# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0000748691
**File Stem:** 0001193125-25-192284
**Filing Date:** 2025-8
**Character Count:** 405364
**Document Hash:** 0922326c17cd94d4877930e223bbf8f4
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001193125-25-192284.hdr.sgml**: 20250829

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001193125-25-192284

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: N-CSR

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 14

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250630

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20250829

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20250829

**EFFECTIVENESS DATE**: 20250829

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** KOREA FUND INC
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0000748691

**ORGANIZATION NAME:**
- **EIN:** 133226146
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** MD
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 0630

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** N-CSR
- **SEC ACT:** 1940 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 811-04058
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251277804

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION:** YES
- **STREET 1:** JPMORGAN ASSET MANAGEMENT
- **STREET 2:** 60 VICTORIA EMBANKMENT
- **CITY:** LONDON
- **PROVINCE COUNTRY:** X0
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 447841433568

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION:** YES
- **STREET 1:** JPMORGAN ASSET MANAGEMENT
- **STREET 2:** 60 VICTORIA EMBANKMENT
- **CITY:** LONDON
- **PROVINCE COUNTRY:** X0

**UNITED STATES** 

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION** 

**Washington, D.C. 20549** 

**FORM N-CSR** 

**CERTIFIED SHAREHOLDER REPORT OF REGISTERED** 

**MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES** 

**Investment Company Act file number: 811-04058** 

## The Korea Fund, Inc.
**(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)** 

**60 Victoria Embankment, London, EC4Y 0JP** 

**(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)** 

**c/o Carmine Lekstutis** 

**Chief Legal Officer,** 

**JPMorgan, 277 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10172** 

**(Name and address of agent for service)** 

**Registrant's telephone number, including area code: +44 207 742 3436** 

**Date of fiscal year end: June 30** 

**Date of reporting period: June 30, 2025** 

Beginning on January 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports. Instead, the reports will be made available on the Fund's website (www.thekoreafund.com), and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.

If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically anytime by contacting your financial intermediary (such as a broker-dealer or bank) or, if you are a direct investor, by calling the Fund's stockholder servicing agent at (866) 706-0510.

If you prefer to receive paper copies of your shareholder reports, direct investors may inform the Fund at any time by calling the Fund's stockholder servicing agent at (866) 706-0510. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly. Paper copies are provided free of charge and your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with the fund complex if you invest directly with the Fund or all funds held in your account if you invest through your financial intermediary.

------

**<u>Item 1. Report to Shareholders.</u>**

(a) The annual report (the "Report") of The Korea Fund, Inc. (the "Fund" or the "Registrant") for the period July 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025 is attached herewith:

------

![LOGO](g931393logo_01kor.jpg)

Annual Report

June 30, 2025

**This report contains the following two documents:** 

• Chairman's Letter to Stockholders

• Annual Report to Stockholders—June 30, 2025

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Chairman's Letter to Stockholders** 

Dear fellow Stockholders:

We have pleasure in providing the Annual Report for The Korea Fund (the "Fund") covering its financial year 2024 – 2025, that is from July 1, 2024, to June 30, 2025 – otherwise referred to herein as the "Period".

**The Market and Fund Performance** 

The continuing roller coaster performance of the Korean stock market was again evident in the Fund's fiscal year. Through the first three quarters of the Period Korea was the worst performing market in Asia whilst, for the final quarter, it ranked the best performing stock market in the world. The Fund's benchmark the MSCI Korea 25/50 Index (the "Index") as measured in US dollars, through the first three quarters of the Period declined more than 17% only to bounce strongly in the final quarter gaining by more than 34%.

The initial three quarters of the Period were seriously clouded by the uncertainties of the Trump administration's intended policies, the increasing global geopolitical concerns brought on by the same policies, pricing doubts in the memory cycle, declining demand from China and serious domestic political concerns that ultimately resulted in the impeachment of President Yoon. Relief from this gloom arrived in abundance in the final quarter with the election of President Lee Jae Myung, stimulative policies of both the newly installed president and the National Assembly – including the 'Value-up' drive, together with an improving economic outlook for the global tech sector.

Our investment manager's report follows that discusses these and the future opportunities for the Korean market in greater detail.

For the second half of the Period your Fund returned 41.67%, as measured in US dollars, and which compares with a 39.92% return for its benchmark Index. Over the 12-month Period, your Fund achieved a return of 9.47%, compared to the benchmark Index return of 10.82%. The Fund's performance in the second half is ranked in the second quartile whilst performance through the full Period falls in the fourth quartile, all numbers measured by the Board's independent consultant against a collation of comparable funds investing in the Korean stock market.

**Expenses** 

Expenses and the overall Total Expense Ratio ("TER") are monitored carefully: given the costs of the tender offer early in the Period and the decline in assets under management ("AUM"), the TER for the Period stands at 175 BP's. However, based on the present higher level of AUM the TER for the current fiscal year is forecast at 148 BP's.

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Chairman's Letter to Stockholders** (continued)

**Share price Premium /Discount Management** 

Your board has continued to monitor closely the Fund's share discount relative to its net asset value and has bought-back stock at higher discount levels when deemed appropriate throughout the Period. Given the recent enhanced outlook for, and investor interest in, the Korean stock market the discount has narrowed noticeably and at time of writing stands at 12.4%.

Your investment manager is encouraged by the recent positive developments as is your board which will remain focused on capturing opportunities and navigating the risks in Korea's evolving market.

May we thank all stockholders for your support through the Period.

Yours very sincerely

![LOGO](g931393sig_01kor.jpg)

Julian Reid

Chairman

For and on behalf of The Korea Fund Inc

------

![LOGO](g931393logo_01kor.jpg)

Annual Report

June 30, 2025

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | **Table of Contents** |
| 1-3 | [Investment Adviser's Report](#toc931393_1) |
| 4-5 | [Performance & Statistics](#toc931393_2) |
| 6-8 | [Schedule of Portfolio Investments](#toc931393_3) |
| 9 | [Statement of Assets and Liabilities](#toc931393_4) |
| 10 | [Statement of Operations](#toc931393_5) |
| 11 | [Statement of Changes in Net Assets](#toc931393_6) |
| 12 | [Financial Highlights](#toc931393_7) |
| 13-20 | [Notes to Financial Statements](#toc931393_8) |
| 21 | [Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm](#toc931393_9) |
| 22-24 | [Additional Information Regarding the Fund](#toc931393_9a) |
| 25 | [Tax Information/Stockholder Meeting Results/Changes to the Board of Directors/Proxy Voting Policies & Procedures](#toc931393_9b) |
| 26-27 | [Privacy Policy](#toc931393_10) |
| 28-29 | [Dividend Reinvestment and Cash Purchase Plan](#toc931393_10a) |
| 30 | [Board of Directors](#toc931393_10b) |
| 31 | [Fund Officers](#toc931393_10c) |

---

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Investment Adviser's Report** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited)

**Overview** 

In the twelve months to June 30, 2025, the total return of The Korea Fund, Inc.'s (the Fund) Net Asset Value (NAV) was 9.47% in U.S. dollar (USD) terms, underperforming the Fund's benchmark, the MSCI Korea 25/50 Net Total Return USD Index, by 1.35%.

The KOSPI index rose 9.8% to finish at 3,072. In USD terms, the index rose 12.0% as the Korean won strengthened during this period to create significant differences in the performance data reported in the local and foreign currencies. This was mainly attributable to concerns over the impact of rising US tariffs on the world's largest economy, which led to weakness in the US dollar.

In the second half of 2024, Korea was the worst performing market in Asia two quarters in a row, as sentiment remained poor due to concerns over a peaking memory cycle, uncertainties regarding external factors such as Trump's policies, China demand, and geopolitical tensions. In December 2024, a short-lived martial law declaration by then-President Yoon caused markets to correct by as much as 6% over the following days. Although the martial law was quickly overturned by the National Assembly and the impeachment proceedings of then-President Yoon subsequently followed, uncertainties continued with the judicial process which has further weighed on investor sentiment.

Since then, market performance has rebounded with Korea posting a +28.0% gain in Korean won terms (or +39.6% in USD terms) in the first half of 2025, as the outlook for memory pricing has improved, while cyclical sectors also reacted positively to expectations of fiscal stimulus and supply reforms in China. Industrial companies generated meaningful outperformance given strong demand outlook across segments such as ships, defense systems, transformers and nuclear power plants. Additionally, investor sentiment was also buoyed by Mr. Lee Jae Myung's Presidential election victory in June 2025 and his pledges to improve the domestic economy through supportive measures and strengthening the Value Up agenda (that aims to improve corporate governance and enhance shareholders returns), which boosted performance of holding companies as well as financials.

During the twelve months to June 30, 2025, foreign investors sold KRW 32.9Tn net, with nearly two-thirds in Samsung Electronics (KRW -22.3Tn), while meaningful outflows were also noted in autos, EV battery supply chain and banks. A silver lining was that foreign investors turned net buyers in May and June (+3.8Tn KRW) as the market rebounded further. The top bought stocks over the last twelve months were Hanwha Aerospace (KRW +959Bn) and Hyundai Rotem (KRW +690bn), which powered industrials to be the best performing sector. Financials also outperformed as brokers were deemed as beneficiaries of the new government's Value-up push. Materials was the worst performing sector given lackluster demand in traditional chemicals as well as EV battery materials, while Info Tech also underperformed given we have yet to see a meaningful replacement cycle for smartphones and PC/laptops, as well as the substantial outflow seen in Samsung Electronics as noted earlier.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report<sub>1</sub> |

---

------

**The Korea Fund, Inc. Investment Adviser's Report** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited) (continued)

The Korean economy went through a period of lackluster momentum over the last twelve months, with third quarter (3Q24) and fourth quarter (4Q24) GDP growth recording 0.5% quarter on quarter (QoQ), seasonally adjusted annual rate (saar), and 0.1% QoQ, saar, respectively, as fluctuations in net exports failed to offset drags in domestic demand. First quarter (1Q25) real GDP recorded a contraction of 0.2% QoQ, saar, due to weak consumption and a downturn in domestic investments. 2Q25 real GDP turned around with a headline growth of +0.6% QoQ saar, led by a further rise in exports, which increased by 4.2% QoQ, saar, as well as a rebound in domestic consumption, which swung from a 0.1% QoQ saar contraction to a 0.7% QoQ saar gain in the latest quarter. During this period the Bank of Korea has cut its benchmark interest rate by 1.0%, with two consecutive 25bps rate cuts in 2H 2024, to support the domestic economy.

In June, Mr. Lee Jae Myung was sworn in as Korea's 14th president. Since the start of his term, President Lee has surprised the market with his urgency and resolve to carry out his election pledges, including 1) a 30 trillion Korean won supplementary budget to boost the domestic economy and 2) revision of the Commercial Law aimed at improving the corporate governance. Lee's administration has won applause for recruiting experts from the corporate sector and retaining a minister from the previous administration to form his government, all while prioritizing competency and efficiency over political affiliation in delivering growth and reform policies.

**Performance Attribution Review** 

Over the twelve-month review period the portfolio's performance was driven by stock selection, which was more than offset by the negative impact from sector allocation.

At the sector level, the Fund's overweight positions in the IT and materials sectors detracted the most value. These were partially offset by the Fund's overweight in financials and positioning within the healthcare sector.

At a stock level, the Fund's positioning in Doosan Enerbility was the largest detractor, as the share price rallied meaningfully given the market's support to the nuclear buildout theme. We own both Hyundai Electric and HD Hyundai E&C on valuation merit. The Fund's underweight in Hanwha Aerospace also detracted as investors remained constructive on the defense export momentum fueled by the commitment to increasing defense spending by the EU. LG Chemical, which the Fund was overweight in, underperformed as the company suffered from concerns over slowing demand for chemicals and EV battery materials.

On the positive side, the best contributor over this period was the Fund's overweight in Shinhan Financial, as valuations caught up with other peers given its steady increase in total

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **2** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

---

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Investment Adviser's Report** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited) (continued)

shareholder returns. The Fund's overweight position in Korea Investment Holdings, a traditional investment bank, also contributed to performance as brokers are deemed as beneficiaries of the new government's push in the Value-up campaign. Our underweight in POSCO added value as outlook for steel margins as well as EV battery materials remained lackluster.

**Market Outlook** 

The National Assembly has passed the Commercial Code amendment bill to include 1) expanding directors' fiduciary duties to shareholders, 2) electronic general meetings for large listed companies, and 3) introducing the "3% rule" on the appointment of auditors. These are positive for Korea's Value-up drive. We expect additional push on the Value-up drive in 2H through 1) inclusion of cumulative voting on independent board members, and 2) tax reform to encourage dividend payment.

The KOSPI index rose 39.6% in USD during 1H25 – becoming one of the best performing markets globally. Valuations have moved up from trough levels and are currently trading at 1.0x price to book, in line with its 10-year average. Looking ahead, we remain constructive on the Korean equity market due to 1) HBM for AI led memory cycle, 2) continued global competitiveness of manufactured goods, 3) increasing demand for better corporate governance, and 4) expectation for normalization of domestic demand in 2H25.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report<sub>3</sub> |

---

------

**The Korea Fund, Inc. Performance & Statistics** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited)

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **Total Return<sup>(1)</sup>** | **1 Year** | **5 Year** | **10 Year** |
|  Market Price | 14.31% | 9.67% | 4.28% |
|  Net Asset Value ("NAV") | 9.47% | 7.42% | 3.61% |
|  MSCI Korea 25/50 Index (Total Return)<sup>(2)</sup> | 10.82% | 7.10% | 4.99% |
|  MSCI Korea Index (Total Return)<sup>(2)</sup> | 6.19% | 5.81% | 5.00% |

---

**Fund Performance Line Graph<sup>(1)</sup>**![LOGO](g931393g11m11.jpg)

**Premium (Discount) to NAV** 

June 30, 2015 to June 30, 2025

![LOGO](g931393g12v12.jpg)

**Industry Breakdown (as a % of net assets):**![LOGO](g931393g23v23.jpg)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Market Price/NAV:** | |
|  Market Price | $26.93 |
|  NAV<sup>(3)</sup> | $30.87 |
|  Discount to NAV | 12.76% |

---

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Ten Largest Holdings (as a % of net assets):** | **Ten Largest Holdings (as a % of net assets):** | **Ten Largest Holdings (as a % of net assets):** |
| 1. | Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. | 18.9% |
| 2. | SK Hynix, Inc. | 13.0 |
| 3. | Shinhan Financial Group Co. Ltd. | 5.3 |
| 4. | NAVER Corp. | 4.2 |
| 5. | KB Financial Group, Inc. | 3.5 |
| 6. | Samsung Biologics Co. Ltd. | 2.5 |
| 7. | Kia Corp. | 2.3 |
| 8. | LG Chem Ltd. | 2.1 |
| 9. | HD Hyundai Electric Co. Ltd. | 2.0 |
| 10. | Korea Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. | 2.0 |

---

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **4** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

---

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Performance & Statistics** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited) (continued)

**Notes to Performance & Statistics:** 

(1) **Past performance is no guarantee of future results.** Total return is calculated by determining the percentage change in NAV or market price (as applicable) in the specified period. The calculation assumes that all
dividends and distributions, if any, have been reinvested. Total return does not reflect broker commissions or sales charges in connection with the purchase or sale of Fund shares. Total return does not reflect the deduction of taxes that a
shareholder may pay on the receipt of distributions made by the Fund or on the proceeds of any sales of the Fund's shares made by a shareholder. Total return for a period of more than one year represents the average annual total return.

Performance at market price will differ from results at NAV. Although market price returns typically reflect investment results over time, during shorter periods returns at market price can also be influenced by factors such as changing views about the Fund, market conditions, supply and demand for the Fund's shares, or changes in the Fund's dividends.

An investment in the Fund involves risk, including the loss of principal. Total return, market price and NAV will fluctuate with changes in market conditions. This data is provided for information purposes only and is not intended for trading purposes. Closed-end funds, unlike open-end funds, are not continuously offered. There is a one-time public offering and once issued, shares of closed-end funds are traded in the open market through a stock exchange. NAV is equal to total assets less total liabilities divided by the number of shares outstanding. Holdings are subject to change daily.

(2) Morgan Stanley Capital International ("MSCI") Korea Index is a market capitalization-weighted index of equity securities of companies domiciled in Korea. The index is designed to represent the performance of
the Korean stock market and excludes certain market segments unavailable to U.S. based investors. The MSCI Korea Index (Total Return) returns assume reinvestment of dividends (net of foreign withholding taxes) and, unlike Fund returns, do not
reflect any fees or expenses. Effective July 1, 2017, the Board approved The MSCI Korea 25/50 Index (Total Return) as the primary benchmark for the Fund. The MSCI Korea 25/50 Index (Total Return) is designed to measure the performance of the large
and mid cap segments of the Korean market. It applies certain investment limits that are imposed on regulated investment companies, or RICs, under the current US Internal Revenue Code. One requirement of a RIC is that at the end of each quarter of
its tax year no more than 25% of the value of the RIC's total assets may be invested in a single issuer and the sum of the weights of all issuers representing more than 5% of the fund should not exceed 50% of the fund's total assets. The
index covers approximately 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization in Korea. The returns assume reinvestment of dividends (net of foreign withholding taxes) but do not reflect any fees or expenses. It is not possible to invest directly
in an index. Total Return for a period of more than one year represents the average annual return.

(3) The NAV disclosed in the Fund's financial statements may differ from this NAV due to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report<sub>5</sub> |

---

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Schedule of Portfolio Investments** 

As of June 30, 2025

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Shares | Investments | Value ($) |
| **COMMON STOCKS–99.3%** | **COMMON STOCKS–99.3%** |  |
|  | **Aerospace & Defense–2.5%** |  |
| 1400 | Hanwha Aerospace Co. Ltd. | 878538 |
| 35500 | Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd. | 2357489 |
|  |  | 3236027 |
|  | **Automobile Components–1.3%** |  |
| 7800 | Hyundai Mobis Co. Ltd. | 1654756 |
|  | **Automobiles–5.2%** |  |
| 8350 | Hyundai Motor Co. | 1253815 |
| 21400 | Hyundai Motor Co. (Preference) | 2513081 |
| 40900 | Kia Corp. | 2926575 |
|  |  | 6693471 |
|  | **Banks–9.4%** |  |
| 98000 | BNK Financial Group, Inc. | 902013 |
| 53900 | KB Financial Group, Inc. | 4429301 |
| 149900 | Shinhan Financial Group Co. Ltd. | 6795995 |
|  |  | 12127309 |
|  | **Biotechnology–1.1%** |  |
| 5000 | Hugel, Inc.\* | 1432442 |
|  | **Building Products–0.9%** |  |
| 51000 | Sung Kwang Bend Co. Ltd. | 1124064 |
|  | **Capital Markets–3.1%** |  |
| 8100 | KIWOOM Securities Co. Ltd. | 1370004 |
| 25000 | Korea Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. | 2579836 |
|  |  | 3949840 |
|  | **Chemicals–4.7%** |  |
| 10000 | Hansol Chemical Co. Ltd. | 1269967 |
| 18278 | Kumho Petrochemical Co. Ltd. | 1517618 |
| 17350 | LG Chem Ltd. | 2709727 |
| 4320 | Soulbrain Co. Ltd. | 573597 |
|  |  | 6070909 |
|  | **Construction & Engineering–2.0%** |  |
| 67000 | HDC Hyundai Development Co-Engineering & Construction, Class E | 1112690 |
| 24300 | Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. | 1410946 |
|  |  | 2523636 |
|  | **Consumer Staples Distribution & Retail–0.5%** |  |
| 7700 | BGF retail Co. Ltd. | 689641 |
|  | **Electric Utilities–1.8%** |  |
| 78000 | Korea Electric Power Corp. | 2253983 |
|  | **Electrical Equipment–2.0%** |  |
| 6970 | HD Hyundai Electric Co. Ltd. | 2612963 |
|  | **Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components–3.2%** |  |
| 16800 | Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co. Ltd. | 1669175 |
| 15000 | Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. | 1915213 |
| 44268 | SOLUM Co. Ltd.\* | 520701 |
|  |  | 4105089 |

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **6** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Schedule of Portfolio Investments** 

As of June 30, 2025 (continued)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Shares | Investments | Value ($) |
|  | **Entertainment–1.9%** |  |
| 15100 | JYP Entertainment Corp. | 830002 |
| 21400 | SHIFT UP Corp.\* | 773218 |
| 7600 | SM Entertainment Co. Ltd. | 792708 |
|  |  | 2395928 |
|  | **Food Products–0.5%** |  |
| 3500 | CJ CheilJedang Corp. | 643958 |
|  | **Health Care Equipment & Supplies–0.6%** |  |
| 20864 | Nextbiomedical Co. Ltd.\* | 718969 |
|  | **Health Care Technology–0.4%** |  |
| 12500 | Lunit, Inc.\* | 531765 |
|  | **Household Durables–0.7%** |  |
| 11800 | Coway Co. Ltd. | 843209 |
|  | **Industrial Conglomerates–1.9%** |  |
| 16100 | SK, Inc. | 2431849 |
|  | **Insurance–1.7%** |  |
| 23600 | DB Insurance Co. Ltd. | 2153561 |
|  | **Interactive Media & Services–4.6%** |  |
| 27500 | NAVER Corp. | 5340087 |
| 7700 | SOOP Co. Ltd. | 519121 |
|  |  | 5859208 |
|  | **Life Sciences Tools & Services–4.0%** |  |
| 23200 | LigaChem Biosciences, Inc.\* | 1972264 |
| 4310 | Samsung Biologics Co. Ltd.\*(a) | 3162754 |
|  |  | 5135018 |
|  | **Machinery–4.6%** |  |
| 15600 | Hanwha Ocean Co. Ltd.\* | 913785 |
| 12500 | HD Hyundai Marine Solution Co. Ltd. | 1895125 |
| 205700 | Samsung Heavy Industries Co. Ltd.\* | 2543670 |
| 20500 | Taewoong Co. Ltd.\* | 494768 |
|  |  | 5847348 |
|  | **Metals & Mining–1.1%** |  |
| 68000 | Hyundai Steel Co. | 1473996 |
|  | **Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels–1.0%** |  |
| 27500 | S-Oil Corp. | 1219354 |
|  | **Passenger Airlines–0.7%** |  |
| 56500 | Korean Air Lines Co. Ltd. | 954461 |
|  | **Personal Care Products–1.1%** |  |
| 2684 | Cosmax, Inc. | 554045 |
| 6167 | Kolmar Korea Co. Ltd.\* | 454742 |
| 17400 | VT Co. Ltd.\* | 453765 |
|  |  | 1462552 |
|  | **Pharmaceuticals–1.2%** |  |
| 7550 | Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd. | 1598964 |
|  | **Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment–14.1%** |  |
| 34000 | Eugene Technology Co. Ltd. | 982532 |
| 77000 | SK Hynix, Inc. | 16592084 |

---

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report<sub>7</sub> |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Schedule of Portfolio Investments** 

As of June 30, 2025 (continued)

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Shares | Investments | Value ($) |
| 77800 | YC Corp.\* | 576494 |
|  |  | 18151110 |
|  | **Specialty Retail–0.6%** |  |
| 65000 | K Car Co. Ltd. | 736676 |
|  | **Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals–20.0%** |  |
| 543500 | Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. | 24034451 |
| 44500 | Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. (Preference) | 1632479 |
|  |  | 25666930 |
|  | **Wireless Telecommunication Services–0.9%** |  |
| 26500 | SK Telecom Co. Ltd. | 1114949 |
|  | Total Common Stocks (cost $89,028,331) | 127413935 |
| No. of<br>Rights |  |  |
| **RIGHTS–0.0% (b)** | **RIGHTS–0.0% (b)** |  |
|  | **Aerospace & Defense–0.0% (b)** |  |
| 130 | Hanwha Aerospace Co. Ltd., expiring 7/2/2025\* (cost $–) | 26056 |
|  | **Total Investments–99.3%** (cost $89,028,331) | 127439991 |
|  | Other Assets Less Liabilities–0.7% | 916821 |
|  | **Net Assets–100.0%** | **128356812** |

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Percentages indicated are based on net assets.

Preference A special type of equity investment that shares in the earnings of the company, has limited voting rights, and may have a dividend preference. Preference shares may also have liquidation preference.

(a) Security exempt from registration pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Regulation S applies to securities offerings that are made outside of the United States and do not involve direct
selling efforts in the United States and as such may have restrictions on resale.

(b) Amount rounds to less than 0.1% of net assets.

\* Non-income producing security.

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | Level 1<br>Quoted Prices | Level 2<br>Other Significant<br>Observable<br>Inputs | Level 3<br>Significant<br>Unobservable<br>Inputs | Total |
| **Total Investments in Securities** (a) | $— | $127439991 | $— | $127439991 |

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(a) Please refer to the schedule of portfolio investments for specifics of portfolio holdings.

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **8** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 \| | **See Notes to Financial Statements** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Statement of Assets and Liabilities** 

As of June 30, 2025

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Assets:** |  |
|  Investments, at value | $127439991 |
|  Cash | 68619 |
|  Foreign currency, at value | 405513 |
|  Prepaid expenses and other assets | 82498 |
|  Receivables: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Investment securities sold | 1520540 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dividends (net of withholding taxes) | 135979 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Assets | 129653140 |
| **Liabilities:** |  |
|  Payables: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Investment securities purchased | 1116113 |
|  Accrued liabilities: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Investment Management fees | 69326 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Custodian, administrator and accounting agent fees | 36679 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other | 74210 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total Liabilities | 1296328 |
| **Net Assets** | $128356812 |
| **Net Assets:** |  |
|  Common Stock: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Par value ($0.01 per share, applicable to $4,158,348 shares issued and outstanding) | $41583 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paid-in-capital in excess of par | 105289033 |
|  Total distributable earnings (loss) | 23026196 |
| **Net Assets** | $128356812 |
| **Net Asset Value Per Share** | $30.87 |
|  Cost of investments | $89028331 |
|  Cost of foreign currency | 402191 |

---

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **See Notes to Financial Statements** | \| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report<sub>9</sub> |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Statement of Operations** 

For the Year Ended June 30, 2025

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Investment Income:** |  |
|  Interest income | $5068 |
|  Dividend income | 2424910 |
|  Foreign taxes withheld (net) | (408224) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total investment income | 2021754 |
| **Expenses:** |  |
|  Investment Management fees (See Note 3) | 779516 |
|  Interest expense | 43 |
|  Legal | 281449 |
|  Directors | 250000 |
|  Custodian, administrator and accounting agent fees | 216865 |
|  Insurance | 103049 |
|  Audit and tax services | 104253 |
|  Stockholder communications | 71558 |
|  Transfer agent | 104388 |
|  Other | 33478 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total expenses | 1944599 |
| **Net Investment Income (Loss)** | 77155 |
| **Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses):** |  |
|  Net realized gain (loss) on transactions from: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Investments | 5654433 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign currency transactions | 24591 |
|  Net realized gain (loss) | 5679024 |
|  Change in net unrealized appreciation/depreciation on: |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Investments | 2845059 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foreign currency translations | 857 |
|  Change in net unrealized appreciation/depreciation | 2845916 |
|  Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) | 8524940 |
| **Change in Net Assets Resulting from Operations** | $8602095 |

---

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| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **10** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 \| | **See Notes to Financial Statements** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Statement of Changes in Net Assets** 

For the Periods Indicated

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Year Ended<br>June 30, 2025 | Year Ended<br>June 30, 2024 |
| **Change in Net Assets Resulting from Operations:** |  |  |
|  Net investment income | $77155 | $444714 |
|  Net realized gain / (loss) | 5679024 | (3709914) |
|  Change in net unrealized appreciation/depreciation | 2845916 | 13781634 |
|  Change in net assets resulting from operations | 8602095 | 10516434 |
| **Distributions to Stockholders:** |  |  |
|  Distributable earnings | (1895319) |  |
| **Common Stock Transactions:** |  |  |
|  Cost of shares repurchased/tendered | (17469894) | (2114692) |
| **Net Assets:** |  |  |
|  Change in net assets | (10763118) | 8401742 |
|  Beginning of period | 139119930 | 130718188 |
|  End of period | $128356812 | $139119930 |
| **Shares Activity:** |  |  |
|  Shares outstanding, beginning of year | 4833922 | 4929184 |
|  Shares repurchased/tendered | (675574) | (95262) |
|  Shares outstanding, end of year | 4158348 | 4833922 |

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **See Notes to Financial Statements** | \| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report<sub>11</sub> |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Financial Highlights** 

For a share of stock outstanding throughout each year^:

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Year ended June 30, | Year ended June 30, | Year ended June 30, | Year ended June 30, | Year ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 |
|  Net asset value, beginning of year | $28.78 | $26.52 | $28.54 | $54.37 | $31.09 |
|  **Investment Operations:** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Net investment income (1) | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.32 | 0.21 |
|  Net realized and change in unrealized gain (loss) | 2.39 | 2.08 | 1.06 | (17.05) | 23.58 |
|  Total from investment operations | 2.41 | 2.17 | 1.25 | (16.73) | 23.79 |
|  **Dividends and Distributions to Stockholders from:** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Net investment income | (0.45) |  | (0.03) | (2.05) | (0.53) |
|  Net realized gains |  |  | (3.27) | (7.06) |  |
|  Return of capital |  |  | (0.02) |  |  |
|  Total dividends and distributions to stockholders | (0.45) |  | (3.32) | (9.11) | (0.53) |
|  **Common Stock Transactions:** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Accretion to net asset value resulting from share repurchases and tender offer | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
|  Net asset value, end of year | $30.87 | $28.78 | $26.52 | $28.54 | $54.37 |
|  Market price, end of year | $26.93 | $24.13 | $23.14 | $24.35 | $46.16 |
|  **Total return:** (2) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  Net asset value | 9.47% | 8.52% | 5.34% | (35.39)% | 76.93% |
|  Market price | 14.31% | 4.28% | 8.60% | (33.55)% | 80.66% |
|  **RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTAL DATA:** | **RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTAL DATA:** |  |  |  |  |
|  Net assets, end of year (000s) | $128357 | $139120 | $130718 | $142800 | $272946 |
|  Ratio of expenses to average net assets | 1.75% | 1.44% | 1.46% | 1.21% | 1.12% |
|  Ratio of net investment income to average net assets | 0.07% | 0.34% | 0.70% | 0.77% | 0.46% |
|  Portfolio turnover rate | 63% | 48% | 37% | 35% | 81% |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ^ | A "—" may reflect actual amounts rounding to less than $0.01 or 0.01%. |

---

(1) Calculated on average common shares outstanding during the period.

(2) Total return is calculated by subtracting the value of an investment in the Fund at the beginning of the specified period from the value at the end of the period and dividing the remainder by the value of the investment
at the beginning of the period and expressing the result as a percentage. The calculation assumes that all dividends and distributions, if any, have been reinvested. Total return does not reflect broker commissions or sales charges in connection
with the purchase or sale of Fund shares. Total return does not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder may pay on the receipt of distributions made by the Fund or on proceeds of any sales of the Fund's shares made by a shareholder.
Total return on net asset value may reflect adjustments to conform to U.S. GAAP. Total investment return for a period of less than one year is not annualized. Performance at market price will differ from results at NAV. Although market price returns
typically reflect investment results over time, during shorter periods returns at market price can also be influenced by factors such as changing views about the Fund, market conditions, supply and demand for the Fund's shares, or changes in
the Fund's dividends.

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **12** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 \| | **See Notes to Financial Statements** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025

**1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies** 

The Korea Fund, Inc. (the "Fund") is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the rules and regulations thereunder, as amended, as a closed-end, non-diversified management investment company organized as a Maryland corporation, and accordingly, follows the investment company accounting and reporting guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification Topic 946 *Financial Services—Investment Companies*. JPMorgan Asset Management (Asia Pacific) Limited (the "Investment Adviser") serves as the Fund's investment manager. The Fund has authorized 200 million shares of common stock with $0.01 par value. The Korea Fund has filed a notice under the Commodity Exchange Act under Regulation 4.5 that The Korea Fund is operated by JPMorgan Asset Management (Asia Pacific) Limited, a registered investment adviser that has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term "commodity pool operator" under the Commodity Exchange Act and, therefore, is not subject to registration or regulation as a commodity pool operator under the Commodity Exchange Act.

The Fund's investment objective is to seek long-term capital appreciation through investment in securities, primarily equity securities, of Korean companies. There can be no assurance that the Fund will meet its stated objective.

The preparation of the Fund's financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") requires the Fund's management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the Fund's financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Like many other companies, the Fund's organizational documents provide that its officers ("Officers") and the Board of Directors of the Fund (the "Board" or the "Directors") are indemnified against certain liabilities arising out of the performance of their duties to the Fund. In addition, both in some of its principal service contracts and in the normal course of its business, the Fund enters into contracts that provide indemnifications to other parties for certain types of losses or liabilities. The Directors' maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this could involve future claims against the Fund.

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the Fund:

**(a) Valuation of Investments** 

Portfolio securities and other financial instruments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at market value. Market values for various types of securities and other instruments are determined on the basis of closing prices or last sales prices on an exchange or other market, or based on quotes or other market information obtained from quotation reporting systems, established market makers or independent pricing services. For foreign equity securities (with certain exceptions, if any), the Fund fair values its securities daily using modeling tools provided by a statistical research service. This service utilizes statistics and programs based on historical performance of markets and other economic data (which may include changes in the value of U.S. securities or security indices). Investments in mutual funds are valued at the net asset value ("NAV") as reported on each business day.

Portfolio securities and other financial instruments for which market quotations are not readily available (including in cases where available market quotations are deemed to be unreliable), are fair valued, in good faith, under Rule 2a-5, 1940 Act, the Manager has been designated as "valuation designee", pursuant to procedures established by the Board, or persons acting at their discretion ("Valuation Committee") pursuant to procedures established by the Board. The Fund's investments are valued daily and the Fund's NAV is calculated as of the close of regular trading (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time) on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") on each day the NYSE is open for business using prices supplied by an independent pricing service or broker/dealer quotations, or by using the last sale or settlement price on the exchange that is the primary market for such securities, or the mean between the last bid and ask quotations. In unusual circumstances, the Board or the Valuation Committee may in good faith determine the NAV as of 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time, notwithstanding an earlier, unscheduled close or halt of trading on the NYSE.

Short-term investments having a remaining maturity of 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost unless the Board or its Valuation Committee determines that particular circumstances dictate otherwise.

Investments initially valued in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted to the U.S. dollar using exchange rates obtained from pricing services. As a result, the NAV of the Fund's shares may be affected by changes in the value of currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar. The value of securities traded in markets outside the United States or denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar may be affected significantly on a day that the NYSE is closed.

The prices used by the Fund to value securities may differ from the value that would be realized if the securities were sold and these differences could be material to the Fund's financial statements.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report<sub>13</sub> |

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------

**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025 (continued)

**1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies** (continued)

**(b) Fair Value Measurements** 

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (*i.e.,* the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Level 1—unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical investments that the Fund has the ability to
access

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Level 2—valuations based on other significant observable inputs, which may include, but are not limited to, quoted
prices for similar assets or liabilities, interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates or other market corroborated inputs

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• Level 3—valuations based on significant unobservable inputs (including the Investment Adviser's or Valuation
Committee's own assumptions and securities whose price was determined by using a single broker's quote)

The valuation techniques used by the Fund to measure fair value during the year ended June 30, 2025 were intended to maximize the use of observable inputs and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

An investment asset's or liability's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level input, individually or in aggregate, that is significant to the fair value measurement. The objective of fair value measurement remains the same even when there is a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for an asset or liability and regardless of the valuation techniques used.

The inputs or methodology used for valuing securities are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in those securities. The following are certain inputs and techniques that the Fund generally uses to evaluate how to classify each major category of assets and liabilities within Level 2 and Level 3, in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

An asset or liability for which market values cannot be measured using the methodologies described above is valued by methods deemed reasonable in good faith by the Valuation Committee, following the procedures established by the Board, to represent fair value. Under these procedures, the Fund generally uses a market-based approach which may use related or comparable assets or liabilities, recent transactions, market multiples, book values and other relevant information. Fair value determinations involve the consideration of a number of subjective factors, an analysis of applicable facts and circumstances and the exercise of judgment. As a result, it is possible that the fair value for a security determined in good faith in accordance with the Fund's valuation procedures may differ from valuations for the same security determined by other funds using their own valuation procedures. Although the Fund's valuation procedures are designed to value a security at the price the Fund may reasonably expect to receive upon the security's sale in an orderly transaction, there can be no assurance that any fair value determination thereunder would, in fact, approximate the amount that the Fund would actually realize upon the sale of the security or the price at which the security would trade if a reliable market price were readily available.

**Equity Securities (Common and Preferred Stock)**—Equity securities traded in inactive markets and certain foreign equity securities are valued using inputs which include broker-dealer quotes, recently executed transactions adjusted for changes in the benchmark index, or evaluated price quotes received from independent pricing services that take into account the integrity of the market sector and issuer, the individual characteristics of the security, and information received from broker-dealers and other market sources pertaining to the issuer or security. To the extent that these inputs are observable, the values of equity securities are categorized as Level 2. To the extent that these inputs are unobservable, the values are categorized as Level 3.

**(c) Investment Transactions and Investment Income** 

Investment transactions are accounted for on the trade date. Realized gains and losses on investments are determined on an identified cost basis. Interest income on uninvested cash is recorded upon receipt. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date. Korean-based corporations have generally adopted calendar year-ends, and their interim and final corporate actions are normally approved, finalized and announced by their boards of directors and stockholders in the first and third quarters of each calendar year. Generally, estimates of their dividends are accrued on the ex-dividend date principally in the prior December and/or June period ends. These dividend announcements are recorded by the Fund on such ex-dividend dates. Any subsequent adjustments thereto by Korean corporations are recorded when announced. Presently, dividend income from Korean equity investments is earned primarily in the last calendar quarter of each year, and will be received primarily in the first calendar quarter of the following year. Certain other dividends and related withholding taxes, if applicable, from Korean securities may be recorded subsequent to the ex-dividend date as soon as the Fund is informed of such dividends and taxes. Dividend and interest income on the Statement of Operations are shown gross of any foreign taxes withheld on income from foreign securities.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **14** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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------

**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025 (continued)

**1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies** (continued)

**(d) Federal Income Taxes** 

The Fund intends to distribute all of its taxable income and to comply with the other requirements of Subchapter M of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, applicable to regulated investment companies. Accordingly, no provision for U.S. federal income taxes is required. The Fund may be subject to excise tax based on distributions to stockholders.

Accounting for uncertainty in income taxes establishes for all entities, including pass-through entities such as the Fund, a minimum threshold for financial statement recognition of the benefit of positions taken in filing tax returns (including whether an entity is taxable in a particular jurisdiction), and requires certain expanded tax disclosures. In accordance with provisions set forth under U.S. GAAP, the Investment Adviser has reviewed the Fund's tax positions for all open tax years.

As of June 30, 2025, the Fund has recorded no liability for net unrecognized tax benefits relating to uncertain income tax positions they have taken. The Fund's U.S. federal income tax returns for the prior three years, as applicable, remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service.

**(e) Foreign Investment and Exchange Controls in Korea** 

The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act, the Presidential Decree relating to such Act and the regulations of the Minister of Strategy and Finance (formerly known as Minister of Finance and Economy) issued thereunder impose certain limitations and controls which generally affect foreign investors in Korea. Through August 18, 2005, the Fund had a license from the Ministry of Finance and Economy to invest in Korean securities and to repatriate income received from dividends and interest earned on, and net realized capital gains from, its investments in Korean securities or to repatriate from investment principal up to 10% of the NAV (taken at current value) of the Fund (except upon termination of the Fund, or for expenses in excess of Fund income, in which case the foregoing restriction shall not apply). Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act, the Minister of Strategy and Finance has the power, with prior (posterior in case of urgency) public notice of scope and duration, to suspend all or a part of foreign exchange transactions when emergency measures are deemed necessary in case of radical change in the international or domestic economic situation. The Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or the refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for such transactions.

The Fund relinquished its license from the Korean Ministry of Finance and Economy effective August 19, 2005. The Fund had engaged in negotiations with the Korean Ministry of Finance and Economy concerning the feasibility of the Fund's license being amended to allow the Fund to repatriate more than 10% of Fund capital. However, the Ministry of Finance and Economy advised the Fund that the license cannot be amended as a result of a change in the Korean regulations. As a result of the relinquishment of the license, the Fund is subject to the Korean securities transaction tax equal to 0.15% (for the six months to December 31, 2024, the transaction tax was equal to 0.18%) of the fair market value of any portfolio securities transferred by the Fund on the Korea Exchange and 0.35% of the fair market value of any portfolio securities transferred outside of the Korea Exchange. The relinquishment did not otherwise affect the Fund's operations. For the year ended June 30, 2025, the Fund incurred $154,545 in transaction taxes in connection with portfolio securities transferred by the Fund on the Korea Exchange. These transaction costs are not accrued and are accounted for on a paid basis only. The transaction tax is levied as a percentage of the fair market value at the time of disposal and is deducted from the sale proceeds so the Fund receives the net proceeds only. No accrual for this transaction tax is included in the fair market value price used to value each security on a daily basis. Net realized gain (loss) on investments on the Statement of Operations is shown net of the transaction taxes incurred by the Fund.

Certain securities held by the Fund may be subject to aggregate or individual foreign ownership limits. These holdings are in industries that are deemed to be of national importance.

**(f) Dividends and Distributions** 

The Fund declares dividends from net investment income and distributions of net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. The Fund records dividends and distributions on the ex-dividend date. The amount of dividends from net investment income and distributions from net realized capital gains is determined in accordance with U.S. federal income tax regulations, which may differ from U.S. GAAP. These "book-tax" differences are considered either temporary or permanent in nature. To the extent these differences are permanent in nature, such amounts are reclassified within the capital accounts based on their federal income tax treatment; temporary differences do not require reclassification. To the extent dividends and/or distributions exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes, they are reported as dividends and/or distributions to stockholders from return of capital.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **15** |

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------

**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025 (continued)

**1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies** (continued)

**(g) Foreign Currency Translation** 

The Fund's accounting records are maintained in U.S. dollars as follows: (1) the foreign currency market values of investments and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the prevailing exchange rate at the end of the period; and (2) purchases and sales, income and expenses are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the respective dates of such transactions. The resulting net foreign currency gain (loss) is included in the Fund's Statement of Operations.

The Fund does not generally isolate that portion of the results of operations arising as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates from the fluctuations arising from changes in the market prices of securities. Accordingly, such foreign currency gain (loss) is included in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments. However, the Fund does isolate the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates when determining the gain (loss) upon the sale or maturity of foreign currency denominated debt obligations pursuant to U.S. federal income tax regulations; such amount is categorized as foreign currency gain (loss) for both financial reporting and income tax reporting purposes.

At June 30, 2025, the Korean WON ("W")/U.S. dollar ("$") exchange rate was W 1,353.75 to $1.

**(h) Securities Lending** 

The Fund may engage in securities lending in order to generate additional income. The Fund is able to lend to approved borrowers. Goldman Sachs Bank USA ('Goldman Sachs') serves as lending agent for the Fund, pursuant to a Securities Lending Agency Agreement (the 'Securities Lending Agency Agreement'). Securities loaned are collateralized by cash equal to at least 100% of the market value of the loaned securities, which is invested in shares of the Goldman Sachs Financial Square Government Fund. During the term of the loan, the Fund will continue to receive any dividends or amounts equivalent thereto, on the loaned securities while receiving a fee from the borrower and/or earning interest on the investment of the cash collateral. Securities lending income is disclosed as such in the Statement of Operations. Income generated from the investment of cash collateral, less negotiated rebate fees paid to borrowers and transaction costs, is allocated between the Fund and securities lending agent. Cash collateral received for securities on loan is invested in securities identified in the Schedule of Investments and the corresponding liability is recognized as such in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. Loans are subject to termination at the option of the borrower or the Fund. Under the Securities Lending Agency Agreement, Goldman Sachs marks to market the loaned securities on a daily basis. In the event the cash received from the borrower is less than 105% of the value of the loaned securities (102% for U.S. securities), Goldman Sachs requests additional cash from the borrower so as to maintain a collateralization level of at least 105% of the value of the loaned securities plus accrued interest (102% for U.S. securities), subject to certain de minimus amounts.

Upon termination of the loan, the borrower will return to the lender securities identical to the loaned securities. The Fund may pay reasonable finders', administration and custodial fees in connection with a loan of its securities and may share the interest earned on the collateral with the borrower. The Fund bears the risk of delay in recovery of, or even loss of rights in, the securities loaned should the borrower of the securities fail financially. The Fund also bears the risk of loss in the event the securities purchased with cash collateral depreciate in value.

The Fund did not have any securities on loan during the year ended or at June 30, 2025.

**(I) Segment Reporting** 

In this reporting period, the Fund adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). Adoption of the new standard impacted financial statement disclosures only and did not affect the Fund's financial position or the results of its operations. An operating segment is defined in Topic 280 as a component of a public entity that engages in business activities from which it may recognize revenues and incur expenses, has operating results that are regularly reviewed by the public entity's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and has discrete financial information available. The Board serves as the CODM for the Fund.

The Fund represents a single operating segment, as the CODM monitors the operating results of the Fund as a whole and the Fund's long-term strategic asset allocation is pre-determined in accordance with the Fund's investment objective which is executed by the Fund's portfolio managers as a team. The Fund uses a variety of investments to execute its investment strategy. Please refer to Note 1 - Organization and Significant Accounting Policies of these Notes to Financial Statements for additional details on the significant accounting policies and investment types used by the Fund. Please refer to the Fund's Schedule of Portfolio Investments for a breakdown of the types of investments from which the Fund generates its returns. Financial information in the form of total returns, expense ratios and changes in net assets (i.e., changes in net assets resulting from operations, distributions to stockholders, and capital share transactions), which are used by the CODM to assess the segment's performance versus the Fund's comparative benchmarks, among other metrics, and to make resource allocation decisions for the Fund's single segment, is

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **16** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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------

**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025 (continued)

**1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies** (continued)

consistent with that presented within the Fund's financial statements. Segment assets are reflected on the Fund's Statement of Assets and Liabilities as "total assets" and significant segment income, expenses, and gain/(loss) are listed on the Fund's Statement of Operations.

**(J) Recent Accounting Pronouncement**

In December 2023, FASB issued *Accounting Standards Update* ("ASU") *2023-09*, Income Taxes (Topic 740) ("ASU 2023-09") *Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures*, which enhances income tax disclosures, including providing specific categories in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024; early adoption is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the amendment and its impact to the financial statements.

**2. Principal Risks** 

In the normal course of business, the Fund trades financial instruments and enters into financial transactions where risk of potential loss exists due to, among other things, changes in the market (market risk) or failure of the other party to a transaction to perform (counterparty risk). The Fund is also exposed to other risks such as, but not limited to, foreign currency risk.

To the extent the Fund directly invests in foreign currencies or in securities that trade in, and receive revenues in, foreign currencies, or in derivatives that provide exposure to foreign currencies, it will be subject to the risk that those currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, or, in the case of hedging positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline in value relative to the currency being hedged. Currency rates in foreign countries may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time for a number of reasons, including economic growth, inflation, changes in interest rates, intervention (or the failure to intervene) by U.S. or foreign governments, central banks or supranational entities such as the International Monetary Fund, or the imposition of currency controls or other political developments in the United States or abroad. As a result, the Fund's investments in foreign currency-denominated securities may reduce the returns of the Fund. The local emerging market currencies in which the Fund may be invested may experience substantially greater volatility against the U.S. dollar than the major convertible currencies in developed countries.

The Fund is subject to elements of risk not typically associated with investments in the U.S., due to concentrated investments in foreign issuers located in a specific country or region. Such concentrations will subject the Fund to additional risks resulting from future political or economic conditions in such country or region and the possible imposition of adverse governmental laws or currency exchange restrictions affecting such country or region, which could cause the securities and their markets to be less liquid and prices more volatile than those of comparable U.S. companies.

The Fund may be subject to increased risk to the extent it allocates assets among investment styles and certain styles under-perform relative to other investment styles.

The market values of securities may decline due to general market conditions (market risk) which are not specifically related to a particular company, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates, adverse changes to credit markets or adverse investor sentiment. They may also decline due to factors that affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or increased production costs and competitive conditions within an industry. Equity securities and equity-related investments generally have greater market price volatility than fixed income securities, although under certain market conditions fixed income securities may have comparable or greater price volatility. Credit ratings downgrades may also negatively affect securities held by the Fund. Even when markets perform well, there is no assurance that the investments held by the Fund will increase in value along with the broader market. In addition, market risk includes the risk that local, regional or global events, including geopolitical and other events may disrupt the economy on a national or global level. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are becoming increasingly interconnected, which increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one country or region will adversely impact markets or issuers in other countries or regions. Securities in the Benchmark or in the Fund's portfolio may underperform in comparison to securities in general financial markets, a particular financial market or other asset classes due to a number of factors, including inflation (or expectations for inflation), deflation (or expectations for deflation), interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, market instability, financial system instability, debt crises and downgrades, embargoes, tariffs, sanctions and other trade barriers, regulatory events, other governmental trade or market control programs and related geopolitical events. In addition, the value of the Fund's investments may be negatively affected by the occurrence of global events such as war, terrorism, environmental disasters, natural disasters or events, country instability, and infectious disease epidemics or pandemics. All of the foregoing could impair the Fund's ability to maintain operational standards (such as with respect to satisfying redemption requests), disrupt the operations of the Fund's service providers, adversely affect the value and liquidity of the Fund's investments, and negatively impact the Fund's performance and your investment in the respective Fund.

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|:---|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **17** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025 (continued)

**2. Principal Risks** (continued)

The Fund is exposed to counterparty risk, or the risk that an institution or other entity with which the Fund has unsettled or open transactions will default. The potential loss to the Fund could exceed the value of the financial assets recorded in the Fund's financial statements. Financial assets, which potentially expose the Fund to counterparty risk, consist principally of cash due from counterparties and investments. The Investment Adviser seeks to minimize the Fund's counterparty risk by performing reviews of each counterparty and by minimizing concentration of counterparty risk by undertaking transactions with multiple customers and counterparties on recognized and reputable exchanges. Delivery of securities sold is only made once the Fund has received payment. Payment is made on a purchase once the securities have been delivered by the counterparty. The trade will fail if either party fails to meet its obligation.

**3. Investment Adviser** 

The Fund has an Investment Advisory Agreement (the "Advisory Agreement") with the Investment Adviser. Subject to the supervision of the Fund's Board, the Investment Adviser is responsible for managing, either directly or through others selected by it, the Fund's investment activities, business affairs, and other administrative matters. Pursuant to the Management Agreement, the investment adviser receives an annual fee, payable monthly, at the annual rate of 0.70% of the value of the Fund's average daily net assets up to $250 million and 0.65% of average daily net assets in excess of $250 million.

**4. Related Party, Other Service Provider Transactions and Directors** 

JPMorgan Asset Management (Asia Pacific) Limited (the "Investment Adviser"), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co. ('JPMorgan') provides investment advisory services to the Fund under the terms of an investment advisory agreement. See Section 3 Investment Adviser of this report for details of the fee relating to that agreement.

During the year ended June 30, 2025, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions to JPMorgan companies or affiliated brokers/dealers.

**(a) Related Party, Other Service Provider Transactions** 

Pursuant to an Administration Agreement, JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. ('JPMCB') (the 'Administrator'), an affiliate of JPMorgan Asset Management (Asia Pacific) Limited (the 'Investment Adviser') provides certain administration services to the Fund. In consideration of these services, the Administrator receives a fee accrued daily and paid monthly at an annual rate of $78,000.

Pursuant to a Global Custody Agreement, JPMCB also provides portfolio custody and accounting services to the Fund. For performing these services, the Fund pays JPMCB transaction and asset-based fees that vary according to the number of transactions and positions, plus out-of-pocket expenses. The accounting fee is subject to a minimum annual fee of $20,000. The amounts paid directly to JPMCB by the Fund for administration, custody and accounting services are included in Custodian, administrator and accounting agent fees on the Statement of Operations.

Pursuant to a Services Agreement, JPMorgan Funds Limited ('JPMFL'), an affiliate of the Investment Adviser, provides various services (including fund secretarial and administration services) for the Fund. JPMFL receives no compensation from the Fund for these services, JPMFL receives its fee from its affiliate, JPMorgan Asset Management (Asia Pacific) Limited in the form of an intercompany credit.

**(b) Directors** 

The Fund pays each of its Directors who is not a director, officer or employee of the Advisor, Administrator or any affiliate thereof, an annual fee of $57,000, the Audit Committee Chairman $65,000 and the Chairman $71,000 which includes a $2,500 attendance fee. Per Special In-Person Meeting a fee of $3,000 is payable or $1,000 per special Board meeting attended telephonically. In addition, each director is eligible to receive a per diem fee of $2,000 per day, or pro-rated fee for a lessor period, as compensation for taking on special assignments. Such special assignments must be approved in advance by the Governance, Nominating and Remuneration Committee, except that special assignments for which compensation will be less than $5,000 may be approved in advance by the Chairman of the Governance, Nominating and Remuneration Committee. A report regarding compensation for such assignments will be provided to the full Governance, Nominating and Remuneration Committee at their next regular meeting.

**5. Investments in Securities** 

For the year ended June 30, 2025, purchases and sales of investments, other than short-term securities were $69,935,094 and $89,381,780, respectively.

**6. Income Tax Information** 

For the year ended June 30, 2025, the tax character of the dividends and distributions paid was $1,895,319 from ordinary income.

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|:---|:---|:---|
| **18** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025 (continued)

**6. Income Tax Information** (continued)

As of June 30, 2025, the Fund has current distributable ordinary income of $3,926,379.

During the year ended June 30, 2025 the Fund utilized short-term capital losses of $2,306,568 and long-term capital losses of $1,217,394 carryforwards.

At June 30, 2025, the Fund had long-term capital losses of $10,918,764 carryforwards which are available to offset future realized gains.

In accordance with U.S. Treasury regulations, the Fund elected to defer to the following taxable year Post-October long-term capital losses of $1,101,471 arising after October 31, 2024.

At June 30, 2025, permanent "book-tax" differences were primarily attributable to tax adjustments on certain investments. These adjustments were to increase dividends in excess of net investment income by $1,356,881 decrease accumulated net realized gain by $1,356,881. Net investment income, net realized gains or losses and net assets were not affected by these adjustments.

At June 30, 2025, the cost basis of portfolio securities for federal income tax purposes was $96,325,979. Gross unrealized appreciation was $39,385,390 gross unrealized depreciation was $8,271,378; and net unrealized appreciation was $31,114,012.

**7. Discount Management Program / Conditional Tender Offer Policy** 

The Fund has a share repurchase program under which the Fund will repurchase in each twelve month period ended June 30, up to 10% of its common stock outstanding as of the close of business on June 30 the prior year. The shares are permitted to be repurchased at differing trigger levels without announcement. The Fund will repurchase shares at a discount, in accordance with procedures approved by the Board. Subject to these procedures, the timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by the Board and/or its Discount Management Committee in consultation with the Investment Adviser.

For the year ended June 30, 2025, the Fund repurchased 71,430 shares of its common stock on the open market, which represented 1.48% of the shares outstanding at June 30, 2024 at a total cost, inclusive of commissions (charged on a tiered rate basis), of $1,508,443 at a per-share weighted average discount to NAV of 16.81%. For the year ended June 30, 2024, the Fund repurchased 95,262 shares of its common stock on the open market, which represented 1.93% of the shares outstanding at June 30, 2023 at a total cost, inclusive of commissions (the rate of commission charged is on a pre-agreed basis), of $2,114,692 at a per-share weighted average discount to NAV of 16.83%.

On December 3, 2020, the Board announced that it had adopted a conditional tender offer policy (the "Policy"). Under the Policy, the Fund will conduct a tender offer to purchase up to 25% of its outstanding shares on or before September 30, 2024 and thereafter on each third anniversary of the September 30, 2024, if the Fund's total return investment performance measured on a net asset value basis does not equal or exceed the total return investment performance of the MSCI Korea 25/50 Index during the period commencing on April 1, 2021 and ending on June 30, 2024 (the "Initial Tender Offer Measurement Period"),

On July 1, 2024 the Board announced that the Fund's provisional total return investment performance was marginally less than that of the Index during the Initial Tender Offer Measurement Period. The provisional figures indicated that over the Initial Tender Offer Measurement Period the Fund's net asset value total return was -19.62% and the Fund's Index total return was -19.30%, an underperformance of 0.32%.

Following confirmation of the results, on July 10, 2024 the Board announced that it had authorized the Fund to conduct a tender offer to purchase for cash up to 12.5% of the Fund's issued and outstanding common stock, at a price per share equal to 98.5% of the NAV per share determined on the date the tender offer expires (the "Tender Offer"). As of July 10, 2024, the Fund had 4,833,153 shares of common stock outstanding and net assets of $142.9 million.

On August 16, 2024 the Board announced the tender offer commencement date of August 16, 2024 for the required minimum period of 20 business days, expiring on September 16, 2024. The terms and conditions of the Tender Offer, including the dates of the commencement and expiration in the Fund's offering materials, were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and distributed to common stockholders on August 16, 2024 following ratification by the Board. Among other terms, the offering materials provided that, if more than 12.5% of the Fund's outstanding common stock is tendered in the Tender Offer, and not withdrawn, the Fund will purchase shares from tendering stockholders on a pro rata basis, such that stockholders cannot be assured that the Fund will purchase all of any individual stockholder's tendered shares. The offering materials also provided that the Fund may not accept shares tendered under various circumstances such as overly volatile conditions brought about by extraneous, geopolitical factors that, in the view of the Board, would make it inadvisable to proceed with the Tender Offer.

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|:---|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **19** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements** 

June 30, 2025 (continued)

In addition to the shares repurchased in the year ended June 30, 2025 the Fund, in accordance with its conditional tender offer policy announced on December 3, 2020, conducted a tender offer to purchase for cash up to 12.5% of its issued and outstanding common stock. The results of this tender offer were announced on September 19, 2024; 604,144 shares of its common stock were tendered at a price of $26.42, resulting in a total cost of $16.0m.

The next performance measurement period under the Fund's Tender Offer Policy runs from July 1, 2024, through June 30, 2027.

**8. Fund Ownership** 

At June 30, 2025, the City of London Investment Group PLC, Lazard Asset Management LLC, Ohio Public Employees Retirement System and 1607 Capital Partners LLC held approximately 32%, 14%, 6% and 6% respectively, of the Fund's outstanding shares. Investment activities of these stockholders could have a material impact to the Fund.

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|:---|:---|:---|
| **20** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**7. Discount Management Program / Conditional Tender Offer Policy** (continued)

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm** 

**To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of The Korea Fund, Inc.** 

**Opinion on the Financial Statements** 

We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the schedule of portfolio investments, of The Korea Fund, Inc. (the "Fund") as of June 30, 2025, the related statement of operations for the year ended June 30, 2025, the statement of changes in net assets for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2025, including the related notes, and the financial highlights for each of the five years in the period ended June 30, 2025 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of June 30, 2025, the results of its operations for the year then ended, the changes in its net assets for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2025 and the financial highlights for each of the five years in the period ended June 30, 2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

**Basis for Opinion** 

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of June 30, 2025 by correspondence with the custodian and brokers; when replies were not received from brokers, we performed other auditing procedures. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

New York, New York

August 22, 2025

We have served as the auditor of the Fund since 1984.

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|:---|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **21** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Additional Information Regarding the Fund** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited)

**Changes in the Fund's Investment Objective, Policies and Risks During the Most Recent Fiscal Year** 

*The following information in this annual report is a summary of certain changes in the Fund's Investment Objective, Policies and Risks during its most recent fiscal year. This information may not reflect all of the changes that have occurred since you purchased shares of the Fund.* 

None.

**The Fund's Current Investment Objective, Policies and Risks** 

**Investment Objective and Policies** 

The investment objective of the Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation through investment in securities, primarily equity securities, of Korean companies. This objective is a fundamental policy and may not be changed without the approval of a majority of the Fund's outstanding voting securities. As used in this report, a "majority of the Fund's outstanding voting securities" means the lesser of (i) 67% of the shares represented at a meeting at which more than 50% of the outstanding shares are represented or (ii) more than 50% of the outstanding shares. While current income from dividends and interest may be a consideration in selecting portfolio securities, it is not an objective of the Fund. It is the policy of the Fund normally to invest at least 80% of its net assets in securities listed on the Korea Exchange (the "Exchange"). As of June 30, 2024, of the Fund's net assets were invested in securities listed on the Exchange. It is expected that the balance of the Fund's net assets normally will be invested in debt securities of the government (the "Government") of the Republic of Korea ("Korea" or the "Republic") and Korean corporations and in recognized Korean money market instruments.

For purposes of the Fund's investment policy, equity securities include common and preferred stock (including convertible preferred stock), bonds, notes and debentures convertible into common and preferred stock, stock purchase warrants and rights, equity interests in trusts, partnerships, joint ventures, or similar enterprises and depositary receipts. Not all of these investment types may be available for investment in Korea at all times. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Fund reserves the right to invest in any of the above listed equity securities, and may use its assets to enter into foreign currency exchange contracts, currency and stock index futures contracts, covered call options, repurchase agreements, delayed delivery transactions and futures contracts.

The Fund may invest its assets in a broad spectrum of Korean industries, including, as conditions warrant from time to time, automobiles, cement, chemicals, construction, electrical equipment, electronics, finance, food and beverage, international trading, machinery, shipbuilding, steel and textiles. In selecting industries and companies for investment, the Investment Manager considers overall growth prospects, competitive position in export markets, technology, research and development, productivity, labor costs, raw material costs and sources, profit margins, return on investment, capital resources, government regulation, management and other factors. The Fund has invested principally in securities of established companies, although investments may be made, to the extent permitted by Korean law, in securities of new or little-known companies. To the extent permitted by law, the Fund may also invest in stocks of securities-related businesses listed on the Exchange.

For defensive purposes, the Fund may vary from its investment policy. During periods in which, in the opinion of the Investment Manager, changes in Korean market conditions, or other economic conditions or Korean political conditions warrant, the Fund may reduce its position in equity securities and, subject to any applicable restrictions under Korean law, increase its position in debt securities or in short-term indebtedness or hold cash. The Fund may also at any time invest funds as reserves for dividends and other distributions for shareholders in U.S. dollar-denominated money market instruments such as those described above. However, once invested in won-denominated securities, the Fund's investment principal may not be converted into U.S. dollar-denominated securities except for payment of expenses in excess of Fund income or in connection with the termination of the Fund.

Although the Fund is a non-diversified company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"), it is subject to portfolio diversification requirements that are contained (i) in its investment restriction pertaining to concentration, which generally prevents it from purchasing a security that would result in more than 25% of the Fund's net assets being invested in a single industry; and (ii) in the diversification requirements applicable to regulated investment companies under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Fund, as a non-diversified company under the 1940 Act, is permitted to hold a relatively greater concentration in securities of particular companies. This flexibility reduces diversification of risk and could result in greater fluctuation in the Fund's net asset value. However, it also reflects the composition of the Korean securities markets, in that securities of relatively few companies account for a greater share of the total capitalization of such markets than is the case in the United States.

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| **22** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Additional Information Regarding the Fund** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited) (continued)

The Fund intends to purchase and hold securities for long-term capital appreciation and does not expect to trade in securities for short-term gain. The Fund will adjust its portfolio as it deems advisable in view of prevailing or anticipated market conditions. A higher rate of portfolio turnover generally involves correspondingly greater brokerage commission expenses than a lower rate, which expenses must be borne by the Fund and its shareholders. The Fund's portfolio turnover rate for the twelve months ended June 30, 2025 was 63%. The portfolio turnover rate is calculated by dividing the lesser of sales or purchases of portfolio securities by the average monthly value of the Fund's portfolio securities. For purposes of this calculation, portfolio securities exclude all securities having a maturity when purchased of one year or less.

Consistent with provisions of the 1940 Act and any administrative exemptions that may be granted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission"), the Fund may invest in the securities of other investment companies that invest in Korean securities. Absent special relief from the Commission, the Fund may invest up to 10% of its assets in the aggregate in shares of other investment companies and up to 5% of its assets in any one investment company, as long as that investment does not represent more than 3% of the voting stock of the acquired investment company. As a shareholder in any investment company, the Fund will bear its ratable share of such company's expenses, and will remain subject to payment of the Fund's advisory and administrative fees with respect to assets so invested.

**Principal Risks** 

The Fund is a closed-end investment company designed for long-term investment, and investors should not consider it a trading vehicle. Historically, shares of closed-end investment companies have frequently traded at a discount from net asset value, but have also traded at premiums. Investing in securities of Korean companies and of the Government involves certain considerations not typically associated with investing in securities of United States companies or the United States government, including (1) political and economic risks, including the potential for military conflict with North Korea, (2) potential price volatility and lesser liquidity of the Korean securities markets, due in part to their relatively small size and to competition from alternative investment opportunities in Korea, (3) governmental involvement in and influence on the economy and the private sector, (4) restrictions imposed by the Government on foreign investment, which may limit investment opportunities available to the Fund, (5) fluctuations in the rate of exchange between the won and the U.S. dollar, (6) restrictions on, and costs associated with, currency conversions and on the repatriation of principal, income or gains and (7) Korean taxes. Additional considerations when investing in securities of Korean companies and of the Government include the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets or confiscatory taxation, delays in settlement and the risk that it may be more difficult to obtain or enforce a judgment in a court outside the United States.

Korean accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards are not equivalent to United States standards and, therefore, less information may be available with respect to investments in Korea than in the United States. Supervision by governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations with respect to the securities industry in Korea differs from, and in some respects may be less than, such supervision in the United States. Accordingly, the Fund's investment in Korean securities should be considered more speculative than investments in securities of U.S. companies.

**Political and Economic Risks** 

The value of the Fund's assets may be adversely affected by political, economic or social instability in Korea. The heightened tensions between the Republic and North Korea have from time to time depressed new foreign investment in the Republic and the availability of foreign financing for Korean companies. The uncertainty surrounding the situation may adversely affect the economic climate in the Republic. The tensions between the Republic and North Korea also may adversely affect the prices of the Fund's portfolio securities and the Fund's share price.

Korean companies may be substantially more leveraged than U.S. and European companies. The high degree of leverage increases the risk of business failures should adverse business conditions develop.

Korean accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices are not equivalent to those in the United States. Therefore, certain material disclosures (including disclosures as to off-balance sheet financing loan guarantees) may not be made, and less information may be available with respect to investments in Korea than with respect to those in the United States.

In general, the Fund is subject to elements of risk not typically associated with investments in the U.S., due to concentrated investments in Korea. Such concentrations will subject the Fund to additional risks resulting from future political or economic conditions in the region the possible imposition of adverse governmental laws or currency exchange restrictions, which could cause the securities and their markets to be less liquid and prices more volatile than those of comparable U.S. companies.

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| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **23** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Additional Information Regarding the Fund** 

June 30, 2025 (unaudited) (continued)

**The Korean Securities Markets** 

The Korean securities markets are still relatively small in comparison to the United States, Japanese and major European securities markets. In addition, market capitalization and trading volume in Korea are concentrated in a limited number of companies within a small number of industries as compared to other markets. As a result, the Korean securities markets may be subject to greater price volatility and lesser liquidity than other securities markets. Because of these liquidity limitations, it may be more difficult for the Fund to purchase and sell portfolio investments than would otherwise be the case. Many companies traded on Korean securities markets are smaller, newer and less seasoned than companies traded on United States securities markets. Investments in smaller companies involve greater risk than are customarily associated with investments in larger companies.

The Korean securities markets have in the past been influenced by large investors trading significant blocks of securities, and by the relative attractiveness of alternative investment vehicles such as real estate and the unofficial money market lending to business borrowers.

**Currency Fluctuations** 

The Fund has significant exposure to won, insofar as its Korean securities may be traded in won and the issuers of the Fund's portfolio securities may derive substantially all or all of their income in won. Reductions in the won relative to the U.S. dollar will therefore tend to adversely impact the Fund's net asset value. Although the Fund may enter into forward currency exchange contracts and may (subject to receipt of requisite regulatory approvals) purchase and sell options on currencies in an effort to protect the Fund's portfolio holdings against currency fluctuation risks, the Fund does not intend fully or partially to hedge, on an ongoing basis, its portfolio holdings in such a manner.

**Currency Conversion and Repatriation** 

Conversion of won into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies, transfer of funds from Korea to foreign countries and repatriation of foreign capital invested in Korea are subject to certain regulatory approvals pursuant to foreign exchange management laws and regulations. Such conversions and transfers of funds often entail significant transaction costs.

The repatriation by foreign investors of principal, income or gains that arise from holding and disposing of Korean equity securities that are traded on the Exchange is subject to regulations issued by the Minister of Finance and Economy. Such repatriation is generally permitted to foreign investors that have made a report to their designated foreign exchange bank for each repatriation. Unlike other foreign investors, however, the Fund is, in general, currently permitted, with the report to its designated foreign exchange bank, to repatriate only income and gains.

If, because of restrictions on conversion or because of repatriation problems, the Fund were unable to distribute substantially all of its net investment income (including short-term capital gains) and long-term capital gains within applicable time periods, the Fund could be subject to U.S. Federal income and excise taxes which would not otherwise be incurred and might cease to qualify for the favorable tax treatment afforded to regulated investment companies under the Code, in which case it would become subject to U.S. Federal income tax on all of its income and gains.

**Non-Diversified Status** 

The Fund is classified as a "non-diversified" investment company under the 1940 Act, which means that the Fund is not limited by the 1940 Act as to the percentage of its assets that may be invested in the securities of a single issuer. As a non-diversified investment company, the Fund may invest a greater proportion of its assets in a smaller number of issuers, and, as a result, may be subject to greater risk with respect to its portfolio securities.

**Transaction Costs** 

The Fund's transaction costs are higher than the transaction costs for the typical investment company investing in U.S. securities.

**Discount from Net Asset Value** 

The shares of the Fund may trade at a discount from net asset value. This is characteristic of shares of a closed-end fund and is a risk separate and distinct from the risk of a decline in the net asset value as a result of a fund's investment activities.

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|:---|:---|:---|
| **24** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Tax Information/Annual Stockholder Meeting Results/Changes** 

**to the Board of Directors/Proxy Voting Policies & Procedures** (unaudited)

**Tax Information** 

As required by the Internal Revenue Code, stockholders must be notified regarding certain tax attributes of distributions made by the Fund.

Under the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, the following percentages of ordinary dividends paid during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, are designated as "qualified dividend income": 90.53%.

Corporate stockholders are generally entitled to take the dividend received deduction on the portion of a Fund's dividend distribution that qualifies under tax law. The percentage of the following Fund's ordinary income dividends paid during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, that qualify for the corporate dividend received deduction is 0%.

The Fund has elected to pass-through the credit for taxes paid to foreign countries. The gross foreign dividends and foreign tax per share paid during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 are $2,424,946 and $0.098138 respectively.

Since the Fund's tax year is not the calendar year, another notification will be sent with respect to calendar year 2025.

In January 2026, stockholders will be advised on IRS Form 1099-DIV as to the federal tax status of the dividends and distributions received during calendar year 2025. The amount that will be reported will be the amount to use on the stockholders 2025 federal income tax return and may differ from the amount which must be reported in connection with the Fund's tax year ended June 30, 2025. Stockholders are advised to consult their tax advisers as to the federal, state and local tax status of the dividend income received from the Fund.

**Annual Stockholder Meeting Results** 

The Fund held its annual meeting of stockholders on October 30, 2024. Stockholders voted as indicated below:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| | Affirmative | Against | Against | Abstain | Abstain |
|  Re-election Madam Yan Hu who serves as a Class III Director | 3660421 |  | 206823 |  | 33634 |
|  Re-election Mr. Richard A. Silver who serves as a Class III Director | 3644236 |  | 216669 |  | 39970 |

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Mr. Julian MI. Reid, who serves as a Class I Director and

Mr. Matthew J. Sippel, who serves as a Class II Director continue to serve as Directors of the Fund.

**Proxy Voting Policies & Procedures:** 

A description of the policies and procedures that the Fund has adopted to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities and information about how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities held during the most recent twelve month period ended June 30 is available (i) without charge, upon request, by calling the Fund's stockholder servicing agent at (866) 706-0510; (ii) on the Fund's website at www.thekoreafund.com; and (iii) on the Securities and Exchange Commission website at www.sec.gov.

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| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **25** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Privacy Policy** (unaudited)

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| &nbsp;&nbsp;**FACTS** | **WHAT DOES THE KOREA FUND, INC. DO WITH YOUR PERSONAL INFORMATION?** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Why?** | Financial companies choose how they share your personal information. Federal law gives consumers the right to limit some but not all sharing. Federal law also requires us to tell you how we collect, share, and protect your personal information. Please read this notice carefully to understand what we do. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**What?** | The types of personal information we collect and share depend on the product or service you have with us. This information can include:<br> ∎ Social Security number and account balances<br> ∎ transaction history and account transactions<br> ∎ checking account information and wire transfer instructions<br> When you are *no longer* our customer, we continue to share your information as described in this notice. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**How?** | All financial companies need to share customers' personal information to run their everyday business. In the section below, we list the reasons financial companies can share their customers' personal information; the reasons The Korea Fund, Inc. chooses to share; and whether you can limit this sharing. |

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|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Reasons we can share your personal information** | **Does The Korea<br>Fund, Inc. share?** | **Can you limit this<br>sharing?** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **For our everyday business purposes —**<br> such as to process your transactions, maintain your account(s), respond to court orders and legal investigations, or report to credit bureaus | YES | NO |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **For marketing purposes —**<br> to offer our products and services to you | YES | NO |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**For joint marketing with other financial companies** | NO | WE DON'T SHARE |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **For our affiliates' everyday business purposes —**<br> information about your transactions and experiences | NO | WE DON'T SHARE |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **For our affiliates' everyday business purposes —**<br> information about your creditworthiness | NO | WE DON'T SHARE |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**For nonaffiliates to market to you** | NO | WE DON'T SHARE |

---

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**QUESTIONS?** | Call 1-866-706-0510 or go to www.thekoreafund.com |

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **26** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Privacy Policy** (unaudited) (continued)

 **Page 2**<br>

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Who we are** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Who we are** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Who is providing this notice?** | The Korea Fund, Inc. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**What we do** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**What we do** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**How does The Korea Fund, Inc. protect my personal information?** | To protect your personal information from unauthorized access and use, we use security measures that comply with federal law. These measures include computer safeguards and secured files and buildings. We authorize our employees to access your information only when they need it to do their work and we require companies that work for us to protect your information. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**How does The Korea Fund, Inc. collect my personal information?** | We collect your personal information, for example, when you:<br> ∎ open an account or provide account information<br> ∎ give us your contact information or pay us by check<br> ∎ make wire transaction<br>We also collect your personal information from others such as credit bureaus, affiliates, or other companies. |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Why can't I limit all sharing?** | Federal law gives you the right to limit only<br> ∎ sharing for affiliates' everyday business purposes — information about your creditworthiness<br> ∎ affiliates from using your information to market to you<br> ∎ sharing for nonaffiliates to market to you<br>State laws and individual companies may give you additional rights to limit sharing. |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Definitions** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Definitions** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Affiliates** | Companies related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies.<br>∎ ***The Korea Fund, Inc. does not share with affiliates.*** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Nonaffiliates** | Companies not related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies.<br>∎ ***The Korea Fund, Inc. does not share with nonaffiliates so that they can market to you.*** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**Joint marketing** | A formal agreement between nonaffiliated financial companies that together market financial products or services to you.<br>∎ ***The Korea Fund, Inc. does not jointly market.*** |

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **27** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Dividend Reinvestment and Cash Purchase Plan** (unaudited)

**Dividend Reinvestment Plan** 

The Fund has adopted a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the "Plan") which allows common stockholders to reinvest Fund distributions in additional common shares of the Fund. Equiniti Trust Company, LLC (the "Plan Agent") serves as agent for common stockholders in administering the Plan. Participants in the Plan have the option of making additional cash payments to the Plan Agent, semi-annually, in any amount from $100 to $3,000, for investment in the Fund's shares. The Plan Agent will use all such cash payments received from participants to purchase Fund shares on the open market on or shortly after the 15th of February and August of each year, and in no event more than 45 days after such dates except where temporary curtailment or suspension of purchases is necessary to comply with applicable provisions of federal securities law. Any voluntary cash payments received more than 30 days prior to the 15th of February or August will be returned by the Plan Agent. Participants may withdraw their entire voluntary cash payment by written notice received by the Plan Agent not less than 48 hours before such payment is to be invested. It is important to note that participation in the Plan and automatic reinvestment of Fund distributions does not ensure a profit, nor does it protect against losses in a declining market.

**Automatic enrollment/voluntary participation.** 

Under the Plan, common stockholders whose shares are registered with the Plan Agent ("registered stockholders") are automatically enrolled as participants in the Plan and will have all Fund distributions of income, capital gains and returns of capital (together, "distributions") reinvested by the Plan Agent in additional common shares of the Fund, unless the stockholder elects to receive cash. Registered stockholders who elect not to participate in the Plan will receive all distributions in cash paid by check and mailed directly to the stockholder of record (or if the shares are held in street or other nominee name, to the nominee) by the Plan Agent. Participation in the Plan is voluntary. Participants may terminate or resume their enrollment in the Plan at any time without penalty by notifying the Plan Agent online at www.amstock.com, by calling (800) 254-5197, by writing to the Plan Agent, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, at P.O. Box 922, Wall Street Station, New York, NY 10269-0560, or, as applicable, by completing and returning the transaction form attached to the Plan statement. A proper notification will be effective immediately and apply to the Fund's next distribution if received by the Plan Agent at least three (3) days prior to the record date for the distribution; otherwise, a notification will be effective shortly following the Fund's next distribution and will apply to the Fund's next succeeding distribution thereafter. If you withdraw from the Plan and so request, the Plan Agent will arrange for the sale of your shares and send you the proceeds, minus a transaction fee and brokerage commissions.

**How shares are purchased under the Plan.** 

For each Fund distribution, the Plan Agent will acquire common shares for participants either (i) through receipt of newly issued common shares from the Fund ("newly issued shares") or (ii) by purchasing common shares of the Fund on the open market ("open market purchases"). If, on a distribution payment date, the net asset value per common share of the Fund ("NAV") is equal to or less than the market price per common share plus estimated brokerage commissions (often referred to as a "market premium"), the Plan Agent will invest the distribution amount on behalf of participants in newly issued shares at a price equal to the greater of (i) NAV or (ii) 95% of the market price per common share on the payment date. If the NAV is greater than the market price per common share plus estimated brokerage commissions (often referred to as a "market discount") on a distribution payment date, the Plan Agent will instead attempt to invest the distribution amount through open market purchases. If the Plan Agent is unable to invest the full distribution amount in open market purchases, or if the market discount shifts to a market premium during the purchase period, the Plan Agent will invest any un-invested portion of the distribution in newly issued shares at a price equal to the greater of (i) NAV or (ii) 95% of the market price per share as of the last business day immediately prior to the purchase date (which, in either case, may be a price greater or lesser than the NAV per common shares on the distribution payment date). No interest will be paid on distributions awaiting reinvestment. Under the Plan, the market price of common shares on a particular date is the last sales price on the exchange where the shares are listed on that date or, if there is no sale on the exchange on that date, the mean between the closing bid and asked quotations for the shares on the exchange on that date. The NAV per common share on a particular date is the amount calculated on that date (normally at the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange) in accordance with the Fund's then current policies.

**Fees and expenses.** 

No brokerage charges are imposed on reinvestments in newly issued shares under the Plan. However, all participants will pay a pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred by the Plan Agent when it makes open market purchases. There are currently no direct service charges imposed on participants in the Plan, although the Fund reserves the right to amend the Plan to include such charges. The Plan Agent imposes a transaction fee (in addition to brokerage commissions that are incurred) if it arranges for the sale of your common shares held under the Plan.

**Shares held through nominees.** 

In the case of a registered stockholder such as a broker, bank or other nominee (together, a "nominee") that holds common shares for others who are the beneficial owners, the Plan Agent will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of common shares certified by the nominee/record stockholder as representing the total amount registered in such

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **28** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Dividend Reinvestment and Cash Purchase Plan** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(unaudited) (continued)

stockholder's name and held for the account of beneficial owners who are to participate in the Plan. If your common shares are held through a nominee and are not registered with the Plan Agent, neither you nor the nominee will be participants in or have distributions reinvested under the Plan. If you are a beneficial owner of common shares and wish to participate in the Plan, and your nominee is unable or unwilling to become a registered stockholder and a Plan participant on your behalf, you may request that your nominee arrange to have all or a portion of your shares re-registered with the Plan Agent in your name so that you may be enrolled as a participant in the Plan. Please contact your nominee for details or for other possible alternatives. Participants whose shares are registered with the Plan Agent in the name of one nominee firm may not be able to transfer the shares to another firm and continue to participate in the Plan.

**Tax consequences.** 

Automatically reinvested dividends and distributions are taxed in the same manner as cash dividends and distributions — i.e., automatic reinvestment in additional shares does not relieve stockholders of, or defer the need to pay, any income tax that may be payable (or that is required to be withheld) on Fund dividends and distributions. The Fund and the Plan Agent reserve the right to amend or terminate the Plan. Additional information about the Plan, as well as a copy of the full Plan itself, may be obtained from the Plan Agent, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, at P.O. Box 922, Wall Street Station, New York, NY 10269-0560; telephone number: (800) 254-5197; website: www.amstock.com.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **29** |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc. Board of Directors** (unaudited)

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Name, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with the Fund,<br>Length of Service, Other Trusteeships/<br>Directorships Held by Director, Number of<br>Portfolios in Fund Complex/Outside Fund<br>Complexes Currently Overseen by Director** | **Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years:** |
|  *The address of each director is 383 Madison Ave. 11th Floor , New York, NY 10179* | *The address of each director is 383 Madison Ave. 11th Floor , New York, NY 10179* |
|  **Julian Reid**<br> *Year of Birth: 1944*<br> *Director, Chairman of the Board and Chairman of the*<br> *Governance, Nominating and Remuneration and the*<br> *Executive Committee* <br> *Directors since: 2004*<br> *Director of 1 fund in the Fund Complex*<br> *Director of The China Fund, Inc. outside of the Fund Complex* | Director and Chairman of 3a Funds Group (since 1998); and Director & Chairman of The China Fund, Inc. (since 2018). Formerly Director of JP Morgan China Region Fund, Inc. (from 1997 to 2017). |
|  **Richard A. Silver**<br> *Year of Birth: 1947*<br> *Director and Chairman of the Valuation and the Audit and*<br> *Compliance Committee* <br> *Director since: 2006* <br> *Director of 1 fund in the Fund complex* <br> *Director of The China Fund, Inc. outside the Fund Complex* | Director of The China Fund, Inc. (since 2018). |
|  **Matthew J. Sippel**<br> *Year of Birth: 1964*<br> *Director and Chairman of the Contracts and the Investment*<br> *Committee* <br> *Director since: August 24, 2020* <br> *Director of 1 fund in the Fund Complex* <br> *Director of no funds outside of the Fund Complex* | Chief Operating Officer of Longbow Capital Partners, L.P. (since 2025). Formerly Managing Director & Senior Partner of Indus Capital Partners LLC (from 2004 to 2021). |
|  **Madam Yan Hu**<br> *Year of Birth: 1961*<br> *Director*<br> *Director since: October 20, 2021*<br> *Director of 1 fund in the Fund Complex*<br> *Director of The China Fund, Inc. outside of the Fund Complex* | Founder of Ink Stone Ltd (since 2020).<br> Investment Advisor of Vermilion (since 2016).<br> Director of The China Fund, Inc. (since 2021). |

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The Fund holds annual stockholder meetings for the purpose of electing Directors, and Directors are elected for fixed terms. The Board of Directors is currently divided into three classes, each having a term of three years.

Each year the term of one class expires. Each Director's term of office expires on the date of the third annual meeting following election to office of the Director's class. Each Director will serve until next elected or his or her earlier death, resignation, retirement or removal or if not re-elected, until his or her successor is elected and has qualified.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **30** | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | \| 06.30.25 |

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**The Korea Fund, Inc.** **Fund Officers** (unaudited)

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Name, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with the Fund** | **Principal Occupation(s) During the Past 5 Years:** |
|  **Simon J. Crinage**<br> *Year of Birth: 1965*<br> *President & Chief Executive Officer: Since 2021* | Head of J.P. Morgan Asset Management's closed-end fund business. Until its liquidation in 2017, Simon was both a Director and President of JPMorgan China Region Fund, Inc. (NYSE: JFC) and between 2014 and 2019 President of The Taiwan Fund Inc. (NYSE: TWN). An employee of J.P. Morgan since 1984 |
|  **Neil S. Martin**<br> *Year of Birth: 1971*<br> *Treasurer, Principal Financial*<br> *and Accounting Officer since: 2021* | Executive Director, is a Client Director in J.P.Morgan Asset Management's closed-end fund business and work has included JPMorgan China Region Fund, Inc. An employee of J.P. Morgan since 1990. |
|  **Paul F. Winship**<br> *Year of Birth: 1964*<br> *Vice President and Secretary : 2021* | Vice President, is a Company Secretary in J.P. Morgan Asset Management's investment trust business and work has included The Taiwan Fund, Inc. |
|  **Stephen M. Ungerman**<br> *Year of Birth: 1953*<br> *Chief Compliance Officer since: 2020* | Managing Director and Chief Compliance Officer. An employee of J.P. Morgan since 2000. |
|  **Carmine Lekstutis**<br> *Year of Birth: 1980*<br> *Chief Legal Officer since: 2021* | Executive Director and Assistant General Counsel, JPMorgan Chase since February 2015; formerly Vice President and Assistant General Counsel, JPMorgan Chase from 2011 to February 2015 |

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*Officers hold office at the pleasure of the Board and until their successors are appointed and qualified or until their earlier resignation or removal.* 

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| 06.30.25 \| | The Korea Fund, Inc. Annual Report | **31** |

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Directors** | **Officers** |
|  Julian M.I. Reid<br>Chairman of the Board of Directors<br> Richard A. Silver<br> Matthew J. Sippel<br> Madam Yan Hu<br>**Chief Legal Officer**<br> Carmine Lekstutis | Simon J. Crinage<br>President and Chief Executive Officer<br> Neil S. Martin<br>Treasurer, Principal Financial and Accounting Officer<br> Paul F. Winship<br>Vice President and Secretary<br> Stephen M. Ungerman<br>Chief Compliance Officer |

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**Investment Adviser** 

JPMorgan Asset Management (Asia Pacific) Limited

19<sup>th</sup> Floor, Chater House, 8 Connaught Road Central

Hong Kong

**Fund Services Provider** 

JPMorgan Funds Limited,

60 Victoria Embankment

London EC4Y 0JP

UK

**Custodian & Accounting Agent** 

JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A,

383 Madison Avenue , 11<sup>th</sup> Floor

New York, NY 10179

USA

**Transfer Agent, Dividend Paying Agent and Registrar** 

Equiniti Trust Company, LLC

6201 15th Avenue

Brooklyn, NY 11219

USA

**Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm** 

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

300 Madison Avenue

New York, NY 10017

USA

**Legal Counsel** 

Ropes & Gray LLP

Prudential Tower

800 Boylston Street

Boston, MA 02199

USA

*This report, including the financial information herein, is transmitted to the stockholders of The Korea Fund, Inc. for their information. It is not a prospectus, circular or representation intended for use in the purchase of shares of the Fund or any securities mentioned in this report.* 

*The financial information included herein is taken from the records of the Fund without examination by an independent registered public accounting firm, who did not express an opinion herein.* 

*Notice is hereby given in accordance with Section 23(c) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, that from time to time the Fund may purchase shares of its common stock in the open market.* 

*The Fund files its complete schedule of portfolio holdings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for the first and third quarters of its fiscal year on Form N-PORT. The Fund's Form N-PORT is available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. The information on Form N-PORT is also available on the Fund's website at www.thekoreafund.com.* 

**Information on the Fund is available at www.thekoreafund.com or by calling the Fund's stockholder servicing agent at (866) 706-0510.**![LOGO](g931393logo_03kor.jpg)

AZ612AR-06.30.25

1228050

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**ITEM 2. CODE OF ETHICS** 

As of the end of the period covered by this Report, the Fund has adopted a code of ethics that applies to the Fund's principal executive officer and principal financial officer (the "Code of Ethics"). During the period covered by this Report, no substantive amendments were made to the Code of Ethics. During the period covered by this Report, the Fund did not grant any waivers, including any implicit waivers, from any provision of the Code of Ethics.

The Code of Ethics is attached hereto as Exhibit 19(a)(1).

(a) The Korea Fund, Inc. (the "Fund") has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to the Fund's principal executive officer and principal financial officer.

(b) The Fund's current Code of Ethics was adopted during the reporting period for this Form N-CSR, when J.P.Morgan was appointed as the new Investment Adviser, effective from January 1, 2021.

(c) There have been no waivers granted by the Fund to individuals covered by the Fund's Code of Ethics during the reporting period for this Form N-CSR.

(d) A copy of the Fund's Code of Ethics is attached as Exhibit 19(a)(1) to this Form N-CSR.

**ITEM 3. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT** 

The Registrant's Board has determined that Mr. Richard A. Silver, a member and the Chair of the Board's Audit and Compliance Committee, is an "audit committee financial expert," and that he is "independent," for purposes of this Item.

**ITEM 4. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES** 

a) Audit fees. The aggregate fees billed for each of the last two fiscal years ended June 30, 2024 and 2025
(the "Reporting Periods") for professional services rendered by the Registrant's principal accountant (the "Auditor") for the audit of the Registrant's annual financial statements, or services that are normally
provided by the Auditor in connection with the statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for the Reporting Periods, were $67,360 in 2024 and $67,360 in 2025.

b) Audit-Related Fees. The aggregate fees billed in the Reporting Periods for assurance and related services by
the Auditor that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit registrant's financial statements and are not reported under paragraph (e) of this Item were $17,112 in fiscal 2024 and $18,550 in fiscal 2025. For both fiscal years
these services consisted of Form 17f-2 Security Count fees and translation fees for fund disclosure documents in Japan, for which the costs in 2025 were $12,443 and $6,107 respectively.

c) Tax Fees. The aggregate fees billed in the Reporting Periods for professional services rendered by the Auditor
for tax compliance, tax service and tax planning ("Tax Services") were $11,850 in 2024 and $11,950 in 2025. These services consisted of review or preparation of U.S. federal, state, local and excise tax returns and calculation of excise
tax distributions. Fees of $4,770 were also paid to the Auditor for tax services related to PFIC status in fiscal 2025.

d) All Other Fees. There were no other fees billed in the Reporting Periods for products and services provided by
the Auditor to the Registrant.

e) The Fund's Audit Committee Charter requires the Audit Committee to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the Auditor to the Fund, and all non-audit services to be provided
by the Auditor to the Fund's Investment Adviser and any service providers controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Fund's Investment Adviser that provide on-going services to the
Fund, if the engagement relates directly to the operations and financial reporting of the Fund. All of the audit, audit-related and tax services described above for which the Auditor billed the Fund for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024 and
June 30, 2025 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2025, the Fund's Audit Committee did not waive the pre-approval requirement of any non-audit services to be provided to the Fund by the Auditor.

------

f) Not applicable.

g) The aggregate non-audit fees billed by the Auditor for services
rendered to the Registrant, and rendered to the Adviser, for fiscal 2024 was $11,763,350 and for fiscal 2025 was $11,763,270.

h) The Fund's Audit Committee has considered whether the provision of non-audit services that were rendered to Fund's Investment Adviser and any entity controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Investment Adviser that provides ongoing services to the
Fund that were not pre-approved pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X is compatible with maintaining
the principal accountant's independence.

i) Not applicable.

j) Not applicable.

**ITEM 5. AUDIT COMMITTEE OF LISTED REGISTRANT** 

The Fund has a separately designated a standing audit committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The audit committee of the Fund is comprised of Julian Reid, Yan Hu, Richard A. Silver (Chair) and Matthew J. Sippel.

**ITEM 6. INVESTMENTS** 

(a) The registrant's Schedule of Investments is included as part of the report to shareholders filed under Item 1 of this form.

(b) Not applicable.

**Item 7. Financial Statements and Financial Highlights for Open-End Management Investment Companies.** 

Not Applicable

**Item 8. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants for Open-End Management Investment Companies.** 

Not Applicable

**Item 9. Proxy Disclosures for Open-End Management Investment Companies.** 

Not Applicable

**Item 10. Remuneration Paid to Directors, Officers, and Others of Open-End Management Investment Companies.** 

Not Applicable

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**Item 11. Statement Regarding Basis for Approval of Investment Advisory Contract.** 

Not Applicable

**ITEM 12. DISCLOSURE OF PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR CLOSED-END MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES.**

The Investment Adviser is authorized to vote proxies of the Fund's portfolio securities. Attached to this Form N-CSR as exhibit 19(a)(3) is a copy of the proxy voting policies and procedures of the Fund and its investment adviser.

**ITEM 13. PORTFOLIO MANAGERS OF CLOSED-END MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES (a) (1)** 

During the period of this report and as at the date of its signing, the following individuals had primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the Fund (the Portfolio Managers).

**John Cho**, E*xecutive Director*, is a country specialist for Korean equities within the Emerging Markets and Asia Pacific (EMAP) Equities team based in Hong Kong. He joined the firm in 2007 and transferred to Hong Kong from Seoul to take up his current role in 2011. Prior to that, he worked in Korean equity sales for seven years, with his last position at Woori Investment & Securities. John obtained a M.Sc. in International Securities, Investment and

Banking from the University of Reading in the U.K. and an M.A. in Business Economics from Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada.

**Julian Wong,** *Vice President*, is a product analyst for Asia Pacific equities within the Emerging Markets and Asia Pacific (EMAP) Equities team. Based in Hong Kong, he joined the Firm in 2014 as a junior Investment Specialist within the EMAP Equities team. Prior to that, Julian was a management consultant with Deloitte and worked at Schroder Investment Management. Julian obtained a Bachelors of Business Administration in Information Systems and Finance from the University of Hong Kong. He is also a CFA Charterholder.

**(a) (2)** 

The following summarizes information regarding each of the accounts, excluding the Fund, that were managed by the Portfolio Managers as of June 30, 2025. The advisory fee charged for managing each of the accounts listed below is not based on performance.

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| **PM** |  | **Registered<br>Investment<br>Companies<br>other than the<br>Fund** | | **Other Pooled<br>Investment<br>Vehicles** | **Other Accounts** |
| **PM** | **#** | **AUM($million)** | <br>**#** | **AUM($million)** | **AUM($million)** |
|  John Cho | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1799 |  |
|  Julian Wong | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1799 |  |

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Responsibility for managing the client portfolios of the Investment Adviser and the Investment Adviser's participating affiliates is organized according to the mandates of each account. The Fund's portfolio managers manage other accounts with similar objectives, approach and philosophy to the Fund. The portfolio holdings, relative position sizes and industry and sector exposures tend to be similar across these similar portfolios, which minimizes the potential for conflicts of interest.

For John Cho, these similar portfolios include three pooled investment vehicles as described under ITEM 13 (a)(2)(ii) above that invest in the Korea market and only take long positions in securities.

For Julian Wong, these similar portfolios include three pooled investment vehicles as described under ITEM 13 (a)(2)(ii) above that invest in Korea markets and only take long positions in securities.

Upon managing multiple accounts, conflicts of interest may arise with both the aggregation and allocation of securities transactions and allocation of limited investment opportunities. Allocations of aggregated trades, particularly trade orders that were only partially completed due to limited availability, and allocation of investment opportunities generally, could raise a potential conflict of interest, as the Investment Adviser or the portfolio managers may have an incentive to allocate securities that are expected to increase in value to favored accounts. Initial public offerings, in particular, are frequently of very limited availability. The portfolio managers may be perceived as causing accounts they manage to participate in an offering to increase the Investment Adviser's overall allocation of securities in that offering. A potential conflict of interest also may be perceived to arise if transactions in one account closely follow related transactions in a different account, such as when a purchase increases the value of securities previously purchased by another account, or when a sale in one account lowers the sale price received in a sale by a second account.

The Investment Adviser has policies and procedures designed to manage these conflicts described above such as allocation of investment opportunities to achieve fair and equitable allocation of investment opportunities among its clients over time. For example, orders for the same equity security are aggregated on a continual basis throughout each trading day consistent with the Investment Adviser's duty of best execution for its clients. If aggregated trades are fully executed, accounts participating in the trade will be allocated their pro rata share on an average price basis. Partially completed orders generally will be allocated among the participating accounts on a pro-rata average price basis, subject to certain limited exceptions. For example, accounts that would receive a de minimis allocation relative to their size may be excluded from the allocation. Another exception may occur when thin markets or price volatility require that an aggregated order be completed in multiple executions over several days. If partial completion of the order would result in an uneconomic allocation to an account due to fixed transaction or custody costs, the dealer may have the discretion to complete and exclude the small orders.

Purchases of money market instruments and fixed income securities cannot always be allocated pro-rata across the accounts with the same investment strategy and objective. However, the Investment Adviser attempts to mitigate any potential unfairness by basing non-pro rata allocations upon an objective predetermined criteria for the selection of investments and a disciplined process for allocating securities with similar duration, credit quality and liquidity in the good faith judgment of the Investment Adviser so that fair and equitable allocation will occur over time.

**(a) (3)** 

During the period of this report and as at the date of its signing, the Investment Adviser maintains a balanced total compensation program comprised of a mix of fixed compensation (including a competitive base salary and, for certain employees, a fixed cash allowance), and variable compensation in the form of cash incentives, and long-term incentives in the form of equity based and / or fund-tracking incentives that vest over time. Long-term awards comprise up to 60% of overall incentive compensation, depending on an employee's pay level. It is believed that this pay structure encourages employees to focus on the long-term success of the firm, while avoiding excessive risk-taking, and provides a competitive annual cash incentive opportunity.

Long-term awards are generally in the form of time vested JPMorgan Chase Restricted Stock Units (RSUs). However, investor employees ("Investors") are subject to a mandatory deferral of long-term incentive compensation under the firm's Mandatory Investor Plan (MIP). MIP awards provide for a rate of return equal to that of the funds

------

that the Investors manage, thereby aligning investors' pay with that of their client's experience / return. 100% of the Investor's long term incentive compensation is eligible for MIP, 50% of which needs to be aligned with the specific fund they manage as determined by their respective Investment Committee member. The remaining portion of the overall amount is electable and may be treated as if invested in any of the other funds available in the plan or can take the form of RSUs. To hold individuals responsible for taking risks inconsistent with the firm's risk appetite and

to discourage future imprudent behavior, we have robust policies and procedures that enable us to take prompt and proportionate actions with respect to accountable individuals, including:

1. Reduce or altogether eliminate annual incentive compensation;

2. Cancel unvested awards (in full or in part);

3. Clawback / recovery of previously paid compensation (cash and / or equity);

4. Demotion, negative performance rating or other appropriate employment actions;

5. Termination of employment.

The precise actions taken with respect to accountable individuals are based on circumstances, including the nature of their involvement, the magnitude of the event and the impact on the firm.

**(a) (4)** 

The following summarizes the dollar range of securities of the Fund the Portfolio Manager beneficially owned as of June 30, 2025.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **The Korea Fund, Inc.** | **The Korea Fund, Inc.** | **The Korea Fund, Inc.** |
| **Portfolio Manager** | **Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Fund** | **Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Fund** |
|  John Cho |  | None |
|  Julian Wong |  | None |

---

**ITEM 14. PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY CLOSED-END MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANY AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS** 

**REGISTRANT PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES** 

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| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Period | (a) Total Number<br>of Shares Purchased | (b) Average<br>Price Paid<br>per Share | (c) Total Number of Shares<br>Purchased as Part of<br>Publicly Announced<br>Plans or Programs | (d) Maximum Number<br>(or Approximate Dollar<br>Value) of Shares (or<br>Units) that May Yet Be<br>Purchased Under the<br>Plans or Programs |
|  July 1-31, 2024 | 769 | 24.33 | 769 | 482623 |
|  August 1-31, 2024 | 0 | 0 | 769 | 482623 |
|  September 1-30, 2024 | 0 | 0 | 769 | 482623 |
|  October 1-31, 2024 | 25544 | 22.33 | 26313 | 457079 |

---

------

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  November 1-30, 2024 | 18262.0 | 20.59 | 44575.0 | 438817.0 |
|  December 1-31, 2024 | 13055.0 | 19.81 | 57630.0 | 425762.0 |
|  January 1-31, 2025 | 4800.0 | 19.77 | 62430.0 | 420962.0 |
|  February 1-28, 2025 | 5700.0 | 20.9 | 68130.0 | 415262.0 |
|  March 1-31, 2025 | 3000.0 | 20.61 | 71130.0 | 412262.0 |
|  April 1-30, 2025 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 71130.0 | 412262.0 |
|  May 1-31, 2025 | 300.0 | 21.49 | 71430.0 | 411962.0 |
|  June 1-30, 2025 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 71430.0 | 411962.0 |

---

Total 71,430

1 Subject to commission fees on a fixed rate basis, the commission rate charged by the relevant broker is pre-agreed by the Board.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 2 | The Fund has a share repurchase program under which the Fund will repurchase in each twelve month period ended June 30, up to 10% of its common shares outstanding as of the close of business on June 30 the prior year, but will permit shares to be repurchased at differing discount trigger levels that will not be announced. The Fund will repurchase shares at a discount, in accordance with procedures approved by the Board. Subject to these procedures, the timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by the Board and/or its Discount Management Committee in consultation with the Investment Advisor.  |

---

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| 3 | In addition to the shares repurchased in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 the Fund, in accordance with its conditional tender offer policy announced on December 3, 2020, conducted a tender offer to purchase for cash up to 12.5% of its issued and outstanding common stock. The results of this tender offer were announced on September 19, 2024; 604,144 shares of its common stock were tendered at a price of $26.42 per share, resulting in a total cost of $16.0m.  |

---

The next performance measurement period under the Fund's Tender Offer Policy runs from July 1, 2024, through June 30, 2027.

**ITEM 15. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS** 

There have been no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to the Fund's Board since the Fund last provided disclosure in response to this item.

------

**ITEM 16. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES** 

(a) The Registrant's President and Chief Executive Officer and Treasurer, Principal Financial & Accounting Officer have concluded that the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "1940 Act") (17 CFR 270.30a-3(c))), as amended, are effective based on their evaluation of these controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days of the filing date of this document.

(b) There were no significant changes in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the 1940 Act (17 CFR 270.30a-3(d))) that occurred during the most recent annual period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrants internal control over financial reporting.

**ITEM 17. DISCLOSURE OF SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES FOR CLOSED-END MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES.** 

(a) (1) Gross income from securities lending activities: $0

(2) All fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services: $0

(3) Aggregate fees/compensation: $0

(4) Net income from securities lending activities: $0

(b) The Fund may lend up to 33 1/3% of the Fund's total assets via Goldman Sachs Bank USA ("GS Bank USA") as lending agent to certain qualified brokers, except those securities which the Fund or the Investment Adviser specifically identifies as not being available. By lending its investment securities, the Fund attempts to increase its net investment income through the receipt of interest on the loan. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur and any interest or dividends declared during the term of the loan would accrue to the account of the Fund. Risks of delay in recovery of the securities may occur should the borrower of the securities fail financially. Risks may also arise to the extent that the value of the collateral decreases below the value of the securities loaned. Upon entering into a securities lending transaction, the Fund receives cash or other securities as collateral in an amount equal to or exceeding 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities with respect to securities of the U.S. government or its agencies, 102% of the current market value of the loaned securities with respect to U.S. securities and 105% of the current market value of the loaned securities with respect to foreign securities. Any cash received as collateral is invested in the Goldman Sachs Financial Square Government Fund. Non-cash collateral is not disclosed in the Fund's Statement of Assets and Liabilities as it is held by the custodian or collateral agent on behalf of the Fund and the Fund does not have the ability to re-hypothecate those securities. A portion of the dividends received on the collateral may be rebated to the borrower of the securities and the remainder is split between GS Bank USA, as the securities lending agent, and the Fund.

**ITEM 18. RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION** 

**Not Applicable** 

**ITEM 19. EXHIBITS** 

(a)(1) [Code of Ethics is attached hereto in response to Item 2(d).](d931393dex99code.htm)

(a)(2) [Certifications pursuant to Rule 30a-2(a) under the Investment Company Act of 1940.](d931393dex99cert.htm)

(a)(2)(1) Any written solicitation to purchase securities under Rule 23c-1 under the Act (17 CFR 270.23c-1) sent or given during the period covered by the report by or on behalf of the registrant to 10 or more persons.

Not applicable.

------

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) (2)(2) Change in the registrant's independent public accountant. Provide the information called for by Item of Form 8-K under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 249.308). Unless otherwise specified by Item 4, or related to and necessary for a complete understanding of information not previously disclosed, the information should relate to events occurring during the reporting period.

Not applicable

(a)(3) [Proxy voting policies and procedures of the Fund and its Investment Adviser are attached hereto in response to Item 12.](d931393dex99proxy.htm)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) [The certifications required by Rule 30a-2(b) of the 1940 Act and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 are attached hereto.](d931393dex99906cert.htm)

------

Signature

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| (Registrant) The Korea Fund, Inc. | (Registrant) The Korea Fund, Inc. |
| By: | /s/ Simon J Crinage |
|  | Simon J Crinage |
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer |
| Date: | August 29, 2025 |
| By: | /s/ Neil S Martin |
|  | Neil S Martin |
|  | Treasurer, Principal Financial and Accounting Officer |
| Date: | August 29, 2025 |

---

## Ex-99.Code

<u>The Korea Fund, Inc. - CODE OF ETHICS</u> 

A. <u>Legal Requirements</u>.

Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "Act") makes it unlawful for any officer or director (as well as other access persons) of The Korea Fund, Inc. (" the Fund"), in connection with the purchase or sale<sup>1</sup> by such person of a security "held or to be acquired" by any investment portfolio of the Fund:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) To employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud the Fund;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) To make to the Fund any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state to the Fund a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the Fund; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) To engage in any manipulative practice with respect to the Fund.

A security is "held or to be acquired" if it is a covered security<sup>2</sup> (or an option for or exchangeable for a covered security) and within the most recent 15 days (i) the covered security is or has been held by the Fund, or (ii) the covered security is being or has been considered by the Fund or the investment adviser for the Fund for purchase by the Fund.

B. <u>Fund Policies</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. It is the policy of the Fund that no "access person"<sup>3</sup> of the Fund shall engage in any act, practice or course or conduct that would violate the provisions of Rule 17j-1(b) set forth above.

<sup>1</sup> A purchase or sale includes the writing of an option to purchase or sell.

<sup>2</sup> A "covered security" is any security under the broad definition of Section 2(a)(36) of the Act except: (i) direct obligations of the United States government, (ii) bankers' acceptances, bank CDs, commercial paper, and high quality short-term debt instruments (including repurchase agreements), and (iii) shares of open-end investment companies, other than non-money market shares issued by the Trust. 

<sup>3</sup> An "access person" is (i) each trustee/director or officer of the Trust, (ii) each employee (if any) of the Trust who, in connection with his regular duties, makes, participates in, or obtains information about the purchase or sale of a security by the Trust or a Fund or whose functions relate to the making of any recommendations with respect to such purchases or sales, and (iii) any natural person in a control relationship to the Trust or a Fund who obtains information concerning recommendations made to the Trust or to a Fund with regard to the purchase or sale of covered securities. 

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. In keeping with the recommendations of the Board of Governors of the Investment Company Institute, the following general policies shall govern personal investment activities of access persons of the Fund:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) It is the duty of all access persons of the Fund to place the interest of Fund shareholders first;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) All access persons of the Fund shall conduct personal securities transactions in a manner that is consistent with this Code of Ethics and that avoids any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of a position of the Fund and responsibility; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) No access person of the Fund shall take inappropriate advantage of his or her position with the Fund.

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C. <u>Reporting Requirements</u>.<sup>4</sup>

In order to provide the Fund with information to enable it to determine with reasonable assurance whether the Fund's policies are being observed by its access persons:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Each person becoming an access person of the Fund on or after March 1, 2000, other than a director who is not an "interested person" of the Fund (as defined in the Act), shall no later than 10 days after becoming such an access person submit a report in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (an "Initial Holdings Report") to the Fund's Chief Compliance Officer or his/her delegate ("CCO") showing all holdings in "covered securities" in which the person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership<sup>5</sup> (which information must be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date the person becomes an access person). Such Initial Holdings Report shall also indicate all broker/dealers and banks with which the access person held direct or indirect ownership of securities. Such reports need not show holdings over which such person had no direct or indirect influence or control.

<sup>4</sup> An access person of the Trust who is also an access person of an investment adviser or sub-adviser to the Trust need not submit reports otherwise required by this Section C <u>provided</u> that either (i) such person submits to such investment adviser or sub-adviser forms prescribed by the Code of Ethics of such adviser or sub-adviser containing substantially the same information as called for in the forms required by this Section C, or (ii) the information in such report would duplicate information required to be recorded under Rule 204-2(a)(13) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. An access person of the Trust who is also an access person of the Trust's principal underwriter need not submit reports otherwise required by this Section C <u>provided</u> that such person submits to the principal underwriter forms prescribed by the Code of Ethics of such principal underwriter containing substantially the same information as called for in the forms required by this Section C. An access person of the Trust who is also an access person of the Trust's administrator may submit reports required by this Section C on forms prescribed by the Code of Ethics of such administrator <u>provided</u> that such forms contain substantially the same information as called for in the forms required by this Section C and comply with the requirements of Rule 17j-1(d)(1). Moreover, in the case of reports under paragraph (b) of this Section C, any access person may supply to the Trust in lieu of such reports with duplicate copies of broker trade confirmations or account statements with respect to the access person <u>provided</u> such confirmations and/or account statements are: (i) received by the Trust within the time period and (ii) contain all the information required by paragraph (b) of Section C. No Trustee is required to file a report if the sole purpose for doing so would be to indicate the absence of reportable transactions in covered securities during the relevant period. 

<sup>5</sup> "Beneficial ownership" of a security as used in this Section C is determined in the same manner as it would be for the purposes of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except that such determination should apply to all covered securities. Generally, a person should consider himself the beneficial owner of covered securities held by his spouse, his minor children, a relative who shares his home, or other persons if by reason of any contract, understanding, relationship, agreement or other arrangement, he obtains from such covered securities benefits substantially equivalent to those of ownership. He should also consider himself the beneficial owner of securities if he can vest or revest title in himself now or in the future. 

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Each access person of the Fund, other than a director who is not an "interested person" of the Fund (as defined in the Act), shall submit reports each quarter in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B (a "Securities Transaction Report") to the Fund's CCO showing all transactions in "covered securities" in which the person had, or by reason of such transaction acquired, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership. Such reports shall be filed no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter, but need not show transactions over which such person had no direct or indirect influence or control.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) Each director who is not an "interested person" of the Fund (as defined in the Act) shall submit the same quarterly report as required under paragraph (b), but only for a transaction in a covered security where he knew at the time of the transaction or, in the ordinary course of fulfilling his official duties as a director, should have known that during the 15-day period immediately preceding or after the date of the transaction such security is or was purchased or sold, or considered for purchase or sale, by the Fund. No report is required if the director had no direct or indirect influence or control over the transaction.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) Each access person of the Fund, other than a director who is not an "interested person" (as defined in the Act), shall by January 30 of each year submit to the Fund's CCO a report in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (an "Annual Holdings Report") showing all holdings in covered securities in which the person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted. Such report need not show holdings over which such person had no direct or indirect influence or control.

D. <u>Preclearance Procedures</u>.

Investment personnel of the Fund shall obtain approval from the CCO or the relevant investment adviser or sub-adviser before directly or indirectly acquiring beneficial ownership in any securities in an initial public offering or in a limited offering.<sup>6</sup>

<sup>6</sup> "Investment personnel of the Trust or a Fund" means (i) any employee of the Trust (or of a company in a control relationship to the Fund) who, in connection with his or her regular functions or duties, makes or participates in making recommendations regarding the purchase or sale of securities by the Trust or a Fund, and (ii) any natural person who controls the Trust or a Fund and who obtains information concerning recommendations made to the Trust or a Fund regarding the purchase or sale of securities. "Initial public offering" and "limited offering" shall have the same meaning as set forth in Rule 17j-1(a)(6) and (8), respectively. 

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E. <u>Notice to, and Review of, Holdings Reports by Access Persons</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The CCO shall notify each access person of the Fund who may be required to make reports pursuant to this Code that such person is subject to this reporting requirement and shall deliver a copy of this Code to each such person.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The CCO shall review reports submitted under Section C of this Code within 21 days of submission.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. The CCO shall establish and maintain records of access persons of the Fund who are required to make reports under Section C of this Code and shall establish and maintain records of any delegate responsible for reviewing such reports.

F. <u>Reports to Directors</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The President of the Fund or his or her delegate shall report to the Board of Directors:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) at the next meeting following the receipt of any Securities Transaction Report with respect to each reported transaction in a security which was held or acquired by the Fund within 15 days before or after the date of the reported transaction or at a time when, to the knowledge of the Secretary, the Fund, or the respective investment adviser or sub-adviser for the Fund, was considering the purchase or sale of such security, unless the amount involved in the transaction was less than $50,000;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) with respect to any transaction or holdings not required to be reported to the Board by the operation of subparagraph (a) that the President of the Fund or his or her delegate believes nonetheless may evidence a violation of this Code; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) any apparent violation of the reporting requirements of Section C of this Code.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The Board shall consider reports made to it hereunder and shall determine whether the policies established in section B of this Code have been violated, and what sanctions, if any, should be imposed.

G. <u>Approval of Codes and Material Amendments Thereto</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The Board of Directors of the Fund, including a majority of the independent Directors thereof, shall approve the Codes of Ethics of the Fund, of any principal underwriter of the Fund, and of each investment adviser and sub-adviser to any Fund. No principal underwriter of the Fund or investment adviser or sub-adviser to any Fund may be appointed unless and until the Code of Ethics of that entity has been approved by the Board of Directors of the Fund, including a majority of the independent Directors thereof. Following initial approval of the Code of Ethics of any principal underwriter of the Fund or any investment adviser or sub-adviser to any Fund, any

------

material change to such Code must be approved by the Board of Directors of the Fund, including a majority of the independent Directors thereof, within six months of said amendment. No amendment of this Code may be made unless and until approved by the Board of Directors of the Fund, including a majority of the independent Directors thereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. In approving a Code of Ethics, the Board of Directors shall have secured a certificate from the entity that adopted the Code that it has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent its access persons from violating the Code in question.

H. <u>Annual Report</u>

The Fund, any principal underwriter thereof, and any investment adviser or sub-adviser to the Fund shall, not less frequently than annually, furnish the Board of Directors of the Fund with a written report that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. describes any issues arising under its Code of Ethics or procedures since the last report to the Board of
Directors, including, but not limited to, information about material violations of such Code or procedures and sanctions imposed in response, and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. certifies that the Fund, principal underwriter, or investment adviser or sub-adviser, as applicable, has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent its access persons from violating its Code of Ethics.

------

This Code, a copy of each Securities Transaction and Holdings Report by an access person, any written report hereunder by the President of the Fund or his or her delegate, and lists of all persons required to make reports shall be preserved with the Fund's records for the period required by Rule 17j-1.

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Exhibit A

Holdings Report

☐ Initial Holdings Report of ___________, 20__

(date a reporting person became an access person)

☐ Annual Holdings Report as of ____________, 20__

(date not more than 45 days prior to submission)

I. To the President or President's delegate of the Funds\*:

☐ As of the above date, I had direct or indirect beneficial ownership of the following covered securities:

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Title | Number<br> of Shares | Principal<br> Amount of<br> Security |

---

☐ I have no covered securities to report.

II. As of that same date, I held direct or indirect beneficial ownership of securities with the following broker/dealer(s) or bank(s) (note: list accounts, not securities)

☐ I have no accounts to report.

This report (i) excludes securities with respect to which I had no direct or indirect influence or control, including investments through an automatic investment plan, (ii) excludes securities not required to be reported, and (iii) is not an admission that I have or had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the securities listed above.

Date: Signature:

The Korean Fund, Inc.

------

Exhibit B

Securities Transaction Report

For the Calendar Quarter Ended:<u> </u>, 20

To the President or President's delegate of the Fund\*:

I. ☐ During the quarter referred to above, the following transactions were effected in securities of which I had, or by reason of such transaction acquired, direct or indirect beneficial ownership, and which are required to be reported pursuant to the Fund's Code of Ethics:

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| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| Title of<br> Security (and<br> interest rate<br> and maturity<br> date, if<br> applicable) | Date of<br> Transaction | No. of Shares<br> and Principal<br> Dollar Amount<br> of Transaction<br> (Price) | Nature of<br> Transaction<br> (Purchase,<br> Sale, Other) | Price at<br> Which<br> Transaction<br> Effected | Broker/ Dealer<br>or Bank<br>Through<br>Whom<br>Effected |

---

☐ I have no securities transactions to report.

II. ☐ During the quarter referred to above, I established the following account in which securities were held for my direct or indirect benefit during the quarter (note: list accounts, not securities):

Broker/Dealer or Bank With Whom Account Established Date the Account Was Established <br>

☐ I have no accounts to report.

This report (i) excludes transactions with respect to which I had no direct or indirect influence or control, including investments through an automatic investment plan, (ii) excludes transactions not required to be reported, and (iii) is not an admission that I have or had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the securities listed above.

Date: Signature:

The Korean Fund, Inc.

## Ex-99.Cert

EXHIBIT 19(a)(2)

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Simon Crinage, President of the Korea Fund, Inc., certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form N-CSR of the Korea Fund, Inc. (the
"Registrant");

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a
material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,
fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the Registrant as of, and for, the
periods presented in this report;

4. The Registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining
disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the Registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be
designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is
being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial
reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this
report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting that
occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed to the Registrant's auditors and the
audit committee of the Registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over
financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in
the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 29, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Simon Crinage |
| Simon Crinage |
| Director, President and Chief Executive<br>Officer of the Korea Fund, Inc. |

---

------

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Neil S. Martin, Treasurer of the JPMorgan Korea Fund, Inc., certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form N-CSR of the Korea Fund, Inc. (the
"Registrant");

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a
material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,
fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the Registrant as of, and for, the
periods presented in this report;

4. The Registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining
disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the Registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be
designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is
being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial
reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this
report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting that
occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed to the Registrant's auditors and the
audit committee of the Registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over
financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in
the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 29, 2025

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Neil S. Martin |
| Neil S. Martin |
| Treasurer, Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of the Korea Fund, Inc. |

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## Ex-99.Proxy

![LOGO](g931393dsp001.jpg)

Global proxy voting guidelines North America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Central America, South America, and Asia April 2025

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![LOGO](g931393dsp002.jpg)

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**Contents** 

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **4** | I. J.P. Morgan Asset Management Global Proxy Voting Guidelines |  |
|  | A. Objective | 4 |
|  | B. Proxy Committee | 4 |
|  | C. The Proxy Voting Process | 5 |
|  | D. Conflicts of Interest | 6 |
|  | E. Securities Lending | 8 |
|  | F. Record-Keeping | 8 |
| **9** | II. Proxy Voting Guidelines |  |
|  | A. North America | 9 |
|  | B. Europe, Middle East, Africa, Central America and South America | 24 |
|  | C. Asia ex-Japan | 37 |
|  | D. Japan | 51 |

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**I. J.P. Morgan Asset Management Global Proxy Voting** 

**J.P. Morgan Asset Management Global Proxy Voting Guidelines content:** 

A. Objective 4

B. Proxy Committee 4

C. The Proxy Voting Process 5

D. Conflicts of Interest 6

E. Securities Lending 8

F. Record-Keeping 8

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**A. Objective** 

As an investment adviser within JPMorgan Asset Management, each of the entities listed in Exhibit A on page 8 (each referred to individually as a "JPMAM Entity" and collectively as "JPMAM") may be granted by its clients the authority to vote the proxies of the securities held in client portfolios. In such cases, JPMAM's objective is to vote proxies in the best interests of its clients. This document describes how JPMAM meets that objective. JPMAM incorporates detailed guidelines for voting proxies on specific types of issues (the 'Guidelines'). The Guidelines have been developed and approved by the relevant Proxy Committee (as defined below) with the objective of encouraging companies to make decisions that enhance shareholder value. Because proxy proposals and individual company facts and circumstances may vary, JPMAM may not always vote proxies in accordance with the Guidelines.

**B. Proxy Committee** 

To oversee the proxy voting process on an ongoing basis, a proxy committee ("Proxy Committee") has been established for each global location where proxy voting decisions are made. Each Proxy Committee is composed of members and invitees, including a Proxy Administrator (as defined below) and senior officers from among the investment, legal, compliance, and risk management departments. The primary functions of each Proxy Committee include: (1) reviewing and approving the Guidelines annually; (2) providing advice and recommendations on general proxy voting matters, including potential or material conflicts of interest escalated to it from time to time as well as on specific voting issues to be implemented by the relevant JPMAM Entity; and (3) determining the independence of any third-party vendor to which it has delegated proxy voting responsibilities (such as, for example, delegation when JPMAM has identified it has a material conflict of interest) and concluding that there are no conflicts of interest that would prevent such vendor from providing such proxy voting services prior to delegating proxy responsibilities. The Proxy Committee may delegate certain of its responsibilities to subgroups composed of at least three Proxy Committee members. The Proxy Committee meets at least quarterly, or more frequently as circumstances dictate. The global head of investment stewardship is invited to each regional committee and, working with the regional Proxy Administrators, is charged with overall responsibility for JPMAM's approach to governance issues, including proxy voting worldwide and coordinating regional proxy voting guidelines in accordance with applicable regulations and best practices. The Proxy Committees escalate to the AM Business Control Committee and/or the AM Bank Fiduciary Committee any issues and errors for escalation, while strategy-related matters for escalation will be escalated to the Investment Stewardship Oversight Committee.

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**C. The Proxy Voting Process** 

**1. Role of Proxy Administrators, Investment Stewardship Specialists and Portfolio Management Teams** 

Each JPMAM Entity appoints a JPMAM professional to act as a proxy administrator ("Proxy Administrator") for each global location of such entity where proxy- voting decisions are made. The Proxy Administrators are charged with oversight of these Guidelines and the proxy voting process. The Proxy Administrator, working together with the investment stewardship teams and portfolio management teams, including portfolio managers and research analysts, is responsible for voting proxies as described in the JPMAM Guidelines. Please note that JPMAM may not vote proxies for which it has voting discretion in certain instances including, without limitation, when it identifies a material conflict of interest, when securities are out on loan and have not been recalled, in certain markets that have share blocking or other regulatory restrictions, when the proxy materials are not available in time for JPMAM to make a voting decision or cast a vote, or for certain non-U.S. securities positions if, in JPMAM's judgement, the expense and administrative inconvenience or other burdens outweigh the benefits to clients of voting the securities.

**2. JPMAM Guidelines** 

As described before, JPMAM incorporates detailed guidelines for voting proxies on specific types of issues (the Guidelines, as defined above). The Guidelines have been developed and approved by the relevant Proxy Committee, with inputs from portfolio managers and analysts and investment stewardship specialists, with the objective of encouraging corporate action that enhances shareholder value. The Guidelines are proprietary to JPMAM and reflect our views on proxy voting matters as informed by our investment experience and research over many years of proxy voting. Certain guidelines are prescriptive ("Prescribed Guidelines"), meaning that they specify how JPMAM will vote a particular proxy proposal (absent an Override, as defined below). Other guidelines contemplate voting on a case-by-case basis as explained below. The Guidelines are updated at least annually (generally by April 1 each year) and are available publicly here.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**3. Overrides of JPMAM Prescribed Guidelines** 

Individual company facts and circumstances vary. In some cases, JPMAM may determine that, in the best interest of its clients, a particular proxy item should be voted in a manner that is not consistent with the Prescribed Guidelines. In such circumstances, where JPMAM chooses to vote in a manner contrary to its Prescribed Guidelines (an "Override"), the Proxy Administrator will:

• review the considerations and recommendations of portfolio management teams or investment stewardship specialists;

• refer their considerations and recommendation to the Proxy Committee for further review, if necessary, as determined by the Proxy Administrator; and

• maintain the records required for each Override, including any required regional attestation from investment professionals or stewardship specialists that the vote was free of conflicts of interest and material non-public information ("MNPI").

**4. Case-by-case Voting Decisions** 

As described in the Guidelines, certain proxy items, such as executive compensation votes or environmental and social shareholder proposals, are analyzed and voted based on the merits of the proposal and the particular facts and circumstances of each issuer. Additional examples include, but are not limited to, special meetings such as contested proxies and mergers or acquisitions. In such cases, the Proxy Administrator:

• determines whether the vote requires escalation to certain portfolio management teams to make a voting decision ("escalated votes") or can be voted given JPMAM's history and experience in analysing and
voting similar proxy matters;

• for escalated votes, shares research, which may include research from the investment stewardship teams and third-party research providers or compensation experts, with portfolio management teams;

• determines whether to further escalate voting recommendations of the portfolio management teams to the relevant Proxy Committee for further review. Such determination may be based on multiple factors, including, but not
limited to, size of relevant account holdings, severity of controversy and lack of consensus; and

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• maintains records of significant voting decisions, including any required regional attestations from investment professionals or stewardship specialists that the vote was free of conflicts of interest and MNPI.

**5. Split Voting** 

JPMAM views proxy voting as an integral part of investing and allows each portfolio management team to vote the proxies of shares held in their clients' account in the manner they deem consistent with their proprietary views of what is in the best interest of their client accounts. Each portfolio management team is permitted to vote in a manner that is contrary to the decisions of other portfolio management teams. In such cases, the portfolio management team is responsible for providing the proxy voting team with voting instructions, documentation of rationale and attestation that the vote was free of conflicts of interest and MNPI and is subject to such further review and oversight procedures as are established by the regional proxy voting committees from time to time.

**6. Use of Independent Voting Services** 

Subject to the oversight by the relevant Proxy Committee, JPMAM may retain the services of independent voting service providers ("Independent Voting Service(s)") to assist with functions such as coordinating with client custodians to ensure that all proxy materials are processed in a timely fashion, record-keeping, acting as an agent to execute JPMAM's Guidelines, providing proxy research and analysis, and to provide certain services related to conflicts of interest.

In arriving at their voting decisions, JPMAM investment professionals may review the research provided by third parties such as Independent Voting Services. Such research may include, but is not limited to, data such as comparative data on company peers, background on directors and company controversies.

Proxy voting delegation: In certain circumstances, JPMAM may abstain and/or delegate proxy voting to an Independent Voting Service.

1. For certain commingled funds that are index- replication portfolios, JPMAM is permitted in certain instances to
delegate its proxy voting authority in whole or in part to an Independent Voting Service. For the Tax-Smart Index strategies, the adviser delegates full proxy voting authority to an Independent Voting Service.
These delegations may occur, among other reasons, where JPMAM is restricted under applicable laws from voting a particular security or to permit JPMAM to utilize exemptions applicable to positions in bank or bank holding company stocks held in such
funds.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

2. Where securities are held only in certain passive index-tracking portfolios and not owned in our active
accounts, the proxy may be voted by an Independent Voting Service.

3. For securities that were held in an account on the record date but not on the date of the proxy vote, we may
abstain from voting where JPMAM no longer holds the position.

4 We may abstain and/or delegate proxy voting to an Independent Voting Service, where there are identified conflicts of interest as described in Section D below.

5. Third-party US mutual funds and exchange traded funds ("ETFs") are voted by an Independent Voting
Service.

6. For companies subject to U.K. Takeover Panel rules and held in a JPMorgan Fund with more than 10% seed capital,
JPMAM is not permitted to vote the proxy.

JPMAM performs ongoing oversight of Independent Voting Services, including periodic review of vote execution accuracy, staffing, methodology, conflicts processes, changes to policies and procedures, and quality of research.

**D. Conflicts of Interest** 

**Material Conflicts of Interest** 

TThe US Investment Advisers Act of 1940 requires that the proxy voting procedures adopted and implemented by a US investment adviser include procedures that address material conflicts of interest that may arise between the investment adviser's interests and those of its clients. To address such material and/or potential conflicts of interest, JPMAM relies on certain policies and procedures. In order to maintain the integrity and independence of JPMAM's investment processes and decisions, including proxy voting decisions, and to protect JPMAM's decisions from influences that could lead to a vote other than in a clients' best interests, JP Morgan Chase ("JPMC") (including JPMAM) has adopted several policies including the Conflicts of Interest Policy – Firmwide, Information Safeguarding and Barriers Policy – Firmwide and Information Safeguarding and Barriers Policy – MNPI Firmwide Supplement.

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Material conflicts of interest are further avoided by voting in accordance with JPMAM's Prescribed Guidelines.

Given the breadth of JPMAM's products and service offerings, it is not possible to enumerate every circumstance that could give rise to a material conflict. Examples of some material conflicts of interest that could arise include, without limitation, circumstances in which:

1. management of a JPMAM client or prospective client, distributor or prospective distributor of its investment
management products, or critical vendor, is soliciting proxies and failure to vote in favor of management may harm JPMAM's relationship with such company and materially impact JPMAM's business;

2. a personal relationship between a JPMAM officer and management of a company or other proponent of a proxy
proposal could impact JPMAM's voting decision;

3. the proxy being voted is for JPMorgan Chase & Co. stock or for J.P. Morgan Funds; and

4. a JPMAM affiliate is an investment banker or has rendered a fairness opinion with respect to the matter that is
the subject of the proxy vote.

Please note that third-party US mutual funds and ETFs are voted by an Independent Voting Service.

Depending on the nature of the conflict, JPMAM may elect to take one or more of the following measures, or other appropriate action:

1. removing certain adviser personnel from the proxy-voting process;

2. "walling off" personnel with knowledge of the conflict to ensure that such personnel do not
influence the relevant proxy vote;

3. voting in accordance with the applicable Prescribed Guidelines, if the application of the Prescribed Guidelines
would objectively result in the casting of a proxy vote in a predetermined manner; or

4. delegating the vote to an independent third party, if any, that will vote in accordance with its own
determination. However, JPMAM may request an exception to this process to vote against a proposal rather than referring it to an independent third party ("Exception Request") where the Proxy Administrator has actual knowledge indicating
that a JPMAM affiliate is an investment banker or rendered a fairness opinion with respect to the

matter that is the subject of a proxy vote. The Proxy Committee shall review the Exception Request and shall determine whether JPMAM should vote against the proposal or whether such proxy should still be referred to an independent third party due to the potential for additional conflicts or otherwise.

**Potential Conflicts** 

In the course of its proxy voting or engagement activities, the following circumstances may occur:

1. JPMAM may cast proxy votes consistent with a client's or clients' investment strategies that may
conflict with the investment strategies of other JPMAM clients, and notably, individual proxy votes may differ between clients.

2. JPMAM clients may invest in the same company, or a single client may invest in the same company but in multiple
accounts. In those situations, two or more clients, or one client with different accounts, may be invested in strategies having different investment objectives, investment styles or portfolio managers. As a result, JPMAM may cast different votes on
behalf of different clients or on behalf of the same client with different accounts.

3. JPMAM, or our clients, may participate in securities or stock lending programs or lend stock to third parties
whose investment objectives may be different to ours, and, as a result, the third parties may cast proxy votes that conflict with the investment strategies of our clients.

4. JPMAM may engage with companies on behalf of impact and sustainable funds that have different objectives to
other funds.

5. JPMAM may have a different position on environmental, social or corporate governance matters than its parent
company (JPMC).

6. JPMAM clients may want us to engage or vote on corporate governance issues that further their interests but are
not consistent with our policies.

7. JPMAM may participate in collaborative engagements with other industry participants which may include joining a
coalition, working with other asset managers/owners on issues relating to the investment stewardship priorities and/ or signing of public statements and resolutions that may have conflicting or differing positions on corporate governance matters.

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**Escalation of material conflicts of interest** 

To the extent that the Proxy Administrator determines that any of the above activities or any other activities give rise to the potential for a material conflict of interest for a particular proxy vote, the Proxy Administrator shall escalate to the relevant Proxy Committee to determine if the matter gives rise to a material conflict of interest and, if so, what actions should be taken.

Sales and marketing professionals will be precluded from participating in the decision-making process.

The resolution of all potential and actual material conflicts of interest will be documented in order to demonstrate that JPMAM acted in the best interests of its clients.

**E. Securities Lending** 

Proxies for securities that are out on loan normally cannot be voted, as title passes to the borrower of the securities.

Unless JPMAM is directly involved in a client's securities-lending arrangement because it is a party to the client's securities-lending agreement and/or JPMAM, as investment adviser, makes the decision to lend the client's securities, JPMAM is not responsible for recalling securities to vote proxies for securities that have been lent from the client's account. Please note that JPMAM will not be deemed to be directly involved in a securities-lending arrangement simply because an affiliate of JPMAM serves as lending agent for a client. For accounts where JPMAM is directly involved in the securities-lending arrangement either because it is a party to the securities-lending agreement and/ or it makes the decision to lend securities for the client's portfolios, JPMAM has adopted procedures to determine if it should recall securities on loans to vote proxies when it believes a vote is material with respect to an investment, such as when JPMAM believes its participation in a vote is necessary to preserve the long- term value of an investment or in a highly contested issue in which JPMAM believes its vote is important to the account's strategy.1

**F. Record-Keeping** 

JPMAM is required to maintain in an easily accessible place for all records relating to the proxy voting process, according to the retention requirements set out by the various global regulatory regimes. Those records include the following:

• a copy of the JPMAM Global Proxy Voting Guidelines;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

• a copy of each proxy statement received on behalf of JPMAM clients;

• a record of each vote cast on behalf of JPMAM client holdings;

• a copy of each written request by a client for information on how JPMAM voted proxies on behalf of the client, as well as a copy of any written response by JPMAM to any request by a JPMAM client for information on how
JPMAM voted proxies on behalf of our client.

It should be noted that JPMAM reserves the right to use the services of the Independent Voting Service to maintain certain required records in accordance with all applicable regulations.

**Exhibit A** 

• JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

• JPMorgan Asset Management (UK) Limited

• J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc.

• JPMorgan Asset Management (Asia Pacific) Limited

• JPMorgan Asset Management (Singapore) Limited

• JPMorgan Asset Management (Japan) Ltd.

• J.P. Morgan Private Investments, Inc.

• Bear Stearns Asset Management Inc.

• Security Capital Research & Management Incorporated

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| 1 | In determining whether a vote is material, JPMAM's determination is informed by its responsibility to act in the account's best interest. In most cases, JPMAM anticipates that the potential long-term value to a client of voting shares would not be material and therefore would not justify foregoing the potential revenue the loan may provide the account. JPMAM may not vote certain foreign securities positions if, in its judgement, the expense and administrative inconvenience or other burdens outweigh the benefits to clients of voting the securities.  |

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**II. Proxy Voting Guidelines** 

JPMAM is a global asset-management organization with the capabilities to invest in securities of issuers located around the world. Because the regulatory framework and the business cultures and practices vary from region to region, the Guidelines have been customized for each region to take into account such variations.

JPMAM currently has four sets of Guidelines covering the regions of (1) North America, (2) Europe, Middle East, Africa, Central America and South America (3) Asia (ex-Japan) and (4) Japan, respectively. Notwithstanding the variations among the Guidelines, all of these Guidelines have been designed with the uniform objective of encouraging corporate action that enhances shareholder value. As a general rule, in voting proxies of a particular security, each JPMAM Entity will apply the Guidelines of the region in which the issuer of such security is organized.

**A. North America** 

**1. Board of Directors** 

**A. Uncontested Director Elections** 

Votes on director nominees should be made on a case-by-case basis. Votes generally will be withheld from directors who:

1. attend less than 75% of the board and committee meetings without a valid excuse for the absences;

2. adopt or renew a poison pill without shareholder approval, do not commit to putting it to a shareholder vote
within 12 months of adoption (or, in the case of a newly public company, do not commit to put the poison pill to a shareholder vote within 12 months following the initial public offering) or reneges on a commitment to put the poison pill to a vote
and has not yet received a withhold recommendation for this issue;

3. are inside or affiliated outside directors and sit on the audit, compensation or nominating committees. For
purposes of defining "affiliation", we will apply either the NYSE listing rule for companies listed on that exchange or the NASDAQ listing rule for all other companies;

4. ignore a shareholder proposal that is approved by i) a majority of the shares outstanding or ii) a majority of
the votes cast. The review period will be the vote results over a consecutive two-year time frame;

5. are inside or affiliated outside directors and the full board serves as the audit, compensation or nominating
committee or the company does not have one of these committees;

6. are insiders and affiliated outsiders on boards that are not at least majority independent. In the case of
controlled companies, we will vote for non-independent directors who serve on committees other than the audit committee;

7. are chief executive officers ("CEOs") of publicly traded companies who serve on more than two
public boards (besides his or her own board) and all other directors who serve on more than four public-company boards;

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  **North America contents:** | **North America contents:** | **North America contents:** |
| 1. | Board of Directors | 9 |
| 2. | Proxy Contests | 10 |
| 3. | Ratification |  |
|  | of Auditors | 10 |
| 4. | Proxy Contest |  |
|  | Defenses | 11 |
| 5. | Tender Offer Defenses | 12 |
| 6. | Miscellaneous Board |  |
|  | Provisions | 13 |
| 7. | Miscellaneous |  |
|  | Governance Provisions | 14 |
| 8. | Capital Structure | 15 |
| 9. | Executive and Director |  |
|  | Compensation | 16 |
| 10. Incorporation | 10. Incorporation | 19 |
| 11. | Mergers and Corporate |  |
|  | Restructurings | 19 |
| 12. | Social and |  |
|  | Environmental Issues | 20 |
| 13. | Foreign Proxies | 23 |
| 14. | Pre-Solicitation |  |
|  | Contact | 23 |

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8. are compensation committee members where there is a pay-for-performance disconnect for Russell 3000 companies. (See Section 9a – Stock-Based Incentive Plans, last paragraph). We will withhold votes from compensation committee members if the company
does not submit one-time transferable stock options to shareholders for approval;

9. are audit committee members in circumstances in which there is evidence (such as audit reports or reports
mandated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) that there exist material weaknesses in the company's internal controls;

10. compensation committee members who were present at the time of the grant of backdated options or options the
pricing or the timing of which we believe may have been manipulated to provide additional benefits to executives;

11. demonstrated a history of poor performance or inadequate risk oversight;

12. are committee members when the board adopts changes to the company's by-laws or charter without shareholder approval if the changes materially diminish shareholder rights; or

13. chair the board, are lead independent directors, or chair governance committees of publicly traded companies
where employees have departed for significant violations of codes of conduct without clawback of compensation.

For newly public companies, vote case-by-case on directors as we believe the company should have the appropriate time frame to mature and better its governance structure and practices.

**B. Chief Executive Officer Votes** 

Except as otherwise described above, we generally do not vote against a sitting chief executive officer in recognition of the impact the vote may have on the management of the company.

**C. Proxy Access** 

Generally, vote for shareholder proposals requesting companies to amend their by-laws in order to facilitate shareholders' ability to nominate candidates for directors as long as the minimum threshold of share ownership is 3% (defined as either a single shareholder or group of shareholders) and the minimum holding period of share ownership is three years. Generally, we will oppose proposals that restrict share-ownership thresholds to a single shareholder.

We recognize the importance of shareholder access to the ballot process as one means to ensure that boards do not become self-perpetuating and self-serving. We generally support the board when it has adopted proxy access at a 3%/three-year threshold either through a majority-supported shareholder ballot or by adopting the by-law on its own initiative.

However, we are also aware that some proposals may promote certain interest groups to the detriment of shareholders generally and could be disruptive to the nomination process. Hence, we will generally vote against shareholder proposals that seek to amend an existing proxy access bylaw unless the terms of the proxy access right are unduly restrictive to shareholders.

**2. Proxy Contests** 

**A. Election of Directors** 

Votes in a contested election of directors must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering the following factors: long-term financial performance of the subject company relative to its industry; management's track record; background to the proxy contest; qualifications of director nominees (both slates); evaluation of what each side is offering shareholders as well as the likelihood that the proposed objectives and goals can be met; and stock- ownership positions

**B. Reimburse Proxy-Solicitation Expenses** 

Decisions to provide full reimbursement for dissidents waging a proxy contest should be made on a case-by-case basis.

**3. Ratification of Auditors** 

Vote for proposals to ratify auditors unless an auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company and is therefore not independent or there is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company's financial position. Generally vote against auditor ratification and withhold votes from audit committee members if non-audit fees exceed audit fees.

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Vote on a case-by-case basis on auditor rotation proposals considering the following factors: tenure of audit firm; establishment and disclosure of a renewal process whereby the auditor is regularly evaluated for both audit quality and competitive price; length of the rotation period advocated in the proposal; significant audit-related issues; and number of annual audit committee meetings held and the number of financial experts that serve on the audit committee.

Generally, we will vote against auditor indemnification and limitation of liability; however, we recognize there may be situations where indemnification and limitations on liability may be appropriate.

**4. Proxy Contest Defenses** 

**A. Board Structure: Staggered versus Declassified** 

We generally vote for board declassification proposals and vote against board classification proposals. We believe annual elections promote accountability of individual directors.

However, we may make exceptions on board declassification/classification proposals based on company-specific considerations. We may consider exceptions to companies with strategic rationales, newly public companies, companies with sunset provisions on classification, or companies undergoing transition (e.g. companies facing delisting or insolvency concerns, significant strategic changes, restructuring, etc.) where such a change could be disruptive.

**B. Shareholders' Ability to Remove Directors** 

We will vote against proposals that provide that directors may be removed only for cause.

We will vote for proposals to restore shareholders' ability to remove directors with or without cause.

We will vote against proposals that provide that only continuing directors may elect replacements to fill board vacancies.

We will vote for proposals that permit shareholders to elect directors to fill board vacancies.

**C. Cumulative Voting** 

Cumulative voting proposals will be voted on a case- by-case basis. If there are other safeguards to ensure that shareholders have reasonable access and input into the process of nominating and electing directors, cumulative voting is not essential. Generally,

a company's governing documents must contain the following provisions for us to vote against restoring or providing for cumulative voting:

• annually elected board;

• majority of board composed of independent directors;

• nominating committee composed solely of independent directors;

• confidential voting (however, there may be a provision for suspending confidential voting during proxy contests);

• ability of shareholders to call a special meeting or to act by written consent with 90 days' notice;

• absence of superior voting rights for one or more classes of stock;

• the board does not have the sole right to change the size of the board beyond a stated range that has been approved by shareholders; and

• absence of a shareholder rights plan that can only be removed by the incumbent directors (dead-hand poison pill).

**D. Shareholders' Ability to Call Special Meeting** 

We will vote against proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders' ability to call special meetings so long as the ability to call special meetings requires the affirmative vote of less than 15% of the shares outstanding. The ability to call special meetings enables shareholders to remove directors or initiate a shareholder resolution without having to wait for the next scheduled meeting, should require more than a de minimis number of shares to call the meeting and subject the company to the expense of a shareholder meeting.

We will vote for proposals that remove restrictions on the right of shareholders to act independently of management.

**E. Shareholders' Ability to Act by Written Consent** 

We generally vote for proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders' ability to take action by written consent. The requirement that all shareholders be given notice of a shareholders' meeting and matters to be discussed therein seems to provide a reasonable protection of minority shareholder rights.

We generally vote against proposals to allow or facilitate shareholder action by written consent

J.P. Morgan Asset Management 11

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unless the company does not permit the right to call special meetings or if there are undue restrictions on shareholders' rights to call special meetings.

**F. Shareholders' Ability to Alter the Size of the Board** 

We will vote for proposals that seek to fix the size of the board.

We will vote against proposals that give management the ability to alter the size of the board without shareholder approval.

**5. Tender Offer Defenses** 

**A. Poison Pills** 

Vote for shareholder proposals that ask a company to submit its poison pill for shareholder ratification.

Review on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals to redeem a company's poison pill.

Studies indicate that companies with a rights plan secure higher premiums in hostile takeover situations.

Review on a case-by-case basis management proposals to ratify a poison pill. We generally look for shareholder-friendly features, including a two- to three- year sunset provision, a permitted bid provision, a 20% or higher flip-in provision and the absence of dead- hand features.

If the board refuses to redeem the poison pill 90 days after an offer is announced, 10% of the shares may call a special meeting or seek a written consent to vote on rescinding the poison pill.

**B. Fair Price Provisions** 

Vote proposals to adopt fair price provisions on a case- by-case basis, evaluating factors such as the vote required to approve the proposed acquisition, the vote required to repeal the fair price provision and the mechanism for determining the fair price.

Generally, vote against fair price provisions with shareholder vote requirements greater than a majority of disinterested shares.

**C. Greenmail** 

Vote for proposals to adopt an anti-greenmail charter or by-law amendments or otherwise restrict a company's ability to make greenmail payments.

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**D. Unequal Voting Rights** 

Generally, vote against dual-class recapitalizations as they offer an effective way for a firm to thwart hostile takeovers by concentrating voting power in the hands of management or other insiders.

Vote for dual-class recapitalizations when the structure is designed to protect the economic interests of investors.

**E. Supermajority Shareholder Vote Requirement to Amend Charter or By-laws** 

Vote against management proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote to approve charter and by-law amendments. Supermajority provisions violate the principle that a simple majority of voting shares should be all that is necessary to effect change regarding a company.

Vote for shareholder proposals to lower supermajority shareholder vote requirements for charter and by-law amendments.

**F. Supermajority Shareholder Vote Requirement to Approve Mergers** 

Vote against management proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote to approve mergers and other significant business combinations.

Supermajority provisions violate the principle that a simple majority of voting shares should be all that is necessary to effect change regarding a company.

Vote for shareholder proposals to lower supermajority shareholder vote requirements for mergers and other significant business combinations.

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**6. Miscellaneous Board Provisions** 

**A. Separate Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Positions** 

We will generally vote for proposals looking to separate the chief executive officer and chairman roles unless the company has governance structures in place that can satisfactorily counterbalance a combined chairman and chief executive officer/president post. Such a structure should include most or all of the following:

• a designated lead director, appointed from the ranks of the independent board members, with clearly delineated duties. At a minimum, these duties should include:

1. the chairman is not present, including executive sessions of the independent directors;

2. serving as liaison between the chairman and the independent directors;

3. approving information sent to the board;

4. approving meeting agendas for the board;

5. approving meeting schedules to ensure that there is sufficient time for discussion of all agenda items;

6. having the authority to call meetings of the independent directors; and

7. if requested by major shareholders, ensuring that he or she is available for consultation and direct
communication.

• a two-thirds independent board;

• all-independent key committees;

• committee chairpersons nominated by the independent directors;

• performance of the chief executive officer reviewed annually by a committee of outside directors; and

• established governance guidelines.

Additionally, the company should not have underperformed its peers under the current leadership, over the long term.

**B. Lead Directors and Executive Sessions** 

In cases where the chief executive officer and chairman roles are combined, we will vote for the appointment of a "lead" (non-insider) director and for regular "executive" sessions (board meetings taking place without the chief executive officer/chairman present).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**C. Majority of Independent Directors** 

We generally vote for proposals that call for the board to be composed of a majority of independent directors. We believe that a majority of independent directors can be an important factor in facilitating objective decision- making and enhancing accountability to shareholders.

Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the board's audit, compensation, and/or nominating committees include independent directors exclusively.

Generally vote for shareholder proposals asking for a two-thirds independent board.

**D. Stock-Ownership Requirements** 

Vote for shareholder proposals requiring directors to own a minimum amount of company stock in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board, so long as such minimum amount is not excessive or unreasonable.

**E. Hedging/Pledging of Securities** 

We support full disclosure of the policies of the company regarding hedging and/or pledging of company stocks by executives and board directors. We will vote for shareholder proposals that ask for disclosure of this policy. We will vote case-by-case for directors if it is determined that hedging and/or pledging of securities has occurred.

**F. Term of Office** 

Vote against shareholder proposals to limit the tenure of outside directors. Term limits pose artificial and arbitrary impositions on the board and could harm shareholder interests by forcing experienced and knowledgeable directors off the board.

**G. Board Composition** 

We support board refreshment, independence and a diverse skill set for directors as an important part of contributing to long-term shareholder value. We believe that board composition should contribute to overall corporate strategies, and risk management and will evaluate the board's skills, expertise and qualifications. We generally support our investee companies consideration of diversity and inclusiveness in their general recruitment policies as we believe such diversity contributes to the effectiveness of boards and further development of sound governance and risk oversight. We support investee companies' disclosure of gender, racial and ethnic composition of the board so that we can include that information as one of the

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many data points used in our holistic assessment of the company. As with all proxy votes, we seek to vote in our clients' best interests to enhance long-term shareholder value.

We generally will vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that seek to require the board to add specific expertise or to change the composition of the board.

**H. Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection** 

Proposals concerning director and officer indemnification and liability protection should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Vote against proposals to limit or eliminate director and officer liability for monetary damages for violating the relevant duty of care.

Vote against indemnification proposals that would expand coverage beyond legal expenses to acts, such as negligence, that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligations than mere carelessness.

Vote for proposals that provide such expanded coverage in cases when a director's or officer's legal defense was unsuccessful only if: (1) the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that they reasonably believed was in the company's best interests; and (2) the director's legal expenses would be covered.

**I. Board Size** 

Vote for proposals to limit the size of the board to 15 members.

**J. Majority Vote Standard** 

We would generally vote for proposals asking for the board to initiate the appropriate process to amend the company's governance documents (certificate of incorporation or by-laws) to provide that director nominees shall be elected by the affirmative vote of the majority of votes cast at an annual meeting of shareholders. We would generally review on a case- by-case basis proposals that address alternative approaches to a majority-vote requirement.

**K. Zombie Directors** 

Generally vote against the chair of the nominating committee if one or more directors remain on the board after having received less than the majority of votes cast in the prior election.

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**7. Miscellaneous Governance Provisions** 

**A. Independent Nominating Committee** 

Vote for the creation of an independent nominating committee.

**B. Confidential Voting** 

Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that companies adopt confidential voting, use independent tabulators and use independent inspectors of election as long as the proposals include clauses for proxy contests as follows: In the case of a contested election, management should be permitted to request that the dissident group honor its confidential voting policy. If the dissidents agree, the policy remains in place. If the dissidents do not agree, the confidential voting policy is waived.

Vote for management proposals to adopt confidential voting.

**C. Equal Access** 

Vote for shareholder proposals that would give significant company shareholders equal access to management's proxy material in order to evaluate and propose voting recommendations on proxy proposals and director nominees and to nominate their own candidates to the board.

**D. Bundled Proposals** 

Review on a case-by-case basis bundled or "conditioned" proxy proposals. In the case of items that are conditioned upon each other, examine the benefits and costs of the packaged items. In instances where the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders' best interests, vote against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, support such proposals.

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**E. Charitable Contributions** 

Vote against shareholder proposals regarding charitable contributions. In the absence of bad faith, self-dealing or gross negligence, management should determine which contributions are in the best interests of the company.

**F. Date/Location of Meeting** 

Vote against shareholder proposals to change the date or location of the shareholders' meeting. No one site will meet the needs of all shareholders.

**G. Include Non-Management Employees on Board** 

Vote against shareholder proposals to include non- management employees on the board.

Constituency representation on the board is not supported, rather decisions are based on director qualifications.

**H. Adjourn Meeting if Votes are Insufficient** 

Vote for proposals to adjourn the meeting when votes are insufficient. Management has additional opportunities to present shareholders with information about its proposals.

**I. Other Business** 

Vote for proposals allowing shareholders to bring up "other matters" at shareholder meetings.

**J. Disclosure of Shareholder Proponents** 

Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that companies disclose the names of shareholder proponents. Shareholders may wish to contact the proponents of a shareholder proposal for additional information.

**K. Exclusive Venue** 

Generally, vote for management proposals that seek shareholder approval to make the state of incorporation the exclusive forum for disputes if the company is a Delaware corporation; otherwise, vote on a case-by-case basis on management proposals that seek shareholder approval to make the state of incorporation, or another state, the exclusive forum for disputes.

Vote against the independent chair or lead independent director and members of the nominating/governance committee where the company has unilaterally adopted such policy after going public without shareholder approval or engagement, unless the company is a Delaware corporation.

**L. Virtual General Shareholder Meetings** 

In certain markets, by-law changes have taken place to allow a company to hold virtual or hybrid general shareholder meetings. General shareholder meetings should be fair, constructive and foster dialogue between company management and shareholders.

In principle, we are supportive of proposals allowing shareholder meetings to be convened by electronic means so long as the flexibility in the format of the meetings contributes to enhancing access to the meetings and where shareholder participation rights are protected, regardless of whether physical or virtual.

**8. Capital Structure** 

**A. Common-Stock Authorization** 

Review proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issue on a case-by-case basis.

Vote against proposals to increase the number of authorized shares of a class of stock that has superior voting rights in companies that have a dual-class capital structure.

**B. Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends** 

Vote for management proposals to increase common- share authorization for a stock split, provided that the increase in authorized shares would not result in an excessive number of shares available for issuance given a company's industry and performance as measured by total shareholder returns.

**C. Reverse Stock Splits** 

Vote for management proposals to implement a reverse stock split that also reduces the number of authorized common shares to a level where the number of shares available for issuance is not excessive given a company's industry and performance in terms of shareholder returns.

Vote case-by-case on proposals to implement a reverse stock split that does not proportionately reduce the number of shares authorized for issue.

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**D. Blank-Check Preferred Authorization** 

Vote against proposals authorizing the creation of new classes of preferred stock with unspecified voting, conversion, dividend distribution and other rights ("blank check" preferred stock).

Vote for proposals to create "blank check" preferred stock in cases when the company expressly states that the stock will not be used as a takeover device.

Vote against such proposals unless they explicitly state that the preferred stock cannot be used as an anti- takeover mechanism or prevent a change in control or mergers and acquisitions.

Vote for proposals to authorize preferred stock in cases where the company specifies voting, dividend, conversion and other rights of such stock and the terms of the preferred stock appear reasonable.

Vote case-by-case on proposals to increase the number of blank-check preferred shares after analyzing the number of preferred shares available for issue given a company's industry and performance as measured by total shareholder returns.

**E. Shareholder Proposals Regarding Blank-Check Preferred Stock** 

Vote for shareholder proposals to have blank-check preferred stock placements, other than those shares issued for the purpose of raising capital or making acquisitions in the normal course of business, submitted for shareholder ratification.

**F. Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock** 

Vote for management proposals to reduce the par value of common stock. The purpose of par value is to establish the maximum responsibility of a shareholder in the event that a company becomes insolvent.

**G. Restructurings/Recapitalizations** 

Review proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt restructuring plan or if the company is in danger of being delisted on a case-by-case basis. Consider the following issues:

**Dilution:** How much will the ownership interest of existing shareholders be reduced, and how extreme will dilution to any future earnings be?

**Change in Control:** Will the transaction result in a change in control of the company?

**Bankruptcy:** Generally, approve proposals that facilitate debt restructurings unless there are clear signs of self- dealing or other abuses.

**H. Share Repurchase Plans** 

Vote for management proposals to institute open- market share repurchase plans in which all shareholders may participate on equal terms.

**I. Targeted Share Placements** 

These shareholder proposals ask companies to seek stockholder approval before placing 10% or more of their voting stock with a single investor. The proposals are in reaction to the placement by various companies of a large block of their voting stock in an employee stock ownership plan, parent capital fund or with a single friendly investor, with the aim of protecting themselves against a hostile tender offer. These proposals are voted on a case-by-case basis after reviewing the individual situation of the company receiving the proposal.

**9. Executive and Director Compensation** 

**A. Stock-Based Incentive Plans** 

Votes with respect to stock-based incentive plans are determined on a case-by-case basis. The analysis of compensation plans focuses primarily on the transfer of shareholder wealth (the dollar cost of pay plans to shareholders), as well as the plan features and grant practices, relative to relevant industry and peer companies.

We consider the "burn rate" a critical metric that measures the rate at which the company is diluting its existing shareholders by issuing new equity or related securities under the incentive plan. We may vote against an equity plan where such issuance is excessive relative to relevant industry and peer companies. Mitigating factors may include, among other factors, the equity plan distribution throughout the wider employee base or, liquidity concerns. We will generally support stock based plans that grant stock-based incentives at a burn rate lower than a benchmark "burn" rate relative to relevant industry and peer companies.

In addition to stock-based compensation cost, we assess the structure of the equity plan. We generally oppose equity plans where the exercise price of options is at a discount to the market value on the grant date.

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We generally oppose the re-pricing of "underwater options" (where current market price is below exercise price).

Mitigating factors could include, under limited circumstances, option exchange where underwater options are canceled for new options or equity awards on a "value-for-value" basis, or a "premium approach" where options are subject to a higher exercise price than the market value on effective date of the repricing, and a new vesting schedule that is longer than the original vesting schedule. We expect any such options exchanges to be put to a binding shareholder vote.

We generally oppose automatic increases in shares available for grant on a regular basis ("evergreen provision").

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Performance** | **Share Units**  |

---

Performance share units ("PSUs") are an incentive- based form of stock compensation paid to executives if targets against certain metrics are met or exceeded. These PSUs are generally evaluated over longer time frames, typically three years.

When companies choose to use PSUs as a component of executive compensation, we expect: 1) companies to disclose the metrics that will determine the payout of PSUs, though companies may choose not to disclose targets prospectively; and 2) disclosure of how PSUs have paid out, the metrics and targets they were based upon and actual performance versus these targets.

We will generally vote against executive compensation (management Say-on-Pay proposals) where PSU metrics are not disclosed or without adequate disclosure of how PSUs paid out.

Generally, vote against compensation where PSU metrics and/or targets are changed mid-cycle without adequate disclosure and rationale supporting such change.

Additionally, we may vote against compensation where performance targets are not rigorous in our view or where PSUs have paid out significantly higher than what we believe is warranted by management performance.

**B. Approval of Cash or Cash-and-Stock Bonus Plans** 

Vote for cash or cash-and-stock bonus plans to exempt the compensation from limits on deductibility under the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

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**C. Shareholder Proposals to Limit Executive and Director Pay** 

Generally, vote for shareholder proposals that seek additional disclosure of executive and director pay information.

Review on a case-by-case basis all other shareholder proposals that seek to limit executive and director pay.

Review on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals for performance pay such as indexed or premium- priced options if a company has a history of oversized awards and one-, two- and three-year returns below its peer group.

**D. Say on Pay – Advisory Vote** 

Generally, review on a case-by-case basis executive pay and practices as well as certain aspects of outside director compensation.

We will generally vote against a plan and/or withhold our vote from members of the compensation committee, when there is a disconnect between the chief executive officer's pay and performance (an increase in pay and a decrease in performance). Specifically, if the company has significantly underperformed over the long term and its chief executive officer also had an increase in total direct or targeted compensation from the prior year, it would signify a disconnect in pay and performance. Generally, vote against a management proposal on executive compensation when there is a significant increase in target compensation despite long-term underperformance.

Where the company received 60% or less support on its previous Say-on-Pay proposal, withhold votes for the compensation committee and/or vote against the current Say-on-Pay proposal unless the company has demonstrated active engagement with shareholders to address the issue as well as the specific actions taken to address the low level of support. Where executive compensation seems excessive relative to peers and is not supported by long-term performance, or where we believe performance metrics and targets used to determine executive compensation are not aligned with long-term shareholder value, withhold our vote from select members of the compensation committee.

In the case of externally managed real estate investment trusts, generally vote against the advisory vote as there is a lack of transparency in both compensation structure and payout.

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**E. Say on Pay – Frequency** 

We will review compensation versus long-term performance on an annual basis.

**F. Golden and Tin Parachutes** 

Review on a case-by-case basis all proposals to ratify or cancel golden or tin parachutes. Favor golden parachutes that limit payouts to less than three times salary plus guaranteed retirement and target bonus.

Change-in-control payments should only be made when there is a significant change in the company ownership structure and when there is a loss of employment or substantial change in job duties associated with the change in company ownership structure ("double trigger"). Change-in-control provisions should exclude excise tax gross-up and eliminate the acceleration of vesting of equity awards upon a change in control unless provided under a double-trigger scenario.

Generally, vote case-by-case for proposals calling companies to adopt a policy of obtaining shareholder approval for any future agreements and corporate policies that could oblige the company to make payments or awards following the death of a senior executive in the form of unearned salary or bonuses, accelerated vesting or the continuation in force of unvested equity grants, perquisites and other payments or awards made in lieu of compensation. This would not apply to any benefit programs or equity plan proposals for which the broad-based employee population is eligible.

**G. 401(k) Employee Benefit Plans** 

Vote for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees.

**H. Employee Stock Purchase Plans** 

Vote for qualified employee stock purchase plans with the following features: the purchase price is at least 85% of fair market value; the offering period is 27 months or less; and potential voting power dilution (shares allocated to the plan as a percentage of outstanding shares) is 10% or less.

Vote for non-qualified employee stock purchase plans with the following features: broad-based participation (i.e., all employees of the company with the exclusion of individuals with 5% or more of beneficial ownership of the company); limits on employee contribution, which may be a fixed dollar amount or expressed as a percentage of base salary; company matching contribution up to 25% of the employee's contribution, which is effectively a discount of 20% from market value; and no discount on the stock price on the date of purchase since there is a company matching contribution.

**I. Option Expensing** 

Generally, vote for shareholder proposals to expense fixed-price options.

**J. Option Repricing** 

In most cases, we take a negative view of option repricings and will, therefore, generally vote against such proposals. We do, however, consider the granting of new options to be an acceptable alternative and will generally support such proposals, provided such options are valued appropriately.

**K. Stock Holding Periods** 

Generally vote against all proposals requiring executives to hold the stock received upon option exercise for a specific period of time.

**L. Transferable Stock Options** 

Review on a case-by-case basis proposals to grant transferable stock options or otherwise permit the transfer of outstanding stock options, including cost of proposal and alignment with shareholder interests.

**M. Recoup Bonuses** 

1. Vote for shareholder proposals to recoup unearned incentive bonuses or other incentive payments made to senior
executives if it is later determined that fraud, misconduct or negligence significantly contributed to a restatement of financial results that led to the awarding of unearned incentive compensation.

2. Vote for shareholder proposals to recoup incentive payments if it is determined that the individual engaged in
misconduct or poor performance prior to payment of the award or bonus and that such award or bonus would not have been paid, in whole or in part, had the misconduct or poor performance been known prior to payment.

**N. Two-Tiered Compensation** 

Vote against proposals to adopt a two-tiered compensation structure for board directors.

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**O. Use of Non-GAAP Measures** 

We expect the annual proxy statement to provide a reconciliation between adjusted results and generally accepted accounting principles results for any metric that is used for evaluating corporate performance, such as annual incentive performance or PSUs.

We will evaluate on a case-by-case basis instances where adjusted results include items that do not appear to be one-time in nature or where expenses appear unjustifiably excluded from adjusted results.

We may vote against executive compensation where such accounting adjustments fail to hold management accountable where we believe it would be appropriate.

**10. Incorporation** 

**A. Reincorporation outside the United States** 

Review on a case-by-case basis proposals to reincorporate the company outside of the US.

**B. Voting on State Takeover Statutes** 

Review on a case-by-case basis proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including control share acquisition statutes, control share cash-out statutes, freeze-out provisions, fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions, anti-greenmail provisions and disgorgement provisions).

**C. Voting on Reincorporation Proposals** 

Proposals to change a company's state of incorporation should be examined on a case-by-case basis. Review management's rationale for the proposal, changes to the charter/by-laws and differences in the state laws governing the companies.

**11. Mergers and Corporate Restructurings** 

**A. Mergers and Acquisitions** 

Votes on mergers and acquisitions should be considered on a case-by-case basis, taking into account factors including the following: anticipated financial and operating benefits; offer price (cost versus premium); prospects of the combined companies; how the deal was negotiated; and changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**B. Non-Financial Effects of a Merger or Acquisition** 

Some companies have proposed a charter provision that specifies that the board of directors may examine the non-financial effect of a merger or acquisition on the company. This provision would allow the board to evaluate the impact a proposed change in control would have on employees, host communities, suppliers and/or others. We generally vote against proposals to adopt such charter provisions. We feel it is the directors' fiduciary duty to base decisions solely on the financial interests of the shareholders.

**C. Corporate Restructuring** 

Votes on corporate restructuring proposals, including minority squeeze-outs, leveraged buyouts, "going private" proposals, spin-offs, liquidations and asset sales, should be considered on a case-by-case basis.

**D. Spin-offs** 

Votes on spin-offs should be considered on a case- by-case basis depending on the tax and regulatory advantages, planned use of sale proceeds, market focus and managerial incentives.

**E. Asset Sales** 

Votes on asset sales should be made on a case-by- case basis after considering the impact on the balance sheet/working capital, value received for the asset and potential elimination of diseconomies.

**F. Liquidations** 

Votes on liquidations should be made on a case-by- case basis after reviewing management's efforts to pursue other alternatives, appraisal value of assets and the compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation.

**G. Appraisal Rights** 

Vote for proposals to restore, or provide shareholders with, rights of appraisal. Rights of appraisal provide shareholders who are not satisfied with the terms of certain corporate transactions the right to demand a judicial review in order to determine a fair value for their shares.

**H. Changing Corporate Name** 

Vote for changing the corporate name.

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**12. Social and Environmental Issues** 

We believe that a company's environmental policies may have a long-term impact on the company's financial performance. We believe that good corporate governance policies should consider the impact of company operations on the environment and the cost of compliance with laws and regulations relating to environmental matters, physical damage to the environment (including the costs of clean-ups and repairs), consumer preferences and capital investments related to climate change. Furthermore, we believe that corporate shareholders have a legitimate need for information to enable them to evaluate the potential risks and opportunities that climate change and other environmental matters pose to the company's operations, sales and capital investments.

We acknowledge that many companies disclose their practices relating to social and environmental issues and that disclosure is improving over time. We generally encourage a level of reporting that is not unduly costly or burdensome and that does not place the company at a competitive disadvantage but that provides meaningful information to enable shareholders to evaluate the impact of the company's environmental policies and practices on its financial performance.

With regard to social issues, among other factors, we consider the company's labor practices, supply chain, how the company supports and monitors those issues, what types of disclosure the company and its peers currently provide and whether the proposal would result in a competitive disadvantage for the company.

In evaluating how to vote environmental proposals, considerations may include, but are not limited to, the following:

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|:---|:---|
| **Issuer** | **Considerations**  |

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• asset profile of the company, including whether it is exposed to potentially declining demand for the company's products or services due to environmental considerations;

• capital deployment of the company;

• cost structure of the company, including its position on the cost curve, expected impact of future carbon tax and exposure to high fixed operating costs;

• corporate behavior of the company, including whether senior management is incentivized for long- term returns;

• demonstrated capabilities of the company, its strategic planning process and past performance;

• current level of disclosure of the company and consistency of disclosure across its industry; and

• whether the company incorporates environmental or social issues in a risk assessment or risk reporting framework.

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**Proposal Considerations** 

• Would adoption of the proposal inform and educate shareholders and have companies that adopted the proposal provided insightful and meaningful information that would allow shareholders to evaluate the long-term risks
and performance of the company?

• Does the proposal require disclosure that is already addressed by existing and proposed mandated regulatory requirements or formal guidance at the local, state or national level or the company's existing
disclosure practices?

• Does the proposal create the potential for unintended consequences, such as a competitive disadvantage?

In general, we support management disclosure practices that are overall consistent with the goals and objectives expressed above. Proposals with respect to companies that have been involved in controversies, fines or litigation are expected to be subject to heightened review and consideration.

Vote against the chair of the committee responsible for providing oversight of environmental matters and/or risk where we believe the company is lagging peers in terms of disclosure, business practices or targets. Vote against committee members, the lead independent director and/or board chair for companies that have lagged over several years.

An engaged and diverse employee base is integral to a company's ability to innovate, respond to a diverse customer base and engage with diverse communities in which the company operates, thus delivering shareholder returns. JPMAM will generally support shareholder resolutions seeking the company to disclose data on workforce demographics, including diversity, and release of EEO-1 or comparable data, where such disclosure is deemed inadequate.

We expect engaged boards to provide oversight of human capital management ("HCM"), that is, a company's management of its workforce, including human resources policies (including code of conduct), use of full-time versus part-time employees, workforce cost, employee engagement and turnover, talent development, retention and training, compliance record, and health and safety. JPMAM will vote case-by-case on shareholder resolutions seeking disclosure of HCM. JPMAM will generally vote against shareholder proposals seeking HCM information that is considered confidential or sensitive information by the board.

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**A. Military Business** 

Vote case-by-case on defense issue proposals.

Vote case-by-case on disclosure reports that seek additional information on military-related operations.

**B. International Labour Organization Code of Conduct** 

Vote case-by-case on proposals to endorse the International Labour Organization's codes of conduct.

Vote case-by-case on disclosure reports that seek additional information on company activities in this area.

**C. Promote Human Rights** 

Vote case-by-case on proposals to promote human rights.

Vote case-by-case on disclosure reports that seek additional information on company activities regarding human rights.

**D. Equal Employment Opportunity and Discrimination** 

Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding equal employment opportunities and discrimination.

Vote case-by-case on disclosure reports that seek additional information about affirmative action efforts, particularly when it appears that companies have been unresponsive to shareholder requests.

**E. Animal Rights** 

Vote case-by-case on proposals that deal with animal rights.

**F. Product Integrity and Marketing** 

Vote case-by-case on proposals that ask companies to end their production of legal, but socially questionable, products.

Vote case-by-case on disclosure reports that seek additional information regarding product integrity and marketing issues.

Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting the disclosure and implementation of internet privacy and censorship policies and procedures.

Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting the company to report on its policies, initiatives/ procedures and oversight mechanisms related to toxic materials, including certain product-line toxicities, and/ or product safety in its supply chain.

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**G. Human Resources Issues** 

Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding human resources issues.

Vote case-by-case on disclosure reports that seek additional information regarding human resources issues.

**H. Link Executive Pay with Social and/or Environmental Criteria** 

Vote case-by-case on proposals to link executive pay with the attainment of certain social and/or environmental criteria.

Vote case-by-case on disclosure reports that seek additional information regarding this issue.

**I. High-Risk Markets** 

Vote case-by-case on requests for the company to review and report on the financial and reputation risks associated with operations in "high-risk" markets, such as a terrorism-sponsoring state or otherwise.

**J. Political Contribution** 

Generally, vote against proposals asking the company to affirm political non-partisanship in the workplace.

Vote against proposals to publish the company's political contributions, taking into consideration recent, significant controversies, fines or litigation regarding the company's political contributions or trade- association spending.

**K. Climate Risk** 

Many economies are responding to climate change with regulations as well as policies to drive decarbonization. In our view, climate change has become a material risk to the strategy and financial performance of many companies.

JPMAM may vote against directors serving on relevant committees of companies that, in our opinion, face material climate-related transition or asset risks, where climate disclosures are not available or where we believe such disclosures are not meaningful. JPMAM may also vote for shareholder resolutions requesting such information where the company has not provided such disclosure.

To provide shareholders with meaningful disclosures on how the company is addressing risks related to climate change:

• We encourage disclosures aligned with the reporting framework developed by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") addressing all the four pillars of the TCFD – (i) governance,
(ii) strategy, (iii) risk management and (iv) metrics and targets related to any performance indicators used to manage such risks. The TCFD report (or equivalent) should address whether decarbonization of the company's operations or
its supply chain is a material part of its strategy to mitigate climate change risks, including transition risks to the company, and, if so, provide a narrative on how the company plans to do so and over what time frame.

• For industries where we believe climate change risks pose material financial risks, we encourage comprehensive TCFD reporting (or equivalent), including scenario analysis to help us understand the resilience of a
company's strategy. While we recognize that some disclosures related to scenario analysis, especially granular data at the asset level, may involve sensitive information that companies will not disclose if such disclosures could harm the
company, we expect the company to provide its conclusions from these analyses as they pertain to the resilience of the company's strategy.

• We encourage disclosures of Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emission targets where decarbonization of a company's operations and purchased energy has been identified by the company as a key part of company's
strategy to manage climate change risks.

• We note many companies have chosen to set long- term net-zero targets. In order for us to evaluate the long-term credibility of transition plans, where such long-term targets are
set, we encourage the company to disclose the scope of emissions included in such targets. We recognize the many challenges associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions. While we understand the limitations associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions,
we would expect companies that have included such emissions in their net-zero targets to disclose their Scope 3 emissions. We also encourage disclosures of interim emission-reduction targets where the company
has set long-term net-zero targets.

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• We encourage disclosure on past performance against emission-reduction goals and a forward- looking strategy to achieve emission-reduction goals, including use of offsets and corporate transactions.

The board of directors is critical in formulating and executing company strategy. While we do not support the use of shareholder proposals to diminish the authority of the board, if the board recommends a vote against a climate-related shareholder proposal, we expect boards to clearly articulate the rationale supporting their recommendation. The board's response should clearly explain why implementation of disclosures or actions requested by the shareholder proposal would be detrimental to shareholder value.

**13. Foreign Proxies** 

Responsibility for voting non-US proxies rests with our Proxy Voting Committees located in London, Tokyo and Hong Kong. The Proxy Committee is composed of senior analysts and portfolio managers and officers of the legal and compliance department.

**14. Pre-Solicitation Contact** 

From time to time, companies will seek to contact analysts, portfolio managers and others in advance of the formal proxy solicitation to solicit support for certain contemplated proposals. Such contact can potentially result in the recipient receiving material non-public information and result in the imposition of trading restrictions. Accordingly, pre-solicitation contact should occur only under very limited circumstances and only in accordance with the terms set forth herein.

**What is Material Non-Public information?** 

The definition of material non-public information is highly subjective. The general test, however, is whether or not such information would reasonably affect an investor's decision to buy, sell or hold securities, or whether it would be likely to have a significant market impact. Examples of such information include, but are not limited to:

• a pending acquisition or sale of a substantial business;

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• financial results that are better or worse than recent trends would lead one to expect;

• major management changes;

• an increase or decrease in dividends;

• calls or redemptions or other purchases of its securities by the company;

• a stock split, dividend or other recapitalization; or

• financial projections prepared by the company or the company's representatives.

**What is Pre-Solicitation Contact?** 

Pre-solicitation contact is any communication, whether oral or written, formal or informal, with the company or a representative of the company regarding proxy proposals prior to publication of the official proxy-solicitation materials. This contact can range from simply polling investors as to their reaction to a broad topic, e.g., "How do you feel about dual classes of stock?" to very specific inquiries, e.g., "Here's a term sheet for our restructuring. Will you vote to approve this?".

Determining the appropriateness of the contact is a factual inquiry that must be determined on a case-by-case basis. For instance, it might be acceptable for us to provide companies with our general approach to certain issues. Promising our vote, however, is prohibited under all circumstances. In the event that you are contacted in advance of the publication of proxy-solicitation materials, please notify the Proxy Administrator immediately. The company or its representative should be instructed that all further contact should be with the Proxy Administrator. The Proxy Administrator will make the determination to contact the legal/compliance departments if needed.

It is also critical to keep in mind that as a fiduciary, we exercise our proxies solely in the best interests of our clients. Outside influences, including those from within JPMorgan Chase, should not interfere in any way in our decision-making process. Any calls of this nature should be escalated by the Proxy Administrator to the legal/compliance department.

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**II. Proxy Voting Guidelines continued** 

**Europe, Middle East, Africa, Central America and South America contents:** 

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **I.** | **Policy** | **24** |
| **II.** | **Voting Guidelines** | **26** |
| 1. | Reports & Accounts | 26 |
| 2. | Dividends | 26 |
| 3. | Board Of Directors | 27 |
| 4. | Compensation | 29 |
| 5. | Auditors | 31 |
| 6. | Issue of Capital | 32 |
| 7. | Mergers/ Acquisitions | 32 |
| 8. | Related-Party Transactions | 32 |
| 9. | Voting Rights | 33 |
| 10. | Others | 33 |

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B. Europe, Middle East, Africa, Central America and South America

**I. Policy** 

Corporate governance addresses the agency problems that are induced by the separation of ownership and control in the modern corporation.

J.P. Morgan Asset Management ("JPMAM") is committed to delivering superior investment performance to its clients worldwide. We believe that one of the drivers of investment performance is an assessment of the corporate governance principles and practices of the companies in which we invest our clients' assets, and we expect those companies to demonstrate high standards of governance in the management of their business at all times.

We have set out herein the principles that provide the framework for our corporate governance and proxy voting activity. Although these apply primarily to the UK and Europe and therefore principally concern accounts managed from the London office, our colleagues in New York, Tokyo and Hong Kong have similar guidelines, consistent with law and best practice in these different locations. Full details are available on request.

Our UK guidelines ("Guidelines") are based on the revised UK Corporate Governance Code. Any company complying with its provisions can usually expect JPMAM to support its corporate governance policies. JPMAM works closely with the UK Financial Reporting Council ("FRC") and the Investment Association, and we abide by these organisations' corporate governance principles and also take their guidance into account when implementing our policy.

If a company chooses to deviate from the provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code, we will give the explanations due consideration and take them into account as appropriate, based on our overall assessment of the standards of corporate governance evidenced at the company. For Continental European markets, we expect companies to comply with local corporate governance codes, where they exist. We fully recognise that, in certain European markets, there are areas where local law or practice prescribes differing structures or processes to those found in the UK, which must be taken into account. In markets where a comparable standard does not exist, we will use our own Guidelines as the primary basis for our voting and corporate governance activity while taking local market practice into consideration where applicable.

In our view, our Guidelines meet with the requirements of the US Department of Labor recommendations as they apply to ERISA accounts and US mutual funds.

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**Voting** 

JPMAM manages the voting rights of the shares entrusted to it as it would manage any other asset (although it should be noted that not all of our clients delegate voting authority to us. Some do not authorise us to vote, or delegate voting to a third party). It is the policy of JPMAM to vote shares held in its clients' portfolios in a prudent and diligent manner, based exclusively on our reasonable judgement of what will best serve the financial interests of the beneficial owners of the security. So far as is practicable, we will vote at all of the meetings called by companies in which we are invested.

Certain markets require that shares being tendered for voting purposes are temporarily immobilised from trading until after the shareholder meeting has taken place. Other markets require a local representative to be hired in order to attend the meeting and vote in person on our behalf, empowered with power- of-attorney documentation, which can represent a considerable cost to clients. Elsewhere, notably emerging markets, it may not always be possible to obtain sufficient information to make an informed decision in good time to vote, or there may be specific financial risks where, for example, voting can preclude participating in certain types of corporate action. In these instances, it may sometimes be in our clients' best interests to intentionally refrain from voting in certain overseas markets from time to time.

As our Guidelines are primarily targeted at companies listed on main stock exchanges, it is sometimes difficult for smaller companies to apply the same corporate governance rules, and we will look at any issues for such companies on a case-by-case basis. We would, however, encourage them to apply the highest possible standards of governance.

**Proxy Committee** 

To oversee the proxy voting process on an ongoing basis, a Proxy Committee has been established for each global location where proxy voting decisions are made. Each Proxy Committee is composed of a Proxy Administrator (as defined below) and senior officers from among the investment, legal, compliance, and risk management departments. The primary functions of each Proxy Committee include: (1) reviewing and approving the Guidelines annually; (2) providing advice and recommendations on general proxy voting matters as well as on specific voting issues to be implemented by the relevant JPMAM Entity; and (3) determining the

independence of any third-party vendor to which it has delegated proxy voting responsibilities (such as, for example, delegation when JPMAM has identified it has a material conflict of interest) and to conclude that there are no conflicts of interest that would prevent such vendor from providing such proxy voting services prior to delegating proxy responsibilities. The Proxy Committee may delegate certain of its responsibilities to subgroups composed of at least three Proxy Committee members.

The Proxy Committee meets at least quarterly, or more frequently, as circumstances dictate. The global head of stewardship is a member of each regional committee and, working with the regional Proxy Administrators, is charged with overall responsibility for JPMAM's approach to governance issues including proxy voting worldwide and coordinating regional proxy voting guidelines in accordance with applicable regulations and best practices. The Proxy Committees escalate to the AM Business Control Committee and/or the AM Bank Fiduciary Committee any issues and errors for escalation, while strategy-related matters for escalation will be escalated to the Sustainable Investing Oversight Committee.

**Stewardship and Engagement** 

As long-term owners, we regard regular, systematic and direct contact with senior company management, both executive and non-executive, as important. For UK and European companies in particular, investment stewardship specialists routinely attend scheduled one-to-one meetings alongside analysts and portfolio managers, as well as convene dedicated meetings as required in order to debate areas of concern.

JPMAM is a signatory to the UK Stewardship Code 2020, and we believe that our existing stewardship policies meet the standards required under it. Please see the UK Stewardship Code Signatories here.

Finally, it should be pointed out that this document is intended as an overview only. Specific issues should always be directed to your account administrator or portfolio manager, or the J.P. Morgan investment stewardship team.

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**II. Voting Guidelines** 

**1. Reports and Accounts** 

**Annual Report** 

Reports and accounts should be both detailed and transparent and should be submitted to shareholders for approval. They should meet accepted reporting standards, such as those prescribed by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") and should be in keeping with the spirit and the letter of those reporting standards. We agree with the UK Corporate Governance Code that the company's annual report and accounts, when taken as a whole, should be fair, balanced and understandable, a primary outcome of which is for the narrative sections of the annual report to better reflect the company's position, performance and prospects.

The annual report should include a statement of compliance with relevant codes of best practice, in markets where they exist, together with detailed explanations regarding any area of non-compliance.

Legal disclosure varies from market to market. If, in our opinion, a company's standards of disclosure (while meeting minimum legal requirements) are insufficient in any particular area, we will inform company management of our concerns. Depending on the circumstances, we will either abstain or vote against the resolution concerned. Similar consideration would relate to the use of inappropriate accounting methods.

**Remuneration Report** 

The remuneration policy as it relates to senior management should ideally be presented to shareholders as a separate voting item. We would expect the report to contain full details of all aspects of individual directors' emoluments. We will endeavour to engage with the company or seek an explanation regarding any areas of remuneration that fall outside our Guidelines, and we will abstain or vote against the remuneration report and, if appropriate, members of the remuneration committee, if we feel that explanation is insufficient. Any material changes to compensation arrangements should be put to shareholders for approval.

Under the requirements of the Shareholder Rights Directive II and best practice under the European Commission's guidelines, companies are asked to provide disclosure on amounts paid to executives and alignment between company performance and payout to executives. Companies should provide disclosure of variable incentive targets, levels of achievement and performance awards made after the performance period. Companies should clearly outline discretionary authority by the board or remuneration committee to adjust pay outcomes.

We encourage companies to provide information on the ratio of chief executive officer pay to median employee pay and explain the reasons for changes to the ratio year on year and how it is consistent with the company's wider policies on employee pay, reward and progression.

Companies should also have regard to gender pay gaps (if any) and indicate to shareholders how the issue is to be addressed.

Several markets worldwide now have a binding vote on remuneration policy. In our view, remuneration policies should stand the test of time and should not need amendment on an annual or biennial basis. We would therefore expect votes on remuneration policies to occur normally every third year, the maximum allowed under the regulations, and will regard it as concerning where companies feel the need to bring proposed changes to shareholders more frequently than this.

Similarly, reporting under the new regulations should not necessarily lead to an increase in the volume of data provided. Investors expect clear and concise reports that are effective at communicating how executive pay is linked to delivery of the company's strategy in the long term.

**2. Dividends** 

Proposals for the payment of dividends should be presented to shareholders for approval and should be fully disclosed in advance of the meeting. We will vote against dividend proposals if we deem the payout ratio to be too low or if the earnings and cash cover are inadequate and payment of the proposed dividend would prejudice the solvency or future prospects of the company.

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**3. Board of Directors** 

**Board Structure** 

Companies should be controlled by an effective board, with an appropriate balance of executive and non- executive directors, such that no single stakeholder or group of stakeholders has a disproportionate or undue level of influence. JPMAM is generally in favour of unitary boards of the type found in the UK, as opposed to tiered board structures. We find that unitary boards offer flexibility, while, with a tiered structure, there is a risk of upper-tier directors becoming remote from the business while lower-tier directors become deprived of contact with outsiders of wider experience. No director should be excluded from the requirement to submit him/herself for re-election on a regular basis.

In our view, the board has a vital role to play in shaping and embedding a healthy corporate culture. The values and standards of behaviour set by the board are an important influence on culture within the organisation, and we believe there are strong links between governance and establishing a culture that supports long-term success. In our view, there is a role for the board in establishing and promoting the culture, values and ethics of the company and in setting the 'tone from the top'. We agree with the FRC that a company's culture should promote integrity and openness, value diversity and be responsive to the views of shareholders and wider stakeholders.

**Board Independence** 

JPMAM believes that a strong independent element to a board is essential to the effective running of a company.

The calibre and number of non-executive directors on a board should be such that their views will carry significant weight in the board's decisions.

JPMAM believes that the majority of a board should be independent, especially if the company has a joint chairman/chief executive officer. JPMAM will use its voting powers to encourage appropriate levels of board independence while taking into account local market practice.

In order to help assess their contribution to the company, the time spent by each non-executive director should be disclosed to shareholders, as well as their attendance at board and committee meetings. Boards should also create and maintain a formal succession plan to ensure orderly refreshment of the board and minimise overdependence on any certain individual.

**Chairman** 

Boards should be headed by an effective chairman who is independent on appointment and who meets the same ongoing independence criteria, including tenure, as other non-executive directors. There should be a clear division of responsibilities at the head of a company, such that no one individual has unfettered powers of decision. JPMAM believes that the roles of chairman and chief executive officer should normally be separate and will generally vote against combined posts.

**Board Size** 

Board size should be appropriate to the size and complexity of the company. JPMAM will exercise its voting powers in favour of reducing excessively large boards wherever possible. Boards with more than 15 directors are usually deemed excessively large, whereas less than five directors may be too small to provide sufficient levels of independence for key committees.

**Board Diversity** 

JPMAM is committed to supporting inclusive organisations where everyone can succeed on merit, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, disability or ethnic and religious background as an important part of contributing to long-term shareholder value. Recruiting individuals with unique skills, experiences and diverse backgrounds is a fundamental part of strengthening a business, further developing sound governance and risk oversight and is an important consideration when searching for new board members. As with all proxy votes, we seek to vote in our clients' best interests to enhance long-term shareholder value. Although we do not endorse quotas, we expect boards to have a strategy to improve female representation in particular. To this end, we generally support the target of one-third of board positions being held by women, as recommended by the UK Government's Women on Boards Report, the Davies Review and the FTSE Women Leaders Review (formerly the Hampton- Alexander Review). We also recognise that investee companies should provide clear disclosure within their financial reports on how they intend to increase female representation beyond 30%. Investee companies should provide appropriate information explaining how they consider diversity in its widest sense at both board and executive level and throughout the broader business.

J.P. Morgan Asset Management 27

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We will utilise our voting power to bring about change where companies are lagging, as well as engage with nominations committees where appropriate. We will monitor changes of UK boards, in support of the Parker Review, in increasing ethnic diversity, and ask for transparency and disclosure of progress made.

We also expect companies to produce a gender pay gap report and encourage companies to voluntarily produce an ethnicity pay gap report where data is available.

More broadly we expect no single-gender boards and a minimum of 30% female representation, or adherence to the local market best practice, whichever is more stringent on diverse membership of underrepresented members.

**Board Committees** 

Boards should delegate key oversight functions, such as responsibility for audit, nominations and remuneration issues, to independent committees. The chairman and members of any committee should be clearly identified in the annual report.

Any committee should have the authority to engage independent advisers where appropriate at the company's expense.

Audit committees should consist solely of non- executive directors who are independent of management. The committee should include at least one person with appropriate financial qualifications, but committee members should all undergo appropriate training that provides and maintains a reasonable degree of financial literacy. Formal arrangements should be in place for the committee to hold regular meetings with external auditors without executive or staff presence, and they should have an explicit right of unrestricted access to company documents and information.

Nomination committees should be majority independent and have an independent chair. The responsibilities of the committee should include assessing the skills, diversity and competencies of directors to ensure that the board has an appropriate range of expertise. The committee should also manage the process for formally evaluating the performance of the board, its committees and directors, reporting on this process to shareholders in the annual report, as well as maintaining formal and transparent arrangements for succession planning for the board and senior executives.

Remuneration committees should be majority independent and have an independent chair.

The responsibilities of the committee should include reviewing and recommending policies relating to remuneration, retention and termination of senior executives, ensuring that, through these policies, executives are properly motivated to drive the long- term success of the company, and that incentives are appropriately aligned, and overseeing the remuneration framework for non-executive directors. The remuneration committee should be ready to engage with and, where necessary, receive feedback from, relevant stakeholders including large institutional shareholders and the wider workforce.

Boards of banks, or other large or complex companies, should establish a risk committee to provide independent oversight and advice to the board on the current risk exposures of the entity and future risk strategy in order to manage these issues effectively within their business. These bodies should give a summary of their activities in the annual report.

**Director Independence** 

A director will generally be deemed to be independent if he or she has no significant financial, familial or other ties with the company that might pose a conflict and has not been employed in an executive capacity by the company for at least the previous 10 years.

A non-executive director who has served more than three terms (or 10 years) in the same capacity can no longer normally be deemed to be independent.

Directors staying on beyond this duration would require the fullest explanation to shareholders, and we would expect such directors to offer themselves for re-election annually.

In determining our vote, we will always consider independence issues on a case-by-case basis, taking into account any exceptional individual circumstances, together with local markets' differing attitudes to director independence.

**Directors' Liability** 

In certain markets, this proposal asks shareholders to give blanket discharge from responsibility for all decisions made during the previous financial year. Depending on the market, this resolution may or may not be legally binding and may not release the board from its legal responsibility.

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JPMAM will usually vote against discharging the board from responsibility in cases of pending litigation, or if there is evidence of wrongdoing for which the board must be held accountable.

Companies may arrange directors' and officers' liability insurance to indemnify executives in certain circumstances, such as class-action lawsuits and other litigation. JPMAM generally supports such proposals, although we do not approve of arrangements where directors are given 100% indemnification as this could absolve them of responsibility for their actions and encourage them to act recklessly. Such arrangements should not extend to third parties, such as auditors.

**Multiple Directorships** 

Non-executive directors should have sufficient time to meet their board responsibilities. In order to be able to devote sufficient time to his or her duties, we would not normally expect a non-executive director to hold more than three significant directorships at any one time.

For executive directors, only one additional non- executive post would normally be considered appropriate without further explanation.

We agree with the UK Corporate Governance Code that no single individual should chair more than one major listed company.

**Investment Trust and Fund Directors** 

In the UK, the boards of investment trust companies are unusual in being normally composed solely of non- executive directors. JPMAM generally prefers that the majority of such boards (including the chairman) are independent of the management company. We believe this to be appropriate and expect investment trust boards to comply with the Association of Investment Companies Code of Corporate Governance ("AIC Code").

We note that the AIC Code does not make explicit recommendations on board tenure. We take this into account when assessing director independence, although we agree with the AIC Code that investment trust companies should have a formal policy on tenure and that any director serving beyond three terms should offer themselves for re-election annually.

We also believe that at least half of the board of an investment trust company (including the chairman) should be non-executive directors having served for less than nine years in order to ensure that the board does not become ossified with a large number of long- serving directors.

SICAV and other fund board directors should comply with the Association of the Luxembourg Fund Industry ("ALFI") Code of Conduct, or equivalent codes where they exist.

**4. Compensation** 

**Directors' Contracts** 

JPMAM believes that directors' contracts should be of one year's duration or less, and payments on termination should not exceed one year's fixed compensation. This is accepted market best practice in the UK as well as other major European markets.

Special provisions whereby additional payment becomes due in the event of a change of control are an inappropriate use of shareholder funds and should be discouraged. Market practice regarding the length of directors' service contracts varies enormously: JPMAM is cognisant that it would be inappropriate to enforce UK standards in some other markets. To this end, JPMAM will take into account local market practice when making judgements in this area. Company chairmen should not normally have executive-style contractual arrangements with the company that include severance terms.

**Executive Directors' Remuneration** 

Executive remuneration is and will remain a contentious issue, particularly the overall quantum of remuneration.

Policy in this area cannot easily be prescribed by any code or formula to cater for all circumstances and must depend on responsible and well-informed judgement on the part of remuneration committees.

Any remuneration policy should be transparent, simple to understand and fully disclosed to shareholders in a separate remuneration report within the annual report. Compensation should contain both a fixed element, set by reference to the external market but always cognisant of pay within a company's general workforce, and a variable element, which fully aligns the executive with shareholders and where superior awards can only be achieved by attaining superior performance.

Due consideration should also be given to the effective management of risk within the business. This should be reflected in remuneration arrangements in order to incentivise appropriate behaviours and, more importantly, discourage excessive risk-taking, which may be detrimental to shareholders. Compensation arrangements should provide alignment between managers and shareholders across the cycle, and

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due consideration should be given to devices such as clawback or bonus/malus arrangements in order to avoid payment for failure. JPMAM will generally vote against shareholder proposals to restrict arbitrarily the compensation of executives or other employees. We feel that the specific amounts and types of employee compensation are within the ordinary business responsibilities of the board and the company management. However, the remuneration of executive directors should be determined by independent remuneration committees and fully disclosed to shareholders. Any stock option plans or long-term incentive plans should meet our guidelines for such plans set forth herein.

We believe firmly that directors should be encouraged to hold meaningful amounts of company stock, equivalent to at least two years' salary, which should be maintained for the duration of employment.

Increasingly, we expect directors to maintain a meaningful shareholding in the company for at least one year following their departure. Unvested stock from in-flight incentive plan cycles may count towards this shareholding requirement.

Transaction bonuses, one-off retention awards or other retrospective ex-gratia payments should not be made. Similarly, recruitment awards for incoming executives should be limited to the value of awards forgone and be granted on equivalent terms.

**Non-Executive Directors' Remuneration** 

JPMAM believes that non-executive directors should be paid, at least in part, in shares of the company wherever possible in order to align their interests with the interests of shareholders. Performance criteria, however, should never be attached. Non-executive directors should not be awarded share options or performance-based share awards.

**Fixed Compensation** 

Executives are entitled to a basic salary set by reference to the external market and in particular benchmarked against the company's immediate peers. Acknowledging that salary often forms the basis for variable compensation, we believe annual increases in salary should be limited and generally in line with the wider workforce of the company.

Substantial increases in salary should be fully justified to shareholders. We do not approve of large increases in fixed salary as a retention mechanism.

**Variable Compensation** 

We generally prefer any variable compensation arrangement to have a short-term and long-term component. Annual bonuses are now a common feature of compensation packages. We prefer that bonuses be capped at a multiple of salary benchmarked against a company's sector. In industries that operate an overall bonus pool, we at least expect a cap on the overall potential pool. While we recognise that annual bonus targets are often, though not always, commercially sensitive, we expect a high degree of disclosure on performance metrics (pre-award) and performance against those metrics (post-award).

Payment of bonus for executives should take the form of cash and shares deferred for a defined period of time. Bonus malus and/or clawback are also expected features of any bonus scheme.

For the long-term component, share-based long-term incentive plans and share option schemes should be designed to give directors incentive to perform at the highest levels, and grants under such schemes should be subject to appropriate performance criteria that are challenging and that reflect the company's long-term strategy and objectives over an appropriate period (at least three years, and preferably five years or more). There should be no award for below-median performance, and awards for at-median performance should be modest. Beneficiaries should be encouraged to retain any resultant shares for a suitable time and should not benefit from free-matching shares for no other reason than a decision to defer compensation already earned. Restricted share awards, which substitute traditional performance criteria in exchange for long-term ownership of company stock, may be appropriate for some companies. Any move to restricted share awards should be fully justified by the remuneration committee. We will also wish to satisfy ourselves that the company has demonstrated historically appropriate levels of remuneration and has established a relationship of trust with shareholders.

If moving from traditional long-term incentives to restricted shares, the remuneration committee should consider the appropriate level of discount to award levels to reflect the certainty of restricted shares.

Restricted shares should, in our view, be retained for a period of time after retirement or departure from the company in order to incentivise executives to ensure an orderly transition.

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We will generally vote against the resetting of performance conditions on existing awards, the cancellation and reissue, retesting or repricing of underwater awards, or the backdating of awards or discounted award grants.

All incentive plans should be clearly explained and fully disclosed to both shareholders and participants and put to shareholders for approval. Furthermore, each director's awards, awarded or vested, should be detailed, including term, performance conditions, exercise prices (if any) and the market price of the shares at the date of exercise. They should also take into account appropriate levels of dilution. Best practice requires that share options be fully expensed so that shareholders can assess their true cost to the company. The assumptions and methodology behind the expensing calculation should also be explained to shareholders.

In all markets, JPMAM will vote in favour of well- structured schemes with keen incentives and clear and specific performance criteria, which are challenging in nature and fully disclosed to shareholders in advance. We also favour simplicity both in the number of variable incentive schemes and in their structure. We will vote against payments that are excessive, performance criteria that are undemanding or where there is excessive discretion exercised by remuneration committees. We will also oppose incentive arrangements that are not subject to formal caps or appropriate tapering arrangements. We would expect remuneration committees to explain why criteria are considered to be challenging and how they align the interests of shareholders with the interests of the recipients.

**Pensions** 

JPMAM believes that executive pension arrangements should mirror those of the wider workforce, particularly with regard to contribution levels. JPMAM believes it is inappropriate for executives to participate in pension arrangements that are materially different to those of employees (such as receiving a higher contribution or continuing to participate in a final salary arrangement when employees have been transferred to a defined contribution scheme). One-off payments into individual directors' pension schemes, changes to pension entitlements and waivers concerning early- retirement provisions must be fully disclosed and justified to shareholders.

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**5. Auditors** 

**Auditor Independence** 

Auditors must provide an independent and objective check on the way in which the financial statements have been prepared and presented. JPMAM will vote against the appointment or reappointment of auditors who are not perceived as being independent or where there has been an audit failure. The length of time both the audit company and the audit partner have served in their capacity with a given company may be a factor in determining independence.

**Auditor Rotation** 

In order to safeguard the independence of the audit, companies should rotate their auditor over time.

We agree with the provisions of the UK Competition Commission that companies should put their external audit contract out to competitive tender at least every 10 years.

**Auditor Remuneration** 

Companies should be encouraged to distinguish clearly between audit and non-audit fees. Audit committees should keep under review the non-audit fees paid to the auditor, both in relation to the size of the total audit fee and in relation to the company's total expenditure on consultancy. A mechanism should be in place to ensure that consultancy work is put out to competitive tender.

We would oppose non-audit fees consistently exceeding audit fees where no explanation was given to shareholders. Audit fees should never be excessive.

**Auditor Indemnification** 

JPMAM is opposed to the use of shareholders' funds to indemnify auditors.

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**6. Issue of Capital** 

**Issue of Equity** 

In most countries, company law requires that shareholder approval be obtained in order to increase the authorised share capital of the company. Any new issue of equity should take into account appropriate levels of dilution.

JPMAM believes strongly that any new issue of equity should first be offered to existing shareholders on a pre-emptive basis. Pre-emption rights are a fundamental right of ownership, and we will vote against 'cash box' structures or other attempts to suspend, bypass or eliminate pre-emption rights, unless they are for purely technical reasons (e.g., rights offers that may not be legally offered to shareholders in certain jurisdictions). We prefer that these issuances are sought annually, and we generally do not support multi-year capital issuances or shares that are issued at a preferential discount to third parties as part of a related-party transaction.

JPMAM will vote against increases in capital that would allow the company to adopt 'poison pill' takeover defence tactics or where the increase in authorised capital would dilute shareholder value in the long term.

**Issue of Debt** 

JPMAM will vote in favour of proposals that will enhance a company's long-term prospects. We will vote against any uncapped or poorly defined increase in bank borrowing powers or borrowing limits, as well as issuances that would result in the company reaching an unacceptable level of financial leverage, where there is a material reduction in shareholder value or where such borrowing is expressly intended as part of a takeover defence.

**Share Repurchase Programmes** 

JPMAM will vote in favour of share repurchase or buyback programmes where the repurchase would be in the best interests of shareholders and where the company is not thought to be able to use the cash in a more useful way. We will vote against abusive schemes, where shares are repurchased at an inappropriate point in the cycle or when shareholders' interests could be better served by deployment of the cash for alternative uses.

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**7. Mergers/Acquisitions** 

Mergers and acquisitions are always referred to individual portfolio managers and/or investment analysts for a case-by-case decision, based exclusively on the best economic interests of our clients.

In exceptional circumstances, we will split our vote and vote differently for individual clients depending on the respective desired investment outcomes of our portfolio managers. JPMAM may occasionally split its vote between different client constituents for technical reasons, such as cross-border mergers where certain groups of clients may not be able to hold the resultant stock or to reflect differing portfolio strategies and/or investment outcomes.

As a general rule, JPMAM will favour mergers and acquisitions where the proposed acquisition price represents fair value, where shareholders cannot realise greater value through other means and where all shareholders receive fair and equal treatment under the merger/acquisition terms.

**8. Related-Party Transactions** 

Related-party transactions ("RPTs") are common in a number of jurisdictions. These are transactions between a company and its related parties and generally come in two forms: one-off transactions, typically asset purchases or disposals, and recurring transactions occurring during the ordinary course of business, usually in the form of the ongoing sale and purchase of goods and services.

According to the materiality and nature of the transaction, the RPT may need to be disclosed and submitted to a shareholder meeting for approval.

Any shareholder who has a material interest in the transaction should abstain from voting on the resolution. If a RPT requires shareholder approval, the company should establish a board committee solely comprising independent directors and appoint an independent adviser to prepare a recommendation to minority shareholders.

We will assess one-off transactions on a case-by- case basis. Where we are convinced by the strategic rationale and the fairness of the transaction terms, we will vote in favour. At the same time, we would expect the independent directors to disclose how they have made their recommendation to minority shareholders so that shareholders can make an informed decision on this transaction.

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For recurring transactions, we would expect that details are disclosed in the annual report and that they be subject to shareholders' approval on a periodic basis. We would expect all such transactions to have been conducted on an arm's-length basis, on normal commercial terms.

**9. Voting Rights** 

JPMAM believes in the fundamental principle of 'one share, one vote'. Accordingly, we will vote to phase out dual voting rights or classes of share that either confer special voting rights to certain stakeholders or restricted voting rights, and we will oppose attempts to introduce new ones. We are opposed to mechanisms that skew voting rights, such as voting-right limits or cumulative voting; directors should represent all shareholders equally, and voting power should accrue in direct proportion to the shareholder's equity capital commitment to the company.

Minority shareholders should be protected from abusive actions by, or in the interests of, controlling shareholders, acting either directly or indirectly, and should have effective means of redress. Shareholders should also have the right to formally approve material RPTs at annual general meetings.

While certain fundamental changes to a company's business, articles of association or share capital should require a supermajority vote, voting on routine business should require a simple majority only (51%). We will generally oppose amendments to require inappropriate supermajority votes or supermajority requirements that are being introduced as a tool to entrench management.

**10. Others** 

**Poison Pills** 

Poison pills, or shareholder rights plans, are devices designed to defend against a hostile takeover. Typically, they give shareholders of a target company or a friendly third party the right to purchase shares at a substantial discount to market value or shares with special conversion rights in the event of a pre-defined 'triggering event' occurring (such as an outsider's acquisition of a certain percentage of stock).

Corporations may or may not be able to adopt poison pills without shareholder approval, depending on the market.

JPMAM is fundamentally opposed to any artificial barrier to the efficient functioning of markets. The market for corporate control should, ultimately, be for shareholders, not managers, to decide. We find no clear evidence that poison pills enhance shareholder value. Rather, they are used as tools to entrench management.

JPMAM will generally vote against anti-takeover devices and support proposals aimed at revoking existing plans. Where anti-takeover devices exist, they should be fully disclosed to shareholders, and shareholders should be given the opportunity to review them periodically.

**Composite Resolutions** 

Agenda items at shareholder meetings should be presented in such a way that they can be voted upon clearly, distinctly and unambiguously. We normally oppose deliberately vague, composite or 'bundled' resolutions, depending on the context and local market practice.

Any amendments to articles of association should be presented to shareholders in such a way that they can be voted on independently. Shareholders should similarly be able to vote on the election of directors individually, rather than in bundled slates.

**Any Other Business** 

We will generally vote against 'any other business' resolutions where we cannot determine the exact nature of the business to be voted on.

**Social/Environmental Issues** 

We believe that a company's environmental policies may have a long-term impact on the company's financial performance. We believe that good corporate governance policies should consider the impact of company operations on the environment and the cost of compliance with laws and regulations relating to environmental matters, physical damage to the environment (including the costs of clean- ups and repairs), consumer preferences and capital investments related to climate change. Furthermore, we believe that corporate shareholders have a legitimate need for information to enable them to evaluate the potential risks and opportunities that climate change and other environmental matters pose to the company's operations, sales and capital investments. We acknowledge that many companies disclose their practices relating to social and environmental issues and that disclosure is improving

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over time. We generally encourage a level of reporting that is not unduly costly or burdensome and that does not place the company at a competitive disadvantage but that provides meaningful information to enable shareholders to evaluate the impact of the company's environmental policies and practices on its financial performance.

With regard to social issues, among other factors, we consider the company's labour practices, supply chain, how the company supports and monitors those issues, what types of disclosure the company and its peers currently provide and whether the proposal would result in a competitive disadvantage for the company.

In evaluating how to vote environmental proposals, considerations may include, but are not limited to, the following:

**Issuer Considerations** 

• asset profile of the company, including whether it is exposed to potentially declining demand for the company's products or services due to environmental considerations;

• capital deployment of the company;

• cost structure of the company, including its position on the cost curve, expected impact of future carbon tax and exposure to high fixed operating costs;

• corporate behaviour of the company, including whether senior management is incentivised for long-term returns;

• demonstrated capabilities of the company, its strategic planning process and past performance;

• current level of disclosure of the company and consistency of disclosure across its industry; and

• whether the company incorporates environmental or social issues in a risk assessment or risk reporting framework.

**Proposal Considerations** 

• Would adoption of the proposal inform and educate shareholders and have companies that adopted the proposal provided insightful and meaningful information that would allow shareholders to evaluate the long-term risks
and performance of the company?

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• Does the proposal require disclosure that is already addressed by existing and proposed mandated regulatory requirements or formal guidance at the local, state or national level or the company's existing
disclosure practices?

• Does the proposal create the potential for unintended consequences, such as a competitive disadvantage?

In general, we support management disclosure practices that are overall consistent with the goals and objectives expressed above. Proposals with respect to companies that have been involved in controversies, fines or litigation are expected to be subject to heightened review and consideration.

Vote against the chair of the committee responsible for providing oversight of environmental matters and/or risk where we believe the company is lagging peers in terms of disclosure, business practices or targets. Vote against committee members, the lead independent director and/or board chair for companies that have lagged over several years.

An engaged and diverse employee base is integral to a company's ability to innovate, respond to a diverse customer base and engage with diverse communities in which the company operates, thus delivering shareholder returns. JPMAM will generally support shareholder resolutions seeking the company to disclose data on workforce demographics, including diversity.

We expect engaged boards to provide oversight of human capital management ("HCM"), that is, a company's management of its workforce including human resources policies (including code of conduct), use of full-time versus part-time employees, workforce cost, employee engagement and turnover, talent development, retention and training, compliance record, and health and safety. JPMAM will vote case-by-case on shareholder resolutions seeking disclosure of HCM. JPMAM will generally vote against shareholder proposals seeking HCM information that is considered confidential or sensitive information by the board.

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**Climate Risk** 

Many economies are responding to climate change with regulations as well as policies to drive decarbonisation.

In our view, climate change has become a material risk to the strategy and financial performance of many companies.

JPMAM may vote against directors serving on relevant committees of companies that, in our opinion, face material climate-related transition or asset risks where climate disclosures are not available or where we believe such disclosures are not meaningful. JPMAM may also vote for shareholder resolutions requesting such information where the company has not provided such disclosure.

To provide shareholders with meaningful disclosures on how the company is addressing risks related to climate change:

• We encourage disclosures aligned with the reporting framework developed by the Task Force on Climate- related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") addressing all the four pillars of the TCFD – (i)
governance, (ii) strategy, (iii) risk management and (iv) metrics and targets related to any performance indicators used to manage such risks. The TCFD report (or equivalent) should address whether decarbonisation of the company's
operations or its supply chain is a material part of its strategy to mitigate climate change risks including transition risks to the company and, if so, provide a narrative on how the company plans to do so and over what time frame.

• For industries where we believe climate change risks pose material financial risks, we encourage comprehensive TCFD reporting (or equivalent), including scenario analysis to help us understand the resilience of a
company's strategy. While we recognise that some disclosures related to scenario analysis, especially granular data at the asset level, may involve sensitive information that companies will not disclose if such disclosures could harm the
company, we expect the company to provide their conclusions from these analyses as they pertain to the resilience of the company's strategy.

• We encourage disclosures of Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emission targets, where decarbonisation of a company's operations and purchased energy has been identified by the company as a key part of the
company's strategy to manage climate change risks.

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• We note many companies have chosen to set long- term net-zero targets. In order for us to evaluate the long-term credibility of transition plans, where such long-term targets are
set, we encourage the company to disclose the scope of emissions included in such targets. We recognise the many challenges associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions. While we understand the limitations associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions,
we would expect companies that have included such emissions in their net-zero targets to disclose their Scope 3 emissions. We also encourage disclosures of interim emission-reduction targets where the company
has set long-term net-zero targets.

• We encourage disclosure on past performance against emission-reduction goals and forward- looking strategy to achieve emission-reduction goals, including use of offsets and corporate transactions.

The board of directors is critical in formulating and executing company strategy. While we do not support the use of shareholder proposals to diminish the authority of the board, if the board recommends a vote against a climate-related shareholder proposal, we expect boards to clearly articulate the rationale supporting their recommendation. The board's response should clearly explain why implementation of disclosures or actions requested by the shareholder proposal would be detrimental to shareholder value.

**Shareholder Resolutions** 

In a number of jurisdictions, shareholders have the right to submit proposals at shareholder meetings, providing eligibility and other requirements have been met. Such proposals can be wide-ranging and may include governance reforms, capital management issues and disclosures surrounding environmental and social risks.

When assessing shareholder proposals, we review each resolution on its merits. Our sole criteria of support is: does this proposal enhance shareholder rights, and is this proposal in the long-term interests of all shareholders? Where we are convinced the proposal meets these objectives, it will receive our vote in support. However, we will not support proposals that are frivolous or supportive of a narrow activist agenda, nor will we support those that are unduly constraining on managements or are already in managements' remit.

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Where a proposal is focused on an issue that needs to be addressed, we would expect the board and management to demonstrate that the company will comply with the resolution within a reasonable time frame. Where the company fails to respond sufficiently or with the appropriate sense of urgency, we may vote against the re-election of one or more directors at subsequent meetings.

**Charitable Issues** 

Charitable donations are generally acceptable, provided they are within reasonable limits and fully disclosed to shareholders.

**Political Issues** 

JPMAM does not support the use of shareholder funds for political donations.

**Virtual General Shareholder Meetings** 

In certain markets, by-law changes have taken place to allow a company to hold virtual or hybrid general shareholder meetings. General shareholder meetings should be fair, constructive and foster dialogue between company management and shareholders.

In principle, we are supportive of proposals allowing shareholder meetings to be convened by electronic means so long as the flexibility in the format of the meetings contributes to enhance access to the meetings and where shareholder participation rights are protected, regardless of whether physical or virtual.

**J.P. Morgan Asset Management** 

**London Proxy Committee** 

**April 2025** 

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**II.** **Proxy Voting Guidelines continued**

**C. Asia ex-Japan** 

**I. Corporate Governance Principles** 

J.P. Morgan Asset Management ("JPMAM") is committed to meeting client objectives by delivering the strongest possible risk-adjusted returns. We believe that a key contributor to this is a thorough understanding of the corporate governance practices of the companies in which we invest. We expect all our investee companies to demonstrate the highest standards of governance in the management of their businesses, as far as is reasonably practicable.

We have set out in this document some information underpinning the principles behind our proxy voting guidelines. These principles are based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD's") Principles of Corporate Governance, as well as on the governance codes of the jurisdictions in which our investee companies are domiciled. But regardless of location or jurisdiction, we believe companies should abide by the following:

**Board and Director Responsibilities** 

Companies should be headed by a strong and effective board to drive the long-term success of the company. It should contain an appropriate combination of executive and non-executive directors, able to make decisions on behalf of all shareholders, separate from the individual interests of management and/or controlling shareholders. The board should set strategic objectives, oversee operational performance and establish the company's long-term values and standards. At the same time, it should be responsible for establishing prudent and effective risk controls to protect the company's assets and safeguard shareholder interests. Finally, the board should be responsible for selecting the key executives tasked with developing and executing corporate strategy and for ensuring that executive remuneration is aligned with the longer-term interests of shareholders. All directors should act in the best interests of the company and its shareholders, consistent with their statutory and fiduciary obligations.

**Shareholder Rights** 

Shareholders should have the opportunity to participate in, and vote at, general meetings, and should be furnished with sufficient information on a timely basis to make informed voting decisions. Arrangements that enable certain shareholders to obtain a disproportionate degree of control relative to their equity ownership should be disclosed upfront, and anti-takeover devices should not be used to shield management and the board from ongoing accountability.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| **Asia ex-Japan contents:** | **Asia ex-Japan contents:** | **Asia ex-Japan contents:** |
| **I.** | **Corporate Governance Principles** | **37** |
| **II.** | **Policy and Procedures** | **38** |
| **III.** | **Policy Voting Guidelines** | **40** |
| 1. | Report and Accounts | 40 |
| 2. | Dividends | 40 |
| 3. | Board and Directors | 41 |
| 4. | Remuneration | 43 |
| 5. | Auditors | 45 |
| 6. | Capital Management | 46 |
| 7. | Mergers, Acquisitions and Related Party Transactions | 46 |
| 8. | Voting Rights | 47 |
| 9. | Environmental and Social Issues | 47 |
| 10. | Shareholder Resolutions | 49 |
| 11. | Climate Risk | 49 |
| 12. | Other Corporate Governance Matters | 50 |

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**Equitable Treatment** 

All shareholders of the same class should be treated equally, and all shares within the same class should carry the same rights. Impediments to cross-border voting should be eliminated, and companies should not make it difficult or expensive for shareholders to cast their votes. Minority shareholders should be protected from unfair and/or abusive actions by controlling shareholders.

**Stakeholders' Rights** 

Stakeholders, including individual employees and their representative bodies, should be able to communicate their concerns about illegal or unethical practices to the board, and their rights should not be compromised for doing so. Where stakeholders participate in the corporate governance process, they should have access to relevant and timely information for that participation to be effective.

**Sustainability** 

All companies should conduct themselves in a socially responsible way. Non-financial environmental and social issues have the potential to seriously impair the value of businesses, as well as create significant reputational damage. We expect the companies in which we invest to behave in an ethical and responsible manner, observing their wider societal obligations to their communities and to the environment. Since transparency in how a business manages environmental, social and governance risks is increasingly part of the overall value proposition, we believe that companies will only thrive in the longer term if they put sustainability at the heart of their governance processes.

**Disclosure and Transparency** 

Companies should ensure that accurate information on all matters of relevance is publicly disclosed to allow shareholders to make an informed and balanced assessment of a company's performance and its prospects. This should include its operating performance, its financial condition and its governance practices and policies. Information about board members, including their qualifications, other company directorships and their level of independence, should be disclosed so that shareholders can make an informed assessment of their suitability in their proxy- voting decisions.

Our assessment of corporate governance practice is based on the regulations and codes of best practice in the jurisdictions in which our investee companies are domiciled. Any company complying with these codes, and with the general principles stated above, should usually expect to receive our support. If a company chooses to deviate from the provisions of the governance codes specific to its jurisdiction, we will give its explanation due consideration and take this into account in our proxy voting, based on our assessment of its governance standards.

**II. Policy and Procedures** 

JPMAM manages the voting rights of the shares entrusted to us as we would manage any asset, although it should be noted that not all clients delegate voting authority to us; some retain voting decisions for themselves or delegate voting to a third party. But where authorised to do so, it is the policy of JPMAM to vote shares held in client portfolios in a prudent and diligent manner, based on our reasonable judgement of what is in the best interests of clients.

JPMAM treats every proxy on a case-by-case basis, voting for or against each resolution or actively withholding our vote as appropriate. Our concern at all times is the best economic interests of our clients. These Guidelines are therefore an indication of JPMAM's normal voting policy, since our investment professionals always have the discretion to override these Guidelines should individual circumstances dictate.

To assist us in the filing of proxies, JPMAM retains the services of an Independent Voting Service (as defined in Section C on page 6 of the JPMAM Global Proxy Voting Guidelines). Records of our voting activities are maintained by our asset servicing group, and any deviation from our stated policies is documented to ensure all proxies are exercised appropriately.

So far as is practicable, we vote at all meetings called by companies in which we are invested. However, certain markets may require that shares being tendered for voting are temporarily immobilised from trading until after the shareholder meeting has taken place. Other markets may require a local representative to be hired, under a power of attorney, to attend the meeting and vote on our behalf; this can incur a considerable additional cost to clients. Finally, it may not always be possible to obtain sufficient information to make an informed decision in good time to vote, or there may be specific circumstances where voting can preclude

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participating in certain types of corporate actions. In these instances, it may sometimes be in clients' best interests to intentionally refrain from voting. But in all other circumstances, we endeavour to safeguard clients' interests.

We note that it can be difficult for smaller companies in emerging economies to apply the same governance standards as are applied by companies operating in developed economies and markets. We will look at any governance-related issues of such companies on a case-by-case basis and take their context into account before arriving at our voting decision.

Nevertheless, we encourage all companies to apply the highest standards of governance wherever possible, in the belief that strong standards of governance will ultimately translate into higher shareholder returns.

**Proxy Committee** 

The responsibility for JPMAM's voting policy for portfolios managed in the Asia-Pacific region (outside Japan) lies with the Asia ex-Japan Proxy Committee. The Proxy Committee's role is to set JPMAM's corporate governance policy and practices in respect of investee companies and to oversee the proxy voting process. The Proxy Committee is composed of senior investors and corporate governance professionals, supported by specialists from legal, compliance, risk and other relevant groups. The Proxy Committee meets quarterly and reports into the AM APAC Business Control Committee as well as the global head of investment stewardship. The global head of investment stewardship is a member of each regional committee and, working with the regional Proxy Administrators, is charged with overall responsibility for JPMAM's approach to governance issues including proxy voting worldwide and coordinating regional proxy voting guidelines in accordance with applicable regulations and best practices. The Proxy Committee escalates to the AM Business Control Committee and/or the AM Bank Fiduciary Committee any issues and errors for escalation, while strategy-related matters for escalation will be escalated to the Sustainable Investing Oversight Committee.

**Stewardship and Engagement** 

As long-term owners, we regard regular, systematic and direct contact with senior company management as essential in helping us discharge our stewardship responsibilities. We therefore engage actively with our investee companies to keep abreast of strategic, operating and financial developments in order to ensure that our clients' interests are represented and protected. Where appropriate, our stewardship specialists may convene meetings with company representatives at the boardroom level to discuss issues of particular concern.

JPMAM endorses the stewardship principles promoted by different regulators and industry bodies in the region. We believe our existing stewardship activities meet the standards required under these principles, including:

• Singapore Stewardship Principles for Responsible Investors supported by the Monetary Authority of Singapore and Singapore Exchange;

• Principles of Responsible Ownership issued by the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong; and

• Principles of Internal Governance and Asset Stewardship issued by the Financial Services Council of Australia.

For more information on our stewardship activities, please refer to our Investment Stewardship Report.

**Conflicts of Interest** 

JPMAM is part of JPMorgan Chase ("JPMC"), which provides a range of banking and investment services. Conflicts of interest arise from time to time in the normal course of business, both within and between JPMC affiliates. However, procedures are in place to make sure these conflicts can be managed and resolved. Typical conflicts may include instances where a JPMC affiliate is involved in a transaction at an investee company, is providing banking or other services for that company or where JPMC-connected personnel may sit on a company's board.

In order to maintain the integrity and independence of our voting decisions, businesses within the JPMC group have established formal barriers designed to restrict the flow of information between affiliated entities.

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This includes information from JPMC's securities, investment banking and custody divisions to JPMAM's investment professionals. A formal policy with respect to conflicts of interest disclosure has been established to manage such conflicts and is available for download from our website.

Where a material conflict of interest is identified with respect to proxy voting, JPMAM may call upon the Independent Voting Service to make the voting decision on our behalf, or we may elect not to exercise the proxy. A record of all such decisions is kept by the asset services group and is reviewed by the relevant Proxy Committee at committee meetings. This record is available to clients upon request.

**III. Policy-Voting Guidelines** 

**1. Report and Accounts** 

**Annual Report** 

Company reports and accounts should be detailed and transparent and should be submitted to shareholders for approval. They should meet accepted reporting standards, such as those prescribed by the International Accounting Standards Board, and should be in keeping with the spirit as well as the letter of those reporting standards. They should be fair, balanced and understandable, and the narrative sections covering corporate strategy, operating activities, and risk management should accurately detail the company's position, performance and prospects.

The annual report should include a statement of compliance with the relevant codes of best practice in the jurisdictions where they exist, together with detailed explanations regarding any instances of non- compliance.

Legal disclosure varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. If, in our opinion, a company's standards of disclosure (while meeting minimum legal requirements) are insufficient, we will inform company management of our concerns. Depending on the circumstances, we will either abstain from voting or vote against the relevant resolution put to shareholders. Similar considerations relating to the use of inappropriate or overly aggressive accounting methods also apply.

**Remuneration Report** 

Establishing an effective remuneration policy for senior executives is a key consideration at board level. The purpose of remuneration is to attract, retain and reward competent executives who can drive the long-term growth of the company; ensuring that remuneration is appropriate for the role assigned should therefore be a particular concern of shareholders. Ideally, a company's remuneration policy, as it relates to senior management, should be presented to shareholders as a separate voting item.

However, we recognise that practices differ between jurisdictions, and a shareholder vote on this is not yet standard in Asia.

At the same time, we would expect companies to disclose the main components of remuneration for key directors and executives. Ideally, this should take into consideration the amounts paid and the mix between short-term and long-term awards, the performance criteria used to benchmark awards and whether these are capped or uncapped, and the use made of any discretionary authority by boards or remuneration committees to adjust pay outcomes. In the event that remuneration awards fall outside our guidelines (see Remuneration section below), we will endeavour to seek an explanation from the company and may vote against remuneration reports and/or members of the remuneration committee if satisfactory explanations are not forthcoming.

Where shareholders are able to exercise a binding vote on remuneration policies, we believe that such policies should stand the test of time. But in the event that awards are amended or revised, any material changes should be put to shareholders for approval.

We encourage companies to provide information on the ratio of chief executive officer pay to median employee pay and to explain the reasons for changes to the ratio as it unfolds year by year. Companies should also have regard to gender pay gaps and to indicate to shareholders how this issue is being addressed. Finally, in its reporting to shareholders, remuneration committees and/or boards should provide clear and concise reports that are effective at communicating how executive pay is linked to the delivery of the company's strategy over the forecast time horizon and how it is aligned to shareholder interests.

**2. Dividends** 

Practice differs by jurisdiction as to whether companies are required to submit dividend resolutions for approval at shareholder meetings.

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In some jurisdictions, dividends can be declared by board resolution alone. However, in those jurisdictions where shareholder approval is mandated, we may vote against such proposals if we deem the payout ratio to be too low, particularly if cash is being hoarded with little strategic intent. Conversely, if we consider a proposed dividend to be too high in relation to a company's underlying earnings capability, we may also vote against the resolution if we believe the proposed dividend could jeopardise the company's long-term prospects and solvency.

**3. Board and Directors** 

**Board Oversight Responsibilities** 

To ensure sustainable success in the long term, companies should be controlled by a strong and effective board, which is accountable to shareholders and considers the interests of the various stakeholders they depend on. The board should comprise competent individuals with the necessary skills, background and experience to provide objective oversight of management. All directors should submit themselves for re-election on a regular basis.

We believe that one of the key functions of a board is to set a company's values and standards and to establish a culture that is geared to the long-term success of the enterprise and be responsive to the wider stakeholders. A healthy culture serves as a unifying force for the organisation and helps align the stated purpose and core values of the entity with the strategy and business model pursued. Conversely, a dysfunctional culture has the potential to undermine a business and create significant risk for shareholders.

The board should be responsible for defining the values and behaviours that will help the company excel and for ensuring that there is alignment between its purpose, core values, strategic direction and operating activities. The standards of behaviour set by the board should resonate across the entire organisation. We believe that there are strong links between high standards of governance, a healthy corporate culture and superior shareholder returns.

**Board Independence** 

We believe that a strong independent board is essential to the effective running of a company. The number of independent non-executive directors ("INEDs") on a board should be sufficient so that their views carry weight in the board's decision-making. INEDs should be willing and able to challenge the views of the chief

executive officer and other directors to ensure that alternative viewpoints are heard. The required number of independent directors on a board is often set by governance codes, but notwithstanding this, we are strongly of the view that the majority of members should be independent to encourage the broadest diversity of opinion and representation of views.

At a minimum, we would expect that INEDs should make up at least one-third of all company boards. We will seek for greater independent representation than this where:

• the chairman and chief executive officer roles are combined;

• the chairman and chief executive officer are family members; or

• the chairman is not independent.

Where we believe there to be an insufficient number of INEDs, we will vote against the re-election of some or all directors at shareholder meetings unless an acceptable explanation is provided.

In order to help assess their individual contributions to the company, the time spent on company business by each non-executive director should be disclosed to shareholders, as well as their attendance records at board and committee meetings. Boards should also create and maintain a formal succession plan to ensure the orderly refreshment of board membership and to minimise overdependence on a narrow cohort of individuals.

**Chairman** 

Boards should be headed by an effective chairman, who, ideally, is independent on appointment. There should be a clear division of responsibilities at the head of a company, such that no one individual has unfettered powers of decision-making. JPMAM believes that the roles of chairman and chief executive officer should be separate to provide for a separation of responsibilities. But in instances where the two roles are combined, a lead independent director should be identified to provide oversight over executive decisions and to maintain an alternative channel of communication between the board and its shareholders.

In instances where a company, with no majority independent board, does not have an independent chairman or a designated lead independent director, and where a satisfactory explanation has not been provided, we will vote against the re-election of the chairman, and other directors, at shareholder meetings.

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**Board Size** 

Boards should be appropriate to the size and complexity of the company. JPMAM will exercise its voting powers in favour of reducing excessively large boards wherever possible. Unless the size and complexity of the company demands it, boards with more than 15 directors are usually too large, whereas boards with less than five directors are too small to provide sufficient levels of independent representation on key governance committees. A board should be large enough to manage required governance processes and yet still sufficiently compact to promote open dialogue between directors.

**Board Diversity** 

As an important part of contributing to long-term shareholder value, we are committed to supporting inclusive organisations where everyone, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, disability or ethnic and religious background, can succeed on merit.

At the board level, we believe that boards that reflect a wide range of perspectives and opinion help to further develop sound governance and risk oversight and enhance shareholder value. Diverse boardrooms help companies make better strategic decisions and assist in navigating increasingly complex issues, including geopolitical risks, regulatory changes and disruptive technologies. Recruiting individuals with the necessary skills, varied experiences and diverse backgrounds should be a fundamental part of strengthening a business. As with all proxy votes, we seek to vote in our clients' best interest to enhance long-term shareholder value.

We expect boards to have a strategy to improve female representation in particular, and we will utilise our voting power to bring about change where companies are lagging in this respect. As a matter of principle, we expect our investee companies to be committed to diversity and inclusiveness in all aspects of their businesses. Investee companies should provide appropriate information explaining how their companies consider diversity in its widest sense at the board level, executive level and throughout the broader business.

As a minimum standard, for all Asia ex-Japan markets, we expect no single-gender boards, 25% gender diverse representation and 30% before 2030 (and follow the local market practice, whichever is more stringent). We will utilise our voting power to bring about change where companies are lagging and will vote against the nomination chair as well as engage with nominations committees where appropriate.

**Board Committees** 

To strengthen the governance process, boards should delegate key oversight functions, such as responsibility for audit, nomination and remuneration issues, to separate committees. The chairman and members of any committee should be clearly identified in the annual report. Any committee should have the authority to engage independent advisers where appropriate at the company's expense.

Audit committees should consist solely of non- executive directors who are independent of management. A demonstrably independent audit is essential for investor confidence. The audit committee should include at least one person with an appropriate financial background, but all committee members should undergo appropriate training that provides for, and maintains, a reasonable level of financial literacy. The terms of reference of the audit committee should include the power to determine the scope of the audit process, to review the effectiveness of the external auditor and to access any information arising from the internal audit process. Formal arrangements should be in place for the audit committee to hold regular meetings with external auditors, without executive or staff involvement, and it should have the right of unrestricted access to all necessary company information to enable it to discharge its responsibilities.

Nomination committees should be majority- independent and have an independent chair. The responsibilities of the nomination committee should include assessing the skills and competencies of directors to ensure that the board has an appropriate range of expertise; managing the process for evaluating the performance of the board, its committees and directors, and reporting on this process to shareholders in the annual report; and maintaining formal and transparent arrangements for succession planning at the board and senior management level.

Remuneration committees should be majority- independent and have an independent chair. The responsibilities of the remuneration committee should include: reviewing and recommending policies relating to remuneration, retention and termination of senior executives; ensuring that, through these policies, executives are properly motivated to drive the long- term success of the company, and that incentives are appropriately aligned; and overseeing

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the remuneration framework for non-executive directors. The remuneration committee should be ready to engage with and receive feedback from relevant stakeholders. The remuneration report should be the responsibility of the remuneration committee.

Boards of banks, insurance companies and other large or complex companies should consider establishing a risk committee to provide independent oversight and advice to the board on the risk-management strategy of the company. As with other committees, this committee should give a summary of its activities in the annual report.

**Director Independence and Tenure** 

A director will generally be deemed to be independent if he or she has no significant financial, familial or other ties with the company that might pose a conflict of interest. A non-executive director who has served more than three terms (or nine years) in the same capacity is no longer, normally, deemed to be independent. Directors staying on beyond this term would require the fullest explanation to shareholders. We will consider voting against appointment of independent directors who are deemed to be non-independent.

At the same time, it is essential that a company should attract and retain strong, experienced and knowledgeable board members able to contribute to its direction and success. Companies could consider reappointing long-serving independent directors as non-executive directors or board advisers. To allow for periodic board refreshment, we would encourage companies to articulate their approach on term limits and retirement age, and insofar as exceptions arise, to explain why this should be warranted given the board's composition and the individual director's contribution. We also encourage boards to regularly conduct board evaluations, with a self-assessment at least annually and an evaluation facilitated by a third party every three years.

In determining our vote, we will always consider independence and tenure issues on a case-by-case basis, taking into account any exceptional individual circumstances.

**Multiple Directorships** 

To carry out their responsibilities effectively, non- executive directors must be able to commit an appropriate amount of time to board matters. In order to be able to devote sufficient time to his or her duties, we would not normally expect a non-executive director to

hold more than three significant directorships at any one time. However, in the case of related group companies, we believe it is reasonable for an individual to hold up to six directorships, as long as this does not impact his/ her ability to discharge his/her duties. In our view, it is the responsibility of the chairman to ensure that all directors are participating actively and are contributing proportionately to the workload of the board.

For executive directors, only one additional non- executive post would normally be considered appropriate without further explanation.

**Meeting Attendance** 

Directors should ensure they attend all board meetings and relevant committee meetings within their remit.

We will consider voting against director re-election proposals for individuals with poor attendance records, unless compelling reasons for absence are disclosed.

**Directors' Liability** 

In certain markets, shareholders may be asked to give boards a blanket discharge from responsibility for all decisions made during the previous financial year. Depending on the jurisdiction, this resolution may or may not be legally binding and may not release the board from its legal responsibility.

JPMAM will usually vote against discharging the board from responsibility in cases of pending litigation, or if there is evidence of wrongdoing, for which the board must be held accountable.

Companies may arrange directors' and officers' liability insurance to indemnify executives in certain circumstances, such as class-action lawsuits and other litigation. JPMAM generally supports such proposals, although we do not approve of arrangements where directors are given 100% indemnification as this could absolve them of responsibility for their actions and encourage them to act recklessly. Such arrangements should not extend to third parties, such as auditors.

**4. Remuneration** 

**Key Principles** 

The key purpose of remuneration is to attract, retain and reward executives who are fundamental to the long-term success of the company. Executive remuneration is, and will, remain a contentious area, particularly the overall quantum of remuneration.

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Policy in this area cannot easily be prescribed by any one code or formula to cater for all circumstances, and it must depend on responsible and well-informed judgements on the part of remuneration committees. Any remuneration policy should be clear, transparent, simple to understand for both executives and investors and fully disclosed to shareholders. At a senior executive level, remuneration should contain both a fixed element – set by reference to the external market – and a variable element, which fully aligns the executive with shareholder interests and where superior awards can only be achieved by achieving superior performance against well-defined metrics.

Due consideration should be given to the effective management of risk within the business. This should be reflected in remuneration arrangements, which incentivise appropriate behaviour and discourage excessive risk-taking. Pay should be aligned to the long-term success of the business and the returns achieved by shareholders, and due consideration should be given to clawback arrangements to avoid payment for failure. Remuneration committees should use the discretion afforded to them by shareholders to ensure that pay awards properly reflect the business performance achieved.

We believe firmly that executive directors should be encouraged to hold meaningful amounts of company stock throughout the duration of their board tenure. However, transaction bonuses, one-off retention awards or other retrospective ex-gratia payments should not be made, and we will vote against such awards when proposed at shareholder meetings.

Recruitment awards for incoming executives should be limited to the value of awards forgone and be granted on equivalent terms.

We will generally vote against shareholder proposals to restrict arbitrarily the compensation of executives or other employees. We feel that the specific amounts and types of employee compensation are within the ordinary remit of the board. At the same time, the remuneration of executive directors should be determined by independent remuneration committees and fully disclosed to shareholders. We would expect that stock option plans or long-term incentive plans should meet our compensation guidelines (see below).

**Fixed Compensation** 

Executives are entitled to a basic salary set by reference to the external market and, in particular, benchmarked against the company's immediate

peers. While acknowledging that salary often forms the basis for variable compensation arrangements, we believe annual increases in salary should be limited and generally be in line with the wider workforce of the company. Substantial increases in salary, for example, where an executive has been promoted, should be fully justified to shareholders. We do not approve of large increases in fixed salary as a retention mechanism.

**Variable Compensation** 

We generally prefer any variable compensation arrangement to have both a short-term and a long-term component. Annual bonuses are now a common feature of compensation packages, and we recommend that bonuses be benchmarked against the sector in which the company operates. While we recognise that annual bonus targets are often commercially sensitive, we expect a high degree of disclosure on performance metrics (pre-award) and performance against those metrics (post-award).

Payment of bonuses for executives should take the form of cash and deferred shares. Clawback arrangements should be a feature of any variable compensation scheme.

For the long-term component of variable compensation schemes, share-based long-term incentive plans and share option schemes should be designed to give executives an incentive to perform at the highest levels; grants under such schemes should be subject to appropriate performance criteria, which reflect the company's long-term strategy and objectives over an appropriate time horizon. There should be no award for below-median performance, and awards for at-median performance should be modest at best. Beneficiaries should be encouraged to retain any resultant shares for the duration of their employment.

We will generally vote against the resetting of performance conditions on existing awards, the cancellation and reissue, retesting or repricing of underwater awards, and the backdating of awards or discounted awards.

All incentive plans should be clearly explained and disclosed to shareholders and, ideally, put to a shareholder vote for approval. Furthermore, each director's awards, awarded or vested, should be detailed, including the term, performance conditions, exercise prices (if any) and the market price of the shares at the date of exercise. Best practice requires that share options be expensed fully so that shareholders can assess their true cost to the company. The assumptions and methodology behind the expensing calculation should also be explained to shareholders.

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To ensure that incentive plans operate in a way that benefits both employees and shareholders, we expect a limit on the level of dilution that can occur and an upper performance cap or appropriate tapering arrangements for individual awards.

We will vote in favour of well-structured compensation schemes with keen incentives and clear and specific performance criteria, which are challenging in nature and fully disclosed to shareholders. We will vote against remuneration awards that we deem to be excessive or performance criteria that are undemanding. We would expect remuneration committees to explain why the criteria used are considered to be challenging and how they align the interests of recipients with the long-term interests of shareholders.

**Pension Arrangements** 

Pension arrangements should be transparent and cost-neutral to shareholders. JPMAM believes it is inappropriate for executives to participate in pension arrangements that are materially different to those of employees (such as continuing to participate in a final salary arrangement when employees have been transferred to a defined contribution scheme). One- off payments into an individual director's pension scheme, changes to pension entitlements and waivers concerning early retirement provisions should be fully disclosed and justified to shareholders.

**Non-Executive Director Remuneration** 

The role of the non-executive director is to monitor the strategy, performance and remuneration of executives and to protect the interests of shareholders.

Non-executive directors should receive sufficient remuneration to attract and retain suitably qualified individuals and encourage them to undertake their role diligently.

JPMAM believes that non-executive directors should be paid, at least in part, in shares of the company wherever possible in order to align their interests with the interests of shareholders. Performance criteria, however, should never be attached. Non-executive directors should not be awarded share options or performance-based share awards. Neither should they receive retrospective ex-gratia payments at the termination of their service on the board. In the event that such remuneration schemes or payments are proposed, we will vote against these proposals.

**5. Auditors** 

**Auditor Independence** 

Auditors must provide an independent and objective check on the way in which the financial statements have been prepared and presented. The appointment of a company's auditor should be reviewed and approved by shareholders on an annual basis. We will vote against the appointment or reappointment of auditors who are not perceived as independent or where there has been an unambiguous audit failure.

The length of time that both the audit company and the audit partner have served in their capacity may be a factor in determining independence.

**Auditor Rotation** 

In order to safeguard the independence of the audit, companies should rotate their designated auditor over time. We believe that companies should put their external audit contract out to tender at least every 10 years.

**Auditor Remuneration** 

We expect companies to make a detailed disclosure on auditor remuneration. Companies should be encouraged to distinguish clearly between audit and non-audit fees. Audit committees should keep under review the non-audit fees paid to the auditor, both in relation to the size of the total audit fee and in relation to the company's total expenditure on consultancy services.

Full details of all non-audit work should be disclosed. If there is a lack of explanation over the nature of non- audit services, or if there is reason to believe that the nature of these services could impair the independence of the audit, we will oppose the reappointment of the auditor.

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If the quantum of non-audit fees consistently exceeds audit fees, and if no explanation is given to shareholders, we will vote against the auditor remuneration resolution.

**Auditor Indemnification** 

We are opposed to the use of shareholders' funds to indemnify auditors.

**6. Capital Management** 

**Issue of Equity** 

Company law requires that shareholder approvals be obtained to increase the share capital of a company; at the same time, shareholders need to be aware of the expected levels of dilution resulting from new equity issuance. We will generally vote in favour of equity increases that enhance a company's long-term prospects, but we will vote against issuance terms that we consider excessively dilutive.

We believe strongly that any new issue of equity should first be offered to existing shareholders before being made available more broadly. Pre-emption rights are a fundamental right of ownership, and we will generally vote against any attempts to deprive shareholders of these rights, except under very limited terms. At the same time, companies should have the ability to issue additional equity to provide flexibility in their financing arrangements. In many jurisdictions, companies routinely ask shareholders for authority to issue new equity up to a certain percentage of issued capital and up to a maximum discount to prevailing market prices (the so-called "general mandate").

As shareholders, we recognise the flexibility that the general mandate gives companies, and we wish to be supportive of such proposals. However, we also recognise that these general mandates can be open to abuse, particularly if this results in excessively dilutive issuance. In particular, we believe the maximum number of additional shares represented by these proposals (including the reissuance of repurchased shares, if any) should be limited to 10% of existing equity capital, and the maximum discount of such issues to prevailing prices should similarly be limited to 10%.

We note that the listing rules in some jurisdictions permit issuance on considerably more relaxed terms than implied by these limits. In Hong Kong, for example, companies can seek approval to issue up to 20% of issued equity at up to a 20% discount to prevailing market prices. We believe strongly that the dilution risk

implied by these limits is excessive, and we tend to vote against such requests unless a strong explanation has been provided justifying such terms.

When seeking shareholder approval for a general mandate, we would urge a company to provide the following details:

• an explanation of the need for a general mandate request and the rationale for the size of the issue and the discount cap;

• details of placements made under the general mandate during the preceding three years; and

• details of alternative methods of financing that may have been considered by the board.

JPMAM will vote against equity issues that allow the company to adopt "poison pill" takeover defence tactics or where the increase in authorised capital excessively dilutes existing shareholder interests.

**Debt Issuance** 

JPMAM will generally vote in favour of debt issuance proposals that we believe will enhance a company's long-term prospects. At the same time, we will vote against any uncapped or poorly defined increase in bank borrowing powers or borrowing limits, as well as debt issuance that could result in an unacceptable degree of financial leverage assumed. We will also vote against proposals to increase borrowings expressly as part of a takeover defence.

**Share Repurchase Programmes** 

JPMAM will generally vote in favour of share repurchase or buyback programmes where we believe the repurchase is in the best interests of shareholders. At the same time, we will vote against abusive repurchase schemes or when shareholders' interests could be better served by deployment of the cash for alternative uses. When purchased, we prefer that such shares are cancelled immediately rather than taken into treasury for reissuance at a later date.

**7. Mergers, Acquisitions and Related-Party Transactions** 

Mergers and acquisitions are always considered on a case-by-case basis, and votes are determined exclusively by the best interests of our clients. In exceptional circumstances, we may split our vote and vote differently for individual clients depending on unique client circumstances. JPMAM may also split its vote between different clients for technical reasons, such as cross-border mergers, where certain clients may not be able to hold the resultant security in portfolios.

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JPMAM will vote in favour of mergers/acquisitions where the proposed acquisition price represents fair value for shareholders, where shareholders cannot realise greater value through other means and where all shareholders receive equal treatment under the merger/acquisition terms. Where the transaction involves related parties – see below – we would expect the board to establish a committee of independent directors to review the transaction and report separately to shareholders. There should be a clear value-enhancing rationale for the proposed transaction.

**Related-Party Transactions** 

Related-party transactions ("RPTs") are common in a number of Asia-Pacific jurisdictions. These are transactions between a company and its related parties and generally come in two forms: a) one-off transactions, typically asset purchases or disposals, and b) recurring transactions occurring during the ordinary course of business, usually in the form of the ongoing sale and purchase of goods and services.

According to the materiality and nature of the transaction, the RPT may need to be disclosed and submitted to a shareholder meeting for approval.

Any shareholder who has a material interest in the transaction should abstain from voting on the resolution. If a RPT requires shareholder approval, the company should establish a board committee composed solely of independent directors and appoint an independent adviser to prepare a recommendation to minority shareholders.

We will assess one-off transactions on a case-by- case basis. Where we are convinced by the strategic rationale and the fairness of the transaction terms, we will vote in favour. At the same time, we would expect the independent directors to disclose how they have made their recommendation to minority shareholders so that shareholders can make an informed decision on this transaction.

For recurring transactions, we would expect that details are disclosed in the annual report and that they be subject to shareholders' approval on a periodic basis. We would expect all such transactions to have been conducted on an arm's-length basis, on normal commercial terms.

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**8. Voting Rights** 

Voting rights are the defining feature of equity ownership, and effective corporate governance depends on the willingness and ability of shareholders to exercise their votes. As a matter of principle, we believe that one share should equal one vote, and we are opposed to mechanisms that skew voting rights in favour of founder shareholders or other privileged groups. Unfortunately, the "one share, one vote" principle has been eroded in recent years as regulators have permitted the listing of companies with weighted voting rights and other dual-class features.

This has reduced the ability of minority shareholders in these companies to use their voting power to hold their managements or controlling shareholders fully to account, in view of the lack of proportionality that unequal voting structures confer.

To provide protection for minority investors, we believe that companies with dual-class structures should review these control features on a regular basis and seek periodic shareholder approvals. This should give those shareholders not enjoying such voting privileges the opportunity to affirm these structures or to establish mechanisms, such as sunset clauses, which can phase out these unequal advantages after a prescribed period of time.

Independent directors, unaffiliated to controlling shareholders, should recognise their obligation to represent all shareholders equally, irrespective of the skew in voting rights. We will vote against the re- election of independent directors if valid concerns arise that the interests of minority shareholders are being compromised by the actions of controlling shareholders enjoying disproportionate voting rights.

Elsewhere, while certain fundamental changes to a company's business, articles of association or share capital should require a supermajority vote, voting on routine business should require a simple majority only (51%). We will generally oppose amendments that require inappropriate supermajority votes or use supermajority requirements as a tool to entrench existing managements.

**9. Social and Environmental Issues** 

We believe that a company's environmental policies may have a long-term impact on the company's financial performance. We believe that good corporate governance policies should consider the impact of company operations on the environment and the

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cost of compliance with laws and regulations relating to environmental matters, physical damage to the environment (including the costs of clean-ups and repairs), consumer preferences and capital investments related to climate change. Furthermore, we believe that corporate shareholders have a legitimate need for information to enable them to evaluate the potential risks and opportunities that climate change and other environmental matters pose to the company's operations, sales and capital investments. We acknowledge that many companies disclose their practices relating to social and environmental issues and that disclosure is improving over time. We generally encourage a level of reporting that is not unduly costly or burdensome and that does not place the company at a competitive disadvantage but that provides meaningful information to enable shareholders to evaluate the impact of the company's environmental policies and practices on its financial performance.

With regard to social issues, among other factors, we consider the company's labour practices, supply chain, how the company supports and monitors those issues, what types of disclosure the company and its peers currently provide, and whether the proposal would result in a competitive disadvantage for the company.

In evaluating how to vote environmental proposals, considerations may include, but are not limited to, the following:

**Issuer Considerations** 

• asset profile of the company, including whether it is exposed to potentially declining demand for the company's products or services due to environmental considerations;

• capital deployment of the company;

• cost structure of the company, including its position on the cost curve, expected impact of future carbon tax and exposure to high fixed operating costs;

• corporate behaviour of the company, including whether senior management is incentivised for long-term returns;

• demonstrated capabilities of the company, its strategic planning process and past performance;

• current level of disclosure of the company and consistency of disclosure across its industry; and

• whether the company incorporates environmental or social issues in a risk assessment or risk reporting framework.

**Proposal Considerations** 

• Would adoption of the proposal inform and educate shareholders and have companies that adopted the proposal provided insightful and meaningful information that allowed shareholders to evaluate the long-term risks and
performance of the company?

• Does the proposal require disclosure that is already addressed by existing and proposed mandated regulatory requirements or formal guidance at the local, state or national level or the company's existing
disclosure practices?

• Does the proposal create the potential for unintended consequences, such as a competitive disadvantage?

In general, we support management disclosure practices that are overall consistent with the goals and objectives expressed above. Proposals with respect to companies that have been involved in controversies, fines or litigation are expected to be subject to heightened review and consideration.

Vote against the chair of the committee responsible for providing oversight of environmental matters and/or risk where we believe the company is lagging peers in terms of disclosure, business practices or targets. Vote against committee members, the lead independent director and/or board chair for companies that have lagged over several years.

An engaged and diverse employee base is integral to a company's ability to innovate, respond to a diverse customer base and engage with diverse communities in which the company operates, thus delivering shareholder returns. JPMAM will generally support shareholder resolutions seeking the company to disclose data on workforce demographics, including diversity, where such disclosure is deemed inadequate.

We expect engaged boards to provide oversight of human capital management ("HCM"), that is, a company's management of its workforce, including human resources policies (including code of conduct), use of full-time versus part-time employees, workforce cost, employee engagement and turnover, talent development, retention and training, compliance record and health and safety. JPMAM will vote case-by- case on shareholder resolutions seeking disclosure of HCM. JPMAM will generally vote against shareholder proposals seeking HCM information that is considered confidential or sensitive information by the board.

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**10. Shareholder Resolutions** 

In a number of jurisdictions, shareholders have the right to submit proposals at shareholder meetings, providing eligibility and other requirements have been met. Such proposals can be wide-ranging and may include governance reforms, capital management issues and disclosures surrounding environmental and social risks.

When assessing shareholder proposals, we review each resolution on its merits. Our sole criteria of support is: does this proposal enhance shareholder rights; and is this proposal in the long-term interests of all shareholders? Where we are convinced the proposal meets these objectives, it will receive our vote in support. However, we will not support proposals that are frivolous or supportive of a narrow activist agenda, nor will we support those that are unduly constraining on managements or are already in managements' remit.

Where a proposal is focused on an issue that needs to be addressed, we would expect the board and management to demonstrate that company will comply with the resolution within a reasonable time frame. But where the company fails to respond sufficiently or with the appropriate sense of urgency, we may vote against the re-election of one or more directors at subsequent meetings.

**11. Climate Risk** 

Many economies are responding to climate change with regulations as well as policies to drive decarbonisation.

In our view, climate change has become a material risk to the strategy and financial performance of many companies.

JPMAM may vote against directors serving on relevant committees of companies that, in our opinion, face material climate-related transition or asset risks, where climate disclosures are not available or where we believe such disclosures are not meaningful. JPMAM may also vote for shareholder resolutions requesting such information where the company has not provided such disclosure.

To provide shareholders with meaningful disclosures on how the company is addressing risks related to climate change:

• We encourage disclosures aligned with the reporting framework developed by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") addressing all the four pillars of the TCFD – (i) governance,
(ii) strategy, (iii) risk management and(iv) metrics and targets related to any performance indicators used to manage such risks. The TCFD report (or equivalent) should address whether decarbonisation of the company's operations or its
supply chain is a material part of its strategy to mitigate climate change risks including transition risks to the company and, if so, provide a narrative on how the company plans to do so and over what time frame.

• For industries where we believe climate change risks pose material financial risks, we encourage comprehensive TCFD reporting (or equivalent) including scenario analysis to help us understand the resilience of a
company's strategy. While we recognise that some disclosures related to scenario analysis, especially granular data at the asset level, may involve sensitive information that companies will not disclose if such disclosures could harm the
company, we expect the company to provide their conclusions from these analyses as they pertain to the resilience of the company's strategy.

• We encourage disclosures of Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emission targets where decarbonisation of a company's operations and purchased energy has been identified by the company as a key part of the
company's strategy to manage climate change risks.

• We note many companies have chosen to set long- term net-zero targets. In order for us to evaluate the long-term credibility of transition plans, where such long-term targets are
set, we encourage the company to disclose the scope of emissions included in such targets. We recognise the many challenges associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions. While we understand the limitations associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions,
we would expect companies that have included such emissions in their net-zero targets to disclose their Scope 3 emissions. We also encourage disclosures of interim emission-reduction targets where the company
has set long-term net-zero targets.

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• We encourage disclosure on past performance against emission-reduction goals and forward- looking strategy to achieve emission reduction goals, including use of offsets and corporate transactions.

The board of directors is critical in formulating and executing company strategy. While we do not support the use of shareholder proposals to diminish the authority of the board, if the board recommends a vote against a climate-related shareholder proposal, we expect boards to clearly articulate the rationale supporting their recommendation. The board's response should clearly explain why implementation of disclosures or actions requested by the shareholder proposal would be detrimental to shareholder value.

**12. Other Corporate Governance Matters** 

**Amendments to Articles of Association** 

These proposals can vary from routine changes to reflect regulatory change to significant changes that can substantially alter the governance of a company. We will review these proposals on a case-by-case basis, and we will support those proposals that we believe are in the best interests of shareholders.

**Anti-Takeover Devices** 

Poison pills, and other anti-takeover devices, are arrangements designed to defend against hostile takeover. Typically, they give shareholders of a target company or a friendly third party the right to purchase shares at a substantial discount to market value or shares with special conversion rights in the event of a pre-defined "triggering event" (such as an outsider's acquisition of a certain percentage of company stock). Companies may be able to adopt poison pills without shareholder approval, depending on the jurisdiction concerned.

We are fundamentally opposed to any artificial barrier to the efficient functioning of markets. The market for corporate control should, ultimately, be for all shareholders to decide. We find no clear evidence that poison pills enhance shareholder value. Rather, they tend to be used as tools to entrench existing management.

We will generally vote against anti-takeover devices and support proposals aimed at revoking such plans. Where anti-takeover devices exist, they should be fully disclosed to shareholders, and shareholders should be given the opportunity to review them periodically.

**Composite Resolutions** 

Agenda items at shareholder meetings should be presented so that they can be voted upon clearly, distinctly and unambiguously. We normally oppose deliberately vague, composite or "bundled" resolutions, depending on the context and local market practice.

Likewise we will generally vote against "any other business" resolutions where the exact nature of the proposal has not been presented to shareholders in advance.

Any amendments to a company's articles of association, for example, should be presented to shareholders in such a way that they can be voted on independently. Shareholders should similarly be able to vote on the election of directors individually, rather than as part of bundled slates.

**Charitable Donations** 

Charitable donations are generally acceptable, provided they are within reasonable limits and fully disclosed to shareholders.

**Political Donations** 

We do not support the use of shareholder funds for political purposes.

**Virtual General Shareholder Meetings** 

In certain markets, by-law changes have taken place to allow a company to hold virtual or hybrid general shareholder meetings. General shareholder meetings should be fair, constructive and foster dialogue between company management and shareholders.

In principle, we are supportive of proposals allowing shareholder meetings to be convened by electronic means so long as the flexibility in the format of the meetings contributes to enhance access to the meetings and where shareholder participation rights are protected, regardless of whether physical or virtual.

**J.P. Morgan Asset Management** 

**Asia ex-Japan Proxy Committee** 

**April 2025** 

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**II. Proxy Voting Guidelines continued** 

**D. Japan** 

**I. Basic Policy on Corporate Governance** 

JPMorgan Asset Management (Japan) Ltd ("AMJ") fully endorses the 2020 revision of the Japanese version of the Stewardship Code, and we have disclosed the steps we follow with regard to the principles of the code.

We recognise the importance of corporate governance when evaluating companies, and we will continue with our efforts to engage with companies as responsible institutional investors.

We also positively evaluate the Corporate Governance Code revised in June 2021, which we believe serves to further enhance corporate governance in Japan.

**1. Purpose of Proxy Voting** 

JPMorgan Asset Management (Japan) Ltd manages the voting rights of the shares entrusted to it as it would manage any other asset. It is the policy of AMJ to vote in a prudent and diligent manner, based exclusively on our reasonable judgement of what will best serve the financial interests of the beneficial owners of the security. When exercising our vote, our aim is to evaluate the governance of the company concerned and maximise returns to shareholders over the medium to long term.

**2. Proxy Voting Principles** 

• We will vote at all of the meetings called by companies in which we are invested on behalf of our clients who have authorised us to vote.

• We will not abstain or withhold our vote. This is to prevent the worst possible outcome the worst possible outcome in the form of a shareholder meeting failing to meet its quorum and thereby not being effective.

• We look to an enhancement of corporate value over the medium to long term and sustained growth of the company concerned through our proxy voting.

• We recognise the importance of constructive engagements with companies as an ongoing dialogue on ways to raise corporate value can lead to maximising medium- to long-term investment returns for our clients. Therefore,
we ask companies to be open and responsive when we seek to have investor engagements.

• If any agenda item is couched in vague terms or lacking in explanation so that it would be possible to interpret the item in a manner detrimental to the rights of shareholders, in principle we will not support such a
proposal.

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| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  **Japan contents:** | **Japan contents:** |  |
| **I.** | **Basic Policy on Corporate Governance** | **51** |
| 1. | Purpose of Proxy Voting | 51 |
| 2. | Proxy Voting Principles | 51 |
| **II.** | **Voting Guidelines** | **52** |
| 1. | Distribution of Income/ Dividends and Share Buybacks | 52 |
| 2. | Boards and Directors | 52 |
| 3. | Directors' Remuneration | 54 |
| 4. | Appointment of External Audit Firms | 55 |
| 5. | Poorly Performing Companies | 55 |
| 6. | Efforts to Improve Capital Efficiency | 56 |
| 7. | Antisocial Activities | 56 |
| 8. | Cross-shareholdings | 56 |
| 9. | Adoption of Anti-hostile Takeover Measures | 56 |
| 10. | Capital Structure | 56 |
| 11. | Mergers/Acquisitions | 57 |
| 12. | Virtual General Shareholder Meetings | 57 |
| 13. | Social and Environmental Issues | 57 |
| 14. | Climate Risk | 58 |
| 15. | Shareholder Proposals | 59 |
| 16. | Conflicts of Interest | 59 |

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**II. Voting Guidelines** 

**1. Distribution of Income/Dividends and Share Buybacks** 

As investors, we are seeking sustainable earnings growth over the medium to long term and an expansion in shareholder value of the companies we invest in; thus we believe that concentrating solely on shareholder returns would not be appropriate.

During different phases in a company's development, we understand that the balance between retained earnings, capital expenditure and investment in the business, and returns to shareholders will change.

As a general rule, we will vote against any proposal for the appropriation of profits that involves a payout ratio of less than 50% (after taking into account other forms of payouts to shareholders such as share repurchase programmes) if the capital ratio is equal to or greater than 50% and there is no further need to increase the level of retained earnings.

Also, even in the event that the capital ratio is less than 50%, we will vote against management if the payout ratio is deemed to be strikingly low (after taking into account other forms of payouts such as share repurchase programmes) without a valid reason. We believe that, in general, companies should target a total shareholder return of 30%.

The guidelines above relating to a company's capital ratio have not been applied in the case of financial institutions; the income allocation proposals for financial institutions have been assessed on a case- by-case basis. We note, however, that the capital ratio in the banking industry has improved in recent years and thus believe conditions look more favourable now for returns to shareholders to be enhanced. Thus we believe that financial institutions should also target a total shareholder return of 30%. In instances where we deem that further retention of earnings is no longer required, we believe a total shareholder return greater than 50% would be appropriate.

If the appropriation of profits is not tabled as an item at the annual general meeting, in principle, we will vote against the re-election of directors in cases where the above conditions are not met.

In addition, we will oppose the dividend proposal where we believe it will prejudice the solvency or future prospects of the company.

When making our decision, we take into account the history of the company's return to shareholders, not just the outcome of the most recent financial year.

Where a company seeks to amend its articles of association to allow the distribution of income by way of board resolution, we will generally vote against such a proposal. We will, however, support an amendment to allow distribution of income by way of board resolution if it is clear that, under normal circumstances, the income allocation proposal would be presented to the annual general meeting and is thus a measure to allow the company to make distributions in exceptional circumstances.

**2. Boards and Directors** 

**Election of Directors** 

We will generally support the election of directors. However, if the candidate(s) infringe(s) our guidelines with regard to the independence of directors or the number of directors, we will not support the proposal.

In addition, in the case of the re-election of directors, we will vote against candidates who infringe our guidelines pertaining to the length of tenure, payout ratio, poorly performing companies, antisocial activities, cross- shareholdings, stock options, anti-hostile takeover measures, mergers and acquisitions, capital raising, borrowing and share repurchase programmes. Also, we will not support the re-election of external board members (external directors and external statutory auditors) whose attendance at board meetings falls below 75%. In principle, we expect external board members to hold no more than four directorships of listed companies. Where there are no external board members, we will generally oppose the re-election of the representative director(s).

**Number of Directors** 

Boards with more than 15 directors are deemed excessively large, and AMJ will exercise its voting powers in favour of reducing large boards wherever possible. AMJ believes a board with 15 directors or less is appropriate in Japan as well. To ensure a swift management decision-making process, in principle, we will therefore vote against a resolution for the election of directors where the premise is that the board will consist of more than 15 directors.

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**Director's Term of Office** 

Every director should be subject to a re-election process, and we believe the term of office should be one year or less. We will support amendments to the articles reducing the director's term of office to one year; in principle, we will vote against a proposal where the term exceeds one year.

**Length of Tenure** 

We will take the length of tenure into consideration when a director is subject to re-election. In particular, when a director who has served for a long period is offered for re-election, we will take factors such as the company's performance during that time into consideration.

**Separation of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer** 

AMJ believes it is preferable if the roles of chairman and chief executive officer are separate in Japan as well.

**External Directors on the Board of Directors** 

We encourage the election of multiple external directors on the board of directors since we believe that having multiple external directors is essential for the board to form an objective perspective on the company and act effectively. Therefore, unless the majority of the board of directors comprises external directors or candidates for external director, at the annual general meeting, in principle, we will vote against the election of the representative directors, such as the president of the company. When making our decision on this issue, we will not take the independence of the external director or the candidate for external director into consideration. Our decision regarding the independence of an external director will be reflected in our vote on that individual candidate.

**Composition of the Board of Directors** 

We believe that it is not only the number of external directors that is of consequence but attach importance to the composition of the board of directors.

The board has a responsibility to reflect the interests of all the company's stakeholders, such as its clients, employees and investors.

As an important part of contributing to long-term shareholder value, consideration should be given to achieving a suitable balance in terms of areas of expertise, gender, nationality, seniority or length of tenure on the board of the individual board members. Recruiting individuals with unique skills, experiences

and diverse backgrounds is a fundamental part of strengthening a business, further developing sound governance and risk oversight, and is an important consideration when searching for new board members. We believe directors with diverse backgrounds should make up a majority of the board, and we will work towards that goal over time. As with all proxy votes, we seek to vote in our clients' best interests to enhance long-term shareholder value.

We feel that gender equality is one of the top priorities for Japanese corporate boards to resolve. We thus seek to deepen our understanding of the board structure through our engagement with companies, and we will also convey our message through our vote for or against the election of directors, where we believe our vote can contribute towards enhancing corporate value on the issues noted above. Our policy is to vote against the election of the representative directors, such as the president of the company, if there is only one or no female directors. We will require at least 30% gender diversity before 2030.

We also expect companies to consider and address diversity in its widest sense, both at the board level and throughout the business, such as the senior management level, and disclose appropriate information in line with this expectation.

**Independence of External Directors** 

Even if the candidate for external director meets the standards of local Japanese requirements, we believe the following candidates cannot be deemed independent without adequate explanation from the company (and in general will oppose their election as an external director):

• the candidate was or is employed at an affiliate company;

• the candidate was or is employed at a large shareholder or major business partner;

• the candidate was or is employed at a legal firm, accounting firm, taxation firm, consultant or financial institution such as a bank where a business relationship exists with the company concerned so that a conflict of
interest exists;

• the candidate was or is employed at a company in which the investee company holds shares (cross- shareholdings of equity);

• the candidate is an external director whose tenure exceeds 10 years; or

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• the candidate appears subject to any other conflict of interest.

These criteria apply equally to directors on boards with committees, boards with statutory auditors and boards with supervisory committees.

We will generally support a proposal to change the structure of the board from a board with statutory auditors to a board with committees. We support measures to delegate key oversight functions such as remuneration, nomination and audit to independent committees. We will also generally support a change to a board with a supervisory committee, provided the company provides a clear and rational explanation for such a move.

**Dismissal of Directors** 

In principle, we will vote against measures to make the dismissal of directors more difficult.

**Board Effectiveness** 

Board effectiveness is essential to the functioning of a governance system and to the oversight of the delivery of business objectives. We encourage boards to regularly conduct board evaluations, with a self- assessment at least annually and an evaluation facilitated by independent external professional governance consultants on occasion, as a best practice.

**Election of Statutory Auditors** 

We will generally support the election of statutory auditors, though we will oppose candidates for external statutory auditor based on our criteria for independence described in the following section. In the case of the re-election of statutory auditors, we will vote against candidates who infringe our guidelines pertaining to antisocial activities. Also, we will not support the re-election of external statutory auditors whose attendance at board meetings falls below 75%.

**Independence of External Statutory Auditors** 

Even if the candidate for external statutory auditor meets the standards of local Japanese requirements, we believe the following candidates cannot be deemed independent without adequate explanation from the company (and, in general, we will oppose their election as an external statutory auditor):

• the candidate was or is employed at an affiliate company;

• the candidate was or is employed at a large shareholder or major business partner;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

• the candidate was or is employed at a legal firm, accounting firm, taxation firm, consultant or financial institution such as a bank where a business relationship exists with the company concerned so that a conflict of
interest exists;

• the candidate was or is employed at a company in which the investee company holds shares (cross- shareholdings of equity);

• the candidate is an external statutory auditor whose tenure exceeds 10 years; or

• the candidate appears subject to any other conflict of interest.

These criteria apply equally to candidates for alternate external statutory auditors.

**3. Directors' Remuneration** 

The voting decision will be made in a comprehensive manner, taking into account matters such as the recent trend in the company's earnings. We expect the director remuneration process to be transparent and support the disclosure of individual director remuneration. We believe that director remuneration is best determined following advice from a remuneration committee independent of management; we do not support a process whereby the board gives the representative director discretion to determine the remuneration of individual directors. In principle, we will support shareholder resolutions in favour of the disclosure of individual directors' remuneration and bonus payments.

We expect companies to have a remuneration system comprising a reasonable mix of fixed and variable (based on short-term and medium- to long-term incentives) compensation. The fixed component should reflect practices in the industry and also be consistent with the wider policies on employee pay.

The variable element should be linked to performance and be designed in a manner to reward performance. We support the disclosure of the structure of directors' remuneration and the linkage of directors' remuneration to the company's performance. In addition, we encourage the companies to disclose key performance indicators or figures that clearly explain how the overall remuneration quantum, the ratio of fixed pay to variables, or the ratio of cash to stock-based payment, is decided. We support the introduction of clawback or malus clauses in order to prevent excessive risk-taking, which can negatively

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impact shareholder value, and excessive pay. In cases where there has been antisocial activity or the company has had poor performance, votes will be cast against the re-election of directors where this is deemed appropriate. However, where there are no other appropriate proposals, we may vote against an increase in directors' pay or the payment of bonuses.

**Retirement Bonus** 

The voting decision will be made in a comprehensive manner, taking into account matters such as the recent trend in the company's earnings. In principle, we will support shareholder resolutions in favour of the disclosure of individual directors' retirement bonus payments.

**AMJ will vote against** 

1. golden parachutes; and

2. retirement bonus payments to external directors, directors who are audit and supervisory committee members and
statutory auditors.

In cases where there has been antisocial activity or the company has had poor performance, votes will be cast against the re-election of directors where this is deemed appropriate. However, where there are no other appropriate proposals, we may vote against the payment of retirement bonuses to directors

**Stock Options and Equity Remuneration Plans** 

In terms of alignment with the interests of shareholders, we believe it is meaningful for directors and employees to hold the company's stock and welcome the award of stock options and equity compensation. Long-term incentive arrangements, such as share option schemes and long-term incentive plans, should be dependent upon challenging performance criteria, and there should be no award for below-median performance. The terms should be clearly explained and fully disclosed to shareholders and participants.

We will vote against the proposal in the following cases:

• The terms of the stock option or equity remuneration plan are unclear or not fully disclosed. Deeply discounted stock option plans will only be supported if exercise is prohibited in the first three years following the
award.

• In general, we will not support a proposal where the dilution from existing schemes and the new programme requiring annual general meeting approval exceeds 10%.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

• Transaction bonuses, or other retrospective ex- gratia payments, should not be made.

• We will generally vote against the cancellation and reissue, retesting or repricing of underwater options.

• External directors and statutory auditors (both internal and external), as well as third parties such as clients should not be participants in stock option schemes.

• Equity remuneration for external directors and statutory auditors (both internal and external) should not be linked to performance, nor should third parties receive equity.

**4. Appointment of External Audit Firms** 

Auditors must provide an independent and objective check on the way in which the financial statements have been prepared and presented. We will oppose an appointment where we believe a conflict of interest may exist.

**Exemption from Liability** 

Apart from those instances where local rules allow, in general, we will vote against a limitation in the legal liability of directors and statutory auditors.

We believe agreements should not be concluded with external audit firms exempting them from liability, and we will oppose proposals to amend articles of association to permit the introduction of such agreements.

**5. Poorly Performing Companies** 

During our scrutiny of management proposals at annual general meetings, we will be cognisant of the recent trend in a company's earnings. For example, where a company has seen a recurring decline in earnings, recorded a large loss or continuously reported a noticeably low level of return (such as a company with a permanently low return on equity), we may determine the poor performance of the company needs to be reflected in our voting activity. (We do not have a return- on-equity target as such, but we look at the level and trend in returns on equity when evaluating companies).

In such instances, AMJ will vote against the re-election of a director where shareholder value has been negatively impacted by the poor performance attributable to mistakes made during the director's term.

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**6. Efforts to Improve Capital Efficiency** 

We expect company management to have due regard for the cost of capital. If a company does not show signs that it is seeking to improve the efficient use of capital where we believe the company's capital management will lead to depressed earnings or a deterioration in corporate and shareholder value, AMJ will vote against the re-election of the representative director(s) or the director in charge.

**7. Antisocial Activities** 

This is an item included within a Japanese context. There is no strict definition of antisocial activity, but in this context, it refers to companies that are, for example, subject to official sanctions from their regulatory bodies or have violated the law during the fiscal year in question. In addition, companies that have caused severe social problems or through their actions negatively impacted earnings and caused a severe loss to shareholder value will be considered. Emphasis is placed on the possibility or otherwise of the impairment of shareholder value through these activities.

AMJ expects companies that have been involved in antisocial activities to disclose such activities to shareholders, together with the countermeasures and the remedial measures adopted. If the parties directly involved in the antisocial activity remain on the board of directors, in general, we will vote against the election of those directors and/or statutory auditors concerned. However, where there are no other appropriate proposals, we may vote against the directors' remuneration, the payment of bonuses or retirement bonuses to directors, or the award of stock options.

**8. Cross-shareholdings** 

This is an item included within a Japanese context. Due to potential conflicts of interest, the risk of the proxy vote becoming inconsequential and capital efficiency concerns, in general, we believe companies should not have cross-shareholdings in other companies.

Therefore, we will vote against the re-election of the representative director(s) or the director in charge at companies that are expanding cross-shareholdings, companies with a low likelihood of liquidating the existing cross-shareholdings or companies that endorse the idea of cross-shareholdings.

We have observed cases where disclosures on cross- shareholdings provided by companies are either too complex or too vague; this can be obstructive for

investors to have constructive engagement on the topic. Therefore, we ask the companies to provide full quantitative and qualitative explanation on past proxy voting activities, potential conflicts of interest of owning shares in business partners and the economic rationale for existing cross-shareholdings.

**9. Adoption of Anti-Hostile Takeover Measures** 

AMJ considers such measures on a case-by-case basis. In principle, we will oppose such measures, unless it is clear such measures are necessary and effective and will serve to enhance shareholder value. AMJ will generally vote against anti-takeover devices and support proposals aimed at revoking existing plans. AMJ will vote against increases in authorized capital where the increase in authorised capital would dilute shareholder value in the long term. Also, if management adopts other measures that fulfill the function of an anti-hostile takeover measure without seeking shareholder approval, methods of expressing a vote against management will be determined as deemed appropriate.

In a Japanese context, the following are among the steps we believe that can be viewed as "poison pill" equivalents: 1) multiple private offering financings; 2) increases in authorised share capital without adequate explanation; 3) large-scale dilution to parties other than shareholders; 4) issuance of "golden shares"; 5) deliberate changes as to the timing of re-election of directors; 6) lengthy extensions to the directors' term. From the viewpoint of safeguarding shareholder rights, we will oppose the re-election of directors, for example, in this context.

**10. Capital Structure** 

**Issue of Classified Stock** 

We will oppose the issue of classified stock without a rational explanation regarding the purpose of such means of fundraising.

**Increase in the Authorised Share Capital** 

AMJ will vote against the increase in the authorised share capital when we believe this will be detrimental to shareholder value.

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**Capital Increase** 

Capital increases will be judged on a case-by-case basis depending on their purpose. AMJ will vote against capital increases if the purpose is to defend against a takeover.

When new shares are issued, in principle, we believe existing shareholders should be given precedence. Even if this is not the case, we will look at each instance with due care.

If there is no opportunity to indicate our view at the shareholders' meeting and we hold a negative view regarding a capital increase during the fiscal year in question, we will oppose the election of directors.

**Borrowing of Funds** 

AMJ will vote against abrupt increases in borrowing of funds if the purpose is to defend against a takeover.

If there is no opportunity to indicate our view at the shareholders' meeting and we hold a negative view regarding the borrowing of funds, we will oppose the re-election of directors.

**Share Repurchase Programmes** 

AMJ will vote in favour of a share repurchase programme if it leads to an increase in the value of the company's shares. If there is no opportunity to indicate our view at the shareholders' meeting and we hold a negative view regarding the share repurchase programme, we will oppose the re-election of directors.

**11. Mergers/Acquisitions** 

Mergers and acquisitions must only be consummated at a price representing fair value. If there is no opportunity to indicate our view at the shareholders' meeting and we hold a negative view regarding the merger/acquisition, we will oppose the re-election of directors.

**12. Virtual General Shareholder Meetings** 

In certain markets, by-law changes have taken place to allow a company to hold virtual or hybrid general shareholder meetings. General shareholder meetings should be fair, constructive and foster dialogue between company management and shareholders.

In principle, we are supportive of proposals allowing shareholder meetings to be convened by electronic means so long as the flexibility in the format of the meetings contributes to enhance access to the meetings and where shareholder participation rights are protected, regardless of whether physical or virtual.

**13. Social and Environmental Issues** 

We believe that a company's environmental policies may have a long-term impact on the company's financial performance. We believe that good corporate governance policies should consider the impact of company operations on the environment and the cost of compliance with laws and regulations relating to environmental matters, physical damage to the environment (including the costs of clean-ups and repairs), consumer preferences and capital investments related to climate change. Furthermore, we believe that corporate shareholders have a legitimate need for information to enable them to evaluate the potential risks and opportunities that climate change and other environmental matters pose to the company's operations, sales and capital investments. We acknowledge that many companies disclose their practices relating to social and environmental issues and that disclosure is improving over time. We generally encourage a level of reporting that is not unduly costly or burdensome and that does not place the company at a competitive disadvantage but that provides meaningful information to enable shareholders to evaluate the impact of the company's environmental policies and practices on its financial performance.

With regard to social issues, among other factors, we consider the company's labour practices, supply chain, how the company supports and monitors those issues, what types of disclosure the company and its peers currently provide and whether the proposal would result in a competitive disadvantage for the company.

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In evaluating how to vote environmental proposals, considerations may include, but are not limited to, the following:

**Issuer Considerations** 

• asset profile of the company, including whether it is exposed to potentially declining demand for the company's products or services due to environmental considerations;

• capital deployment of the company;

• cost structure of the company, including its position on the cost curve, expected impact of future carbon tax and exposure to high fixed operating costs;

• corporate behaviour of the company, including whether senior management is incentivised for long-term returns;

• demonstrated capabilities of the company, its strategic planning process and past performance;

• current level of disclosure of the company and consistency of disclosure across its industry; and

• whether the company incorporates environmental or social issues in a risk assessment or risk reporting framework.

**Proposal Considerations** 

• Would adoption of the proposal inform and educate shareholders and have companies that adopted the proposal provided insightful and meaningful information that allowed shareholders to evaluate the long-term risks and
performance of the company?

• Does the proposal require disclosure that is already addressed by existing and proposed mandated regulatory requirements or formal guidance at the local, state or national level or the company's existing
disclosure practices?

• Does the proposal create the potential for unintended consequences, such as a competitive disadvantage?

In general, we support management disclosure practices that are overall consistent with the goals and objectives expressed above. Proposals with respect to companies that have been involved in controversies, fines or litigation are expected to be subject to heightened review and consideration.

Vote against the chair of the committee responsible for providing oversight of environmental matters and/or risk where we believe the company is lagging peers in terms of disclosure, business practices or targets. Vote against committee members, the lead independent director and/or board chair for companies that have lagged over several years.

An engaged and diverse employee base is integral to a company's ability to innovate, respond to a diverse customer base and engage with diverse communities in which the company operates, thus delivering shareholder returns. Generally, support shareholder resolutions seeking the company to disclose data on workforce demographics, including diversity, where such disclosure is deemed inadequate.

We expect engaged boards to provide oversight of human capital management ("HCM"), that is, a company's management of its workforce, including human resources policies (including code of conduct), use of full-time versus part-time employees, workforce cost, employee engagement and turnover, talent development, retention and training, compliance record, and health and safety. JPMAM will vote case- by-case on shareholder resolutions seeking disclosure of HCM. JPMAM will generally vote against shareholder proposals seeking HCM information that is considered confidential or sensitive information by the board.

**14. Climate Risk** 

Many economies are responding to climate change with regulations as well as policies to drive decarbonisation. In our view, climate change has become a material risk to the strategy and financial performance of many companies.

JPMAM may vote against directors serving on relevant committees of companies that, in our opinion, face material climate-related transition or asset risks, where climate disclosures are not available or where we believe such disclosures are not meaningful. JPMAM may also vote for shareholder resolutions requesting such information where the company has not provided such disclosure.

To provide shareholders with meaningful disclosures on how the company is addressing risks related to climate change:

• We encourage disclosures aligned with the reporting framework developed by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") addressing all the four pillars of the TCFD – (i) governance,
(ii) strategy, (iii) risk management and (iv) metrics and targets related to any performance

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indicators used to manage such risks. The TCFD report (or equivalent) should address whether decarbonisation of the company's operations or its supply chain is a material part of its strategy to mitigate climate change risks including transition risks to the company and, if so, provide a narrative on how the company plans to do so and over what time frame. <br>

• For industries where we believe climate change risks pose material financial risks, we encourage comprehensive TCFD reporting (or equivalent) including scenario analysis to help us understand the resilience of a
company's strategy. While we recognise that some disclosures related to scenario analysis, especially granular data at the asset level, may involve sensitive information that companies will not disclose if such disclosures could harm the
company, we expect the company to provide its conclusions from these analyses as they pertain to the resilience of the company's strategy.

• We encourage disclosures of Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emission targets where decarbonisation of a company's operations and purchased energy has been identified by the company as a key part of the
company's strategy to manage climate change risks.

• We note many companies have chosen to set long- term net-zero targets. In order for us to evaluate the long-term credibility of transition plans, where such long-term targets are
set, we encourage the company to disclose the scope of emissions included in such targets. We recognise the many challenges associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions. While we understand the limitations associated with reporting Scope 3 emissions,
we would expect companies that have included such emissions in their net-zero targets to disclose their Scope 3 emissions. We also encourage disclosures of interim emission-reduction targets where the company
has set long-term net-zero targets.

• We encourage disclosure on past performance against emission-reduction goals and forward- looking strategy to achieve emission-reduction goals, including use of offsets and corporate transactions.

The board of directors is critical in formulating and executing company strategy. While we do not support the use of shareholder proposals to diminish the authority of the board, if the board recommends a vote against a climate-related shareholder proposal, we expect boards to clearly articulate the rationale supporting their recommendation. The board's response should clearly explain why implementation of disclosures or actions requested by the shareholder proposal would be detrimental to shareholder value.

**15. Shareholder Proposals** 

When deciding how we will vote a shareholder proposal, we scrutinise every item on a case-by-case basis, based on our judgement of what serves to enhance corporate value over the medium to long term, keeping in mind the best economic interests of our clients.

**16. Conflicts of Interest** 

In order to maintain the integrity and independence of AMJ's proxy voting decisions, without undue influence from business relations with investee companies and to avoid conflicts of interest, AMJ refers to the view of third-party governance specialists to form an objective and rational judgement.

There is a possibility that conflicts of interest may arise with other group companies within the JPMorgan Chase (the ultimate parent company of JPMAM) as such companies may be providing funds or acting as the underwriter for investee companies. In order to maintain the integrity and independence of AMJ's proxy voting decisions, JPMorgan Chase has established formal barriers designed to restrict the flow of information between its securities, lending, investment banking and other divisions to investment professionals in the Asset Management division.

Nonetheless, where a potential material conflict of interest has been identified, AMJ, within the scope permitted by regulations and with clients, will call upon an independent third party to make the voting decision or may elect not to vote.

**JPMorgan Asset Management (Japan) Ltd.** 

**Japan Proxy Committee** 

**April 2025** 

J.P. Morgan Asset Management 59

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|:---|:---|
| LV–JPM56404 \| 04/25 \| 564dc96c-092a-11f0-bd49-fb2958ed5f47 |  |
|  | ![LOGO](g931393g51z91.jpg) |

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## Exhibit 99.906

EXHIBIT 19(b)

**Certification Pursuant to Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940** 

This certification is provided pursuant to Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, and accompanies the report on Form N-CSR furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof of the Korea Fund, Inc. (the "Registrant").

I, Simon Crinage, certify that:

1. The Form N-CSR fully complies with the requirements of
Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as applicable; and

2. The information contained in the Form N-CSR fairly presents, in all
material respects, the financial condition and results of the operations of the Registrant.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Simon Crinage |
| Simon Crinage, Director, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Korea Fund, Inc. |

---

August 29, 2025

This certificate is furnished pursuant to the requirements of Form N-CSR and shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

**Certification Pursuant to Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940** 

This certification is provided pursuant to Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, and accompanies the report on Form N-CSR furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof of the Korea Fund, Inc. (the "Registrant").

I, Neil S. Martin, certify that:

1. The Form N-CSR fully complies with the requirements of
Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as applicable; and

2. The information contained in the Form N-CSR fairly presents, in all
material respects, the financial condition and results of the operations of the Registrant.

---

| |
|:---|
| /s/ Neil S. Martin |
| Neil S. Martin, Treasurer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of the Korea Fund, Inc. |

---

August 29, 2025

This certificate is furnished pursuant to the requirements of Form N-CSR and shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.