# EDGAR Filing Document

**Accession Number:** 0001477845
**File Stem:** 0001104659-26-063959
**Filing Date:** 2026-5
**Character Count:** 201235
**Document Hash:** c5fc7a25a37749ed0d6f537a5a6eed01
**Contains OCR:** False
**Source Format:** 

## Filing Content

## Filing Summary
**0001104659-26-063959.hdr.sgml**: 20260519

**ACCESSION NUMBER**: 0001104659-26-063959

**CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE**: 424B5

**PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT**: 2

**FILED AS OF DATE**: 20260519

**DATE AS OF CHANGE**: 20260519

**FILER**: 

**COMPANY DATA:**
- **COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:** Annovis Bio, Inc.
- **CENTRAL INDEX KEY:** 0001477845
- **STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:** PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
- **ORGANIZATION NAME:** 03 Life Sciences
- **EIN:** 262540421
- **STATE OF INCORPORATION:** DE
- **FISCAL YEAR END:** 1231

**FILING VALUES:**
- **FORM TYPE:** 424B5
- **SEC ACT:** 1933 Act
- **SEC FILE NUMBER:** 333-276814
- **FILM NUMBER:** 261000416

**BUSINESS ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 101 LINDENWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 225
- **CITY:** MALVERN
- **STATE:** PA
- **ZIP:** 19355
- **BUSINESS PHONE:** 484-875-3192

**MAIL ADDRESS:**
- **STREET 1:** 101 LINDENWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 225
- **CITY:** MALVERN
- **STATE:** PA
- **ZIP:** 19355

**FORMER COMPANY:**
- **FORMER CONFORMED NAME:** QR Pharma, Inc.
- **DATE OF NAME CHANGE:** 20091202

[**TABLE OF CONTENTS**](#TOC)

The information contained in this preliminary prospectus supplement is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are not an offer to sell these securities and are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

#### Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)

#### Registration No. 333-276814

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| **PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT <br> (To Prospectus dated February 12, 2024)**  | **SUBJECT TO COMPLETION MAY 19, 2026** |

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![[MISSING IMAGE: lg_annovis-4c.jpg]](lg_annovis-4c.jpg)

### Annovis Bio, Inc.

### Shares of Common Stock Warrants to Purchase up to Shares of Common Stock
We are offering shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "common stock") as well as accompanying common stock warrants (the "warrants") to purchase up to shares of our common stock. The common stock will be sold in fixed combinations with the warrants, with each share of common stock that we sell in this offering being accompanied by nine-tenths of one warrant with each whole warrant entitling the holder to purchase one share of common stock. This prospectus supplement also relates to the offering of the shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of such warrants.

The combined public offering price for each share of common stock, and accompanying warrant is $. The shares of common stock and accompanying warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately, but can only be purchased together in this offering. No fractional warrants will be issued and, if as a result of the number of units purchased an investor would be entitled to receive a fraction of a warrant, we will round down to the nearest whole warrant and no cash or other consideration shall be paid as a result of the fraction. Each whole warrant will be immediately exercisable, subject to the limitations described in the section titled "Description of the Warrants." The warrants will expire six years from the date of issuance and will have an exercise price equal to $ per share of common stock.

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "ANVS." On May , 2026, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE was $ per share. There is no established public trading market for the warrants and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to list the warrants, nor do we expect the warrants to be quoted, on NYSE or any other national securities exchange or any other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the warrants will be limited.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Per Share and <br> Accompanying <br>Nine-Tenths <br>Warrant**  | **Total**  |
| Offering Price  |  | $— |
| Underwriting discounts and commissions<sup>(1)</sup>  |  | $— |
| Proceeds to us, before expenses and fees  |  | $— |

---

(1) We have also agreed to reimburse the underwriter for certain expenses. See "Underwriting" beginning on page S-14 for more information on this offering and the underwriting arrangements.

 **Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Please read the information contained in and incorporated by reference under the heading "<u>Risk Factors</u>" beginning on page [S-10](#sRIFA) of this prospectus supplement, on page [5](#sRIFA2) of the accompanying prospectus, and in any similar section contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus.** 

 **Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.** 

Delivery of the securities offered hereby is expected to be made on or about May , 2026, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

### Canaccord Genuity

#### May , 2026

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[**TABLE OF CONTENTS**](#TOC)

#### **TABLE OF CONTENTS**

#### Prospectus Supplement

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Page**  |
| [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT](#sATPS)  | [S-1](#sATPS) |
| [CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#sCNRF)  | [S-3](#sCNRF) |
| [PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY](#sPSS)  | [S-5](#sPSS) |
| [THE OFFERING](#sTHOF)  | [S-8](#sTHOF) |
| [RISK FACTORS](#sRIFA)  | [S-10](#sRIFA) |
| [DILUTION](#sDIL)  | [S-12](#sDIL) |
| [USE OF PROCEEDS](#sUOP)  | [S-13](#sUOP) |
| [UNDERWRITING](#sUND)  | [S-14](#sUND) |
| [DIVIDEND POLICY](#sDIPO)  | [S-23](#sDIPO) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES WE ARE OFFERING](#sDOSW)  | [S-24](#sDOSW) |
| [LEGAL MATTERS](#sLEMA)  | [S-25](#sLEMA) |
| [EXPERTS](#sEXP)  | [S-26](#sEXP) |
| [WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION](#sWYCF)  | [S-27](#sWYCF) |
| [INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE](#sIBR)  | [S-28](#sIBR) |

---

#### Prospectus

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Page**  |
| [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#sATP2)  | [1](#sATP2) |
| [FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#sFOST2)  | [2](#sFOST2) |
| [THE COMPANY](#sTHCO2)  | [3](#sTHCO2) |
| [RISK FACTORS](#sRIFA2)  | [5](#sRIFA2) |
| [USE OF PROCEEDS](#sUOP2)  | [6](#sUOP2) |
| [GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES](#sGDOO2)  | [7](#sGDOO2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK](#sDOOC2)  | [8](#sDOOC2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES](#sDODS2)  | [12](#sDODS2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF OUR WARRANTS](#sDOOW2)  | [19](#sDOOW2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF OUR UNITS](#sDOOU2)  | [20](#sDOOU2) |
| [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#sPOD2)  | [21](#sPOD2) |
| [LEGAL MATTERS](#sLEMA2)  | [24](#sLEMA2) |
| [EXPERTS](#sEXP2)  | [24](#sEXP2) |
|  [WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION; INCORPORATION BY <br> REFERENCE](#sWYCF2)  | [24](#sWYCF2) |

---

S-i

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[**TABLE OF CONTENTS**](#TOC)

#### ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, are part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") using the "shelf" registration process.

We are providing information to you about this offering of our securities in two parts. The first part is this prospectus supplement, which provides you with specific information regarding the specific terms of this offering, and also adds to and updates information contained in the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. The second part is the accompanying prospectus, which provides more general information, some of which may not apply to this offering.

Before buying any of the securities that we are offering, we urge you to carefully read this prospectus supplement and all of the information incorporated by reference herein, as well as the additional information described under the heading "Incorporation by Reference." These documents contain important information that you should consider when making your investment decision.

To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement, on the one hand, and the information contained in any document incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement that was filed with the SEC before the date of this prospectus supplement, on the other hand, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date-for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement-the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.

We have not, and the underwriter has not, authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or in any free writing prospectus that we authorize for use in connection with this offering and to which we have referred you. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus supplement, the documents incorporated by reference and the accompanying prospectus or free writing prospectus is accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed materially since those dates.

This prospectus supplement does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities described in this prospectus supplement or an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy such securities in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful.

This prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus incorporate by reference, and any free writing prospectus may contain or incorporate by reference, market data and industry statistics and forecasts that are based on independent industry publications and other publicly available information. Although we believe these sources are reliable, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this information and we have not independently verified this information. Although we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the market and industry data presented in this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus, and the documents incorporated herein by reference, these estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus, and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on this information.

The Annovis design logo and the Annovis mark appearing in this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein are the property of Annovis Bio, Inc. This document and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain references to trademarks and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein may appear without the <sup>®</sup> or <sup>TM</sup> symbols, but such references are not

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intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies' trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of it by, any other companies.

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#### CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein contain forward-looking statements. These are based on our management's current beliefs, expectations and assumptions about future events, conditions and results and on information currently available to us. Discussions containing these forward-looking statements may be found, among other places, in the sections titled "*Business*," "*Risk Factors*" and "*Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations*" incorporated by reference from our most recent [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926027751/anvs-20251231x10k.htm), as updated by any other document that we subsequently file with the SEC, which address various factors that could cause results or events to differ from those described in the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "anticipate," "believe," "could," "estimate," "expects," "intend," "may," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "will," "would" or the negative or plural of those terms, and similar expressions intended to identify statements about the future, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

Any statements in this prospectus supplement, or incorporated herein, about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and are forward- looking statements. Within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our cash and cash equivalents balance, runway and needs, as well as financing plans;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the timing of regulatory submissions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our ability to accurately estimate anticipated operating losses, expenses, future revenues, capital requirements, including our anticipated cash runway;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the success of our efforts, and those of our advisors, in exploring, and possibly executing on, our strategic alternatives, while preserving our cash balance to the extent practicable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the initiation, timing, progress and results of our current and future preclinical studies and clinical trials and our research and development programs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the success of our efforts to expand our pipeline of product candidates and develop marketable products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our current and future product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our expectations regarding collaborations and other agreements with third parties and their potential benefits;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the timing of investigational new drug submissions, initiation of preclinical studies and clinical trials, and timing of expected clinical results for our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our success in early preclinical studies, which may not be indicative of results obtained in later studies or clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the potential benefits of our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our ability to identify patients with the diseases treated by our product candidates, and to enroll healthy volunteers and patients in clinical trials;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our ability to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our ability to identify, recruit and retain key personnel; developments or projections relating to our competitors or our industry;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the impact of laws and regulations;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our expectations regarding government and third-party payor coverage and reimbursement;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the impact of liquidity concerns at and failures of banks and other financial institutions, capital market instability, exchange rate fluctuations, supply chain disruptions and increases in commodity, energy and fuel prices;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the impacts of pandemics or endemics on our operations, access to capital, research and development and clinical trials and potential disruption in the operations and business of third-party manufacturers, contract research organizations, other service providers, and collaborators with whom we conduct business;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the impact of other global events, including political instability, natural disaster, events of terrorism and wars; and

other factors discussed under the section "*Risk Factors*" in this prospectus supplement and in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 filed with the SEC on March 13, 2026, as well as any amendments thereto reflected in subsequent reports we will file from time to time with the SEC.

You should refer to the "*Risk Factors*" section contained in this prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus supplement will prove to be accurate, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or developments occurring after the date of this prospectus supplement, even if new information becomes available in the future.

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#### PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY
 *The following summary of our business highlights some of the information contained elsewhere in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. Because this is only a summary, however, it does not contain all of the information that may be important to you. You should carefully read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference, which are described under "Incorporation by Reference" and "Where You Can Find Additional Information" in this prospectus supplement. You should also carefully consider the matters discussed in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in this prospectus supplement, in the accompanying prospectus and in other periodic reports incorporated herein by reference.* 

#### Company Overview
We are a late-stage clinical drug platform company addressing neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease ("AD") and Parkinson's disease ("PD"). We are developing our lead product candidate, buntanetap, which is designed to address AD, PD, and potentially other chronic neurodegenerative diseases. buntanetap is a synthetically produced small molecule, orally administered, brain penetrant compound. In several studies, buntanetap was observed to inhibit the synthesis of neurotoxic proteins — APP/Aβ ("APP"), tau/phospho- tau ("tau"), α-Synuclein ("αSYN") and TDP43 — that are some of the main causes of neurodegeneration. High levels of neurotoxic proteins lead to reduced axonal transport, which is responsible for the communication between and within nerve cells. When that communication is compromised, the immune system is activated and attacks the nerve cells, eventually killing them. We have observed in our completed clinical studies in AD and PD patients and pre-clinical studies in mice and rats that buntanetap lowered neurotoxic protein levels leading to improved axonal transport, reduced inflammation, lower nerve cell death and improved affected function.

Currently we are conducting two clinical studies — a pivotal Phase 3 study in early AD ("Phase 3 AD Trial") (NCT06709014) and an open-label extension ("OLE") study in PD (NCT07284784), and we plan for a third study in Parkinson's disease dementia ("PDD") although this third study has not yet begun.

In February of 2025, we initiated the FDA-cleared pivotal Phase 3 AD Trial: a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter Phase 3 study in 760 early AD patients. We are approaching completion of enrollment with 80 clinical sites. The trial investigates buntanetap and consists of two parts: a 6-month treatment period aimed at confirming buntanetap's symptomatic efficacy, followed by an additional 12 months of treatment to show potential disease-modifying efficacy at 18 months. After the 6-month treatment period has been completed, patients will continue to be blinded for an additional 12 months. If well-designed and well-executed, the symptomatic portion of the trial may be sufficient to support a New Drug Application ("NDA") filing, potentially within one year of the 6-month treatment period completion. A similar pathway could be available after 18 months, where a second NDA for disease modification may be supportable with the well-designed and well-executed long-term portion of the trial.

This pivotal Phase 3 AD Trial will utilize standard clinical outcome measures including Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale 13 ("ADAS-Cog13") and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale ("ADCS-iADL"). Volumetric MRI imaging and certain plasma biomarkers will also be assessed, including p-tau217 levels, leveraging recent biomarker assay advances in AD to better diagnose Alzheimer's patients and disease progression.

In January of 2026, we began an open label extension (OLE) study to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of buntanetap in PD patients. The study aims to enroll 500-600 patients, who will be treated with buntanetap for 36 months or until buntanetap is on the market. We are in the early stages of enrollment for this study with 25 clinical sites and approximately 20% of targeted patient number enrolled. The patient population consists of two cohorts: cohort 1 with invited participants from prior clinical studies and cohort 2 with patients who did not take part in earlier trials but have been receiving deep brain stimulation ("DBS") for at least 12 months following successful surgery. This study will involve 36 months of treatment. The OLE PD study represents an important step toward a future NDA submission by helping meet the FDA patient exposure requirements.

In 2025, we further discussed a study in PDD with the FDA. After showing that the amyloid-positive PD population with the Mini Mental State Examination ("MMSE") score above 20 responds exceptionally

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well to our drug, buntanetap, we received approval to proceed. We are refining the proposed protocol for the PDD program and will initiate the study contingent on additional funding.

To date, we have concluded 12 clinical studies, five of which were in healthy volunteers to assess safety, food effect, pharmacokinetics ("PK"), distribution, etc.; 3 in AD patients and 2 in PD patients.

The most important clinical studies are described below:

In 2021, we completed two Phase 1/2 clinical studies: one in 14 early AD patients, and one in 54 early PD patients (together, the "AD/PD Trials"). In the AD/PD Trials, early AD patients were defined as those with a Mini Mental State Examination ("MMSE") score between 19 and 28 and early PD patients as those patients at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3. MMSE is a brief screening instrument used to assess cognitive function, with total scores ranging from 0 to 30 and a lower score indicating greater disease severity, while the Hoehn & Yahr scale is a medical assessment used to measure staging of the functional disability associated with PD where a higher stage indicates greater disease severity. In collaboration with the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study ("ADCS"), we also conducted a trial in 16 early AD patients (the "ADCS Trial"). In the ADCS Trial, early AD patients were defined as those patients with a MMSE score between 19 and 28. At the completion of the ADCS Trial, the data showed that buntanetap is a translational inhibitor in humans just like in animals, and we further observed that there was statistical improvement in cognition in early AD patients, just like in the AD/PD Trials.

All three clinical trials were double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.

We designed the studies by applying our understanding of the underlying neurodegenerative disease states, and measured both target and pathway validation in the spinal fluid of patients to determine whether patients underlying disease condition improved following treatment. In addition to meeting their primary endpoints of safety and tolerability and secondary endpoint of pharmacokinetics of buntanetap, our AD/PD Trials also met exploratory endpoints of measures of biomarkers and improvements in cognition in AD patients, as well as function in PD patients. We believe that the AD/PD Trials represent the first double- blind placebo- controlled study that showed improvements in AD patients, as measured by ADAS-Cog, and in PD patients, as measured by UPDRS. Following completion of the AD/PD Trials, we submitted our data to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and requested direction to further pursue the development of buntanetap in early PD patients. With the FDA's guidance, we initiated a Phase 3 study in early PD patients in August 2022 (our "Phase 3 PD Study"). In the Phase 3 PD Study, early PD patients were defined as those at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3 and OFF times of less than two hours per day. OFF time refers to periods when PD motor and/or non-motor symptoms occur between medication doses. We also submitted a proposed protocol for the treatment of moderate AD to the FDA, and after receiving permission to proceed, we initiated a Phase 2/3study in mild to moderate AD patients in February 2023 (our "Phase 2/3 AD Study"). In the Phase 2/3 AD Study, mild to moderate AD patients were defined as those with a MMSE score between 14 and 24. Our Phase 3 PD Study and Phase 2/3 AD Study each had built in interim analyses.

Our Phase 3 PD Study was completed on December 4, 2023, and we released the topline PD Study efficacy data on July 2, 2024. The data showed that in two subgroups, buntanetap improved UPDRS 2, 3, 2+3 and total. It also showed that in the whole ITT population, buntanetap stopped the loss of cognition and that in the 12% of patients that already had cognitive issues, buntanetap improved cognition in a dose- dependent, statistically significant way. We asked the FDA for a Type C meeting to discuss the data and the continued development of buntanetap for Lewy body dementia. In response, we received a letter from the FDA saying that because Lewy body dementia is a challenging disease to treat and because there are no accepted endpoints, they would like to discuss the two conditions — dementia with Lewy bodies and PDD — separately and independently.

The Phase 2/3 AD study was completed on February 13, 2024, and on April 29, 2024, we announced topline efficacy data. The data showed that in early AD patients, buntanetap improved ADAS-Cog11 in a dose-dependent fashion and was statistically significant from placebo and from baseline.

On October 10, 2024, the Company met with the FDA in an end-of-phase 2 meeting to discuss its Phase 2/3 AD data and to agree on a path forward. Annovis and the FDA have now aligned on a development path for buntanetap towards the filing of New Drug Applications (NDAs), one for short-term and one for long-term efficacy.

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During the end-of-phase 2 meeting, the FDA raised no concerns with the Company's data on buntanetap's safety, including liver enzymes, drug interactions, dose selection, pharmacokinetics, population pharmacokinetics, and confirmed that development can proceed using the new crystal form of buntanetap.

We believe that we are the only company developing a drug for AD and PD that inhibits more than one neurotoxic protein and has a mechanism of action designed to restore nerve cell axonal and synaptic activity. By improving brain function, our goal is to treat memory loss and dementia associated with AD, as well as body and brain function associated with PD. Based on pre-clinical and clinical data collected to date, we believe that buntanetap has the potential to be the first drug to interfere with the underlying mechanism of neurodegeneration, potentially enabling buntanetap to be the only drug to improve cognition in AD and motor function in PD. The industry has encountered challenges in specifically targeting one neurotoxic protein, be it APP, tau or αSYN, indicating that doing so does not change the course of neurodegeneration. Our ultimate goal is to develop a disease modifying drug ("DMD") for patients with neurodegeneration by leveraging our clinical and pre-clinical data to inhibit the most relevant neurotoxic proteins. Studies have found that AD and PD are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the U.S., and accordingly these diseases present two unmet needs of the aging population and two potentially large U.S. markets if a DMD is developed and approved.

We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses since inception. Our accumulated deficit at March 31, 2026 was $181.3 million. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability.

We do not have sufficient capital on hand to fund our operations for the next 12 months and will need to raise additional capital to meet our obligations as they become due. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2026, will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements until the fourth quarter of 2026. We will need to raise substantial additional capital to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaboration and licensing arrangements or other financing alternatives. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in raising additional capital or that such capital, if available, will be on terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital or defer sufficient operating expenses, we may be compelled to reduce the scope of, or cease, our operations.

#### Recent Developments
On April 9, 2026, we entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC ("Canaccord"), pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in an underwritten registered direct offering (i) an aggregate of 5,263,156 shares of common stock (the "Shares") and (ii) accompanying common stock warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,263,156 shares of common stock (the ''Canaccord 2026 Warrants''). The combined offering price of each Share and accompanying Canaccord 2026 Warrant was $1.90 per unit. Net proceeds from the transaction totaled $9.3 million. The Canaccord 2026 Warrants have an exercise price of $2.50 per share, are exercisable after six months from their issuance date, and expire five and one half years from their date of issuance.

#### Corporate Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at 101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225, Malvern, PA 19355 and our telephone number is (484) 875-3192. Our website address is www.annovisbio.com. The inclusion of our website address is, in each case, intended to be an inactive textual reference only and not an active hyperlink to our website. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus and you should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our securities.

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#### THE OFFERING
Common stock offered by us

shares of our common stock.

Offering Price

$ per share of common stock and accompanying nine-tenths of one warrant.

Warrants

We are also offering accompanying warrants to purchase up to shares of common stock (and the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants). Such warrants will have a term of six years from the date of issuance, subject to the limitations described in the section titled "Description of the Warrants," at an exercise price equal to $ per share.

The common stock will be sold in fixed combinations with each share being accompanied by nine-tenths of a warrant with each whole warrant entitling the holder to purchase one share of common stock. This prospectus supplement also relates to the offering of the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants.

Shares of common stock to be outstanding after this

offering

shares (assuming the sale of all securities covered by this prospectus supplement and based on 34,646,868 shares outstanding as of May 15, 2026).

Use of Proceeds

We estimate that our net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $ million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, assuming no exercise of the warrants offered hereby.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, if any, for the continued clinical development of our lead compound buntanetap in a Phase 3 study for Alzheimer's disease, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. See "Use of Proceeds" in this prospectus supplement.

Risk Factors

You should read the "Risk Factors" section of this prospectus supplement, as well as those risk factors that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to purchase our securities.

NYSE symbol

"ANVS"

The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 34,646,868 shares of common stock outstanding as of May 15, 2026 and excludes the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 83,537 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in October 2025 with a per share exercise price of $2.5625;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 308,333 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in November 2023 with a weighted- average exercise price of $9.00 per share;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 5,250,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase 5,250,000 shares of common stock originally issued in February 2025 with a per share exercise price of $5.00;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 2,237,419 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $11.38 per share;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 200,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in October 2025 with a per share exercise price of $2.200;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 5,263,156 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in April 2026 with a per share exercise price of $2.50

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 438,616 shares reserved for future issuances under our 2019 equity compensation plan; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • additional shares of common stock that may be issued and sold pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement dated December 11, 2024, with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., serving as agent with respect to an at-the-market offering program under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of our common stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000 (the "ATM Facility").

Except as otherwise indicated herein, all information in this prospectus supplement assumes:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • no exercise of the outstanding stock options or warrants described above;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • no future issuances under our 2019 equity compensation plan;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • no additional share issuances pursuant to the ATM Facility; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • no exercise of the warrants issued in this offering.

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#### RISK FACTORS
 *Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making a decision to invest in our securities, in addition to carefully considering the other information contained in this prospectus supplement, you should carefully consider the risks described under the caption "Risk Factors" contained in the accompanying prospectus, and any related free writing prospectus, and the risks discussed under the caption "Risk Factors" contained in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on March 13, 2026, as supplemented and modified by the information below and as may be amended, supplemented or superseded from time to time by other reports we file with the SEC in the future. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may become important factors that affect us. If any of such risks or the risks described below or in our SEC filings occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you may lose some or all of your investment.* 

#### Risks Related to this Offering

#### We will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use the net proceeds effectively.
We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes including for the continued clinical development of our lead compound buntanetap. However, we have not determined the specific allocation of the net proceeds among these potential uses and have not designated the amount of net proceeds from this offering to be used for any particular purpose. Our management will have broad discretion over the use and investment of the net proceeds of this offering, and, accordingly, investors in this offering will need to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of proceeds, with only limited information concerning our specific intentions. Our stockholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds.

Moreover, our management may use the net proceeds for corporate purposes that may not increase the market price of our common stock. See "*Use of Proceeds*" on page S-16 of this prospectus supplement for further information.

#### This offering may cause the trading price of our common stock to decrease.
The number of shares of common stock we propose to issue and ultimately will issue if this offering is completed, may result in an immediate decrease in the trading price of our common stock. This decrease may continue after the completion of this offering.

#### If you purchase securities in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution.
Because the combined offering price per share of our common stock and accompanying warrants being offered in this offering is higher than the book value per share of our common stock, you will suffer substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the common stock you purchase in this offering. The exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants may result in further dilution of your investment. See "*Dilution*" on page S-15 for a more detailed illustration of the dilution you would incur if you participate in this offering.

#### You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.
We will require more capital to pursue our preclinical and clinical activities, regulatory approval and the commercialization of our current or future product candidates. In addition, we may also choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. We currently have the ability to issue and sell up to an additional $39,284,786 of our common stock pursuant to the ATM Facility. The price(s) at

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which we will sell shares of our common stock under the ATM Facility from time to time will fluctuate depending on the current market price of our common stock, which may or may not be higher than the offering price paid by investors in connection with this offering. We may also sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in connection with this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering.

#### There is no public market for the warrants we are offering.
There is no established public trading market for the warrants, and we do not expect such a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the warrants on any national securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the warrants will be limited.

 ***Holders of the warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as common stockholders until such holders exercise their warrants and acquire our common stock.***

Until holders of the warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise thereof, such holders will have no rights with respect to the shares of our common stock underlying the warrants. Upon exercise of the warrants, the holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

#### The warrants are speculative in nature.
The warrants do not confer any rights of common stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to acquire shares of common stock at a fixed price for a limited period of time. Moreover, following this offering, the market value of the warrants, if any, will be uncertain and there can be no assurance that the market value of the warrants will equal or exceed their imputed offering price. The warrants will not be listed or quoted for trading on any market or exchange. There can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the warrants, and consequently, the warrants may expire valueless.

#### There is an increased risk associated with an investment in our common stock.
We have not attained profitable operations since our inception and may continue to incur net losses in the future. Our recurring losses from operations, together with the other factors described herein, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, our independent public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph regarding the same in its report to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may create negative reactions to the price of our common stock and we may have a more difficult time obtaining financing in the future as a result.

As of March 31, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of $14.2 million. This amount will not meet our capital requirements over the next 12 months. Given this, we will need to raise significant additional capital in order to fund our future operations. Our future is dependent upon our ability to obtain financing or upon future profitable operations. We reserve the right to seek additional funds through public/private placements of our common stock and/or through debt financing. Our ability to secure additional financing is unknown and there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms or at all.

 ***We have not paid and do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock. Investors in this offering may never obtain a return on their investment.***

We have not paid dividends on our common stock inception, and do not intend to pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to reinvest earnings, if any, in the development and expansion of our business. Accordingly, you will need to rely on sales of your shares of common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, in order to realize a return on your investment.

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#### DILUTION
If you invest in our securities, you will experience immediate dilution to the extent of the difference between the combined public offering price of our common stock and the accompanying warrants in this offering and our as adjusted net tangible book value per share immediately after this offering. Our net tangible book value as of March 31, 2026 was approximately $3,126,058, or approximately $0.11 per share. Our as-adjusted net tangible book value at March 31, 2026 would have been approximately $, or approximately $ per share of common stock.

As-adjusted net tangible book value per share represents our net tangible book value per share after giving effect to (i) the issuance and sale of 839,268 shares under our ATM Facility at an average price of $2.15 per share, (ii) the issuance and sale of 5,263,156 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering that closed in April 2026, and (iii) the issuance and sale of all common stock offered hereby, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in connection with this offering. We have not assumed the exercise of any of the warrants.

We determine dilution by subtracting the net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2026 on an as-adjusted basis for this offering and the other issuances since March 31, 2026, from the amount of cash that a new investor paid for a share. The resulting amount represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $ per share to existing investors, and immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $ per share to new investors purchasing securities in this offering at the offering price.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| Offering price per share and accompanying nine-tenths of one warrants  | $— |
| Historical net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2026  | $0.11 |
|  Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to the ATM Facility sale and registered direct offering  | $0.3 |
| Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering  | $— |
| As-adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering  | $— |
| Dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering  | $— |

---

The above discussion and table are based on 28,537,302 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2026 and excludes the following:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 83,537 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in October 2025 with a per share exercise price of $2.5625;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 308,333 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in November 2023 with a weighted- average exercise price of $9.00 per share;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 2,237,419 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $11.38 per share;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 200,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in October 2025 with a per share exercise price of $2.20;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 438,616 shares reserved for future issuances under our 2019 equity compensation plan; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 5,250,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase 5,250,000 shares of common stock originally issued in February 2025 with a per share exercise price of $5.00;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • 5,263,156 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock originally issued in April 2026 with a per share exercise price of $2.50; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • additional shares of common stock that may be issued and sold pursuant to the ATM Facility.

The above illustration of dilution per share to investors participating in this offering assumes no exercise of outstanding options or warrants to purchase our common stock or the warrants offered hereby. The exercise such options or warrants, or such issuance of common stock, could result in further dilution to investors participating in this offering. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital depending on market conditions, our capital requirements and strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through our sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

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#### USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds from our issuance and sale of shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $ million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, assuming no exercise of the warrants offered hereby.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, if any, for the continued clinical development of our lead compound buntanetap in a Phase 3 study for Alzheimer's disease, and for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The amounts and timing of our use of the net proceeds from this offering will depend on a number of factors, such as the timing and progress of any partnering efforts, any strategic transactions in which we may engage, and the competitive environment for our product candidates. As of the date of this prospectus supplement, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to us from this offering. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in the timing and application of these proceeds.

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#### UNDERWRITING
Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the underwriting agreement, dated May , 2026, between the Company and Canaccord Genuity LLC (the "underwriter"), the Company has agreed to sell to the underwriter, and the underwriter has agreed to purchase from the Company, the number of securities set forth opposite its name below.

---

| | |
|:---|:---|
| **Underwriter**  | **Number of <br> Units**  |
| Canaccord Genuity LLC  |  |
| Total  |  |

---

The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the underwriter are subject to certain conditions precedent and that the underwriter has agreed to purchase all of the securities sold under the underwriting agreement if any of these securities are purchased.

The Company has agreed to indemnify the underwriter against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriter may be required to make in respect thereof.

The Company's common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "ANVS." There is no established public trading market for the warrants, and the Company does not expect a market to develop. The Company does not intend to list the warrants on the New York Stock Exchange, any other national securities exchange or any other nationally recognized trading system.

The underwriter is offering the shares of common stock and the accompanying warrants, subject to prior sale, when, as and if issued to and accepted by it, subject to approval of legal matters by its counsel and other conditions specified in the underwriting agreement. The underwriter reserves the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers and to reject orders in whole or in part.

*Discounts*. The following table shows the offering price, underwriting discounts and proceeds, before expenses, to the Company from the sale of common stock and accompanying warrants.

---

| | | |
|:---|:---|:---|
| | **Per Unit**  | **Total**  |
| Offering Price  |  | $— |
| Underwriting discounts  |  | $— |
| Proceeds, before expenses, to Annovis  |  | $— |

---

The Company estimates that the total expenses of the offering payable by it, excluding underwriting discounts, will be approximately $. The Company has agreed to reimburse the underwriter for expenses, including the fees and expenses of counsel for the underwriter, in an amount not to exceed $75,000.

The underwriter proposes to offer the securities offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus supplement. If all of the securities are not sold at the offering price, the underwriter may change the offering price and other selling terms.

*Discretionary Accounts*. The underwriter does not intend to confirm sales of the securities to any accounts over which it has discretionary authority.

The underwriter has advised the Company that, pursuant to Regulation M of the Securities Act, the underwriter may also engage in other activities that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the common stock, including the imposition of penalty bids.

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These activities may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of the common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the common stock, and, as a result, the price of the common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. If the underwriter commences these activities, it may discontinue them at any time. The underwriter may carry out these transactions on the New York Stock Exchange, in the over the counter market or otherwise.

*Passive Market Making*. In connection with this offering, underwriter may engage in passive market making transactions in the Company's common stock on the New York Stock Exchange in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of securities and extending through the completion of the distribution. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker's bid, such bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded.

*No Sales of Similar Securities*. The Company has agreed, subject to specified exceptions, not to directly or indirectly, offer, sell (including, without limitation, any short sale), assign, transfer, pledge, contract to sell, establish an open "put equivalent position" within the meaning of Rule 16a-1(h) under the Exchange Act, or otherwise dispose of, or announce the offering of, or file any registration statement under the Securities Act in respect of, any common stock, options, rights or warrants to acquire common stock or securities exchangeable or exercisable for or convertible into common stock (other than is contemplated by the underwriter agreement with respect to the shares of common stock and accompanying warrants) or publicly announce any intention to do any of the foregoing, without the prior written consent of the underwriter, for a period of 90 days after the date of the underwriting agreement (the "Lock-Up Period").

These lock-up provisions are subject to certain exceptions, including: that we may may (i) issue common stock, options to purchase common stock, restricted stock units, and other equity awards, shares of common stock underlying options, restricted stock units and other equity awards granted and other securities, each pursuant to any director or employee stock incentive plan, other equity incentive plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan of the Company in effect on the date hereof and described in this prospectus; (ii) issue common stock pursuant to the conversion of securities or the exercise of warrants, which securities or warrants are outstanding on the date hereof and described in the prospectus, as well as the warrant shares upon exercise of warrant; (iii) adopt a new equity incentive plan, amend any existing equity incentive plan (including without limitation, to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance thereunder) and file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register the offer and sale of securities to be issued pursuant to such new equity incentive plan or amended equity incentive plan, and issue securities pursuant to such new equity incentive plan or amended equity incentive plan (including, without limitation, the issuance of shares of common stock upon the exercise of options or other securities issued pursuant to such new equity incentive plan or amended equity incentive plan), provided that (1) such new equity incentive plan or amended equity incentive plan satisfies the transaction requirements of General Instruction A.1 of Form S-8 under the Securities Act and (2) this clause (iii) shall not be available unless each recipient of shares of common stock, or securities exchangeable or exercisable for or convertible into common stock, (A) pursuant to such new equity incentive plan or (B) representing the additional shares reserved for issuance under such existing equity incentive plan pursuant to such amendment to such existing equity incentive plan, shall be contractually prohibited from selling, offering, disposing of or otherwise transferring any such shares or securities during the remainder of the Lock-Up Period; (iv) enter into an agreement providing for the issuance of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock in connection with any acquisition, joint venture, collaboration, licensing, commercial relationship or other strategic transaction or any debt financing transaction, and the issuance of any such securities pursuant to any such agreement, provided that the aggregate number of shares of common stock, or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, that the Company may issue or agree to issue pursuant to this clause (iv) shall not exceed 5% of the total outstanding shares of common stock immediately following the issuance of the common stock and accompanying warrants pursuant hereto; and (vi) issue shares of common stock pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement, dated December 11, 2024, between the Company and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., as sales agent, or any replacement "at the market" offering program, provided that the Lock-Up Period applicable this clause (vi) shall commence on and include the date hereof and end on and include the

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sixtieth (60th) day following the date of the underwriting agreement provided that for days 61 – 90, sales will only be made if the market price is at least $2.50 per share.

*Lock-Up Agreements*. Pursuant to certain "lock-up" agreements, the Company's executive officers and directors have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to (i) directly or indirectly, sell, offer to sell, contract to sell or lend, effect any short sale, pledge, hypothecate or grant any security interest in, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, any shares of the Company's common stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for the Company's common stock, (ii) make any demand for, or exercise any right with respect to, the registration of any of the foregoing, or the filing of any registration statement, prospectus or prospectus supplement in connection therewith, under the Securities Act, (iii) enter into any swap, hedge or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic consequence of ownership of the Company's common stock, whether any such swap or transaction described in clause (i) or (iii) above is to be settled by delivery of the Company's common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or (iv) publicly announce the intention to do any of the foregoing, without the prior written consent of the underwriter, for a period of 90 days from the date of the underwriting agreement.

These lock-up provisions are subject to certain exceptions, including the transfer of securities: (i) as a bona fide gift or gifts, including, without limitation, to a charitable organization or educational institution, or for *bona fide* estate planning purposes; (ii) to any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of the lock-up party or the immediate family of the lock-up party, or if the lock-up party is a trust, to a trustor, trustee or beneficiary of the trust or to the estate of a trustor, trustee, or beneficiary of such trust; (iii) to any permitted transferee; (iv) by operation of law, such as pursuant to a qualified domestic order or in connection with a settlement related to the distribution of assets in connection with the dissolution of marriage or civil union; (v) pursuant to a *bona fide* third party tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar transaction made to all holders of common stock that has been approved by the Company's board of directors, which results in any person or group of persons becoming the beneficial owners (as defined in Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 of the Exchange Act) of more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Company (or the surviving entity); provided that in the event that the tender offer, merger, consolidation or other such transaction is not completed, the common stock shall remain subject to the provisions of this lock-up agreement; provided that (1) in the case of clauses (i) through (v), prior to any such transfer, the underwriter receives a signed lock-up agreement for the balance of the Lock-Up Period from each donee, trustee, distributee or transferee, as the case may be, (2) in the case of clauses (i) through (v), any such transfer shall not involve a disposition for value, (3) any required public filings or report under Section 16 of the Exchange Act during the Lock-Up Period shall clearly indicate in the footnotes thereto that the such transfer is being made pursuant to the circumstances described below, and (4) the lock-up party does not otherwise voluntarily effect any public filing or report regarding such transfers.

The underwriter, in its sole discretion, may release the Company's common stock and other securities subject to the lock-up agreements described above in whole or in part at any time. When determining whether or not to release the Company's common stock and other securities from lock-up agreements, the underwriter will consider, among other factors, the holder's reasons for requesting the release, the number of shares for which the release is being requested and market conditions at the time of the request.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in the European Economic Area.* In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area (each a "Relevant Member State"), no securities have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in that Relevant Member State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the securities which have been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant Member State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant Member State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant Member State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Regulation, except that the securities may be offered to the public in that Relevant Member State at any time:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under Article 2 of the Prospectus Regulation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined under Article 2 of the Prospectus Regulation) subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representative for any such offer; or

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • in any other circumstances falling within Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation, provided that no such offer of the securities shall require the Company or any of the representative to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an "offer to the public" in relation to the securities in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for any securities, and the expression "Prospectus Regulation" means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129.

Each person in a Relevant Member State who receives any communication in respect of, or who acquires any securities under, the offering contemplated hereby will be deemed to have represented, warranted and agreed to and with the underwriter and its affiliates and the Company that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • it is a qualified investor within the meaning of the Prospectus Regulation; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • in the case of any securities acquired by it as a financial intermediary, as that term is used in Article 5 of the Prospectus Regulation, (i) the securities acquired by it in the offering have not been acquired on a non-discretionary basis on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in any Relevant Member State other than qualified investors, as that term is defined in the Prospectus Regulation, or have been acquired in other circumstances falling within the points (a) to (d) of Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation and the prior consent of the book-running manager has been given to the offer or resale; or (ii) where the securities have been acquired by it on behalf of persons in any Relevant Member State other than qualified investors, the offer of those securities to it is not treated under the Prospectus Regulation as having been made to such persons.

The Company, the underwriter and its affiliates, and others will rely upon the truth and accuracy of the foregoing representation, acknowledgement and agreement. Notwithstanding the above, a person who is not a qualified investor and who has notified the underwriter of such fact in writing may, with the prior consent of the underwriter, be permitted to acquire securities in the offering. This European Economic Area selling restriction is in addition to any other selling restrictions set out below.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in the United Kingdom.* In relation to the United Kingdom, no shares or warrants have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in the United Kingdom prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the shares and warrants which has been approved by the Financial Conduct Authority in accordance with the transition provisions in Regulation 74 of the Prospectus (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, except that it may make an offer to the public in the United Kingdom of any shares or warrants at any time under the following exemptions under the UK Prospectus Regulation:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under Article 2 of the UK Prospectus Regulation

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined under the UK Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representative for any such offer; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any other circumstances falling within section 86 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (as amended, the "FSMA"),

provided that no such offer of the shares or warrants shall require the Company or the underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to section 85 of the FSMA or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the UK Prospectus Regulation.

In the United Kingdom, the offering is only addressed to, and is directed only at, "qualified investors" within the meaning of Article 2(e) of the UK Prospectus Regulation, who are also (i) persons having professional experience in matters relating to investments who fall within the definition of "investment professionals" in Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (as amended, the "Order"); (ii) high net worth entities or other persons falling within Article 49(2)(a)

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to (d) of the Order; or (iii) persons to whom it may otherwise lawfully be communicated (all such persons being referred to as "relevant persons"). This document must not be acted on or relied on by persons who are not relevant persons. Any investment or investment activity to which this document relates is available only to relevant persons and will be engaged in only with relevant persons.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an "offer to the public" in relation to the shares in the United Kingdom means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offering and any shares or warrants to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for any shares or warrants, and the expression "UK Prospectus Regulation" means the Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.

Each person in the UK who acquires any securities in the offer or to whom any offer is made will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed to and with us, the underwriter and its affiliates that it meets the criteria outlined in this section.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in Bermuda*. Securities may be offered or sold in Bermuda only in compliance with the provisions of the Investment Business Act of 2003 of Bermuda which regulates the sale of securities in Bermuda. Additionally, non-Bermudian persons (including companies) may not carry on or engage in any trade or business in Bermuda unless such persons are permitted to do so under applicable Bermuda legislation.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in Australia*. This prospectus supplement is not a disclosure document for the purposes of Australia's Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) of Australia, or Corporations Act, has not been lodged with the Australian Securities & Investments Commission and is only directed to the categories of exempt persons set out below. Accordingly, if you receive this prospectus supplement in Australia, you confirm and warrant that you are either:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a "sophisticated investor" under section 708(8)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a "sophisticated investor" under section 708(8)(c) or (d) of the Corporations Act and that you have provided an accountant's certificate to the company which complies with the requirements of section 708(8)(c)(i) or (ii) of the Corporations Act and related regulations before the offer has been made;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a person associated with the Company under Section 708(12) of the Corporations Act; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a "professional investor" within the meaning of section 708(11)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act

To the extent that you are unable to confirm or warrant that you are an exempt sophisticated investor, associated person or professional investor under the Corporations Act any offer made to you under this prospectus supplement is void and incapable of acceptance.

You warrant and agree that you will not offer any of the securities issued to you pursuant to this prospectus supplement for resale in Australia within 12 months of those securities being issued unless any such resale offer is exempt from the requirement to issue a disclosure document under section 708 of the Corporations Act.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in Hong Kong*. No securities have been offered or sold, and no securities may be offered or sold, in Hong Kong, by means of any document, other than to persons whose ordinary business is to buy or sell shares or debentures, whether as principal or agent; or to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance; or in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a "prospectus" as defined in the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer or invitation to the public within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) or the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong. No document, invitation or advertisement relating to the securities has been issued or may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to securities which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons

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outside Hong Kong or only to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance.

This prospectus supplement has not been registered with the Registrar of Companies in Hong Kong. Accordingly, this prospectus supplement may not be issued, circulated or distributed in Hong Kong, and the securities may not be offered for subscription to members of the public in Hong Kong. Each person acquiring the securities will be required, and is deemed by the acquisition of the securities, to confirm that he is aware of the restriction on offers of the securities described in this prospectus supplement and the relevant offering documents and that he is not acquiring, and has not been offered, any securities in circumstances that contravene any such restrictions.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in Japan*. The offering has not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (Law No. 25 of 1948 of Japan, as amended), or FIEL, and the underwriter will not offer or sell any securities, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means, unless otherwise provided herein, any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to or for the benefit of a resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from S-30 the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the FIEL and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in Singapore*. This prospectus supplement has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus supplement and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or the invitation for subscription or purchase, of the securities may not be issued, circulated or distributed, nor may the securities be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or the SFA, (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1) of the SFA, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the SFA and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.

Where the securities are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor, securities (as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries' rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the securities pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to an institutional investor or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person arising from an offer referred to in Section 275(1A) or Section 276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • where the transfer is by operation of law;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • as specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Shares and Debentures) Regulations 2005 of Singapore.

Singapore SFA Product Classification — In connection with Section 309B of the SFA and the Securities and Futures (Capital Markets Products) Regulations 2018 (the "CMP Regulations 2018"), the Company has determined, and hereby notify all relevant persons (as defined in the CMP Regulations 2018), that the shares are "prescribed capital markets products" (as defined in the CMP Regulations 2018) and

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Excluded Investment Products (as defined in MAS Notice SFA 04-N12: Notice on the Sale of Investment Products and MAS Notice FAA-N16: Notice on Recommendations on Investment Products).

*Notice to Prospective Investors in Switzerland*. The securities may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange, or SIX, or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This prospectus supplement has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this prospectus supplement nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the securities or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

Neither this prospectus supplement nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, the Company or the securities have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of securities will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA (FINMA) and the offer of securities has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes, or CISA. The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of the securities.

 *Notice to Prospective Investors in Canada.* 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (A)

 *Resale Restrictions* 

The distribution of securities in Canada is being made only in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia on a private placement basis exempt from the requirement that the Company prepares and files a prospectus with the securities regulatory authorities in each province where trades of these securities are made. Any resale of the securities in Canada must be made under applicable securities laws which may vary depending on the relevant jurisdiction, and which may require resales to be made under available statutory exemptions or under a discretionary exemption granted by the applicable Canadian securities regulatory authority. Purchasers are advised to seek legal advice prior to any resale of the securities.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (B)

 *Representations of Canadian Purchasers* 

By purchasing securities in Canada and accepting delivery of a purchase confirmation, a purchaser is representing to the Company and the dealer from whom the purchase confirmation is received that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the purchaser is entitled under applicable provincial securities laws to purchase the securities without the benefit of a prospectus qualified under those securities laws as it is an "accredited investor" as defined under National Instrument 45-106 — Prospectus Exemptions or Section 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), as applicable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the purchaser is a "permitted client" as defined in National Instrument 31-103 — Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • where required by law, the purchaser is purchasing as principal and not as agent; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the purchaser has reviewed the text above under Resale Restrictions.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (C)

 *Conflicts of Interest* 

Canadian purchasers are hereby notified that the underwriter is relying on the exemption set out in section 3A.3 or 3A.4, if applicable, of National Instrument 33-105 — Underwriting Conflicts from having to provide certain conflict of interest disclosure in this document.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (D)

 *Statutory Rights of Action* 

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if the prospectus (including any amendment thereto) such as this

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document contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory. The purchaser of these securities in Canada should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (E)

 *Enforcement of Legal Rights* 

All of the Company's directors and officers as well as the experts named herein may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible for Canadian purchasers to effect service of process within Canada upon the Company or those persons. All or a substantial portion of the Company's assets and the assets of those persons may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible to satisfy a judgment against the Company or those persons in Canada or to enforce a judgment obtained in Canadian courts against the Company or those persons outside of Canada.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (F)

 *Taxation and Eligibility for Investment* 

Canadian purchasers of securities should consult their own legal and tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences of an investment in the securities in their particular circumstances and about the eligibility of the securities for investment by the purchaser under relevant Canadian legislation.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in Israel.* This prospectus supplement does not constitute a prospectus under the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, and has not been filed with or approved by the Israel Securities Authority. In Israel, this prospectus supplement is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer of the Company's securities is directed only at, (i) a limited number of persons in accordance with the Israeli Securities Law and (ii) investors listed in the first addendum, or the Addendum, to the Israeli Securities Law, consisting primarily of joint investment in trust funds, provident funds, insurance companies, banks, portfolio managers, investment advisors, members of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, underwriters, venture capital funds, entities with equity in excess of NIS 50 million and "qualified individuals," each as defined in the Addendum (as it may be amended from time to time), collectively referred to as qualified investors (in each case, purchasing for their own account or, where permitted under the Addendum, for the accounts of their clients who are investors listed in the Addendum). Qualified investors are required to submit written confirmation that they fall within the scope of the Addendum, are aware of the meaning of same and agree to it.

*Notice to Prospective Investors in France*. Neither this prospectus supplement nor any other offering material relating to the shares or warrants described in this prospectus supplement has been submitted to the clearance procedures of the Autoritédes Marchés Financiers or of the competent authority of another member state of the European Economic Area and notified to the Autorité des Marchés Financiers. The shares warrants have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in France. Neither this prospectus supplement nor any other offering material relating to the shares or warrants has been or will be:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • released, issued, distributed or caused to be released, issued or distributed to the public in France; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • used in connection with any offer for subscription or sale of the shares or pre-funded warrants to the public in France.

Such offers, sales and distributions will be made in France only:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) and/or to a restricted circle of investors (cercle restreint d'investisseurs), in each case investing for their own account, all as defined in, and in accordance with articles L.411-2, D.411-1, D.411-2, D.734-1, D.744-1, D.754-1 and D.764-1 of the French Code monétaire et financier;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to investment services providers authorized to engage in portfolio management on behalf of third parties; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • in a transaction that, in accordance with article L.411-2-II-1° -or-2° -or 3° of the French Code monétaire et financier and article 211-2 of the General Regulations (Règlement Général) of the Autorité des Marchés Financiers, does not constitute a public offer (appel public à l'épargne).

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The shares or warrants may be resold directly or indirectly, only in compliance with articles L.411-1, L.411-2, L.412-1 and L.621-8 through L.621-8-3 of the French Code monétaire et financier.

*General Non-U.S. Legend*. This prospectus supplement is for use solely in connection with the proposed offering in certain jurisdictions. This prospectus supplement is not to be distributed in any other jurisdiction and is not to be used in connection with any offer of, or any invitation or solicitation by or on behalf of the Company to subscribe for or purchase, securities in any other jurisdiction. This prospectus supplement is personal to each offeree and does not constitute an offer to any person or to the public generally to subscribe for or otherwise acquire the securities. Distribution of this prospectus supplement to any person other than the prospective investor and any person retained to advise such prospective investor with respect to its purchase is unauthorized.

Delivery of this prospectus supplement shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the securities described herein.

The distribution of this prospectus supplement in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. You must inform yourself about, and observe, any such restrictions. You must comply with all applicable laws and regulations in force in any jurisdiction in which you purchase, offer or sell the securities or possess or distribute this prospectus supplement and must obtain any consent, approval or permission required for your purchase, offer or sale of the securities under the laws and regulations in force in any jurisdiction to which you are subject or in which you make such purchases, offers or sales. The Company and the underwriter are not making an offer of, or invitation to purchase, any of the securities to any person in any jurisdiction in which such offer or solicitation would be unlawful.

This prospectus supplement has not been submitted to the review or registration procedures of any regulatory authority outside the United States. The offering of the securities pursuant to this prospectus supplement has not been approved or recommended by any governmental securities regulator.

*Electronic Offer, Sale and Distribution of Securities*. A prospectus supplement in electronic format may be made available on the website maintained by the underwriter and the underwriter may distribute prospectus supplements electronically. The underwriter may agree to allocate a number of shares of common stock and warrants for sale to its online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the underwriter on the same basis as other allocations. Other than the prospectus supplement in electronic format, the information on this website is not part of this prospectus supplement or the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part, has not been approved or endorsed by the Company or the underwriter in its capacity as underwriter, and should not be relied upon by investors.

*Other Relationships*. The underwriter and certain of its affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The underwriter and its affiliates may have provided in the past, and may in the future provide, various investment banking, commercial banking and other financial services for the Company and its affiliates for which it has received, or may in the future receive, customary fees.

In the ordinary course of its various business activities, the underwriter and certain of its affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own accounts and for the accounts of their respective customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments issued by the Company and its affiliates. If the underwriter or its affiliates have a lending relationship with the Company, they routinely hedge their credit exposure to the Company consistent with their customary risk management policies. The underwriter and its affiliates may hedge such exposure by entering into transactions which consist of either the purchase of credit default swaps or the creation of short positions in the Company's securities or the securities of the Company's affiliates, including potentially the common stock offered hereby. Any such short positions could adversely affect future trading prices of the common stock offered hereby. The underwriter and certain of its affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.

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#### DIVIDEND POLICY
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors after considering our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors the board of directors deems relevant, and subject to the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments.

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#### DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES WE ARE OFFERING

#### Common Stock
The description of our common stock is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 filed with the SEC on March 13, 2026.

#### Warrants
The following description of our warrants we are offering is a summary and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the provisions of the warrant, which will be filed with the SEC as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K in connection with this offering and incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus form a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of warrants.

Each whole warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price equal to $ per share, will be immediately exercisable after the date of issuance and will expire six years from the date of issuance. A holder of the warrants will not be entitled to exercise any portion of such warrant that, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates, any other persons acting as a group together with the holder and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of common stock would be aggregated with the holder for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election by the holder prior to the issuance of the warrant, 9.99%) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise. If a holder holds less than 20% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding prior to giving effect to the issuance of shares issuable upon exercise, then, upon at least 61 days' prior notice from such holder, subject to the terms of the warrants, such holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 19.99%. In addition, in certain circumstances, upon a fundamental transaction (as described in the warrants), a holder of warrants will be entitled to receive, upon exercise of the warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction or number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation. In lieu of receiving such common stock in the fundamental transaction, the warrant holder may elect to have the Company or the successor entity purchase the holder's warrant for its fair market value measured by the Black-Scholes method.

#### Transfer Agent
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC.

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#### LEGAL MATTERS
Loeb & Loeb LLP, New York, New York will pass upon certain legal matters relating to the issuance and sale of the securities offered hereby on behalf of the Company. Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for the underwriter by Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C., New York, New York.

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#### EXPERTS
The financial statements of Annovis Bio, Inc. as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and for the years then ended have been incorporated by reference herein in reliance upon the report (which report includes an explanatory paragraph about the existence of substantial doubt concerning our ability to continue as a going concern) of Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated by reference herein, upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

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#### WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
This prospectus supplement is part of the registration statement on Form S-3 we filed with the SEC under the Securities Act and does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement. Whenever a reference is made in this prospectus supplement to any of our contracts, agreements or other documents, the reference may not be complete and you should refer to the exhibits that are a part of the registration statement or the exhibits to the reports or other documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement for a copy of such contract, agreement or other document. Because we are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC's website at *http://www.sec.gov*. We maintain a website at www.annovisbio.com. Information contained in or accessible through our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus supplement.

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#### INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to "incorporate by reference" information into this prospectus supplement, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement contain important information that you should read about us.:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the SEC on March 13, 2026 including the portions of our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A as filed with the SEC on April 30, 2026, incorporated by reference therein;](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926027751/anvs-20251231x10k.htm)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our [Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2026 as filed with the SEC on May 15, 2026;](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926062626/anvs-20260331x10q.htm)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our Current Reports on Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on [March 16, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926028574/tm268976d1_8k.htm), [March 25](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926034611/tm269828d1_8k.htm)[, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926034611/tm269828d1_8k.htm), [April 10, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926041584/tm2611267d2_8k.htm) and [May 15](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926062451/tm2614822d1_8k.htm)[, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926062451/tm2614822d1_8k.htm), (except information included pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 and exhibits related to such items); and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the description of our common stock contained in [Exhibit 4.5](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465926027751/anvs-20251231xex4d5.htm) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on March 13, 2026, and any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.

We also incorporate by reference all documents we file under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act filed after the date of this prospectus supplement. The most recent information that we file with the SEC automatically updates and supersedes older information. The information contained in any such filing will be deemed to be a part of this prospectus, commencing on the date on which the document is filed.

Notwithstanding the statements in the preceding paragraphs, no document, report or exhibit (or portion of any of the foregoing) or any other information that we have "furnished" to the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act, as amended shall be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

We will furnish without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, a copy of any documents incorporated by reference other than exhibits to those documents. Requests should be addressed to: Annovis Bio, Inc., Attn: Investor Relations 101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225, Malvern, PA 19355.

Any statement contained in this prospectus supplement or in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus supplement to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus supplement or any other subsequently filed document that is deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement modifies or supersedes the statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus supplement.

You should rely only on information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We are not making offers to sell the securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation.

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#### PROSPECTUS
![[MISSING IMAGE: lg_annovis-4c.jpg]](lg_annovis-4c.jpg)

### $250,000,000 Common Stock Preferred Stock Debt Securities Warrants Units
We may offer and sell from time to time shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, or any combination of those securities, either individually or in units, up to an aggregate initial offering price of $250,000,000, in one or more transactions under this prospectus. We may also offer common stock or preferred stock upon conversion of debt securities, common stock upon conversion of preferred stock, or common stock, preferred stock, or debt securities upon the exercise of warrants. The securities may be offered in amounts, at prices and on terms to be determined based on market conditions at the time of sale and set forth in an accompanying prospectus supplement.

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that we may offer. Each time we offer securities, we will provide you with a prospectus supplement that describes specific information about the particular securities being offered and may add, update or change information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, together with the additional information that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, before you invest in any of our securities.

The securities may be sold by us to or through underwriters or dealers, directly to purchasers or through agents designated from time to time, or through a combination of these methods. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled "Plan of Distribution" in this prospectus and the comparable section of any applicable prospectus supplement. If any underwriters are involved in the sale of the securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, the names of such underwriters and any applicable discounts or commissions and options will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "ANVS." On January 30, 2024, the last reported sale price per share of our common stock on the NYSE was $10.75 per share. We have not yet determined whether the other securities that may be offered by this prospectus will be listed on any exchange, interdealer quotation system or over-the-counter market. If we decide to seek the listing of any such securities upon issuance, the prospectus supplement relating to those securities will disclose the exchange, quotation system or market on which those securities will be listed.

 **INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INVESTMENT IN OUR SECURITIES WILL BE DESCRIBED IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT AND CERTAIN OF OUR FILINGS WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE INTO THIS PROSPECTUS, AS DESCRIBED UNDER "RISK FACTORS" ON PAGE [5](#sRIFA2).** 

 **You should read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement together with additional information described under the heading "Where You Can Find Additional Information" before you make your investment decision.** 

 **Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.** 

#### Prospectus dated February 12, 2024.

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#### **TABLE OF CONTENTS**

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| | |
|:---|:---|
| | **Page**  |
| [ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS](#sATP2)  | [1](#sATP2) |
| [FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS](#sFOST2)  | [2](#sFOST2) |
| [THE COMPANY](#sTHCO2)  | [3](#sTHCO2) |
| [RISK FACTORS](#sRIFA2)  | [5](#sRIFA2) |
| [USE OF PROCEEDS](#sUOP2)  | [6](#sUOP2) |
| [GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES](#sGDOO2)  | [7](#sGDOO2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK](#sDOOC2)  | [8](#sDOOC2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES](#sDODS2)  | [12](#sDODS2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF OUR WARRANTS](#sDOOW2)  | [19](#sDOOW2) |
| [DESCRIPTION OF OUR UNITS](#sDOOU2)  | [20](#sDOOU2) |
| [PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION](#sPOD2)  | [21](#sPOD2) |
| [LEGAL MATTERS](#sLEMA2)  | [24](#sLEMA2) |
| [EXPERTS](#sEXP2)  | [24](#sEXP2) |
|  [WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION; INCORPORATION BY <br> REFERENCE](#sWYCF2)  | [24](#sWYCF2) |

---

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#### ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
As used in this prospectus, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "Annovis," the "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Annovis Bio, Inc.

This prospectus is a part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, (the "SEC"), using a "shelf" registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may offer to sell any of the securities, or any combination of the securities, described in this prospectus, in each case, in one or more offerings, up to an aggregate dollar amount of $250,000,000.

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that we may offer. Each time securities are sold under this registration statement, we will provide an accompanying prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of those securities and the terms of that offering. The accompanying prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in the accompanying prospectus supplement. You should read both this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, including all documents incorporated by reference herein and therein, together with the additional information described under "Where You Can Find Additional Information" below.

The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. You should rely only on the information provided in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or in any accompanying prospectus supplement, or documents to which we otherwise refer you. We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information.

 **We have not authorized any dealer, agent or other person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. You must not rely upon any information or representation not contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or an accompanying prospectus supplement. This prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement, if any, do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor do this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, if any, constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of such document or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement is delivered, or securities are sold on a later date.** 

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#### FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus, including documents incorporated by reference, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, contain forward-looking statements, as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "might," "objective," "ongoing," "plan," "predict," "project," "potential," "should," "will," or "would," and or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our expectations of the future, about which we cannot be certain.

The forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, among other things, statements about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our business strategies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the timing of regulatory submissions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our existing product candidates and any other product candidates we may develop, and the labeling under any approval we may obtain;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • risks relating to the timing and costs of clinical trials and the timing and costs of other expenses;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • risks related to market acceptance of products;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • risks associated with our reliance on third-party organizations;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our competitive position;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • assumptions regarding the size of the available market, product pricing and timing of commercialization of our product candidates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our intellectual property position and our ability to maintain and protect our intellectual property rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, and growth strategies;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our cash needs and financing plans;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the industry in which we operate; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the trends that may affect the industry or us.

We cannot guarantee that the results and other expectations expressed, anticipated or implied in any forward-looking statement will be realized. The risks set forth under Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as revised or supplemented by our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other documents we file with the SEC, describe material risks to our business, and you should read and interpret any forward-looking statements together with these risks. A variety of factors, including these risks, could cause our actual results and other expectations to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed, anticipated or implied in our forward-looking statements. Should known or unknown risks materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, actual results could differ materially from past results and those anticipated, estimated or projected in the forward-looking statements. You should bear this in mind as you consider any forward-looking statements.

You should read this prospectus, including documents incorporated by reference, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are made as of the date of this prospectus and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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#### THE COMPANY

#### Overview
We are a clinical stage, drug platform company addressing neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease ("AD") and Parkinson's disease ("PD"). We are developing our lead product candidate, buntanetap, which is designed to address AD, PD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Buntanetap is a synthetically produced small molecule, orally administered, brain penetrant compound. In several studies, buntanetap was observed to inhibit the synthesis of neurotoxic proteins-APP/Aβ ("APP"), tau/phospho-tau ("tau") and α-Synuclein ("αSYN")-that are the main causes of neurodegeneration. High levels of neurotoxic proteins lead to impaired axonal transport, which is responsible for the communication between and within nerve cells. When that communication is impaired, the immune system is activated and attacks the nerve cells, eventually killing them. We have observed in our clinical studies in early AD and early PD patients and pre-clinical studies in mice and rats that buntanetap lowered neurotoxic protein levels leading to improved axonal transport, reduced inflammation, lower nerve cell death and improved affected function.

In 2021, we completed two Phase 1/2 clinical studies: one in 14 early AD patients, and one in 54 early PD patients (together, the "AD/PD Trials"). In the AD/PD Trials, early AD patients were defined as those with a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 19 and 28 and early PD patients as those patients at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3. MMSE is a brief screening instrument used to assess cognitive function, with total scores ranging from 0 to 30 and a lower score indicating greater disease severity, while the Hoehn & Yahr scale is a medical assessment used to measure staging of the functional disability associated with PD where a higher stage indicates greater disease severity. In collaboration with the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study ("ADCS"), we also conducted a trial in 16 early AD patients (the "ADCS Trial"). In the ADCS Trial, early AD patients were defined as those patients with a MMSE score between 19 and 28. All three clinical trials were double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. We designed the studies by applying our understanding of the underlying neurodegenerative disease states, and measured efficacy as well as both target and pathway engagement in the spinal fluid of patients to determine whether patients improvement following treatment correlated with the CSF biomarkers. In addition to meeting their primary endpoints of safety and tolerability and secondary endpoint of pharmacokinetics, our AD/PD Trials met exploratory endpoints of measures of biomarkers and improvements in cognition in AD patients, and in function in PD patients. We believe that the AD/PD Trials represent the first double-blind placebo-controlled studies that showed improvements in AD patients, as measured by ADAS-Cog, and in PD patients, as measured by UPDRS. Following completion of the AD/PD Trials, we submitted our data to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and requested direction to further pursue the development of buntanetap in early PD patients. With the FDA's guidance, we initiated a Phase 3 study in early PD patients in August 2022 (our "Phase 3 PD Study"). In the Phase 3 PD Study, early PD patients were defined as those at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3, and OFF times of less than two hours per day. OFF time refers to when PD motor and/or non-motor symptoms occur between medication doses. We also submitted a proposed protocol for the treatment of moderate AD to the FDA, and after receiving permission to proceed, we initiated a Phase 2/3 study in mild to moderate AD patients in February 2023 (our "Phase 2/3 AD Study"). In the Phase 2/3 AD Study, mild to moderate AD patients were defined as those with a MMSE score between 14 and 24. At the completion of the ADCS Trial, the data showed that buntanetap is a translational inhibitor in humans just like in animals, and we further observed that there was statistical improvement in cognition in early AD patients, just like in the AD/PD Trials.

Our Phase 3 PD Study and Phase 2/3 AD Study each have built in interim analyses. Our Phase 3 PD Study incorporated an interim analysis at two months, the results of which were disclosed on March 31, 2023. The pre-planned interim analysis was conducted by our data analytics provider based on 132 patients from all cohorts collectively for which baseline and two-month data was available. As the interim analysis was conducted at two months of the six-month endpoint and only on 132 patients, it may not be indicative of the results at six months for the full patient population because as the trial progresses, clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues. Based on the results of the interim analysis, we proceeded with the Phase 3 PD Study as planned in accordance with the previously established protocol. The data safety monitoring board (DSMB) also conducted an interim safety analysis and reported that buntanetap was generally well-tolerated and the study should proceed as planned. We remain blinded to the Phase 3 PD Study and we do not have safety or efficacy data from the trial.

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The pre-planned interim analysis for AD was based on 107 patients having completed six weeks of treatment. Based on the results of the interim analysis, which we disclosed on October 12, 2023, we are proceeding with the Phase 2/3 AD study as planned without the need to add additional patients. The data safety monitoring board (DSMB) also conducted an interim safety analysis and reported that buntanetap was generally well-tolerated and the study should proceed as planned.

We plan to consult with the FDA following completion of both studies, to obtain feedback on our additional AD and PD studies, including conducting an open label extension study following the completion of the initial trials. Using the data from the Phase 3 PD Study, we intend to design an 18-month long disease- modifying Phase 3 study in the same early PD patients. In addition, we intend to conduct a short 6-month study in advanced PD patients during the second half of the 18-month disease modifying Phase 3 study, at which time we will define the advanced PD patient population for the purposes of such study. Similarly, using the data from the Phase 2/3 AD Study interim analysis, we intend to design an 18-month disease modifying Phase 3 study in the same early AD patient population. In addition, we intend to conduct a short 6-month study in advanced AD patients during the second half of the 18-month disease modifying Phase 3 study, at which time we will define the advanced AD patient population for the purposes of such study. We intend to announce the final data analyses from our Phase 3 PD Study and Phase 2/3 AD Study during the first half of 2024.

By the end of 2026, our goal is to have conducted the required pivotal studies for buntanetap to be able to file two new drug applications ("NDAs") with the FDA.

We believe that we are the only company developing a drug for AD and PD that is designed to inhibit more than one neurotoxic protein, and has a mechanism of action designed to restore nerve cell axonal and synaptic activity. By improving brain function, our goal is to treat memory loss and dementia associated with AD as well as body and brain function associated with PD. Based on pre-clinical and clinical data collected to date, we believe that buntanetap has the potential to be the first drug to interfere with the underlying mechanism of neurodegeneration, potentially enabling buntanetap to be the only drug to improve cognition in AD and motor function in PD. The industry has encountered challenges in specifically targeting one neurotoxic protein, be it APP, tau or αSYN, indicating that doing so does not change the course of neurodegeneration. Our goal is to develop a disease modifying drug ("DMD") for patients with neurodegeneration by leveraging our clinical and pre-clinical data to inhibit the three most relevant neurotoxic proteins. Studies have found that AD and PD are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the U.S., and accordingly these diseases present two unmet needs of the aging population and two potentially large U.S. markets if a DMD is developed and approved.

We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses since inception. Our accumulated deficit at September 30, 2023 was $88,045,693. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability.

#### Corporate Information
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at 101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225, Malvern, PA 19355. Our telephone number is 484-875-3192. Our website address is www.annovisbio.com. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus.

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#### RISK FACTORS
Investing in any securities offered pursuant to this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement involves risk. The prospectus supplement applicable to each offering of our securities will contain a discussion of the risks applicable to an investment in any such securities. Prior to making a decision about investing in any securities offered, you should carefully consider the specific factors discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" in the applicable prospectus supplement, together with all of the other information contained or incorporated by reference in the prospectus supplement or appearing or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. You should also consider the risks, uncertainties and assumptions discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other documents that we file with the SEC, which are incorporated herein by reference as described in this prospectus under the heading "Where You Can Find Additional Information". The risks and uncertainties we have described in such documents are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us may also affect our operations.

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#### USE OF PROCEEDS
Except as otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a specific offering, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of securities by us under this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, capital expenditures, research and development expenditures, clinical trial expenditures, acquisitions of new technologies, products or businesses, and investments.

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#### GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES
We may offer and sell, at any time and from time to time:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • shares of our common stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • shares of our preferred stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • various series of debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • warrants to purchase share of common stocks;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • units consisting of a combination of the foregoing securities; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any combination of these securities.

This prospectus contains summary descriptions of the common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, and units that we may offer and sell from time to time. When particular securities are offered by us, a supplement to this prospectus will describe the terms of the securities and the extent to which these general descriptions may apply. These summary descriptions and any summary descriptions in the applicable prospectus supplement are not complete descriptions of the terms and conditions of each security and are qualified in their entirety by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws which are incorporated by reference in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Please refer to "Where You Can Find Additional Information" below for directions on obtaining these documents. If any particular terms of a security described in the applicable prospectus supplement differ from any of the terms described in this prospectus, then the terms described in this prospectus will be deemed superseded by the terms set forth in that prospectus supplement.

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#### DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK

#### Authorized and Outstanding Shares
Our authorized share capital consists of 72,000,000 shares of capital stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Of these shares, 70,000,000 shall be common stock and 2,000,000 shall be preferred stock. As of January 30, 2024, there were 10,579,933 shares of common stock outstanding and no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

#### Common Stock

#### Voting
The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. There is no cumulative voting. An election of directors by our stockholders shall be determined by a plurality of the votes cast by stockholders entitled to vote in the election. Subject to the supermajority votes for some matters, other matters shall be decided by the affirmative vote of our stockholders having a majority in voting power of the votes cast by the stockholders present or represented and voting on such matter.

#### Dividends
Subject to the rights of holders of all classes of our stock outstanding having rights that are senior to or equivalent to holders of common stock, the holders of the common stock are entitled to receive proportionately any dividends when and as declared by our board of directors.

#### Liquidation
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive on a pro rata basis our net assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities, subject to the rights of holders of all classes of our stock outstanding having rights that are senior to or equivalent to holders of common stock.

#### Other
Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.

All of our outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and nonassessable, and any shares of common stock to be issued upon an offering pursuant to this prospectus and the related prospectus supplement will be fully paid and nonassessable upon issuance.

#### Preferred Stock
Under the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors is authorized to direct us to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series without stockholder approval. Our board of directors has the discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, of each series of preferred stock.

We will fix the designations, powers, preferences and rights of the preferred stock of each series, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon, in the certificate of designation relating to that series. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain the terms of and other information relating to the preferred stock which will include, as applicable:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the title and stated value;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the number of shares we are offering;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the liquidation preference per share;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the purchase price; the dividend rate, period and payment date and method of calculation for dividends;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the provisions for a sinking fund, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the provisions for redemption or repurchase, if applicable, and any restrictions on our ability to exercise those redemption and repurchase rights;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange or market;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • whether the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, and, if applicable, the conversion price, or how it will be calculated, and the conversion period;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • preemptive rights, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • whether interests in the preferred stock will be represented by depositary shares;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a discussion of any material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any limitations on the issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the preferred stock.

Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting, conversion or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. Preferred stock could be issued quickly with terms designed to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of decreasing the market price of our common stock.

#### Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
Some provisions of Delaware law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws could make the following transactions more difficult: an acquisition of us by means of a tender offer; an acquisition of us by means of a proxy contest or otherwise; or the removal of our incumbent officers and directors. It is possible that these provisions could make it more difficult to accomplish or could deter transactions that stockholders may otherwise consider to be in their best interest or in our best interests, including transactions which provide for payment of a premium over the market price for our shares.

These provisions, summarized below, are intended to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of the increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure us outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging these proposals because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

#### Authorized but Unissued Shares
Our authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock are available for future issuance without stockholder approval. These additional shares may be utilized for a variety of corporate

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purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital and corporate acquisitions. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of a majority of our common stock by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.

#### Stockholder Meetings
Any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not be taken by written consent.

#### Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Nominations and Proposals
Stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide advance notice in writing, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder's notice.

#### Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute
We are subject to Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which prohibits persons deemed to be "interested stockholders" from engaging in a "business combination" with a publicly held Delaware corporation for three years following the date these persons become interested stockholders unless the business combination is, or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder was, approved in a prescribed manner or another prescribed exception applies. Generally, an "interested stockholder" is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of a corporation's voting stock. Generally, a "business combination" includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. The existence of this provision may have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions not approved in advance by the board of directors.

#### Choice of Forum
The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum in which we and our directors may be sued by our stockholders, to the fullest extent permitted by law, for:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find either choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

#### Advance Notice Requirements
Our bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to the board of directors. Stockholders at an annual meeting will only be able to consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the board of

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directors or by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record on the record date for the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has given our Secretary timely written notice, in proper form, of the stockholder's intention to bring that business before the meeting. Although our bylaws do not give the board of directors the power to approve or disapprove stockholder nominations of candidates or proposals regarding other business to be conducted at a special or annual meeting, our bylaws may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if the proper procedures are not followed or may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

#### Stock Listing
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol "ANVS."

#### Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company LLC.

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#### DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES
We may issue debt securities from time to time, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any debt securities offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the indenture, we also are referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.

We will issue the debt securities under the indenture that we will enter into with the trustee who will be named in the indenture. The indenture will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the "Trust Indenture Act"). We have filed the form of indenture as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.

The following summary of material provisions of the debt securities and the indenture is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities.

#### General
The indenture will not limit the amount of debt securities that we may issue. It provides that we may issue debt securities up to the principal amount that we may authorize and may be in any currency or currency unit that we may designate. Except for the limitations on consolidation, merger and sale of all or substantially all of our assets contained in the indenture, the terms of the indenture do not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to give holders of any debt securities protection against changes in our operations, financial condition or transactions involving us.

We may issue the debt securities issued under the indenture as "discount securities," which means they may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. These debt securities, as well as other debt securities that are not issued at a discount, may be issued with "original issue discount," or OID, for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of interest payment and other characteristics or terms of the debt securities. Material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to debt securities issued with OID will be described in more detail in any applicable prospectus supplement.

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the title of the series of debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any limit upon the aggregate principal amount that may be issued;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the maturity date or dates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the form of the debt securities of the series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the applicability of any guarantees;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • whether the debt securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination thereof, and the terms of any subordination;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such debt securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such debt securities that is convertible into another security or the method by which any such portion shall be determined;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if applicable, the date or dates after which, or the period or periods during which, and the price or prices at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the date or dates, if any, on which, and the price or prices at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder's option to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • whether the debt securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a global security or securities; the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such global security or securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual securities; and the depositary for such global security or securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if applicable, the provisions relating to conversion or exchange of any debt securities of the series and the terms and conditions upon which such debt securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at our option or the holders' option) conversion or exchange features, the applicable conversion or exchange period and the manner of settlement for any conversion or exchange;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of debt securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • additions to or changes in the covenants applicable to the particular debt securities being issued, including, among others, the consolidation, merger or sale covenant;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • additions to or changes in the events of default with respect to the securities and any change in the right of the trustee or the holders to declare the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, with respect to such securities to be due and payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • additions to or changes in or deletions of the provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • additions to or changes in the provisions relating to satisfaction and discharge of the indenture;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • additions to or changes in the provisions relating to the modification of the indenture both with and without the consent of holders of debt securities issued under the indenture;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • whether interest will be payable in cash or additional debt securities at our or the holders' option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be made;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the terms and conditions, if any, upon which we will pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the debt securities of the series to any holder that is not a "United States person" for federal tax purposes;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the debt securities of the series; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, any other additions or changes in the provisions of the indenture, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations.

#### Conversion or Exchange Rights
We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or our other securities. We will include provisions as to settlement upon conversion or exchange and whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or our other securities that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment.

#### Consolidation, Merger or Sale
Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indenture will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of our assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets (other than a subsidiary of ours) must assume all of our obligations under the indenture or the debt securities, as appropriate.

#### Events of Default under the Indenture
Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indenture with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if we fail to pay any installment of interest on any series of debt securities, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by us in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if we fail to pay the principal of, or premium, if any, on any series of debt securities as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to such series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such debt securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement contained in the debt securities or the indenture, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such is a notice of default thereunder, from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur.

If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet point

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above occurs with respect to us, the principal amount of and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any holder.

The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.

Subject to the terms of the indenture, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding.

A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indenture or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies only if:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request,

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • such holders have offered to the trustee indemnity satisfactory to it against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred by the trustee in compliance with the request; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer.

These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.

We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indenture.

#### Modification of Indenture; Waiver
We and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to specific matters:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture or in the debt securities of any series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to comply with the provisions described above under "Description of Debt Securities — Consolidation, Merger or Sale;"

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to add to our covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of debt securities, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred upon us in the indenture;

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series in any material respect;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided above under "Description of Debt Securities — General" to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under any indenture by a successor trustee; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.

In addition, under the indenture, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • extending the fixed maturity of any debt securities of any series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption of any series of any debt securities; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver.

#### Discharge
The indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • provide for payment;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • pay principal of and premium and interest on any debt securities of the series;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • maintain paying agencies

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • hold monies for payment in trust;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • recover excess money held by the trustee;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • compensate and indemnify the trustee; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • appoint any successor trustee.

In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.

#### Form, Exchange and Transfer
We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indenture provides that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The

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Depository Trust Company, or DTC, or another depositary named by us and identified in the applicable prospectus supplement with respect to that series. To the extent the debt securities of a series are issued in global form and as book-entry, a description of terms relating such securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.

Subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will impose no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.

We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series.

If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part.

#### Information Concerning the Trustee
The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indenture at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.

#### Payment and Paying Agents
Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest.

We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will designate the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.

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All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.

#### Governing Law
The indenture and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.

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#### DESCRIPTION OF OUR WARRANTS
We may issue warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or together with common stock, preferred stock or debt securities, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these securities.

The terms of each series of warrants will be contained in the applicable warrant agreements. The applicable prospectus supplement for the warrants will contain the terms of and other information relating to the warrants which will include, as applicable:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the currency in which the offering price, if any, and the exercise price are payable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as applicable, to be received upon exercise of the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will begin and the date on which that right will expire or, if the warrants may not be continuously exercised throughout that period, the specific date or dates on which the warrants may be exercised;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • a discussion of any material United States federal income tax considerations related to the holding or exercise of the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the identity of the warrant agent for the warrants, if any, and of any other depositaries, execution or paying agents, transfer agents, registrars or other agents;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the designation and terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the minimum or maximum amount of the warrants that may be exercised at any one time;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the anti-dilution provisions of the warrants, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the rights to redeem or call the warrants, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreement and the warrants; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any other specific terms, preferences, rights and limitations of or restrictions on the warrants.

Before the exercise of their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities issuable upon exercise. Holders of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock will not be entitled to vote, consent, receive dividends, receive notice as stockholders with respect to any meeting of stockholders for the election of our directors, receive payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or to exercise any rights whatsoever as our stockholders. In the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, holders of warrants will not have the right to receive payments of principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities purchasable upon exercise or to enforce covenants in the applicable indenture.

#### Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for any warrants will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

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#### DESCRIPTION OF OUR UNITS
The following description, together with the additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplement, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the units that we may offer under this prospectus. Units may be offered independently or together with common stock, preferred stock or warrants offered by any prospectus supplement, and may be attached to or separate from those securities. While the terms we have summarized below will generally apply to any future units that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of units that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any units offered under an applicable prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below.

We will incorporate by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part the form of unit agreement, including a form of unit certificate, if any, that describes the terms of the series of units we are offering before the issuance of the related series of units. The following summaries of material provisions of the units, and the unit agreements, are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the unit agreement applicable to a particular series of units. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements related to the units that we sell under this prospectus, as well as the complete unit agreements that contain the terms of the units.

We may issue units comprised of one or more of the securities described in this prospectus in any combination. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement, if any, under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities comprising the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date.

The particular terms and provisions of units offered by an applicable prospectus supplement, and the extent to which the general terms and provisions described below may apply thereto, will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement filed in respect of such units. This description will include, where applicable:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the designation and aggregate number of units offered;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the price at which the units will be offered;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the rights and obligations of the unit agent, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the currency or currencies in which the units are denominated;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any provisions of the governing unit agreement that differ from those described below;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the number of securities that may be purchased upon exercise of each unit and the price at which the currency or currencies in which that amount of securities may be purchased upon exercise of each unit;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer, adjustment or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any other material terms of the units.

We reserve the right to set forth in an applicable prospectus supplement specific terms of the units that are not within the options and parameters set forth in this prospectus. In addition, to the extent that any particular terms of the units described in an applicable prospectus supplement differ from any of the terms described in this prospectus, the description of such terms set forth in this prospectus shall be deemed to have been superseded by the description of the differing terms set forth in such prospectus supplement with respect to such units.

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#### PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell the securities, from time to time, to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents or remarketing firms, or directly to one or more purchasers pursuant to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • underwritten public offerings;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • negotiated transactions;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • block trades;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • "At the Market Offerings," within the meaning of Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, into an existing trading market, at prevailing market prices; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • through a combination of these methods.

We may sell the securities to or through one or more underwriters or dealers (acting as principal or agent), through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers.

We may distribute securities from time to time in one or more transactions:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • at negotiated prices.

A prospectus supplement or supplements (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the name or names of the underwriters, dealers or agents, if any;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if the securities are to be offered through the selling efforts of brokers or dealers, the plan of distribution and the terms of any agreement, arrangement, or understanding entered into with broker(s) or dealer(s) prior to the effective date of the registration statement, and, if known, the identity of any broker(s) or dealer(s) who will participate in the offering and the amount to be offered through each;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the purchase price of the securities or other consideration therefor, and the proceeds, if any, we will receive from the sale;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • if any of the securities being registered are to be offered otherwise than for cash, the general purposes of the distribution, the basis upon which the securities are to be offered, the amount of compensation and other expenses of distribution, and by whom they are to be borne;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any delayed delivery arrangements;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any over-allotment or other options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents' or underwriters' compensation;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any public offering price;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any discounts, commissions or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the identity and relationships of any finders, if applicable; and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed.

In compliance with the guidelines of FINRA, the maximum compensation to the underwriters or dealers in connection with the sale by the Company of its securities pursuant to this prospectus and the accompanying supplement to this prospectus may not exceed 8% of the aggregate offering price of the securities as set forth on the cover page of any prospectus supplement.

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Only underwriters named in the prospectus supplement will be underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.

If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement, subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement, other than securities covered by any underwriter's option. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters, dealers or agents with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement, naming the underwriter, dealer or agent, the nature of any such relationship.

We may use a remarketing firm to offer the securities in connection with a remarketing arrangement upon their purchase. Remarketing firms will act as principals for their own account or as agents for us. These remarketing firms will offer or sell the securities pursuant to the terms of the securities. A prospectus supplement will identify any remarketing firm and the terms of its agreement, if any, with us and will describe the remarketing firm's compensation. Remarketing firms may be deemed to be underwriters in connection the securities they remarket.

If we offer and sell securities through a dealer, we or an underwriter will sell the securities to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale. The name of the dealer and the terms of the transaction will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities and we will describe any commissions payable to the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, the agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment.

Dealers and agents participating in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters, and compensation received by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts. If such dealers or agents were deemed to be underwriters, they may be subject to statutory liabilities under the Securities Act.

We may sell securities directly to one or more purchasers without using underwriters or agents. Underwriters, dealers and agents that participate in the distribution of the securities may be underwriters as defined in the Securities Act, and any discounts or commissions they receive from us and any profit on their resale of the securities may be treated as underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.

We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.

We may provide agents, underwriters and dealers with indemnification against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents, underwriters or dealers may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents, underwriters and dealers, or their respective affiliates, may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.

The securities we offer may be new issues of securities and may have no established trading market. The securities may or may not be listed on a securities exchange. Underwriters may make a market in these securities but will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. We can make no assurance as to the liquidity of, or the existence of trading markets for, any of the securities.

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Any underwriter may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing transactions, short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Over-allotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum price. Syndicate-covering or other short-covering transactions involve purchases of the securities, either through exercise of the over-allotment option or in the open market after the distribution is completed, to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a stabilizing or covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.

Any underwriters that are qualified market makers on the NYSE may engage in passive market making transactions in the common stock on the NYSE in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the common stock. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker's bid, however, the passive market maker's bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may stabilize the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.

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#### LEGAL MATTERS
Unless otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement, certain legal matters relating to the securities will be passed upon for us by Loeb & Loeb LLP. As appropriate, legal counsel representing the underwriters, dealers or agents will be named in the accompanying prospectus supplement and may opine to certain legal matters.

#### EXPERTS
The financial statements of Annovis Bio, Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the years then ended have been incorporated by reference herein in reliance upon the report (which report includes an explanatory paragraph about the existence of substantial doubt concerning our ability to continue as a going concern) of WithumSmith+Brown, PC, independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated by reference herein, upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

#### WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION; INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

#### Available Information
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, and amendments to those reports, are also available for download, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, at our website at www.annovisbio.com. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only.

#### Incorporation by Reference
The SEC allows us to "incorporate by reference" into this prospectus the information in other documents that we file with it. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus, and information in documents that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede information contained in documents filed earlier with the SEC or contained in this prospectus.

We incorporate by reference in this prospectus the documents listed below and any future filings that we may make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act in this prospectus, between the date of this prospectus and the termination of the offering of the securities described in this prospectus. We are not, however, incorporating by reference any documents, information or portions thereof deemed to have been furnished and not filed, including any information that we disclose under Items 2.02 or 7.01 of any Current Report on Form 8-K or related exhibits furnished pursuant to Item 9.01 of Form 8-K.

This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement incorporate by reference the documents set forth below that have previously been filed with the SEC:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023;](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923040275/anvs-20221231x10k.htm)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on [May 10, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000155837023009142/anvs-20230331x10q.htm), [August 14, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000155837023014884/anvs-20230630x10q.htm) and [November 8, 2023,](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000155837023018298/anvs-20230930x10q.htm) respectively;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • our Current Reports on Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on [January 6, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923001850/tm232502d1_8k.htm), [February 13, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923019581/tm236582d1_8k.htm), [March 6, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923029078/tm238624d1_8k.htm), [March 31, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923039748/tm2310923d1_8k.htm), [April 3, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923040537/tm2311180d1_8k.htm), [April 4, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923041237/tm2311180d3_8k.htm), [May 30, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923066171/tm2317351d1_8k.htm), [June 16, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923072250/tm2318997d1_8k.htm), [October 13, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923108892/tm2328385d1_8k.htm), [October 30, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923112633/tm2329368d2_8k.htm) and [November 1, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923113281/tm2329368d4_8k.htm) (except information included pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 and exhibits related to such items);

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • the information specifically incorporated by reference into our [Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923040275/anvs-20221231x10k.htm) from our [Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465923052107/tm2312833d3_def14a.htm) (other than the portions thereof that are furnished and not filed); and

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [the description of our capital stock contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the SEC on November 17, 2021 and any amendments or supplements thereto.](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1477845/000110465921140386/tm2133159d1_8a12b.htm)

You may request, orally or in writing, a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated herein by reference. These documents will be provided to you at no cost, by contacting: Annovis Bio, Inc., 101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225, Malvern, PA 19355. In addition, copies of any or all of the documents incorporated herein by reference may be accessed at our website at www.annovisbio.com. The information on such website is not incorporated by reference and is not a part of this prospectus.

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### Shares of Common Stock Warrants to Purchase up to Shares of Common Stock
![[MISSING IMAGE: lg_annovis-4c.jpg]](lg_annovis-4c.jpg)

#### PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

### Canaccord Genuity
May , 2026

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