LLC.

The complaint asserted claims for breaches of fiduciary duties, aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties, and unjust enrichment, in connection with the merger between Atlas and the Company. The plaintiffs requested damages in an amount to be determined at trial, as well as attorneys' and experts' fees. Relatedly, on June 19, 2024, another putative stockholder of the Company filed a class action lawsuit, on behalf of himself and other similarly-situated stockholders, in the Court asserting similar claims as the aforementioned May 17, 2024 complaint against the same defendants named in that May complaint. The Court subsequently consolidated the related class actions and appointed a lead plaintiff.

All defendants filed motions to dismiss the complaint. In response to such motions to dismiss, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims against two Atlas directors. Oral argument on the remaining defendants' motions to dismiss was held on April 17, 2025 and the Court issued a bench ruling on July 21, 2025, granting in part and denying in part the motions to dismiss. The Court dismissed all claims asserted against certain defendants, including among others, the Company's co-founders, an Atlas director, Legacy Archer, Moelis & Company Group LP and Moelis & Company LLC. The Court also addressed the sufficiency of the plaintiffs' allegations concerning the pre-merger disclosures that underlie the plaintiffs' fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims, ruling that certain allegations were not adequately pleaded, thereby narrowing the scope of the fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims against the remaining defendants, which the Company believes that it has substantial defenses against.

A schedule governing further proceedings has not yet been agreed upon by the parties or ordered by the Court.

**Note 8 - Preferred and Common Stock**

***Preferred Stock***

As of June 30, 2025, no shares of preferred stock were outstanding, and the Company has no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.

***Voting***

Holders of the Company's Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders.

------

<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

***Dividends***

Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to receive such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the Company's Board of Directors in its discretion out of funds legally available therefor. No dividends on common stock have been declared by the Company's Board of Directors through June 30, 2025, and the Company does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

***Preemptive Rights***

Stockholders have no preemptive or other subscription rights and there are no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to Class A common stock.

***Liquidation***

In the event of the Company's voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or winding-up, subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of the Company's common stock will be entitled to receive an equal amount per share of all of the Company's assets of whatever kind available for distribution to stockholders, after the rights of the holders of any preferred stock have been satisfied.

***PIPE Financings***

On August 8, 2024, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain investors providing for the private placement of the Company's Class A common stock at a purchase price of $3.35 per share (the "First 2024 PIPE Financing"), pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). A portion of the First 2024 PIPE Financing closed on August 12, 2024 for 49,283,582 shares of the Company's Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $158.0 million, after deducting offering costs. The remaining portion of the First 2024 PIPE Financing covering an aggregate of 2,982,089 shares of the Company's Class A common stock issued and sold to Stellantis N.V. ("Stellantis") closed on January 6, 2025 for net proceeds of approximately $9.6 million, after deducting offering costs.

On December 11, 2024, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain investors providing for the private placement of the Company's Class A common stock at a purchase price of $6.65 per share (the "Second 2024 PIPE Financing"), pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. A portion of the Second 2024 PIPE Financing closed on December 13, 2024 for 63,909,776 shares of the Company's Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $407.7 million, after deducting offering costs. The remaining portion of the Second 2024 PIPE Financing covering an aggregate of 751,879 shares of the Company's Class A common stock to be issued and sold to Stellantis for anticipated gross proceeds of approximately $5.0 million is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions.

***At-The-Market Program***

In November 2024, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the SEC and a related prospectus for the sale under a Controlled Equity Offering<sup>SM</sup> Sales Agreement (the "ATM Sales Agreement") of shares of its Class A common stock, having an aggregate value of up to $70.0 million (the "ATM Program"). The Company pays the placement agent a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from any shares of Class A common stock sold through the ATM Sales Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company did not sell any shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $47.5 million remaining eligible for sales under the ATM Program. In July 2025, the Company sold 3,921,875 shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $46.3 million.

***Registered Direct Offerings***

On February 12, 2025, the Company closed a registered direct offering in which pursuant to the securities purchase agreement dated February 11, 2025, by and between the Company and certain institutional investors, the Company issued and sold 35,500,000 shares of the Company's Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $289.5 million, after deducting offering costs.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

On June 16, 2025, the Company closed a registered direct offering in which pursuant to the securities purchase agreement dated June 12, 2025, by and between the Company and certain institutional investors, the Company issued and sold 85,000,000 shares of the Company's Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $816.8 million, after deducting offering costs.

**Note 9 - Stock-Based Compensation**

***Amended and Restated 2021 Plan***

In August 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan"), which was approved by the stockholders of the Company in September 2021 and became effective immediately upon the closing of the Business Combination. In April 2022, the Company amended and restated the 2021 Plan (the "Amended and Restated 2021 Plan"), which was approved by the stockholders of the Company in June 2022. The aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock that may be issued under the plan increased to 34,175,708. In addition, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan will automatically increase on January 1st of each year following this amendment, starting on January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2031, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 5.0% of the total number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding year, or (ii) a lesser number of shares of Class A common stock determined by the Board of Directors prior to the date of the increase (the "EIP Evergreen Provision"). The EIP Evergreen Provision is calculated using the number of legally outstanding shares of common stock and includes shares, such as unvested shares pursuant to early exercised stock options, that are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes. In accordance therewith, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan increased by 25,191,478 shares on January 1, 2025. The Amended and Restated 2021 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance awards, and other awards to employees, directors, and non-employees.

In connection with the adoption of the 2021 Plan, the Company ceased issuing awards under its 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2019 Plan"). Following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the outstanding stock options under the 2019 Plan and converted such stock options into options to purchase the Company's common stock. Such stock options will continue to be governed by the terms of the 2019 Plan and the stock option agreements thereunder, until such outstanding options are exercised or until they terminate or expire.

***Annual Equity Awards***

Subject to the achievement of certain performance goals established by the Company from time to time, the Company's employees are eligible to receive an annual incentive bonus that will entitle them to an annual grant of restricted stock units ("RSUs") that are fully vested on the date of grant. Furthermore, all annual equity awards are contingent and issued only upon approval by the Company's Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $5.2 million and $9.0 million, respectively, related to these annual equity awards. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $4.0 million and $7.8 million, respectively, related to these annual equity awards.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

***Stock Options***

A summary of the Company's stock option activity is as follows:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of**<br>**Shares** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual**<br>**Life (Years)** | **Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic**<br>**Value** <br>**(In millions)** |
| **Outstanding as of January 1, 2025** | 2118011 | $0.13 | 5.8 | $20.4 |
| Exercised | (266476) | 0.11 |  | 2.4 |
| Expired/forfeited | (77865) | 0.15 |  |  |
| **Outstanding as of June 30, 2025** | 1773670 | 0.14 | 5.3 | 19.0 |
| **Exercisable as of June 30, 2025** | 1533116 | $0.14 | 5.3 | $16.4 |
| **Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2025** | 1773670 | 0.14 | 5.3 | 19.0 |

---

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.5 million and $1.1 million for stock options for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.6 million and $1.4 million for stock options for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025, the total remaining stock-based compensation expense for unvested stock options was $1.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.2 years.

***Restricted Stock Units***

A summary of the Company's RSU activity is as follows:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of**<br>**Shares** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Grant Fair Value** |
| **Outstanding as of January 1, 2025** | 28658246 | $5.02 |
| Granted | 17093716 | 9.03 |
| Performance based adjustment <sup>(1)</sup> | 190844 | 6.39 |
| Vested | (8468571) | 5.92 |
| Forfeited | (1187088) | 5.54 |
| **Outstanding as of June 30, 2025** | 36287147 | 6.69 |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> Represents units adjusted for the vesting of the first tranche of PSUs (defined below) granted in 2024.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company granted 1,897,941 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, representing the annual equity awards for 2024. The RSUs were fully vested on the date of grant and settled in Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. In addition, the Company granted 14,673,850 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, which generally vest over a three-year period on a quarterly basis and remain subject to forfeiture if vesting conditions are not met. Upon vesting, RSUs are settled in Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. The shares of Class A common stock underlying RSU grants are not issued and outstanding until the applicable vesting date.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company granted 521,925 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan to certain executives, which vest over a three-year period with a payout based on the Company's relative performance of total shareholder return ("TSR") compared with the annualized TSR of certain peer companies for the service period (the "PSUs"). The award payout can range from 0.0% to 200.0% of the initial grant, and is measured on each anniversary of the grant date. Upon vesting, the PSUs are settled in Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. If an executive's employment ends due to disability, death, termination without cause or resignation for good reason, the executive (or beneficiary) remains eligible under the award and, if the award is earned, will receive a proration of PSUs based on active employment during the annual service periods. In all other cases, the award will not vest and all rights to the PSUs will terminate.

The Company determined the fair value of the PSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the grant date. The Company will recognize compensation expense for the PSUs on a straight-line basis over the three-year performance period.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value, using the Monte Carlo simulation, of the PSUs:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **February 17, 2025** |
| Stock price | $10.35 |
| Term (in years) | 3.0 |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.2% |
| Volatility | 88.2% |
| Dividend yield | 0.0% |

---

Immediately prior to closing of the Business Combination, each of the Company's founders was granted 20,009,224 RSUs under the 2019 Plan (each, a "Founder Grant" and, together, the "Founder Grants") pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Business Combination Agreement. One-quarter of each of the Founder Grants was intended to vest upon the achievement of the earlier to occur of (i) a price-based milestone or (ii) a performance-based milestone, with a different set of such price and performance-based milestones applying to each quarter of each of the Founder Grants and so long as the achievement occurs within seven years following the closing of the Business Combination.

The Company accounts for the Founder Grants as four separate tranches, with each tranche consisting of two award conditions, a performance award condition and market award condition. Each tranche vests when either the market condition or performance condition is satisfied (only one condition is satisfied). The Company determined the fair value of the performance award by utilizing the trading price on the Closing Date. When the applicable performance milestone is deemed probable of being achieved, the Company will recognize compensation expense for the portion earned to date over the requisite period. For the market award, the Company determined both the fair value and derived service period using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the Closing Date. The Company will recognize compensation expense for the market award on a straight-line basis over the derived service period. If the applicable performance condition is not probable of being achieved, compensation cost for the value of the award incorporating the market condition is recognized, so long as the requisite service is provided. If the performance milestone becomes probable of being achieved, the full fair value of the award will be recognized, and any remaining expense for the market award will be canceled.

One-quarter of each of the Founder Grants, totaling 10,004,612 shares of Class B common stock, vested immediately prior to the Closing Date pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Business Combination Agreement. On April 14, 2022, the vested 5,002,306 shares of Class B common stock of the Company's former co-CEO were cancelled. On July 13, 2023, following the expiration of 15 months from the separation of the former co-CEO from the Company on April 13, 2022, the former officer's unvested 15,006,918 shares of Class B common stock for the remaining three tranches were forfeited. The Company then reversed the previously recognized stock-compensation expense of $59.1 million associated with those shares. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the performance milestone for the second tranche of the outstanding Founder Grant, covering 5,002,306 shares of Class B common stock, was achieved. As of June 30, 2025, there were 10,004,612 RSUs outstanding, representing the remaining two tranches of the outstanding Founder Grant.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded $0.7 million and $2.6 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, for the remaining tranches of the outstanding Founder Grant in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $4.7 million and $27.1 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, for the remaining tranches of the outstanding Founder Grant in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated condensed statements of operations.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded $28.4 million and $44.8 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, related to RSUs (excluding the Founder Grant). For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $11.3 million and $24.3 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, related to RSUs (excluding the Founder Grant).

As of June 30, 2025, the total remaining stock-based compensation expense for unvested RSUs (including the remaining Founder Grant) was $201.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years.

***Employee Stock Purchase Plan***

In August 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), which became effective immediately upon the closing of the Business Combination. The ESPP permits eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 85.0% of the lower of the fair market value of Class A common stock on the first day of an offering or on the date of purchase. Additionally, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP will automatically increase on January 1st of each year, beginning on January 1, 2022 and continuing through and including January 1, 2031, by the lesser of (i) 1.0% of the total number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding year; (ii) 9,938,118 shares of Class A common stock; or (iii) a lesser number of shares of Class A common stock determined by the Board of Directors prior to the date of the increase (the "ESPP Evergreen Provision"). The ESPP Evergreen Provision is calculated using the number of legally outstanding shares of common stock and includes shares, such as unvested shares pursuant to early exercised stock options, that are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes. In accordance therewith, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP increased by 4,677,185 on January 1, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the maximum number of shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP was 15,762,995, of which 12,192,194 shares remained available under the ESPP.

The Company currently offers six-month offering periods, and at the end of each offering period, which occurs every six months on May 31 and November 30, employees can elect to purchase shares of the Company's Class A common stock with contributions of up to 15.0% of their base pay, accumulated via payroll deductions, subject to certain limitations.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the grant date fair value of each award granted under the ESPP. The following table sets forth the key assumptions and fair value results for each award granted in the Company's six-month offering period that started on June 1, 2025:

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **June 1, 2025** |
| Stock price | $10.09 |
| Term (in years) | 0.5 |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.3% |
| Volatility | 122.0% |
| Dividend yield | 0.0% |
| Grant date fair value per share | $4.83 |

---

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1.1 million and $2.0 million for the ESPP, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.6 million and $1.3 million for the ESPP, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025, the total remaining stock-based compensation expense was $2.2 million for the ESPP, which is expected to be recognized over the current six-month offering period until November 30, 2025.

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<u>[**Table of Contents**](#ic5a610b923184ea29bb2ff447359d2b8_7)</u>

**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

The Company records stock-based compensation expense for stock-based compensation awards based on the fair value on the date of grant. The stock-based compensation expense is recognized ratably over the course of the requisite service period.

The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur and will record stock-based compensation expense assuming all stockholders will complete the requisite service period. If an employee forfeits an award because they fail to complete the requisite service period, the Company will reverse stock-based compensation expense previously recognized in the period the award is forfeited.

***Vendor Share Issuances***

From time to time, the Company issues shares of Class A common stock to certain vendors in exchange for services rendered and/or goods purchased (collectively, the "Vendor Share Issuances"). The Vendor Share Issuances are being consummated by the Company pursuant to the Company's shelf registration statements filed with the SEC and accompanying prospectus.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company issued 4,331,384 shares of Class A common stock to certain vendors to satisfy $41.4 million of the Company's current and/or future obligations to those vendors.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $15.9 million and $22.4 million for the Vendor Share Issuances, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million and $1.6 million for the Vendor Share Issuances, respectively.

The following table presents stock-based compensation expense included in each respective expense category in the consolidated condensed statements of operations (in millions):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| Research and development | $22.9 | $11.1 | $34.0 | $23.5 |
| General and administrative | 28.9 | 11.7 | 47.9 | 40.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stock-based compensation expense | $51.8 | $22.8 | $81.9 | $63.5 |

---

**Note 10 - Income Taxes**

The Company recognized foreign current income tax provision of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized foreign current income tax provision of $0.1 million and $0.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The Company did not record any deferred income tax provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the provision for income taxes differed from the United States federal statutory rate primarily due to foreign taxes currently payable. The Company realized no benefit for the current year losses due to a full valuation allowance against the United States and foreign net deferred tax assets.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the period in which those temporary differences become deductible. Based upon the analysis of federal and state deferred tax balances, future tax projections, and the Company's lack of taxable income in the carryback period, the Company did not believe it is more-likely-than-not that the net deferred tax assets will be realizable. Accordingly, the Company had provided a full valuation allowance against the entire domestic and the majority of the foreign net deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company intends to maintain the full valuation allowance against the United States net deferred tax assets until sufficient positive evidence exists to support a reversal of, or decrease in, the valuation allowance.

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**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

**Note 11 - Warrants**

***Equity Classified Warrants***

A summary of the Company's warrant activity is as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Number of**<br>**Shares** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Exercise**<br>**Price** | **Weighted**<br>**Average**<br>**Remaining**<br>**Contractual**<br>**Life (Years)** | **Aggregate**<br>**Intrinsic**<br>**Value**<br>**(In millions)** |
| **Outstanding as of January 1, 2025** | 20753630 | $0.01 | 3.5 | $202.1 |
| **Outstanding as of June 30, 2025** | 20753630 | 0.01 | 3.0 | 225.0 |
| **Vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2025** | 12805276 | $0.01 | 2.1 | $138.8 |

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*United Airlines*

On January 29, 2021, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement (the "United Purchase Agreement"), Collaboration Agreement (the "United Collaboration Agreement"), and Warrant to Purchase Shares Agreement (the "United Warrant Agreement") with United. Under the terms of the United Purchase Agreement, United has a conditional purchase order for up to 200 of the Company's aircraft, with an option to purchase an additional 100 aircraft. Those purchases are conditioned upon the Company meeting certain conditions that include, but are not limited to, the certification of the Company's aircraft by the Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA") and further negotiation and reaching of mutual agreement on certain material terms related to the purchases. The Company issued 14,741,764 warrants to United to purchase shares of the Company's Class A common stock. Each warrant provides United with the right to purchase one share of the Company's Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The warrants were initially expected to vest in four installments in accordance with the following milestones: the execution of the United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement, the completion of the Business Combination, the certification of the aircraft by the FAA, and the sale of aircraft to United.

On August 9, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the United Purchase Agreement (the "Amended United Purchase Agreement") and Amendment No. 1 to the United Warrant Agreement (the "Amended United Warrant Agreement"). In association with the Amended United Purchase Agreement, the Company received a $10.0 million pre-delivery payment from United for 100 of the Company's aircraft (the "Pre-Delivery Payment"), which was recognized as a contract liability in other long-term liabilities in the Company's consolidated condensed balance sheets. Pursuant to the Amended United Warrant Agreement, the vesting condition of the fourth milestone of the United Warrant Agreement was modified, and the warrants now vest in four installments in accordance with the following sub-milestones: (i) 737,088 warrants vested upon receipt by the Company of the Pre-Delivery Payment on August 9, 2022; (ii) 2,211,264 warrants vested on February 9, 2023 upon the six-month anniversary of the amendment date; (iii) 3,685.45 warrants shall vest upon the acceptance and delivery of each of the Company's 160 aircraft; and (iv) 22,112.65 warrants shall vest upon the acceptance and delivery of each of the Company's 40 aircraft.

The Company accounts for the Amended United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement under ASC 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customers*. The Company identified the sale of each aircraft ordered by United as a separate performance obligation in the contract. As the performance obligations have not been satisfied, the Company has not recognized any revenue as of June 30, 2025.

With respect to the warrant vesting milestones outlined above, the Company accounts for them as consideration payable to a customer under ASC 606 related to the future purchase of aircraft by United. The Company determined that the warrants are classified as equity awards based on the criteria of ASC 480, *Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity* and ASC 718, *Compensation — Stock Compensation*. Pursuant to ASC 718, the Company measured the grant date fair value of the warrants to be recognized upon the achievement of each of the original four milestones and the vesting of the related warrants, which was determined to be $13.35, based on a valuation of the Company's Class A common stock on January 29, 2021.

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**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

For the first milestone, issuance of the warrants in conjunction with the execution of the United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement, the Company recorded the grant date fair value of the respective warrant tranche at the vesting date upon satisfaction of the milestone, and the related costs were recorded in other warrant expense due to the absence of historical or probable future revenue. For the second milestone, the completion of the Business Combination transaction, the related costs were also recorded in other warrant expense due to the absence of historical or probable future revenue. A total of 8,845,058 warrants vested from achievement of the first two milestones and were exercised. For the third milestone, the certification of the aircraft by the FAA, the Company will assess whether it is probable that the award will vest at the end of every reporting period. If and when the award is deemed probable of vesting, the Company will begin capitalizing the grant date fair value of the associated warrants as an asset through the vesting date and subsequently amortize the asset as a reduction to revenue as it sells the new aircraft to United.

For the original fourth milestone, the sale of aircraft to United, the Company was initially expected to record the cost associated with the vesting of each portion of warrants within this milestone as a reduction of the transaction price as revenue is recognized for each sale of the aircraft. In connection with the Amended United Warrant Agreement, the Company evaluated the accounting implications associated with the amendment to the fourth milestone in accordance with ASC 606 and ASC 718. For the first sub-milestone, the receipt of the Pre-Delivery Payment, the Company accounted for it as a modification under ASC 718 and recorded the modification date fair value of the associated warrants in other warrant expense upon satisfaction of the sub-milestone on August 9, 2022. For the second sub-milestone, the vesting of warrants on February 9, 2023, the Company accounted for it as a modification under ASC 718 and recorded the modification date fair value of the associated warrants in other warrant expense on a straight-line basis over six months following the amendment date. The modification date fair value of each warrant associated with the first and second sub-milestones was determined to be $4.37, which was the closing price of the Company's Class A common stock on the modification date. A total of 2,948,352 warrants vested from achievement of the first two sub-milestones under the fourth milestone and were exercised. For the third and fourth sub-milestones, the sale of 160 aircraft and 40 aircraft, respectively, the Company determined that the amendment does not represent a modification under ASC 718. The Company will record the cost associated with the vesting of each portion of the associated warrants as a reduction of the transaction price based on the original grant date fair value as revenue is recognized for each sale of the aircraft.

There was no other warrant expense recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

*Stellantis N.V.*

On January 3, 2023, the Company entered into a manufacturing and collaboration agreement with Stellantis, pursuant to which the Company and Stellantis will collaborate on the development and implementation of the Company's manufacturing operations for the production of its eVTOL aircraft products (the "Stellantis Collaboration Agreement"). In connection with the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, the Company entered into a forward purchase agreement (as amended, the "Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement") and a warrant agreement (the "Stellantis Warrant Agreement") with Stellantis on January 3, 2023.

Under the terms of the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to issue and sell to Stellantis up to $150.0 million of shares of the Company's Class A common stock pursuant to terms and conditions of the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement. The shares pursuant to the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement were fully issued in July 2024.

Under the terms of the Stellantis Warrant Agreement, Stellantis is entitled to purchase up to 15.0 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock, at an exercise price of $0.01 per share (the "Stellantis Warrant"). The Stellantis Warrant will vest and become exercisable in three equal tranches upon 12, 24 and 36 months of the grant date, provided that (i) Stellantis has performed certain undertakings set forth in the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement and/or (ii) the VWAP (as defined in the Stellantis Warrant Agreement) for the Class A common stock exceeding certain specified amounts. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, Stellantis is deemed to have performed the undertakings if the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement has not been terminated by the Company as of the specified vesting date for each tranche.

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**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

As the Company is currently in pre-revenue stage and is not generating any revenue from the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, all costs incurred with third parties are recorded based on the nature of the costs incurred. The Company accounts for the warrant in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718. The grant date fair value of each warrant was determined to be $1.93, which was the closing price of the Company's Class A common stock on January 3, 2023. For each tranche of the warrant, the Company will recognize compensation costs as the related services are received from Stellantis on a straight-line basis over the associated service period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded $0.8 million and $1.6 million of research and development expense, respectively, in the consolidated condensed statements of operations in connection with the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $2.0 million and $4.1 million of research and development expense, respectively, in the consolidated condensed statements of operations in connection with the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement.

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, FCA US LLC ("FCA"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Stellantis, transferred its fully vested warrant to purchase 1,671,202 shares of the Company's Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share to Stellantis.

***Liability Classified Warrants***

As of June 30, 2025, there were 17,395,947 public warrants outstanding. Public warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares are issued upon exercise of the public warrants. The public warrants became exercisable on October 30, 2021, 12 months after the closing of the initial public offering of Atlas, the predecessor of Archer. The public warrants will expire five years from the consummation of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Once the public warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the public warrants for redemption:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• in whole and not in part;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• at a price of $0.01 per public warrant;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• upon not less than 30 days' prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• if, and only if, the closing price of the Class A common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period commencing after the warrants become exercisable and ending three business days before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

If and when the warrants become redeemable by the Company, the Company may exercise its redemption right even if the Company is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws.

Each public warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of Class A common stock at a price of $11.50 per share. The exercise price and number of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the public warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, extraordinary dividend or recapitalization, reorganization, merger, or consolidation. The public warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of Class A common stock at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the public warrants.

As of June 30, 2025, there were 8,000,000 private placement warrants outstanding. The private placement warrants are identical to the public warrants underlying the shares sold in the initial public offering of Atlas, except that the private placement warrants and the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of the private placement warrants became transferable, assignable, and salable on October 16, 2021, 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, subject to certain limited exceptions. Additionally, the private placement warrants will be exercisable on a cashless basis and will be non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the private placement warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the private placement warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the public warrants.

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**Archer Aviation Inc.**

**Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)** 

**Note 12 - Subsequent Events**

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was signed into law. This legislation includes changes to U.S. federal tax law, which may be subject to further clarification and the issuance of interpretive guidance. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of OBBBA on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the Company sold 3,921,875 shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $46.3 million.

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**Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations**

*The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated condensed financial statements and related accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 set forth in our Annual Report. The following discussion includes forward-looking statements, which are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and the potential effects of such developments on us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. See the section titled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this Quarterly Report. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those set forth in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report.*

**Overview**

Headquartered in Silicon Valley, California, Archer is developing the technologies and aircraft to power the future of advanced aviation. We plan to provide customers with advanced aircraft and related technologies and services in the United States and internationally in both the commercial and defense sectors. We unveiled our first planned production aircraft, an electric vertical take-off and landing ("eVTOL") aircraft, Midnight, in November 2022. In December 2024, we completed construction of our high-volume aircraft manufacturing facility, ARC, located in Covington, Georgia. We started production of aircraft at this facility in the first quarter of 2025 and plan to focus on building aircraft across our facilities in Georgia and Silicon Valley for use to support our commercialization efforts. We are first and foremost working to commercialize our Midnight aircraft which is intended to be used in select major cities around the world. To do so, we are working with aviation authorities, countries, cities, and strategic partners in these locations to obtain certification of our Midnight aircraft and build out urban air mobility ("UAM") networks that will utilize our Midnight aircraft in their commercial operations. In parallel, we plan to continue to advance the development of our aircraft for Archer Defense, as well as other technologies to support the future of advanced aviation.

**Our Planned Lines of Business**

By maintaining an innovative and disciplined approach to new product and service development, manufacturing, and commercialization we believe that we can deliver advanced aviation technologies and solutions that can service a broad range of industries and applications. We intend to operate in the following areas:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• ***Commercial:*** This is planned to consist of the sale of our commercial aircraft ("Archer Direct"), such as Midnight, as well as technologies and services related thereto. In addition, we plan to provide direct-to-consumer aerial ride share services utilizing our aircraft and potentially others in select metropolitan areas around the world with consumers being able to book rides via an app-based platform ("Archer UAM").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• ***Defense:*** This is planned to consist of the sale of next-generation aircraft, related technologies and support services for defense applications.

To date, we have not generated significant revenue from either of these planned areas. We will use our cash and cash equivalents for the foreseeable future as we continue to develop our commercial aircraft, defense aircraft, related technologies, manufacturing operations and work to commercialize our commercial and defense aircraft. The amount and timing of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of the design and development of our aircraft and manufacturing operations, as well as our progress in obtaining necessary aircraft certifications and other government approvals to begin commercial operations. For example, any significant delays in obtaining such certifications and other government approvals may require us to raise additional capital above our existing cash on hand and delay our generation of significant revenues.

**Components of Results of Operations**

***Revenue***

We are still working to design, develop, certify, and bring up manufacturing of our aircraft and thus have not generated revenue from either of our planned lines of business. We do not expect to begin generating significant revenues until we are able to complete the design, development, certification, commercialization, and manufacturing bring up of our aircraft and development of related technologies and services.

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***Operating Expenses***

*Research and Development*

Research and development activities represent a significant part of our business. Our research and development efforts focus on the design and development of our aircraft, including certain of the systems that are used in it. As part of those activities, we continue to work closely with U.S. and international regulators towards our goal of commercialization. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs (including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation) for employees focused on research and development activities, costs associated with developing and building prototype aircraft, associated facilities costs, and depreciation. We expect research and development expenses to increase significantly as we progress towards commercialization and manufacturing.

We cannot determine with certainty the timing, duration or the costs necessary to complete the design, development, certification, and manufacturing bring up due to the inherently unpredictable nature of our research and development activities. Development timelines, the probability of success, and development costs may differ materially from expectations.

*General and Administrative*

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs (including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation) for employees associated with administrative services such as finance, legal, human resources, information technology, associated facilities costs, depreciation, and technology and dispute resolution agreements expense. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as we hire additional personnel and consultants to support our operations and comply with applicable regulations.

***Other Income (Expense), Net***

Other income (expense), net consists of miscellaneous income and expense items, including the change in fair value of our warrant liabilities.

***Interest Income, Net***

Interest income, net primarily consists of interest income from our cash and cash equivalents, net of interest on notes payable.

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**Results of Operations**

The following table sets forth our consolidated condensed statements of operations for the periods indicated:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**Change $** |<br>**Change %** |
| | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** | |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| Research and development <sup>(1)</sup> | $122.4 | $89.8 | $32.6 | 36.3% |
| General and administrative <sup>(1)</sup> | 53.7 | 31.4 | 22.3 | 71.0% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 176.1 | 121.2 | 54.9 | 45.3% |
| Loss from operations | (176.1) | (121.2) | (54.9) | 45.3% |
| Other income (expense), net | (40.0) | 9.3 | (49.3) | NM |
| Interest income, net | 10.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 100.0% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss before income taxes | (205.9) | (106.8) | (99.1) | 92.8% |
| Income tax expense | (0.1) | (0.1) |  | —% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(206.0) | $(106.9) | $(99.1) | 92.7% |

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | | |
| | **2025** | **2024** |<br>**Change $** |<br>**Change %** |
| | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** | |
| **Operating expenses** |  |  |  |  |
| Research and development <sup>(1)</sup> | $226.1 | $173.3 | $52.8 | 30.5% |
| General and administrative <sup>(1)</sup> | 94.0 | 90.1 | 3.9 | 4.3% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total operating expenses | 320.1 | 263.4 | 56.7 | 21.5% |
| Loss from operations | (320.1) | (263.4) | (56.7) | 21.5% |
| Other income (expense), net | 2.0 | 29.9 | (27.9) | (93.3)% |
| Interest income, net | 18.9 | 10.4 | 8.5 | 81.7% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Loss before income taxes | (299.2) | (223.1) | (76.1) | 34.1% |
| Income tax expense | (0.2) | (0.3) | 0.1 | (33.3)% |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net loss | $(299.4) | $(223.4) | $(76.0) | 34.0% |

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NM=Not Meaningful.

<sup>(1)</sup> Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Three Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** | **2025** | **2024** |
| | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** |
| Research and development | $22.9 | $11.1 | $34.0 | $23.5 |
| General and administrative | 28.9 | 11.7 | 47.9 | 40.0 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total stock-based compensation expense | $51.8 | $22.8 | $81.9 | $63.5 |

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***Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024***

*Research and Development*

Research and development expenses increased by $32.6 million, or 36.3%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024, as we invested in people and materials to advance our technology development. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $11.8 million in stock-based compensation, an increase of $10.1 million in personnel-related expenses due to a significant increase in our workforce from the prior year period, and an increase of $5.1 million in costs related to engineering, parts and materials to support our increased research and development activities. The remainder of the increase was made up of other incidental items.

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Research and development expenses increased by $52.8 million, or 30.5%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024, as we invested in people and materials to advance our technology development. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $19.6 million in personnel-related expenses due to a significant increase in our workforce from the prior year period, an increase of $13.5 million in costs related to engineering, parts and materials to support our increased research and development activities, and an increase of $10.5 million in stock-based compensation. The remainder of the increase was made up of other incidental items.

*General and Administrative*

General and administrative expenses increased by $22.3 million, or 71.0%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $21.2 million in stock-based compensation. See Note 9 - Stock-Based Compensation to our consolidated condensed financial statements for further details on our stock-based compensation. The remainder of the increase was made up of other incidental items.

General and administrative expenses increased by $3.9 million, or 4.3%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $32.4 million in stock-based compensation. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $24.5 million in stock-based compensation associated with the restricted stock units granted to our founder immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and a decrease of $10.3 million in the charge for the warrant issued related to technology and dispute resolution agreements, which was fully exercised and settled in 2024. See Note 9 - Stock-Based Compensation to our consolidated condensed financial statements for further details on our stock-based compensation. The remainder of the increase was made up of other incidental items.

*Other Income (Expense), Net*

Other income (expense), net decreased by $49.3 million and $27.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to changes in fair value of our warrant liabilities. See Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated condensed financial statements for further details.

*Interest Income, Net*

Interest income, net increased by $5.1 million, or 100.0%, and $8.5 million, or 81.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to interest income from increased balance in our cash and cash equivalents.

**Liquidity and Capital Resources**

As of June 30, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents of $1,724.0 million. We have incurred net losses since our inception and to date have not generated any revenues. We expect to incur additional losses and higher operating expenses for the foreseeable future. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient for at least the next 12 months to meet our requirements and plans for cash, including meeting our working capital requirements and capital expenditure requirements.

On October 5, 2023, we entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Synovus Bank, as administrative agent and lender, and the additional lenders (the "Lenders") from time to time, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $65.0 million for the construction and development of our manufacturing facility in Covington, Georgia (the "Loan"). The Loan under the Credit Agreement shall accrue interest from and including the date the applicable advance is made but excluding the repayment date at a rate of the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR"), plus 2.0% subject to a SOFR floor of 0.0%. We are required to make interest-only payments for 36 months on the Loan starting on November 14, 2023, followed by monthly interest and principal payments for the remaining maturity, with any outstanding principal, interest and other then outstanding indebtedness due at maturity. The Credit Agreement matures on the earlier of October 5, 2033 or the date on which the outstanding Loan has been declared or automatically becomes due and payable pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by funds in a collateral account and the Credit Agreement is guaranteed by our domestic subsidiaries. We had drawn down the full $65.0 million of the Loan as of June 30, 2025.

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In November 2024, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and a related prospectus for the sale under a Controlled Equity Offering<sup>SM</sup> Sales Agreement (the "ATM Sales Agreement") of shares of our Class A common stock, having an aggregate value of up to $70.0 million (the "ATM Program"). We pay the placement agent a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from any shares of Class A common stock sold through the ATM Sales Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we did not sell any shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program. As of June 30, 2025, we had $47.5 million remaining eligible for sales under the ATM Program. In July 2025, we sold 3,921,875 shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $46.3 million.

On August 8, 2024, we entered into subscription agreements with certain investors providing for the private placement of our Class A common stock at a purchase price of $3.35 per share (the "First 2024 PIPE Financing"), pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). A portion of the First 2024 PIPE Financing closed on August 12, 2024 for 49,283,582 shares of our Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $158.0 million, after deducting offering costs. The remaining portion of the First 2024 PIPE Financing covering an aggregate of 2,982,089 shares of our Class A common stock issued and sold to Stellantis N.V. ("Stellantis") closed on January 6, 2025 for net proceeds of approximately $9.6 million, after deducting offering costs.

On December 11, 2024, we entered into subscription agreements with certain investors providing for the private placement of our Class A common stock at a purchase price of $6.65 per share (the "Second 2024 PIPE Financing"), pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. A portion of the Second 2024 PIPE Financing closed on December 13, 2024 for 63,909,776 shares of our Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $407.7 million, after deducting offering costs. The remaining portion of the Second 2024 PIPE Financing covering an aggregate of 751,879 shares of our Class A common stock to be issued and sold to Stellantis for anticipated gross proceeds of approximately $5.0 million is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions.

On February 12, 2025, we closed a registered direct offering in which pursuant to the securities purchase agreement dated February 11, 2025, by and between us and certain institutional investors, we issued and sold 35,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $289.5 million, after deducting offering costs.

On June 16, 2025, we closed a registered direct offering in which pursuant to the securities purchase agreement dated June 12, 2025, by and between us and certain institutional investors, we issued and sold 85,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $816.8 million, after deducting offering costs.

In the long term, our ability to support our working capital and capital expenditure requirements will depend on many factors, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the level of research and development expenses we incur as we continue to develop our eVTOL aircraft and other products and services to be provided in our planned business lines;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• capital expenditures needed to bring up our aircraft manufacturing capabilities, including for both the build out of our manufacturing facilities, component purchases necessary to build our aircraft and support the development of our airline operations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• general and administrative expenses as we scale our operations; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• sales, marketing and distribution expenses as we build, brand and market our business lines, products and services.

Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from our business operations, we expect to finance our cash needs primarily through existing cash on hand, pre-delivery payments, equity financing and debt financing.

The following includes our short-term and long-term material cash requirements from known contractual obligations as of June 30, 2025:

***Notes Payable***

See Note 6 - Notes Payable to our consolidated condensed financial statements for further details on our debt.

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***Leases***

We lease office, lab, hangar, and storage facilities in the normal course of business. Under our operating leases as noted in Note 7 - Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated condensed financial statements, we have current obligations of $7.4 million and long-term obligations of $16.8 million.

***Cash Flows***

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Six Months Ended June 30,** | **Six Months Ended June 30,** |
| | **2025** | **2024** |
| | **(In millions)** | **(In millions)** |
| Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Operating activities | $(198.0) | $(167.0) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Investing activities | $(34.1) | $(38.2) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Financing activities | $1121.3 | $100.8 |

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*Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities*

We continue to experience negative cash flows from operations as we are still working to design, develop, certify, and bring up manufacturing of our aircraft and thus have not generated any revenues from either of our planned lines of business. Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly affected by our cash investments to support the growth of our research and development activities related to our aircraft, as well as the general and administrative functions necessary to support those activities and operations as a publicly traded company. Our operating cash flows are also impacted by the working capital requirements to support growth and fluctuations in personnel-related expenditures, accounts payable, accrued interest and other current liabilities, and other current assets.

Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $198.0 million, resulting from a net loss of $299.4 million, adjusted for non-cash items consisting primarily of $81.9 million in stock-based compensation, and $8.9 million in depreciation and amortization. The net cash provided by changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was $8.9 million.

Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $167.0 million, resulting from a net loss of $223.4 million, adjusted for non-cash items consisting primarily of $63.5 million in stock-based compensation, a gain of $30.3 million due to a change in fair value of our warrant liabilities, and a $5.6 million non-cash charge for the technology and dispute resolution agreements expense. The net cash provided by changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was $7.2 million.

*Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities*

Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $34.1 million, driven by purchases of property and equipment of $28.9 million and acquisitions of intangible assets of $5.2 million within the period.

Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $38.2 million, driven by purchases of property and equipment within the period.

*Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities*

Net cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $1,121.3 million, driven by gross proceeds from the registered direct offering of $1,151.8 million, gross proceeds from the First 2024 PIPE Financing of $10.0 million, partially offset by payments of offering costs in connection with financing activities for $44.3 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $100.8 million, driven by proceeds from shares issued under the ATM Program of $73.3 million, and proceeds from issuance of debt of $25.8 million.

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**Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates**

Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated condensed financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and our actual results, our future financial statements will be affected.

For a discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates, see "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" included under Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report. There have been no material changes in our policies from those previously discussed in our Annual Report.

**Recent Accounting Pronouncements**

See Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated condensed financial statements for a discussion about accounting pronouncements recently adopted and recently issued and not yet adopted.

**Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk**

**Interest Rate Risk**

We are exposed to market risk for changes in interest rates applicable to our borrowings and investments in money market funds. The Loan under the Credit Agreement accrues interest from and including the date the applicable advance is made but excluding the repayment date at a rate of the SOFR, plus 2.0% subject to a SOFR floor of 0.0%. Additionally, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash totaling $1,730.5 million as of June 30, 2025. Cash equivalents were invested in money market funds. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal and achieve liquidity requirements. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates applicable to the Loan under the Credit Agreement or with respect to our investment portfolio would not have had a material impact on the fair value of our portfolio for the periods presented and our future interest income and expense.

**Credit Risk**

Financial instruments, which subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are held at several long-standing financial institutions located in the United States. At times, cash account balances with any one financial institution may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits ($250 thousand per depositor per institution). We have not experienced any losses due to these excess deposits and believe this risk is not significant. We have established guidelines regarding diversification of our investments and their maturities that are designed to preserve principal and achieve liquidity requirements. We review these guidelines and modify them as necessary based on updated liquidity needs and changes in our operations and financial position.

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**Item 4. Controls and Procedures**

**Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as required by Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

**Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures**

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, recognizes that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting cannot prevent or detect all possible instances of errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

**Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting**

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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**Part II - Other Information**

**Item 1. Legal Proceedings**

For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, see Note 7 - Commitments and Contingencies of the notes to the consolidated condensed financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, which is incorporated herein by reference. From time to time, we may bring or be subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. While management currently believes that resolving claims against us, individually or in aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or statement of cash flows, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and management's view of these matters may change in the future. If an unfavorable final outcome were to occur, it may have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows for the period in which the effect can be reasonably estimated.

**Item 1A. Risk Factors**

Investing in our securities involves risks. Risk factors describing the major risks to our business can be found under Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report and in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 13, 2025. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described therein, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report, including Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated condensed financial statements and related notes, before deciding whether to purchase any of our securities. Our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Unless otherwise indicated, references in these risk factors to our business being harmed will include harm to our business, reputation, brand, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In any such event, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

**Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities**

**Use of Proceeds**

None.

**Sales of Unregistered Securities**

None.

**Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities**

None.

**Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities**

None.

**Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures**

Not applicable.

**Item 5. Other Information**

On or about August 11, 2025, we will issue an aggregate of $28.0 million of shares of our Class A common stock, issuable to certain vendors in exchange for services rendered and/or goods purchased (collectively, the "Vendor Shares").

On or about August 11, 2025, we will issue warrants to a party to purchase an aggregate of 314,760 shares of our Class A common stock (the "Warrant" and together with the Vendor Shares, the "Securities"). The Warrant has an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The Form of Warrant is filed as Exhibit 4.1 to this Form 10-Q.

The Securities are being offered by us pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR (File No. 333-284812), which was filed with the SEC on February 11, 2025 and was automatically effective on the same date, including the prospectus supplements dated May 12, 2025 and August 11, 2025, and accompanying prospectus.

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A copy of the opinion of Fenwick & West LLP relating to the validity of the Securities is filed herewith as Exhibit 5.1.

*<u>Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans.</u>* During the three months ended June 30, 2025, none of our directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement", in each case as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

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**Item 6. Exhibits**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Exhibit** | **Description** |
| 4.1 | <u>[Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares](exhibit41_formofwarrant.htm)</u>  |
| 5.1 | <u>[Opinion of Fenwick & West LLP](exhibit51opinions-3asrve.htm)</u> |
| 10.1 | <u>[Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2025, by and among Archer Aviation Inc. and the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 13, 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1824502/000110465925059100/tm2517619d2_ex10-1.htm)</u> |
| 10.2 | <u>[Transition Letter Agreement, dated July 8, 2025 by and between Mark Mesler and the Company](exhibit102transitionagre.htm)</u> |
| 23.1 | <u>[Consent of Fenwick & West LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1 hereto)](exhibit51opinions-3asrve.htm)</u> |
| 31.1 | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](exhibit311-q225.htm)</u> |
| 31.2 | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](exhibit312-q225.htm)</u> |
| 32.1\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](exhibit321-q225.htm)</u> |
| 32.2\* | <u>[Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002](exhibit322-q225.htm)</u> |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

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____________________

\*The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report and are not deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

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**SIGNATURES**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **ARCHER AVIATION INC.** | **ARCHER AVIATION INC.** |
| August 11, 2025 | By: | /s/ Priya Gupta |
|  |  | Priya Gupta |
|  |  | *Acting Chief Financial Officer<br>(Principal Financial Officer)* |

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## Exhibit 4.1

![](exhibit41_formofwarrant001.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issued: FORM OF WARRANT TO PURCHASE SHARES of ARCHER AVIATION INC. THIS CERTIFIES THAT, for value received, ________, or its registered assigns (the "Holder"), is entitled, subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, to purchase from ARCHER AVIATION INC., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), Shares (as defined below), in the amounts, at such times and at the price per share set forth herein. The term "Warrant" as used herein shall include this Warrant and any warrants delivered in substitution or exchange therefor as provided herein. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Warrant have the meanings set forth in the Agreement dated __________. 1. Purchase of Shares. Subject to the terms and conditions herein, the Holder is entitled, upon surrender of this Warrant to the Company, to purchase from the Company up to 314,760 shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock (such type of shares, the "Common Stock", and such number and actual shares as adjusted pursuant to Section 8 hereof, the "Shares"). 2. Exercise Price and Exercise Period. 2.1 Exercise Price. The exercise price for the Shares shall be U.S.$0.01 per Share (as adjusted pursuant to Section 8 hereof, the "Exercise Price"). 2.2 Vesting of Shares; Exercisability. Subject to Section 2.3 below, the Shares issuable under this Warrant will become vested and exercisable as set out in Exhibit B attached hereto. 2.3 Expiration Date. This Warrant shall be exercisable, in whole or in part, but solely with respect to the Shares which have become vested in accordance with Section 2.2, at any time and from time to time on or before the earliest of (i) immediately prior to the closing of (subject to Section 4 hereof) a Liquidation Event or (ii) 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on the 5th anniversary of the date hereof (the "Expiration Date"). 2.4 Definitions. As used herein: (i) "Affiliate" shall mean a person or entity that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, the entity specified. For purposes of this definition, "control" (including the terms "controlled by" and "under common control with") shall mean the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of an entity, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise, for so long as the control exists. (ii) "Liquidation Event" means the occurrence of any of the following: (i) the consolidation of the Company with, or the merger of the Company with or into, another "person" (as such term is used in Rule 13d-3 and Rule 13d-5 of the Exchange Act), or the sale, lease, transfer, conveyance or other disposition, in one or a series of related transactions, of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, or the consolidation of another "person" with, or the merger of another "person" into, the Company, other than in each case pursuant to a transaction in which the "persons" that "beneficially owned" (as such term is defined in Rule 13d-3 and Rule 13d-5 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, the Voting Shares (as defined below) of the Company immediately prior to the transaction "beneficially own", directly or indirectly, Voting Shares representing at least a majority of the total voting power of all outstanding classes of voting stock of

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![](exhibit41_formofwarrant002.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2 the surviving or transferee person; (ii) the adoption by the Company of a plan relating to the liquidation or dissolution of the Company; (iii) the consummation of any transaction (including, without limitation, any merger or consolidation) the result of which is that any "person" becomes the "beneficial owner" directly or indirectly, of more than 50% of the Voting Shares of the Company (measured by voting power rather than number of shares); or (iv) the first day on which a majority of the members of the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") does not consist of Continuing Directors (as defined below). For the purposes of this Section 2.4, (i) "Voting Shares" of any person shall mean capital shares or capital stock of such person which ordinarily has voting power for the election of directors (or persons performing similar functions) of such person, whether at all times or only so long as no senior class of securities has such voting power by reason of any contingency, and (ii) "Continuing Director" shall mean, as of any date of determination, any member of the Board who (i) was a member of the Board on the date hereof or (ii) was nominated for election or elected to the Board with the approval of a majority of the Continuing Directors who were members of the Board at the time of such nomination or election and who voted with respect to such nomination or election; provided that a majority of the members of the Board voting with respect thereto shall at the time have been Continuing Directors. 3. Method of Exercise. (a) Cash Exercise. The purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be exercised by the Holder, in whole or in part, by the surrender of this Warrant (with the notice of exercise form attached hereto as Exhibit A duly executed) at the principal office of the Company, and by the payment to the Company, by certified, cashier's or other check acceptable to the Company or by wire transfer to an account designated by the Company, of an amount equal to the aggregate Exercise Price of the Shares being purchased. (b) Net Issue Exercise. In lieu of exercising this Warrant, the Holder may elect to receive Shares equal to the value of this Warrant (or the portion thereof being canceled) by surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company together with notice of such election, in which event the Company shall issue to the Holder a number of Shares computed using the following formula: Y (A-B) X = ——————— A Where: X = the number of the Shares to be issued to the Holder. Y = the number of the Shares purchasable under this Warrant. A = the fair market value of one Share on the date of determination. B = the per share Exercise Price (as adjusted to the date of such calculation). (c) Automatic Cashless Exercise. To the extent that there has not been an exercise by the Holder pursuant to Section 3(a) or 3(b) hereof, any portion of the Warrant that remains vested and exercisable but unexercised shall be exercised automatically to the extent vested and exercisable, upon the Expiration Date (including a Liquidation Event) pursuant to the mechanics described in Section 3(b). (d) Fair Market Value. For purposes of Section 3(b), the per share fair market value of the Shares shall mean: (i) If the Company's Common Stock is publicly traded, the per share fair market value of the Shares shall be the average of the closing prices of the Common Stock on the principal exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or if the Common Stock is not so listed, as quoted on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board, in each case for the fifteen trading days ending five trading days prior to the date of determination of fair market value; (ii) if the Common Stock is not so publicly traded, the per share fair market value of the Shares shall be such fair market value as is determined in good faith by the Board after taking into consideration factors it deems appropriate, including, without

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![](exhibit41_formofwarrant003.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3 limitation, recent valuations undertaken by the Company, recent bona fide offers to acquire the Company or make a substantial equity investment and/or sale and offer prices of the capital stock of the Company in private transactions negotiated at arm's length. 4. Treatment of Warrant Upon a Liquidation Event. In the event of a Liquidation Event, this Warrant shall automatically become fully vested and exercisable with respect to all Shares then unvested or unexercised immediately prior of such Liquidation Event, without any action by the Holder; provided, however that such acceleration shall not occur in the case of a Liquidation Event described in Section 2.4(ii)(iv) above. The Company shall provide Holder with written notice of the foregoing (together with such information as Holder may reasonably request in connection with such contemplated Liquidation Event giving rise to such notice), which is to be delivered to Holder not less than ten (10) days prior to the closing or occurrence, as applicable, of the proposed Liquidation Event. 5. Certificates for Shares. As soon as practicable upon the exercise of this Warrant, the Company shall issue the Holder a certificate (or book-entry entitlement) for the number of Shares so purchased and, if such exercise is in part, a new warrant (dated the date hereof) of like tenor representing the remaining number of Shares purchasable under this Warrant. Holder shall be deemed to own and have all of the rights associated with any Shares or other securities or property to which it is entitled pursuant to this Warrant upon the exercise or conversion of the Warrant in accordance with Section 3. 6. Replacement of Warrants. On receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant and in the case of loss, theft or destruction, on delivery of an indemnity agreement reasonably satisfactory in form and amount to the Company or, in the case of mutilation on surrender and cancellation of this Warrant, the Company shall promptly execute and deliver, in lieu of this Warrant, a new warrant of like tenor. 7. Issuance of Shares. The Company covenants that the Shares, when issued pursuant to the exercise of this Warrant, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges with respect to the issuance thereof. 8. Adjustment of Exercise Price and Number of Shares. The number of and kind of securities purchasable upon exercise of this Warrant and the Exercise Price shall be subject to adjustment from time to time as follows (but not so as to result in any double adjustment and only as to preserve relative present value): 8.1 Merger, Consolidation or Sale of Assets. If at any time there shall be a merger or a consolidation of the Company with or into another entity when the Company is not the surviving entity, or a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company in one or a series of related transactions, then, as part of such merger, consolidation or sale of assets, lawful provision shall be made so that the Holder shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon exercise of this Warrant, during the period specified herein and upon payment of the aggregate Exercise Price then in effect, the number of shares of stock or other securities or property (including cash) of the successor entity resulting from such merger, consolidation or sale, to which the Holder as the holder of the Common Stock deliverable upon exercise of this Warrant would have been entitled in such merger, consolidation or sale if this Warrant had been exercised immediately before such merger, consolidation or sale. In any such case, appropriate adjustment shall be made in the application of the provisions of this Warrant with respect to the rights and interests of the Holder after the merger, consolidation or sale. This provision shall apply to successive mergers or consolidations. 8.2 Reclassification, Recapitalization, etc. Upon any reclassification, exchange, substitution, or other event that results in a change of the number and/or class of the securities issuable upon exercise or conversion of this Warrant (other than a Liquidation Event which is subject to the provisions of Section 4), Holder shall be entitled to receive, upon exercise or conversion of this Warrant the number and kind of securities and property that Holder would have received for the Shares if this Warrant had been exercised immediately before such reclassification, exchange, substitution, or other

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![](exhibit41_formofwarrant004.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4 event. The Company or its successor shall promptly issue to Holder an amendment to this Warrant setting forth the number and kind of such new securities or other property issuable upon exercise or conversion of this Warrant as a result of such reclassification, exchange, substitution or other event that results in a change of the number and/or class of securities issuable upon exercise or conversion of this Warrant. The amendment to this Warrant shall provide for adjustments which shall be as nearly equivalent as may be practicable to the adjustments provided for in this Section 8 including, without limitation, adjustments to the Exercise Price and to the number of securities or property issuable upon exercise of the new Warrant. The provisions of this Section 8 shall similarly apply to successive reclassifications, exchanges, substitutions, or other events. 8.3 Split, Subdivision or Combination of Shares. If the Company at any time while this Warrant remains outstanding and unexpired shall split, subdivide or combine the securities as to which purchase rights under this Warrant exist, the Exercise Price shall be proportionately decreased in the case of a split or subdivision or proportionately increased in the case of a combination. 8.4 Common Stock Dividends. If the Company at any time while this Warrant is outstanding and unexpired pays a dividend with respect to Common Stock payable in shares of Common Stock, or make any other distribution with respect to Common Stock payable in shares of Common Stock, then the Exercise Price shall be adjusted, from and after the date of determination of the shareholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution, to that price determined by multiplying the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such date of determination by a fraction (i) the numerator of which shall be the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to such dividend or distribution, and (ii) the denominator of which shall be the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such dividend or distribution. 8.5 Other Dividends. In case the Company at any time pays a dividend or makes a distribution on its Common Stock (other than a dividend or distribution in shares of Common Stock), the Holder shall receive the cash, other securities or property which the Holder would have been entitled to receive if the Holder had exercised this Warrant immediately prior to the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution; provided that with respect to any portion of the Shares that are unvested as of such record date, the Holder shall receive such cash, other securities or property upon the vesting of such Shares under this Warrant. The amount of any such other securities and property which the Holder shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon the exercise of this Warrant shall be subject to adjustment from time to time, in a manner and on terms as nearly equivalent as practicable to those contained herein with respect to the Common Stock of the Company. The provisions of this Section 8.5 shall similarly apply to successive dividends or distributions of the character specified above. 8.6 Adjustment of Number of Shares. Whenever an adjustment is made in the Exercise Price pursuant to any of Section 8.1 through 8.5, the total number of shares of Common Stock acquired upon exercise of this Warrant shall also be adjusted, to the nearest whole Share, to the product obtained by multiplying the number of shares of Common Stock purchasable immediately prior to such adjustment in the Exercise Price by a fraction (i) the numerator of which shall be the Exercise Price immediately prior to such adjustment, and (ii) the denominator of which shall be the Exercise Price immediately after such adjustment. 8.7 Other Adjustment Events. If any event occurs of the type contemplated by the provisions of this Section 8 but not expressly provided for by such provisions, then the Board will make an appropriate adjustment in the Exercise Price and the number of Shares so as to achieve the intended result of the Warrant; provided that no such adjustment pursuant to this Section 8.7 will increase the Exercise Price or decrease the number of Shares as otherwise determined pursuant to this Section 8. 8.8 Notice of Adjustments; Other Notices. Whenever the Exercise Price or number or type of securities issuable hereunder shall be adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 8, the Company shall issue and provide to the Holder, subject to the following sentence, prior written notice

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![](exhibit41_formofwarrant005.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5 setting forth, in reasonable detail, the event requiring the adjustment, the amount of the adjustment, the method by which such adjustment was calculated and the Exercise Price and number of shares of Common Stock purchasable hereunder after giving effect to such adjustment. In addition, so long as this Warrant shall be outstanding, (i) if the Company shall declare any dividend or make any distribution upon the Common Stock or (ii) if any capital reorganization of the Company, reclassification of the capital stock of the Company, consolidation or merger of the Company with or into another entity, sale, lease or transfer of all or substantially all of the property and assets of the Company, or voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Company shall be effected, where such aforementioned events are not within the Liquidation Event, then in each such case, the Company shall cause to be mailed to the Holder, at least fifteen (15) days prior to the date specified in (x) or (y) below, as the case may be, a notice containing a brief description of the proposed action and stating the date on which (x) a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend or distribution, or (y) such reclassification, reorganization, consolidation, merger, conveyance, lease, dissolution, liquidation or winding up is to take place and the date, if any is to be fixed, as of which the holders of Common Stock or other securities shall receive cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, reorganization, consolidation, merger, conveyance, dissolution, liquidation or winding up. 9. Reservation of Stock. The Company agrees during the term the rights under this Warrant are exercisable to reserve and keep available from its authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock for the purpose of effecting the delivery upon exercise of this Warrant such number of validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be deliverable upon the exercise of this Warrant. 10. No Fractional Shares or Scrip. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional Shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant, but in lieu of such fractional Shares the Company shall make a cash payment therefor on the basis of the Exercise Price then in effect. 11. Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company represents and warrants to the Holder as follows: (a) the execution and delivery of this Warrant have been duly and properly authorized by all requisite corporate action of the Company, and no consent of any other person is required as a prerequisite to the validity and enforceability of this Warrant that has not been obtained. The Company has the full legal right, power and authority to execute and deliver this Warrant and to perform its obligations hereunder. (c) the Company is not a party to or otherwise subject to any contract or agreement that restricts or otherwise affects its right to execute and deliver this Warrant or to perform its obligations hereunder (including the issuance of Shares), except where all necessary consents or waivers have been obtained. Neither the execution, delivery nor performance of this Warrant (including the issuance of Shares) will conflict with, result in a breach of the terms, conditions or provisions of, constitute a default under, result in any violation of, result in the creation of any lien upon any properties of the Company under, require any consent, approval or other action by or notice to or filing with any court or governmental body pursuant to, the Company's certificate of incorporation or bylaws, any award of any arbitrator or any agreement, instrument or law to which the Company is subject or by which it is bound. (d) the Company shall take all such actions as may be necessary to ensure that all such Shares are issued without violation by the Company of any applicable law or governmental regulation or any requirements of any domestic securities exchange upon which shares of Common Stock or other securities constituting the Shares may be listed at the time of such exercise. 2. Representations and Warranties by the Holder. The Holder represents and warrants to the Company as follows:

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6 (a) Own Account. This Warrant and the Shares issuable upon exercise hereof are being acquired for its own account, for investment and not with a view to the public resale or distribution within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Holder has no present intention, and upon exercise or conversion will have no intention, of selling or engaging in any public distribution of the same except pursuant to a registration or exemption. Holder also represents that the Holder has not been formed for the specific purpose of acquiring this Warrant or the Shares. (b) (b) Disclosure of Information. The Holder has received or has had full access to all the information it considers necessary or appropriate to make an informed investment decision with respect to the acquisition of this Warrant and its underlying securities. The Holder further has had an opportunity to ask questions and receive answers from the Company regarding the terms and conditions of the offering of this Warrant and its underlying securities and to obtain additional information (to the extent the Company possessed such information or could acquire it without unreasonable effort or expense) necessary to verify any information furnished to the Holder or to which the Holder has access. (c) (c) Investment Experience. The Holder understands that the purchase of this Warrant and its underlying securities involves substantial risk. The Holder has experience as an investor in securities of companies in the development stage and acknowledges that the Holder can bear the economic risk of such Holder's investment in this Warrant and its underlying securities and has such knowledge and experience in financial or business matters that the Holder is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of its investment in this Warrant and its underlying securities and/or has a preexisting personal or business relationship with the Company and certain of its officers, directors or controlling persons of a nature and duration that enables the Holder to be aware of the character, business acumen and financial circumstances of such persons. (d) (d) Accredited Investor Status. The Holder is an "accredited investor" within the meaning of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act. (e) 3. Warrants Nontransferable. This Warrant is nontransferable, except for transfers by a Holder (i) that is a partnership transferring to its partners or former partners in accordance with partnership interests, (ii) that is a corporation transferring to a wholly-owned subsidiary or parent corporation that owns all of the capital stock of the Holder, (iii) that is a limited liability company transferring to its members or former members in accordance with their interests in the limited liability company, (iv) that is an individual transferring to a family member or trust for the benefit of the Holder, (v) to an Affiliate of such Holder or member of the Holder group, and (vi) to any successor to all or substantially all of the Holder's business, whether by sale of stock, or assets, merger, consolidation or otherwise. 4. Notices. All notices hereunder shall be effective when given, and shall be deemed to be given upon receipt or, if earlier, (a) five (5) days after deposit with the U.S. Postal Service or other applicable postal service, if delivered by first class mail, postage prepaid, (b) upon delivery, if delivered by hand, (c) one business day after the business day of deposit with Federal Express or similar overnight courier, freight prepaid or (d) one business day after the business day of facsimile or email transmission, if delivered by facsimile or email transmission with copy by first class mail, postage prepaid, and shall be addressed at such address as the Holder or the Company (as applicable) shall have furnished in writing. All communications sent to the Company shall be sent to: All communications sent to the Holder shall be sent to: 5. Governing Law, Jurisdiction, Waiver of Jury Trial. This Warrant shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Delaware applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State. All legal actions and proceedings arising out of or relating to this Warrant shall be heard and determined exclusively in any Delaware Chancery Court; provided, that if

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7 jurisdiction is not then available in the Delaware Chancery Court, then any such legal action may be brought in any federal court located in the State of Delaware or any other Delaware state court. The parties hereto hereby (a) irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the aforesaid courts for themselves and with respect to their respective properties for the purpose of any action arising out of or relating to this Warrant brought by any party hereto, and (b) agree not to commence any action relating thereto except in the courts described above in Delaware, other than actions in any court of competent jurisdiction to enforce any judgment, decree or award rendered by any such court in Delaware as described herein. Each of the parties further agrees that notice as provided herein shall constitute sufficient service of process and the parties further waive any argument that such service is insufficient. Each of the parties hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waives, and agrees not to assert, by way of motion or as a defense, counterclaim or otherwise, in any action arising out of or relating to this Warrant or the transactions contemplated hereby, (a) any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in Delaware as described herein for any reason, (b) that it or its property is exempt or immune from jurisdiction of any such court or from any legal process commenced in such courts (whether through service of notice, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution of judgment, execution of judgment or otherwise) and (c) that (i) the action in any such court is brought in an inconvenient forum, (ii) the venue of such action is improper or (iii) this Warrant, or the subject matter hereof, may not be enforced in or by such courts. ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY WITH RESPECT TO ANY CLAIM OR ACTION ARISING OUT OF THIS WARRANT IS HEREBY WAIVED. 6. Amendments and Waivers. No modification of or amendment to this Warrant, nor any waiver of any rights under this Warrant, will be effective unless in a writing signed by both parties. Waiver by the Holder of a breach of any provision of this Warrant will not operate as a waiver of any other or subsequent breach. 7. No Impairment. The Company shall not, by amendment of its Certificate of Incorporation or through a reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue, or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms to be observed or performed under this Warrant by the Company, but shall at all times in good faith assist in carrying out of all the provisions of this Warrant and in taking all such action as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the Holder's rights under this Warrant against impairment. 8. Counterparts. The Warrant may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which will be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument. Facsimile copies or pdf copies of signature pages shall be binding originals. [Signature page follows]

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![](exhibit41_formofwarrant008.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Company has caused this Warrant to be issued as of the date first written above. ARCHER AVIATION INC. By: _____________________________ Name: Title: ACKNOWLEDGED AND AGREED (and the Holder hereby makes the representations and warranties by Holder set forth above): HOLDER: By: _____________________________ Name: Title:

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![](exhibit41_formofwarrant009.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;EXHIBIT A NOTICE OF EXERCISE TO: Archer Aviation Inc. 190 W. Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134 Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Notice of Exercise have the meanings set forth in the attached Warrant. 1. The undersigned hereby elects to purchase __________ Shares pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant. 2. Method of Exercise (Please initial the applicable blank): ____ The undersigned elects to exercise the attached Warrant by means of a cash payment, and tenders herewith or by concurrent wire transfer payment in full for the Exercise Price of the Shares being purchased, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any. ____ The undersigned elects to exercise the attached Warrant by means of the net exercise provisions of Section 3(b) of the Warrant. 3. Please issue a certificate or certificates representing said Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below: _________________________________ (Name) _________________________________ _________________________________ (Address) 4. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the aforesaid Shares are being acquired for the account of the undersigned for investment and not with a view to, or for resale, in connection with the distribution thereof, and that the undersigned has no present intention of distributing or reselling such Shares and all representations and warranties of the undersigned set forth in the attached Warrant are true and correct as of the date hereof. ______________________________ (Signature) ______________________________ (Name) ______________________________ ______________________________ (Date) (Title)

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![](exhibit41_formofwarrant010.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2 EXHIBIT B VESTING TERMS The Shares issuable under this Warrant will become vested and exercisable in five (5) separate tranches as described in Table 1 below: Table 1 Tranche Shares Date Such Shares Become Vested and Exercisable 1 62,952 August 11, 2025 (the "Issuance Date") 2 62,952 Earlier of completion of Phase 0 of the Services 3 62,952 Earlier of commencement of Phase 1 of the Services 4 62,952 Earlier of commencement of Phase 2 of the Services 5 62,952 Earlier of commencement of Phase 3 of the Services or January 2027

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## Exhibit 5.1

![](exhibit51opinions-3asrve001.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;August 11, 2025 Archer Aviation Inc. 190 West Tasman Drive San Jose, California 95134 Re: Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR Ladies and Gentlemen: As counsel to Archer Aviation Inc., a Delaware Corporation (the "Company"), we deliver this opinion with respect to certain matters in connection with the offering by the Company of (i) up to an aggregate $51,493,000 of shares of the Company's Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share ("Class A Common Stock") to be issued pursuant to those certain fee and retainer letter agreements, dated August 8, 2025, by and between the Company and certain service providers of the Company and (ii) warrants (the "Warrants") to purchase up to an aggregate 314,760 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share (such shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, the "Warrant Shares" and collectively with the Shares and Warrants, the "Securities") to be issued and sold pursuant to that certain letter agreement, dated August 8, 2025, by and between the Company and a service provider. The Securities will be registered pursuant to the Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR (File No. 333-284812) filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") on February 11, 2025 (the registration statement at the time it automatically became effective, including the documents or portions thereof incorporated by reference therein, as modified or superseded as described therein, and the information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), the "Registration Statement") under the Securities Act, including the prospectus dated February 11, 2025 included therein (the "Base Prospectus") as supplemented by the final prospectus supplement August 11, 2025, filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (the "Prospectus Supplement" and, collectively with the Base Prospectus, the "Prospectus"). The offering of the Securities by the Company pursuant to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Agreements is referred to herein as the "Offering." This opinion is being furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, and no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement or related Prospectus, other than as expressly stated herein with respect to the issue of the Securities. As to matters of fact relevant to the opinions rendered herein, we have examined such documents, certificates and other instruments which we have deemed necessary or advisable, including a certificate addressed to us and dated the date hereof executed by the Company (the "Opinion Certificate"). We have not undertaken any independent investigation to verify the accuracy of any such information, representations or warranties or to determine the existence or

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![](exhibit51opinions-3asrve002.jpg)

Archer Aviation Inc. August 11, 2025 Page 2 absence of any fact, and no inference as to our knowledge of the existence or absence of any fact should be drawn from our representation of the Company or the rendering of the opinions set forth below. We have not considered parol evidence in connection with any of the agreements or instruments reviewed by us in connection with this letter. In our examination of documents for purposes of this letter, we have assumed, and express no opinion as to, the genuineness and authenticity of all signatures on original documents, the authenticity and completeness of all documents submitted to us as originals, that each document is what it purports to be, the conformity to originals of all documents submitted to us as copies or facsimile copies, the absence of any termination, modification or waiver of or amendment to any document reviewed by us (other than as has been disclosed to us), the legal competence or capacity of all persons or entities (other than the Company) executing the same and (other than the Company) the due authorization, execution and delivery of all documents by each party thereto. We have also assumed the conformity of the documents filed with the Commission via the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System ("EDGAR"), except for required EDGAR formatting changes, to physical copies submitted for our examination. The opinions in this letter are limited to the existing General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware now in effect and, as to the Warrants constituting valid and binding obligations of the Company, the existing internal laws of the State of New York now in effect (the "Applicable Laws"). We express no opinion with respect to any other laws. In connection with our opinions expressed below, we have assumed that (i) at the time of each exercise of the Warrants, the Company will have a sufficient number of authorized and unissued shares of the Common Stock available for issuance under the Company's current certificate of incorporation (as amended from time to time, the "Certificate of Incorporation") to permit full exercise of each of the Warrants in accordance with their terms without the breach or violation of any other agreement, commitment or obligation of the Company, (ii) at or prior to the time of the delivery of any Shares, there will not have occurred any change in the law or the facts affecting the validity of the Shares, (iii) at the time of the offer, issuance and sale of any Shares, no stop order suspending the Registration Statement's effectiveness will have been issued and remain in effect, (iv) no future amendments will be made to the Certificate of Incorporation and the Company's Amended and Restated Bylaws (the "Bylaws" and, together with the Certificate of Incorporation, the "Charter Documents") that would be in conflict with or inconsistent with the Company's right and ability to issue Shares, (v) at the time of each offer, issuance and sale of any Shares, the Company will have a sufficient number of authorized and unissued and unreserved shares of the applicable class or series of its capital stock included in (or purchasable upon exercise or conversion of) the Shares so issued and sold (after taking into account all other outstanding securities of the Company which may require the Company to issue shares of such applicable class or series) to be able to issue all such shares, and (vi) the purchaser of the Shares will timely pay in full to the Company all amounts they have agreed to pay to purchase such Shares, as approved by the Board or a duly authorized committee thereof, and that the purchase price of any Shares will not be less than the par value thereof.

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Archer Aviation Inc. August 11, 2025 Page 3 This opinion is qualified by, and is subject to, and we render no opinion with respect to, the following limitations and exceptions to the enforceability of the Warrants: (1) The effect of the laws of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, arrangement, moratorium, fraudulent conveyance, assignment for the benefit of creditors, and other similar laws now or hereinafter in effect relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, including the effect of statutory or other laws regarding fraudulent transfers or preferential transfers. (2) The effect of general principles of equity and similar principles, including, without limitation, concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing, public policy and unconscionability, and the possible unavailability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies, regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law. We express no opinion regarding the effectiveness of any waiver or stay, extension or of unknown future rights. Further, we express no opinion regarding the effect of provisions relating to indemnification, exculpation or contribution to the extent such provisions may be held unenforceable as contrary to federal or state securities laws or public policy. Based upon the foregoing, and subject to the qualifications and exceptions contained herein, we are of the following opinion: 1. the Shares, when issued, sold and delivered in the manner and for the consideration stated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the Company's board of Directors and the pricing committee thereof (the "Board"), will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. 2. the Warrants, when issued, sold and delivered in the manner and for the consideration stated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the Board, will be valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms; and 3. the Warrant Shares, when issued and delivered by the Company upon exercise of the Warrants, in accordance with the terms thereof, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. We consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to be filed by the Company with the Commission in connection with the offering of the Securities and further consent to all references to us, if any, in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any amendments thereto. In giving this consent we do not thereby admit that we come within the

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![](exhibit51opinions-3asrve004.jpg)

Archer Aviation Inc. August 11, 2025 Page 4 category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. [Concluding Paragraph Follows on Next Page]

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![](exhibit51opinions-3asrve005.jpg)

Archer Aviation Inc. August 11, 2025 Page 5 This opinion is intended solely for use in connection with the issuance and sale of the Securities subject to the Registration Statement and is not to be relied upon for any other purpose. In providing this letter, we are opining only as to the specific legal issues expressly set forth above, and no opinion shall be inferred as to any other matter or matters. This opinion is rendered on, and speaks only as of, the date of this letter first written above, is based solely on our understanding of facts in existence as of such date after the aforementioned examination and does not address any potential changes in facts, circumstance or law that may occur after the date of this opinion letter. We assume no obligation to advise you of any fact, circumstance, event or change in the law or the facts that may hereafter be brought to our attention, whether or not such occurrence would affect or modify any of the opinions expressed herein. Very truly yours, /s/ Fenwick & West LLP___ FENWICK & WEST LLP

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## Exhibit 10.2

![](exhibit102transitionagre001.jpg)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;July 8, 2025 VIA E-MAIL Mark Mesler Re: Terms of Transition Dear Mark: This letter confirms the agreement ("Agreement") between you and Archer Aviation Inc. (the "Company") concerning the terms of your transition from your role as its Chief Financial Officer. Defined terms used herein but not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as set forth in either the offer letter agreement that you entered into with the Company dated January 16, 2022 or the Change In Control & Severance Agreement that you entered into with the Company, dated April 26, 2022 (the "Employment Agreements"). 1. Transition. Your last day of employment with the Company was July 7, 2025 (the "Last Date of Employment"). 2. Benefits: In exchange for your agreement to the general release and waiver of claims set forth below and your other promises herein, the Company agrees to provide you with the following transition benefits to be paid, and/or effective, as set forth below: (a) $437,500, which is equal to nine (9) months of your current base salary and (3) months of your current cash bonus, within thirty (30) days of the Effective Date; (b) 308,830 of your Unvested RSUs shall accelerate and become fully vested on the first business day following the Effective Date; and (c) promptly reimburse up to (2) months of your COBRA premiums following your submission of proper documentation evidencing your payment thereof. By signing below, you acknowledge that you are receiving these benefits in exchange for waiving your rights to claims referred to in this Agreement, and that the benefits fully satisfy all severance and other separation benefit obligations (including, without limitation, accelerated vesting) for which you are or could be eligible pursuant to the Employment Agreements or otherwise. Before taking out any withholding for taxes for any payments described herein, or reporting to the relevant tax authorities, the Company will notify you of the amounts it intends to withhold, and provide you with a reasonable opportunity to provide prompt input on the Company's calculations; provided, however, that the final determination shall be within the Company's sole discretion after good faith consideration of your input. 3. Resignation from Positions. Effective as of your Last Date of Employment, you agree and acknowledge that you have resigned from all officer positions with the Company as well as any

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![](exhibit102transitionagre002.jpg)

Mark Mesler Page 2 officer, manager and/or board positions with the Company's subsidiaries, without the need of acceptance or any further action by the Company. 4. Mutual, General Release and Waiver of Claims: a. The payments and promises set forth in this Agreement are in full satisfaction of all accrued salary, vacation pay, bonus and equity awards in the Company, termination benefits or other compensation to which you may be entitled by virtue of your employment with the Company or your no longer being employed by the Company. To the fullest extent permitted by law, with respect to any and all claims, liabilities, and obligations that arise out of or are in any way related to events, acts, conduct, or omissions occurring at any time prior to and including the date you sign this Agreement, you hereby release and waive any other claims you may have against the Company and its owners, agents, officers, shareholders, employees, directors, attorneys, subscribers, subsidiaries, affiliates, affiliates of shareholders, owners of shareholders, successors and assigns, in all cases whether current or former, (collectively "Releasees"), whether known or not known, including without limitation, claims of any kind under the Employment Agreements, any and all equity agreements between you and the Company, claims under any employment laws, including, but not limited to, claims of unlawful discharge, breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, claims for additional compensation or benefits arising out of your employment or your separation of employment, claims under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, as amended, the California Fair Employment and Housing Act and any other laws and/or regulations relating to employment or employment discrimination, including, without limitation, claims based on age or under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act or Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, and/or claims based on disability or under the Americans with Disabilities Act. b. To the fullest extent permitted by law, with respect to any and all claims, liabilities and obligations that arise out of or are in any way related to events, acts, conduct, or omissions occurring at any time prior to and including the date the Company signs this Agreement, the Company hereby releases and waives any claims it may have against You and your affiliates, including, without limitation, in connection with your employment at and service as an officer and director of the Company. c. By signing below, you and the Company expressly waive any benefits of Section 1542 of the Civil Code of the State of California, which provides as follows: "A GENERAL RELEASE DOES NOT EXTEND TO CLAIMS THAT THE CREDITOR OR RELEASING PARTY DOES NOT KNOW OR SUSPECT TO EXIST IN HIS OR HER FAVOR AT THE TIME OF EXECUTING THE RELEASE AND THAT, IF KNOWN BY HIM OR HER, WOULD HAVE MATERIALLY AFFECTED HIS OR HER SETTLEMENT WITH THE DEBTOR OR RELEASED PARTY." d. You and the Company do not intend to release, and do not release: (i) claims that may not be released as a matter of law; (ii) claims for indemnification under your

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![](exhibit102transitionagre003.jpg)

Mark Mesler Page 3 Indemnity Agreement with the Company and/or indemnification rights under the Company's Bylaws or other agreements. To the fullest extent permitted by law, any dispute regarding the scope of this general release shall be determined by an arbitrator under the procedures set forth in the arbitration clause below. 5. Protected Rights. You understand that nothing in this Agreement limits your ability to file a charge or complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the National Labor Relations Board, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other federal, state or local government agency or commission ("Government Agencies"). You further understand that this Agreement does not limit your ability to communicate with any Government Agencies or otherwise participate in any investigation or proceeding that may be conducted by any Government Agency, including providing documents or other information, without notice to the Company. This Agreement does not limit your right to receive an award for information provided to any Government Agencies. 6. Public Statements. The Company agrees that all public Company communications regarding your transition from the Company shall be mutually agreed by the parties in advance. Nothing in this section shall prohibit either party from providing truthful information in response to a subpoena or other legal process. 7. Arbitration. Except for any claim for injunctive relief arising out of a breach of a party's obligations to protect the other's proprietary information, the parties agree to arbitrate, in Santa Clara County, California through JAMS, any and all disputes or claims arising out of or related to the validity, enforceability, interpretation, performance or breach of this Agreement, whether sounding in tort, contract, statutory violation or otherwise, or involving the construction or application or any of the terms, provisions, or conditions of this Agreement. Any arbitration may be initiated by a written demand to the other party. The arbitrator's decision shall be final, binding, and conclusive. The parties further agree that this Agreement is intended to be strictly construed to provide for arbitration as the sole and exclusive means for resolution of all disputes hereunder to the fullest extent permitted by law. The parties expressly waive any entitlement to have such controversies decided by a court or a jury. 8. No Admission of Liability: This Agreement is not and shall not be construed or contended by either party as an admission or evidence of any wrongdoing or liability on the part of that party, the Releasees, their representatives, heirs, executors, attorneys, agents, partners, officers, shareholders, directors, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, divisions, successors or assigns. This Agreement shall be afforded the maximum protection allowable under California Evidence Code Section 1152 and/or any other state or federal provisions of similar effect. 9. Complete and Voluntary Agreement: This Agreement, together with the Employment Agreement, the Confidentiality Agreement, and any agreements that you entered into with the Company concerning your equity interests in the Company (as modified in this Agreement, as applicable) or Board membership, constitute the entire agreement between you and Releasees with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior negotiations and agreements, whether written or oral, relating to such subject matter. You acknowledge that neither Releasees nor their agents or attorneys have made any promise, representation or warranty whatsoever, either express

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![](exhibit102transitionagre004.jpg)

Mark Mesler Page 4 or implied, written or oral, which is not contained in this Agreement for the purpose of inducing you to execute the Agreement, and you acknowledge that you have executed this Agreement in reliance only upon such promises, representations and warranties as are contained herein, and that you are executing this Agreement voluntarily, free of any duress or coercion. 10. Severability: The provisions of this Agreement are severable, and if any part of it is found to be invalid or unenforceable, the other parts shall remain fully valid and enforceable. Specifically, should a court, arbitrator, or government agency conclude that a particular claim may not be released as a matter of law, it is the intention of the parties that the general release, the waiver of unknown claims and the covenant not to sue above shall otherwise remain effective to release any and all other claims. 11. Modification; Counterparts; Facsimile/PDF Signatures: It is expressly agreed that this Agreement may not be altered, amended, modified, or otherwise changed in any respect except by another written agreement that specifically refers to this Agreement, executed by authorized representatives of each of the parties to this Agreement. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Execution of a facsimile or PDF copy shall have the same force and effect as execution of an original, and a copy of a signature will be equally admissible in any legal proceeding as if an original. 12. Governing Law: This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California. 13. Review of Agreement; Expiration of Offer: You understand that you may take up to twenty-one (21) days to consider this Agreement (the "Consideration Period"). The offer set forth in this Agreement, if not accepted by you before the end of the Consideration Period, will automatically expire. By signing below, you affirm that you were advised to consult with an attorney prior to signing this Agreement. You also understand you may revoke this Agreement within seven (7) days of signing this document and that the separation compensation to be provided to you pursuant to Section 3 will be provided only after the expiration of that seven (7) day revocation period. 14. Effective Date: This Agreement is effective on the date of last signature by the parties (the "Effective Date"). If you agree to abide by the terms outlined in this letter, please sign this letter below and return it to me. I wish you the best in your future endeavors. [Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank; Signature Page Follows]

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![](exhibit102transitionagre005.jpg)

Mark Mesler Page 5 Sincerely, ARCHER AVIATION INC. By: /s/ Eric Lentell______________________ READ, UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED /s/Mark Mesler______________________ Date: __July 8, 2025__ Mark Mesler

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## Exhibit 31.1

**Exhibit 31.1**

**CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Adam Goldstein, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, of Archer Aviation Inc. (the "registrant");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 11, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Adam Goldstein |
| Adam Goldstein |
| *Chief Executive Officer* |
| (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 31.2

**Exhibit 31.2**

**CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

I, Priya Gupta, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, of Archer Aviation Inc. (the "registrant");

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 11, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Priya Gupta |
| Priya Gupta |
| *Acting Chief Financial Officer*  |
| (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

## Exhibit 32.1

**Exhibit 32.1**

**CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Archer Aviation Inc. (the "Company") for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Adam Goldstein, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"); and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 11, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Adam Goldstein |
| Adam Goldstein |
| *Chief Executive Officer*  |
| (Principal Executive Officer) |

---

This certification accompanies the Report to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of the Report), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

## Exhibit 32.2

**Exhibit 32.2**

**CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002**

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Archer Aviation Inc. (the "Company") for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Priya Gupta, Acting Chief Financial Officer of the Company, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"); and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 11, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Priya Gupta |
| Priya Gupta |
| *Acting Chief Financial Officer* |
| (Principal Financial Officer) |

---

This certification accompanies the Report to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of the Report), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

<br>