# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001638287
**File Stem:** 0001104659-25-107726
**Filing Date:** 2025-11
**Character Count:** 259241
**Document Hash:** eb15720ade0209d7f3ac5fa1abd76934
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001104659-25-107726.hdr.sgml**: 20251106

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001104659-25-107726

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 10-Q

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 66

**CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT**: 20250930

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20251106

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20251106

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** MetaVia Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001638287
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 472389984
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 10-Q
- **SEC ACT:** 1934 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 001-37809
- **FILM NUMBER:** 251458261

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 545 CONCORD AVENUE
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 210
- **CITY:** CAMBRIDGE
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 02138
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** (857) 702-9600

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 545 CONCORD AVENUE
- **STREET 2:** SUITE 210
- **CITY:** CAMBRIDGE
- **STATE:** MA
- **ZIP:** 02138

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20191231

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** Gemphire Therapeutics Inc.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20150331

?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'? METAVIA INC._September 30, 2025

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**UNITED STATES**

**SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION**

**Washington, DC 20549**

**Form 10-Q**

**(Mark One)**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
|  | **For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025**<br>|

---

**OR**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
|  | **For the transition period from&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;** <br>|

---

**Commission file number 001-37809**

![Graphic](mtva-20250930x10q001.jpg)

**METAVIA INC.**

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Delaware** | **47-2389984** |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (IRS Employer Identification No.) |
| **545 Concord Avenue, Suite 210**<br>**Cambridge, Massachusetts** | **02138** |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |

---

**(857) 702-9600**

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

**Not applicable**

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;**Title of Each Class** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Trading Symbol(s)** | &nbsp;&nbsp;**Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $0.001 par value | &nbsp;&nbsp;MTVA | &nbsp;&nbsp;The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Large accelerated filer ◻ | Accelerated filer ◻ |
| Non-accelerated filer ☒ | Smaller reporting company ☒ |
| Emerging growth company ◻ |  |

---

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 5, 2025, the registrant had 24,214,788 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

------

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**METAVIA INC.**

**Table of Contents**

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 2 |
| [Part I](#PARTIFINANCIALINFORMATION_483013) | [Financial Information](#PARTIFINANCIALINFORMATION_483013) | 3 |
| [Item 1.](#ITEM1FINANCIALSTATEMENTS_386115)  | [Financial Statements (Unaudited)](#ITEM1FINANCIALSTATEMENTS_386115)  | 3 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024](#BalanceSheets_383724) | 3 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)](#ComprehensiveLoss_1868) | 4 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)](#Stockholders_238774) | 5 |
|  | [Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)](#CashFlows_19527) | 6 |
|  | [Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)](#TheCompanyandBasisofPresentation_829357) | 7 |
| [Item 2.](#ITEM2MANAGEMENTSDISCUSSION_974141)  | [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](#ITEM2MANAGEMENTSDISCUSSION_974141) | 16 |
| [Item 3.](#ITEM3QUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVE_543894)  | [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk](#ITEM3QUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVE_543894) | 24 |
| [Item 4.](#ITEM4CONTROLSANDPROCEDURES_128146)  | [Controls and Procedures](#ITEM4CONTROLSANDPROCEDURES_128146) | 24 |
| [Part II](#PARTIIOTHERINFORMATION_875534) | [Other Information](#PARTIIOTHERINFORMATION_875534) | 24 |
| [Item 1.](#ITEM1LEGALPROCEEDINGS_628869)  | [Legal Proceedings](#ITEM1LEGALPROCEEDINGS_628869) | 24 |
| [Item 1A.](#ITEM1A_RISK_FACTORS)  | [Risk Factors](#ITEM1A_RISK_FACTORS) | 25 |
| [Item 2.](#ITEM2UNREGISTEREDSALESOFEQUITY_733918)  | [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](#ITEM2UNREGISTEREDSALESOFEQUITY_733918) | 25 |
| [Item 3.](#ITEM3DEFAULTUPON_78011)  | [Default Upon Senior Securities](#ITEM3DEFAULTUPON_78011) | 25 |
| [Item 4.](#ITEM4MINESAFETYDISCLOSURES_886185)  | [Mine Safety Disclosures](#ITEM4MINESAFETYDISCLOSURES_886185) | 25 |
| [Item 5.](#ITEM5OTHERINFORMATION_858772)  | [Other Information](#ITEM5OTHERINFORMATION_858772) | 25 |
| [Item 6.](#EXHIBITS_650020)  | [Exhibits](#EXHIBITS_650020) | 26 |
| [Signatures](#SIGNATURES_188328) | [Signatures](#SIGNATURES_188328) | 27 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

*Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025 (this "Report") to "we," "us," "the Company," "MetaVia," "the Registrant" and "our" refer to MetaVia Inc. and its subsidiaries.*

**Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements**

This Report contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). All statements that address future operating performance, events or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future are forward-looking statements, including without limitation, our expectations regarding our ability to execute our commercial strategy; our expectations regarding the sufficiency of our existing cash on hand to fund our operations; the timeline for regulatory submissions, regulatory steps and potential regulatory approval of our current and future product candidates; the ability to realize the benefits of the license agreement with Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., a related party ("Dong-A ST"), including the impact on our future financial and operating results; the ability to integrate the product candidates into our business in a timely and cost-efficient manner; the cooperation of our contract manufacturers, clinical study partners and others involved in the development of our current and future product candidates; our ability to initiate clinical trials on a timely basis; our planned clinical trials and our ability to recruit subjects for our clinical trials; the costs related to the license agreement, known and unknown, including costs of any litigation or regulatory actions relating to the license agreement; the changes in applicable laws or regulations; and the effects of changes to our stock price on the terms of the license agreement and any future fundraising and other risks and uncertainties described in this Report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 ("2024 Form 10-K"), our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025 (the "Q1 2025 Form 10-Q"), and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").

Forward-looking statements are based on management's current expectations and assumptions about future events, which are inherently subject to uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. These statements may be identified by words such as "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "ongoing," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "will," "would" or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. In addition, statements that "we believe," "we expect," "we anticipate" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Report and management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made. However, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they speak only as of the date when made. We undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operating results or expectations, except as required by law.

We operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. We may not achieve the plans, projections or expectations disclosed in forward-looking statements, and actual results, developments or events could differ materially from those disclosed in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including without limitation, the possibility that regulatory authorities do not accept our applications or approve the marketing of our products, the possibility we may be unable to raise the funds necessary for the development and commercialization of our products, and those described in this Report and our other filings with the SEC.

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**Part I - Financial Information**

**Item 1.** **Financial Statements**

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets**

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of  | As of  |
|  | September 30, 2025<br>(Unaudited) | December 31, 2024<br>|
| Assets |  |  |
| Current assets |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cash | $14277 | $16017 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 369 | 55 |
| Total current assets | 14646 | 16072 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Property and equipment, net | 22 | 34 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right-of-use asset | 76 | 133 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other assets | 21 | 21 |
| Total assets | $14765 | $16260 |
| Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |
| Current liabilities |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | $2599 | $3879 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Clinical trial accrued liabilities | 1562 | 1696 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 711 | 785 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Warrant liabilities | 167 | 361 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Related party payable | 3316 | 1472 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liability, short-term | 79 | 78 |
| Total current liabilities | 8434 | 8271 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lease liability, long-term |  | 58 |
| Total liabilities | 8434 | 8329 |
| Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; 10,000 shares authorized and no shares issued or outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common stock, $0.001 par value per share, 100,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024; 24,215 and 8,637 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively | 24 | 9 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additional paid–in capital | 153207 | 143779 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accumulated deficit | (146900) | (135857) |
| Total stockholders' equity  | 6331 | 7931 |
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity  | $14765 | $16260 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations**

(Unaudited - In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 |
| Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | $1914 | $4517 | $6561 | $17495 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 1561 | 1742 | 5101 | 5729 |
| Total operating expenses | 3475 | 6259 | 11662 | 23224 |
| Loss from operations | (3475) | (6259) | (11662) | (23224) |
| Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Loss) gain from change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (53) | 297 | 194 | 94 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income, net | 151 | 310 | 425 | 711 |
| Total other income | 98 | 607 | 619 | 805 |
| Loss before income taxes | (3377) | (5652) | (11043) | (22419) |
| Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |
| Net loss and comprehensive net loss | $(3377) | $(5652) | $(11043) | $(22419) |
| Loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted  | $(0.14) | $(0.55) | $(0.63) | $(3.24) |
| Weighted average shares of common stock, basic and diluted | 24415876 | 10214087 | 17517322 | 6922338 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity**

(Unaudited - In thousands)

---

| | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Common Stock | Common Stock | | | |
|  | Shares | Amount | Additional<br>Paid-In<br>Capital | <br>Accumulated<br>Deficit | <br>Total<br>Equity |
| As of January 1, 2024 | 4906 | $5 | $124945 | $(108265) | $16685 |
| Stock-based compensation  |  |  | 105 |  | 105 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (6714) | (6714) |
| As of March 31, 2024 | 4906 | $5 | $125050 | $(114979) | $10076 |
| Issuance of common stock and warrants (Pre-funded, Series A and Series B), net of issuance costs of $1,522 | 3308 | 3 | 18473 |  | 18476 |
| Issuance of Placement Agent warrants |  |  | 309 |  | 309 |
| Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units | 7 |  |  |  |  |
| Stock–based compensation  |  |  | 134 |  | 134 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (10053) | (10053) |
| As of June 30, 2024 | 8221 | $8 | $143966 | $(125032) | $18942 |
| Issuance costs in connection with the issuance of common stock and warrants (Pre-funded, Series A and Series B) |  |  | (436) |  | (436) |
| Issuance of common stock from exercise of warrants | 351 | 1 |  |  | 1 |
| Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units | 37 |  | (41) |  | (41) |
| Stock-based compensation  |  |  | 139 |  | 139 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (5652) | (5652) |
| As of September 30, 2024 | 8609 | $9 | $143628 | $(130684) | $12953 |
| As of January 1, 2025 | 8637 | $9 | $143779 | $(135857) | $7931 |
| Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units | 18 |  | (12) |  | (12) |
| Stock-based compensation  |  |  | 132 |  | 132 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (3671) | (3671) |
| As of March 31, 2025 | 8655 | $9 | $143899 | $(139528) | $4380 |
| Issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of issuance costs of $874 | 9479 | 9 | 9113 |  | 9122 |
| Issuance of common stock for exercise of warrants | 6035 | 6 |  |  | 6 |
| Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units | 25 |  |  |  |  |
| Stock-based compensation  |  |  | 111 |  | 111 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (3995) | (3995) |
| As of June 30, 2025 | 24194 | $24 | $153123 | $(143523) | $9624 |
| Issuance costs in connection with the issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants |  |  | (13) |  | (13) |
| Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units | 21 |  |  |  |  |
| Stock-based compensation  |  |  | 97 |  | 97 |
| Net loss |  |  |  | (3377) | (3377) |
| As of September 30, 2025 | 24215 | $24 | $153207 | $(146900) | $6331 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**

(Unaudited - In thousands)

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Operating activities |  |  |
| Net loss | $(11043) | $(22419) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock-based compensation | 340 | 378 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-cash lease charge |  | 4 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depreciation | 14 | 15 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain from change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (194) | (94) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid expenses and other assets | (314) | (191) |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accounts payable | (1280) | 22 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued and other liabilities | 1636 | 3044 |
| Net cash used in operating activities | (10841) | (19241) |
| Investing activities |  |  |
| Purchases of property and equipment | (2) | (8) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (2) | (8) |
| Financing activities |  |  |
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants | 9996 | 19998 |
| Payments of issuance costs | (887) | (1474) |
| Proceeds from exercise of warrants | 6 |  |
| Payment of employee withholding taxes related to shares withheld from issuance for vested restricted stock units | (12) | (41) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 9103 | 18483 |
| Net decrease in cash | (1740) | (766) |
| Cash at beginning of period | 16017 | 22435 |
| Cash at end of period | $14277 | $21669 |
| Supplemental non-cash investing and financing transactions |  |  |
| Unpaid issuance costs | $— | $176 |

---

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

**1.** **Business, basis of presentation, new accounting standards and summary of significant accounting policies**

**General**

MetaVia Inc. (the "Company"), a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries are referred to collectively in these notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company as "MetaVia," "we," "our" and "us." We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused primarily on developing novel pharmaceuticals to treat cardiometabolic diseases. MetaVia has two programs focused primarily on the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis ("MASH") and obesity, Vanoglipel (DA-1241) and DA-1726.

While we primarily focus our financial resources and management's attention on the development of Vanoglipel (DA-1241) and DA-1726, we also have four legacy therapeutic programs designed to impact a range of indications in viral, neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic diseases on which we are not planning to advance development and have, or continue to consider for, out-licensing and divestiture opportunities.

Our operations have consisted principally of performing research and development ("R&D") activities, which include preclinical developments and clinical trials, and raising capital. Our activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including failing to secure additional funding before sustainable revenues and profit from operations are achieved.

**Going concern**

As reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements, we had $14.3 million in cash as of September 30, 2025. We have experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since our inception and had an accumulated deficit of $146.9 million as of September 30, 2025. We have incurred a net loss of $11.0 million and net cash used in operating activities of $10.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Due in large part to the ongoing clinical trials, we expect to continue to incur net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities for the foreseeable future. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

We plan to continue to fund our operations from equity offerings, debt financing, exercise of existing warrants, or other sources, potentially including collaborations, out-licensing and other similar arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any sources of financing on acceptable terms, or at all, or that the Series B warrants issued in June 2024 will be exercised. To the extent that we can raise additional funds by issuing equity securities or in the event our existing warrants are exercised, our stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact our ability to conduct our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we may slow down or stop our ongoing and planned clinical trials until such time as additional capital is raised and this may have a material adverse effect on us.

The determination as to whether we can continue as a going concern contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. This basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of our assets and the satisfaction of our liabilities in the normal course of business.

**A.** **Basis of presentation**

We prepared the condensed consolidated financial statements following the requirements of the United States ("U.S.") Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain notes or other financial information that are normally required by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP") for complete financial statements can be condensed or omitted. However, except as disclosed herein, there has been no material change in the information disclosed in the notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 ("2024 Form 10-K").

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

Revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and equities can vary during each quarter of the year. Therefore, the results and trends in these condensed consolidated financial statements may not be representative of those for the full year. In our opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the condensed consolidated financial statements, which are of a normal and recurring nature, have been made for the interim periods reported. The information included in the condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our 2024 Form 10-K. Certain amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes may not add up due to rounding, and all percentages have been calculated using unrounded amounts.

**B.** **New accounting standards**

*Adoption of new accounting standards*

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by amending the required rate reconciliation disclosures as well as requiring disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. As amended, the rate reconciliation disclosure will be required to be presented in both percentages and reporting currency amounts, with consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information. This ASU also includes amendments intended to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures and eliminate certain existing disclosure requirements related to uncertain tax positions and unrecognized deferred tax liabilities. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2025.

*Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted*

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses to improve financial reporting by requiring that public business entities disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the consolidated financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. The amendments in this ASU do not change or remove current expense disclosure requirements; however, the amendments affect where such information appears in the notes to the consolidated financial statements because entities are required to include certain current disclosures in the same tabular format disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements in the amendments. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU to our notes to the consolidated financial statements and processes.

Other recently issued accounting standards not yet adopted by us are not expected, upon adoption, to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

**C.** **Estimates and assumptions**

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in our condensed consolidated financial statements relate to clinical trial costs and accruals, classification of warrants as derivative liability or equity, and the fair value of stock-based compensation and warrants. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known.

**D.** **Significant accounting policies**

Our significant accounting policies are described in "Note 1. Business, basis of presentation, new accounting standards and summary of significant accounting policies" in the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

ended December 31, 2024, which is included in our 2024 Form 10-K. Except as disclosed below, there have been no material changes to the Company's significant accounting policies.

*Segment reporting*

We manage and operate as one reportable segment, which is principally the business of development of pharmaceutical products, with one geographic location in the United States. We do not operate separate lines of business with respect to each pharmaceutical product being studied in a clinical environment. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") is our chief executive officer. The CODM manages the Company's operations on a consolidated basis for the purpose of allocating resources. The measure of performance used by the CODM to assess segment performance is reported on the consolidated statements of operations as loss from operations and net loss. Since the Company only has one reportable segment, our CODM does not need to decide on how to allocate resources between segments. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total assets.

**2.** **Prepaid expenses and other current assets**

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of | As of |
|  | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 |
| Insurance | $132 | $5 |
| Deposits | 6 | 16 |
| Deferred expenses | 79 |  |
| Prepaid non-income state taxes | 52 |  |
| Prepaid clinical trial expenses | 42 |  |
| Other prepaid expenses | 58 | 34 |
| Total | $369 | $55 |

---

**3.** **Property and equipment, net**

Property and equipment, net consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of | As of |
|  | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 |
| Office equipment | $90 | $88 |
| Less accumulated depreciation | (68) | (54) |
| Property and equipment, net | $22 | $34 |

---

We recorded depreciation expense of $5 thousand and $14 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $5 thousand and $15 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, which was included in general and administrative operating expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

**4.** **Current liabilities**

*Accrued expenses and other current liabilities*

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of | As of |
|  | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 |
| Employee related costs | $656 | $713 |
| Professional service fees | 40 | 17 |
| Other | 15 | 55 |
| Total | $711 | $785 |

---

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

*Warrant liabilities*

Changes to our warrant liabilities are summarized as follows (in thousands):

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
|  | Total |
| As of January 1, 2024 | $658 |
| Gain from change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (94) |
| As of September 30, 2024 | $564 |
| As of January 1, 2025 | $361 |
| Gain from change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (194) |
| As of September 30, 2025 | $167 |

---

Our warrant liabilities relate to the 2022 Series B warrants, which were issued in November 2022. These warrants are considered to be derivative instruments; accordingly, we recorded their estimated fair value as warrant liabilities. We estimated the fair value of these warrants using the trading market price of our common stock due to a cashless exercise provision of these warrants whereby eight warrants can be exercised for one share of common stock for no additional consideration, which results in an effective per warrant exercise price of zero.

**5.** **Related party**

We entered into a license agreement with Dong-A ST Co., Ltd. ("Dong-A ST") pursuant to which we received an exclusive global license (except for the territory of the Republic of Korea) for two proprietary compounds for specified indications (the "2022 License Agreement") upon meeting certain financing milestones. The 2022 License Agreement covers the rights to Vanoglipel (DA-1241) for treatment of MASH and DA-1726 for treatment of obesity and MASH. The 2022 License Agreement also provides that we may develop Vanoglipel (DA-1241) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In connection with the 2022 License Agreement, we entered into a shared services agreement with Dong-A ST (the "Shared Services Agreement"), relating to Vanoglipel (DA-1241) and DA-1726, pursuant to which Dong-A ST may provide technical support, preclinical development, and clinical trial support services on terms and conditions acceptable to both parties. In addition, the Shared Services Agreement provides that Dong-A ST will manufacture all of our clinical requirements of Vanoglipel (DA-1241) and DA-1726 under the terms provided in the Shared Services Agreement.

We incurred R&D expenses of $0.2 million and $2.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, $0.7 million and $4.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, under the Shared Services Agreement, which are included in operating expenses: research and development in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The aggregate amount payable to Dong-A ST is $3.3 million and $1.5 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, under the Shared Services Agreement, which are included in related party payable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Of the total amount payable to Dong-A ST as of September 30, 2025, (i) $2.0 million is payable in accordance with an invoice with extended terms in which $650 thousand will be paid on March 31, 2026 and June 30, 2026 and $716 thousand will be paid on September 30, 2026, (ii) $6 thousand is payable in accrued interest based on a fixed interest rate of 4.6% per annum, and (iii) $1.3 million is payable in clinical trial accrued liabilities.

For additional information on the 2022 License Agreement, the Shared Services Agreement and other agreements with Dong-A ST, refer to "Note 5. Related party" in the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024, which is included in our 2024 Form 10-K.

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

**6.** **Stockholders' equity** 

**Private Placement**

In May 2025, we closed on a private placement offering with Dong-A ST, a related party, and Dong-A Socio Holdings Co., Ltd., an affiliate company of Dong-A ST, and received net proceeds of $9.1 million, net of placement agent cash fees of $0.4 million and related offering expenses of $0.5 million. The private placement offering was comprised of (i) 9,479,345 shares of our common stock for a purchase price of $0.71 per share, and (ii) 4,605,162 pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an equivalent number of shares of our common stock for a purchase price of $0.709 per pre-funded warrant.

Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $0.001 per share, and was exercisable beginning on the effective date of receiving stockholder approval for the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying the pre-funded warrants, which was received on June 30, 2025. All pre-funded warrants issued in May 2025 were exercised on June 30, 2025 for an equivalent number of shares of our common stock.

***Warrants***

The following tables summarize our outstanding warrants:

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Shares of Common Stock Issuable | Shares of Common Stock Issuable |  |  |
|  | for Outstanding Warrants | for Outstanding Warrants |  |  |
|  | As of | As of | Exercise | Expiration |
| Warrant Issuance | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | Price | Date |
| July 2018 <sup>(1)</sup> | 6 | 6 | $44820.000  | July 2028 |
| April 2020 <sup>(1)</sup> |  | 159 | $3000.000  | April 2025 |
| January 2021 <sup>(1)</sup> | 10421 | 10421 | $1447.200  | July 2026 |
| October 2021 <sup>(1)</sup> |  | 15390 | $900.000  | April 2025 |
| November 2022 Series B <sup>(2)</sup> | 177938 | 177938 | $0.000  | December 2027 |
| June 2024 Placement Agent <sup>(3)</sup> | 127227 | 127227 | $4.913  | July 2026 |
| June 2024 Pre-Funded <sup>(4)</sup> |  | 1430000 | $0.001  | No expiration date |
| June 2024 Series A <sup>(5)</sup> |  | 5089060 | $3.930  | June 2025 |
| June 2024 Series B <sup>(6)</sup> | 7633591 | 7633591 | $3.930  | September 2029 (latest date) |
| Total | 7949183 | 14483792 |  |  |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> The number of outstanding and exercisable warrants is equal to the number of shares of common stock issuable for outstanding warrants. The 159 warrants issued in April 2020 and the 15,390 warrants issued in October 2021 expired unexercised in April 2025.

<sup>(2)</sup> The number of outstanding and exercisable warrants of 1,423,504 represents eight times the number of shares of common stock issuable for these warrants. These warrants have a cashless exercise provision whereby eight warrants can be exercised for one share of common stock for no additional consideration, which renders the $3.00 per warrant exercise price to be zero.

<sup>(3)</sup> These warrants are exercisable at any time from September 18, 2024 ("Stockholder Approval Date") and expire in July 2026.

<sup>(4)</sup> These warrants are exercisable immediately upon their issuance in June 2024 and are considered to be perpetual warrants without any expiration date. In the second quarter of 2025, 1,430,000 pre-funded warrants were exercised for an equivalent number of shares of our common stock.

<sup>(5)</sup> These warrants were exercisable at any time from the Stockholder Approval Date and expire in June 2025. The 5,089,660 Series A warrants issued in June 2024 expired unexercised in June 2025.

<sup>(6)</sup> These warrants were exercisable at any time from the Stockholder Approval Date and expire on the earlier of (i) the five-year anniversary of the Stockholder Approval Date and (ii) the six months anniversary following the date on which the Company publicly announces receiving positive Phase 1, Part 3 data for DA-1726.

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

**Stock-based compensation**

Stock-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative operating expense and research and development operating expense as follows (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 |
| General and administrative | $72 | $103 | $247 | $273 |
| Research and development | 25 | 36 | 93 | 105 |
| Total stock-based compensation | $97 | $139 | $340 | $378 |

---

*Stock-based award plans*

Our Amended and Restated 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2022 Plan") provides for an automatic increase on January 1st of each year for a period of eight years commencing on January 1, 2025 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2032, of the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to Awards (as defined in the 2022 Plan) to an amount equal to 10% of the Fully Diluted Shares (as defined in the 2022 Plan) as of the last day of the preceding calendar year. Accordingly, in January 2025, the 2022 Plan automatically increased the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to Awards by 1,694,929 shares. The following table summarizes the outstanding awards issued pursuant to our stock-based award plans and inducement plan as of September 30, 2025 and the remaining shares of common stock available for future issuance:

---

| | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  |  |  | Remaining shares of |
|  | Stock |  | common stock available |
| Plan Name | Options | RSUs | for future issuance |
| 2019 Equity Incentive Plan | 1575 |  |  |
| 2021 Inducement Plan |  |  | 4166 |
| 2022 Plan | 3125 | 324708 | 1842018 |
| Total | 4700 | 324708 | 1846184 |

---

For stock-based awards granted under our stock-based award plans as of September 30, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation costs totaled $0.3 million. The unrecognized stock-based costs are expected to be recognized as an expense over a weighted average period of 1.3 years.

*Restricted Stock Units*

The following table summarizes the status of our outstanding restricted stock units ("RSUs") and related transactions for the period presented as well as our vested and deferred release RSUs as of the beginning of the 2025 and September 30, 2025 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Outstanding | Outstanding | Outstanding | Vested and Deferred Release | Vested and Deferred Release | Vested and Deferred Release |
|  | Shares of<br>Common Stock<br>Issuable<br>for RSUs | Average<br>Grant Date<br>Fair Value<br>Price | <br>Aggregate<br>Fair<br>Value | Shares of<br>Common Stock<br>Issuable<br>for RSUs | Average<br>Grant Date<br>Fair Value<br>Price | <br>Aggregate<br>Intrinsic<br>Value |
| As of January 1, 2025 | 175086 | 4.68 | 355 | 13023 | 4.26 | 26 |
| Granted | 244452 | 0.64 |  |  |  |  |
| Forfeited | (23572) | 2.73 |  |  |  |  |
| Vested and released | (71258) | 4.90 | 68 |  |  |  |

---

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| As of September 30, 2025 | 324708 | $1.73 | $305 | 33924 | $3.99 | $32 |

---

*Stock options*

The following table summarizes the status of our outstanding and exercisable options and related transactions for the period presented (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

---

| | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Outstanding | Outstanding | Outstanding | Exercisable | Exercisable | Exercisable |
|  | Shares of<br>Common<br>Stock<br>Issuable<br>for Options | <br>Weighted<br>Average<br>Exercise<br>Price | Weighted<br>Average<br>Remaining<br>Contractual<br>Term (years) | Shares of<br>Common<br>Stock<br>Issuable<br>for Options | <br>Weighted<br>Average<br>Exercise<br>Price | Weighted<br>Average<br>Remaining<br>Contractual<br>Term (years) |
| As of January 1, 2025 | 4700 | $398.30 | 7.5 | 4695 | $398.46 | 7.5 |
| Vested |  |  |  | 5 | 244.80 |  |
| As of September 30, 2025 | 4700 | $398.30 | 6.8 | 4700 | $398.30 | 6.8 |

---

**7.** **Significant segment expenses and loss before income taxes**

The following table sets forth the significant segment expenses for our one reportable segment (in thousands):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 |
| Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Direct expenses - Vanoglipel (DA-1241) | $190 | $2544 | $758 | $8402 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Direct expenses - DA-1726 | 1080 | 1501 | 4088 | 7435 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Direct expenses - Other R&D costs (credits) <sup>(1)</sup> | 52 | (73) | 107 | 255 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indirect expenses - employee compensation and benefits | 351 | 369 | 1301 | 1161 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indirect expenses - consulting expenses | 241 | 176 | 307 | 242 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total research and development | 1914 | 4517 | 6561 | 17495 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Legal and professional fees | 690 | 567 | 2597 | 2143 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consulting | 225 | 346 | 558 | 1391 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Employee compensation and benefits | 428 | 480 | 1379 | 1254 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other <sup>(2)</sup> | 218 | 349 | 567 | 941 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total general and administrative | 1561 | 1742 | 5101 | 5729 |
| Total operating expenses | 3475 | 6259 | 11662 | 23224 |
| Loss from operations | (3475) | (6259) | (11662) | (23224) |
| Total other income | 98 | 607 | 619 | 805 |
| Loss before income taxes | $(3377) | $(5652) | $(11043) | $(22419) |

---

<sup>(1)</sup> Other R&D costs (credits) include clinical, non-clinical and preclinical services or other R&D expenses that are not attributable to a single product candidate.

<sup>(2)</sup> Other general and administrative expenses include insurance, software license fees, non-income state taxes, lease rental expenses and other general and administrative expenditures.

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

**8.** **Income taxes**

We do not expect to pay any significant federal or state income taxes as a result of (i) the losses recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, (ii) additional losses expected for the remainder of 2025, or (iii) net operating loss carry forwards from prior years.

We recorded a full valuation allowance of the net operating losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Accordingly, there were no benefits for income taxes recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Additionally, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we maintain a full valuation allowance for all deferred tax assets.

In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was enacted. The OBBBA makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing and the business interest expense limitation, among other tax changes. Many of the tax provisions of the OBBBA are designed to accelerate tax deductions, and the new legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others in the future. We are currently evaluating the impact of the tax provisions of the OBBBA on our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

**9.** **Loss per share of common stock**

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share of common stock (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

---

| | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 |
| Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
| Net loss | $(3377) | $(5652) | $(11043) | $(22419) |
| Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
| Weighted average shares of common stock, basic | 24415876 | 10214087 | 17517322 | 6922338 |
| Effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |
| Weighted average shares of common stock, diluted | 24415876 | 10214087 | 17517322 | 6922338 |
| Loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted  | $(0.14) | $(0.55) | $(0.63) | $(3.24) |

---

For each of the periods presented in the above table, our basic weighted average shares of common stock include any outstanding (i) Series B warrants issued in November 2022, (ii) pre-funded warrants in June 2024 and May 2025 and (iii) vested RSUs in which their release was deferred.

Since we reported a net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, our potentially dilutive securities are deemed to be anti-dilutive, accordingly, there was no effect of dilutive securities. Therefore, our basic and diluted loss per share of common stock and our basic and diluted weighted average shares of common stock are the same for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The following table sets forth the potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share of common stock as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of | As of |
|  | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 |
| Stock options | 4,700 | 4,700 |
| RSUs | 324,708 | 162,063 |
| Warrants | 7,949,183 | 12,875,854 |

---

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements**

(Unaudited)

**10.** **Fair value of financial instruments**

Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity specific measurement and is defined as "the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date." Fair value measurements are defined on a three-level hierarchy:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, whether directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect our own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

The following table sets forth our financial assets and liabilities, subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis, by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

---

| | | | | | | | | |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|  | As of September 30, 2025 | As of September 30, 2025 | As of September 30, 2025 | As of September 30, 2025 | As of December 31, 2024 | As of December 31, 2024 | As of December 31, 2024 | As of December 31, 2024 |
| Description | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
| Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Warrant liabilities | $167 | $— | $167 | $— | $361 | $— | $361 | $— |
| Total | $167 | $— | $167 | $— | $361 | $— | $361 | $— |

---

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Form 10-Q**

**Item 2.** **Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations**

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Report and the audited financial statements and related notes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 included in our 2024 Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors, elsewhere in this Report.

Certain amounts in the following discussion and analysis may not add up due to rounding, and all percentages have been calculated using unrounded amounts.

**Overview**

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused primarily on developing novel pharmaceuticals to treat cardiometabolic diseases. MetaVia has two ongoing programs focused primarily on the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis ("MASH") and obesity.

● Vanoglipel (DA-1241) is a novel G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 ("GPR119") agonist with development optionality as a standalone and/or combination therapy for both MASH and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ("T2DM"). Agonism of GPR119 in the gut promotes the release of key gut peptides, glucagon-like peptide 1 ("GLP-1"), glucagon-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, and peptide YY. These peptides play a further role in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and weight loss. Vanoglipel (DA-1241) has demonstrated beneficial effects on glucose, lipid profile and liver inflammation, as demonstrated during in-vivo preclinical studies.

● DA-1726 is a novel oxyntomodulin ("OXM") analog agonist functioning as a GLP-1 receptor ("GLP1R") and glucagon receptor ("GCGR") dual agonist for the treatment of obesity that is designed to be administered once weekly subcutaneously. With the activation of the dual agonist, weight loss may be achieved by GLP1R reducing appetite while GCGR increases energy expenditure.

While we primarily focus our financial resources and management's attention on the development of Vanoglipel (DA-1241) and DA-1726, we also have four legacy therapeutic programs designed to impact a range of indications in viral, neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic diseases on which we are not planning to advance development and have, or continue to consider for, out-licensing and divestiture opportunities.

Our operations have consisted principally of performing research and development ("R&D") activities, which includes preclinical developments and clinical trials, and raising capital. Our activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, such as failing to secure additional funding before sustainable revenues and profit from operations are achieved. For more information on our business and product candidates, see "Part I, Item 1. Business" in our 2024 Form 10-K.

*Vanoglipel (DA-1241)*

We are currently finalizing the Clinical Study Report on a Phase 2a clinical trial in the United States ("U.S."). MASH Phase 2a is a 16-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel arm clinical trial to establish safety and an early signal of efficacy in MASH as a next-generation competitive oral agent while we follow the trend for T2DM.

In December 2024, we announced positive top-line 16-week results from the two-part Phase 2a clinical trial in patients with presumed MASH. Part 1 of this Phase 2a trial is exploring Vanoglipel (DA-1241), a novel GPR119 agonist compared to placebo, while Part 2 is investigating the efficacy of Vanoglipel (DA-1241) in combination with sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor.

We are currently working to schedule an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). For additional information on Vanoglipel (DA-1241), including an overview of the top-line 16-week results from the two-part Phase 2a clinical trial, see "Part I, Item 1. Business, Our Pipeline, Vanoglipel (DA-1241) Treatment of MASH" in our 2024 Form 10-K.

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Form 10-Q**

*DA-1726*

We are currently conducting a Phase 1 trial in the U.S. The Phase 1 trial, a first-in-human trial, is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-part study to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple ascending doses of DA-1726 in obese, otherwise healthy subjects.

In September 2024, we announced positive top-line data from the single ascending dose Part 1 of our Phase 1 trial evaluating DA-1726. In April 2025, we announced positive top-line data from the multiple ascending dose ("MAD") Part 2 study of our Phase 1 trial.

In June 2025, we began enrollment for a higher-dose MAD cohort to assess the maximum tolerated dose and fully realize DA-1726's potential, as higher doses may also show a similar profile, while potentially demonstrating increased weight reduction. We dosed the first patient in the 48 mg, MAD cohort of our Phase 1 clinical trial of DA-1726 in July 2025 and we extended the clinical trial for this 48 mg, MAD cohort to 8 weeks from 4 weeks to further explore the non-titrated maximum tolerated dose, explore safety and other primary, secondary and exploratory endpoints over a longer treatment duration, and evaluate longer-term early efficacy. Also, in August 2025, we administered the fifth dose for the first patient in the 48 mg, MAD cohort of our Phase 1 clinical trial of DA-1726. Top-line data of the 48 mg, MAD cohort is expected in the fourth quarter of 2025.

In November 2025, we presented new Phase 1 and pre-clinical data on DA-1726 in two poster presentations at ObesityWeek® 2025.

For additional information on DA-1726, see "Part I, Item 1. Business, Our Pipeline, DA-1726 Treatment of Obesity" in our 2024 Form 10-K, and our Current Reports on Form 8-K dated April 15, 2025, April 22, 2025, July 9, 2025, and August 6, 2025.

**Recent developments**

● July 2025: Dosed the first patient in the 48 mg, MAD cohort of the Phase 1 clinical trial of DA-1726, a novel, dual OXM analog agonist that functions as a GLP1R and GCGR, for the treatment of obesity to further explore the maximum tolerated dose. Top-line data is expected in the fourth quarter of 2025.

● August 2025: Announced a research collaboration with Syntekabio, Inc., a leading artificial intelligence driven drug discovery company, to identify additional disease targets and optimize the therapeutic profile of Vanoglipel (DA-1241), MetaVia's novel oral G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 (GPR119) agonist.

● August 2025: A dministered the fifth dose for the first patient in the 48 mg, MAD cohort of the Phase 1 clinical trial of DA-1726 .

● November 2025: Presented new Phase 1 and pre-clinical data on DA-1726 in two poster presentations at ObesityWeek® 2025. The Phase 1 data demonstrated favorable safety and tolerability, a newly characterized 32 mg pharmacokinetic (PK) profile supporting once-weekly dosing, and meaningful reductions in body weight and waist circumference following four weeks of treatment. Additionally, in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, DA-1726 achieved comparable weight loss to pemvidutide with superior lipid-lowering efficacy.

**Key operating information**

Except for the following disclosure and the financial amounts for the presented periods in this Report (see financial amounts in the below results of operations and the condensed consolidated balance sheets included elsewhere in this Report), there have been no material changes to our key operating information since December 31, 2024. Refer to our 2024 Form 10-K for a complete discussion of our key operating information.

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**MetaVia Inc.**

**Form 10-Q**

**Research and development expenses**

R&D expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development of our product candidates. These expenses include:

*Direct costs*

● expenses incurred in connection with the clinical development of our product candidates, including under agreements with third parties, such as clinical research organizations ("CROs") and consultants;

● the cost of manufacturing and storing drug products for use in our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants and Clinical Manufacturing Organizations ("CMOs");

● costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and

● payments made under third-party licensing agreements including the Shared Services Agreement with Dong-A ST (related party).

*Indirect costs*

● employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits and stock-based compensation, for employees engaged in research and development functions; and

● consulting and other expenses not directly tied to a product candidate.

We recognize external development costs based on an evaluation of the progress toward completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our service providers. This process involves reviewing contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our clinical research staff to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service provided and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense when the goods have been delivered or the services have been performed, or when it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered, or the services rendered.

Our direct R&D expenses consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to CROs, CMOs, research laboratories and outside consultants in connection with our clinical development, quality assurance and quality control processes, manufacturing, and clinical development activities. Our direct research and development expenses also include fees incurred under third-party license agreements, including the Shared Services Agreement with Dong-A ST (related party). We utilize our employee and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development projects. We do not allocate employee costs and costs associated with our facilities, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific product candidates because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We utilize internal resources to manage CRO and CMO activities. These employees work across multiple programs. Our direct R&D expenses consist of (i) expenses attributable to our product candidates and (ii) certain other R&D expenses, including clinical, non-clinical and preclinical services or other R&D expenses that are not attributable to a single product candidate. Our indirect R&D expenses consist of (i) employment-related expenses for compensation and benefits, which are internal costs and (ii) consulting expenses.

Clinical development activities are central to our business model. We do not believe that our historical costs are indicative of the future costs associated with these programs, nor do they represent the costs of future programs we may initiate. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in preclinical development or in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We have some control over the timing of these expenses, but costs may be difficult to control once clinical trials have commenced.

The successful development and commercialization of our product candidates are highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the preclinical and clinical development of any of our product candidates. Additionally, because of the risks inherent in novel treatment discovery and development, we cannot reasonably estimate or know:

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing and progress of preclinical and clinical development activities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the number and scope of preclinical and clinical programs that we decide to pursue;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to maintain our current development programs and to establish new ones;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• establishing an appropriate safety profile with IND-enabling studies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• successful patient enrollment in, and the initiation and completion of, clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the successful completion of clinical trials with safety, tolerability and efficacy profiles that are satisfactory to the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the receipt of regulatory approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• our ability to establish new licensing or collaboration arrangements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• establishing agreements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply for our clinical trials and commercial manufacturing, if any of our product candidates is approved;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• development and timely delivery of clinical-grade and commercial-grade drug formulations that can be used in our clinical trials and for commercial launch;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidates following commercialization; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• the effect of competing technological and market developments.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate.

**Results of operations**

**Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024**

The following table summarizes our results of operations (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, | Three Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Operating expenses |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | $1914 | $4517 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 1561 | 1742 |
| Total operating expenses | 3475 | 6259 |
| Loss from operations | (3475) | (6259) |
| Other income (expense) |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Loss) gain from change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (53) | 297 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income, net | 151 | 310 |
| Total other income | 98 | 607 |
| Loss before income taxes | (3377) | (5652) |
| Provision for income taxes |  |  |
| Net loss | $(3377) | $(5652) |
| Loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted  | $(0.14) | $(0.55) |
| Weighted average shares of common stock, basic and diluted | 24415876 | 10214087 |

---

*Total operating expenses and loss from operations*

Our total operating expenses and loss from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were $3.5 million, a decrease of $2.8 million, or 44.5%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was mainly attributable to lower R&D for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Our R&D expenses were $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $2.6 million, or 57.6%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. Our general and administrative expenses were $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.2 million, or 10.4%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024.

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The following table summarizes our R&D expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, | Three Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Direct costs |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vanoglipel (DA-1241) | $190 | $2544 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DA-1726 | 1080 | 1501 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other R&D costs (credits) | 52 | (73) |
| Indirect costs |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Employee compensation and benefits | 351 | 369 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consulting expenses | 241 | 176 |
| Total research and development | $1914 | $4517 |

---

The $2.6 million decrease in R&D expenses reflects decreased R&D activities related to the Phase 2a clinical trial for Vanoglipel (DA-1241) and decreased activities related to the Phase 1 trial for DA-1726 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. Specifically, the decrease in R&D expenses was primarily attributable to (i) $2.4 million in lower direct R&D expenses related to Vanoglipel (DA-1241) product development and (ii) $0.4 million in lower direct R&D expenses related to DA-1726 product development. These decreases were partially offset by (i) $0.1 million in higher direct other R&D costs and (ii) $0.1 million in higher indirect consulting expenses. Included in direct R&D costs (credits) were expenses totaling $0.2 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to investigational drug manufacturing, non-clinical and preclinical costs incurred under the Shared Services Agreement with Dong-A ST (related party).

The $0.2 million decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to (i) $0.1 million in lower consulting expenditures, (ii) $0.1 million in lower employee compensation and benefits, and (iii) $0.1 million in lower other general and administrative expenses. These decreases were partially offset by $0.1 million in higher legal and professional fees.

*Total other income*

Our total other income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $0.1 million, a decrease of $0.5 million, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily attributable to (i) $0.2 million in lower interest income, net, due to lower cash balances and lower interest rates and (ii) approximately $0.4 million related to the change in fair value of warrant liabilities. We recorded a loss of $0.1 million from the change in fair value of warrant liabilities during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a gain of $0.3 million from the change in fair value of warrant liabilities during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

*Provision for income taxes*

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was zero percent as we have recorded a full valuation allowance for the income tax benefits attributable to our pre-tax losses.

*Net loss*

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we had a net loss of $3.4 million, or $0.14 per share of basic and diluted common stock, compared to a net loss of $5.7 million, or $0.55 per share of basic and diluted common stock for the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to the factors described above.

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**Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024**

The following table summarizes our results of operations (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Operating expenses |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research and development | $6561 | $17495 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General and administrative | 5101 | 5729 |
| Total operating expenses | 11662 | 23224 |
| Loss from operations | (11662) | (23224) |
| Other income |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gain from change in fair value of warrant liabilities | 194 | 94 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest income, net | 425 | 711 |
| Total other income | 619 | 805 |
| Loss before income taxes | (11043) | (22419) |
| Provision for income taxes |  |  |
| Net loss | $(11043) | $(22419) |
| Loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted  | $(0.63) | $(3.24) |
| Weighted average shares of common stock, basic and diluted | 17517322 | 6922338 |

---

*Total operating expenses and loss from operations*

Our total operating expenses and loss from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $11.7 million, a decrease of $11.6 million, or 49.8%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was attributable to lower R&D and general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Our R&D expenses were $6.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $10.9 million, or 62.5%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Our general and administrative expenses were $5.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.6 million, or 11.0%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The following table summarizes our R&D expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Direct costs |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vanoglipel (DA-1241) | $758 | $8402 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DA-1726 | 4088 | 7435 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other R&D costs | 107 | 255 |
| Indirect costs |  |  |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Employee compensation and benefits | 1301 | 1161 |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consulting expenses | 307 | 242 |
| Total research and development | $6561 | $17495 |

---

The $10.9 million decrease in R&D expenses reflects decreased R&D activities related to the Phase 2a clinical trial for Vanoglipel (DA-1241) and decreased activities related to the Phase 1 trial for DA-1726 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Specifically, the decrease in R&D expenses was primarily attributable to (i) $7.6 million in lower direct R&D expenses related to Vanoglipel (DA-1241) product development, (ii) $3.3 million in lower direct R&D expenses related to DA-1726 product development, and (iii) $0.1 million in lower direct other R&D costs. These decreases were partially offset by $0.1 million in higher indirect employee compensation and benefits cost and $0.1 million in higher indirect consulting expenses. Included in direct R&D costs were expenses totaling $2.6 million and $4.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to investigational drug manufacturing, non-clinical and preclinical costs incurred under the Shared Services Agreement with Dong-A ST (related party).

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The $0.6 million decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to (i) $0.9 million in lower consulting expenditures and (ii) $0.2 million in lower other general and administrative expenses. These decreases were partially offset by (i) $0.4 million in higher legal and professional fees and (ii) $0.1 million in higher employee compensation and benefits.

*Total other income*

Our total other income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $0.6 million, a decrease of $0.2 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This was attributable to $0.3 million in lower interest income, net, due to lower cash balances and lower interest rates, partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in gain from change in fair value of warrant liabilities. We recorded a gain of $0.2 million and $0.1 million from the change in fair value of warrant liabilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

*Provision for income taxes*

Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was zero percent as we have recorded a full valuation allowance for the income tax benefits attributable to our pre-tax losses.

*Net loss*

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we had a net loss of $11.0 million, or $0.63 per share of basic and diluted common stock, compared to a net loss of $22.4 million, or $3.24 per share of basic and diluted common stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to the factors described above.

**Going concern**

As reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements, we had $14.3 million in cash as of September 30, 2025. We believe that our existing cash will be sufficient to fund our operations into 2026. We have experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since our inception and had an accumulated deficit of $146.9 million as of September 30, 2025. We have incurred a net loss of $11.0 million and net cash used in operating activities of $10.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Due in large part to the ongoing clinical trials, we expect to continue to incur net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities for the foreseeable future. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

We plan to continue to fund our operations from equity offerings, debt financing, exercise of existing warrants, or other sources, potentially including collaborations, out-licensing and other similar arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any sources of financing on acceptable terms, or at all, or that the Series B warrants issued in June 2024 will be exercised. To the extent that we can raise additional funds by issuing equity securities or in the event our existing warrants are exercised, our stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact our ability to conduct our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we may slow down or stop our ongoing and planned clinical trials until such time as additional capital is raised and this may have a material adverse effect on us.

The determination as to whether we can continue as a going concern contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. This basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of our assets and the satisfaction of our liabilities in the normal course of business.

**Liquidity and capital resources**

Our primary use of cash is to fund our R&D activities. We have funded our operations primarily through public offerings of our common stock and private placements of equity and convertible securities. As of September 30, 2025, we had cash totaling $14.3 million. We maintain cash at financial institutions that at times may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insured limits of $250 thousand per bank. Our cash balance includes liquid insured deposits, which are obligations

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of the banks in which the deposits are held and which qualify for FDIC insurance protection in accordance with the rules of the FDIC. To date, we have not experienced any losses related to these funds.

*Private Placement*

In May 2025, we closed on a private placement offering with Dong-A ST, a related party, and Dong-A Socio Holdings Co., Ltd., an affiliate company of Dong-A ST, and received gross proceeds of $10.0 million, before deducting the placement agent's fees and related offering expenses. The private placement was comprised of (i) 9,479,345 shares of our common stock at a price of $0.71 per share and (ii) 4,605,162 pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an equivalent number of shares of our common stock at a price of $0.709 per pre-funded warrant. The pre-funded warrants had an exercise price of $0.001 per pre-funded warrant. For additional information, see "Note 6. Stockholders' equity" to the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Report.

**Cash flows**

The principal use of cash in operating activities is to fund our current expenditures in support of our R&D activities. Financing activities currently represent the principal source of our cash flow.

The following table reflects the major categories of cash flows (in thousands).

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 | 2024 |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(10841) | $(19241) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (2) | (8) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 9103 | 18483 |
| Net decrease in cash | $(1740) | $(766) |

---

Net cash used in operating activities was $10.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and consisted of net loss of $11.0 million, partially offset by non-cash charges totaling $0.2 million, which was primarily related to stock-based compensation and change in fair value of warrant liabilities. Net cash used in operating activities was $19.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and consisted of net loss of $22.4 million, partially offset by net cash provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.9 million and non-cash charges totaling $0.3 million, which was primarily related to stock-based compensation and change in fair value of warrant liabilities.

Net cash used in investing activities, related to the purchase of property and equipment, was less than $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $9.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which primarily consisted of gross proceeds of $10.0 million from an equity offering in May 2025, net of payment of issuance cost of $0.9 million. Net cash provided by financing activities of $18.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which primarily consisted of gross proceeds of $20.0 million from an equity offering in June 2024, net of payment of issuance cost of $1.5 million.

For additional details, see the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows in the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Report.

**Critical accounting estimates**

Our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Report have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP").

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in our condensed consolidated financial statements relate to accrued expenses and the fair value of

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stock-based compensation and warrants. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates and judgments since December 31, 2024. Refer to our 2024 Form 10-K for a complete discussion of our critical accounting estimates and judgments.

**Recent accounting pronouncements**

Information regarding (i) adoption of new accounting standards and (ii) accounting standards issued but not yet adopted is included in "Note 1. Business, basis of presentation, new accounting standards and summary of significant accounting policies" to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Report.

**Item 3.** **Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk**

Not applicable.

**Item 4.** **Controls and Procedures**

**Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures**

As required by Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) under the Section 21E of the Exchange Act, our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer ("PEO") and principal financial officer ("PFO"), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Based upon that evaluation, our PEO and PFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

**Inherent limitations of disclosure controls and procedures**

Our management, including our PEO and PFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

**Changes in internal control over financial reporting**

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

**Part II - Other Information**

**Item 1.** **Legal Proceedings**

From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal proceedings arising out of our ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any claims or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business and condensed consolidated financial statements. Regardless of outcome, litigation can

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have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

**Item 1A.** **Risk Factors**

Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described under the heading "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of the 2024 Form 10-K and in Part II, Item 1A of the Q1 2025 Form 10-Q, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual financial condition and operating results to vary materially from past, or from anticipated future, financial condition and operating results. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and stock price. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since the 2024 Form 10-K.

**Item 2.** **Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds**

None.

**Item 3.** **Defaults Upon Senior Securities**

None.

**Item 4.** **Mine Safety Disclosures**

Not applicable.

**Item 5.** **Other Information**

On November 6, 2025, the Company entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., as sales agent and/or principal ("Ladenburg"), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through or to Ladenburg, shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.001, having an aggregate offering price of up to $2,300,000 (the "Shares").

The offer and sale of the Shares will be made pursuant to a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 and the related prospectus (File No. 333-278646) filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on April 12, 2024, and declared effective by the SEC on April 23, 2024, as supplemented by a prospectus supplement to be filed with the SEC on November 6, 2025 pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act.

Pursuant to the Sales Agreement, Ladenburg may sell the Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an "at the market offering" as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act. The Company is not obligated to make any sales of the Shares under the Sales Agreement. The offering of Shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the termination of the Sales Agreement by Ladenburg or the Company, as permitted therein.

The Company is obligated to pay Ladenburg an aggregate sales agent commission of 3.0% of the gross sales price of the Shares sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement. The Company will also reimburse Ladenburg for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Sales Agreement. The Sales Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and conditions to the placements of the Shares pursuant thereto.

The foregoing description of the material terms of the Sales Agreement is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of such agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Report and is incorporated herein by reference. The opinion of the Company's counsel regarding the validity of the Shares that will be issued pursuant to the Sales Agreement is also filed as Exhibit 5.1 to this Report.

This Report shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the Shares discussed herein, nor shall there be any offer, solicitation, or sale of the Shares in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state.

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**Item 6.** **Exhibits**

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Exhibit Number | Description of Document |
| 1.1\* | [At the Market Offering Agreement, dated as of November 6, 2025, by and between the Registrant and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc.](mtva-20250930xex1d1.htm) |
| 3.1 | [Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 10, 2016).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1638287/000110465916138639/a16-16524_1ex3d1.htm) |
| 3.2 | [Certificate of Amendment (Reverse Stock Split) to the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 31, 2019).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1638287/000110465919076916/a19-28294_1ex3d1.htm) |
| 3.3 | [Certificate of Amendment (Name Change) to the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 31, 2019).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1638287/000110465919076916/a19-28294_1ex3d2.htm) |
| 3.4 | [Certificate of Amendment (Reverse Stock Split) to the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 12, 2022).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1638287/000155837022014321/nrbo-20220912xex3d1.htm) |
| 3.5 | [Certificate of Amendment to the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 19, 2023).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1638287/000155837023019894/nrbo-20231219xex3d1.htm) |
| 3.6 | [Certificate of Amendment (Name Change) to the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 18, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1638287/000155837024015839/nrbo-20241115xex3d1.htm) |
| 3.7 | [Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 18, 2024).](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1638287/000155837024015839/nrbo-20241115xex3d2.htm) |
| 5.1\* | [Opinion of Honigman LLP.](mtva-20250930xex5d1.htm) |
| 31.1\* | [Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.](mtva-20250930xex31d1.htm) |
| 31.2\* | [Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.](mtva-20250930xex31d2.htm) |
| 32.1\*\* | [Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](mtva-20250930xex32d1.htm) |
| 32.2\*\* | [Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.](mtva-20250930xex32d2.htm) |
| 101.INS\* | Inline XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE\* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104\* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

---

\*Filed herewith

\*\*Furnished herewith

[**Table of Contents**](#Toc)

**MetaVia Inc.**

**Form 10-Q**

**Signatures**

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized, on November 6, 2025.

---

| |
|:---|
| **METAVIA INC.** |
| /s/ Hyung Heon Kim |
| Hyung Heon Kim |
| President and Chief Executive Officer |
| /s/ Marshall H. Woodworth |
| Marshall H. Woodworth |
| Chief Financial Officer |

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## Exhibit 1.1

**Exhibit 1.1**

**AT THE MARKET OFFERING AGREEMENT**

November 6, 2025

Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc.

640 Fifth Avenue, 4th Floor

New York, NY 10019

Ladies and Gentlemen:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

MetaVia Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "<u>Company</u>"), confirms its agreement (this "<u>Agreement</u>") with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (the "<u>Manager</u>") as follows:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.<u>Definitions</u>. The terms that follow, when used in this Agreement and any Terms Agreement, shall have the meanings indicated.

"<u>Accountants</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4(m).

"<u>Act</u>" shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.

"<u>Action</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(p).

"<u>Affiliate</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(o).

"<u>Applicable Time</u>" shall mean, with respect to any Shares, the time of sale of such Shares pursuant to this Agreement or any relevant Terms Agreement.

"<u>Base Prospectus</u>" shall mean the base prospectus contained in the Registration Statement at the Execution Time.

"<u>Board</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(b)(iii).

"<u>Broker Fee</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(b)(v).

"<u>Business Day</u>" shall mean any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that, for purposes of clarity, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to "stay at home", "shelter-in-place", "non-essential employee" or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long

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as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.

"<u>Commission</u>" shall mean the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

"<u>Common Stock</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.

"<u>Common Stock Equivalents</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(g).

"<u>Company Counsel</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4(l).

"<u>DTC</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(b)(vii).

"<u>Effective Date</u>" shall mean each date and time that the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment or amendments thereto became or becomes effective.

"<u>Exchange Act</u>" shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.

"<u>Execution Time</u>" shall mean the date and time that this Agreement is executed and delivered by the parties hereto.

"<u>Free Writing Prospectus</u>" shall mean a free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule 405.

"<u>GAAP</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(m).

"<u>Incorporated Documents</u>" shall mean the documents or portions thereof filed with the Commission on or prior to the Effective Date that are incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus and any documents or portions thereof filed with the Commission after the Effective Date that are deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus.

"<u>Intellectual Property Rights</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(v).

"<u>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</u>" shall mean an issuer free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule 433.

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"<u>Losses</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 7(d).

"<u>Material Adverse Effect</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(b).

"<u>Material Permits</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(t).

"<u>Net Proceeds</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(b)(v).

"<u>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4(g).

"<u>Placement</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(c).

"<u>Proceeding</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(b).

"<u>Prospectus</u>" shall mean the Base Prospectus, as supplemented by the most recently filed Prospectus Supplement.

"<u>Prospectus Supplement</u>" shall mean each prospectus supplement relating to the Shares prepared and filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) from time to time.

"<u>Registration Statement</u>" shall mean the shelf registration statement (File Number 333-278646) on Form S-3, including exhibits and financial statements and any prospectus supplement relating to the Shares that is filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) and deemed part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B, as amended on each Effective Date and, in the event any post-effective amendment thereto becomes effective, shall also mean such registration statement as so amended.

"<u>Representation Date</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4(k).

"<u>Required Approvals</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(e).

"<u>Rule 158</u>", "<u>Rule 164</u>", "<u>Rule 172</u>", "<u>Rule 173</u>", "<u>Rule 405</u>", "<u>Rule 415</u>", "<u>Rule 424</u>", "<u>Rule 430B</u>" and "<u>Rule 433</u>" refer to such rules under the Act.

"<u>Sales Notice</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(b)(i).

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"<u>SEC Reports</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(m).

"<u>Settlement Date</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(b)(vii).

"<u>Subsidiary</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(a).

"<u>Terms Agreement</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(a).

"<u>Time of Delivery</u>" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2(c).

"<u>Trading Day</u>" means a day on which the Trading Market is open for trading.

"<u>Trading Market</u>" means the Nasdaq Capital Market.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.<u>Sale and Delivery of Shares</u>. The Company proposes to issue and sell through or to the Manager, as sales agent and/or principal, shares (the "<u>Shares</u>") of the Company's common stock, $0.001 par value per share ("<u>Common Stock</u>"), from time to time during the term of this Agreement and on the terms set forth herein; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>*,* that in no event shall the Company issue or sell through the Manager such number of Shares that (a) exceeds the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered on the Registration Statement and as reflected in the Prospectus Supplement, pursuant to which the offering is being made, (b) exceeds the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock or (c) would cause the Company or the offering of the Shares to not satisfy the eligibility and transaction requirements for use of Form S-3 (including, if applicable, General Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the lesser of (a), (b) and (c), the "<u>Maximum Amount</u>")). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this Section 2 on the number and aggregate sales price of Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that the Manager shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)<u>Appointment of Manager as Selling Agent; Terms Agreement</u>. For purposes of selling the Shares through the Manager, the Company hereby appoints the Manager as exclusive agent of the Company for the purpose of selling the Shares of the Company pursuant to this Agreement and the Manager agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the Shares on the terms and subject to the conditions stated herein. The Company agrees that, whenever it determines to sell the Shares directly to the Manager as principal, it will enter into a separate

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agreement (each, a "<u>Terms Agreement</u>") in substantially the form of <u>Annex I</u> hereto, relating to such sale in accordance with Section 2 of this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)<u>Agent Sales</u>. Subject to the terms and conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties herein set forth, the Company will issue and agrees to sell Shares from time to time through the Manager, acting as sales agent, and the Manager agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell, as sales agent for the Company, on the following terms:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)The Shares are to be sold on a daily basis or otherwise as shall be agreed to by the Company and the Manager on any day that (A) is a Trading Day, (B) the Company has instructed the Manager by telephone (confirmed promptly by electronic mail) to make such sales ("<u>Sales Notice</u>") and (C) the Company has satisfied its obligations under Section 6 of this Agreement. The Company will designate the maximum amount of the Shares to be sold by the Manager daily (subject to the limitations set forth in Section 2(d)) and the minimum price per Share at which such Shares may be sold. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the Manager shall use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell on a particular day all of the Shares designated for the sale by the Company on such day. The gross sales price of the Shares sold under this Section 2(b) shall be the market price for the shares of Common Stock sold by the Manager under this Section 2(b) on the Trading Market at the time of sale of such Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)The Company acknowledges and agrees that (A) there can be no assurance that the Manager will be successful in selling the Shares, (B) the Manager will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell the Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Manager to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Shares as required under this Agreement, and (C) the Manager shall be under no obligation to purchase Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise specifically agreed by the Manager and the Company pursuant to a Terms Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii)The Company shall not authorize the issuance and sale of, and the Manager shall not be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell, any Share at a price lower than the minimum price therefor designated from time to time by the Company's Board of Directors (the "<u>Board</u>"), or a duly authorized committee thereof, or such duly authorized officers of the Company, and notified to the Manager in writing. The Company or the Manager may, upon notice to the other party hereto by telephone (confirmed promptly by electronic mail), suspend the offering of the Shares for any reason and at any time; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that such

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suspension or termination shall not affect or impair the parties' respective obligations with respect to the Shares sold hereunder prior to the giving of such notice.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv)The Manager may sell Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an "at the market offering" as defined in Rule 415 under the Act, including without limitation sales made directly on the Trading Market, on any other existing trading market for the Common Stock or to or through a market maker. The Manager may also sell Shares in privately negotiated transactions, provided that the Manager receives the Company's prior written approval for any sales in privately negotiated transactions and if so provided in the "Plan of Distribution" section of the Prospectus Supplement or a supplement to the Prospectus Supplement or a new Prospectus Supplement disclosing the terms of such privately negotiated transaction.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v)The compensation to the Manager for sales of the Shares under this Section 2(b) shall be a placement fee of 3.0% of the gross sales price of the Shares sold pursuant to this Section 2(b) ("<u>Broker Fee</u>"). The foregoing rate of compensation shall not apply when the Manager acts as principal, in which case the Company may sell Shares to the Manager as principal at a price agreed upon at the relevant Applicable Time pursuant to a Terms Agreement. The remaining proceeds, after deduction of the Broker Fee and deduction of any transaction fees imposed by any clearing firm, execution broker, or governmental or self-regulatory organization in respect of such sales, shall constitute the net proceeds to the Company for such Shares (the "<u>Net Proceeds</u>").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(vi)The Manager shall provide written confirmation (which may be by electronic mail) to the Company following the close of trading on the Trading Market each day in which the Shares are sold under this Section 2(b) setting forth the number of the Shares sold on such day, the aggregate gross sales proceeds and the Net Proceeds to the Company, and the compensation payable by the Company to the Manager with respect to such sales.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(vii)Unless otherwise agreed between the Company and the Manager in writing, settlement for sales of the Shares will occur at 10:00 a.m. (New York City time) on the first (1st) Trading Day (or any such shorter settlement cycle as may be in effect pursuant to Rule 15c6-1 under the Exchange Act from time to time) following the date on which such sales are made (each, a "<u>Settlement Date</u>"). On or before the Trading Day prior to each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the Shares being sold by crediting the Manager's or its designee's account (provided that the Manager shall have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading

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Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company ("<u>DTC</u>") through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto, which Shares in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Manager will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company. The Company agrees that, if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver duly authorized Shares on a Settlement Date, in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in Section 7 hereto, the Company will (i) hold the Manager harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or reasonable, documented expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company, and (ii) pay to the Manager any commission, discount or other compensation to which the Manager would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(viii)At each Applicable Time, Settlement Date, and Representation Date, the Company shall be deemed to have affirmed each representation and warranty contained in this Agreement as if such representation and warranty were made as of such date, modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended as of such date. Any obligation of the Manager to use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Shares on behalf of the Company shall be subject to the continuing accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Company herein, to the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder and to the continuing satisfaction of the additional conditions specified in Section 6 of this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ix)Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Company is in possession of material non-public information, the Company and the Manager agree that (i) no sales of Shares will take place, (ii) the Company shall not request the sale of any Shares, and (iii) the Manager shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(x)If the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a "<u>Distribution</u>" and the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive the Distribution, the "<u>Record Date</u>"), the Company hereby covenants that, in connection with any sales of Shares pursuant to a Sales Notice on the Record Date, the Company shall issue

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and deliver such Shares to the Manager on the Record Date and the Record Date shall be the Settlement Date and the Company shall cover any additional costs of the Manager in connection with the delivery of Shares on the Record Date.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)<u>Term Sales</u>. If the Company wishes to sell the Shares pursuant to this Agreement in a manner other than as set forth in Section 2(b) of this Agreement (each, a "<u>Placement</u>"), the Company will notify the Manager of the proposed terms of such Placement. If the Manager, acting as principal, wishes to accept such proposed terms (which it may decline to do for any reason in its sole discretion) or, following discussions with the Company wishes to accept amended terms, the Manager and the Company will enter into a Terms Agreement setting forth the terms of such Placement. The terms set forth in a Terms Agreement will not be binding on the Company or the Manager unless and until the Company and the Manager have each executed such Terms Agreement accepting all of the terms of such Terms Agreement. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Terms Agreement, the terms of such Terms Agreement will control. A Terms Agreement may also specify certain provisions relating to the reoffering of such Shares by the Manager. The commitment of the Manager to purchase the Shares pursuant to any Terms Agreement shall be deemed to have been made on the basis of the representations and warranties of the Company herein contained and shall be subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth. Each Terms Agreement shall specify the number of the Shares to be purchased by the Manager pursuant thereto, the price to be paid to the Company for such Shares, any provisions relating to rights of, and default by, underwriters acting together with the Manager in the reoffering of the Shares, and the time and date (each such time and date being referred to herein as a "<u>Time of Delivery</u>") and place of delivery of and payment for such Shares. Such Terms Agreement shall also specify any requirements for opinions of counsel, accountants' letters and officers' certificates pursuant to Section 6 of this Agreement and any other information or documents required by the Manager.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)<u>Maximum Number of Shares</u>. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Shares if, after giving effect to the sale of such Shares, the aggregate amount of Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A) together with all sales of Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount, (B) the amount available for offer and sale under the currently effective Registration Statement and (C) the amount authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the Board, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Manager in writing. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Board, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive officer, and notified to the Manager in writing. Further, under no circumstances

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shall the Company cause or permit the aggregate offering amount of Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement to exceed the Maximum Amount.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)<u>Regulation M Notice</u>. Unless the exceptive provisions set forth in Rule 101(c)(1) of Regulation M under the Exchange Act are satisfied with respect to the Shares, the Company shall give the Manager at least one (1) Business Day's prior notice of its intent to sell any Shares in order to allow the Manager time to comply with Regulation M.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.<u>Representations and Warranties</u>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the Manager at the Execution Time and on each such time that the following representations and warranties are repeated or deemed to be made pursuant to this Agreement, as set forth below:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)<u>Subsidiaries</u>. All of the direct and indirect subsidiaries (individually, a "<u>Subsidiary</u>") of the Company are set forth on Exhibit 21.1 to the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission. The Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary free and clear of any "<u>Liens</u>" (which for purposes of this Agreement shall mean a lien, charge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction), and all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of each Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)<u>Organization and Qualification</u>. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation nor in default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, could not have or reasonably be expected to result in: (i) a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of this Agreement, (ii) a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, prospects or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, from that set forth in the Registration Statement, the Base Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or the Incorporated Documents, or (iii) a material adverse effect on the Company's ability to perform in any material respect on a timely basis its obligations under this Agreement (any of (i), (ii) or (iii), a "<u>Material Adverse Effect</u>") and no "<u>Proceeding</u>" (which for purposes of this

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Agreement shall mean any action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an informal investigation or partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened) has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)<u>Authorization and Enforcement</u>. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Company and no further action is required by the Company, the Board or the Company's stockholders in connection herewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof, will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors' rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)<u>No Conflicts</u>. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, the issuance and sale of the Shares and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby do not and will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision of the Company's or any Subsidiary's certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, anti-dilution or similar adjustments, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) of, any agreement, credit facility, debt or other instrument (evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii) subject to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii), such as could not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)<u>Filings, Consents and Approvals.</u> The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other "Person" (defined as an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind, including the Trading Market) in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, other than (i) the filings required by this Agreement, (ii) the filing with the Commission of the Prospectus Supplement, (iii) the filing of application(s) to and approval by the Trading Market for the listing of the Shares for trading thereon in the time and manner required thereby, (iv) the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K with respect to this Agreement, and (v) such filings as are required to be made under applicable state securities laws and the rules and regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. ("<u>FINRA</u>") (collectively, the "<u>Required Approvals</u>").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f)<u>Issuance of Shares</u>. The Shares are duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance with this Agreement, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized capital stock the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to this Agreement. The issuance by the Company of the Shares has been registered under the Act and all of the Shares are freely transferable and tradable by the purchasers thereof without restriction (other than any restrictions arising solely from an act or omission of such a purchaser). The Shares are being issued pursuant to the Registration Statement and the issuance of the Shares has been registered by the Company under the Act. The "<u>Plan of Distribution</u>" section within the Registration Statement permits the issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement. Upon receipt of the Shares, the purchasers of such Shares will have good and marketable title to such Shares and the Shares will be freely tradable on the Trading Market.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g)<u>Capitalization</u>. The capitalization of the Company is as set forth in the SEC Reports. The Company has not issued any capital stock since its most recently filed SEC Report, other than pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options under the Company's stock option plans, the issuance of shares of Common Stock to employees pursuant to the Company's employee stock purchase plan and pursuant to the conversion and/or exercise of securities exercisable, exchangeable or convertible into Common Stock ("<u>Common Stock Equivalents</u>") outstanding as of the date of the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act. No Person has any right of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights to subscribe to, calls or

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commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, any shares of Common Stock or the capital stock of any Subsidiary, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to issue additional shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents or capital stock of any Subsidiary. The issuance and sale of the Shares will not obligate the Company or any Subsidiary to issue shares of Common Stock or other securities to any Person. There are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary with any provision that adjusts the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price of such security or instrument upon an issuance of securities by the Company or any Subsidiary. There are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary that contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or such Subsidiary. The Company does not have any stock appreciation rights or "phantom stock" plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement. All of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, have been issued in compliance with all federal and state securities laws, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. No further approval or authorization of any stockholder, the Board or others is required for the issuance and sale of the Shares. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there are no stockholders agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect to the Company's capital stock to which the Company is a party or, to the knowledge of the Company, between or among any of the Company's stockholders.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h)<u>Registration Statement</u>. The Company meets the requirements for use of Form S-3 under the Act and has prepared and filed with the Commission the Registration Statement, including a related Base Prospectus, for registration under the Act of the offering and sale of the Shares. Such Registration Statement is effective and available for the offer and sale of the Shares as of the date hereof. As filed, the Base Prospectus contains all information required by the Act and the rules thereunder, and, except to the extent the Manager shall agree in writing to a modification, shall be in all substantive respects in the form furnished to the Manager prior to the Execution Time or prior to any such time this representation is repeated or deemed to be made. The Registration Statement contains all exhibits and schedules as required by the Act. Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, if any, at the time it became effective, complied in all material respects with the Act and the Exchange Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Registration Statement, at the Execution Time, each such time this representation is repeated or deemed to be made, and at all times

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during which a prospectus is required by the Act to be delivered (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172, 173 or any similar rule) in connection with any offer or sale of the Shares, meets the requirements set forth in Rule 415(a)(1)(x). The initial Effective Date of the Registration Statement was not earlier than the date three years before the Execution Time. The Company meets the transaction requirements as set forth in General Instruction I.B.1 of Form S-3 or, if applicable, as set forth in General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 with respect to the aggregate market value of securities being sold pursuant to this offering and during the twelve (12) calendar months prior to such time that this representation is made or deemed to be made.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)<u>Accuracy of Incorporated Documents</u>. The Incorporated Documents, when they were filed with the Commission, conformed in all material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder, and none of the Incorporated Documents, when they were filed with the Commission, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading; and any further documents so filed and incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Base Prospectus, the Prospectus Supplement or the Prospectus, when such documents are filed with the Commission, will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder, as applicable, and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(j)<u>Ineligible Issuer</u>. (i) At the earliest time after the filing of the Registration Statement that the Company or another offering participant made a bona fide offer (within the meaning of Rule 164(h)(2)) of the Shares and (ii) as of the Execution Time and on each such time this representation is repeated or deemed to be made (with such date being used as the determination date for purposes of this clause (ii)), the Company was not and is not an Ineligible Issuer (as defined in Rule 405), without taking account of any determination by the Commission pursuant to Rule 405 that it is not necessary that the Company be considered an Ineligible Issuer.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(k)<u>Free Writing Prospectus</u>. The Company is eligible to use Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus does not include any information the substance of which conflicts with the information contained in the Registration Statement, including any Incorporated Documents and any prospectus supplement deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified; and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in

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conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically for use therein. Any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that the Company is required to file pursuant to Rule 433(d) has been, or will be, filed with the Commission in accordance with the requirements of the Act and the rules thereunder. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) or that was prepared by or behalf of or used by the Company complies or will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Act and the rules thereunder. The Company will not, without the prior consent of the Manager (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), prepare, use or refer to, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(l)<u>Proceedings Related to Registration Statement</u>. The Registration Statement is not the subject of a pending proceeding or examination under Section 8(d) or 8(e) of the Act, and the Company is not the subject of a pending proceeding under Section 8A of the Act in connection with the offering of the Shares. The Company has not received any notice that the Commission has issued or intends to issue a stop-order with respect to the Registration Statement or that the Commission otherwise has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, either temporarily or permanently, or intends or has threatened in writing to do so.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(m)<u>SEC Reports</u>. The Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the two years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material) (the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, together with the Prospectus and the Prospectus Supplement, being collectively referred to herein as the "<u>SEC Reports</u>") on a timely basis or has received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. As of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved ("<u>GAAP</u>"), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the

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Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial, year-end audit adjustments.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(n)[RESERVED]

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(o)<u>Material Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments</u>. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, except as specifically disclosed in a subsequent SEC Report filed prior to the date on which this representation is being made, (i) there has been no event, occurrence or development that has had or that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) the Company has not incurred any material liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A) trade payables and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (B) liabilities not required to be reflected in the Company's financial statements pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii) the Company has not altered its method of accounting, (iv) the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash or other property to its stockholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its capital stock, and (v) the Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or "<u>Affiliate</u>" (defined as any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 144 under the Act), except pursuant to existing Company stock option plans. The Company does not have pending before the Commission any request for confidential treatment of information. Except for the issuance of the Shares contemplated by this Agreement, no event, liability, fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred or exists or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses, prospects, properties, operations, assets or financial condition that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws at the time this representation is made or deemed made that has not been publicly disclosed at least one (1) Trading Day prior to the date that this representation is made.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(p)<u>Litigation</u>. There is no action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties before or by any court, arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign) (collectively, an "<u>Action</u>") which, (i) adversely affects or challenges the legality, validity or enforceability of this Agreement or the Shares or (ii) could, if there were an unfavorable decision, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any director or officer thereof, is or has been the subject of any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities laws or a claim of

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breach of fiduciary duty. There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company. The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Act.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(q)<u>Labor Relations</u>. No labor dispute exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent with respect to any of the employees of the Company, which could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. None of the Company's or its Subsidiaries' employees is a member of a union that relates to such employee's relationship with the Company or such Subsidiary, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company and its Subsidiaries believe that their relationships with their employees are good. To the knowledge of the Company, no executive officer of the Company or any Subsidiary, is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant in favor of any third party, and the continued employment of each such executive officer does not subject the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any liability with respect to any of the foregoing matters. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all applicable U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to employment and employment practices, terms and conditions of employment and wages and hours, except where the failure to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(r)<u>Compliance</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (i) is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred that has not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or any Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any indenture, loan or credit agreement or any other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is bound (whether or not such default or violation has been waived), (ii) is in violation of any judgment, decree or order of any court, arbitrator or other governmental authority or (iii) is or has been in violation of any statute, rule, ordinance or regulation of any governmental authority, including without limitation all foreign, federal, state and local laws relating to taxes, environmental protection, occupational health and safety, product quality and safety and employment and labor matters, except in each case as could not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(s)<u>Environmental Laws</u>.The Company and its Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with all federal, state, local and foreign laws relating to pollution or

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protection of human health or the environment (including ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, "<u>Hazardous Materials</u>") into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands, or demand letters, injunctions, judgments, licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder ("<u>Environmental Laws</u>"); (ii) have received all permits licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii) are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval where in each clause (i), (ii) and (iii), the failure to so comply could be reasonably expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(t)<u>Regulatory Permits</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports, except where the failure to possess such permits could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect ("<u>Material Permits</u>"), and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any Material Permit.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(u)<u>Title to Assets</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property owned by them and good and marketable title in all personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all Liens, except for (i) Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (ii) Liens for the payment of federal, state or other taxes, for which appropriate reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which is neither delinquent nor subject to penalties. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance, except where the failure to be in compliance could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v)<u>Intellectual Property</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports and which the failure to so have could have a Material Adverse

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Effect (collectively, the "<u>Intellectual Property Rights</u>"). None of, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights has expired, terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two (2) years from the date of this Agreement. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, a written notice of a claim or otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights violate or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as could not have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company, all Intellectual Property Rights are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(w)<u>Insurance</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiaries are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant increase in cost.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(x)<u>Affiliate Transactions</u>. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, none of the officers or directors of the Company or any Subsidiary and, to the knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the Company or any Subsidiary is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or any Subsidiary (other than for services as employees, officers and directors), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal property to or from, providing for the borrowing of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring payments to or from any officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a substantial interest or is an officer, director, trustee, stockholder, member or partner, in each case in excess of $120,000 other than for (i) payment of salary or consulting fees for services rendered, (ii) reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company and (iii) other employee benefits, including stock option agreements under any stock option plan of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(y)<u>Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects with any and all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, that are effective as of the date

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hereof, and any and all applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder that are effective as of the date hereof. The Company and the Subsidiaries maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific authorization, and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company and the Subsidiaries have established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and the Subsidiaries and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms. The Company's certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the end of the period covered by the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act (such date, the "<u>Evaluation Date</u>"). The Company presented in its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) of the Company and its Subsidiaries that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company and its Subsidiaries.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(z)<u>Certain Fees</u>. Other than payments to be made to the Manager, no brokerage or finder's fees or commissions are or will be payable by the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Manager shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated in this Section that may be due in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(aa)<u>No Other Sales Agency Agreement</u>. The Company has not entered into any other sales agency agreements or other similar arrangements with any agent or any other representative in respect of at the market offerings of the Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(bb)<u>Investment Company</u>. The Company is not, and is not an Affiliate of, and immediately after receipt of payment for the Shares from the Manager pursuant to this Agreement, will not be or be an Affiliate of, an "investment

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company" within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The Company shall conduct its business in a manner so as to reasonably ensure that it or its Subsidiaries will not become an "investment company" subject to registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(cc)<u>Listing and Maintenance Requirements</u>. The Common Stock is listed on the Trading Market and the issuance of the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement does not contravene the rules and regulations of the Trading Market. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission is contemplating terminating such registration. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from any Trading Market on which the Common Stock is or has been listed or quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The Company is, and has no reason to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be, in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. The Common Stock is currently eligible for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation and the Company is current in payment of the fees to the Depository Trust Company (or such other established clearing corporation) in connection with such electronic transfer, except where such nonpayment would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(dd)<u>Application of Takeover Protections</u>. The Company and the Board have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Company's certificate of incorporation (or similar charter documents) or the laws of its state of incorporation that is or could become applicable to the Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ee)<u>Solvency</u>. Based on the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of the date hereof, (i) the fair saleable value of the Company's assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid on or in respect of the Company's existing debts and other liabilities (including known contingent liabilities) as they mature, (ii) the Company's assets do not constitute unreasonably small capital to carry on its business as now conducted and as proposed to be conducted including its capital needs taking into account the particular capital requirements of the business conducted by the Company, consolidated and projected capital requirements and capital availability thereof, and (iii) the current cash flow of the Company, together with the proceeds the Company would receive, were it to liquidate all of its assets, after taking into account all anticipated uses of the cash, would be sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect of its liabilities when such amounts are required to be paid. The

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Company does not intend to incur debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature (taking into account the timing and amounts of cash to be payable on or in respect of its debt) within one year from the date hereof. The Company has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances which lead it to believe that it will file for reorganization or liquidation under the bankruptcy or reorganization laws of any jurisdiction within one year from the date hereof. The SEC Reports set forth as of the date hereof all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary, or for which the Company or any Subsidiary has commitments. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in default with respect to any Indebtedness. For the purposes of this Agreement, "<u>Indebtedness</u>" means (i) any liabilities for borrowed money or amounts owed in excess of $50,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in the ordinary course of business), (ii) all guaranties, endorsements and other contingent obligations in respect of indebtedness of others, whether or not the same are or should be reflected in the Company's consolidated balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except guaranties by endorsement of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business; and (iii) the present value of any lease payments in excess of $50,000 due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ff)<u>Tax Status</u>. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each (i) has made or filed all United States federal, state and local income and all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports and declarations and (iii) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for any such claim.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(gg)<u>Foreign Corrupt Practices</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, any agent or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i) directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii) made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds, (iii) failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made by any person acting on its behalf of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law, or (iv) violated in any material respect any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(hh)<u>Accountants</u>. The Company's accounting firm is set forth in the SEC Reports. To the knowledge and belief of the Company, such accounting firm (i) is a registered public accounting firm as required by the Exchange Act and (ii) shall express its opinion with respect to the financial statements to be included in the next Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)<u>Regulation M Compliance</u>. The Company has not, and to its knowledge no one acting on its behalf has, (i) taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Shares, (ii) sold, bid for, purchased, or, paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the Shares, or (iii) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company, other than, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii), compensation paid to the Manager in connection with the Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(jj)<u>FDA</u>. As to each product subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("<u>FDA</u>") under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended, and the regulations thereunder ("<u>FDCA</u>") that is manufactured, packaged, labeled, tested, distributed, sold, and/or marketed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (each such product, a "<u>Pharmaceutical Product</u>"), such Pharmaceutical Product is being manufactured, packaged, labeled, tested, distributed, sold and/or marketed by the Company in compliance with all applicable requirements under FDCA and similar laws, rules and regulations relating to registration, investigational use, premarket clearance, licensure, or application approval, good manufacturing practices, good laboratory practices, good clinical practices, product listing, quotas, labeling, advertising, record keeping and filing of reports, except where the failure to be in compliance would not have a Material Adverse Effect. There is no pending, completed or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened, action (including any lawsuit, arbitration, or legal or administrative or regulatory proceeding, charge, complaint, or investigation) against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and none of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice, warning letter or other communication from the FDA or any other governmental entity, which (i) contests the premarket clearance, licensure, registration, or approval of, the uses of, the distribution of, the manufacturing or packaging of, the testing of, the sale of, or the labeling and promotion of any Pharmaceutical Product, (ii) withdraws its approval of, requests the recall, suspension, or seizure of, or withdraws or orders the withdrawal of advertising or sales promotional materials relating to, any Pharmaceutical Product, (iii) imposes a clinical hold on any clinical investigation by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (iv) enjoins production at any facility of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (v) enters or proposes to enter into a consent decree of permanent injunction with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or (vi) otherwise alleges any violation of any laws, rules or regulations by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and which, either individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. The

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properties, business and operations of the Company have been and are being conducted in all material respects in accordance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the FDA. The Company has not been informed by the FDA that the FDA will prohibit the marketing, sale, license or use in the United States of any product proposed to be developed, produced or marketed by the Company nor has the FDA expressed any concern as to approving or clearing for marketing any product being developed or proposed to be developed by the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(kk)<u>Stock Option Plans</u>. Each stock option granted by the Company under the Company's stock option plan was granted (i) in accordance with the terms of the Company's stock option plan and (ii) with an exercise price at least equal to the fair market value of the Common Stock on the date such stock option would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable law. No stock option granted under the Company's stock option plan has been backdated. The Company has not knowingly granted, and there is no and has been no Company policy or practice to knowingly grant, stock options prior to, or otherwise knowingly coordinate the grant of stock options with, the release or other public announcement of material information regarding the Company or its Subsidiaries or their financial results or prospects.<u> </u>

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ll)<u>Cybersecurity</u>. (i)(A) There has been no security breach or other compromise of or relating to any of the Company's or any Subsidiary's information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of its respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of it), equipment or technology (collectively, "<u>IT Systems and Data</u>") and (B) the Company and the Subsidiaries have not been notified of, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any security breach or other compromise to its IT Systems and Data; (ii) the Company and the Subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; (iii) the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable safeguards to maintain and protect its material confidential information and the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and Data; and (iv) the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(mm)<u>Compliance with Data Privacy Laws</u>. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, the (i) Company and the Subsidiaries are, and at all times during the past three years were, in compliance with all applicable data privacy and

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security laws and regulations (collectively, "<u>Privacy Laws</u>"); (ii) the Company and the Subsidiaries have in place, and have made commercially reasonable efforts to comply with and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and analysis of Personal Data (the "<u>Policies</u>"); (iii) the Company has made commercially reasonable efforts to provide accurate notice of its applicable Policies to its customers, employees, third party vendors and representatives as required by Privacy Laws; and (iv) applicable Policies provide accurate and sufficient notice of the Company's then-current privacy practices relating to its subject matter, and do not contain any material omissions of the Company's then-current privacy practices, as required by Privacy Laws. "<u>Personal Data</u>" means (i) a natural person's name, street address, telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number; (ii) any information which would qualify as "personally identifying information" under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; and (iii) any other piece of information that allows the identification of such natural person, or his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis of any identifiable data related to an identified person's health or sexual orientation. (i) None of such disclosures made or contained in any of the Policies have been inaccurate, misleading, or deceptive in violation of any Privacy Laws in any material respect and (ii) the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will not result in a breach of any Privacy Laws or Policies. Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries, (i) has, to the knowledge of the Company, received written notice of any actual or potential liability of the Company or the Subsidiaries under, or actual or potential violation by the Company or the Subsidiaries of, any of the Privacy Laws; (ii) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective action pursuant to any regulatory request or demand pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement by or with any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority that imposed any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(nn)<u>Office of Foreign Assets Control</u>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor to the knowledge of the Company, any of the directors, officers or employees of the Company or its Subsidiaries, is an individual or entity that is, or is owned or controlled by an individual or entity that is: (i) the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, His Majesty's Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, "<u>Sanctions</u>"), nor (ii) located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries will, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the transactions contemplated hereby, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any Subsidiary, joint venture partner or other individual or entity: (i) to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any individual or entity or in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the

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subject of Sanctions or (ii) in any other manner that will result in a violation of Sanctions by any individual or entity (including any individual or entity participating in the transactions contemplated hereby, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). For the past five years, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has knowingly engaged in, and is not now knowingly engaged in, any dealings or transactions with any individual or entity, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(oo)<u>U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation</u>. The Company is not and has never been a U.S. real property holding corporation within the meaning of Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Company shall so certify upon the Manager's request.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(pp)<u>Bank Holding Company Act</u>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the "<u>BHCA</u>") and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "<u>Federal Reserve</u>"). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total equity of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(qq)<u>Money Laundering</u>. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, applicable money laundering statutes and applicable rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the "<u>Money Laundering Laws</u>"), and no Action or Proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, threatened.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(rr)<u>FINRA Member Shareholders</u>. There are no affiliations with any FINRA member firm among the Company's officers, directors or, to the knowledge of the Company, any five percent (5%) or greater stockholder of the Company.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.<u>Agreements</u>. The Company agrees with the Manager that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)<u>Right to Review Amendments and Supplements to Registration Statement and Prospectus</u>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus

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relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172, 173 or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act in connection with the offering or the sale of Shares, the Company will not file any amendment to the Registration Statement or supplement (including any Prospectus Supplement) to the Base Prospectus unless the Company has furnished to the Manager a copy for its review prior to filing and will not file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which the Manager reasonably objects. The Company has properly completed the Prospectus, in a form approved by the Manager, and filed such Prospectus, as amended at the Execution Time, with the Commission pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) by the Execution Time and will cause any supplement to the Prospectus to be properly completed, in a form approved by the Manager, and will file such supplement with the Commission pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) within the time period prescribed thereby and will provide evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Manager of such timely filing. The Company will promptly advise the Manager (i) when the Prospectus, and any supplement thereto, shall have been filed (if required) with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), (ii) when, during any period when the delivery of a prospectus (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172, 173 or any similar rule) is required under the Act in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares, any amendment to the Registration Statement shall have been filed or become effective (other than any annual report of the Company filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act), (iii) of any request by the Commission or its staff for any amendment of the Registration Statement, or for any supplement to the Prospectus or for any additional information, (iv) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or of any notice objecting to its use or the institution or threatening of any proceeding for that purpose and (v) of the receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification of the Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the institution or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose. The Company will use its best efforts to prevent the issuance of any such stop order or the occurrence of any such suspension or objection to the use of the Registration Statement and, upon such issuance, occurrence or notice of objection, to obtain as soon as possible the withdrawal of such stop order or relief from such occurrence or objection, including, if necessary, by filing an amendment to the Registration Statement or a new registration statement and using its best efforts to have such amendment or new registration statement declared effective as soon as practicable.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)<u>Subsequent Events</u>. If, at any time on or after an Applicable Time but prior to the related Settlement Date, any event occurs as a result of which the Registration Statement or Prospectus would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, the Company will (i) notify promptly the Manager so that any use of the Registration Statement or Prospectus may cease until such are amended or

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supplemented; (ii) amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to correct such statement or omission; and (iii) supply any such amendment or supplement to the Manager in such quantities as the Manager may reasonably request.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)<u>Notification of Subsequent Filings</u>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172, 173 or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act, any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein in the light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading, or if it shall be necessary to amend the Registration Statement, file a new registration statement or supplement the Prospectus to comply with the Act or the Exchange Act or the respective rules thereunder, including in connection with use or delivery of the Prospectus, the Company promptly will (i) notify the Manager of any such event, (ii) subject to Section 4(a), prepare and file with the Commission an amendment or supplement or new registration statement which will correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance, (iii) use its best efforts to have any amendment to the Registration Statement or new registration statement declared effective as soon as practicable in order to avoid any disruption in use of the Prospectus and (iv) supply any supplemented Prospectus to the Manager in such quantities as the Manager may reasonably request.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)<u>Earnings Statements</u>. As soon as practicable, the Company will make generally available to its security holders and to the Manager an earnings statement or statements of the Company and its Subsidiaries which will satisfy the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Act and Rule 158. For the avoidance of doubt, the Company's compliance with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Section 4(d).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)<u>Delivery of Registration Statement</u>. Upon the request of the Manager, the Company will furnish to the Manager and counsel for the Manager, without charge, signed copies of the Registration Statement (including exhibits thereto) and, so long as delivery of a prospectus by the Manager or dealer may be required by the Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172, 173 or any similar rule), as many copies of the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and any supplement thereto as the Manager may reasonably request. The Company will pay the expenses of printing or other production of all documents relating to the offering.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f)<u>Qualification of Shares</u>. The Company will arrange, if necessary, for the qualification of the Shares for sale under the laws of such jurisdictions as the Manager may designate and will maintain such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Shares; provided that in no event shall the Company be obligated to qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not

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now so qualified or to take any action that would subject it to service of process in suits, other than those arising out of the offering or sale of the Shares, in any jurisdiction where it is not now so subject.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g)<u>Free Writing Prospectus</u>. The Company agrees that, unless it has or shall have obtained the prior written consent of the Manager (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), and the Manager agrees with the Company that, unless it has or shall have obtained, as the case may be, the prior written consent of the Company, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or that would otherwise constitute a "free writing prospectus" (as defined in Rule 405) required to be filed by the Company with the Commission or retained by the Company under Rule 433. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Manager or the Company is hereinafter referred to as a "<u>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</u>." The Company agrees that (i) it has treated and will treat, as the case may be, each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and (ii) it has complied and will comply, as the case may be, with the requirements of Rules 164 and 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including in respect of timely filing with the Commission, legending and record keeping.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h)<u>Subsequent Equity Issuances</u>. The Company shall not deliver any Sales Notice hereunder (and any Sales Notice previously delivered shall not apply during such three Business Days) for at least three (3) Business Days prior to any date on which the Company or any Subsidiary offers, sells, issues, contracts to sell, contracts to issue or otherwise disposes of, directly or indirectly, any other shares of Common Stock or any Common Stock Equivalents (other than the Shares), subject to Manager's right to waive this obligation, which waiver shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, provided that, without compliance with the foregoing obligation, the Company may issue and sell Common Stock pursuant to any employee equity plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan of the Company in effect at the Execution Time and the Company may issue Common Stock issuable upon the conversion or exercise of Common Stock Equivalents outstanding at the Execution Time.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)<u>Market Manipulation</u>. Until the termination of this Agreement, the Company will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that would constitute or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, stabilization or manipulation in violation of the Act, Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares or otherwise violate any provision of Regulation M under the Exchange Act.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(j)<u>Notification of Incorrect Certificate</u>. The Company will, at any time during the term of this Agreement, as supplemented from time to time, advise the Manager immediately after it shall have received notice or obtained

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knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect any opinion, certificate, letter and other document provided to the Manager pursuant to Section 6 herein.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(k)<u>Certification of Accuracy of Disclosure</u>. Upon commencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement (and upon the recommencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement following the termination of a suspension of sales hereunder lasting more than thirty (30) Trading Days), and each time that (i) a new Registration Statement is filed and declared effective by the Commission, (ii) the Registration Statement or Prospectus shall be amended or supplemented, other than by means of Incorporated Documents, (iii) the Company files its Annual Report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act, (iv) the Company files its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act, (v) the Company files a Current Report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than information that is furnished and not filed), if the Manager reasonably determines that the information in such Form 8-K is material, or (vi) the Shares are delivered to the Manager as principal at the Time of Delivery pursuant to a Terms Agreement (such commencement or recommencement date and each such date referred to in (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) above, a "<u>Representation Date</u>"), unless waived by the Manager, the Company shall furnish or cause to be furnished to the Manager promptly a certificate dated and delivered on the Representation Date, in form reasonably satisfactory to the Manager to the effect that the statements contained in the certificate referred to in Section 6 of this Agreement which were last furnished to the Manager are true and correct at the Representation Date, as though made at and as of such date (except that such statements shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented to such date) or, in lieu of such certificate, a certificate of the same tenor as the certificate referred to in said Section 6, modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented to the date of delivery of such certificate.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(l)<u>Bring Down Opinions; Negative Assurance</u>. At each Representation Date, unless waived by the Manager, the Company shall furnish or cause to be furnished forthwith to the Manager and to counsel to the Manager a written opinion of counsel to the Company ("<u>Company Counsel</u>"), including a negative assurance representation, addressed to the Manager and dated and delivered as of such Representation Date, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Manager.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(m)<u>Auditor Bring Down "Comfort" Letter</u>. At each Representation Date, unless waived by the Manager, the Company shall cause (1) the Company's auditors (the "<u>Accountants</u>"), or other independent accountants satisfactory to the Manager forthwith to furnish the Manager a letter, and (2) the Chief Financial Officer of the Company forthwith to furnish the Manager a certificate, in each case dated on such Representation Date, in form and substance reasonably

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satisfactory to the Manager, of the same tenor as the letters and certificate referred to in Section 6 of this Agreement but modified to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letters and certificate; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that the Company will not be required to cause the Accountants to furnish such letters to the Manager in connection with the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K unless (i) such Current Report on Form 8-K is filed at any time during which a prospectus relating to the Shares is required to be delivered under the Act and (ii) the Manager has requested such letter based upon the event or events reported in such Current Report on Form 8-K.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(n)<u>Due Diligence Session</u>. Upon commencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement (and upon the recommencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement following the termination of a suspension of sales hereunder lasting more than thirty (30) Trading Days), and at each Representation Date, the Company will conduct a due diligence session, in form and substance, reasonably satisfactory to the Manager, which shall include representatives of management, Accountants and Company Counsel. The Company shall cooperate timely with any reasonable due diligence request from or review conducted by the Manager or its agents from time to time in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including, without limitation, providing information and available documents and access to appropriate corporate officers and the Company's agents during regular business hours, and timely furnishing or causing to be furnished such certificates, letters and opinions from the Company, its officers and its agents, as the Manager may reasonably request. The Company shall reimburse the Manager for Manager's counsel's fees in each such Representation Date, up to a maximum of $5,000 in connection with a Form 10-Q and $7,500 per Representation Date in connection with a new Registration Statement or a Form 10-K or a new Registration Statement, Prospectus or Prospectus Supplement or an amendment to this Agreement, plus any incidental expense incurred by the Manager in connection therewith.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(o)<u>Acknowledgment of Trading</u>. The Company consents to the Manager trading in the Common Stock for the Manager's own account and for the account of its clients at the same time as sales of the Shares occur pursuant to this Agreement or pursuant to a Terms Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(p)<u>Disclosure of Shares Sold</u>. The Company will disclose in its Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, as applicable, the number of Shares sold through the Manager under this Agreement, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation paid by the Company with respect to sales of Shares pursuant to this Agreement during the relevant quarter; and, if required by any subsequent change in Commission policy or request, more frequently by means of a Current Report on Form 8-K or a further Prospectus Supplement.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(q)<u>Rescission Right</u>. If to the knowledge of the Company, the conditions set forth in Section 6 shall not have been satisfied as of the applicable Settlement Date, the Company will offer to any person who has agreed to purchase Shares from the Company as the result of an offer to purchase solicited by the Manager the right to refuse to purchase and pay for such Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(r)<u>Bring Down of Representations and Warranties</u>. Each acceptance by the Company of an offer to purchase the Shares hereunder, and each execution and delivery by the Company of a Terms Agreement, shall be deemed to be an affirmation to the Manager that the representations and warranties of the Company contained in or made pursuant to this Agreement are true and correct in all material respects as of the date of such acceptance or of such Terms Agreement as though made at and as of such date, and an undertaking that such representations and warranties will be true and correct as of the Settlement Date for the Shares relating to such acceptance or as of the Time of Delivery relating to such sale, as the case may be, as though made at and as of such date (except that such representations and warranties shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented relating to such Shares).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(s)<u>Reservation of Shares</u>. The Company shall ensure that there are, at all times, sufficient shares of Common Stock to provide for the issuance, free of any preemptive rights, out of its authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock or shares of Common Stock held in treasury, of the maximum aggregate number of Shares authorized for issuance by the Board pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Shares to be listed for trading on the Trading Market and to maintain such listing.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(t)<u>Obligation Under Exchange Act</u>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172, 173 or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act, the Company will file all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act within the time periods required by the Exchange Act and the regulations thereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(u)<u>DTC Facility</u>. The Company shall cooperate with the Manager and use its reasonable efforts to permit the Shares to be eligible for clearance and settlement through the facilities of DTC.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(v)<u>Use of Proceeds</u>. The Company will apply the Net Proceeds from the sale of the Shares in the manner set forth in the Prospectus.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(w)<u>Filing of Prospectus Supplement</u>. If any sales are made pursuant to this Agreement which are not made in "at the market" offerings as defined in Rule 415, including, without limitation, any Placement pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the Company shall file a Prospectus Supplement describing the terms of such transaction, the amount of Shares sold, the price thereof, the Manager's compensation, and such other information as may be required pursuant to Rule 424 and Rule 430B, as applicable, within the time required by Rule 424.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(x)<u>Additional Registration Statement</u>. To the extent that the Registration Statement is not available for the sales of the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement, the Company shall file a new registration statement with respect to any additional shares of Common Stock necessary to complete such sales of the Shares and shall cause such registration statement to become effective as promptly as practicable. After the effectiveness of any such registration statement, all references to "<u>Registration Statement</u>" included in this Agreement shall be deemed to include such new registration statement, including all documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3, and all references to "<u>Base Prospectus</u>" included in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the final form of base prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in any such registration statement at the time such registration statement became effective.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.<u>Payment of Expenses</u>. The Company agrees to pay the costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are consummated, including without limitation: (i) the preparation, printing or reproduction and filing with the Commission of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits thereto), the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and each amendment or supplement to any of them; (ii) the printing (or reproduction) and delivery (including postage, air freight charges and charges for counting and packaging) of such copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and all amendments or supplements to any of them, as may, in each case, be reasonably requested for use in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares; (iii) the preparation, printing, authentication, issuance and delivery of certificates for the Shares, including any stamp or transfer taxes in connection with the original issuance and sale of the Shares; (iv) the printing (or reproduction) and delivery of this Agreement, any blue sky memorandum and all other agreements or documents printed (or reproduced) and delivered in connection with the offering of the Shares; (v) the registration of the Shares under the Exchange Act, if applicable, and the listing of the Shares on the Trading Market; (vi) any registration or qualification of the Shares for offer and sale under the securities or blue sky laws of the several states (including filing fees and the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel for the Manager relating to such registration and qualification); (vii) the transportation and other expenses incurred by or on behalf of Company representatives in connection with presentations to prospective purchasers of the Shares; (viii) the fees and expenses of the Company's accountants and the fees and expenses of counsel (including local and special counsel) for the Company; (ix) the filing fee under FINRA Rule 5110; (x) the reasonable

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fees and expenses of the Manager's counsel, not to exceed $75,000 (excluding any periodic due diligence fees provided for under Section 4(n)), which shall be paid at the Execution Time; and (xi) all other costs and expenses incident to the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.<u>Conditions to the Obligations of the Manager</u>. The obligations of the Manager under this Agreement and any Terms Agreement shall be subject to (i) the accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company contained herein as of the Execution Time, each Representation Date, and as of each Applicable Time, Settlement Date and Time of Delivery, (ii) the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder and (iii) the following additional conditions:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)<u>Filing of Prospectus Supplement</u>. The Prospectus, and any supplement thereto, required by Rule 424 to be filed with the Commission have been filed in the manner and within the time period required by Rule 424(b) with respect to any sale of Shares; each Prospectus Supplement shall have been filed in the manner required by Rule 424(b) within the time period required hereunder and under the Act; any other material required to be filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Act, shall have been filed with the Commission within the applicable time periods prescribed for such filings by Rule 433; and no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any notice objecting to its use shall have been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall have been instituted or threatened.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)<u>Delivery of Opinion</u>. The Company shall have caused the Company Counsel to furnish to the Manager, to the extent requested by the Manager and upon reasonable advance notice in connection with any offering of the Shares, its opinion and negative assurance representation, dated as of such date and addressed to the Manager in form and substance acceptable to the Manager.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)<u>Delivery of Officer's Certificate</u>. The Company shall have furnished or caused to be furnished to the Manager, to the extent requested by the Manager and upon reasonable advanced notice in connection with any offering of the Shares, a certificate of the Company signed by the Chief Executive Officer or the President and the principal financial or accounting officer of the Company, dated as of such date, to the effect that the signers of such certificate have carefully examined the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement and any documents incorporated by reference therein and any supplements or amendments thereto and this Agreement and that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)the representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct on and as of such date with the same effect as if made on such date and the Company has complied with all the agreements and satisfied all the conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied at or prior to such date;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any notice objecting to its use has been issued and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii)since the date of the most recent financial statements included in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Incorporated Documents, there has been no Material Adverse Effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, business or properties of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)<u>Delivery of Accountants' "Comfort" Letter</u>. The Company shall have requested and caused the Accountants to have furnished to the Manager, to the extent requested by the Manager and upon reasonable advanced notice in connection with any offering of the Shares, letters (which may refer to letters previously delivered to the Manager), dated as of such date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Manager, confirming that they are independent accountants within the meaning of the Act and the Exchange Act and the respective applicable rules and regulations adopted by the Commission thereunder and that they have performed an audit of any audited financial information of the Company, and/or a review of any unaudited interim financial information of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and provide customary "comfort" as to such review in form and substance satisfactory to the Manager.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)<u>No Material Adverse Event</u>. Since the respective dates as of which information is disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Incorporated Documents, except as otherwise stated therein, there shall not have been (i) any change or decrease in previously reported results specified in the letter or letters referred to in paragraph (d) of this Section 6 or (ii) any material change, or any material development involving a material prospective change, in or affecting the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, business or properties of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Incorporated Documents (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto) the effect of which, in any case referred to in clause (i) or (ii) above, is, in the sole judgment of the Manager, so material and adverse as to make it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Shares as contemplated by the Registration Statement (exclusive of any amendment thereof), the Incorporated Documents and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto).

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f)<u>Payment of All Fees</u>. The Company shall have paid the required Commission filing fees relating to the Shares within the time period required by Rule 456(b)(1)(i) of the Act without regard to the proviso therein and otherwise in accordance with Rules 456(b) and 457(r) of the Act and, if applicable, shall have updated the "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in accordance with Rule 456(b)(1)(ii) either in a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or on the cover page of a prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(g)<u>No FINRA Objections</u>. FINRA shall not have raised any objection with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of the terms and arrangements under this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(h)<u>Shares Listed on Trading Market</u>. The Shares shall have been listed and admitted and authorized for trading on the Trading Market, and satisfactory evidence of such actions shall have been provided to the Manager.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)<u>Other Assurances</u>. Prior to each Settlement Date and Time of Delivery, as applicable, the Company shall have furnished to the Manager such further information, certificates and documents as the Manager may reasonably request.

If any of the conditions specified in this Section 6 shall not have been fulfilled when and as provided in this Agreement, or if any of the opinions and certificates mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall not be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Manager and counsel for the Manager, this Agreement and all obligations of the Manager hereunder may be canceled at, or at any time prior to, any Settlement Date or Time of Delivery, as applicable, by the Manager. Notice of such cancellation shall be given to the Company in writing or by telephone and confirmed in writing by electronic mail.

The documents required to be delivered by this Section 6 shall be delivered to the office of Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, counsel for the Manager, at 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105, email: , on each such date as provided in this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.<u>Indemnification and Contribution</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)<u>Indemnification by Company</u>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Manager, the directors, officers, employees and agents of the Manager and each person who controls the Manager within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act against any and all losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which they or any of them may become subject under the Act, the Exchange Act or other Federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the

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Registration Statement for the registration of the Shares as originally filed or in any amendment thereof, or in the Base Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or in any amendment thereof or supplement thereto, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or arise out of or are based upon any Proceeding, commenced or threatened (whether or not the Manager is a target of or party to such Proceeding) or result from or relate to any breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by the Company in this Agreement, and agrees to reimburse each such indemnified party for any legal or other reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that the Company will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon any such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made therein in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically for inclusion therein. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Company may otherwise have.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)<u>Indemnification by Manager</u>. The Manager agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers who signs the Registration Statement, and each person who controls the Company within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, to the same extent as the foregoing indemnity from the Company to the Manager, but only with reference to written information relating to the Manager furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically for inclusion in the documents referred to in the foregoing indemnity; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that in no case shall the Manager be responsible for any amount in excess of the Broker Fee applicable to the Shares and paid hereunder. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which the Manager may otherwise have.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)<u>Indemnification Procedures</u>. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 7 of notice of the commencement of any action, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under this Section 7, notify the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof; but the failure so to notify the indemnifying party (i) will not relieve it from liability under paragraph (a) or (b) above unless and to the extent it did not otherwise learn of such action and such failure results in the forfeiture by the indemnifying party of substantial rights and defenses and (ii) will not, in any event, relieve the indemnifying party from any obligations to any indemnified party other than the indemnification obligation provided in paragraph (a) or (b) above. The indemnifying party shall be entitled to appoint counsel of the indemnifying party's choice at the indemnifying party's

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expense to represent the indemnified party in any action for which indemnification is sought (in which case the indemnifying party shall not thereafter be responsible for the fees and expenses of any separate counsel retained by the indemnified party or parties except as set forth below); <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that such counsel shall be reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party. Notwithstanding the indemnifying party's election to appoint counsel to represent the indemnified party in an action, the indemnified party shall have the right to employ separate counsel (including local counsel), and the indemnifying party shall bear the reasonable and documented fees, costs and out-of-pocket expenses of such separate counsel if (A) the use of counsel chosen by the indemnifying party to represent the indemnified party would present such counsel with a conflict of interest, (B) the actual or potential defendants in, or targets of, any such action include both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have reasonably concluded that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified parties which are different from or additional to those available to the indemnifying party, (C) the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party within a reasonable time after notice of the institution of such action or (D) the indemnifying party shall authorize the indemnified party to employ separate counsel at the expense of the indemnifying party. An indemnifying party will not, without the prior written consent of the indemnified parties, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties to such claim or action) unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such claim, action, suit or proceeding.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)<u>Contribution</u>. In the event that the indemnity provided in paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of this Section 7 is unavailable to or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party for any reason, the Company and the Manager agree to contribute to the aggregate losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including legal or other reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred in connection with investigating or defending the same) (collectively "<u>Losses</u>") to which the Company and the Manager may be subject in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and by the Manager on the other from the offering of the Shares; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that in no case shall the Manager be responsible for any amount in excess of the Broker Fee applicable to the Shares and paid hereunder. If the allocation provided by the immediately preceding sentence is unavailable for any reason, the Company and the Manager severally shall contribute in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only such relative benefits but also the relative fault of the Company on the one hand and of the Manager on the other in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such Losses as well as any other relevant equitable considerations.

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Benefits received by the Company shall be deemed to be equal to the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by it, and benefits received by the Manager shall be deemed to be equal to the Broker Fee applicable to the Shares and paid hereunder as determined by this Agreement. Relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any untrue or any alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information provided by the Company on the one hand or the Manager on the other, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such untrue statement or omission. The Company and the Manager agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution were determined by pro rata allocation or any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above. Notwithstanding the provisions of this paragraph (d), no person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 7, each person who controls the Manager within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act and each director, officer, employee and agent of the Manager shall have the same rights to contribution as the Manager, and each person who controls the Company within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, each officer of the Company who shall have signed the Registration Statement and each director of the Company shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the applicable terms and conditions of this paragraph (d).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.<u>Termination</u>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)The Company shall have the right, by giving written notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate the provisions of this Agreement relating to the solicitation of offers to purchase the Shares in its sole discretion at any time upon five (5) Business Days' prior written notice. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that (i) with respect to any pending sale, through the Manager for the Company, the obligations of the Company, including in respect of compensation of the Manager, shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding the termination and (ii) the provisions of Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, the second sentence of 13, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)The Manager shall have the right, by giving written notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate the provisions of this Agreement relating to the solicitation of offers to purchase the Shares in its sole discretion at any time. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, the second sentence of 13, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect until such date that this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Sections 8(a) or (b) above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties, provided that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, the second sentence of 13, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination, provided that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Manager or the Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date or Time of Delivery for any sale of the Shares, such sale of the Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(b) of this Agreement.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)In the case of any purchase of Shares by the Manager pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the obligations of the Manager pursuant to such Terms Agreement shall be subject to termination, in the absolute discretion of the Manager, by prompt oral notice given to the Company prior to the Time of Delivery relating to such Shares, if any, and confirmed promptly by electronic mail, if since the time of execution of the Terms Agreement and prior to such delivery and payment, (i) trading in the Common Stock shall have been suspended by the Commission or the Trading Market or trading in securities generally on the Trading Market shall have been suspended or limited or minimum prices shall have been established on such exchange, (ii) a banking moratorium shall have been declared either by Federal or New York State authorities or (iii) there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities, declaration by the United States of a national emergency or war, or other calamity or crisis the effect of which on financial markets is such as to make it, in the sole judgment of the Manager, impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Shares as contemplated by the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.<u>Representations and Indemnities to Survive</u>. The respective agreements, representations, warranties, indemnities and other statements of the Company or its officers and of the Manager set forth in or made pursuant to this Agreement will remain in full force and effect, regardless of any investigation made by the Manager or the Company or any of the officers, directors, employees, agents or controlling persons referred to in Section 7, and will survive delivery of and payment for the Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.<u>Notices</u>. All communications hereunder will be in writing and effective only on receipt, and will be mailed, delivered, or e-mailed to the addresses of the Company and the Manager, respectively, set forth on the signature page hereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.<u>Successors</u>. This Agreement will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and the officers, directors,

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employees, agents and controlling persons referred to in Section 7, and no other person will have any right or obligation hereunder.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.<u>No Fiduciary Duty</u>. The Company hereby acknowledges that (a) the purchase and sale of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement is an arm's-length commercial transaction between the Company, on the one hand, and the Manager and any affiliate through which it may be acting, on the other, (b) the Manager is acting solely as sales agent and/or principal in connection with the purchase and sale of the Company's securities and not as a fiduciary of the Company and (c) the Company's engagement of the Manager in connection with the offering and the process leading up to the offering is as independent contractors and not in any other capacity. Furthermore, the Company agrees that it is solely responsible for making its own judgments in connection with the offering (irrespective of whether the Manager has advised or is currently advising the Company on related or other matters). The Company agrees that it will not claim that the Manager has rendered advisory services of any nature or respect, or owe an agency, fiduciary or similar duty to the Company, in connection with such transaction or the process leading thereto.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.<u>Integration</u>. This Agreement and any Terms Agreement supersede all prior agreements and understandings (whether written or oral) between the Company and the Manager with respect to the subject matter hereof. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Investment Banking Agreement, dated March 4, 2025, as amended (the "<u>Letter Agreement</u>"), by and between the Company and the Manager shall continue to be effective and the terms therein shall continue to survive and be enforceable by the Manager in accordance with its terms, provided that, in the event of a conflict between the terms of the Letter Agreement and this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.<u>Amendments; Waivers</u>. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by the Company and the Manager. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15.<u>Applicable Law</u>. This Agreement and any Terms Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York applicable to contracts made and to be performed within the State of New York. Each of the Company and the Manager: (i) agrees that any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be instituted exclusively in New York Supreme Court, County of New York, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, (ii) waives any objection which it may have or hereafter to the venue of any such suit, action or proceeding, and (iii) irrevocably consents to the exclusive jurisdiction of the New York Supreme Court, County of New York, and the

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United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in any such suit, action or proceeding. Each of the Company and the Manager further agrees to accept and acknowledge service of any and all process which may be served in any such suit, action or proceeding in the New York Supreme Court, County of New York, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and agrees that service of process upon the Company mailed by certified mail to the Company's address shall be deemed in every respect effective service of process upon the Company, in any such suit, action or proceeding, and service of process upon the Manager mailed by certified mail to the Manager's address shall be deemed in every respect effective service process upon the Manager, in any such suit, action or proceeding. If either party shall commence an action or proceeding to enforce any provision of this Agreement, then the prevailing party in such action or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for its reasonable attorney's fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;**16.Waiver of Jury Trial. The Company hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement, any Terms Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby.** 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17.<u>Counterparts</u>. This Agreement and any Terms Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each one of which shall be an original, with the same effect as if the signatures thereto and hereto were upon one and the same agreement. Counterparts may be delivered via electronic mail (including any electronic signature covered by the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Electronic Signatures and Records Act or other applicable law, e.g., www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes.

\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18.<u>Headings</u>. The section headings used in this Agreement and any Terms Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding of our agreement, please sign and return to us the enclosed duplicate hereof, whereupon this letter and your acceptance shall represent a binding agreement among the Company and the Manager.

Very truly yours,

**METAVIA INC.**

By: */s/ Hyung Heon Kim*

Name: Hyung Heon Kim

Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

Address for Notice:

545 Concord Avenue, Suite 210

Cambridge, MA 02138

The foregoing Agreement is hereby confirmed and accepted as of the date first written above.

**LADENBURG THALMANN & CO. INC.**

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>By: */s/ Nicholas Stergis*<br>Name: Nicholas Stergis<br>Title: Managing Director<br>

Address for Notice:

640 Fifth Avenue, 4<sup>th</sup> Floor

New York, NY 10019

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**Form of Terms Agreement**

**ANNEX I** 

**METAVIA INC.** 

**TERMS AGREEMENT**

Dear Sirs:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; MetaVia Inc. (the "<u>Company</u>") proposes, subject to the terms and conditions stated herein and in the At The Market Offering Agreement, dated __, 2025 (the "<u>At The Market Offering Agreement</u>"), between the Company and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. ("<u>Manager</u>"), to issue and sell to Manager the securities specified in the <u>Schedule I</u> hereto (the "<u>Purchased Shares</u>").

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Each of the provisions of the At The Market Offering Agreement not specifically related to the solicitation by the Manager, as agent of the Company, of offers to purchase securities is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and shall be deemed to be part of this Terms Agreement to the same extent as if such provisions had been set forth in full herein. Each of the representations and warranties set forth therein shall be deemed to have been made at and as of the date of this Terms Agreement and the Time of Delivery, except that each representation and warranty in Section 3 of the At The Market Offering Agreement which makes reference to the Prospectus (as therein defined) shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty as of the date of the At The Market Offering Agreement in relation to the Prospectus, and also a representation and warranty as of the date of this Terms Agreement and the Time of Delivery in relation to the Prospectus as amended and supplemented to relate to the Purchased Shares.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An amendment to the Registration Statement (as defined in the At The Market Offering Agreement), or a supplement to the Prospectus, as the case may be, relating to the Purchased Shares, in the form heretofore delivered to the Manager is now proposed to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein and in the At The Market Offering Agreement which are incorporated herein by reference, the Company agrees to issue and sell to the Manager and the latter agrees to purchase from the Company the number of shares of the Purchased Shares at the time and place and at the purchase price set forth in the <u>Schedule I</u> hereto.

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 **If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding, please sign and return to us a counterpart hereof, whereupon this Terms Agreement, including those provisions of the At The Market Offering Agreement incorporated herein by reference, shall constitute a binding agreement between the Manager and the Company.** 

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| |
|:---|
| **METAVIA INC.** |
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>By:__________________________________________<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Name: Hyung Heon Kim<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Title: President and Chief Executive Officer |

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ACCEPTED as of the date first written above.

**LADENBURG THALMANN & CO. INC.**<br>

By:__________________________________________

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Name: Nicholas Stergis

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Title: Managing Director

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## Exhibit 5.1

![Graphic](mtva-20250930xex5d1002.jpg)

**Exhibit 5.1**

November 6, 2025

MetaVia Inc.

545 Concord Avenue, Suite 210

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| ***Re:*** | ***Prospectus Supplement to Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-278646)*** |

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Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as special counsel to MetaVia Inc., a Delaware corporation (the ***"Company"***), in connection with the sale by the Company through Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., as the sales agent (the ***"Sales Agent"***), from time to time of up to $2,300,000 of shares (the ***"Shares"***) of the Company's common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the ***"Common Stock"***) pursuant to (i) a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-278646) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "***Act***"), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the ***"Commission"***) on April 12, 2024 (as so filed and as amended, the ***"Registration Statement"***), (ii) the base prospectus included in the Registration Statement (the ***"Base Prospectus"***), (iii) the prospectus supplement dated as of November 6, 2025 (the ***"Prospectus Supplement"***, and together with the Base Prospectus and any further supplements or amendments thereto, the ***"Prospectus"***), and (iv) that certain At The Market Offering Agreement, dated as of November 6, 2025, by and between the Company and the Sales Agent (the ***"Sales Agreement"***).

In so acting, we have considered such matters of law and of fact, and relied upon, without independent investigation such documents, records, certificates and other information furnished to us as we have deemed appropriate as a basis for our opinions set forth below. In conducting such review, we have assumed, without independent investigation, the genuineness and authenticity of all signatures on original documents, the legal capacity of all natural persons or entities (other than the Company), the authenticity and completeness of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to authentic original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, and the accuracy of all statements in certificates of public officials and officers of the Company that we reviewed. In rendering these opinions, we have assumed that the Shares will be offered in the manner and on the terms identified or referred to in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and the Sales Agreement.

The law covered by the opinions expressed in this opinion letter is limited to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware as currently in effect (the ***"DGCL"***). We express no opinion as to any other laws.

Based on the foregoing and upon our examination of such documents and other matters as we deem relevant, we are of the opinion that the Shares have been duly authorized by the Company and, when issued, sold, and delivered by the Company in accordance with, and as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and in the manner set forth in the Sales Agreement, against payment therefor in excess of par value, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

In rendering the foregoing opinions, we have assumed that (i) the Company will comply with all applicable notice requirements regarding uncertificated shares provided in the DGCL, (ii) upon the issuance of any of the Shares, the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of shares of Common Stock that the Company is then authorized to issue under the

**Honigman LLP • 650 Trade Centre Way Suite 200 • Kalamazoo, MI 49002**

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![Graphic](mtva-20250930xex5d1002.jpg)

MetaVia Inc.

November 6, 2025

Company's Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended from time to time (the ***"Certificate of Incorporation"***), and (iii) certain terms of the Shares to be issued by the Company from time to time will be authorized and approved by the board of directors of the Company or one or more committees or delegees thereof established by the board of directors of the Company with the authority to issue and sell Shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement in accordance with the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation, the bylaws of the Company and certain resolutions of the board of directors of the Company and one or more committees thereof prior to issuance thereof.

We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion letter with the Commission as <u>Exhibit 5.1</u> to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, which is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, and to the reference to our firm under the caption "Legal Matters" in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. In giving such consent, we do not admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required by Section 7 of the Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the Commission. The opinions in this opinion letter are expressed as of the date hereof, and we disclaim any undertaking to advise you of any subsequent changes in the facts stated or assumed herein or of any subsequent changes in applicable law.

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| |
|:---|
| Very truly yours,<br>*/s/ Honigman LLP* |
| Honigman LLP |

---

PDT/JWD/CJOH/JPK

**Honigman LLP • 650 Trade Centre Way Suite 200 • Kalamazoo, MI 49002**

62138492

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## Exhibit 31.1

Exhibit 31.1

**Certification of Chief Executive Officer**

**pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)**

I, Hyung Heon Kim, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025 of MetaVia Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Date: November 6, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;/s/ Hyung Heon Kim |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;President and Chief Executive Officer |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;(Principal Executive Officer) |

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## Exhibit 31.2

Exhibit 31.2

**Certification of Chief Financial Officer**

**pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)**

I, Marshall Woodworth, certify that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025 of MetaVia Inc.;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5) The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Date: November 6, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;/s/ Marshall Woodworth |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;Chief Financial Officer |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;(Principal Financial Officer) |

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## Exhibit 32.1

Exhibit 32.1

**Certification of Chief Executive Officer**

**under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

**(18 U.S.C. § 1350)**

In connection with the quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025 of MetaVia Inc. (the "Company") as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Report"), I, Hyung Heon Kim, President and Chief Executive Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Date: November 6, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;/s/ Hyung Heon Kim |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;President and Chief Executive Officer |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;(Principal Executive Officer) |

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## Exhibit 32.2

Exhibit 32.2

**Certification of Chief Financial Officer**

**under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

**(18 U.S.C. § 1350)**

In connection with the quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025 of MetaVia Inc. (the "Company") as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Report"), I, Marshall H. Woodworth, Chief Financial Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Date: November 6, 2025 | &nbsp;&nbsp;/s/ Marshall H. Woodworth |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;Chief Financial Officer |
|  | &nbsp;&nbsp;(Principal Financial Officer) |

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------